: on oe vee hemeScaaiee ee See Nee ater SS es ss) Sas putt: ene oy Wo ; a SES ; ; os we "s WOES es * SEE se * ene ae BREASTS eae SRS: Seeceeas . SEN x SRS - Se ie % ES ee eta SS . : SIS AS RES : SS * = . — = xx, >» S aS Ras RAS RRS =e [eae srestc Sachin le AMERICAN FORESTRY THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION VOLUME XVII—1911 THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION PUBLISHERS WASHINGTON, D. C. CONTENTS OF VOLUME XVII INDEX OF Page Aishton, R. H., address by------------ 38 Allen, &, T., article by------------- 329-665 Andrews, Gen. C. C., article by--------- 48 Baker, Hugh P., article by---------- 605-719 Besley, F. W., article by--------------- 325 Blanchard, C. J., article by------------ 701 Brown, W. R., article by-------------- 19 Bryant, R. C., article by--------------- 724 Chamberlain, Allen, article by--------- 389 Chandler, B, A., article by------------ 735 Chapman, C. S., article by------------- 584 Chapman, Herman H., article Dyess es 82 Cheyney, Edward G., article by--------- 522 Clapp, Earle H., article by----------573-652 Cook, A. M., article by---------------- 674 Coolidge, P. T., article by------------- 542 Cornwall, George M., article by-------- 587 Goxawe Ly earticle byz===----=-—— = ——— 593 Deckert, Prof. Dr. E., article by-------- 273 Ellicott, William M., article by--------- 317 Ellis, Don Carlos, article by------------ 509 Emerson, Ralph Waldo (poem) -------- 196 Gaylord, F. A., article by-------------- 741 Fitzgerald, C. W., article by----------- 646 Gaylord, F. A., article by-------------- 741 Gifford, John, article by---------------- 474 Graves, Henry S., article by---41-111-113-525 Green, Thornton A., address----------- 33 Grifith, E. M., article by-------------- 219 Guild, Jr., Curtis, article by----------- 67 ier, AN, (GL, curt liye eee 706 AUTHORS Hawes, Austin F., article by---------- Jackson, Edwin R., article by--------- 3, 445 GENERAL INDEX Addresses, two—H. S. Graves--------- 111 Adirondack Lumber Cut Decreasing---- 314 Aeroplanes to Protect Forests--------- 569 Agricultural Education, course in------ 566 Agriculture at Cornell University------ 567 American Conservation ---------------- 171 American Forestry Association : Annual meeting announcement--- 64 Reports Of eee 99 Resolutions adopted ------------ 115 Presidency of -------..---------- 555 Kellogg, R. S., article) by========e=eee= 348 Kirkwood, J. E., article by-----------= 479 Knapp, F. B:, article’ by2==222——eeseeee 204 Levison; J. J:, article by2222=——=—e==ee 91-611 MacDonald, G. B., article by---------- 549 McLaren, John, article by-------------- 731 Mell, C. D:, article! by==2====22=e= 280-590-663 Moody, Frank B., article by------------ 595 Moore, Barrington, article by---------- 531 _ Moore, Sidney L., article by--------- 145-713 Page, Thomas Nelson, article by------- 133 Peters, J. G., article by---------------- 383 Pettis, ©. R., article bys===22=====—===——es 155 Pollock, F. L., (poem) /==-==2=22==eee—= 40 Rane, Ee W., article byes=2==————==——== 160 Record, Samuel J., article by----------- 197 Rogers, D. N., article by--------------- 599 Roth, Filibert, article by------------ 395-456 Shattuck, C: H., articles by2=ee==—=e==== 224 Sherfesee, W. F., article by------------ 517 Sponsler, O. L., article by------------- 537 Start, Edwin A., articke by------------ 256 Sterling, E. A., article by=2=2===—====—-—— 667 Tiemann, H. D:, article’ bys==—==————=—— 206 Tierney, Dillon P., article by----------- 656 Vancent, Harry, article by22see=——e==—— 343 Weber, W. Hoyt, article by------------ 637 Wildes, Walter K., article by----------- 253 Young, L,. J., article by--+------------- 396 American Lumber Trades Congress---- 440 American Tropics, Forestry in the—John Gifford|. ~22-=:-======22=3Se— eee 474 Annual Forestry Council, New Hamp- shire’s 2=2.-2--2-3._ or 557 Annual Meeting, Announcement of thirtieth =-.-2-22-2=52 === 64 Report of =22-22222-—=-—= eee 99 Resolutions adopted ------------ 115 Annual Seed Crop, Harvesting the—Sid- ney Moore --=---- .------==="s-== 145 CONTENTS Page Appalachian Bill, The passage of the___ 164 Appalachian Forests, The 288, 363, 381, 473, 569, 685 Appalachian Forests, The People’s Pos- sessions in the Thomas Nelson Page------------ Appropriation for the Forest Service__ ‘ Allotment for District 4---------- Arbor Day, Catalpa by Wholesale for_-_ < Aspects of Forests, Public—H. S. Graves 525 Assistants Appointed, Forest----------- 370 Associations: See Conventions Ametcke Au Milani nee eee 295 Bamboo Pulp as the Paper Material of the Future—Harry Vincent_-~--- 343 Banana Stalks for Paper Pulp------_-- 697 Basket Willow Culture in Maryland—C. DM Wellh SS as" Sew se ee S215 90 Basket Willow, Purple—C. D. Mell_---- 280 Bass, Hon. Robert Perkins (Portrait) -- 508 Bass, Lecture by Governor_-_----------- 761 Better Country, The (review)—Dana Wie Bartlett: 2224.22 522-222 = 22 629 pM TOVECEy Ag == ea ee et A SE eS 759 Biltmore Forest School, The_--312, 439, 679 Boundaries Changed_----------- 60, 178, 306 Bourbon of Bourbons, A__------------- 229 Boy With the United States Foresters, The (review)—Francis_ _ Rolt- Wheeler .252= ees 2 ase 55 Bretton Woods, Forestry meeting at-_ 376 Building the World’s Highest Dams—C. eeBlanchard S22. 222252 2225-68 701 (alaveras “Drees, ‘Dhes22-- ==.) 442 California’s Unique Forest------------- 499 California National Forests, Reforesting Bath sein = Sess os oe 467 Camera, The Pleasures of a small—R. S. iellog ge So oo. 2 ee 348 Canadian Forestry Convention__------- 62 @anadian Forest Products=-=-=------_.- 503 Semaine ews Aj =) aoe es SS 247 mearemyvith Bire’ Rules._.--.-----.2-. 435 Case of the State of Louisiana, The---- 414 Catalpa By Wholesale For Arbor Day-- 313 Chaimmomeborestry-2--=—--.-=-2=:-=--- 566 Changes in National Forests, President Meds: TG —S ee oe 491 Chestnut Bark Disease, The--_-----_--- 693 City Trees and their Relation to Fores- try—J... J. evison===—=£-22---2 — 91 Collecting Lodge Pole Pine Seed—A. M. Cook: 2..- <= se Sees sk 674 Colombian Mahogany For True Mahog- any, the substitution of__---_--_-- 756 iii Page Commercial Geography (review)—Ed- ward Van Dyke Robinson_------- 366 Commercial Reforestation ~------------ 747 Concrete and Steel, Mine Timbers vs.--- 411 Conservation, American ==22==—-==- === = 171 IBN TOpeanges 22 see ee eae a 761 lial Hawariies=-5..- 2-22 = 248 Of Natural Resources in the Winited*Statest=-8- 225s sees 54 Penal Institutions and,----------- 741 Congress, the Third National_-___ 557 Conservation, Penal Institutions and—F. IAS Gaylordy ewes 2s eee eee 741 Consumption of Tanning Materials_---- 246 Convention, Canadian Forestry_-------- 62 Conventions and Associations—See Con- servation; Pennsylvania Lumber- men’s; Northern Hemlock and Hardwood Manufacturers; Hard- wood Manufacturers; National Lumber Manufacturers’; Yellow Pine Manufacturers’; American Lumber Trades Congress; Third National Conservation Congress; New Hampshire’s Annual Fores- try Council; Canadian Forestry; Bretton Woods; Eastern Fores- ters; Public Lands Convention; North Carolina Forestry, Co-operation in Forest Protection—E. T. Allen ae .-. a 665 Co-operation With Lumbermen in New Moth. ses = 22 See ee 504 Co-operation With States in Fire Patrol ——J/) G:ilbetiers..- 2225 -35=—-2=-e2=5= 383 Cornell University New York State Col- lesenoheacnicultures===———= === 567 Corndction: Ageeen eee 762, 442 Cost of Growing Timber The (review) =— RG iellogg:===5- =e oe 230 Council, New Hampshire’s annual for- GGYAY So scocee aes eSesees esses 557 Course in Agricultural Education------- 566 Crawford Notch: sMOMSAV Ee itheus see ae Seen 119 TneiDanper 2-55.82 52s eso 229 IDIctin elas eaos eee ae 252, 293 Sav edges ies 28 oe ea ee Se 299 Current Literature___212, 172, 230, 300, 366, 429, 487, 563, 629, 686, 753 Dams, Building the World’s Highest— @ny5 Blanchard: -2-=2-s2-2- 222 2- 701 Deerlodge, Fire Supervision on the_--_- 494 Delaware & Hudson’s Forestry Work__ 313 iv CONTENTS Page Denudation and Erosion in the Southern Appalachian Region and the Mon- ongahela Basin (review)—Leon- idas Chalmers Glenn_------------ Development of British Forestry, The Disease, the Chestnut Bark------------- Disposal of Fire Killed Timber on the Sopris National Forest—John Mc- Laren Eastern Foresters, Association of (See Conventions and Associations) --- Editorial (department of magazine) ---- 1, 117, 168, 226, 294, 351, 424, 484, 555, 615, 681, 605 5 752 Education (department of magazine) -- 120, 312, 439, 556, 566, 620, 691 Education in Forestry------------------ 556 Individual Schools—See Forest Schools Elementary School Forestry------------ 312 Encouraging Tree Planting_----------- 759 Enforcing the Law-------------------- 758 Engelmann Spruce After Fire, Repro- duction of—L. J. Young--------- 396 Essential Difference, An_-------------- 684 Eucalyptus Experiment, An-----------~- 177 Europe and America—A Comparison--- 685 European Conservation —---~-~~ -------- AL Bercellent sire) Controle -- = 22 = 760 Experimental Wood Pulp Mill, The--- 178 Fall Work for the Ranger-------------- 498 Federal Troops and Forest Fires__---- 618 Field and Stream, articles in--__-------- 304 Field Work by Nebraska Forestry Srovlsong. l= 2 121 Fifteen New Men for Missouri College SaWie one ee 566 Fighting Fires, use of telephone lines in 468 Fire Conference, the Lake States----30, 52 Hire Control) excellent =-222--------- 760 Fire Fund, Maine’s Exhausted -------- 618 Fire Killed Timber on the Sopris Na- tional Forest, disposal of—John INicivanen se ee eee 731 Fire Legislation in New Jersey, Forest 568 Hane OGSCSit ae ae eee 177 Fire Patrol, Coéperation with States in— jin (Gs NGG. ee 383 Fire Peril, Handling the—E. T. Allen 329 ie. Ironaditein 22s e ee 758 Fire Protection in the National Forests (Concluded)—Earle H. Clapp 573, 652 Page Fire Protection Plan in the Southern Appalachians, A—W. Hoyt Weber Fire Supervision on the Deerlodge---- Fires, use of telephone lines in fighting First Purchase for Appalachian Forests Blank Attack, A===253s==S=e—=——=oeeeee Floods, Over-Grazing Brings Florida, the work 10 eee Florida National Forests Forced Issue, As-2=2-=25=25====—=——eeees Forest and the Farm, The------------_- Forest Assistants Appointed ~-------~-- Forest Divided, the Wallowa_--------- Forest Enterprise, A Railway’s—Filibert Roth Z Forest Experiment Station, The Minne- sota—Dillon P. Tierney22====——-— Forest Fire Legislation in New Jersey-- Forest Fire Season, opening of the--351, Forest Fires, Federal Troops and_------ Forest Fires in North America—Prof. Dr: ©. Deckert. -222====3= Forest Fires, some new ideas in con- trolling—Samuel J. Record_----- Forest Fires, what Oregon is doing to prevent—C. S. Chapman___-_---- ; Forest Lands, Taxation of—Edwin A. Start -224.5..)-35.03: eee Forest Law, Under Minnesota’s new— Forest Legislation in Vermont-------- Forest Legislation, State-_------------- Forest Life and Sport in India (review) Sainthill Eardley-Wilmot ~------- Forest Problems of Massachusetts, Pres- ent—Allen Chamberlain ------___- Forest Products, Canadian_----------- Forest Protection, codperation in—E. T, Allen —.222---23)=3==e=eeee Forest Protective Legislation Proposed by Wisconsin—E. M. Griffith__—- Forest Ranger, The—E, R. Jackson_--- Forest Ranger, the strenuous life of the <2. 2252.23 Forest Reserve, Sunapee ------------- Forest Resources of Missouri--------- Forest School in the Philippines, W.. F. Sherfesee 222222=2e===eee Forest Schools, Individual Institutions: Biltmore Forest School_-312, 439, Colorado College’ ==2==2==———=——e Colorado School of Forestry--542, Cornell Universitye==————— Course in Agricultural Education Elementary School Forestry----- 445 463 499 CONTENTS Vv Page Forest School for Landowners, A 555 Harvard Forest School_--------- 692 Institution in New Haven__----- 620 Iowa State College-.__------ 549, 624 Michigan Agricultural Forestry Department, Summer Term__-- 623 Missouri, University of---------- 691 Montana Summer Cruise, Uni- versity, Of 225.2. 312 Montana Forest School, Uni- WeTSity (Of) s22--+.J5 2 eee 479 Nebraska Forest School, Uni- Vensity Of <2 528.282 == SSE SSEee 537 New Hampshire State College___ 439 New York State Forest School_-_ 624 Pennsylvania State College Out- lines a New Course of Forestry 719 Philippines, A Forest School in GG) ee eee ab Ee ee 517 Forest Schools of the United States, Series: I. University of Montana—J. E. Kirkwood, Ph.D.---- 479 II. College of Forestry, Uni- versity of Minnesota— Edward G. Cheyney_---_- 522 Ill. University of Nebraska For- est School — O. L. Cyrene) oye ae es BEY IV. Colorado School of For- estry—P. T. Coolidge--_ 542 V. Iowa State College—G. B. MacDonald VI. University of Georgia___--- 673 VII. Biltmore Forest School_--- 679 Forest Service, appropriation for the__-_ 304 Forest Service, a timber deal__-------- 482 Forest Service, recent publications--_-_ 756 Forest Trees, Insects Injurious to_---- 335 Forests, Aeroplanes to Protect--------- 569 Forests and Streamflow =-------------- 403 Forests, The Appalachian____-- 288, 381, 473 miinestsworeea prado aaa eae nas 63 Forests of the Philippines, The_--___---- 687 Forestry and Horticulture, Vermont Summer School of—B. A. Chand- hu? 3 oe See eee ee 735 Forestry and the Utilization of Land— ibilibertepeothh 2=--252 552222 2-22- 456 Forestry by Pictures, teaching-_------- 546 IBIGOKEStTyan Chain O le eee eee 566 Forestry Convention, Canadian__-----_- 62 Forestry Council, New Hampshire’s an- Mmital) \-22225 S282 Ses asses it 557 Page Forestry in the American Tropics—John Giffords-2=2-222532. Se ee 474 Forestry in Wisconsin, Progress of— Erank BS Mood yses ss =s seat Ob Forestry, Institutions Giving Instruction Wes a - Ae eee ee a a 559 Forestry Legislation, Uniform ___-__-__ 442 Forestry Meeting at Bretton Woods, Bh @: (Sees See Se te STG ade Forestry; Municipal) =-22=2 22-2 -- 5 2--— 762 Forestry Organizations, State and Local 506 Forestry Problems of Today, The— lenny OsmGnravesse- = =o— seen eee 111 Forestry Progress in New Hampshire— J 2W::-R., Brownaes=25—2=-35-- = 19 Forestry, Public Aspects of—Henry S. Graves: ._- SS ae 525 Forestry in the School, the place of— Don ‘Carlos Elliss === 509 Frontispiece : January—Reproduction by Seeding. February—Original Forest in North Carolina. March—Forest in New Hampshire. April—Plantation of Norway Spruce in Vermont. May—The Crawford Notch. June—Great Falls of the Potomac. July—Looking up the Valley of Cane Creek, N. C. August—University of Montana and the city of Missoula. September—Governor Bass. October—Douglas Fir in Oregon. November—Fire Guard’s House— Timber Destroyed by Forest Fire. December—Camp at Elephant Butte, New Mexico. Getting at Work Gift to the Yale Forest School, A-_---- 248 Glenn's" Report, Professor 22222222822 170 Government Timber Sale and Its Condi- TOMS AAw 22a 2 tetas ee 627 Grazing and Fires in National Forests-_- 435 Grazing Cases Decided, The----------- 356 Grazing: Examiners; 22---=-2=-25-"42 —= 177 Growing Trees From Seed—C. R. Pet- fis’ ec eo oe ES 1 Guild, Curtis—Portrait Handbook of Conservation (review)— Mirssibired) Hy “ouckeres==sss= soos 231 Handling the Fire Peril—E. T. Allen_-__ 329 Hardwood Manufacturers’ Association-_- 185 Hardy, Catalpas for lowal-=--=--=--2-= 249 vi CONTENTS Page Harvesting the Annual Seed Crop—Sid- ney Moore ----=---------=-==---- 145 Hickory, Harvest of ----------------- 59 History and Present Task of the Ameri- can Forestry Association, The— H. S. Graves -------------------- 113 History of the Pines------------------ 757 Homesteaders, relief for -------------- 685 How One National Forest is Protected— D. N. Rogers ------------------ 599 Idaho Experimental Stations----------- 759 Illinois, a small forest reserve oye 13} Insects. Injurious to Forest Trees_---- 335 Instruction in Forestry, institutions giv- FR) pe 559 Interstate Commerce Commission, The-- 441 Iowa State College------------------- 624 Is Forestry Practical? ----------------- 424 Kaibab, Seed Collecting on the-------- 492 Kennebec Valley Protective Association 698 Labrador, Forests of------------------ 63 Lake States Fire Conference, the___-30, 52 Land Problems and National Welfare (review )—Christopher Turnor —- 687 Landowners, A Forest Schoolitor=——-—= 555 Lecture by Governor Bass-------------- 760 Legislation in New Jersey, Forest Fire-- 568 Legislation, Uniform Honesthy==—-22=-=—= 442 Lehigh University’s Useful Wierd oe 120 Lessons From the Forest—Edwin R. Jackson —------------------------- 3 List of Schools ~--------------------- 566 Lodge Pole Pine Seed, Collecting—A. NGC oo ke 674 Logging on a National Forest—Sidney Ll. Moore ==--=----+------------ 713 Lost River in New Hampshire-------- 633 Lost Trail, The (poem)—F. L. Pol- (Gh seeeeneee end eee 40 Louisiana, case of the State of--------- 414 Lumber Industry, The (Department of Magazine) ---------------------- 182 Lumber Industry, Report on------ 227, 440 : Lumbering, Yale’s new professorship of 620 Lumbermen and Forest Legislation— Thornton A. Green ------------- 33 Lumbermen, codperation with in New Weak tonoee soos ee se 504 Mahogany for True Mahogany, the Sub- stitution of Colombian_--------- 756 Maine’s Exhausted Fire Fund--------- 618 Maryland, Basket Willow Culture in— (1D), Will Lobes see ees OLY Massachusetts Plantations ------------- 499 Page Massachusetts, Present Forest Problems of—Allen Chamberlain --------- 389 Massachusetts, Reforestation in—F. W. Rane -s.--es-40-2 =e 160 Meeting, announcement of thirtieth an- nual -----------------==-========= 64 Meetings, Forestry—See Conventions. Michigan Agricultural College Forestry Department Summer Terma2s22=— 623 Microscopic Work on the structure of Wood—H. D. Tiemann ---------- 206_ Mine Timbers vs. Concrete and Steel__ 411 Minnesota Forest Experiment Station, the—Dillon P. Tierney ---------- 657 Minnesota Law, the mew -------------- 307 Minnesota’s New Forest Law—W. de Cox. <2es¢--<2-22=52 ee 593 Minnesota State Forest Service--------- 376 Minnesota University, College of For- estry—Edward G. Cheyney------- 522 Mississippi River and_ its Wonderful Valley, the (review) — Julius Chambers =o x) 230 Missouri Chair of Forestry, University Of 222 eee 566 Missouri College Staff, fifteen new men for --222222 ee 566 Missouri’s Forest Resources --------- 63 Montana, Forest School of the Uni- versity of — J. E. Kirkwood, PRD, 220222282522 479 Montana Forestry Students, summer ctuise for -2252222=25=-== == — 312 Municipal Forestry ------- ee eee 762 Nation and State—and Association----- 426 National Capital, a National Forest at the —2222-2-3222—2 352 National Capital Forest, a—William M. Ellicott -...-.- ———————— 317 National Conservation Congress, the third ---.--<—————— 557 National Forest at the National Capital, | Ee ee Se 352 National Forest, Disposal of Fire Killed Timber on the Sopris—John Mc- Laren 2.---¢222. === 731 National Forest, Logging on a—Sidney L. Moore National Forest Work (Department of Magazine) 125, 177, 235, 264, 304, 370, 435, 491, 569, 625, 685. National Forests Fire Losses and Range Use------ 177 Reforesting in_------------------- 264 CONTENTS vii Telephones on the Pecos-------- 498 President Taft makes changes in 491 Reforesting Burns in California_ 467 What Oregon is doing to prevent HOTestHiineswinese = eee ea 584 Utilizing troops in 587 How one is protected----------_ 599 National Lumber Manufacturers’ Asso- Glatrornse Nhey.- +. See ee ee ee 440 Nebraska Forest School, University of— @erls Sponsler 22-4 2-- 2s ea a = 08! Nebraska Forestry Students, field work [boy Sa eee See SL 121 Nebraska University Ofe=2o--—=s===———— 566 New American Aboretum, a_---------- 696 New England Farmer as a Source of Supply. s22ee ese 2ses---s5-5-—— 697 New England Railroads Waking up_--- 313 New England’s Hope Deferred --~--- 616 New Grazing Regulations ~------------ 236 New Hampshire State College--------- 439 New Hampshire Timberland Associa- ihvasny, (ioe eee ek eet BEES Pee 311 New Hampshire’s Annual _ Forestry Councils, 225-22. 5 eae 22 Se 55 7 New Jersey, Forest Fire Legislation in 568 New Occasions Teach New Duties_-- 117 Niewa Opportunity,sja==—-== = ee 294 New York, Codperation with Lumber- Merle Sesame ase Sa et 504 New York State College of Agriculture ate Corelli 2 eo Se 567 New York State Forest School_------ 624 News and Notes (Department of Miag aizitte)) pe on ee ee ne 62, 246, 313, 376, 442, 503, 570, 633, 695, 760. North America, Forest Fires in—Prof. Draebe Meckert=2<-- = 25-5 ee eee 273 North Carolina Forestry Association 180, 696 Northern Forest Protective Association 180 Northern Hemlock and Hardwood Man- TACHI TERS gee ee eee Se 186 NOmOuDDLy, sexbaustless: =e — =e ee 698 Notch Saved, the Crawford----------- 299 IWotice to, Membersoe22-=- = === 64 Oak as a Shade Tree, the Water—C, D. JMU eS ee eee eer ee 663 Obstruction, Official __-___- a 424 Official Account of the San Bernardino Whey hah, | ee eee ee 625 Ocal Obstructions saa = nae 424 Ohio State Forestry Society ~---______- 181 OldeDime: Horest Wastes) 2—— 2 = 505 Opening of the Forest Fire Season_-- 351 Page Oregon’s New Forest Law------------ 379 Organizations, Horestrys-S22—- eae 506 Ornamental Shrubs of the United States (Review)—Austin Craig Aipparitss = 8. 202 Ss ee oes 687 Over-grazing Brings Floods_----------- 757 Ownership of Timberlands, the--------- 171 Paper Material of the Future, Bamboo Pulp as the—Harry Vincent--_-- 343 Passage of the Appalachian Bill, the-_ 164 Passing of the Pioneers, the-------____ 297 Pecos National Forest, Telephones on the... Sts J gi 2 ee 498 Penal Institutions and Conservation— B.-A. Gaylond) eases -2ss4--5 == 741 Penn State College Outlines a New Un- dergraduate Course in Forestry— Hi.’ P- Baker) 2222-2 eseenoe eee 719 Pennsylvania Lumbermen’s Association 187 Pennsylvania Railroad and Reforesta- tion Pennsylvania’s Thrifty Forest Policy__ 314 People’s Possessions in the Appalachian Forests, | the—Thomas Nelson Page a 2a S28 Se et eee 133 Rersonali Wierd rae = ee 684 Philippines, A Forest School in the— Wiss | Sherfesee paseo aes 517 Phillips; ranks eso soe 314 Pictures, Teaching Forestry by--------- 546 Pike National Forest, Reforestation on the—C. W. Fitzgerald-----_____-- 646 Pine Beetle, The Southern---------_-- 633 Pine Seed, Collecting Lodge Pole_---- 674 Piness histanyeot stheaeeea= =n eee 757 Pioneers, the Passing of the----------- 297 Place of Forestry in the School, the— DonjiCarlos’ Hillis 22222223 == =e 509 Plans for Buying Eastern Forest Land 235 Planting Campaign, an active_-______-_ 59 Planting for Pulp and Timber__-__--- 298 Plantings Seasons Vierimonts== as — 499 Pleasures of a Small Camera, the—R. Sa Wellogige 225.2232 2S ease eee 348 Pollution of Rivers and Harbors, The 484 Possessions in the Appalachian Forests, the People’s — Thomas Nelson Page Present Forest Problems of Massachu- setts—Allen Chamberlain Present Forestry Issues—Hon. Curtis Guild) Jit. qs Aeon sas 67 Present Situation in the White Moun- tains), 22st ee eee goes 118 viii CONTENTS Page Presidency of the American Forestry Association --------------------- 555 President Taft Makes Changes in Na- tional Forests ------------------ 491 Prevention of Forest Fires in Minne- sota—Gen. C. C. Andrews_------ 48 Principles of Handling Woodlands, the (review)—Henry 53. Graves----- 365 Principles of Scientific Management (review) —Frederick W. Taylor- 629 Products, Canadian Forest------------- 503 Professor Glenn’s Report ------------- 170 Professorship of Lumbering, Yale’s new 620 Progress of Forestry in Wisconsin— Frank B. Moody --------------- 595 Protection in the National Forests, fire— Farle H. Clapp----------=---978, 652 Protection of Forests from fire, the—H. Gui Graves) -so=2=-—---=-=—==—=—=—— 41 Protective Associations, Timberland—E. A. Sterling -------=-------=----- 667 Pruning of White Pine, the—F. B apples =e eee 204 Public Aspects of Forestry—H. S%.° (Sra eS ee ea 525 Publications of the United States Geo- logical Survey ------------------ 249 Pulp and Timber, Planting for_------- 298 Purple Basket Willow—C. D. Mell---- 280 Railroads Waking Up, New England_-- 313 Railways and Forest Protection—R. H. Aishton --------=--------------- 38 Railway’s Forest Enterprise, a—Filibert Roth -----==----=--===---==--=-= 395 Ranger Course at Colorado School of Forestry ------------------------ 691 Ranger, Fall Work for thes. = 222s See 498 Ranger, the Forest—E. R. Jackson_--- 445 Ranger, the Strenuous Igitevor the=a==— 463 Recent Publications—See Current Litera- ture. Reforestation, Commercial ----------- 747 Reforestation in Massachusetts—F. W. Rane! sete eee ean mae 160 Reforestation on the Pike National For- eftt—C. W. Fitzgerald----------- 646 Reforestation, Studies for—A. G. Hamel 706 Reforestation, the Pennsylvania Railroad andy wes eee ea ee aaa an 505 Reforesting Burns in California National Horests lose soe =—-=- == === -—-=—— 467 Reforesting in the National Forests (pictures) ---------------------- 263 Relief for Homesteaders -------------- 685 Report by Professor Glennyees ae 170 Report of the Forester for 191222ee=— 125 Report of Thirtieth Annual Meeting--- 99 Report on Standing Timber, Commis- sioner Smith’s -~----------------- 182 Report on the Lumber Tadustiys-==———— 227 Reports and Bulletins—See Current Literature. Reproduction of Engelmann Spruce After Fire—L. J. Young--------- 396 Resignation of District Forester Chap- man --------+-+=-----====="===== 177 Resolutions Adopted at Thirtieth An- nual Meeting, American Forestry Association ~-------------------- 115 Reviews, Book ----------------------- 54, 55, 172, 230, 231, 365, 366, 429, 629, 686, 687, 688. Rivers and Harbors, the Pollution of__ 484 San Bernardino Fire, an official Ac- count of the ------------------- 625 Saw Mill, Uncle Sam’s One ---------- 570 School in the Philippines, a Forest— W. F. Sherfesee ---------------- 517 School, the Place of Forestry in the— Don Carlos Ellis --------------- 509 Schools, List of Forest --------------- 566 Scientific Management and the Lumber Industry—R. C. Bryant----------- 724 Secretaryship of the Interior, the------- 228 Seed Collecting on the Kaibab-------- 943 Seed Eating Animals on the Tahoe---- 497 Shade Tree, the Water Oak as a—C. D. Wildl) ee ees See ae 663 Shade Trees in Towns and Cities (re- view)—William Solotaroff ------ 429 Shall States Regulate the Management of Private Forest—H. H. Chap- man _--------------=-----==----= 82 Sihlwald, the—Barrington Moore-_----- 531 Silence Broken, a -------------------- 682 Small Forest Reserve for Illinois, a---- 313 Some New Ideas in Controlling Forest Fires—Samuel J. Record--------- 197 Some Things a Forest Ranger Should Know—C. Hi. Shattuck: 2======e= 224 Sopris National Forest, Disposal of Fire Killed Timber on the—John Mc- aren’ 222-.524.-.2-2— 731 Southern Appalachian Rivers, these 225 246 Southern Appalachians, a fire Protection Plan in the—W. H. Weber_-------- 637 Southern Pine Beetle, the-------------- 633 Spruce After Fire, Reproduction of Engelmann—L. J. Young-------- 396 CONTENTS Page Standing Timber, Commissioner Smith’s Report on College, Lowa State State Control of Private Property_---- : Mtatemborest Iegislatiom =25==2-522—2==— State Forest Service, Minnesota___-___- : State Forestry,—Its Relation to Conser- elt O Ngee 2 See ee State Forests in Vermont—Walter K. Wnldesn 225 _5-> =o eee State Ownership of Forests—Austin F. LIEN CCR ee ore OR e S ee oe se DP State Work: California -22sesse2=5- 3 182, 306, Blondas=s=— eee 59, 436, la wali) ini Sauer aera Ss Bee WOKE one see eee eee ee Mii Oy == ae - oe eS 237, Massachusetts —-----_ 60, 437, 499, IMiehiganmeee sens sa8h ee cote eee 306 Minzesota. e2==2 52-5 eS 307, INebras kaise.) eh eee ee ee eS New Hampshire__61, 53, 311, 438, 694 INewaiVionksesse oe, 182, 438, Northy Garolinages==—== = eee LOLA G\s stan Oe se a opener eae Oregon? -SS22352 2522-8 239, 311, Pennsylvania, 22 61, 238, Vermont soe ae rae 179, 238, Wie Sinn eto mip tesa ene eras ed WiestaaVarginial —o- <2o0 ee \Wiseonsing====s === == soeeeee & 438, State Work (Department of Magazine) 179, 237, 246, 308, 437, 499, 568, 693, State saUipbuilding: ase se ee Statistics, a Suggestion for Fuller______ Statuswon Weeks Billea2 2 2222 ee Stream Flow, Surface Conditions and__ Stream, Plow, Forests and_--_--------_ mirech Lrees—J. J. Wevison-----------— Strenuous Life of the Forest Ranger, the Studies for Reforestation—A. G, Hamel Substitution of Colombian Mahogany romeirue Mahogany S222 222-22" 2 _ Suggestion for Fuller Statistics, a_____ Summer Meeting of Eastern Foresters, the—Hugh P. Baker Summer Term, Michigan Agricultural College, Forestry Department-___ Sunapee Forest Reserve Supervision on the Deerlodge, Fire____ Supervisors’ Meeting, A Supreme Court Decisions, the----~----~ Surface Conditions and Stream Flow __ 371 Tahoe, Seed Eating Animals on the___ 497 aking “Stocks! \WiSConsiny =e 500 Taxation of Forest Lands—Edwin A. Startyesea- Ess ce ee eee 256 Teaching Forestry by Pictures_-_---___ 546 Telephone Lines, Use of in Fighting IPN reg: enero ace Ee oe a 468 Telephones on the Pecos National For- CS ge eee ee 498 Third National Conservation Congress, 557, 681, 695 Thirtieth Annual Meeting: ANNOUNCEMeNt Olmos eee ee 64 Report” Olppe 2s aes = ee: 99 Resolutions Adopted —-__-_--___- 115 Timber Deal, a Forest Service_---____ 482 Timber Sale and its Conditions, a Gov- ernment =-3 soe) ee eee 627 Timberland Protective Associations—E. PARROT] Wee See ae oe ee 667 To Get in Under New Law-_---_----- 249 To Save the Crawford Notch___--__-__ 119 Trail, The Lost (poem)—F. L. Pollock 40 Mree Planting, Pncouraping. see 759 Trees and How to Know Them (re- view)—W. A. Lambeth —________ 687 Trees; otreet—J.. J. Levisoness-= =e a= 611 Troops in the National Forests, Utiliz- ing—George M. Cornwall _______ 587 Tropics, Forestry in, the American— Johny Gitiord pees eens 475 Two Addresses—H, S. Graves__------_ 111 AwoOw COnV.entHOns | Sates eee 681 Uncle Sam Owns Much Timber but has onlysomel saw Vill eee ne 570 Under Minnesota’s new Forest Law—W. ee Cone: eee Rie os e598 Undergraduate Course in Forestry, Penn State College Outlines a new—H. RgiBaker,. us eee tee ee 719 Unfriendly Appointment, an___________ 227 Uniform Forestry Legislation------_-_ 442 Unique Forest, California’s -__--_-____ 499 University of Missouri, the-----____--_ 691 University of Montana Forest School 479 University of Montana Summer Cruise 312 University 7ot (Nebraska) 2222s ss) sees 566 Wniversity, of Vermont 2222 2eesse 624 Wseofi@ddelengths, thezss-seoeee= ee 629 Wsemofe Bolestiniye| 909 Sse =e eee 62 Use of Telephone Lines in Fighting RITES ee ee ee ae eS 468 Utilization of Forest Waste--_---_---- 63 x Page Utilization of Land, Forestry and the— Bilibert wROthnt ease esas ee eee 456 Utilizing Troops in the National For- ests—George M. Cornwall_------ 587 Walienon avVind bred koan= === =e 756 Vermont Planting Season---_----------- 501 Vermont, State Forests in—Walter K. OG See ee 253 Vermont, Summer School of Forestry and Horticulture—B. A. Chandler 735 Vermont, University) ofe-------=--=—- - - 624 Wallowa Forest Divided -------------- 436 Wastes @ldilimiesPorest.- -2-) e 505 Water Oak as a Shade Tree, the—C. IDE, WMI) ses oS eS 663 WWieeksimipilln ease eee ni62,: 168 Weeks Bill. Its constitutional aspect 169, 170 Weeks Bill, Work under ___---_______- 22 Weeks Bill, Plans for buying land__-__ 235 Weeks Bill, Putting into operation--_-- 288 Weeks Bill, The Appalachian forest---_ 473 CONTENTS Page What Oregon is Doing to Prevent For- est Fires—C. S. Chapman____--__ White Mountains, the Present Situation Ill oosces22-22-23. ee Willow Culture in Maryland, Basket— C, Dy Mellas22 eee Willow, Purple Basket—C. D. Mell___- 115 Wisconsin, Forest Protective Legislation ‘ Proposed by—E. M. Griffith_-__ Wisconsin, Progress of Forestry in— Frank By Moody2===2====——=——a== Wisconsin Daking (Stock==s=2ee==eeeeae Woodnotes (poem) — Ralph Waldo Emerson Woodworking Safeguards for the Pre- vention of Accidents in Lumber- ing and Woodworking Industries (review)—David Van Schaack_- Work Under the New Forest Law___- Yale’s New Professorship of Lumbering Yellow Pine Manufacturers’ Association, the 687 226 620 rw io Teh ; a ahs ec tale. (i: keg is " : / . © t % ne =~ - ry z a = Se we! 2 &. — a bs on = Nae 7 - cs a 7 bs ah P ty 2 he ee ea _ — a i . : on os —— > a Le re), = ie om” Ae _ —e ' f p » 4 iy me : mY Lt eee q : i ; F 4 1 ¥ is” mS rf Lhe ee: Te, “a ; * is TL. ise Dp American Forestry —_ JANUARY: __- ; : 1911 LESSONS FROM THE FOREST By EDWIN R. JACKSON FORESTRY PROGRESS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE By W. R. BROWN THE LAKE STATES FOREST FIRE CONFERENCE LUMBERMEN AND FOREST LEGISLATION By THORNTON A, GREEN RAILWAYS AND FOREST PROTECTION By R. H. AISHTON FOREST FIRE PROTECTION IN MINNESOTA By C, C. ANDREWS THE PROTECTION OF FORESTS FROM3FIRE By HENRY S. GRAVES (Conclusion) EDITORIALS and DEPARTMENTS ye ak ai Published by THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 1410 H St., N. W., Washington, D.C. Price $2.00 per Year. Copyright 1910, by the American Forestry Association AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS A VALUABLE RECORD of the progress and relations of forestry in America is contained in’ ‘the — Kt PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN Forest Concress or 1905 which was published by the American Forestry Association. A limited number of the enka remains and the book WILL NOT BE REPRINTED — Every public library should have this volume; every person who is interested in forestry and who does not now own one should avail himself of the se | tunity to secure a copy before the edition is disposed of. The price is $1.50 postpaid. Until January 1, 1911, we make the following offer: Regular Price Membership in American Forestry Association...........$1.00 Subscription to AmMpRIcAN Forestry to January, 1912..... 2.00 Proceedings of American Forest Congress = ois wie ean The whole for $3.25 $4.50 50 THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION | MARYLAND BUILDING i 1410 H STREET NORTHWEST WASHINGTON, D. co ; TWO BOOKS OF PECULIAR VALUE BY FRANCIS ROLT-WHEELER Thirty-seven illustrations from photographs taken in work for United States Government. Large 12mo Decorated cover $1.50 each. The Boy With the U. S. Foresters The life of a typical boy is followed in all its adventurous detail. 1 A THE BOY WITH THE Replete with information, alive with adventure, and inciting batristiern: as) U.S.FORESTERS at every step, this handsome book is one to be instantly appreciated. — 4 It covers five important lines of adventurous development: 1. The prevention and fighting of forest fires. Vor . The regulation of the grazing of cattle and sheep. . The perservation and disposition of lumber. . The wild ardor of the pursuit of big game. . The responsible life of the individual forester. The peculiar timeliness and value of this book can best be shown by the fact that while it was in press, more than two hundred lives were lost, : and millions of dollars worth of property destroyed FRANCIS ROLT-WHEELER through lack of suchservice as this book describes. The Boy With the U. S. Survey The story describes the thrilling adventures of members of the United States Geological Survey, not in the brief form of statistical re- ports and bluebooks, but graphically woven into stirring narrative that both pleases and instructs. While the United States bureaus are not al- lowed to give their official endorsements to books, yet they are all eager to afford every facility to the author, and each manuscript is submitted to the chief of a bureau to insure accuracy of statement. AT ALL BOOK STORES. Send for Free Complete Catalogue LOTHROP, LEE & SHEPARD CO., BOSTON a" aN Se Pies In writing to advertisers kindly mention AmMERIcAN Forestry American Forestry The Magazine of the American Forestry Association EDWIN A. START, EpiTor January CONTENTS 1911 COVER DESIGN—By Charles E. Cartwright. REPRODUCTION BY SEEDING—AN INTERESTING BOTANICAL STUDY...... anodoosonsonokocososstuahes gcc Hqodog Rob onac Seman sdoogeOdDOUNT Frontispiece LESSONS FROM THE FOREST—By Edwin R. Jackson................s+seeees 3 With fourteen illustrations from photographs of the United States Forest Service. FORESTRY PROGRESS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE—By W. R. Brown.............+. if) With illustrations from photographs and a map. Beier hy) eA Dri) ECE CONE HIE BING BL. ciel ersleis wane ines civ ls yale aisie/s\a ave aeveyeleaiete 30 LUMBERMEN AND FOREST LEGISLATION—By Thornton A. Green......... -. oo RAILWAYS AND FOREST PROTECTION—By R. H. Aishton..................06 38 PERSO SD EY Aa — Evan Here OLLOC Ka (UE OCI) (rete clelstcyeleteia\e siete) atalsteusiatsiarievs|clelejeveleveyere 40 From the Atlantic Monthly, 1901. THE PROTECTION OF FORESTS FROM FIRE—By Henry S. Graves........... 41 Part V—Conclusion. With two illustrations. PREVENTION OF FOREST FIRES IN MINNESOTA—By C. C. Andrews.......... 48 EDITORIAL— The Status of the Weeks Bill........--.--- 51 Ase State's i pbuildisipes).y.jere sats vteleeleele ciate 53 The Lake States Conference.....+-++-++-+++ 52 A Suggestion for Fuller Statistics........... 53 CURRENT LITERATURE— Reviews-—Van Hise, Conservation of National Resources... ....00sccsscececverceonecsesuresavescs 54 RolewWiheelers UhelGoy with these os borestersen sem cidecien -lecieiisisieayisicaisineiintccers 55 Monthly List for December, 1910.....-. 1-0-2 see e ener eee eee cette tet e nent ener en eeeeeenes 55 NATIONAL FOREST WORK— The Harvest of Hickory.......-+.++-e+ee-5 59 The Work in Florida sc eee. cescessescscce 59 An Active Planting Campaign........-.-- 59 Boundary, (Chanpes irc cic ce ercieielerceamecae 60 STATE WORK— Massachusetts Forestry Association......--+++ 60 Pennsylvania Forestry Association 61 New Hampshire Timberland Owners Meet. . 61 Wrest) Vas G1 nias 7.2 o:5, victaiem creole eicre Qatetereieeeiten 61 NEWS AND NOTES— Canadian Forestry Association..........-- 62 Industries to Utilize Forest Waste.......... 63 The Use of Poles in 1909........-cecscces 62 MhewWorestsiot Labrador. icsceicaciccie cp cstente 63 The Appalachian Forest Bill..........---- 62 Missouri’s Forest Reserves.........ccsccee 63 ANNUAL MEETING OF AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.............. 64 AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, two dollars per year; single copies, twenty cents. Manuscripts submitted for publication should be addressed to the Editor, at the office of publication, 1410 H Street N. W., Washington, D. C. Indexes for Vol. XV (1909) are ready and may be had on application Application pending for entry as second-class mail matter at the Post-office at Washington, D. C. 7f£ AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS Adopted by the Cornell Forestry School Trees and Their Life Histories By PROFESSOR PERCY A. GROOM, M.A., D.S.C., F.L.S. (Cantab. et Oxon.) The Most Superbly Illustrated Tree Book Ever Issued. @ With 512 Reproductions of Photographs of Trees by Henry Irving, the Result of Years of Study ACCURATE, THOROUGH, READABLE 7 piaes exceptionally complete and magnificently illustrated work is meeting with the highest commendation and approval from the numerous Tree authorities and Forestry students who are acquainted with it. Numbers of our Forestry School Libraries have already purchased it. It is pre-eminently a work for Nature Lovers, practical Tree Experts and students of Tree Life. Analytical tables, diagnoses of families, and numerous illustrations, together with a brief mention of distinetive features, enable the reader to identify each of the seventy-five varie- ties of trees that are here fully treated. Particular trees have been selected for more detailed discussion. For example, branching of the tree is specially illustrated by the Larch, Yew, Horse Chestnut, and others; branching of a shrub and weeping tree, by the DBlder and Laburnum; the repair of injuries, by the Scots Pine; the shape and conduct of a _ light- demanding tree, by the Larch and Birch; the degeneration of flowers, by the Sweet Chestnut and Ash. And so on. Price, $10.00 Net, Sent on Approval LET US SEND YOU THIS VOLUME WITH THE > it fail to substantiate r all our claims, you may return it to us by Express Collect. & We will in this case refund you the full amount of remittance upon the arrival of the volume in good y UNDERSTANDING that should condition. CASSELL & COMPANY Established 1848 43-45 East Nineteenth Street NEW YORK 8f A MARVEL OF ILLUSTRATION Mr. Henry Irving has been engaged for a number of years in making an exhaustive series of photographs of Trees, a field in which he is acknowledged by leading nature photographers without a peer. The finest results of his work are embodied in Professor Groom’s “TREES AND THEIR LIFE HISTORIES” This book contains over one hundred large plates and four hundred smaller ones, showing each.tree in its summer and in its winter appearance, also of each tree the trunk and bark, the bud and twig, the leaf spray, the flower spray, and the fruit cluster. Neither pains nor expense have been spared to make the illustrations, as they have never before been done, complete, typical, and true to nature. The work is a large Octavo, printed with great care on the finest quality surface paper and strongly bound in green +5 Silk cloth and gold. Rs Cassell & Company, 43-45 Bast 19th St., New York. Gentlemen: ~ & Find enclosed $10.00 (check, money order, or currency), for which please send me, carriage paid, 1 copy of ‘‘TREES AND THBIR LIFE HISTORIES,’’ by Professor Perey Groom. I reserve the privi- lege of returning the volume to you if unsatisfactory, and if I should, you agree to refund me at once the full amount of my remittance. 72 NAMB... ccccecsccccescccccccccsscssseesres ADDRESS... csscecccrcecinsvessccsesesessrsess see e ewer eee eee eee seeeessesssent . In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN ForEsTRY A New Wear’s Resolution for the American People: Chat we will, from this time forth, administer the forests and other natural resources of the country as a trust, consuming only the trcome and presecuing the princtpal unimpaired, that the greatness and prosperity of the nation mau not perish as long as the flag floats over it and coming generations mau still know the phrase A Happu New Bear AGNIS IVOINVLOA ONILSANALNI NV—ONIGAAS AM NOWONGOXaAY LSdaxOd AHL WOYA SNOSSAT American Forestry VOL. XVII JANUARY, 1911 No. 1 LESSONS FROM THE FOREST By EDWIN R. JACKSON. UNITED STaTES ForEST SERVICE. (This was delivered in substantially its present form as an address before the Iowa State Teachers’ Association at Des Moines, November 3, 1910.) HAVE desired, in preparing this paper, to help a little in solving the problem of how to make the every-day work of the school interesting and profitable. If I fail to do so, it will be because of lack of ability to make you see from my viewpoint; not because my heart isn’t right. I would like to begin immediately to point out some of the interesting things which the forest offers in the way of “teacher's helps,” but in order to make myself and my purpose clear, I find that a few words of explanation are necessary, so at the risk of being pedantic, I must take time for a short introduction. You have all doubtless been reminded many times of that rather vague but very comprehensive statement of Herbert Spencer, that “Education is the preparation for complete living.” We frequently misquote this, or at least misinterpret it, and tell our pupils that they must go to school in order to “prepare for life!’ How many school boys do you suppose have heard this statement from parent or teacher and secretly resolved to cut out the prepara- tion and get into the real thing as soon as possible? We make the school appear not as a very necessary part of life, but as a sort of purgatory which precedes that blessed state. Do you blame the boy for wanting to shorten his stay there? Then we have the audacity to tell him that school days are the happiest days of life. What hypocrites our children must sometimes think us! Let us first get on solid ground and teach that school work is as much the business of life as selling goods, and that education is acquainting ourselves with the field of our labors, quite as much as the first trip of the new salesman over his route or the apprenticeship of the tradesman. Assuming this to be true, we must at once conclude that familiarity with one’s environment is essential to success in life. By success, I mean not so much ability to outstrip one’s competitors as the ability to serve one’s fellow- men ; to meet each situation which arises, with confidence; and to live happily and in content. I observed a curious incident recently in one of the magnificent hotels of an eastern city. Two men entered the building at about the same time. One was tall, broad-shouldered and powerfully built. His tanned features and calloused hands showed that he was accustomed to hard work, and his muscles 4 AMERICAN FORESTRY as strong as steel; yet he approached the clerk’s desk with every sign of timidity and even fear. There followed close on his heels a dapper little, undersized, sallow-faced person, loose-muscled and physically insignificant— yet he walked forward with the utmost self-confidence and ease of bearing. The big man could easily have broken the little fellow in two, if it had come to a test of physical strength between them, but he allowed himself to be elbowed aside without a word of protest, and shrank back timidly while the clerk turned to the desk and greeted the more aggressive late comer first. What is the explanation of the conduct of these two men? Simply that the big man did not feel sure of himself; he was in surroundings which were un- familiar to him, while the little man was wholly at home. It is the same instinct which makes the country dog which has followed his master to town, turn tail from his city cousin until he reaches the shelter of the master’s wagon, when he faces his pursuer and stands at bay. The lesson I wish to draw from these illustrations is this: A serious part of the work of the teacher is to acquaint the pupil with his environment; to make him master of the natural phenomena with which he is surrounded, so that he need not be at loss to know how to make them serve him. Since the Almighty placed our common ancestor, Adam, on this world with the com- mand to take the earth and subdue it, man has striven to learn the secrets of Nature and to use the resources of earth, sea, and air for his own comfort and support. In part, he has been successful, yet how many of us, if cast away like another Robinson Crusoe, could hold our own in the struggle for existence? How many of us, when walking in the fields, hesitate to pluck the brilliant flower which blooms in our path, or to taste the tempting berries which the bushes hold forth to us, for fear they may be poisonous? The lesson is obvious. To paraphrase an old proverb—it is this: “Familiarity breeds confidence.” No one can be wholly successful in life who is the victim of discontent. I mean by this not the kind of discontent which sees in society conditions which are unjust and seeks to right them; this is the kind of discontent that is productive of “insurgents.” I mean rather the discontent that sees no beauty in the fairest landscape, but only trees and bushes; that hears no music in the singing of the birds, but only shrill noise. There are people who live amid scenes of the greatest beauty yet who wonder why tourists come to look on the rocks and hills with which they are surrounded. I have been told of people who have lived for years within sight of the Congressional Library in Wash- ington—that building which is said to have the most beautifully decorated interior of any building in the United States—yvet who have never entered its portals. These same people doubtless complain because they cannot afford to take a trip to New York or Paris to see the sights. Here, then, is another part of the work of the educator—to teach an appreciation of one’s immediate environment, and to stir up an interest in Nature’s phenomena with which eyery one is surrounded, so that no matter where one finds himself, there is always something to entertain and instruct him. The ideal is that of Him who found “Sermons in stones and books in the running brooks.” THE PLACE OF FORESTRY IN PUBLIC SCHOOL EDUCATION. You will readily perceive from what I have said why I have the temerity to suggest forestry as a subject for study in the public schools. Forestry is _in no sense to be considered an unwelcome intruder begging to be admitted to the select company now comprising the public school curriculum. The guest chamber is already over-crowded, and there is no room for additional occupants in the places of honor. Forestry asks nothing more than admission to the servant’s quarters. It desires only to serve, and in the role of a good LESSONS FROM THE FOREST 5 servant, is glad to efface itself and lose its identity in order that its superiors may appear to better advantage and thus become more attractive. It seeks not to supplant but to supplement. While forestry furnishes material which is of the utmost value as sup- plementing many subjects, such, for example, as geography, history, botany, and civies, its special place is clearly as a part of nature study and agricul- ture. In the primary grades, the cultural qualities and the element of scien- tific observation which enter into the study of forest conditions are of great value in training young children to think clearly and observe accurately. In the upper grades and the high school, forestry again appears, this time as a very vital part of agriculture. The woodlot is coming more and more to be recognized as an essential part of every well-organized farm, and the products of the woodlot to be considered as one of the important farm crops on the same basis with wheat and corn. From an economic standpoint, the lessons of the woodlot are too significant to be omitted. May I suggest that any text-book on agriculture which does not include a chapter on the woodlot is, to that extent, incomplete. Now let us consider for a moment the advantages of the forest as a source of illustrative material. The study of trees is quite common in the public schools, but some times we see so many trees that we lose sight of the forest. The forest should be studied as such to be of the greatest interest. It is rich with interesting examples of the phenomena of plant and animal life. It is as though the Book of Nature were here issued in folio sized edition, printed in long primer type, for everything is built on a life-sized scale in the forest, so that he that runs may read. The teacher of botany or geography who is content to point out the pictures in the text-book, yet never takes the pupil cutdoors to see the real thing depicted by the picture, deprives the pupil of a great opportunity which lies just over the brow of the hill. In this fact, that except in a very few localities, the forest does literally lie just over the brow of the hill, lies one great advantage of forestry as a supplemental part of school work. There are few regions of the United States in which some forest features are not close at hand to be studied. Where there is no group of trees that could be dignified with the name of forest, there is at least the tree to study individually. Even in the most crowded city, there are parks to be visited, and I am glad to note the increasing ten- dency to at least simulate natural forest conditions in these parks and to break away from the stiff artificiality which has been characteristic of city squares and parks hitherto. Even the treeless regions of the western plains furnish ground for the solution of one great problem of the forest—that of afforestation, or tree planting with a view to producing forests. Again, the teacher who wishes to study the forest, or to make use of the illustrative material which it furnishes, need not wait upon the seasons—the forest is always ready to be studied; it is never out of season. The tree, unlike the flowers or vegetables studied in school gardens and otherwise, does not disappear during the winter. On the contrary, a great many of the most interesting phases of tree life and forest conditions can be studied best in the winter, just at the season when most other forms of plant life are unavailable. This applies especially to the winter buds and protective coverings of the trees, their forms and branchings. But the forest does not rest its claims for recognition as a candidate for educational consideration upon its botanic importance alone. It also begs to present itself as worthy of consideration from an economic standpoint. The products of the forest enter largely into the commercial life of the nation. Every- where, despite the disastrous experience of Mother Eye, the fruit of the tree is being constantly partaken of by the sons of men. A thousand articles of 6 AMERICAN FORESTRY commerce, raw and manufactured, are daily the basis of trade in our markets and affect our lives at every turn. This is too important to be overlooked if the school is to teach what is going on in the world. No teacher of commercial geography, history, or arithmetic can avoid the consideration of problems and questions which deal with the forest and its products. Then, aside from the articles of commerce produced, the forests are coming more and more to be recognized as having an important influence upon the economic deyelop- ment of the country through the influences they exert upon climatic conditions, soils, and water supplies. In view of all these facts, it seems to me well worth while for the teacher who wishes to make the work of the class room at once broadly instructive, entertaining, and uplifting, to draw freely upon the forest for material to illustrate and intensify the studies of the school. FORESTRY IN NATURE STUDY. The tree has long been a favorite subject for nature study. It has so many points of interest, so many phases in its yearly life and is so constantly and universally available that it is invariably drawn upon by teachers look- ing for illustrative material. Each tree seems to have its own particular ef- fect upon our feelings. The oak, for example, impresses us with its strength, the elm with its grace, the weeping willow with a sense of humility or sorrow. We find a new cause of interest in the tree as the seasons change and with the coming of winter the leaves fall away, leaving the branches bare. Winter affords the best opportunity to study tree forms. An old chestnut or elm, for example, will show plainly the deliquescent or dissolving type of branching, while the poplar or cedar are types of the excurrent form. The student of nature study will want to know how the tree grows, and an interesting experiment is to dig and wash away the soil from the roots of a small seedling and learn by actual measurement how far the roots extend. Then occasionally in the forest we may find a large tree uprooted by the wind and see how the roots penetrate and hold the soil. No better evidence can be had as to the value of trees in preventing erosion. Considering the parts of the tree found above ground, we may compare the erect and self-supporting trunk to the stems of vines and herbs. When we study the growth of the tree, no more striking evidence of this growth can be found than the fresh shoots of the evergreen’s branches as they appear in the spring. Now let us leave the study of the individual tree and consider the forest. Here we find not only trees to study but whole colonies of smaller plants and of animals which go to make up the life of the woodland, and there are also for consideration a great many conditions of soil and water supply that depend upon the forest. We need to observe, for example, how the forest fioor is interwoven with roots and enriched by the humus of vegetable decay. This can be easily seen in some place where the forest floor extends to the edge of a bank and is thus shown in vertical section. One of the most important lessons we may learn from the forest is the appreciation of beauty, not only of form but of color. No where can we find such rich and delicate colorings, such a variety of tints and such a procession of changes as our common hardwood forests produce with the changes of the seasons. When the season is mild and Jack Frost does not spoil the show, the autumn leaves set forth for our enjoyment a perfect symphony of color not excelled anywhere in nature. Even stern winter entering upon the stage cannot entirely quell the joyous riot, for the sturdy conifers in their coats of green stand erect amid the snows and continue to play their parts unmindful of the sharpest cold. UTILIZING THE WOODLOT FOR GRAZING LESSONS FROM THE FOREST ‘“WINTER AFFORDS THE BEST OPPORTUNITY PURPOSES PREVENTS REPRODUCTION TO STUDY TREE FORMS” THE SQUIRREL IN HIS TRAVELS THROUGH THE TREE TOPS LESSONS FROM THE FOREST ‘““THE STURDY EVERGREENS STAND ERECT AGAINST THE SNOWS” ‘**A LARGE TREE UPROOTED BY THE WIND SHOWS HOW THE ROOTS PENETRATE AND HOLD THE SOIL” LESSONS FROM THE FORESTS A COMMON TYPE OF WOODLOT—THE WINDBREAK THE WOODLOT HAS ITS PLACE ON THE FARM, AS WELL AS THE GRAIN FIELD LESSONS FROM THE FOREST “THE STUDENT OF GEOGRAPHY SHOULD KNOW OF THE EXTENT OF THE TREELESS REGIONS OF THE MIDDLE WEST” LESSONS FROM THE FOREST 11 It would be both unfortunate and unwise to study the forest without also studying some of the fascinating creatures that inhabit the wildwood. We may watch the squirrel in his travel through the tree tops; the wood- pecker, rapping as it were, for admission on the wooden door of the tree trunks or boring holes in the bark as a cache for his winter supply of acorns. We may, if we are bold enough, even venture into the realms of those larger and more ferocious creatures of the woods, such as the bear and wolves. All these go to make the story of the forest one of intense interest to the child. Before I leave the subject of nature study, I wish to emphasize again the importance of the tree from an aesthetic viewpoint. I need only to remind you of the beauty of a city street lined with beautiful trees to impress upon your minds what you already know—namely, the importance of trees in the beautification of cities. And what can possibly plead more strongly for the cause of the tree than the contrast so often seen of two school houses, situated within a few miles of one another, the first with grounds absolutely barren and uninviting; the other nestling cozily among shady maples, which shelter it in winter from the storms and furnish cool shade in summer? FORESTRY IN AGRICULTURE. Possibly the most important phase of the study of forestry in so far as it is applicable to the public school is found in its application to elementary agriculture. We are coming more and more to realize that the woodlot is just as essential to the organization of the farm as the cornfield or the alfalfa patch; the products of the woodlot are just as much to be considered farm crops as grain or hay. Some farms are fortunate enough to include native timberland, but in the prairie states, more often, a plantation is necessary. The difficulty to be overcome in establishing a woodlot is that agricultural land can be made more immediately profitable for the production of other crops than if planted to trees. The student of agriculture will at once see that one function of the woodlot is in the utilization of waste lands, such, for example, as are subject to erosion or cut off from cultivation by streams or other topo- graphical obstructions. It is well to realize also that trees will almost invariably grow on soil too poor or too rough to support any other crop. This is true also of sandy soils, where trees will not only thrive, if proper species are selected, but will also prove useful in preventing the shifting of sands by the action of winds. Perhaps the most common as well as the most useful type of woodlot plantation found in the Middle West is that which surrounds the home of nearly every prairie farmer. This type combines the advantages of the wind- break or shelterbelt, to that of the crop-producing woodlot. Its advantages are so obvious that argument is really unnecessary to convince any student of agriculture of its importance to the farmer. Study for a moment the utilization of trees as a protection for the or- chard. This is especially important in those regions where there are preyail- ing winds which will invariably distort and injure the fruit trees if they are unprotected. But the woodlot cannot be left to itself without cultivation or care if it is to be successful. The first thing, of course, to be consid- ered in establishing a plantation is proper planting methods. One common fault in tree planting for woodlot purposes is that often too much space is left between the trees. A plantation will not thrive when the trees are too wide apart to afford mutual protection, while a plantation closely planted will usually produce the best type of tree for posts, poles or lumber because of the clear straight boles which the trees develop. It is the custom in many places to utilize the woodlot for grazing pur- poses. This gives bad results in two ways. It prevents any possibility of 12 AMERICAN FORESTRY reproduction; and the trees are subject to injury by having the earth trampled away, exposing their roots and thus interfering with their growth. If the trees are young, it is the height of folly to allow cattle to graze among them, for the tops will be eaten back and the trees become twisted and broken from the rubbing and trampling they will receive. This fact is witnessed by the ruins of many a school ground plantation. The greatest enemy of the forest tree is fire. Fire may not so frequently find its way to the woodlot as to the forest primeval, but it is nevertheless to be reckoned with; not the great, flaming all-consuming forest fire, but the creeping, seemingly insignificant ground fire which burns slowly through leaves and humus. A furrow around the woodlot will frequently serve as an efficient protection from such fires and prevent much damage. The proper utilization and management of the woodlot is a broad subject. I shall have time only to mention a very few points. Proper cutting and judicious improvement thinnings are essential to promote the best develop- ment of desirable trees, especially if the woodlot is of native growth. In some types of woodlots, pruning is advisable, but frequently this will be unnecessary if not unwise. The most important feature is, of course, the harvesting of the crop of the woodlot, which will consist, so far as the ordinary farmer is concerned, of fence posts, fuel, poles, ete. A great many problems present themselves which cannot be solved satisfactorily except by a knowl- edge of silviculture and technical forestry. The students of agriculture may well become familiar with the fact that in such cases, advice may always be had at little or no cost from the Forest Service of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. The essential points which I wish to impress upon all teachers of agri- culture is the importance of the consideration of trees as a farm crop just as much as corn; and that the forest, in the form of the woodlot, has its place in agriculture which we cannot afford to overlook. FORESTRY IN BOTANY. The student of botany will, of necessity, make the tree the subject of a ereat deal of study. It is the best type of exogenous, or outside growilg plant. The annual rings of the tree contain many an interesting story of the vicissi- tudes of its life history. We might dwell upon this interesting point for a long time but I must pass on. One type of inside-growing or endogenous tree is found in the palm family. It will interest the botanist to compare the form of the palm to that of ordinary outside growing trees and seek explana- tions for the differences. The life processes of the tree are full of mystery and of interest to the student. We shall find it profitable to learn why a girdled tree dies in a sea- son, but one whose entire trunk, except the bark and sapwood, has decayed will often thrive with no signs of injury for years, until blown down by some wind storm. In considering that most fascinating of botanical subjects, seed dispersal, the trees furnish us an infinite variety of studies. We might collect and study the winged seeds such as those of the maple, elm, and basswood. The repro- duction by seeding is well worth our attention, but we must not overlook that other type of forest reproduction, the coppice or sprout method, for this is not only interesting as a botanical study, but important from the side of forestry. Should we consider the ecology of the forest, we find the light relation of trees evidenced in striking manner by the self-pruning of forest trees in com- parison with the wide lateral branches developed in the same species where grown singly in the open. It is also clearly shown by the rapid reproduction which sets in when a clearing is made in the forest and the quick upshooting LESSONS FROM THE FOREST 13 of the undergrowth when it finds the upper story of the trees that cut off the light removed. Possibly the feature of the forest which is most unique and interesting in the study of light relations is the classification of trees into “tolerant” and “intolerant” species. To illustrate, we find the intolerant but quick-growing aspen rapidly covering burned or cut over areas, but it ulti- mately has to yield to the slow-growing but tolerant fir. The lesson which might be drawn from this natural phenomenon of the forest is obvious, but I am not given to appending morals to my stories. Another ecological phase of forest life is found in the study of water loving types of trees which form the tree societies that line the banks of streams. Compare this with the effect of flooding upon similar trees, and we find the tree to be very temperate in its habits—it cannot stand too much to drink. Again, temperature relations are shown by the appearance of the forests at timber line on mountain sides; and soil relations by the stunted growth of trees in poor soil as upon bare hills or when, perchance, a seed finds lodgment upon granite rocks where there is almost no soil for it to feed upon. I remember that in the back of the text-book on botany which I studied, there was a chapter which was never looked into by students and which the teacher evidently did not care to tackle. The entrance to this chapter was guarded by a Cerberus-like word so formidable in its appearance that we never even attempted to find out what was concealed in those pages. The word was “Oryptogamia.” Many of the members of the family of plants designated by this formidable name are found in the forest. I wish merely to introduce you to one—a riotous, destructive chap whose given name is “Fungus.” If your excursions into the realms of botany are extensive enough, you may spend many hours studying the destruction wrought by fungi in the forest. Let us not altogether condemn him, however, for he is the scavenger which cleans up the aisles of the forest cathedral, and tears apart the fallen trunks of the monarchs of the forest, returning them to the dust from which they sprang, thus enriching the soil with humus and helping in a very important work of the forest. FORESTRY IN GEOGRAPHY. It would hardly be wise to close this rather hasty outline without adding a word as to the importance of the consideration of the forests in the study ot geography. It is of the utmost importance that the student of geography should know something about the classification of lands in the United States and their value and productive powers. It is also desirable that he should know something of the forest resources of the United States, where the chief sources of our pine lumber and our hardwood supply are now found and about the rapidly vanishing redwoods and big trees of the Pacific Coast. He should know about the extent of the treeless regions of the Middle West and the deserts of the Southwest, where only cacti and sage brush grow. The lumber industry, the fourth industry of the country in commercial importance, is treated in every geography worth mentioning and is full of in- terest in all its varied phases from the taking of the logs from the forest through the sawmill and lumber yards to their final utilization. But lumber is not the only product of the forest worthy of consideration. The long-leaf pine produces turpentine; spruce and poplar are used to make wood pulp for paper manufacture; the hemlock and tanbark oak are stripped of their bark for the tanner; and we are even paving streets with wood blocks very successfully. Each of these industries which I have briefly touched will fur- nish material for weeks of study if followed up in all its phases. 14 AMERICAN FORESTRY In closing I wish to present a subject which has lately come into great prominence in the affairs of the land, namely, the necessity for the preserva- tion of the forests for the future benefit of the nation. Destructive lumbering and wasteful use have wrought havoc with the forests. Forest fires have swept over thousands of acres of timberland, destroying not only the trees but even eating out the rich soil, the accumulation of ages. There follows the washing away of unprotected soil on deforested slopes and destructive freshets which cover the lowlands with deposits of sand and mud. To prevent this waste of the wealth of the nation, Congress has established the National Forests. The spirit which controls the administration of the National Forests is set forth in these words—Careful use. The rangers who patrol the forests are there to protect them from misuse and destruction. Thousands of head of live stock are grazed on these forests every year, but the number per acre is carefully limited so as to protect the range from permanent injury. Legiti- mate mining is encouraged, but miners are forbidden to take up mining claims solely to secure the timber which may be found on it. Water power is not cut off from use, as is often stated, and lumbering is carried on, but under the supervision of trained foresters who see that all trees cut are closely utilized, provision made for leaving seed trees to insure reproduction, and the brush properly burned so as to minimize the danger from fires. All these features should be known to the student of geography, for in them lies the real reason why geography is worthy of a place in the public school curriculum; it is the study of man in his relations to his environment. LESSONS FROM THE FOREST THE HOLLOW TREE WILL THRIVE FOR YEARS TOLERANT AND INTOLERANT TREES—AN INTERESTING STUDY IN LIGHT RELATIONS LESSONS FROM THE FOREST WATER-LOVING TREE SOCIETIES THAT LINE THE BANKS OF STREAMS ' & n GQ a = = I zi + a i=) = n 7) ao = Fe] a Zz Q oo n > < = Q Zz ° E FOREST LESSONS FROM TH I IN THE FOREST 3 TION WROUGHT BY FUNC ’ edhe Beene Ii) aparece 4 ATEST ENEMY OF THE FOREST TREE IS FIRE THE GRE. ates Cig Dh Ri es. RAMMED NET: Me mes ex op) eat pa & ea | = = me ea 2} A D 7p) (2 = FORESTRY PROGRESS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE By W. R. BROWN SECRETARY OF THE NEW HAMPSHIRE ForEsTRY COMMISSION of the measures and the men behind it, and of its present outlook, may be of general interest because, in a degree, it is typical of the growth throughout the country, and because the state is beloved of many; and of es- pecial interest because of the attention that has been drawn to its remarkable mountain country by the movement for the establishment there of national forests. Being naturally a wooded state, with forests that came well down to the shore of the ocean, and possessing an immense power of reproduction, the practice of forestry was not taken up in New Hampshire until after the Civil War. The great number of summer visitors, however, who came for the enjoy- ment of the wonderful scenery; the establishment of large lumber and pulp industries in the north; and the rapid increase of the portable mill, which diminished the stand of splendid pine that grew so abundantly in the middle and southern parts of the state, were the factors which brought the matter into the minds of a few thoughtful men after the state had sold its last timber- lands in 1867. One of the New Hampshire men to first conserve and replete was Honor- able Isaac Adams, who, in 1878, planted a tract of forty acres in the town of Moultonboro to white pine in parallel rows four feet apart each way. This plantation may be seen today, although it has suffered for need of thinning. Originally two-thirds of New Hampshire’s total area, or 4,000,000 acres, was in timberland, much of it virgin growth, but through the abandonment of old: farms and their reversion to sprouts, this has since been increased so that now three-fourths of our state is covered by growth of some kind. The depreciation in the quality of the stand was the cause of chief concern to far-sighted citizens, as cut over lands replaced old growth, burned areas came up to cherry bushes, and old pastures became improperly seeded. Over the northern section of the state the most characteristic species, spruce and balsam formed vast unsettled forests which covered the mountains almost to their tops, and were treated as unlimited reservoirs by the large lumber and pulp companies and cut without attention to reproduction, while in the south- ern half where deciduous trees were in preponderance, accompanied with the white pine, the country was opened by settlement, with the characteristic woodlot left on the farm. Two distinct problems were therefore offered for the practice of forestry. First, protection against extensive conflagrations in the north calling for a broad policy to protect a large area, together with the encouragement of a disposition to leave small trees standing; and second, in the south the organization of each separate town to fight local fires, with en- couragement to replant the cleared lot, and perpetuate the rapid growing and profitable white pine. Sometime in the seventies the old growth forest in that part of the Ammo- noosue Valley between the Twin Mountain House and Fabyans, and extending along the road from Fabyans to the Crawford House and westward to the base 19 Or: history of the inception and growth of forestry in New Hampshire 20 AMERICAN FORESTRY of Mount Washington, was cut and completely burned and this loss of a much prized and well known region coupled with the growing interest to protect and conserve led the legislature in 1881 to appoint the first state forestry commission, consisting of Governor Hale and seven others, chief of whom was the Hon. Joseph B. Walker, who had worked assiduously in the state senate for its creation, helped largely in its investigations, and finally wrote out its findings in 1885 in an excellent and far-seeing report on the following sub- jects: (1) The area of forests; (2) their relation to the rainfall and climate; (8) trees and shrubs found therein; (4) forest management; (5) reforestra- tion. Their report being finished they disbanded. After the report of the first forest commission in 1885 nothing further was done until 1889, when the Governor and Council appointed a second commission, consisting of Joseph B. Walker, George B. Chandler and J. B. Harrison, who made a report in 1891, and forestry bills were introduced embodying their recommendations. Favorable action was not secured until 1893, when the legislature passed a law which created a forestry commission, to consist of the governor and four members, to investigate the extent and character of the original and secondary forests in the state; the removal and disposition made of the woods therefrom; all revenues derived; the damage done by fire; methods of lumbering pursued, and effects on the timber supply, water power, scenery and climate. This commission, which consisted of George B. Chandler, Napoleon B. Bryant, James F. Colby, and George H. Moses, got out the first official forestry map of the state, and for a few years thereafter laid the foundation of fact upon which to base a proper forestry policy. Little or no money was appropriated and the work done was left to the patriotism and loyalty to the cause of these men to awaken public interest. In 1895, however, the legislature empowered the commission to pay through the county one-half of the cost for fighting fire in unincorporated places, the other half to be borne by the owner, and passed more stringent laws against the setting of fire. They succinctly illustrated the general feeling of the times in their second annual report under the chapter heading: “Lumber vs. For- estry,” and found their first problem to demonstrate the mutual interests which should bind the two. Probably no one did more for the solution of this problem fhan Mr. Austin Cary, who commenced an exhaustive study of the northern spruce under the direction of Dr. B. E. Fernow, then head of the Forestry Bureau of the United States Department of the Interior. Mr. Cary applied himself to the practical solution of adapting foreign methods to American conditions; of demonstrating the practical value of conservation to pulp and lumber com- panies, and of securing the first practical cutting according to forestry meth- ods. His careful research also of the insect and fungus enemies of the northern woods was of much scientific value. Up to the eighties lumber companies had eut only the larger trees for saw logs and unwittingly had left a con- siderable stand for future growth and reproduction. Upon the first advent of the pulp companies, however, this condition was changed for a period to a strip cut, and Mr. Cary’s demonstration of the ultimate unprofitableness of this procedure was of inestimable value to the state. Studies by Henry 8. Graves and others in 1894 of spruce under Adirondack conditions supple- mented his work and a meeting of the American Forestry Association at Plymouth August 24, at which Joseph B. Walker, and George B. James spoke, aroused national interest in New MHampshire’s problem, and an offer of co-operative assistance was made in 1898 to interested owners of woodland by the Division of Forestry, Department of Agriculture, at Wash- ington, then under Gifford Pinchot. FORESTRY PROGRESS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE 21 In 1901 the legislature authorized the appointment of discreet persons by each town to control and protect the shade trees on the highway and tag them with a New Hampshire tag. It was unfortunately afterwards found that, however discreet such tree wardens might be, this act as it stood, was unconstitutional if contested by abutting owners. But as provision was made also for purchase and contest was not frequent, it has been of very material service in the protection of shade trees. In 1901 the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests grew out of the general interest. The first president was ex-Governor Frank W. Rollins, Joseph T. Walker was secretary, and Gen. George T. Cruft, treasurer, Philip W. Ayers was and is the forester of the society. Allen Hollis of Con- cord, succeeded Mr. Walker and is now the secretary. The society started with 230 representatives and distinguished members, numbering among them Edward Everett Hale, who, as a young man in 1825, helped in the first survey of the state to run town lines over the ragged peaks of the White Mountains, and was throughout his life a warm exponent of all that made for the pro- tection of their forests and scenic beauty. It has continually added to its numbers and resources and has obtained strong support from outside the state, especially from the neighboring commonwealth of Massachusetts. Its unoffi- cial nature and consequent freedom to act and advise has enabled it to become one of the most potent factors towards progress in the state. The purpose shown by its initial constitution was: To encourage forest growth. To disseminate knowledge upon planting, managing and harvesting the forest crop. To establish a nursery for distributing small trees and seed. To establish demonstrating forests. To preserve scenic places and high and steep slopes of mountains. To conserve growing forests and secure legislation. Since its establishment it has given especial encouragement and aid to scientific reproduction of the forest and maintained its own nursery; has advocated state control, state forests, larger co-operation with the federal government and other forestry associations, and its annual meetings, which have lately been held in the White Mountains during the summer season, have brought together many distinguished guests and visitors. Working plans for improvement cutting have been made by Forester Ayres for many institutions throughout the state, such as the Concord Electric Company, Concord Water Works, and St. Paul’s School. The care of the Dartmouth College grant of 26,000 acres was placed in his hands. The society has recently been made trustee for the residents around Lake Sunapee of a forest reserve of 700 acres on Sunapee Mountain, which was generously purchased and given by Herbert Welch and Mrs. Covill of Philadelphia, Mrs. John Hay of Washington, and Richard M. Colgate of New York. Nineteen hundred and three also saw the commencement of the agitation for a national forest reserve in the White Mountains, largely through the influence of this association. Through the efforts of the Forestry Commission resolutions passed the legislature giving consent and approval to any action to establish such a reserve by Congress. Senator Gallinger presented a bill in the Senate in December, 1903, to the 58th Congress. This was favorably reported on from committee by Senator Burnham at the second session, but was not brought to vote before the opening of the 59th Congress. A bill which had subsequently been drawn up to combine the White Mountain reserve and the Southern Appalachian reserve was introduced again in the Senate by Sen- ator Gallinger and conjointly in the House by Representative Currier. This passed the Senate but was held up in the House Committee of Agriculture. The supporters of the bill obtained a two days’ hearing before this committee 22 AMERICAN FORESTRY at which Governor Glenn of North Carolina headed the petitioners, and New Hampshire had Governor McLane as its spokesman, together with the sec- retary of state, council and members of the legislature and officers of the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests. Both the Governor and Mr. Harvey N. Shepard of the Appalachian Club, spoke eloquently in its favor. The committee reported the bill favorably to the House, but it was held up by the Speaker until the House adjourned. Since then another modi- fied bill has twice passed the House and is slated to be taken up by the Senate at the coming session.* In 1903, through the joint efforts of Philip W. Ayres, for his society, and the commission, which then consisted of Henry O. Kent, George E. Bales, Marshall C. Wentworth and George H. Moses, an appropriation of five thousand dollars was obtained for a forest examination of the White Moun- tain region and the completion of the forest map which was commenced in 1893. This examination was prosecuted during the same year by Mr. Alfred K. Chittenden of the United States Forest Service, who made a most excellent and exhaustive report on the character of the more important trees and of the conditions necessary to their successful reproduction. His study of the lumber and pulp industries, of the farmers’ woodlot, of forest planting, and his recommendations thereon, proved to be a classic of complete and wise advice, and laid down the fundamental lines along which all of the subsequent progress has been made. In conjunction with his work a study was made by N. C. Grover and H. K. Barrows of the United States Geological Survey of the hydrography of the White Mountain region. This investigation began the compilation of many tables on stream flow but was abandoned because of the time necessary to secure sufficient data. Owing to the cutting off of the appropriation for the purpose the work of stream measurements was stopped throughout New England, thus making practically useless the data already obtained, since observations for long terms of years are necessary to attain any results of scientific value. Another important report upon the forest and water conditions of North- ern New Hampshire was embodied in the report of the Secretary of Agricul- ture to Congress, under the act of 1907, appropriating $25,000 for an7investi- gation of the Southern Appalachian and White Mountains, with reference to the proposed national forests. This report was prepared under the direction of William L. Hall of the United States Forest Service, and the material was gathered by the united work of Forest and Geological Survey experts, making a valuable contribution to the knowledge of the conditions and opportunities of this region. In this connection may be also mentioned the report issued in November, 1909, by co-operation between the New Hampshire Forestry Commission and the United States Forest Service. This was an accurate and comprehensive study of the “Commercial Importance of the White Mountain Forests.” It was prepared by Philip W. Ayres, Forester of the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests and issued as Forest Service Cir- cular 168 by the United States Department of Agriculture. The first public land under the new conditions came to the state through the exercise of their right of condemnation and purchase under the law, through the generous gift by Joel H. and Arthur E. Poole of Jaffrey, and Isaac Sprague of Boston, who made an offer of $8,000 for the purchase of 500 acres on the side of Mount Monadnock in the town of Jafirey, which is now held as the state’s first public park. *A detailed account of “The Fight for the Appalachian Forests,’ by Edwin A. Start, was published in this magazine, then known as Conservation, for May, 1909. That article preserves the record of the hearings and of the succession of bills and their history up to the close of the Sixtieth Congress. WHITE PINE FOREST PLANTED THIRTY-FIVE YEARS AGO ON STEEP BARREN WEST SLOPE MAVd ALVLS AHL SNIMOHS SANIT GHL ‘AXTHSdNVH MAN ‘MOONGVNOW “LW DENSE YOUNG GROWTH OF SPRUCE ON OLD PASTURE, NORTHERN NEW HAMPSHIRE REPRODUCTION OF PINE ON AN OLD TURE, SOUTHERN NEW HAMPSHIRE A MOUNTAIN FIRE LOOKOUT STATION IN MAINE WHITE PINE TRANSPLANTS IN NURSERY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE FORESTRY COMMISSION, PEMBROKE, N. H. FORESTRY PROGRESS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE 27 In 1905 Jason E. Tolles and Robert P. Bass were appointed on the for- estry commission and the fire law was revised to make the chief of the fire department in each town responsible for the extinguishment of brush fires, as forest fire warden. Penalties for setting fire were made more severe, but the towns or owners still paid all bills. In 1906, through the generosity of Gifford Pinchot and department, an additional study was made possible in the southern half of the state to sup- plement the work done by Chittenden in the north, and Charles A. Lyford, M. F., and Louis Margolin, F. E., conducted investigations and prepared tables on the growth of white pine, of particular scientific value to the whole country, giving the rotation and the expectation profit from planting, and data to show its advantage as an investment. Their report also showed the growing need of reform, especially in the southern part of the state, in the manner of tax- ing forest lands and the inequalities and abuses of the present system and laid down the general lines upon which procedure should be made towards exemption. In 1908 the state received an additional gift of the reservation of 60 acres of pine in the town of Jaffrey, generously made by Miss Frances A. L. Haven of New York City. Robert E. Faulkner of Keene, served on the commission as its secretary in 1907-1908, and by the disinterested gift of his salary made possible the establishment of the first mountain lookout fire station in the state. In the same year the commission, with the active co-operation of the United States Forest Service, instituted an investigation of the taxation of forest lands, and the efficiency of the fire laws in New Hampshire, and much original data was secured of great value in the scientific study of the taxation problem, both in the state and country at large. Through the efforts of many clear-sighted, unselfish citizens, of the able members of the forestry commission, and not least of the Society for the Pro- tection of New Hampshire Forests, the subject of scientific forest manage- ment and development, had by this time come to be a recognized public econ- emic question of the highest importance. Largely through the efforts of Mr. Robert P. Bass, then a member of the commission, the legislature of 1909 passed a much enlarged and improved forestry bill, which called for a smaller commission, a state forester, reorgan- ization of town fire wardens, and the state to share expense conjointly with the towns in fighting fire. Provision was made for educational and protective work, but the amount appropriated by the legislature was insuflicient to cover anything but the actual expense of putting out fires and maintaining the department. Mr. Robert P. Bass, Mr. Jason E. Tolles and the writer, were appointed on the new commission authorized by this law. Mr. E. ©. Hirst of the Yale Forestry School, was appointed state forester. Two hundred and twenty-five town fire wardens were then appointed by the state forester. Bulletins were issued and lectures given. A call for a meeting at Gorham, N. H., in March, 1910, of the large timber land owners, was widely attended and addresses showing the advantages of co-operation and combination in reducing fire risk were made by William T. Cox, assistant forester of the Service at Washington, I. E. Ring, forest commissioner of Maine, A. F. Hawes, forester of Vermont, Austin Cary, superintendent of state forest lands of New York, and E. C. Hirst, forester of New Hampshire, and a subscription was secured which enabled the state forester to establish and maintain during that summer fourteen mountain fire lookout stations over the northern forests of the state. A small state nursery was started by the members of the com- mission personally, and the general interest in this was evidenced by orders coming in almost immediately for more than its total production. It is hoped that this nursery will be taken over and provided for by the state. MOUNTAIN LOOKOUT STATIONS OF NORTHERN NEW HAMPSHIRE Stations shown thus O Magalloway Mountain Aziscohos Mountain (Maine) Signal Mountain Sugar Loaf Mountain Black Mountain Pine Mountain Mt. Madison Mt. Rosebrook Mt. Agassiz \ Mt. Kearsarge (Bartlett) Mt. Carrigain Mt. Osceola Mt. Moosilauke Croydon Mountain WCOnNnrmurone \ i V for'FD y/ | Sos a Re Rin Se NS a — Nr >a 28 FORESTRY PROGRESS IN NEW HAMPSHIRE 29 Through the activity of the town fire wardens the state’s legal depart- ment was able to secure the trial and conviction of a few cases of incendiarism. The first annual convention of town fire wardens for mutual co-operation and exchange of ideas was held at Bretton Woods during the first week of August, 1910, in conjunction with the annual meeting of the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests, and addresses were given by Governor Quinby, R. P. Bass, chairman of the commission, the state foresters of Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire and others. In October, 1910, the timberland owners effected a permanent organization for further protection and co operation along the lines of the western protective associations. Much, however, remains to be accomplished. As fire protection is dis- tinctly a function of the state the advisability of establishing four general fire districts and a paid district chief over each, is felt to be much needed. The district chief, working under a salary, can organize the town fire wardens in his section and take many necessary measures towards prevention. An additional appropriation is needed for paid patrol during the fire season, tool and provision supply storehouses, maps, construction of fire trails and fire lines, and an addition to the number of mountain fire lookout stations. More stringent methods are thought to be necessary to reduce the frequent cause of danger from locomotive sparks and the burning of brush. An enlargement of the state nursery is called for by the demand for seedlings. The excellent New york state law requiring the lopping of the branches from the felled tops of soft wood trees, so that the stem falls to the ground, should be earried om. Small lots for the practical demonstration of forestry methods should be established at different points throughout the state, and special emphasis laid on the need of intensive cultivation of poorly productive forest land, and the conservative cutting of the existing stand for the future conservation of one of the principal industries of the state, lumber, paper and pulp, and the reser- yation of her scenic attractiveness for the protection of the rapidly growing summer business. Especially should interest center upon the preservation of what we now so richly enjoy in the way of natural forest reserves, and, in the words of Gen. C. C. Andrews, the veteran forest commissioner of Minnesota (who failed to secure but a part of the appropriation he urged as necessary to the protection of his state shortly before the great fire) : “The best way to put out fires is to prevent them.” THE LAKE STATES FIRE CONFERENCE A Working Meeting that Accomplished Results. railroad, insurance, and lumbermen, from the three great lake states— Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan—made up the conference in Saint Paul December 6th and 7th, for the discussion of the causes and prevention of forest fires in the three states. These men were vitally interested, paid the closest attention, and remained through every session to the end. The work of the conference had been thoroughly considered and planned beforehand, especially in Minnesota and Wisconsin, and the gentlemen who attended were fully prepared to go right to the heart of the subject. These facts establish the significance of the meeting. Governor Eberhart of Minnesota, who took a deep interest in the con- ference, was especially pleased at the outcome and will make recommendations to the legislature based upon the resolutions. The principal result of the conference, however, is looked for in the effect upon public sentiment. The conference was arranged by the Minnesota State Forestry Board and the Minnesota Forestry Association. It was in the minds of the promoters and of all those who took an active part in the proceedings that the time has gone by for generalizations, that the broad principles of forest conservation are admitted, and that it is full time to get down to working details and actual results. Fire prevention stands at the head of the list of essentials and the deplorable losses of the past season have placed striking emphasis upon its importance. Here, then, was a point of approach in which foresters, timber-land owners, railroad men, insurance men, and indeed the whole body of citizens were directly interested and their interests were at one. The recommendations embodied in the resolutions are summed up in a demand for non-partisan forestry commissions in each state, with as full powers as are permissible under the state constitutions. Wisconsin already has a good foundation for this organization, its present board and forester only needing enlarged powers and appropriations. Minnesota is not so well and consistently organized, but the vast state property involved (Minnesota still has three million acres of state lands), and the consequent wealth of the state, which enjoys freedom from state taxes, make it probable that the state’s lawmakers will work out the reorganization successfully. The prospects in Michigan are not so easily estimated, as the state’s attitude and public senti- ment are not so well defined. Leading railroad and lumbermen who were present at the conference expressed the opinion that the railroad and lumber interests would not oppose but would support the carrying out of the recom- mendations. There were several valuable papers read at the conference, all of them sharing the business-like character of the general proceedings. The paper by General C. C, Andrews, forestry commissioner of Minnesota, we print in full. A paper by Henry 8S. Graves, chief forester of the United States, on “What the Forest Service Does to Prevent Fires,” was read by William L. Hall, assistant forester of the United States Forest Service. The 30 ae ASSEMBLY of national and state forest officers and other officials, ——Eo— THE LAKE STATES FIRE CONFERENCE 31 ground has been quite fully covered in articles by Mr. Graves in recent num- bers of AmprIcAN Forestry. C. R. Pettis, superintendent of state forests of New York, gave an address on “How New York Prevents Forest Fires.” A paper by Edward T. Allen, forester of the Western Forestry and Conserva- tion Association, was read by J. E. Rhodes. The substance of this paper will be contained in an article on the work of his association which Mr. Allen is preparing for this magazine. In a supplementary letter read by Mr. Rhodes, Mr. Allen made these definite recommendations for the essentials of an effec- tive state policy: 1. A state board of forestry selected with the single view of securing the most competent expert judgment on the matters with which it deals. Elective or otherwise political representations should be eliminated, with the single exception of the governor himself, and the latter should be restricted in his appointments to the representatives of the agencies most familiar with forest management, like forest schools, lumbermen’s associations, forest fire associations, conservation associations and the federal Forest Service, etc. 2. rint 19 56 AMERICAN FORESTRY Forest Description Canada—Dept. of the Interior—Forestry branch. Evidence of Mr. R. H. Camp- bell, Supt. of forestry, before the select standing committee on forests, water- ways and water-powers, 1909. 63 p. Ottawa, C. H. Parmelee, 1909. Hall, R. Clifford. Progress report on a study of forest conditions in Kentucky, and third report. 124 p., tab. Frank- fort, Ky., 1909. (Kentucky—State board of agriculture, forestry and im- migration. Publication.) Forest Botany Trees: classification and description Maiden, J. H. The forest flora of New South Wales, pt. 40. 24 p., pl. Syd- ney, Govt. printer, 1910. Silvics Forest influences Glenn, L. C. The influence of forests on streams. 28 p. Nashville, Tenn., En- gineering Association of the South, 1910. Forest Protection Insects Patch, Edith M. Chermes of Maine coni- fers:)) e2)D:,ple Orono, Me., 1909: (Maine—Agricultural experiment sta- tion. Bulletin 173.) Fire Holmes, J. S. Forest fires in North Caro- lina during 1909. 52 p., pl. Raleigh, N. C., 1910. (N. C.—Geological sur- vey. Economic paper No. 19.) Forest Management Pegg, E. C., and Thomas, M. B. The wood- lot for central Indiana. 21 p., il. In- dianapolis, Indiana, Academy of Sci- ence, 1909. Forest mensuration Kriidener, Karon. Massovuiya tablitzui i tablitzui sbyegha dlya berezui v udyel- ‘n‘ikh lyesakh Rossii. (Volume and taper tables for birch in the forests of Russia.) v. 1 and supplement, v. 2, pt. 1-2. pl. S.-Peterburgh, 1908-10. Statz, Paul. Die abstandszahl, ihre bedeu- tung fiir die forst-taxation, bestande- serziehung und bestandespflege. 65 p. Freiburg i. Br., C. A. Wagner, 1909. Forest organization D'Arcy, W. E. Preparation of forest work- ing-plans in India. 4th ed., 165 p., map. Calcutta, Supt. of Govt. printing, 1910. Forest Economics Statistics United States—Dept. of Agriculture—Bu- reau of Statistics. Imports of farm and forest products, 1907-1909, by coun- tries from which consigned. 74 p. Wash., D. C., 1910. (Bulletin 82.) Zon, Raphael. The forest resources of the world. 91 p. Wash., 1910. (U. S— Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Bulletin 83.) Forest Administration Bavaria—K. Staatsministerium der finan- zen—Ministerial Forstabteilung. Mit- teilungen aus der staatsforstverwal- tung Bayerns, heft 11. 142 p., diag., maps. Miinchen, C. H. Beck, 1910. Dutch Hast Indies—Dienst van het bosch- wezen. Verslag, 1909. 103 p., pl. Weltevreden, F. B. Smits, 1910. Queensland—Department of public lands. 5th annual report of the director of forests. 21 p. Brisbane, Govt. printer, 1910. National and state forests United States—Dept. of the interior. Con- tracts in forest reserve timber lands. 485 p., map. Wash., D. C., 1910. (U. S.6ist cong.—2d session—Senate. Document No. 612.) United States—General land office. Ceded Chippewa pine lands, Minn.; sale of timber on lands both inside and out- side of the Minnesota national forest at Cass Lake, Minn., on Sept. 15, 1910. 84 p. Wash., D. C., 1910. Forest Utilization r Mell, C. D. Basket willow culture in Ger- many. 11 p. New Haven, Conn., Yale publishing association, 1910. Auxiliary Subjects Conservation of natural resources Van Hise, Charles Richard. The conser- vation of natural resources in the United States. 413 p., pl. N. Y., The Macmillan co., 1910. White, J. B. Address on forest conserva- tion and the merchandising of lumber, delivered before the Lumbermen’s club of St. Louis at its November 9th meet- ing. 15p. St. Louis, St. Louis lumber- man, 1910. White, J. B. Addresses on conservation; waste in lumber manufacturing; pre- vention of timber waste; practical con- servation. 23 p. St. Louis, St. Louis lumberman, 1909-10. White, J. B. Conservation day; address delivered before the Chautauqua as- sembly, Chautauqua, N. Y., Aug. 6, 1910. 15 p. St. Louis, St. Louis lum- berman, 1910. CURRENT LITERATURE 57 Botany Apgar, Austin Craig. Ornamental shrubs of the United States. 352 p., il. N. Y., ete., 1910. Hunting and fishing Eardley-Wilmot, Sainthill. sport in India. 324 p., pl. Arnold, 1910. Forest life and London, E. Engineering Koester, Frank. Hydroelectric develop- ments and engineering. 454 p., il. N. Y., D. Van Nostrand co., 1909. Periodical Articles General Art and progress, Nov., 1910.—Forests as pleasure parks, by W. M. Ellicott, p. 13-20. Botanical gazette, Nov., 1910.—Reversion- ary characters of traumatic oak wood, by I. W. Bailey, p. 374-9. Collier’s weekly, Oct. 8, 1910.—Forests can be saved from fire, by C. W. Meighan, p. 15-16. Collier’s weekly, Dec. 3, 1910.—The timber gleaners; a new movement for the pre- vention of forest fires and the utiliza- tion of damaged trees, by C. W. Mei- ghan, p. 24, 37; Baby trees, nurturing and caring for the infants of the forest, by S. F. Aaron, p. 29-30. Country life in America, Nov., 1910.—Tree vivisection, by C. O. Morris, p. 102. Everybody’s magazine, Dec., 1910—A world afire; heroes in the burning of the northwestern forests, by G. W. Ogden, p. 754-66. Garden magazine, Dec., 1910.—Is the south- ern hemlock better than the northern, by W. Miller, p. 214-15; Trees for the northwest, by C. L. Meller, p. 222-3, 236. Harper’s magazine, Dec., 1910.—The real Dismal Swamp, by Walter P. Haton, p. 18-30. Independent, Oct. 20, 1910.—Celebrated and Bere trees, by J. G. Wilson, p. 857- b. Journal of agriculture of South Australia, Oct., 1910.—Bush fires and bush fire brigades, by T. S. Marshall, p. 245-51. New age, Sept., 1910—Making the most of our forests, by Catherine F. Cavanagh, p. 228-38. New age, Oct., 1910—Songs and stories of the trees, by Portia Brent, p. 302-5. Proceedings of the American society of civil engineers, Nov., 1910.—Timber preservation, its development and pres- ent scope, by W. Buehler, p. 1359-68. Scientific American, Oct. 15, 1910.—What is white oak, p. 296. Scientific American supplement, Oct. 15, 1910.—How wood is artificially aged: the coloration of wood by gases and fumes, by H. Wislicenus, p. 250-1. United States monthly weather review, Sept., 1910.—The experiment station at Wagon Wheel Gap, Colorado, by H. C. Frankenfield, p. 1453-4. Trade journals and consular reports American lumberman, Nov. 26, 1910.—Util- ization of tupelo, p. 42; Forest fires and the railroads, p. 47. American lumberman, Dec. 10, 1910.—The white pine, p. 1, 85; Wood block pave- ment the premier, p. 32; Forest fire conference at St. Paul, p. 44-9; Remedy- ing the fire evil, by E. T. Allen, p. 44-6; Proposed remedial fire legislation in Wisconsin, by E. M. Griffith, p. 46; Must have fire protection, by C. C. An- drews, p. 47-8; Interest of lumbermen in practical forest legislation, by T. A. Green, p. 48-9; Fire protection on the Minnesota state reservations, by E. G. Cheyney, p. 49; Interests of railways in the protection of forests, by R. H. Aishton, p. 49. Barrel and box, Nov., 1910.—Piling meth- ods, p. 51. Engineering news, Sept. 15, 1910.—¥Forest fire protection by New York state, by J. S. Whipple, p. 295. Engineering news, Sept. 22, 1910.—An eco- nomic comparison of railway ties of different materials, by N. N. Campbell, p. 302-3. Engineering news, Oct. 27, 1910.—Fighting fire with fire in the forests of the Pa- cific slope, by C. Du Bois, p. 453. Engineering news, Nov. 3, 1910.—Creosot- ing plant of the Pacific creosoting co., Eagle Harbor, Wash., p. 473. Engineering news, Nov. 10, 1910.—Forest fires and pine beetles in the Black Hills, by B. C. Yates, p. 517-18. Engineering news, Nov. 17, 1910.—Eco- nomic comparison of railway tie ma- terial, by HE. A. Sterling, p. 540. Hardwood record, Dec. 10, 1910.—E1 Chaco, the Argentine timber belt, by A. E Gordon, p. 28-30; Wooden and fiber boxes, by H. S. Sackett, p. 31-3. Lumber trade journal, Dec. 1, 1910.—Colon- ization plans for denuded timber lands, p. 27; Equalized valuation of Louisiana timber lands, p. 36-8. Lumber world, Dec. 1, 1910.—Cutover Swamp lands, by H. B. Hewes, p. 16; Woods used for cross ties, p. 20. Mississippi Valley lumberman, Nov. 18, 1910.—Fire prevention in the woods, by D. P. Simons, p. 39; Handling logs on steep ground with a gravity cable system, by F. E. Newby, p. 39-40. 58 AMERICAN FORESTRY Mississippi Valley lumberman, Nov. 25, 1910.—Building logging roads with a pile driver, by S. S. Somerville, p. 30. Municipal journal & engineer, Dec. 7, 1910.—Wood block pavements; inform- ation from a number of cities, p. 778-81. Pacific lumber trade journal, Nov., 1910.— Recommendations for state forestry legislation, p. 25-7, 45. Paper trade journal, Nov. 10, 1910—Pulp wood trade of the United States; im- port statistics for fiscal year ended June 30, p. 8-9. Pioneer western lumberman, 1910.—Lumber conditions by G. M. Emerson, p. 15. Pioneer western lumberman, Dec. 1, 1910.— Merits of wood pavements, by G. Win- slow, p. 25, 27. Railway and engineering review, Dec. 3, 1910.—Tie plates and the rotting of timber, p. 1112-13. St. Louis lumberman, Sept. 15, 1910.—The Gilmer system for the extraction of turpentine, p. 70. St. Louis lumberman, Dec. 1, 1910.—The Biltmore forest class at Darmstadt, Germany, p. 23; Celebrated and his- toric trees, by J. G. Wilson, p. 72. Southern industrial and lumber review, Nov., 1910.—The world’s timber supply, p. 50. Southern lumberman, Dec. 3, 1910.—Still demanding 14 feet; Lakes-to-the-Gulf deep waterway association, in conven- tion assembled, at St. Louis thus goes on record, p. 29-32. Southern lumberman, Dec. 10, 1910.—Fire protection on the national forests, by H. S. Graves, p. 33-4. Timberman, Nov., 1910.—National forest fire damage in Montana and northern Idaho during 1910, p. 24-5; Yarding and handling logs on steep grade with Nov. 15, in Europe, ordinary logging engine, p. 33; Spe- cific advantages of Angora goat raising on logged-off lands, by A. L. McDonald, p. 38. United States daily consular report, Nov. 16, 1910.—The Brazilian cocoa palm, by P. M. Griffith, p. 644-5; Paper from blue-gum wood, by J. P. Bray, p. 645. Wood craft, Dec., 1910—The manufacture of tubs and pails, p. 75-7; The im- porter’s search and study of choice woods, p. 87-8; Some Australian and other timbers of the world’s supply, by J. B., p. 90-1. Forest journals Allegemeine forst-und jagd-zeitung, Oct., 1910.—Zur bildung von reserven in der forstwirtschaft, by H. Weber, p. 360-8. Canadian forestry Journal, Oct., 1910—For- est fires and railways, by R. H. Camp- bell, p. 69-74; Nova Scotia water pow- ers, by W. G. Yorston, p. 78-80; The forest school, a growing institution; what is being done in Canada and the United States, p. 75-78; Forest fires in Ontario, British Columbia, and the United States, p. 91-2, 94-5; The spruce budworm; an account of the work be- ing carried on, by C. G. Hewitt, p. 93. Forest, fish and game, Nov., 1910.—Saws, by J. R. Wilson, p. 4-7. Revue des eaux et foréts, Nov. 1, 1910.—Les foréts dela Kabylie du Djurjura, by G. Lapie, p. 641-7; Inondations, by de Lig- niéres, p. 648-52; Premiére étude sur les bois de la Céte d’Ivoire, by M. A. Cheva- lier, p. 653-663; les foréts de Slavonie, p. 668-70. Revue des eaux et foréts, Nov. 15, 1910.— Les dunes de Gascogne et la possession de l'état, by P. Buffault, p. 682-94. ,- Schweizerische zeitschrift fiir forstwesen, Oct., 1910—Dauernde oder temporire reservationen, by H. Christ, p. 298-301. tt ain a Tag ity NATIONAL FOREST WORK The Harvest of Hickory The Office of Wood Utilization of the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, is co-operating with the National Hickory Association in a compre- hensive investigation of the country’s hickory problem. The annual cut of more than 300 million feet, exclusive of fuel, is well known, but it is not so well known what becomes of it, or whether it is all put to the best uses for which it is fitted. It is well understood that the country’s hickory supply is limited. It probably does not exceed ten billion feet. This is really the world’s supply, because the wood grows only in this country. Thirty-four states contribute, but two-thirds of the sup- ply comes from half a dozen. It is one of the most important woods of this or any other country, and for a number of pur- poses no satisfactory substitute has been found for it. The need, therefore, of se- euring all possible information is apparent. It is a wood so valuable for special uses that it ought not to take the place of com- mon lumber, while it is not believed that avery large quantity is so used, yet there are no Statistics showing where all the 200 million feet cut by ordinary sawmills goes. It ought to go to handle mills, car- riage shops, and factories that demand it for special and exacting purposes, but it is not known that it all goes there. In fact, it is known that some—probably not much—makes crossties, fence posts, bridge plank, and other firm timbers. Such use of this valuable wood should not be en- couraged. Dozens of cheap and plentiful woods give better service in such places, and it is the worst kind of economy to let good hickory be so diverted while it is in constant demand for carriages and handles. The investigation will look into the use of hickory as fuel. It is one of the very best woods for that, but logs fit for buggy rims, ax handles, or sucker rods, should not go to the wood pile. The hickory lumberman should have first choice, and the firewood cutter ought to be satisfied with what is left. It is interesting to note that meat packers in many of the cities, and smaller towns as well, prefer hickory to all other woods for smoking meat, and large quantities are so used. This matter will be included in the investigation, and the demands of packers for smokewood will be considered. Doubtless they can use rough and knotty wood as well as the fine grades, and would not insist on clear, straight grained hickory for their smoke- houses, if inferior grades were available. Hickory knots ought to make as good smoke as hickory ax handle stock. * It has been asserted that the waste of hickory in the woods and at the mill is unnecessarily large, but the assertion has been strongly denied. Perhaps similar conditions do not exist in different regions. A thorough investigation of this phase of the question is under way, and it will be carried out by field work in four typical hickory states, Missouri, Mississippi, Louis- iana and North Carolina, and by corre- spondence in twelve other states. When all obtainable facts relating to cutting, manufacturing, and marketing hickory have been collected, together with the uses to which it is put, the informa- tion will be made available to the thou- sands of owners, manufactures, and users of this valuable wood in all parts of the country, and it is believed that the in- formation will assist them in turning every stick to the best possible account. An Active Planting Campaign Associate Forester Potter is quoted as authority for the statement that as many new trees will be planted under the direc- tion of the Forest Service in the national forests during the fiscal year as were set out during the past five years combined. This is the beginning of a plan to increase as much as possible each year the number set out. The seeds which provide nursery stock are planted in the fall of the year, while the nursery stock is set out both in the fall and in the spring. The elimina- tion of certain areas from national forests because they have been found to be more valuable for agriculture than for forestry, and the addition to the reserves of certain parts of the public domain considered more adaptable for forestry purposes, have been practically completed, and now that the permanent boundaries of the reserves are better known there will be increased ac- tivity in setting out new stock. The Work in/Florida Raphael Zon, chief of sylvics, and Theo- dore S. Woolsey, assistant district forester, have been in Florida, studying the situa- tion there with reference to the Choctaw- hatchee and Ocala national forests, and the possibility of growing eucalyptus in Flor- ida. Their presence seems to have aroused much interest. The Tampa Times, of De- cember 6, reports their arrival in that city to examine the five-acre tract of land which was donated by the Mutual Realty and In- vestment Company to the government for the purpose of conducting experiments with eucalyptus trees. This matter was in charge of the local board of trade. 60 AMERICAN FORESTRY It is estimated, says the Times, that several thousand trees will be planted on the tract. Messrs. Zon and Eldridge came here from Pensacola, where they have been conducting a similar investigation. Florida papers say that Mr. Zon already entertains a high opinion of the Florida territories, and is of the opinion that both the Choctawhatchee and the Ocala forests offer excellent opportunities for forest planting, its success depending largely on the proper choice of species and the gen- eral preparedness when tne time comes for planting. Florida seems well supplied in its own kind of species, and it is in- tended to take advantage of these in all eases of reforestation and in the planting of new and virgin areas. In the Ocala forest it is thought that maritime pine, cork oak and loblolly pine will do well, while in the southernmost part of that forest the eucalyptus will adapt itself very readily to the conditions. When it comes to the planting of seed for trees, there are a number of obstacles to overcome and hindrances to offset in order to assure anything like successful results. Should the territory be the habi- tat of the rodent family, the chipmunk, ground squirrel, gopher and the like, all seed beds are liable to serious damage and depletions. While every precaution is usu- ally taken to protect the beds as far as possible, some one or more of the enumer- ated pests are sure to make serious in- roads, and in a short time will destroy the better part of the plant. Boundary Changes The following recent additions to, and eliminations from, the national forests have been announced. In all cases un- appropriated lands that have been elimin- ated are restored to entry and settlement: Elim. Forest State acres APACHE we acaten|pielen'sisiaicinie ATIZONE ea ul cee 70,376 Crook ugatee caue eae Arizona.... 480 Prescott.) areca ieee Arizona.... 81,081 Sitgreaves..........-.++ Arizona.... 68,415 Tonto. operati with ar ample timber manatee in South Carolina and Mississippi. subdivision of each forty. We employ expert PACIFIC COAST CRUISERS to check all estimates: made on Ww Timber. . We offer HIGH-CLASS Timber Properties only, which have been placed in! our for sale. We guarantee our estimates are reliable. JAMES D. LACEY & co. (ESTABLISHED SINCE 1880) 312 Hibernia Bank Bldg. 1104 Spalding Bldg, 1008 White Bldg, New Orleans Portland, Ore. _ Seattle NATIONAI, CAPITAL PRESS. EO X a) Ms iety eM 5 THE PEOPLE'S POSSESSIONS IN THE APPALACHIAN FORESTS By THOMAS NELSON PAGE THE PASSAGE OF THE APPALACHIAN BILL HARVESTING THE ANNUAL SEED CROP By SYDNEY MOORE GROWING TREES. FROM SEED By C. R, PETTIS REFORESTATION IN MASSACHUSETTS By F. W.. RANE ' THE COMMISSIONER OF CORPORATIONS’ / REPORT ON STANDING TIMBER EDITORIALS and DEPARTMENTS Published by THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 1410 H St.N. W., Washington, 2. C, ; Price $2.00 per Year. Copyright 1910, by the Amerioan Forestry Assovistion sit i ttre ianities of following hardy ae abit } a Be Gidao. Pine, Jack Pine, Austrian Pine, Douglas | ae White succes we BDHIE, beg ete, Ke AT! Kee pests Beech, Bick: ‘Mapie ae ‘Wild Cherry, Linden, ete. etc. Tree ro i germination anki. 2: Write for Prices : Everdreen Specialist i Eas x of the progress and relations of. forestr PROCEEDINGS oF THR AMERICAN Fo ‘by the American Forestry Rs mn. Pcaaece ane the book . ‘Eyery “public library should have ‘this. vol ; in Line and oo does not now. own = Ths olfer vicki was: originally limited to ion : has} extended beth Be { °.. Membership in American Forestry A ‘ Subscription to AMERICAN Forestry saat an of Cee oe Forest Cong American Forestry The Magazine of the American Forestry Association EDWIN A. START, Epitor March CONTENTS 1911 SOVER DESIGN—By Charles Cartwright. ED BT TINE) oLIN NIN VW) ELAIMEP SEDBERGH <5. < c)e.i- «stele ce icieisiaicie ice clseleicie elelelels Three Pictures From photographs loaned by the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests. THE PEOPLE’S POSSESSIONS IN THE APPALACHIAN FOREST—By Thomas NOES OLN ES AE Olas coreuctetereretetenstabetetel ate (elatete ailaverene foul eray/e erste atop lever snetaytersrets Celralalenare) cialete 135 HARVESTING THE ANNUAL SEED CROP—By Sidney Moore................- 145 GROWING TREES FROM SEED—By C. R. Pettis................. cee c eee eeeee 155 REFORESTATION IN MASSACHUSETTS—By F. W. Rane..................2000. 160 EMP ASS AG HO He leH) PALE ANZAC ELWAING SETI. cye;ere ole ore) «a1 cleleiesereboteleratelelereleusielere 164 TEXT OF THE BILL AS HMNACTED. .. 2.0.5. c cesses cess ccs eccctcresmrsersccs 166 EDITORIAL— Hes Appalachvatias Bills cle waters selsieleieislnieie se 168 The Ownership of Timber Lands......... 171 Its Constitutional Aspect.......0.essseseres 169 American Conservation........-.c.+seeeee: 171 Professor Glenn’s Report..........0e+see0s 170 CURRENT LITERATURE— Reviews.—Glenn, Denudation and Erosion in the Southern Appalachian Region and the Monon- PEGE. BES Ad ennhetdonoby aU ODOb DDD RBOUDUOO DUS DodunodunODo Neb anhesonaconeboande 172 naa? IGS Saye Iydaeetag Tb Gano dooeGoOnos DOpODUOODSn oars oon AEST GeO dont Ube done antares 173 NATIONAL FOREST WORK— The Resignation of District Forester Chapman 177 An Eucalyptus Experiment...............-. 177 CS Beta Ua pee ASTIITI CLS fal eiein te ateyeie,ca¥aje'ain cjefniaiaievaie 177 The Experimental Wood Pulp Mill......... 178 National Forest Fire Losses and Range Use.. 177 SOUNG aT ye Cian eesemteteretererstene etal sjuleittatelarsiatersete 178 STATE WORK— The Year’s Forest Legislation in Vermont.. 179 Northern Forest Protective Association..... 180 INGlnEGe ona daocoouncvaooOuUbe Ouse donodE 180 Ohio State Forestry Society..............+ 181 North Carolina Torestry Association........ 180 Forest Fire Losses in California............ 182 New) Morkearrtecrestisitic jee ices cna ciarisciis 182 THE LUMBER INDUSTRY— Commissioner Smith’s Report on Standing Northern Hemlock and Hardwood Manufac- Wie “ogau Std avo OC DOROROCCORDOCEBHOOD 182 LINEN A teed etatatetatstayaielayevats/sVererercyelsts)a/svarevalalsteVatate 186 Hardwood Manufacturers’ Association....... 185 Pennsylvania Lumbermen’s Association...... 187 AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, two dollars per year; single copies, twenty cents. MANUscRIPTS submitted for publication should be addressed to the Editor, at the office of publication, 1410 H Street N. W., Washington, D. C. Indexes for Vol. XV (1909) are ready and may be had on application Application pending for entry as second-class mail matter at the Post-office at Washington, D. C. 7f AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS HEADQUARTERS FOR FORESTRY STOCK DON’T WAIT until the RUSH of the Shipping and Planting Season, but go over your requirements NOW. Our extensive foreign reservations have been personally inspected and are A No. 1 Stock, as may also be said of our domestic material. , IT WILL PAY YOU to get in touch with us if you are inthe market for any of this class of stock, both from Quality and Price point of view. LET US SHOW YOU. ALL THE LEADING VARIETIES Larix Europea, 2 yr. Seedlings White Spruce, 2 yr. Seedlings Pinus Austriaca, 2 yr. Seedlings Scotch Pine, 2 yr. Seedlings Pinus Austriaca, 2 yr. Transplants Scotch Pine, 2 yr. Transplants NORWAY SPRUCE 2 and 3 yr. Seedlings and 3 yr. and 4 yr. Transplants, BY THE MILLION XXX Stock. Write for special prices per 10,000, 100,000, 500,000. Seedlings and Transplants of White Pine, Balsam Fir, Hemlock, Maples, Catalpa, American Ash, Black Locust, Black Walnut, Red Oak, etc., etc., and Cuttings of the Poplars, Willows, etc. Ask for prices per 1,000, 10,000 or 100,000. We also make a specialty of Shade Trees for Street and Park Plant- ing and solicit vour inquiries and orders for first-grade stock. Are you on our Mailing List? If not, let us know and we will see that you get our present Catalog and future issues. F. W. KELSEY NURSERY COMPANY ew Yon | te the Heart of the National Forest | | HARVARD UNIVERSITY Region Colorado THE DIVISION OF FORESTRY School of Forestry Four vears’ undergraduate course in Theoretical and Applied Forestry leading to Degree of Forest Engineer. Offers a two-years’ graduate course leading to the degree of Master of Two vears’ graduate course leading to Forestry the Degree of Master of Forestrv. Winter Term at Colorado College, Colorado ‘Springs, Summer Term The course includes upward of six at Manitou Park, the School Reserve, months, field instruction and practical 10,000 acres of pine and spruce tim- experience in the annual operations on berland on the borders of the Pike the Harvard Forest, Petersham, Mass. National Forest. Tuition Sixty Dollars a Year Pontiitineriparticularslapphy its For further particulars address Professor PHILIP T. COOLIDGE BAG ase SHEN Oe Colorado Springs, Colo. Cambridge, Mass. In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN ForEsTRY AF’ sunbeams stream through liberal space And nothing jostle or dts- place, So waved the pine tree through our thought And fanned the breeze it never brought. = ASSESS “er SE VB _ st we = eta Ro os oe mami THESE WOODS G er ee = fe opt Ay = < bn = a Z, a WHITE PINE WHITE PINE IN NEW HAMPSHIRE WHAT AN OCCASIONAL SEED TREE WILL DO IN THIS REGION HITE PINE IN NEW HAMPSHIRE W ENE FROM WHICIL T IN KE FORES' a=] THIN? ANOTHER CROP RE ACE American Forestry : VOL. XVII MARCH, 1911 No. 3 THE PEOPLE'S POSSESSIONS IN THE APPALACHIAN FORESTS By THOMAS NELSON PAGE (Address before the American Forestry Association at the annual dinner, Washington, January 13, 1911.) HEN John Evelyn, in view of the impending disaster of the complete destruction of forests in England, was commissioned by the Royal So- ciety of Great Britain to address them on the subject of forestry, he delivered a book, and possibly, if one should measure up to the importance of the subject of the preservation of the forests of this country, especially of this older, eastern slope, he would endeavor to follow the example of that illus- trious predecessor and undertake likewise to give a complete essay on the subject. If he could prepare such a work as John Evelyn’s “Silva,” then, indeed, it might be worth while to hazard even taxing the patience of the public, for it is one of the quaintest works in the English language, and if one but have the faculty of skipping with propriety, he will find it one of the most thoughtful, charming and instructive works that the notable literature of our fathers can boast of. In view of the fact that our new interest in the preservation of our forests is due to the sudden forcing on our attention of the extraordinary disappear- ance of our forests with the disastrous consequences that are following it, it cannot but be interesting to reflect that this great contribution to our litera- ture grew out of the sudden realization on the part of the leaders of the Eng- lish people that their great forests, once the pride of their country, had been depleted far beyond the danger point, and that the public mind needed awakening to the peril that unless the waste were stopped England would soon find herself without the timber requisite to maintain the wooden walls on which her salvation depended. Here, after two centuries and a half, we find ourselves in this land which was once wholly covered with forests confronted by the same impending dis- aster, a disaster from which in turn the peoples of Asia and of Europe have suffered injury beyond the power alike of calculation and of repair and, as in John Evelyn’s day, every far sighted man is called on to take service in the cause of education in this vital matter. The most obvious argument which one might urge is of course that of material return; but there are other returns not less important than the one which may be measured by the lumber stand- ard. The influence of the forest and the grove on the human mind, and thus on human progress, is one which may not be directly measured, for it is im- measurable. ~ 133 L mad = re 134 AMERICAN FORESTRY A great physician (the late Dr. Hunter McGuire of Virginia), stated that he once performed an operation which restored sight to a child who had been born blind, and that soon afterward he asked the child what was the most beautiful thing in the world, and the instant answer was “a tree.” It must have been in the realization of this truth of nature that the Holy Record begins with the placing of a tree in the midst of the garden which God planted, and ends with the same conception of beauty—the tree of life whose leaves are for the healing of the nation. The discussion of the merely material advantages to be reaped from car- rying out the broad and high-minded plans of the Forestry Association for the conservation of the forests of the Appalachian range through means of great government parks will be left to those more familiar than the writer with the statistics of the subject; as will also the discussion of the technical, legal and constitutional questions which appear to be somewhat involved in the plan be left to those whose responsibility is to direct the destinies of this country by constitutional methods for the benefit of the people of the land. The writer proposes to present his plea for the preservation of the people’s possessions in the Appalachian forests on grounds which appeal to him in the hope that if sufficient interest can be aroused among the people of this great country, this important subject may be dealt with in such a manner as to preserve this priceless possession of the people to them and their posterity forever, without in any way impairing the even more priceless possession of procedure according to unquestioned constitutional methods. It is true that most people are touched through appeals to their material interests; but it is even more true that a great number may be touched through an appeal to their reason, and that yet higher motive power, their sentiment. The argument of loss through the waste of billions of feet of lumber may appeal only to the limited class of those who might profit by a more conserva- tive and wise method of dealing with these resources. But the argument of saving from destruction at the hands of greed alike “the glory of the forest” and the fertility—indeed, the existence of the soil of not only the contiguous territory, but of the whole surrounding region, will appeal to all lovers of their country. The only thing needed is to educate them—to bring clearly to their intelligent apprehension the fact that the present system of forest de- struction is one that, reversing the poet’s dream of the statesman’s work, “To scatter plenty o’er a smiling land,” is as certain as any other law of nature, to scatter ruin and turn the fertile places into a desert. The history of all countries, written in the unmistakable records of perpetual erosion shows this, where tracts of endless desert stretch in regions once as fertile as a garden and where the silence of the wilderness has succeeded to the life of a teeming population. The future of forest conservation in this country depends as does the future of constitutional government of the country on the education of the people. No branch of education has advanced with more rapid steps of late than has that which relates to forestry, and whatever may happen in the future the foundation of this branch of our national development was laid by one who was for several years a high executive officer of the American For- estry Association, who first brought the subject as one of national importance to the attention of the American people. No man in the world comprehends more fully and appreciates more highly the debt which this country now owes and which coming generations will continue to owe to the zeal and far-sight- edness of the man who is the true father of conservation in this country. Forestry is his passion and the ennobling influence of this noble pursuit was never more plainly manifested than in the enlargement of his mind to take in POSSESSIONS IN THE APPALACHIAN FORESTS 135 and comprehend the extended scope of the idea of conservation. “Nihil est homine libero dignius,” says Cicero, whom Evelyn quotes with delight, add- ing this from the poet of the Georgics, “Silvae sunt consule dignae’—‘No, not the majesty of a consul.” If at one time or another—if in this matter or that matter, he has been over-zealous—even wrong-headed, if his opponents please —this in no respect affects the basic fact that, owing to his zeal and his pas- sion and his patriotism, has come into being the sudden realization on the part of the American people that they have a great possession which was steadily passing away forever, and that they have awakened to the vital importance of SO uSing it, as to preserve it for the future benefit of posterity. It is well for the American people that the alarm bell has been rung and that this trumpet note has been sounded haply in time. For the exigency is not less great in America today than it was in England when Charles II, amid the dissipations of his court, was suddenly awakened to the fact that the for- ests of England were being destroyed beyond the hope of resurrection, and founded the Royal Society of Great Britain with a view to establishing a great scientific society which should scientifically promote the reforestation of England. When the curtain which had through the ages veiled this western conti- nent from the peoples of Europe was drawn aside and the vision of America first dawned on their astonished view, nothing impressed them so much as the unimagined wonders of the products of this virgin land. The repor's of the first voyagers and of their successors not only for some years, but for some generations, were so wonderful that they were considered to excel the narra- tives of Mandeville, Marco Polo, and even to eclipse those of the redoubtable Baron Munchausen. Gold, of course, was believed to be here in such quan- tities that even the commonest vessels of the barbarous inhabitants were be- lieved to be formed of this precious metal. The sea shore was believed to be pebbled with precious stones, the rivers were reported to be so filled with fish that men might walk over dry shod upon them. Even now the dream of EI- dorado remains in men’s minds and if the imagined city of the Incas has not been found, in desert regions long afterward discovered, gold has been found in quantities greater than even fancy imagined. As they penetrated further to the westward they found other products in equal magnitude. Wild fowl that filled the rivers, the forests and the prairies in quantities which sur- passed the capacity of the mind to calculate. Wild game, not only such as kings and nobles were entitled to hunt in the old country; but of new species —the buffalo, the elk, and the antelope—filled the forests and covered the prairie. The quantity was beyond the previous reach of the imagination of man, and even today it staggers the credulity of a generation whose fathers saw them with their own eyes. But of all the wonders of America, nothing amazed Europe more than the vastness of the forests which covered the continent. All records and reports are filled with the proof of this amazing growth of forests from sea to sea, and from the icy north to the tropical regions of Mexico. But a few genera- tions ago, at most in the time of our grandfathers, this well-nigh fabulous condition as to game still remained. The buffalo, the elk, the antelope, though they had retired before the advance of the destroyer, man, still covered the prairies and filled the mountains of the west, in almost infinite numbers. The wild fowl in their flight, at times darkened the sun and quite blackened the waters and filled the forests. Today there are of the most noted species scarcely left enough to stock the zoological gardens, while other species both of animals and fowl are rapidly disappearing and in a few generations will probably be not less scarce than the buffalo and the antelope are today. The same fate which has befallen the denizens of the forest at the hand of man, is now proceeding and with equal rapidity against the forest itself. With 136 AMERICAN FORESTRY the axe and the yet deadlier weapon, fire, the forests of the country are being destroyed in a prolonged fury of sheer wastefulness, the wastefulness which is one of the marks of that madness with which the gods visit alike men and nations whom they wish to destroy. Much of this destruction is due to sheer ignorance and heedlessness; but the end is the same and unless the people at large can be awakened to a full realization of the enormous folly of such de- struction, the time must come within a few generations when the forests of this country will have disappeared as completely as the forests of Western Europe and of Eastern Asia. The three great enemies of forests are storms and fire and man. There are others but these are the most destructive and of the three, man is easily the most deadly. Attention may be called to the fact that, though one of the greatest enemies in the world to forests is the storm which is always de- structive and often with its besom of destruction sweeps down everything in its pathway, yet this subject of forest conservation appear to have survived in full vigor and health one of the most threatening and violent commotions which has happened in our day, and all may rejoice that, though the lightning has been continually playing around and the thunder has sometimes been almost deafening; though, indeed, from time to time the forked bolts are still flashing and the rolling thunder still reverberating, they are growing further ard further away; the chief violence of the hurricane appears to have spent itself; the atmosphere appears to be clearing and the subject of forest conser- vation still survives apparently unimpaired. It is a good augury that pos- sibly there are a good many who like myself steadfastly endeavored amid the greatest commotion to maintain an equable frame of mind and to pursue that middle course which in most things is safest, who have never felt it necessary to accept the extreme view on either side, but have been glad to recognize the admirable and indeed invaluable work which has been accomplished by those who have so earnestly sought to preserve for the people—the people of this age and their posterity alike—their priceless possession which without their zealous advocacy would have been lost forever. One of the chief dangers of this extreme contention was the apparent transference of all the thought and energy of the country from the general subject of conservation to the particular and distant subject involved in the controversy, and the advocates of conservation may felicitate themselves that there is some interest still left in the conservation of resources this side of Alaska and even of the Rocky !fountains. In my early life the mountains that I knew were those whose azure tops appeared on clear autumn evenings along the horizon’s rim to the northwest- ward—the mountains which Spottswood with his knights of the Horse-Shoe had crossed to plant beyond them the flag and establish the civilization of the Anglo-Saxon—the mountains amid which George Washington had spent his useful and sobering youth as a young surveyor in communion with Nature and God, and which he had penetrated at that age which seems so great to boys— the age of bare majority—to carry the message of the Anglo-Saxon to the Frank in his commanding fort at the junction of the Allegheny and the Mo- nongahela. An old map of North America used to hang on the walls of the sitting room in my old home in Virginia, nestled amid primeval oaks and hickories beneath which Tottapottamoy children must have played. It con- tained meagre details only as far west as a short distance beyond the Mis- sissippi River. All the rest was blank, save that there were large lettered names of territories with vague boundaries in the wide expanse to the west- ward and beyond was a mountain range sawed across the west, marked “Rocky Mountains,” with the fringe of the Pacific Coast beyond them. To the northwestward beyond a great blank, vague space, marked “British Colum- POSSESSIONS IN THE APPALACHIAN FORESTS 137 bia,” was an even more uncertainly defined space marked Alaska, forever fixed in infinite distance by “The wolf’s long howl on bon Alaska’s shore.” Youth knew, therefore, something of geography even in our boyhood—knew, that is, where the Rocky Mountains were, though they were far beyond the region whence at Christmas time came the buffalo tongues and prairie chicken from cousins in far Missouri. The Rocky Mountains were, indeed, as far as the Mountains in the Moon are to us now, and the Allegheny Mountains were mountains of our youth and next to them were the White Mountains and the Green Mountains to the northward, where the name of Washington had been given as was fitting the highest peak that overlooked the Presidential moun- tain range of New England, and the waters of the Atlantic. Possibly, it is for this reason that the writer still retains an especial in- terest in these eastern mountain regions. There are, indeed, other reasons for his interest, only one of which he feels need be mentioned now, that is, that from a more intimate personal knowledge of them since he grew to man’s es- tate and long before this doctrine of conservation became such a national thought he has felt that they belonged in a peculiar way to the people of this country and that if properly cared for, preserved and utilized they would furnish a more invaluable asset to this country that even the average member of the Forestry Association dreams of. In the discussion of this subject it is not necessary and the writer does not wish to express an opinion upon that phase of it which would lead him into the technical, legal, or political questions relating to its occupation and legal ownership. If he has apprehended aright the discussion which has taken place we are in some danger of abandoning the proper and more essential ground on which to base our claim for the preservation of the treasures in this region for a more narrow, technical, and debatable one—that of the ex- tension of governmental powers based on the government’s right to control of navigable streams. I feel that the work of this great forestry movement is larger and less factional and less political and more national than can be measured by any appeal to possibly questionable governmental powers. Its strength, its breadth, its present and future vigor and its perpetuation are all dependent on its being so conducted that it shall avoid all questions of doubt- ful expediency and commend itself by its wisdom and breadth to the great body of American people and thereby become associated with their pride and their patriotism and become the ward of their national care. With regard to the forests of the White Mountains, the writer thinks that the able and shrewd representatives of New England may be counted on to lend their aid to what is so manifestly to the advantage of that section. But as one who, as a summer resident on that coast, participates in the benefits alike to body and soul of that charming summer air, he ventures to urge the preservation of the forests as even on the lowest ground of material return the plain part of wisdom. Those forests are worth more to New England every year than every foot of lumber in them would be worth sawed and dressed. They are a perennial source of income to the whole New England coast. Poets have hymned their beauty until they have entered into the heart and mind of the people and become enshrined in their literature, and however one may question the vaunted primacy of New England in other matters, he must acknowledge that in the autumnal glory of her mountain forests she stands unrivaled. If they shall be destroyed New England will suffer a loss which can never be made good. The White Mountains will in a few generations be- come the black mountains, and the most famous summer resorts of New Eng- land will in time be deserted by the teeming multitudes who now find recrea- tion and health amid their forest clad ranges. Leaving this branch of the subject to others the writer may take up the question relating to the Southern Appalachian range. When one speaks of 138 AMERICAN FORESTRY interest in tracts of forest, and in ore-bearing regions nowadays it behooves him to make his position clear. His interest in the Southern Appalachian range is a patriotic and not a pecuniary one and the same may be said of his interest in the White Mountains. It is solely that they may be preserved for the nation. And first it is his belief that they, like the White Mountains of New England, are in the future to be the great health resort and the great pleasure ground—in its higher sense—of all the people of the eastern part of this great country. The parts that have been opened have already become a great health resort. Nor is this the least remunerative way of using moun- tains. The Land of the Sky in North Carolina has paid the country more than if every stick of timber in it had been sawed and shipped as lumber. So it will be of other portions of the range. Modern science has discovered that a certain elevation neither too high nor too low is best adapted for the health of the human race. Near enough to the sea to feel the influence of that ocean which “creates a climate with its breath,” and yet far enough away to have the rawness and the dampness strained through its fine-spun temse of forest, high above the influence of malaria; contributing with its beauty and its charm to the welfare alike of body, of mind, and of spirit, this region seems as if placed by God for the cure and abiding health of the race that inhabits this country. - In considering this all important matter of the conservation of our national resources of forest in this region, the richest opportunity offered to the advocates of conservation—richer than the preservation of all the forests that clothe the Appalachians from one end to the other is one that has been little considered. No delicate questions of constitutional construction arise touching it. At a glance it will be seen to be the plain duty of every one of whatever view as to national powers to aid in the movement. It is the educat- ing and uplifting of the mountaineers, who inhabit this region. Like the Swiss mountaineers they are the greatest lovers of their homes in all the world. Without their co-operation the whole power of the United States can not save these forests. With their aid the thing will be done beyond a question. The writer declares his belief then that not only the best way, but the only way, to preserve the forests of the Appalachians is to avail ourselves of this richer opportunity and educate the strange and sterling people who dwell among the mountains and constitute their population. In this great region of the Appalachians dwells a race which needs only to have the mountain regions fully opened up to renew one of the most vital strains in our national life. Some three million souls inhabit the Appalachian range and its inter- vening valleys extending from the Pennsylvania border almost to the Gulf of Mexico. They are absolutely of Anglo-Saxon blood, whilst in other portions . of the country, even in a portion like Massachusetts in the very heart of New England, which was once as absolutely Anglo-Saxon as is now this region of which I speak, foreign immigration has so changed the complexion of the population that 80 odd per cent are now foreign born or the offspring of for- eign-born parents. In the Appalachian range the foreign-born population is so small as to be absolutely negligible, in some of the states it being less than one per cent. It has been customary to apply to this mountain population such terms as “poor white,” and “mountain cracker.” Heaven knows they are in the main white enough and poor enough, but if the designation is intended to convey a term of reproach it is wholly misplaced. These people are the mountaineers of America—pure bred English, Scotch and Scotch-Irish stock. They have the names, they have the physiogonomy, they have the characteristics, they have the vices, to some extent only, and they have the virtues and more than the virtues of the rest of the body of the American people. Montani semper liberi. POSSESSIONS IN THE APPALACHIAN FORESTS 139 They are the guardians of liberty in this western world as they have ever been in the Old World. They are the custodians of the old speech and the old racial traits. The whole military force of the country would hardly suffice to turn their mountain region into a preserve against their will; but with their aid it would not require a corporal’s guard. It is of the utmost importance then, that in this movement their interest and their co-operation be enlisted. And the best way to do this is to enlighten them, to prove to them that the move- ment will be for their good—in other words to educate them. One of the most promising signs of the times is that our people as they make money are beginning to return to the soil. If our life should be con- fined to urban life this country would scarcely survive two generations, or at most a half dozen. The civilizations of France, of England, and of Germany, like indeed that of Rome, were all preserved from going to absolute ruin by the fact that their upper class who owned the land, after dissipating in the cities, returned to their rural estates for recreation. The tendency of the time has been absolutely in the direction of commerce, and if we have reaped the fruits of it that are good, so we have also reaped those that are evil. There was never a country in the world in which so large a portion of its wealth and of its thought and activity were applied to commerce and trade as in America. And we should all turn traders and go to bargaining and chaffering with each other till we had lost the principles on which all moral and physical advance are founded, if it were not for the country life. It is the panacea that Nature has appointed for the ills of violating her laws in the unwholesome atmosphere of city life. It would, therefore, appear to be the part of wisdom for every man in the nation to do what he can to uplift country life. Owing to the physical conditions of this mountain region they have been secluded and sequestered from the pathway of advance, shut within their mountain walls they have been cut off from all or nearly all the advantages of modern progress. A century or more ago they rendered an inestimable service to this coun- try in that they manned and held against the Indians and the French the outer bulwark of American rule on this continent. They furnished the pio- neers who crossed over and seized the Mississippi Valley. Again a half cen- tury ago they rendered to this country what I believe most of you here will esteem an invaluable service. Without them this Union would have been divided as surely as I stand addressing you tonight. Non-slave holding, par- ticipating little in the advantages of citizenship in the several states and therefore caring less for the divisions of state lines than for nationality and racial solidity, knowing little of history save that which their grandsires had handed down to them, with the rifles with which they fought at King’s Moun- tain and on the Kanawaha, they espoused by a great majority the cause of the Union. They furnished over 180,000 men to the Union armies, and they were not bounty jumpers or conscripts. But more than this they furnished to the Union cause a great friendly territory staunch for the Union through its breadth and length, extending for hundreds of miles down through the south and cut- ting the Confederate south in two. But for them Maryland and Kentucky would have gone out of the Union with a rush and Tennessee and Virginia would have been solid from east to west. You will perhaps get some estimate of what they merit at the hands of the Union if you but recall that in their territory Rosecrans, one of McClellan’s lieutenants, was able to withstand him who was possibly the greatest captain of the English speaking race. When the seat of war was shifted from the mountains of West Virginia to the low lands of eastern Virginia, Lee was able to sweep McClellan from the gates of Richmond. But for them Missionary Ridge and Chattanooga would never have given Grant his laurels; but for them Sherman could never have marched 140 AMERICAN FORESTRY across Georgia to find the south empty of men; but for them the cause of cecession would have inevitably succeeded. I do not wish any one to misunderstand my personal position on this sub- ject. In every fiber of my being—body and soul—I was with Virginia and the Confederate South. But as my people were Union men before the war, so they became Union men when the war closed, and however I may hold in my in- most heart the sacred memories of the unhappy and glorious past, I know now what the south is to this Union and I know how to honor those who were gallant foes even then. I therefore make no apology for advocating before you the claims of this great population. As they saved the Union in times past, so in face of the rising tide of foreign immigration I feel that they may be destined to save it again. And it is one of the chief causes of my interest in this discussion to- night that I am wondering what effect this movement in the direction of se- curing a national forest in the Appalachian mountains will have on this popu- lation. If it will benefit them, if it will carry to them the light of knowledge, if it will open that region for the diffusion of the better part of modern science and modern knowledge, then I shall be heart and soul for it, and I believe that it will tend to do so. What is needed is that the rest of the world shall know that this population is among her Appalachian mountains; that they shall know what a virile strain courses in their veins; that they shall know that all that is needed is that the light shall be carried to them. They are beginning to awaken themselves to the knowledge that they are in darkness; they are beginning to see the glimmer of the light afar off and are groping their way towards it, asking that it may be brought nearer to them. It has often been a cause of wonder to me that with philanthropy pouring out its lavish millions for the education and betterment of other races and other sections, so little of it should have gone to this race and region which saved the Union. AI] that they need is light and they may become themselves the torch-bearers of the future civilization. I have not had time to go fully into the history of these mountains and these mountaineers, but I will tell you a few men who have come from there and by them you may judge their possibilities. Andrew Jackson came from there; Stonewall Jackson came from there; Abraham Lincoln was the son of one who came from there. Do you think that the strain which produced these men has died out in the past generation? If so, you are vastly mistaken. No more virile strain of men and women exists in any quarter of the world than today inhabits the Appalachian range, and no one which promises more for the future welfare of this country. One of the most distinguished citizens of New York—a man of national reputation as an orator and a lawyer—was a mountain boy from the eastern corner of Tennessee, and what is more he was one of fifteen sons. His father never learned to write until after he was married and his mother never learned to write, but, mark me, this illiteracy did not necessarily mean ignorance. It was only that they had not had the opportunity. That father was a lieutenant in the federal army during the war and afterwards he reared fifteen sons in the fastnesses of the Appalachian range. Now, sirs, talk about conservation, here is something worth conserving. Conserve the American strain in the Appalachian range by bearing to them the light of knowledge and giving them the advantages of education and train- ing and you will have the basis of the greatest government park that this or any country has ever known. Few schools or colleges of any importance exist among them. The states give them their share of the taxes levied for common school education, but the southern states still have a great illiterate population and are still unable POSSESSIONS IN THE APPALACHIAN FORESTS 141 to meet with any adequacy their needs. Here and there private philanthropy and devotion has established some admirable schools, such, for example, as Miss Berry’s school in Georgia; Miss Pettitt’s school in the mountains of Kentucky ; and Archdeacon Neve’s school in the ragged mountains of Virginia. And there is a college or two, the most noted of which is Berea College in the mountains of eastern Kentucky. All of these are doing great work, but what are they among so many. They are but lights on the mountain to show the wanderer that human sympathy still exists and to encourage the lost not to despair. The writer feels that he could not render the cause of forest conser- vation a greater benefit than to call to public attention the fact that in this great forest clad region which so clearly demands preservation at this time is a population kindred to the best element of our people, constituting a great reservoir of conservation of those traits of the Anglo-Saxon which made this country the home of liberty and to which we may hereafter have to turn for the salvation of the Union as the Union turned to it in the fighting sixties. In those mountain regions, when the fire in the cabin has been extin- guished, they often have to send to a neighbor across the mountain to borrow fire. All they ask of us now is “Lend us fire.” Should we not do so? Let us apply ourselves and our powers along this line of conservation. If we do, we may be very sure that the time will come when they will return into our bosom a hundred fold for all the gifts that we now bestow upon them. It is interesting to observe in the literature of the ages the part that trees represent in the history of the race. In that wonderful record in Genesis, God’s first creation was the heaven and the earth. Light from the spirit of God was the primal act. In the first day and in the second He created the firmament and divided the waters from the waters, and in the third day he created the dry land and the sea and the grass and the tree before he created man, thus before He created the inhabitants of the sea and of the earth He created the tree. And when He had created man in His own image and had given him dominion “over every living thing that moveth upon the earth,” he said to him, “Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed upon the face of all the earth and every tree in the earth which is the fruit of a tree yield- ing seed, to you it shall be for meat.” To the beast of the earth and the fowl of the air and the thing that creepeth upon the earth He gave the green herb for meat; but He gave to man the tree for meat. In the other and briefer account of the creation it is said that the Lord God planted a garden and there He put man whom He had formed. And out of the ground made the Lord God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food, the tree of Life also in the midst of the garden and the tree of knowledge of good and evil. Thus the beauty of the tree was placed even before its usefulness. Now from this earliest record on down you will find that the tree is an object of peculiar reverence to the poet and the seer, and are they not the leaders of the race? There are those who would maintain that our aboriginal ancestors made their homes not only among but in the trees—were, to use the scientific phrase, “arboreal” in their habits. It is not necessary to enter on this discussion; it may be passed with the simple recall of the old woman’s speech to the young evolutionist, that “if he preferred to think his ancestors were the same with those in the ‘Zoo,’ well and good; but she preferred to think hers were in the garden of Eden.” So all the way down history sacred and profane we find the tree men- tioned with respect and with reverence; for even then without doubt in those regions inhabited by the older races the disappearance of the forests had be- come a matter of public concern. 14% AMERICAN FORESTRY The Greeks with their high poetic sense peopled the forests and groves and even separate trees with a supernatural and half-supernatural population of nymphs and satyrs and gods, and born of their conception have come to us the most beautiful and entrancing poetry of myth and fable that have en- riched human literature. The Roman adapted but somewhat coarsened the poetical conceptions of the Greeks touching the relation of forest and grove to the spiritual side of man, and in accordance with their more practical genius turned it to practical effect. It was in a grove that Numa Pompilius, the first of her thoughtful kings, was said to have met his Egeria and the “Bosca Sacra” is still pointed ont today to the credulous. Among our own ancestors the forest was held in equal awe, and the grove in equal reverence. The poetical conceptions of the Greeks and the Romans, however, were changed to suit their heavier and duller intelligence. Thor and Woden, and the thunderous hierarchy of Scandinavia supplanted in their imaginations the more graceful and ethereal conceptions of the south; but the priests of their religion celebrated their awful rites under the shade of the oaks which clad the hills of the north. If it should appear that this discussion of the forest is too fanciful to be of practical service in a movement in which the more practical and material use is the chief motive, it may be answered that after all the poetical is but a further and higher development of the practical and that it is a more inspiring power in that ‘while the practical relates only to the lower motives of the in- dividual, that which touches the sentiment has a more far reaching and un- selfish result. If sentiment is to be discarded in the name of the practical, let every man get all he can at no matter what sacrifice of others, but even pa- triotism is founded on a sentiment which is high above the groveling personal demands of physical life. It must be through a sentiment higher than that of the self-seeker who destroys without remorse for his personal service the most beautiful things in creation that the blessings of liberty and the contentment of peace shall be attained. It must be through sentiment, the sentiment of generosity, of philanthropy and of patriotism, that those who have secured the advantages of education will extend them to others less favored. It must be through sentiment that man’s mind shall be extended to take in the great con- ception of his duty to promote the welfare of his fellow man and uplifted to take in the yet higher conception of his duty to the Supreme Being who has clothed the mountains with the majesty and the hills with the glory of the forest. As already stated, when Charles II founded the Royal Society of Great Britain, one of his motives was to establish a great scientific society which should scientifically promote the reforestation of England, for the disappear- ance of its oak forests had already become a public menace and it was at the instance of this society that John Evelyn wrote his great essay on forestry. In this work he alludes to the respect with which this subject is discussed by the great classical writers, and he deplores the indifference with which the English race regarded it. ‘Men seldom plant trees,” he says in his preface, “till they begin to be wise; that is, till they grow old and find by experience the prudence and the necessity of it.” And he recalls how “When Ulysses, after a ten year ’s absence, was returned from Troy, and coming home found his aged father in the field planting trees, he asked him why, being now so far advanced in years, he would put himself to the fatigue and labor of planting that which he was never likely to enjoy the fruits of, the good old man (taking him for a stranger) gently replied, ‘I plant, against my son Ulysses coming home.’ ” I think it may be said of nations as John Evelyn said it of men, that they rarely plant until they begin to be wise. POSSESSIONS IN THE APPALACHIAN FORESTS 143 The great land of China with its teeming population is so denuded of forests that it is said that in many regions every stray weed and spray of grass is carefully collected and husbanded for purposes of fuel, and that men trundle hand barrows of coal for hundreds of miles to secure the fuel neces- sary to preserve life. Unless we shall awaken duly to the need of preserving our forests the time may come when this land shall be as China is today. There was a day when China had her forests, and though it may appear to us of a new country very long ago, a thousand years in China amounts to less than a century in the west. It is said that this danger of the disappearance of her forests became apparent to the rulers of China over 1,200 years ago, and that they set themselves to do what as has already been stated the king of England did after his restoration, to awaken the interest of the people in this vital national subject. A work on forestry was prepared by their direction which was so extensive that it is said to have contained over 50,000,000 of words, that is twice as much, possibly, as the most voluminous encyclopedia. It is said that three copies of this work were made and that the only one which survived was destroyed by the soldiers of the relief column of the allied forces which occupied the Chinese capital at the time of the Boxer rebellion. One cannot go over Europe without being made aware of the devastating effect of indifference to the preservation of forests. For example: one could hardly ever forget the impression made in traveling over the desolate and treeless waste in Spain that lies south of the Pyrenees. Through the improvi- dence and folly of former governments this region that was once reckoned the most fertile within the sweep of the Roman dominion has become, if not a desert, something that looks very near akin thereto. The very song birds have flown from a region where not a tree or shrub is left to protect them and fur- nish the choir for their heavenly music. All through southern Europe the proof meets the eye that man has been forced with infinite pains, with a re- pentance as bitter as that of Esau, to make atonement for the carelessness with which he sold his birthright, for throughout this country in regions which must once have been covered with forests and which, owing to their denuding had the soil washed away, we see how infinite must have been the labor that was required to reterrace and reforest. We may all rejoice that the attention of the American people has been formally directed to this great source of national loss before it is too late. It must often have struck every observant man not only how negligent the average American man is in the matter of preserving trees but how abso- lutely inimical he is thereto as in other departments of life. I think this state of mind is the result of natural causes and owing to that which at its best we term conservatism continues after the causes have passed away. England was once fully forested and then as its population increased the forests fell before them and tillage took its place; then came the Norman conquest, and in England, as in other countries, the conquerors and rulers, with a fine dis- regard for everything except their own wills, established forests not for the benefit of their people but for their own amusement, turning the cultivated lands that had been conquered from the wilderness back into wilderness and forest for their hunting ground. It was made a crime for the ordinary in- habitant to hunt any wild animal. To some extent this law, curiously enough in this age of democracy, still stands on the statute books. The forests there- by became identified with the power and tyranny of the court, and the com- mon people had no interest therein. Indeed such interest as they had was only of hostility. Then when our forefathers crossed the main and came to this new country with its apparently inexhaustible forests, they found for a time that the forest was the covert of their two deadly enemies, the Indian savage, and his yet deadlier ally, malaria. So it was natural, possibly even 144 AMERICAN FORESTRY necessary, that the forests should be cut down. To conquer the wilderness and turn the forest into arable land which would support life was their first duty, and the toil which it entailed has remained to the present day in the memory of men to render them not only indifferent but hostile thereto. I think it is not too much to say that this is the state of mind of a large por- tion of our population, nor is it too much to say that the government could not proceed with its educational work in any direction with better results than by teaching the people of this country the principles of forestry. I fell in, not long ago, with a young man, a neighbor of mine and a man of industry, a sensible man and a thrifty man, who had taken a piece of wild woodland and had cleaned it up with his own hand. He had married and built a snug little house on a hill commanding a fair prospect, and then he had laboriously cut down every one of the fine trees which surrounded his house. Finding him one day in his new ground preparing for his tobacco crop I ex- pressed my wonder that he should have destroyed the fine oaks whose stumps about his house showed their former grandeur. “No,” he said, “I do not like trees, I want nothing about my house bigger than a bush except fruit trees.” I believe that he expressed the view of a considerable part of our population, and this view is not confined by any means to the laboring class. If you will take a ride around Washington tomorrow you will see such a cutting down of trees and destruction of the natural beauty about this capital of our country as possibly is not to be witnessed today within the same distance of any other capital in the world. I am happy to say that following the design of those broad-minded men who laid out this capital city on broad lines, its streets and avenues are beautified with trees in a way to do honor not only to their wis- dom but to the wisdom of those who have the capital still in charge. But, though much is done, much remains to do, and there is even now within the heart of Washington a region where beautiful trees still remain, which unless it receive the vast care and protection of the government which the govern- ment may well give here in its own capital, must soon pass away. I rejoice at this new movement in the direction of preserving our forests. No thoughtful man who recalls the destructions in half a generation of the buffalo and elk and canvas back duck and other forms of game, and who has seen the disastrous destruction of forests, especially no man who has traveled in other countries, can fail to be apprehensive of the effect of the universal indifference to the preservation of forests which essentially obtains in this country. My opinion is that the abiding work of the forestry department will be the awakening in the public mind of the necessity of preserving forests, and the convincing of the public mind, for we are a thrifty race, at least, if not an avaricious race, that it is to the individual’s interest to harvest his timber in a scientific rather than in an ignorant way. Show the American people that it is to their interest to do anything and eventually they will do it. Partly stupid and partly over-confiding, they are often misled as to their own inter- ests, but prove to them that it is to their interest and a thing will inevitably be accomplished in the end, and, above that, prove to them that a thing is right and it will be even more inevitably accomplished. HARVESTING THE ANNUAL SEED CROP By SYDNEY MOORE, ASSISTANT DISTRICT FORESTER, UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE. VERY fall sees the harvesting of one crop throughout the mountainous, forested region of the West, which is not mentioned in any official “crop reporter;” a crop which few people outside of those directly concerned in its harvesting know much about, but a crop that is yearly increasing in quantity and value. It is the annual crop of forest tree seed, -and the size of each year’s crop is of real concern to the country at large, since the seed harvested is chiefly used in the reforestation of the vast burned and denuded areas of the Rocky and Pacific Coast mountains. The collection of forest tree seed by commercial collectors has been carried on to a limited extent for many years in a few localities in the West. There is one professional collector in the Black Hills of South Dakota who for years has been gathering western yellow pine seed for sale to seed dealers, and has also exported quantities to Europe, especially Germany, where the busi- ness in tree seed is very extensive. There is a small village in the mountains near Pueblo, Colorado, where about a dozen individuals have built up a considerable industry of the collection and sale of tree seed. In 1909, the value of the seed crop from this one locality was about $8,000. These collectors sell their crops to seed dealers in this country and also to dealers in Germany. For a number of years there has been a very active demand from German dealers for seed from the United States, especially of Douglas fir. In fact, until the last two or three years, the export trade in forest tree seed has probably fully equaled the domestic trade, and the whole business has been very restricted. Recently this condition has changed, due to the fact that the Forest Service of the United States Department of Agriculture has under- taken an extensive campaign of reforestation by seed sowing upon the national forests, which demands immense quantities of forest tree seed of desirable species. And while the government collects by far the greater part of its tree seed through its own forest officers, still a considerable amount is purchased from commercial collectors. The conditions and work of harvesting the seed crop described in this article are particularly typical of the Rocky Mountain region, and the work as carried on by the Forest Service upon the national forests of that region. The forests of the Rocky Mountains, as is well known, consist almost exclusively of coniferous species, in contradistinction to the prevailing broadleaf forests of the East. Consequently, the important seed crop consists of the seed of conifers, or evergreen trees. Although the forests contain a variety of species of trees, including western yellow pine, Douglas fir, lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce, blue spruce, limber pine, bristle-cone pine, balsam, white fir, and junipers, only the first four named are of special commercial importance. Consequently it is the seed of these four species that is chiefly sought after for reforestation purposes. Even though the future forest is to serve pri- marily the purpose of protecting some watershed from floods and erosion, it is advisable to plant the seed of some species that will at maturity yield valuable commercial timber. 45 146 AMERICAN FORESTRY LOCATING THE CROP. Coniferous trees do not produce a full crop of seed every year, but only periodically, as every two, three, or four years. Ina year when the production of seed by a certain species is very large, commonly called a “good seed year,” the heavy production will extend over a very extensive area, as for example, an entire state. In other years the same species may produce a full crop, or nearly so, over a much more limited area. For instance, the yellow pine has been found to produce a heavy crop of seed on a certain small watershed, when little or no seed at all could be found on other yellow pine trees outside of the particularly favored locality. During the past season, seed of Douglas fir in Colorado could be found in large quantities upon only one or two of the eighteen national forests in that state, although in 1909 its seed production was fairly widespread through the state. The fact that the production of seed is very apt to be localized makes it necessary every year to search the forests for the much desired crop. On the national forests the Rangers, each for his respective district, scour the forests to ascertain upon what water- sheds, large or small, the trees of the desired kind are bearing seed. The seed of the important conifers is borne in a cone (whence the name), and with the pines it requires two years for these cones to grow to maturity, while with the other species (spruces and firs) only one year is required. The new cones begin to form in the spring of the year, shortly after the year’s growth begins. Thus the forest rangers can begin to locate and take stock of the year’s seed crop during June, July, and August, although the crop will not be mature until September or early in October. Each ranger makes a report upon the kind and size of the seed crop upon his district early in the summer, and plans are laid well in advance for gathering in the crop. TIME AND METHODS OF COLLECTING CONES The seed crop matures naturally about the time of the first frosts in the fall, and in the mountains this time varies, of course, with the altitude. In the case of the desirable species, the cones open naturally while still upon the tree and release their seed. Accordingly, collectors must gather the cones before they open naturally, otherwise the seed would be lost. Since the seed are ripe in the cones for some little time before they are released naturally, it is possible to gather the cones with the seed in them. Collecting has been started as early as September 1, and continued as late as October 20, though this period varies somewhat with the season. The cones which contain the seed, then, are what is collected, and not the seed itself. There are several methods of collecting the cones, which shall be described briefly, as follows: (1) climbing trees and picking; (2) picking from the ground, from low scrubby trees; (3) picking from felled trees; (4) collecting from squirrel hoards. 1. Climbing trees and picking: When the cones are gathered by this method, the collector is usually equipped with a pair of “climbers” like those ordinarily used in climbing telephone poles. The cones may be picked by hand from the branches, but more commonly the collector uses a sharp steel hook fastened securely to the end of a light pole about six feet long. With this hook he can cut the cones from the more remote branches or draw the smaller branches toward him so as to reach the cones by hand. As the cones are picked or cut off, they are dropped to the ground, to be gathered up later into sacks, or an assistant on the ground gathers them as fast as they fall. The quantity of cones which can be collected per day in this manner varies a great deal, depending primarily upon the abundance of the cones. Collectors have actually gathered from two to five bushels of yellow pine HARVESTING THE ANNUAL SEED CROP 147 cones per day, by steady work. However, as may be imagined, this method is slow and costly, and frequently the size and height of trees in the virgin forest prevents collecting in this way. 2. Picking from the ground, from low scrubby trees: While this method is much easier and less expensive than the former, it cannot be widely used, because the species most desired do not grow in open, park-like forests of short trees over any very extensive areas. Cones of yellow pine and lodge- pole pine have been collected in small quantities by this method, but it can never serve for obtaining any very large part of the seed crop. 3. Picking from felled trees: This method is, of course, restricted to picking cones from the tops of trees cut down where lumbering operations are in progress. As might be suspected, there are many limitations on this method. Even if there is a heavy seed crop where cutting is going on, only a comparatively few trees are cut in ordinary logging operations within the brief period during which cones must be collected. Occasionally, with all conditions favorable, a large quantity of cones can be collected very cheaply in this manner, where timber sales are in progress on the national forests. But at the best, the method can only be infrequently employed. 4. Collecting from squirrel’s hoards: Almost everyone has at some time observed the squirrels working very busily in the fall of the year, cutting off cones from the trees in forests of pine or spruce. These indefatigable little workers, chattering in the tree tops, scurry along the slightest branches and with sharp teeth cut the cones from the tips of the branches and drop them to the ground. The topmost, swaying twigs of the tallest pine in the forest hold no fear for the surefooted little creatures. In places where the squirrels are numerous and working their hardest, there is a continuous rain of cones from the tree tops, causing a noise and disturbance that must attract the attention of the most indifferent observer. After the cones are cut off, the squirrels collect them from under the trees and accumulate them in one place, the pile of cones constituting the hoard or “cache.” The squirrels show many peculiarities and much wisdom in locating and arranging these hoards of cones. In general the hoards are located at the base of a standing tree, against or under an old fallen tree, in a hollow log or stump, and often along the bank of a small stream under water. Some- times the hoards are located in the open, away from any trees or logs. Usually, the spot selected for hoarding cones has been used for the same purpose several successive years and is readily recognized by the deep accumu- lation of old cone scales, since the squirrels break up the cones to extract the nutritious seed. The cones, when freshly cut from the trees, are in a green condition and full of moisture. If these cones are piled in an indis- criminate mass they soon begin to mould, and in the course of time will decay and the enclosed seed will be spoiled. The instinct of the squirrels teaches them to guard against the possibility of such an unfortunate occurrence. Instead of piling cones in a solid mass, the squirrels’ hoards are carefully formed of many little bunches of cones, each bunch containing a dozen or more cones, buried in the forest litter and separated from the other bunches by surrounding litter. This arrangement insures the thorough aeration of the whole mass and prevents any destructive growth of mould. The hoarding of cones under water, which has been mentioned, is another clever scheme by which the squirrels preserve their winter’s supply from possible decay, a sort of “cold storage” system devised by these little animals. It is by taking advantage of the thrifty habits of the squirrels that seed collectors can gather cones most economically and in large quantities. The cone gatherers search through the woods for the hoards which have been described, and fill their sacks with the cones so conveniently cut from the 148 AMERICAN FORESTRY trees and collected together by the squirrels. The quantity of cones which may be gathered from a single squirrel hoard ranges from a few bushels to a dozen or more bushels. Among the large hoards recorded is one that yielded about sixteen bushels of yellow pine cones, another that yielded about fifteen bushels of Douglas fir cones. At different times a more or less hysterical protest has been raised by some people against this so-called robbing of the squirrels. Persons interested in the preservation of our wild animals have alleged that this method of collecting cones would result in the starvation of the squirrels. If such were the case, it would indeed be a calamity. As a matter of fact, such gathering of cones from the squirrels’ hoards as is done, while it may inconvenience the squirrels, has no disastrous results. The squirrels continue their labor after a hoard has been cleaned out, and in a very short time have a supply on hand equal to that which has been lost. In collecting cones, the gatherers work over an area only once, and then seek new fields, leaving the squirrels ample time to recuperate their losses before winter sets in. It would require a very strenuous and vindictive campaign on the part of man to steal from the squirrels of any locality so persistently as to reduce the winter’s food supply of these animals to a dangerous point. Assuredly the wanton destruc- tion of squirrels’ hoards is a thing to be condemned, but so long as man takes for himself only a portion of their supplies, and that for a most useful and beneficial purpose, the practice should need no further justification. EXTRACTING THE SEED. After the cones have been gathered, by any of the methods which have been described, and placed in sacks, they must be transported to some central point where the seed may be extracted. The sacks of cones gathered in the woods are carried out to the nearest trail or wagon road. Frequently the cones have to be collected in such inaccessible localities that it is necessary to pack them for miles on horses or burros, which is, of course, a tedious and expensive method of transportation. As soon as a road is reached the cones are loaded into wagons. In one region, the Black Hills of South Dakota, where about twenty-five thousand bushels of yellow pine cones were collected during the past fall, pine cones were shipped by railroad, in carload quan- tities, to a central point, the railroad company making a new rate for this unusual class of freight. After the cones have been gathered in large quantities at a central point, the most expensive part of the work of collecting seed is accomplished. But the work of extracting the seed from the cones, and cleaning the seed, remains to be done, and this part of the operation requires much care and attention. Mention has already been made of the natural opening of cones allowed to remain upon the trees. The ripening of cones is brought about by the sun’s heat, as with all other fruits, and when the cones are fully ripened they become completely dried out and the cone scales have curled back, releasing the seed, which is distributed widespread through the agency of the winds. Each little seed has attached to it a small membranaceous wing, that serves to carry it through the air to a greater or less distance from the parent tree, depending upon the velocity of the wind and the weight of the seed. To obtain the much desired seed, it is, then, necessary to open up the cones that have been collected. There are two methods ordinarily employed to accomplish this, one method following Nature’s way, takes advantage of the sun’s light and heat, and the other method employs artificial heat. In the first method the cones are spread out thinly upon canyass sheets laid upon the ground, preferably on a gentle slope toward the southwest and the sun. Since the cones must be spread thinly, a large number of PINE CONES TO FREE THEM FROM EDLES, AND OTHER REFUSE BE- FORE SPREADING ON SHEETS TO DRY HARVESTING THE ANNUAL SEED DOUGLAS FIR CONES SPREAD ON CANVAS CROP SHEETS TO DRY IN THE SUN HARVESTING THE ANNUAL CROP SEED COLLECTORS’ CAMP WITH CONES SPREAD OUT TO DRY UPON CANVAS SHEETS SEED RAKING SHEET SCRE AMOUN ATION YELLOW PINE CONES OFF CANVAS AFTER THEY HAVE BEEN RUN OVER AND SEED EXTRACTED. A SMALL OF SEED IS SAVED BY THIS OPERA~ ED COLI TION CAMP IN A ROCKY MOUN- TAIN NATIONAL FORE - SACKS ARE FULL OF CONES GATHERED IN SURROUNDING FOREST HARVESTING THE ANNUAL SEED FOREST RANGER WINNOWING YELLOW PINE CROP SEED AFTER TRAMPING IN A SACK TO SEP- ARATE THE WINGS FOREST OFFICERS OPERATING A FANNING HARVESTING ANNUAL MILL, THROUGH WHICH SEED IS RUN FOR ITS FINAL CLEANING. ALL DUST, BROKEN WINGS, AND LIGHT SEED ARE BLOWN OUT FROM GOOD SEED PORTABLE CONE DRYING PLANT ON A SEED CROP NATIONAL FOREST TENT EQUIPPED WITH WIRE SCRE TRAYS, AND A HEATING STOVE HARVESTING THE ANNUAL SEED CROP 153 canvas sheets are required to handle a comparatively small amount of cones. The cones must be covered over on rainy days and during cloudy, damp weather. To open up yellow pine cones satisfactorily they must be exposed to the sun in the manner described for about a week. Douglas fir and Engelmann spruce cones, having thinner cone scales, ordinarily dry out and open in less time than those species with thicker cone scales. However, the time required to open up cones in the sun varies greatly, depending upon the weather conditions and the relative dryness of the cones at the time they are spread upon the sheets for final drying. The sun-drying method has the great advantage of being inexpensive, since the only equipment required consists of canvas sheets, the cheapest ob- tainable being used for the purpose. Furthermore, the drying sheets are easily transported (on pack-horses if need be) to remote places where the cones have been concentrated, and the extracting process carried out there, a very important consideration in our mountain forests, difficult of access. The great limitation upon this method is, of course, its absolute dependence upon a continuous period of fair weather, with sunny, dry days. By the second method of extracting seed, which uses artificial heat, tle cones are subjected to a temperature ranging from 100 to 120 degrees Fahren- heit for a period sufficient to open them. The cones are spread out thinly on shelves or trays of wire mesh in a closed room, but with suflicient ventilation to insure the escape of the moisture given off from the drying cones. As with sun-drying, the time required to dry out the cones is variable. Yellow pine cones under ordinary conditions will open up satisfactorily with a tempera- ture of 100 degrees maintained for thirty-six to forty-eight hours. Two types of cone-drying plants may be distinguished, namely, portable and stationary. A convenient form of portable plant consists of an ordinary canvas tent, in which drying trays can be built and a stove set up. A perma- nent drying plant may be constructed in any tight building where trays can be built and a stove or furnace installed. Because of the cost, a stationary plant is only advisable where large quantities of cones are available for drying, or can be easily transported to the plant. The advantages of drying cones by artificial heat are apparent, the process being carried on independent of weather conditions. Whether dried by the sun’s heat or artificial heat, the cones, as they grad- ually open, release the seed and a large portion of the seeds from each cone fall out upon the canvas sheets or drying trays whenever the mass of COhes is stirred or handled. However, a certain portion of the seeds stick in the cones even after they have opened and most of the seeds have fallen out. In order to extract these refractory seeds the opened cones must be given a special treatment. The cones are gathered up from the sheets or trays upon which they have dried, and put into a contrivance called a “churn.” This churn is merely a large box, about three feet square, mounted upon a frame so that it can be revolved by means of a crank. One side of the churn is cov- ered with wire screen or slats, which permit the passage of seed but retain the cones in the churn. As a man revolves this churn, the cones are rattled about vigorously and the remaining seed shaken out of them. This churning process is commonly spoken of as “threshing” the cones. CLEANING THE SEED From the drying-sheets or trays the seed collector gathers up the seed extracted and adds to the mass the seed he has shaken out from the churn. The material which he has thus obtained is not exclusively clean tree seed by any means. The individual seeds still have attached to them the little mem- branaceous wings, and intermingled through the mass are broken seed wings, 154 AMERICAN FORESTRY cones scales, bits of dirt and refuse matter of all descriptions. In addition, a great many of the seeds themselves, while perfectly good in external appear- ance, are in reality abortive or “light” seeds, that is the kernel has never fully developed, so that the seeds would never germinate. What the seed collector — desires, and what he must have if he hopes to market his crop, is perfectly clean, sound seed free from all wings, dirt or other refuse. The next step, therefore, is to remove the wings from the seeds. This may be done by simply rubbing the seeds together with the hands, thus break- ing off the thin, brittle wings. Often the seed is rubbed over a fine mesh screen, by hand, or a small quantity of the seed may be placed in a sack and then rolled and rubbed with the feet. Sometimes the seed are dampened slightly with water and then rubbed, the effect of the water being to loosen the wings from the seed. After the seed has been handled by some one of these methods it is given the final treatment, which consists in separating the good seed from the “chaff,” the latter including wings, broken cone scales, and the other refuse. For this final cleaning the seed may either be winnowed in the open with a light breeze, or it may be put through a fanning mill, such as is commonly used in cleaning grain. The former method is a crude one, and a fanning mill is almost a necessity to clean seed satisfactorily and economic- ally on a large scale. Frequently the seed may be winnowed to remove a por- tion of the chaff, and later given a final run through a fanning mill. It has already been mentioned that in the Rocky Mountain forests it is often necessary to collect the cones in remote localities, more or less inacces- sible to cheap transportation. In such cases the seed is seldom put through the various processes in one place. More frequently the cones are opened by the sun’s heat in the locality where collecting is done, and the seed and chaff are then transported to some central place where the seed is given its final cleaning. By this scheme the transportation of the heavy, bulky cones is avoided, and the cost saved on the final product. When the seed has been satisfactorily cleaned, it is placed in seamless sacks and carefully stored, ready for distribution to the points where it will be used to grow new forests. The amount of clean seed which is ultimately obtained from a bushel of cones varies with the species of seed, with the favorableness of the season, and with the care used in the work of extraction and cleaning. Rocky Mountain yellow pine will yield on an average one pound of clean seed from a bushel of cones, though frequently it exceeds this somewhat. Douglas fir yields about one pound of clean seed per bushel of cones. The business of collecting forest tree seed is of large importance to pri- vate individuals in many localities, but the total amount of such seed collected privately is insignificant in comparison to the quantities being collected an- nually by the federal forest service throughout the west. As time passes, the annual tree seed crop will increase in amount yearly. With the perfection of methods for harvesting the crop, the cost per pound of the several important species will decrease, a matter of much moment, since an abundant supply of cheap seed is the first essential to the vast undertaking of reforesting the mil- lions of acres of burved and cut-over lands throughout the forest regions of the western United States. GROWING TREES FROM SEED By C. R. PETTIS, SUPERINTENDENT OF STATE ForESTS OF NEW YORK. a rapidly increasing demand for information how to best undertake the work. In the eastern states where conifers with shallow root systems will be most generally planted, the best method is to plant small trees grown in a nursery. On account of the importance of the conifers, hardwoods will not be discussed in this article. The size and kind of tree to be used will depend upon soil, demands of the owners and other circumstances, but the method will be the same. The first step in any reforesting operations will be securing the stock, and as the money is invested for a long period the cost of such plants should be carefully considered. There are certain kinds of trees that can be purchased abroad and imported apparently much cheaper than they can be secured in this country, but this is in the long run rarely, if ever true, of forest planting stock. The state of New York has imported a large quantity of various species and planted them. These plantations at first appeared satisfactory, but later examination showed that they are, in some cases, affected with serious diseases, and in others the per cent of loss is very high on account of the Jong transit and other factors. The quality of the stock is also a factor in considering price and final success. The stronger and thriftier the tree the more successful the plantation. If any owner desires to plant but a few acres each year it will be more advantageous for him to secure stock from his state forest commission, if it is in a position to supply him, or from a reliable nurseryman. Any successful nursery operated at reasonable cost requires a large annual output and experienced supervision. The most economical method for any small planter who desires to use transplants will be to purchase seedlings and then transplant them at home, thus reducing packing and transportation charges in the first instance, and having any advantage of local labor for their care. He will also be assured of the quantity desired when wanted. Four things are essential for a successful nursery: (1) good soil; (2) good seeds; (8) a water supply; and (4) proper methods. The soil should be a rich loam, free from stone, thoroughly cultivated, preferably with garden crops before using, well fertilized, well drained, and with sufficient slope to effect surface drainage. The better the soil the more vigorous and larger the plants. The absence of stones facilitates trans- planting and tends to reduce expenses. Previous cultivation, if the weeds have not been allowed to mature seeds, decreases the weeding. The produc- tion per acre is so large that any soil can be profitably used. Good seeds are absolutely necessary because no matter how carefully all the other work may be done, satisfactory seed beds cannot be secured without seeds of high germination per cent and full of energy. Seeds should be purchased only after examining samples. Good seeds are heavy, rich DE idea of reforesting land is, at present, most popular and there is 155 156 AMERICAN FORESTRY in oil and full of meat. Seeds should be purchased late in the fall and stored in tight tin cans in a cold building. A continuous water supply is essential. The control of moisture con- ditions in the soil is of greatest importance in securing success. The soil should be well drained and not heavy, in order to reduce the surface moisture, while water should be provided when necessary. In our practice we have found that the growth of seedlings can be increased at least two inches a year by the proper application of water. Water is also necessary to retain proper moisture conditions in the seed beds and effect germination. During periods of drought large quantities should be applied to the young transplants. The methods to be employed will depend upon the local conditions in minor points, but in general the following will apply to our northeastern states. The various portions of the work will be considered in the following order: (1) making the seed bed; (2) care of seedlings; (3) the transplant- ing; (4) care of transplants; (5) packing stock. The seed beds four feet wide and twelve feet long are the most convenient, and such a bed will produce from 5,000 to 12,000 seedlings, each depending upon the success of the work. Each bed should be enclosed in a frame* covered with wire netting to exclude the birds who destroy the young trees by eating the seeds which are on the tip top of the young plants. This box is placed in position, the soil carefully prepared, the bed is made with a gentle slope about one and one-half inches higher in the center than at the outside and the surface of the bed about four inches higher than the path. The soil should then be saturated with water and the seeds sown carefully broadeast over the bed. The quantity of seed to be sown will depend upon the size of the seed which varies with species and is as follows: White pine, 12 ounces; Scotch pine, 8 ounces; Red pine, 6 ounces; Norway spruce, 8 ounces; Euro- pean larch, 12 ounces. These seeds should then be pressed into the soil and covered lightly to a depth of about one-eighth of an inch with sterile soil carefully sifted. The box should then be tightly enclosed to retain the ¥ moisture and left for germination. Care should be exercised that the soil — continues moist in order to supply the necessary water to germinate the seeds. The seeds should be sown about the time garden seeds would be planted. After two or three weeks the seeds will begin to germinate and at that time need careful attention. Up to this time it has been necessary to produce moist, humid conditions in the seed bed, but as soon as germination takes — place it will be necessary to reverse the conditions and full ventilation and dry surface soil will be necessary in order to prevent “damping off.” This — went is the most serious difficulty in seed bed work. It is a fungus disease which — destroys the tissues at the surface of the soil and the trees apparently wilt, — but as a matter of fact are suffering from this disease. The best remedy is prevention effected by removing any unnecessary dampness. Just as soon” as germination has been secured all the covering used to conserve moisture during the germination period should be removed and from that time on during the remainder of the first season only half shade of lath should be used. The beds should be carefully watched during the season. AIl weeds should be removed when small and the weeding done often. In case of dry weather, water should be applied late in the afternoon. Late in the summer the wire covering and lath shades should be removed to “harden” the trees for winter. In early winter, after a few inches of snow has fallen, the beds should be covered with one thickness of burlap over the snow. *Detailed information in regard to the construction of such boxes will be found in Bulletin No. 76, Forest Service, Washington, D. C. SEED BED NURSERY AT LAKE CLEAR JUNC- TION, NEW YORK, CONTAINING THREE MIL- LION SEEDLINGS IN TWO ACRES 4a GROWING TREES FROM SEED THE STATE OF NEW YORK NURSERY AT PALAMANCA REFORESTATION IN MASSACHU- THE FOUR STEPS IN PLANTING SETTS A SEEDLING GROWING TREES FROM SEED 159 The coming spring after the danger from “heaving” of the soil has passed the burlap should be removed. During the summer the beds should be kept free from weeds and freely supplied with water. The two-year-old beds do not need covering during the winter. When the seedlings are two years old they are suitable for planting in the field, where there is but limited shade, and upon fair quality of soil. If larger and stronger trees are necessary they should be transplanted in the nursery. The seedlings should be taken up carefully in order not to injure any roots and the roots at all times kept from exposure to sun or wind. The transplant beds should be about seven feet wide and any length, but fifty feet has been found convenient. The paths should be two feet wide and the beds almost four inches higher than the paths. The “Yale Planting Board,” invented by Prof. J. W. Toumey, has proved a most valuable tool and greatly reduced the cost of transplanting. The work with this board is earried on with five men in a crew using two boards. The board consists of two strips hinged by arms at right angles, one of them continuously notched the space the trees are to be apart in the rows. In this the trees are placed and upon it the other closes, holding them in place. Two men are employed digging the trench, two placing the seedlings in the boards and one man carries the board to and from the trenches. While two are filling the boards, two others are making the trenches into which the fifth man places the board filled with trees, then the soil is packed around the roots and the board removed. The trees are placed rapidly and regularly and the roots in normal position. The trees should be three inches apart in the rows and the rows six inches apart. This process is continued until the transplanting is completed. The care during the season consists chiefly in weeding and watering in times of continued dry weather. A careful watch should be kept for insect pests or ground grubs. If the trees are not sufliciently large at the end of the one season in the transplant bed, they may be retained there another season. When the trees are ready for field planting they should be carefully taken up to prevent any injury to the roots, promptly “heeled in” and finally planted as soon as possible. Spring planting is, as a rule, more desirable than fall planting. The trees, if shipped even a short distance, should be carefully packed in order to prevent any drying of the roots. If shipped a long distance they should be packed right, the roots packed in moss and sufficient openings left around the upper parts to prevent heating. REFORESTATION IN MASSACHUSETTS By F. W. RANE, STATE FORESTER OF MASSACHUSETTS. S a result of the educational campaign carried on by the Massachusetts Forestry Department there bas been a general awakening on the part of the public, especially land owners, to the opportunities which this field affords for profitable investment and future development by reforestation in the Bay State. This widespread interest has been manifested during the past year by the great number of requests that have been made by elubs, granges, boards of trade, and other organizations throughout the state for lectures on this subject, as well as innumerable requests received by mail for literature treating of the subject. The press has also been no small factor in urging upon the people the importance of reforestation. It must be quite obvious to every thinking person that to a state whose present stock of woodland is second and third growth, most of it consisting of sprouted trees which never become timber size, and which has nearly a million acres of land which may properly be classed as waste land, largely abandoned rough fields and so-called natural pastures growing up to brush, reforestation becomes a question of vital interest. Even forty or fifty years ago there were far-sighted men in Massachusetts who predicted the total extinction of our timber supply unless remedial measures were taken in sea- son to prevent it, and quite a strong feeling pervaded the state in favor of planting commercial trees, but with the decline in farm values the enthusiasm abated, not, however, until fifteen or twenty small plantations had been set out by individuals in their private capacity. These plantations were small, of course, averaging ten to twenty-five acres. As the white pine is a natural conifer of Massachusetts, a tree of com- paratively rapid growth, and especially adapted to the soil of this region with its lumber in great demand, it is very natural that it should be given preference over all others in the work of reforestation. In fact, the first work of importance done by the present state forester after taking charge of the forestry work in this state was to make a study of its growth, with the result that in “Forest Mensuration of White Pine,” a bulletin published under his direction, are to be found fairly complete data concerning the white pine. This bulletin shows, for instance, that the age at which a plantation should be cut to yield the highest net returns is 50 years, and that an acre of pine planted on average soil will produce at the rate of 900 board feet, or more, per year. This information is of great value to farmers, as it makes clear to them how the waste land of farms may be utilized and made to become of constantly increasing value. Supposing the value of land at the time of planting to be $6.00 per acre, the cost of planting $10.00, taxes at two per cent, an acre of pine will yield four per cent on the money invested, and $270 besides, a total of between six and seven per cent. These figures are based on the present prices of lumber, and not the probable prices fifty years hence. d 160 WHITE PINE SEEDLINGS, SET FIVE YEARS, ABOUT THE WACHUSET RESERVOIR OF THE METROPOLITAN WATER SYSTEM. A PINE PLANTATION THIRTY YEARS OLD ON THE SANDS OF CAPE COD REFORESTATION IN MASSACHUSETTS STATE NURSERY AT AM- MASSACHUSETTS FOREGROUND HERST; TRANSPLANTS IN A HEALTHY WHITE PINE STAND AT SUDBURY, MASSACHUSETTS. PLANTED THIRTY-EIGHT ER’S MEN STATE FORES PLANTING. THE MASSACHUS AT WORK REFORESTATION IN MASSACHUSETTS 163 Money Yield Table. Manufactured and stumpage values. Quarry I. Quarry II. Quaury III. AGE (Years). | vol- |Fer| F.0.B. | Fe"|stump-|] Vol- | Kft! F. 0. B. Per|seump- vol- | Ferlr. 0. B.| Fe?stump- ume. | 7 Value. | 7, | age. ume. | py Value. | FY | age. ume. | Fy Value. | py} age- ae Toes ge {| 173 20 |s {| $85 00 P8750 = {| $108 00 |= {| $40 50 meri $63 60 $23 85 30, . . | 19,900 | 4] 318 40 | 119 40 || 12,500 |: {| 200 00 | 75 00|| 7,500 |S || 120 00 s 45 00 <2 a 31,150 3 | 498 40 249 20 || 24,400 as 439 20 195 20 || 16,950 zB 271 20 a 101 70 1S 40,650 2 | 791 70 | 325 20 || 32,800 590 40 e 262 40 || 25,200 403 20 201 60 Pires i} 49,350 2 888 30 394 80 || 40,600 |S 730 80 324 80 || 32,100 577 80 |= 256 80 Rays: 3 55,150 hee 992 70 |S (| 551 50 || 46,500 zs 837 00 465 00 || 37,550 ia 676 00 | || 300 40 Bey he hs 59,650 re 1,193 00 z 596 50 || 50,550 910 00 |S || 505 50 |} 42,100 2 757 80 336 80 Rahs, = 63,600 3 1,272 00 |S (| 763 20 |} 53,200 |S 1,064 00 =I 532 00 || 44,550 re 802 00 |S 445 50 65. 67,050 hs 1,341 00 = 804 50 || 56,600 xt 1,132 00 566 00 || 46,150 830 70 zB 461 50 The legislature, within the past five years, has recognized the immense possibilities of forestry as a factor in adding to the wealth of the state, and has enacted several laws based upon recommendations of the state forester, intended to advance it. The reforestation act of 1908 has enabled the state forester to make a most promising beginning, about forty separate planta- tions covering 2,000 acres at an average cost of less than $10.00 per acre having already been made. Much of this land was acquired by the common- wealth under the provisions of the law which allows owners to turn over land to the state for the purpose of reforestation, reserving the right to redeem the land at any time within ten years, for the actual amount expended. Nearly fifteen hundred acres of land are now in the hands of the state forester ready for planting next season. Previous to this year most of the trees planted were purchased from nurserymen, but last spring our nursery at Amherst, established three years ago, supplied about half of the one million seedlings used, and henceforth will furnish a large percentage of those required. This nursery, which is on the grounds of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, covers seven and one-half acres, and has in stock about two million pine seedlings, one half million Norway spruce, and several hundred thousand other species. Another nursery has been laid out at Sandwich on Cape Cod, but so far only one-half an acre has been utilized. The plantations scattered all over the state have been of great interest to property owners, and have done much toward stimulating private enter- prise along this line. The records at the office of the state forester show that in addition to the 2,000 acres planted under his direction, 2,000 acres have been planted by private parties and 1,500 by other agencies, principally the Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Boards. So gratifying has been the progress made in the work of reforestation up to the present time, and so wide are the possibilities in this direction that a much larger appropriation has been asked for this year in order that operations along this line may be greatly extended. THE PASSAGE OF THE APPALACHIAN BILL N THE 15th of February the long struggle for national legislation look- ing to the perpetuation of the forests of the Southern Appalachian and White Mountains was ended when the bill known as the Weeks, or Ap- palachian bill, was passed by a vote of 58 to 9. As it had been passed by the House in June of last year and was enacted by the Senate without change, it only remains for it to receive the signature of President Taft to become a law. Between twelve and one o’clock, immediately at the close of the morning hour, the bill was called up by Senator Brandegee of Connecticut, who had it in charge. Senator Stone of Missouri, who had offered an amendment, with- drew it. Senator Brandegee then reviewed the legislative history of this bill in the Senate and the bill was read. The Senator from Connecticut made a brief and admirable opening statement and answered several questions, after which Senator Burton of Ohio addressed the Senate for over two hours in op- position to the bill. During this time he adduced nothing new. The Senator’s secretary sat beside him with a ponderous array of volumes, pamphlets and documents, but his arguments and citations, which were numerous, were the old familiar ones which have been answered again and again. Senator Newlands of Nevada spoke about an hour. He explained that he was in favor of the bill and desired its passage, but that his purpose in op- posing it in its present form at the last session was “not to defeat the bill, but to anchor it more firmly in the interstate commerce power of the Constitution, and enlarge its area so as to provide a comprehensive scheme of legislation that would involve the regulation of the flow of all the navigable rivers of the country in aid of navigation, and accomplish that ultimate object by the stor- ing of the flood waters of these rivers, including the sources of streams for purposes of irrigation and power; by the protection of forested areas included within the watersheds of such rivers and their sources, so as to prevent pre- cipitate run-off and safeguard against denudation and erosion; by the proteec- tion of the river banks by revetment and levees, so as to confine the rivers to their channels, and thus aid in the reclamation of vast areas of swamp and overflowed lands within the drainage basins of such rivers containing an alluvial soil of enormous fertility and requiring only protection from flood waters to insure their highest agricultural development.” He further ex- plained that since there seemed to be a well grounded fear that the pressing of amendments at this time would endanger the passage of the bill, which he did not wish to do, he should withdraw his amendment and seek to accom- plish his object through a more comprehensive piece of legislation at a later time. He summarized with much skill and clearness the arguments for the bill and devoted considerable time to the plan of a great national waterways ' system which is his special interest in legislation. Mr. Newlands’ position was a matter of gratification to friends of the bill because he has always been accredited a friend of progressive forestry legisla- tion and it was a great disappointment to find him ranged apparently with opponents of this bill at the last session. The next speaker was Senator Simmons of North Carolina, a long-time supporter of the various Appalachian forest bills. He made a carefully pre- 164 THE PASSAGE OF THE APPALACHIAN BILL 165 pared argument, reinforced by observations from his own state which is so largely interested in this question. Senator Heyburn of Idaho, strengthened the case for the bill by his oppo- sition. The point of his remarks was that this bill proposed to buy several counties entire, counties with a large population, of which he gave the figures, and turn them into solitudes. He denounced it is the “most radical piece of fancy legislation that has ever been proposed in the Congress of the United States.” Senator Smith of South Carolina, replied effectively to certain remarks of the Idaho Senator on the effects of erosion. Senator Burton offered two amendments, the first providing for an exam- ination of the lands to be purchased by the Engineer Corps of the United States Army instead of by the Geological Survey, and the second providing “that on lands acquired by the Commission timber shall be sold and water- power shall be granted only at prices and on terms approved by the National Forest Reservation Commission.” Both amendments were rejected and roll calls were refused. The roll call was then ordered on the passage of the bill and it was passed by a vote of 58 to 9. The vote concluded at about half-past five o’clock in the afternoon. The record was as follows: Yeas—58 Bacon CurTISs LopGE Smiru, Md. BEVERIDGE Dick MARTIN SmiruH, Mich Borau DIxon NEWLANDS Smiry, S. C. BouRNE DUPONT NIxon Smoor BRADLEY FLETCHER OLIVER STEPHENSON BRANDEGEE’ FLINT OVERMAN SUTHERLAND Brices FOSTER PAGE SwANson Brown FRAZIER PENROSE TALIAFERRO BurRNHAM FRYE PILES TAYLOR Burrows GALLINGER PERKINS WARNER CARTER GAMBLE RICHARDSON WARREN CHAMBERLAIN GUGGENHEIM Roor WATSON CRANE JONES Scorr WETMORE CRAWFORD Kran SIMMONS YouNG CUMMINS La FOLLETTE Nays—9 Bristow CULLOM GRONNA PAYNTER Burton DavIS McCUMBER SHIVELY CLarK, Wyoming Not voting—24 ALDRICH Crark, Ark. HryYBURN PERCY BAILEY CULBERSON JOHNSTON RAYNER BANKHEAD DEPEW LORIMER STONE BULKELEY DILLINGHAM MONEY TERRELL BURKET? Gore NELSON THORNTON CLAPP HALE OWEN TILLMAN Of the Senators not voting all but four, Senators Hale, Lorimer, Nelson and Tillman, were placed on record by their pairs. These showed Senators Aldrich, Bulkeley, Burkett, Clapp, Depew, Dillingham, Johnston, Money, Rayner, Terrell and Thornton in favor of the bill, and Bailey, Bankhead, Clark of Arkansas, Culberson, Gore, Heyburn, Owen, Percy and Stone opposed. There is evidence in this large senatorial majority in favor of the bill that its friends have been very successful in presenting the arguments for it dur- ing the last few weeks, because there was undoubtedly a much larger oppo- sition to the measure some months ago than the vote shows at the present time. This is a matter for great congratulation. The bill was in charge of Senator Brandegee who has worked for its success faithfully and efficiently during the session. Closely associated with him on the floor was Senator 166 AMERICAN FORESTRY Gallinger, who has been actively in the service for this legislation since it was first proposed. For the final success much credit is due to the work of Senator Crane, whose wise counsel and service has always been available in its behalf. On the Democratic side Senators Chamberlain, Fletcher, and Overman have been particularly strong in their support. The text of the bill, as enacted, follows: AN ACT To enable any State to cooperate with any other State or States, or with the United States, for the protection of the watersheds of navigable streams, and to appoint a commission for the acquisition of lands for the purpose of conserving the navigability of navigable rivers. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the consent of the Congress of the United States is hereby given to each of the several States of the Union to enter into any agreement or compact, not in conflict with any law of the United States, with any other State or States for the purpose of conserving the forests and the water supply of the States entering into such agreement or compact. Src. 2. That the sum of two hundred thousand dollars is hereby appropriated and made available until expended, out of any moneys in the National Treasury not otherwise appropriated, to enable the Secretary of Agriculture to cooperate with any State or group of States, when requested to do so, in the protection from fire of the forested watersheds of navigable streams; and the Secretary of Agriculture is hereby authorized, and on such conditions as he deems wise, to stipulate and agree with any State or group of States to cooperate in the organization and maintenance of a system of fire protection on any private or state forest lands within such State or States and situated upon the watershed of a navigable river: Provided, That no such stipulation or agreement shall be made with any State which has not provided by law for a system of forest-fire protection: Provided further, That in no case shall the amount expended in any State exceed in any fiscal year the amount appropriated by that State for the same purpose during the same fiscal year. Src, 3. That there is hereby appropriated, for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and ten, the sum of one million dollars, and for each fiscal year thereafter a sum not to exceed two million dollars for use in the examination, survey, and acquirement of lands located on the headwaters of navigable streams or those which are being or which may be developed for navigable purposes: Provided, That the provisions of this section shall expire by limitation on the thirtieth day of June, nineteen hundred and fifteen. Src. 4. That a commission, to be known as the National Forest Reservation Com- mission, consisting of the Secretary of War, the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Agriculture, and two members of the Senate, to be selected by the President of the Senate, and two members of the House of Representatives, to be selected by the Speaker, is hereby created and authorized to consider and pass upon such lands as may be recommended for purchase as provided in section six of this Act, and to fix the price or prices at which such lands may be purchased, and no purchases shall be made of any lands until such lands have been duly approved for purchase by said com- mission: Provided, That the members of the commission herein created shall serve as such only during their incumbency in their respective official positions, and any vacancy on the commission shall be filled in the manner as the original appointment. Src. 5. That the commission hereby appointed shall, through its president, annually report to Congress, not later than the first Monday in December, the operations and expenditures of the commission, in detail, during the preceding fiscal year. Src. 6. That the Secretary of Agriculture is hereby authorized and directed to examine, locate, and recommend for purchase such lands as in his judgment may be necessary to the regulation of the flow of navigable streams, and to report to the National Forest Reservation Commission the results of such examinations: Provided, That before any lands are purchased by the National Forest Reservation Commission said lands shall be examined by the Geological Survey and a report made to the Secretary of Agriculture, showing that the control of such lands will promote or protect the navigation of streams on whose watersheds they lie. Src. 7. That the Secretary of Agriculture is hereby authorized to purchase, in the name of the United States, such lands as have been approved for purchase by the National Forest Reservation Commission at the price or prices fixed by said com- mission: Provided, That no deed or other instrument of conveyance shall be accepted or approved by the Secretary of Agriculture under this Act until the legislature of the State in which the land lies shall have consented to the acquisition of such land by the United States for the purpose of preserving the navigability of navigable streams. ow THE PASSAGE OF THE APPALACHIAN BILL 167 Sec. 8. That the Secretary of Agriculture may do all things necessary to secure the safe title in the United States to the lands to be acquired under this Act, but no payment shall be made for any such lands until the title shall be satisfactory to the Attorney- General and shall be vested in the United States. Sec. 9. That such acquisition may in any case be conditioned upon the exception and reservation to the owner from whom title passes to the United States of the minerals and of the merchantable timber, or either or any part of them, within or upon such lands at the date of the conveyance, but in every case such exception and reservation and the time within which such timber shall be removed and the rules and regulations under which the cutting and removal of such timber and the mining and removal of such minerals shall be done shall be expressed in the written instrument of conveyance, and thereafter the mining, cutting, and removal of the minerals and timber so excepted and reserved shall be done only under and in obedience to the rules and regulations so expressed. Sec. 10. That inasmuch as small areas of land chiefly valuable for agriculture may of necessity or by inadvertence be included in tracts acquired under this Act, the Secretary of Agriculture may, in his discretion, and he is hereby authorized, upon appli- cation or otherwise, to examine and ascertain the location and extent of such areas as in his opinion may be occupied for agricultural purposes without injury to the forests or to stream flow and which are not needed for public purposes, and may list and describe the same by metes aad bounds, or otherwise, and offer them for sale as home- steads at their true value, to be fixed by him, to actual settlers, in tracts not exceeding eighty acres in area, under such joint rules and regulations as the Secretary of Agricul- ture and the Secretary of the Interior may prescribe; and in case of such sale the jurisdiction over the lands sold shall, ipso facto, revert to the State in which the lands sold lie. And no right, title, interest, or claim in or to any lands acquired under this Act, or the waters thereon, or the products, resources, or use thereof after such lands shall have been so acquired, shall be initiated or perfected, except as in this section provided. Sec. 11. That, subject to the provisions of the last preceding section, the lands acquired under this Act shall be permanently reserved, held, and administered as national forest lands under the provisions of section twenty-four of the Act approved March third, eighteen hundred and ninety-one (volume twenty-sixth, Statutes at Large. page eleven hundred and three), and Acts supplemental to and amendatory thereof. And the Secretary of Agriculture may from time to time divide the lands acquired under this Act into such specific national forests and so designate the same as he may deem best for administrative purposes. Sec. 12. That the jurisdiction, both civil and criminal, over persons upon the lands acquired under this Act shall not be affected or changed by their permanent reservation and administration as national forest lands, except so far as the punishment of offenses against the United States is concerned, the intent and meaning of this section being that the State wherein such land is situated shall not, by reason of such reservation and administration, lose its jurisdiction nor the inhabitants thereof their rights and privileges as citizens or be absolved from their duties as citizens of the State. Sec. 13. That five per centum of all moneys received during any fiscal year from each national forest into which the lands acquired under this Act may from time to time be divided shall be paid, at the end of such year, by the Secretary of the Treasury to the State in which such national forest is situated, to be expended as the state legislature may prescribe for the benefit of the public schools and public roads of the county or counties in which such national forest is situated: Provided, That when any national forest is in more than one State or county the distributive share to each from the proceeds of such forest shall be proportional to its area therein: Provided further, That there shall not be paid to any State for any county an amount equal to more than forty per centum of the total income of such county from all other sources. Sec. 14. That a sum sufficient to pay the necessary expenses of the commission and its members, not to exceed an annual expenditure of twenty-five thousand dollars, is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated. Said appropriation shall be immediately available, and shall be paid out on the audit and order of the president of the said commission, which audit and order shall be con- clusive and binding upon all departments as to the correctness of the accounts of said commission. Passed the House of Representatives June 23 (calendar day, June 24), 1910. Passed the Senate February 15, 1911. EDITORIAL THE APPALACHIAN BILL as the Weeks, or Appalachian, bill ends the first stage of a long struggle for national forests in the eastern mountains, a struggle that began in 1899. The bill now enacted bears little resemblance to those that preceded it up to the time of the Sixtieth Congress, although its purpose has been well understood to be the same, that is, the perpetuation of forests upon the great watersheds of the Appalachian ridge. It is a general law, providing for no particular locality, but there can hardly be a question raised as to its intent or as to the regions which are in present need of action by the nation. Imperfect as it admittedly is, this new forest law marks a distinct step © fee? passage by the Senate on Wednesday of the bill commonly known in advance, and may be said in some sense to be the beginning of a new de- — parture in that it makes our national forest policy really national, although the application of the principle under the new law is greatly circumscribed. This aspect of the question is discussed in another connection. Under its provisions much good may be accomplished in the nature of forest preservation and protection if it is broadly and generously interpreted by its administrators; but it has been frankly admitted by its advocates that it is acceptable only as a beginning and a means of testing the application of a most important economic principle. As passed by the House last June, the bill carried an appropriation for — the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910, of one million dollars, and for each suc- © ceeding year until 1915 of two million dollars annually, making an aggregate of eleven million dollars. Because of legislative conditions, it was necessary to pass the bill in the Senate without amendment and this provision was there- fore unchanged. It is, therefore, probable that the first million dollars which was allotted for 1910 will be lost and that only ten million will be available for the purposes of the act. It is not certain, however, that the intent of the bill may not be considered and the full appropriation made available. The passage of the bill is a notable triumph of enlightened public senti- ment over political obstruction. Here was a measure which had the endorse- — ment of three successive Presidents of the United States, of intelligent citizen- ship all over the land, as voiced by practically every great national organiza- tion that is working for the public welfare, by commercial and industrial : bodies, by the federated women’s clubs of America and an almost unanimous periodical and newspaper press. Notwithstanding such support as would seem to have assured its prompt enactment, it met in Congress from year to year a most stubborn opposition, directed by the leaders of the party organiza- tions on both sides of the House. In the Senate there was a bitter sectional hostility from the northwest, which finally melted away leaving Senators Heyburn of Idaho and Clark of Wyoming, as its sole exponents. Notwith- standing its importance to the south, there was from that section a consider- able opposition on the part of adherents of a strict, old-fashioned states rights- ism, and the unfavorable influence of party leaders was strong in the middle 168 EDITORIAL 169 west. So far as evidence has appeared, this opposition in our national legis- lature has had no support outside of Congress, and it is remarkable that it has held out so long against an unusually broad, national and non-partisan public demand. It is a weakness of the American people to develop great enthusiasms, embody them in law and then forget them, to become absorbed in their daily vocations and in fresh interests. This disposition has nullified many good laws. Let it be remembered in this hour of triumph that the ultimate success of this new forest law will depend upon the continued interest and intelligent support of those whose efforts have secured its enactment. In the face of pub- lic indifference it will become a useless instrument. Forcefully and intelli- gently sustained, it may be the beginning of greater good to the people of the whole country than even its most ardent friends have claimed. ITS CONSTITUTIONAL ASPECT HE new forest law in its present form must be regarded as partial, since it provides for maintaining forest cover only on drainage areas neces- sary for “conserving the navigability of navigable rivers.” This is in deference to an opinion given by the Judiciary Committee of a former House of Representatives, and to the views of many constitutional lawyers as to the powers of the general government. We have always deemed it unfortunate that the discussion of this great public question was forced as a matter of ex- pediency into so narrow a channel by the dictum of a political committee which is in no sense a judicial body, although made up of very able lawyers. Its members sit upon the committee as advocates rather than as judges in many cases, and this was especially true in connection with the Appalachian bill, which involved so many points of controversy and had aroused strong feeling. At the time that the opinion was rendered upon the Appalachian bill, several members of the committee, including its chairman, represented the spirit of intense hostility to the measure which guided the action of the lead- ers of the House organization. Under these circumstances we could hardly expect that an opinion would be rendered such as we should look for from the Supreme Court of the United States. The views expressed by the committee are not unquestioned and we be- lieve that time will teach the American people that an adequate timber supply, the preservation of the flow of streams for water power and the public health, and the sanitary influence of the mountain forests, are as necessary to the people as the navigability of their rivers, that is, that they are essential to the gen- eral welfare. In the debate last summer in the House no arguments for the bill were more gratifying than those of Mr. Mann of Illinois and General Keifer of Ohio, both of whom took a strong stand for the power of the general government to preserve our forests on the eround of the general welfare. Hoke Smith, Secretary of the Interior under President Cleveland and twice elected governor of Georgia, is on record with a similar declaration. None of these men is a radical, or a dangerous loose constructionist. They have with them many lawyers equally able and learned with those on the other side. It is the lesson of our whole history from the time of the Louisiana Purchase, made by the greatest of all the strict constructionists, that when a great national need has arisen, the provisions of the Constitution have been found to be ample to safeguard the nation. In academic constitutional discussions, the general wel- fare clause is but little regarded. When practical need arises, it is realized that the wise and cautious statesmen who debated almost every word of our great instrument of government, did not insert those words for mere verbiage. They knew what some lesser interpreters of the Constitution seem to forget, 170 AMERICAN FORESTRY that any such instrument, to be permanent, must provide for national growth and changing conditions. Nothing is more instructive in our history than the prophetic vision with which Washington, Jefferson, Marshall and others of our elder statesmen, looked forward through the years to the development of the nation they were founding. They would never have circumscribed that development by any provision which could have prevented the guarding of the people’s welfare against any unfavorable conditions that might arise. The nation that can purchase lands for national parks, as has been done several times, can purchase lands for national forests to maintain a permanent timber supply, protect our waterpowers and preserve the public health, whether such forests affect the navigability of navigable rivers or not. It was decided by the Supreme Court in the Gettysburg case that the national govern- ment could purchase land for the inculcation of patriotism. This was a broad interpretation, but one which need not cause terror in the heart of any citizen of the United States or admirer of the Constitution. It is distinetly in the line of the maintenance of national dignity and good citizenship. Not to go back to old purchases of land in the early history of the country which have already been cited, to provide timber for the Navy, there are on record the following purchases of land within recent years which certainly do not come under the interstate commerce clause in any sense: Sully’s Hill Na- tional Park, North Dakota, was purchased from the Devil’s Lake Indians by virtue of an act dated April 27, 1904. Platt National Park was purchased from the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians by authority of acts dated July 1, 1902, and April 21, 1904. The National Bison Range on the Flathead Indian Reservation was authorized by act dated May 23, 1908. By this act $30,000 was appropriated to enable the Secretary of the Interior to pay the confeder- ated tribes for the land according to an act dated April 23, 1904. The same act provided ten thousand dollars for fencing the range and putting up build- — ings. An act dated March 4, 1909, provided $47,000 for the maintenance of the Montana Bison Range. If the government can do these things with its money, it is idle to claim that it cannot spend it equally for lands in any of the states of the Union for the important economic purposes connected with forestry as understood in these modern times. The fact is, we strain at gnats and swallow camels in — appropriation of money for national purposes, and whenever it suits legis- lators to oppose a measure which is otherwise meritorious, the ery of uncon- stitutionality is almost always resorted to. Notwithstanding all the agitation, argument, and education of recent years, we have much to learn as a people in ‘regard to the economic importance and necessity of scientific forestry. This — lesson is being rapidly learned, however, and when it is fully understood the resulting enlightenment will lead to a development of our forest policy which will not endanger the Constitution, but will give greater permanence to the nation, strengthen the United States treasury, and infinitely add to our re- sources as a people in the years to come. PROFESSOR GLENN’S REPORT HE comprehensive report of Professor L. C. Glenn on denudation and erosion in the Southern Appalachian region and Monongahela basin, which is briefly reviewed this month, comes most appropriately at this time when the long sought law making possible national action to preserve the forests of this region has been enacted. The report is a mine of informa- tion which will now “be of the greatest service. Professor Glenn’s first-hand knowledge on the subjects treated in the report has not been equaled by any EDITORIAL 171 one, and the authority of his statements has not been successfully challenged. Here we have the expert testimony of a competent geologist, based on a long and patient reconnaissance on the ground, as to the actual soil conditions in these important drainage areas. The report has a direct bearing on the work of salvage and development now to be undertaken by the general government. THE OWNERSHIP OF TIMBERLANDS HE first part of the long awaited report of the Commissioner of Cor- porations on the lumber industry is a document of great interest. The facts which it presents are not new or surprising to those who were at all informed on the subject, although they probably are to the country at large. They show in a striking way the facilities which our public land methods have offered for the development of large, private holdings; that the government, in fact, has been engineering a magnificent get-rich-quick enter- prise from which many men have naturally profited. It also points out the possible consequence in the future of development along the same line. This is what really concerns us as a practical problem. What is done cannot be undone. What is to be done is at least partially within our control. The first deduction, and the only one to which we now wish to call atten- tion, is the unanswerable argument that this large control of our timber- lands by a few private holders makes for the maintenance on as large a scale as possible of national forests and of state forests in every state for the se- curity of the people’s interest by maintaining healthy conditions in the lumber industry. This is the only practicable check that can be put upon the power of great private owners. AMERICAN CONSERVATION HE new magazine announced sometime ago by the National Conserva- tion Association has appeared for the month of February under the title American Conservation. It should be a valuable instrument for the association that publishes it in keeping its public in touch with various phases of the conservation work. We extend to it a cordial welcome and the best wishes of American Forustry for wisdom to guide its course and power to enforce the great principles for which it stands. CURRENT LITERATURE REVIEWS Denudation and Erosion in the Southern Appalachian Region and the Mononga- hela Basin. By Leonidas Chalmers Glenn. Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey. Pro- fessional paper 72. Page 137, Washing- ton, Government Printing Office, 1911. This report, as stated in the introduc- tion, presents “a brief summary of the re- sults of an examination of the Southern Appalachian region during the field sea- sons of 1904 and 1905, and of the Monon- gahela Basin in West Virginia and Penn- sylvania in 1907, made for the purpose of studying the effect of deforestation and consequent erosion of the steep mountain slopes on geologic, hydrologic and economic conditions, both in the mountain region itself and in the surrounding areas through which the many streams that rise in the high Appalachians flow on their way to the Mississippi, the Gulf or the Atlantic.” It will be seen from this statement how important a bearing this report has upon the subject of the preservation of the Ap- palachian forests which has been so much before the public and so much a matter of controversy during the last few years. Pro- fessor Glenn’s method was closely scientific. He traveled from valley to valley through the southern mountains, noting and re- cording with great exactness hillside and mountainside wash and wear, soil removal by gullying and soil burial by overwash and stream overflow, the filling of mill- ponds and the wrecking of dams and bridges, and numerous other evils that are attributed by many observers to reck- less deforestation and injudicious attempts to cultivate slopes that are not adapted to agriculture. The report is liberally il- lustrated from photographs that show in the most graphic manner the conditions described. His studies included parts of eight states, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee and Alabama. Pro- fessor Glenn holds that the problems studied by him from the standpoint of the geologist must be solved by methods that relate chiefly to forestry and to agriculture. The agricultural problem involves the se- lection of the areas best suited for agri- culture because of fertility and character of soil and moderate slope of surface, and 172 the study of the ways in which such areas may be handled to prevent their own de- struction through erosion, as well as the destruction of other lands and property by the waste material they deposit and the floods they help to generate. Among other facts noted in the course of his study was the interesting one that steep slopes formed of certain rocks can be safely cultivated, while others no steeper, composed of other rocks, were cultivated with disastrous re- sults. Much of the area examined is not suit- able for agricultural land and should not be cleared and forced into agricultural use, because that forcing means destruction both of the area itself and of the lower- lying areas on the same stream. Such misuse means also slower but none the © less sure interference with navigation on the more remote parts of the major stream system. The report describes the physical fea- tures of the country examined, discusses the relation of industries to erosion and denudation, taking up in succession agri- + + culture, lumbering, mining, and power de- — velopment. The nature, effect and reme- dies of erosion are considered and several pages are given to a discussion of the de- © bated subject of changes in stream regi- men. Professor Glenn says that “the for- ester would protect steep slopes by keeping — them clothed with timber, coax back tree growth on denuded areas, keep down forest — fires, protect and perpetuate the supply of hard wood, protect the game and fish, and enhance the beauty and charm of the region ~ as a health and pleasure resort, as well as prevent the navigable streams that flow from these mountains from filling up with © the sand and silt whose removal is now costing annually large sums of money.” Then follows a study of the details of — conditions in the region, prefaced by a de- scription of the method of treatment. This, with a table of streams and the index, occupies the remaining hundred pages of the report. We shall probably have occasion from time to time to make use of the facts in this report, which is a valuable reference volume and should be near the hand of everyone who is engaged in the study of the problems connected with these moun- tains. It can be obtained by application to the Director of the Geological Survey. CURRENT LITERATURE 173 MONTHLY LIST FOR FEBRUARY, 1911 (Books and periodicals indexed in the Library of the United States Forest Service) Forestry as a Whole Forbes, A. C. The development of British forestry. 274 p., pl. London, England, E. Arnold, 1910. Schermbeek, A. J. van. WBinige leitsatze beztiglich der forstwissenschaftlichen forschung. 30 p., il. Bruxelles, Ch. Bulens, 1910. (Internationaler ver- band forstlicher versuchanstalten. Pub- lication.) Forest Education Forest schools India—Imperial forest college, Dehra Dun. Progress report for 1909-1910. 23 p. Calcutta, Supt. of government printing, 1910. India—Imperial forest research institute. Progress report for 1909-1910. 25 p. Calcutta, Supt. of government printing, 1910. St. Petersburgh—Lyesnoi institut (Forest institute). Izvyestiya (Contributions), vol. 20. 152 p. St. Petersburgh, 1910. Forest Legislation Zaleman, Nikolai, comp. lLyesnoi ustav (Forest laws). 2 volumes in 1. St. Petersburgh, 1910. Forest Description Hutchins, D. E. Report on Cyprus for- estry. 93 p., pl. fold. map. London, Waterlow & Sons, I’t’d., 1909. Forest Botany Deutsche dendrologische gesellschaft. teilung, no. 19. 410 p.. il. Poppelsdorf, Germany, 1910. Jepson, Willis Linn. The silva of Cali- fornia. 480 p. Berkeley, Cal., 1910. (University of California. Memoirs, vol. 2). Maiden, J. H. The forest flora of New South Wales, pt. 41. 20 p. pl. Syd- ney, Govt. printer, 1910. Winkenwerder, Hugo. Short keys to the more important trees and shrubs of Oregon and Washington. 8 p. Seattle, Wash., University of Washington. Mit- Bonn- Silvics Forest influences Glenn, Leonidas Chalmers. Denudation and erosion in the southern Appalach- ian region. 137 p. pl., maps. Wash., D. C., 1911. (U.S. Geological survey. Professional paper 72.) Studies of species Vadas, Eugéne. Die bedeutung der robinie (Robinia pseudacacia) ftir die forst- wirtschaft Ungarns. 18 p. pl., diagr. Selmecbanya, Hungary, J. Agost 6zvy. és Fia, 1910. (Internationaler ver- band _ fforstlicher versuchsanstalten. Publication. ) Zederbauer, Emmerich. Zusammenfassung der resultate tiber die in Mariabrunn ausgefuhrten versuche betreffend weiss- fohren verschiedener provenienz. 2 p. Mariabrunn, Austria, 1910. (Interna- tionaler verband forstlicher versuch- sanstalten. Publication.) Seeds Crahay, N. I. La question des semences en sylviculture. 14 p. Bruxelles, F. van Buggenhoudt, 1910. (Interna- tionaler verband forstlicher versuch- sanstalten. Publication.) Engler, Arnold. Influence de la provenance des graines du pin sylvestre; recapitu- lation des résultats obtenus jusqu’ici par la Station suisse de recherches forestiéres. 14 p. Bruxelles, Ch. Bulens, 1910. (Internationaler ver- band forstlicher versuchsanstalten. Publication.) Forest soils Bihler, Anton. Untersuchungen iiber die bildung von waldhumus. 70 p. Stutt- gart, E. Ulmer, 1900. (Wiirtember- gische forstliche versuchsanstalt. Mit- teilungen, 2. heft.) Roth, Jules and Zemplén, Géza. Beitrige zur stickstoffaufnahme des waldes. 20 p. Bruxelles, F. van Buggenhoudt, 1910. (Internationaler verband forst- licher versuchsanstalten. Publica- tion.) Vater, H. Die erforschung des zulangens der nahrstoffe im waldboden. 7 p. Brux- elles, Ch. Bulens, 1910. (Internation- aler verband forstlicher versuchsan- stalten. Publication.) Forest fertilizing Grahay, N. I. and Durieux. engrais chimiques en_ sylviculture; résultat des expériences. 31 p. pil. Bruxelles, F. van Buggenhoudt, 1910. (Internationaler verband forstlicher versuchsanstalten. Publication.) Schwappach, Adam. L’emploi des engrais dans la grande culture forestiére. 14 p. Bruxelles, Ch. Bulens, 1910. (In- ternationaler verband forstlicher ver- suchanstalten. Publication.) Verstraete, O. Plan-type de champs d’ex- périences & établir sur l’emploi des en- grais en sylviculture. 14 p., diagr. Bruxelles, L. Pternotte, 1910. (Inter- nationaler verband forstlicher versuch- sanstalten. Publication.) Forest experiment stations Sweden—Forstliche versuchsanstalt. teilungen, heft 7. 238 p. il. holm, Sweden, 1910. L’emploi des Mit- Stock- 174 Forest Protection Insects Chittenden, F. H. The oak pruner. 7 p. il. Wash., D. C., 1910. (U. S. Dept. of agriculture, Bureau of entomology. Circular 130.) Diseases Mayr, Heinrich. Schiittekrankheit und provenienz der fohre (kiefer). 11 p. Miinchen, Kastner and Callwey, 1910. (Internationaler verband forstlicher versuchsanstalten. Publication.) Fire MacMillan, H. R. and Gutches, G. A. Forest fires in Canada. 40 p. il. Ottawa, 1910. (Canada, Dept. of the interior, Forestry branch. Bulletin 9.) Forest Management Poskin, Arthur. Conversion des peuple- ments purs d’épicéa en peuplements mé- langés. 14 p. Bruxelles. F. van Bug- genhoudt, 1910. (Internationaler ver- band forstlicher versuchstanstalten. Publication.) Quairiére, C. J. Des mélanges d’essences feuillues a réaliser dans les futaies de hétre. 13 p. Bruxelles, F. van Bug- genhoudt, 1910. (Internationaler ver- band forstlicher versuchsanstalten. Publication. ) Statistics United States, Bureau of the census. Cross- ties purchased, 1909. 11 p. Wash., D. C., 1911. (Forest products, no. 8.) United States, Bureau of the census. Pulp- wood consumption, 1909. 15 p. Wash., D. C., 1911. (Forest products, no. 1.) Forest Administration British Columbia, Royal commission of inquiry on timber and forestry, 1909- 1910. Final report. 116 p. il, pl. diagr., fold. map. Victoria, B. C., 1910. Canada, Dept. of the interior, Forestry branch. Report of the Supt. of for- estry, 1909-1910. 77 p. pl. Ottawa, 1910. Maine, Forest commission. WHighth report. 111 p. il., pl. Augusta, Me., 1910. New Hampshire, Forestry commission. Bi- ennial report for the years 1909-1910. 105 p. pl., maps. Concord, N. H., 1910. Philippine Islands, Bureau of forestry. An- nual report of the director of forestry for the period July 1, 1909, to June 30, 1910. 25 p. Manila, P. I., 1910. United States, Forest service. January field program, 1911. 34 p. Wash. 1D (ey ale nlite Wisconsin, State forester. Report for 1909 and 1910. 136 p. Madison, Wis., 1910. AMERICAN FORESTRY Forest Utilization Crumley, J. J. The relative durability of post timbers. 36 p. il. Wooster, O., 1910. (Ohio, Agricultural experiment station. Bulletin 219.) Ricard, J. H. Au Pays Landais; exploita- tion des foréts résineuses. 252 p. il, map. Paris, J. B. Bailliére et fils, 1911. Auxiliary Subjects Irrigation National irrigation congress. Official pro- ceedings, 18th. 412 p. Pueblo, Colo., 1910. Periodical Articles General Bulletin of the Pan American union, Jan., 1911.—Cocoanuts in the Americas, by Charles Melville Brown, p. 23. Canadian century, Jan. 7, 1911.—Further reciprocity in timber products unneces- sary, by H. R. Macmillan, p. 10. Collier’s weekly, Dec. 17, 1910.—Exploring the Philippine forests, by C. A. Gil- christ, p. 14. Country life in America, Jan., 1911.—Our native trees; the red cedar, by A. O. Huntington, p. CXCIV, CXCVI. Field and stream, Nov., 1910.—European forestry, by W. H. Miller, p. 618728. Illustrirte zeitung, Nov., 1910.—Die hoéheren forstlichen bildungsstatten in Deutsch- land, Osterreich, Ungarn und der Schweiz, by A. Remelé, p. 21-4. Muhlenbergia, Nov., 1910.—The limber pine, by A. A. Heller, p. 128-32. ‘ Plant world, Dec., 1910.—Notes on growth of pine seedlings, by J. C. Blumer, p. 296-7. Proceedings of American society of civil engineers, January, 1911—Timber preservation, its development and pres- ent scope; discussion, by R. Lamb and J. M. Schreiber, p. 141-51. Progress magazine, Dec., 1910—Conserva- ees tion of the Christmas tree, by Cather- — ine Frances Cavanagh, p. 9-12. Rural spirit, Jan. 25, 1911.—Live stock grazing as fires, by D. P. Smythe, p. 3-6. Scientific American, Jan. 7, 1911.—Breed- ing successful strains of basket wil- lows, p. 20-1. Scientific American, Jan. 21, 1911.—Drain- insurance against forest © ing the Everglades, by D. A. Willey, p. 67. Torreya, Jan., 1911—Additions to the tree flora of the United States, by J. K. Small, p. 11-14. Trade journals and consular reports American lumberman, Jan. 14, 1911.—Fell- ing trees with hot wires, by A. Scheible, p. 41; New source of pulp; efforts of the federal government to extend and CURRENT LITERATURE economize manufacture, p. 42-3; Wis- consin engaged in practical reforesta- tion, p. 43; Strength, durability, adapt- ability of white oak, p. 1, 83. American lumberman, Jan. 21, 1911.— Manufacture and use of lumber in China, by O. M. Clark, p. 36-7; To pre- vent waste; new process invented and in operation to conserve material in the manufacture of wood pulp, p. 39; Inspectors’ work, by J. W. Martin, p. 56 American lumberman, Jan. 28, 1911.—Log- ging yellow pine, by W. T. Whiteman, p. 41; largest government timber land sale; federal authorities dispose of over two hundred thousand acres in California, p. 44; Why natural repro- duction is better than planting, by A. Akerman, p. 81; Conservation of the state’s timber resources, by C. W. Fair- banks, p. 84-5; Cypress and its uses, by A. T. Gerrans, p. 85. Canada lumberman, Jan. 1, 1911.—Passing of the square timber trade, p. 24-6. Engineering and mining journal, Dec. 31, 1910—Combination steel and wood mine timbers, p. 1293-4: Creosote as a timber preservative, p. 1295. Engineering news, Dec. 29, 1910.—Repaving the “Loop” district in Chicago with creosoted wood block, by W. W. Marr, p. 718-22. Engineering news, Jan. 5, 1911.—Marine wood destroyers in the waters of the South Atlantic ports, by W. D. Fau- cette, p. 12-13. Hardwood record, Feb. 10, 1911.—Band saw- + ing, by E. C. Marshon, p. 69-71. Lumber trade journal, Jan. 15, 1911.—Eco- nomical stump destruction a problem, p. 27-9. Municipal journal and engineer, Jan. ible 1911.—0il for preserving wood blocks, p. 54-5. Municipal journal and engineer, Jan. 25, 1911.—Work of Buffalo’s forestry dept., by H. B. Filer, p. 115-17; Creosoting wood blocks in England, p. 122. Pacific lumber trade journal, Jan., 1911.— Possibilities of Pacific Coast logging by electricity, by F. Mackean, p. 45-6; Logging chances in national forests of Pacific northwest, by G. H. Cecil, p. 47-8; Our logged-off land problem and its solution, by C. J. Zintheo, p. 55-61. Pioneer western lumberman, Jan. 15, 1911. —Cut-over lands west of the Cascade Mts., by G. H. Emerson, p. 13, 15. Pioneer western lumberman, Feb. 1, 1911. —Patrol methods, telephone lines, trail building and supply depots, by D. P. Simons, p. 7. Railway and engineering review, Jan. 21, 1911.—Depths of penetration in wood preservation, by D. Allerton, p. 44-5. Railway journal, Feb., 1911.—Results ob- tained in prolonging life of railway tie, by F. J. Angier, p. 7-8. 175 Southern lumberman, Jan. 21, 1911.—Yel- low pine from log to dry kiln and yard, by W. W. Warren, p. 31; Yellow pine drying in dry kiln and on yard, by F. R. Gilchrist, p. 32-3; Address on con- servation in Louisiana, by H. T. Hardt- ner, p. 33-4, Timberman, Jan., 1911.—Pioneer lumbering in Montana; story of early days graphi- cally told, by A. M. Holter, p. 20-24; The climber locomotive, p. 29; Com- mercial opportunities in China for trade development and expansion, by O. M. Clark, p. 35-9; Portable tree felling machine, p. 48L; Lumber trade of Australia; large importations of American product, p. 52. United States daily consular report, Feb. 2, 1911—Foreign lumber in Natal, by BE. S. Cunningham, p. 448. United States daily consular report, Feb. 4, 1911—White oak staves and timber in foreign countries, by J. I. Brittain and others, p. 465-70. United States daily consular report, Feb. 10, 1911.—Paper in the far east, by G. kK. Anderson and others, p. 549-50; Wood pulp and paper in Japan, by T. Sammons, p. 551. United States daily consular report, Feb. 15, 1911.—Timbering in eastern Siberia, by L. Maynard, p. 618-21. West Coast lumberman, Jan. 1911.—Tree felling machine, p. 195. Wood craft, Feb. 1911.—English oak; its place, peculiarities and power, p. 154-6. Wood worker, Jan. 1911.—The making of hardwood mantels, by G. D. Crain, p. 27; An electric tree-felling machine, by A. Scheible, p. 34-5. Forest journals Allegemeine forst- und jagd-zeitung, Dec. 1910.—Untersuchungen und betrachtun- gen Uber das verhalten der humusart- en, by C. Emeis, p. 425-32. American forestry, Feb. 1911.—Present for- estry issues, by Curtis Guild, jr., p. 67- 81; Shall states regulate the manage- ment of private forests, by H. H. Chap- man, p. 82-8; City trees and their re- lation to forestry, by J. J. Levison, p. 91-8; American forestry association; 13th annual meeting in Washington, Jan. 12 and 18, 1911, p. 99-116; The forestry problem of to-day, by H. S. Graves, p. 111-14. Canadian forestry journal, Dec. 1910.—¥For- estry for municipalities, by H. R. Mac- Millan, p. 99-104; Ontario’s forest fires, by J. F. Whitson, p. 107-9; A uniform log rule for all Canada, by A. H. D. Ross, p. 110-13. Centralblatt fiir das gesamte forstwesen, Nov. 1910.—Ueber das wesen des wald- kapitales und tiber die ermittlung von durchschnittlichen waldrenten, by A. Schiffel, p. 475-85; Neues aus der na- turgesschichte des maulwurfes, by F. Knauer, p. 485-92; Moosdecke und holz- zuwachs, by Béhmerle, p. 523-6; Vor- gange bei der holzverkohlung in mei- lern und .ei der trockenen destillation des holzes, by F. Denz, p. 526-48. Forest leaves, Feb. 1911—Some_ recent phases of the forestry problem, by J. T. Rothbrock, p. 8 14. Forestry quarterly, Dec. 1910.—Two new in- sect pests in Nebraska, by L. Bruner and M. H. Swenk, p. 411-14; The pro- gress of reconnaissance, by A. B. Reck- nagel, p. 415-18; Determination of qual- ity of locality by fiber length of wood, by GC. D. Mell, p. 419-22; Exploiting tele- graph poles in Colorado, by A. T. Up- son, p. 423-6; A comparison of Maine and Blodgett log rules, by I. G. Stetson, p. 427-32; Water powers in the north- west, by W. E. Herring, p. 433-8; For- estry in Ohio, by E. C. Hirst, p. 439-49; New Jersey forests and forestry, by D. EB. Lyon, p. 450-61; Height and domi- nance of the Douglas fir, by T. C. Frye, p. 465-70; Forest and soils of Caldwell parish, Louisiana, by J. A. Larsen, p. 462-4. Forstwissenschaftliches centralblatt, Jan. 1911.—Schiittekrankheit und proven- ienz der fGhre, by H. Mayr, p. 1-14; Ueber diingung im forstlichen betriebe, by Helbig, p. 40-2. Hawaiian forester and agriculturist, Jan. 1911.—The part played by the forest in conservation, by R. S. Hosmer, p. 10-13. Indian forest records, 1909.—The sylvicul- ture of Hardwickia binata, by D. O. Witt, p. 75-135; Germination and growth of sandal seedlings, by R. S. M. Rama Rao, p. 137-57. Ohio forester, Jan., 1911—A rare and dan- gerous disease of pine trees, by B. Fink, p. 5; Planting forest tree seedlings, by AMERICAN FORESTRY H. C. Rogers, p. 5-7; A plan for the treatment of the woodlot of Eugene Cranz, by E. Secrest, p. 7-10; Forestry as a profession, by C. H. Goetz, p. 11-12. Quarterly journal of forestry, Jan. 1911.— The roadside poplar in Belgium, by E. R. Pratt, p. 3-9; Forests of the far west, by H. R. Beevor, p. 9-17; Valuation of standing timber, by W. Forbes, p. 17- 27; The oak forests of Sclavonia, by H. J. Elwes, p. 27-34; Some measure- ments of larcn in the Forest of Dean and neighborhood, by C. O. Hanson, p. 34-42; Acclimitization of trees, by W. R. Fisher, p. 42-4; Sixth conference of the International union of forestry ex- — perimental stations, by W. Somerville, — p. 45-8; Royal English arboricultural society’s excursion to Ireland, 1910, p. 49-68; Mr. W. R. Fisher, p. 79-83. 4 Revue des eaux et foréts, Dec. 1, 1910.— Un nouvel ennemi du méléze, by EH. ~ Henry, p. 705-10; Les bois de lutherie 4 Mirecourt, Vosges, by Claudot, p. j 710-13. ; Revue des eaux et foréts, Dec. 15, 1910.— Le jardinage est-il rentable, by A. S., p. ni e 737-8. Revue des eaux et fcréts, Jan. 1. 1911— ~ Les foréts de l’arrondissement d’Al-_ bertville, by D. Mourral, p. 1-20.* i Schweizerische zeitschrift ftir forstwesen, Dec. 1910.—Die hagelfrequenz in der ~ Schweiz, by J. Mauer, p. 345-52; Weiche und harte bedachung, by F. Fankhau- ser, p. 358-65. , Zeitschrift fiir forst- und jagd-wesen, Dec. 1910.—Die witterung in Eberswalde im jahre 1909, by J. Schubert, p. 722-9; — Forstliche buchfitihrung, by Kautz, p. — 749-54: Der Werdauer wald im 16, jahrhundert, by F. Tetzner, p. 757-770. — NATIONAL FOREST WORK The Resignation of District Forester Chapman CG. S. Chapman, district forester of Dis- trict 5, United States Forest Service, has resigned from the Service to become secre- tary of the Oregon Forest Fire Association. He is succeeded as district forester by George H. Cecil, formerly associate district forester. In one sense Mr. Chapman’s resignation is a loss to the Forest Service and to the government. In another it is a gain, for he carries into his new field of work the principles and methods of the Service and through him these are really extended over a broader field. It is worthy of note that when these large associations of lumbermen in the Northwest undertake to deal with this problem of fire protection and forestry on a large scale, they select men from the Forest Service to take charge of the work. This is not only a high com- pliment to the efficiency of the Service and the value of its work, but it is the best possible answer to the criticisms of the Service that are so frequently made by politicians and others in that section of the country. Mr. Chapman entered the Forest Service in 1900 when not over a dozen men were employed in its work. He, therefore, represents all the best tra- ditions which have grown up in the Service. Grazing Examiners Examinations, which were held February 23 and 24 for three grazing examiners for the Forest Service, indicate the establish- ment of a new position in the Service. These positions will pay a salary of twelve hundred dollars a year at entrance. The applicants must be at least twenty years old and possessed of not less than one season’s experience in handling range stock, together with one year of technical training in specialized botanical study. Through the work of these examiners it is intended to make every acre of nationul forest range produce as much forest as it is capable of doing, consistently with the carrying out of the other purposes for which the na- tional forests are maintained. In times past the ranges have been abused by over- crowding. To enable overgrazed areas to recuperate and to prevent the extension of overgrazed conditions in new areas, the amount of stock was everywhere carefully prescribed. The results were then observed and if it appeared that there was still dver-use of the range, the numbers were cut down still further. On the other hand, where recuperation had taken place the allowance of stock was correspondingly in- creased. Through the appointment of trained botanists and men of practical ex- perience, the best scientific knowledge will be applied to the study of the problems of forage production and utilization in the forests. It is hoped by the introduction of new forage plants to increase the area of range available. National Forest Fire Losses and Range Use The final reports by national forest offi- cers of their examination of lands burned over in the forest fires of last summer in Washington and Oregon show that the national forest timber loss in these states is about 700,000,000 feet, somewhat less than was indicated by the estimates made shortly after the fires. Of the forests in these states that on which the fires extended over the greatest area was the Colville, where 160,000 acres were burned. These fires were chiefly surface fires which are far less destructive than fires which travel through the crowns of the trees. It is considered by the forest officers that the fires in this forest show the value, from the standpoint of fire pre- vention, of proper utilization of the range under regulated grazing. Large parts of this forest and also of the Chelan, Ok- anogan and other forests are not used by stock because of their inaccessibility. The dry grass and other herbage both spread the flames and made them fiercer and more destructive than they would have been if the land had been grazed. One of the ob- jects of national forest administration is to open all available range to the fullest use consistent with the preservation and protection of forest growth and water supply. An Eucalyptus Experiment The rangers of the United States Forest Service, under the direction of F. M. Grant, are to make an experiment in the planting of eucalyptus in the southern California foot-hills. One hundred thousand trees of selected and hardy varieties are to be set out where they cannot be irrigated and will be left to shift for themselves. This is wholly an experiment and represents an effort to put into use large areas of soil that is proven to be fertile by its perennial crop of undergrowth but is useless for any ordinary purposes because of its rough- 177 178 ness and inaccessibility. The trial plant- ings are to be made on about seventy acres in the bottom of little Tujunta canyon, northwest of Sunland, one hundred acres in the foot-hills beyond Del Rosa in San Bernardino County, and about fifty acres in Santa Ana canyon. The Experimental Wood Pulp Mill ' The experimental ground wood pulp mill which the United States Forest Service has been equipping at Wausau, Wisconsin, in cooperation with the American Pulp and Paper Association, has begun to grind. The carrying on of the tests now announced as under way was provided for by a special appropriation, placed at the disposal of the Secretary of Agriculture by Congress last winter, to conduct tests of the suitability for paper making of plants and woods which seem likely to become valuable sources of supply of new material. Secretary Wilson considered that the best use which could be made of this money would be to conduct experiments on a commercial scale, with various kinds of wood. Some of these have already been studied in the laboratory, and found to be intrinsically suitable for pulp manu- facture. Indeed, the Forest Service has actually made paper by one of the chemical processes from several of them. But in order to know whether they can profitably be utilized, under present conditions, it is necessary to test them under methods of manufacture comparable to those employed in actual business operations. In particu- lar, it is desired to find out to what extent new woods can be used for ground pulp, the cost of which is usually less than that of chemical pulp. The Wausau mill has been built espe- cially for the use of the government as long as the experiments may require. Its in- side dimensions are 40 by 100 feet, and it is equipped with electrical machinery and all necessary apparatus of the most up-to- date type. Part of the equipment is con- tributed by the American Pulp and Paper Association, and part is furnished by the government. The association will also fur- nish the wood for the tests. The wood now on hand includes carload lots of jack pine, spruce, hemlock, and tamarack. The jack pine is to be the first wood tested. AMERICAN FORESTRY While the experiments are intended to cover woods from all parts of the country which, from the standpoint of physical properties and available supplies, promise to furnish new material for the paper- making industry, a special point will be made of tests of Western woods which are abundant in the national forests. There are enormous supplies of various softwoods in these forests for which there now exists little demand. In order to have forests produce timber steadily they must be cut; but if there is a market only for timber from the most valuable kinds of trees the result of cutting is likely to be the disap- pearance of these trees and their replace- ment in the forest growth by species which are not in demand. Since the pulp mills take material too small for the lumber mills, species suitable for paper making can be cut to a low timber diameter, and thus the balance may be turned in favor of the reproduction of the more valuable kinds of trees. In addition to the benefit which the pub- lic will derive from the advancement of forest conservation in consequence of the wood pulp experiments of the government, there is the further benefit of cheaper paper which it is believed these experi- ments should make possible. Boundary Changes , Recent announcements of additions to and eliminations from national forests, are as follows: Add. | Elim. Forest STaTE Acres | Aree Ozarkiceceecucecn: Arkansas.....3. 2<,su|eanneet 563,331 Kern ren. nuokmere Californitals.\, asceulseseneme 33,526 assen\...:).5.ssiticee California......... 38,709 6,107 Monterey .......... California......... 7,690 | 21,527 1510) CCHS SHBDS DBE Cero Idaho..:.'.:.):./4,.0041 eaee eee 9,940 PAT AIMS iss siete else New Mexico....... 245,450 | 22,333 Sevier: s.ri-utactas Utah) <5 exten 93,730 2,560 385,579 | 659,324 ee ee ee STATE WORK The Year's Forest Legislation in Vermont By A. F. Hawes, State Forester. The Vermont Legislature of 1910 has on the whole taken a progressive stand in forestry matters, and as indicative of the growing sentiment throughout the State in favor of forestry, this is especially en- couraging. The law of 1908 creating the office of state forester, appropriated $12,000 annually for the departments of agriculture and forestry. By increasing this appropri- ation to $20,000 the new legislature virtu- ally stamped its approval upon the forestry work of the first two years. These funds are divided between the two departments by the State Board of Agriculture and Forestry; and the amount alloted to for- estry was $9,000 in 1909; and $7,500 in 1910. The increasing demands upon the Commissioner of Agriculture will make it impossible for the board to grant as large a proportion of the new appropriation to forestry, but it is hoped that at least $12,000 will be available, which would al- low about $5,000 for the purchase and planting of demonstration forests in vari- ous parts of the state, and in the im- provement of the fire warden service made possible another bill passed by this legis- lature. The strongest supporter of the for- estry movement in the legislature was Hon. Allen M. Fletcher of Cavendish, chair- man of the Ways and Means Committee and for a long time an active member of the Vermont Forestry Association. The amendment of the present fire war- den law provides that in addition to the first selectman, who is at present fire war- den, the state forester has authority to appoint additional wardens in mountainous towns particularly liable to fires; and to pay their expenses to local meetings for the discussion of forest fire topics. It also provides that if any forest owner will estab- lish a lookout station on top of a moun- tain and connect the same with telephone, that the state will maintain a watchman there during a dry season. An amendment was added in the House compelling any railroad to establish a fire patrol at the request of the state forester in danger seasons, with a penalty of $25 a day for disobedience. This was killed in the Sen- ate by the Boston and Maine R. R.; and while it would not have worked a hardship on any railroad, it is of little importance since there are comparatively few railroad fires in Vermont. In its enthusiasm for forestry the Gen- eral Assembly passed one or two measures, the wisdom of which may be doubted but which illustrate very well the growing in- terest along this line. Such a measure was the bill reestablishing a bounty on porcupines. The last time this bounty was in force it resulted in an expenditure of several thousand dollars a year of state funds. Now the animals have been al- lowed to breed unmolested for several years and will be a profitable source of income for many hunters. While it must be ad- mitted that porcupines do considerable damage to growing timber in certain re- gions, it probably does not compare in money value to that done by woodchucks and house rats, yet there is no state bounty on these animals. One of the most curious forestry situa- tions has been the growing opposition throughout New England to the Christmas tree industry. From Vermont about 300,000 trees have been shipped annually to Cin- cinnati, Cleveland, Pittsburg, Washington, and other points west and south. All of these trees could easily be grown in fifteen years on 300 acres, and yet coming as they do from many parts of the state they have attracted undue attention. Lumber- men and pulp men have made the most of it to distract attention from the damage done by them in cutting small trees, and the press has been energetic in its attacks. The result was that a law was passed without opposition requiring a dealer to pay a license of twenty-five cents a tree if he cuts over twenty evergreen trees less than seven inches at the butt on land not his own. As the dealers have been paying little more than a cent apiece this license is intended to be prohibitive. There is apparently no reason why this law would not apply equally to trees cut for pulp or lumber, if they were under seven inches on the stump and cut by a lumberman simply owning the stumpage without the land. It is, of course, regrettable that the farmers have not been able to get more profit out of the Christmas tree industry. A natural sequence of this law, and one which any lumberman might have fore- seen, was a bill introduced by the legis- lative committee on conservation, providing that on certain sized tracts no spruce or hemlock trees under fourteen inches on the stump should be cut and no hardwoods under ten inches. Of course, no bill of such a nature could pass and it would 179 180 probably be proclaimed unconstitutional if passed, but it is regrettable that there is a tendency in such legislation to disregard entirely the experience of other nations which have had centuries of experience in dealing with this probiem. No hard and fast rules can be laid down for forestry any more than for farming and any such rules are diccated only by ignorance of the subject. One of the most interesting situations of the session arose over two bills in- troduced by the International Paper Company to allow the driving of pulp logs on two streams draining large forest areas owned by them in the mountains. There is, of course, no question but what this lumbering is to be done. The only ques- tion from a forestry standpoint is whether the company can be induced to practice forestry. The privilege of driving the logs to the mill would reduce the cost of transportation between $1.50 and $2.00 per cord. On a cut of ten cords per acre this would mean a big saving and, of course, a large inducement to the company to invest money in forestry, either planting or leay- ing seed trees. This company has shown a better disposition to practice forestry than any other concern in the state and offered in this bill to bond itself heavily to cut only under the direction of the state forester. Here was an opportunity of get- ting forestry practiced on 30,000 acres, but the opposition on the part of various busi- ness interests, probably including a railroad interested in the freight of the logs, and of summer residents who feared a disfigure- ment of the rivers, prevailed. It is to be hoped that the company will not retaliate by slashing their forests, which would probably have a worse effect on the stream; but may practice some forestry measures even without being required to do so. Governor Proctor appointed four years ago a Conservation Commission of which Hon. Joseph A. DeBoer was the chairman. This Commission took an active part to- ward the creation of the state forester’s office. A second Conservation Commission was established by the past legislature, the members of which, appointed by Governor Mead, are President John M. Thomas of Middlebury College; Hon. C. P. Smith, Treasurer of the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College; and Colo- nel F. S. Billings of Woodstock. No ap- propriation was made for investigative pur- poses aside from the general funds avail- able for the state geologist; the state for- ester; and the appropriation for an investi- gation by the United States Geological Sur- vey of the water powers of the state. The State Board of Agriculture and For- estry is made up as follows: Gov. John A. Mead, Chairman; Professor Joseph L. Mills, Director of the Experiment Station and Dean of the State Agricultural College, Secretary; and Hon. Clement F. Smith, AMERICAN FORESTRY Master of the State Grange. Governor Mead has traveled extensively in Palestine and other countries, where he has been impressed with the damage done by de- forestation, and is a strong supporter of the state forestry policy. The annual meeting of the Vermont For- estry Association was held in Burlington February 23. In the afternoon there was_ a business meeting, a talk on the forestry course in the Agricultural College by Pro- fessor J. L. Hills, and a discussion, opened by Austin F. Hawes, state forester, on state control of privately owned timber lands. In the evening there were ad- — dresses by Professor J. W. Toumey of the Yale Forest School, and others. Nebraska The Nebraska Conservation and State Development Congress held its second an- — nual meeting in Lincoln, February 23rd _ and 24th. The program embraced a very { broad and complete discussion of the state’s resources and their development and the ~ Deak of different agencies looking to that end. ‘he death of Prof. F. J. Phillips of the © University of Nebraska, who committed suicide last month on account of despon- dency due to illness, is a loss to his pro- fession and his associates. Professor Phil- lips was a young man who was doing a good work and doing it well. / — a North Carolina Forestry Association a _ The North Carolina Forestry Associa- ft tion was organized at Raleigh on the first of February with Dr. D. H. Hill of the ~ North VUarolina College of Agriculture and _ Mechanic Arts, president, and J. S. Holmes, — state forester, secretary and treasurer. The association will open a general state cam- + paign for better forest laws and their en- — forcement. An effort will be made to have i instruction in forestry given in the public schools. An interesting program of prac- tical papers on forestry subjects was pre- £ sented at the meeting. Z Northern Forest Protective Association . Thomas B. Wyman, forester of the Cleye- e land-Cliffs Iron Company, Munising, Michi- _ gan, has become chief forester of the new _ Northern Forest Protective Association, — the organization of which has been pre- viously noted in these pages. To obtain the funds with which to carry out the forest patrol plan, which is a pri- mary feature of the protective work, the directors have voted to levy an assessment of one-half cent an acre on the lands in the association, in addition to which each member pays a membership fee of $5. As there are now, approximately, 2,000,000 ~¥ ¥ ' education will be conducted to STATE WORK acres of land signed up, the amount avail- able for the coming year’s use will be about $10,000. It is expected that this amount will soon be doubled. The hold- ings of the present members of the associa- tion are fairly contiguous, being located principally in Alger, Marquette, Baraga, Houghton and Ontonagon counties, which makes the patrol much more feasible and less expensive than if the lands were widely scattered. As fires broke out in March last year, an effort will be made to get things in readi- ness for actual work as soon as possible. The chief forester will engage a number of assistant foresters and patrols. Protection from and precautions against forest fires, however, will not be the sole purpose of the association. A campaign of impress upon the public the value of forest pro- tection and conservation, not only to timber owners, but to the publie at large. Home- steaders and campers will be taught to take precautions that will prevent fires, and the necessity of prompt action to quench them when once they get a start. No effort will be made to keep hunters and - fishermen off, but the patrols will see to it all trespassers take timely precautions re- garding fire and will endeavor to enforce the state laws. Ohio State Forestry Society The Ohio State Forestry Society held its seventh annual meeting at Columbus on Friday, February 3. The meeting was held in connection with the fuurth annual na- tional corn exposition, which brought to- gether in the Ohio exposition buildings at Columbus noteworthy agricultural exhibits of thirty-five states. The exposition was open from January 30th to February 11th. There were some interesting forestry ex- hibits from the United States Forest Serv- ice, the Ohio Experiment Station at Wooster, and the Ohio State University. The most striking feature of the Forest Service exhibit was the model, first shown in the Appalachian exposition at Knoxville, showing the action of rainfall on wooded and denuded slopes. On one side of the model is a hillside covered with evergreen, and below in the level open country farm lands. On the other side is a bare gravelly hillside. A spraying arrangement with two arms produces rainfall on the two slopes. On our side the water runs off clear in the well-defined banks of a stream to a lake. On the other side the hill is suffering con- stant erosion, the stream that drains the area is muddy, with shifting bed and banks. Stones and silt are carried down and scat- tered along the banks and the lake, which furnishes the outlet, is muddy. The whole area is desolate and in striking compari- Son to that beside it. This model is an absolute reproduction of natural conditions and cannot fail to carry a most impressive lesson. 181 The state experiment station had an in- structive exhibit, illustrating by photo- graphs and by wood sections the condi- tions existing in Ohio. A great deal of interest was shown in these exhibits and the representatives of the station were kept busy explaining and giving practical talks to visitors throughout the day. The meeting of the state forestry society Friday afternoon was held in one of the lecture rooms. The program began with an address by the President, Professor William R. Lazenby of Ohio State University, re- viewing the work of the association and its problems. Following this Professor Bruce Fink of Miami University reviewed the subject of “Forestry at the Saint Paul meeting,” bringing out the salient features of the forestry discussions at the Second Conservation Congress. Assistant Profes- sor C. H. Goetz, who has recently come to Ohio State University from Washington, spoke on “Timber Waste of the Northwest.” The speaker attributed the great waste in that section to greed for wealth and to transportation conditions. It is not a vol- untary wasve but is due to economic causes Mrs. Clara Murdock of Akron, represent ing the Ohio t'ederation of Women’s Clubs, spoke on “Unused Forces,’ showing the work done by the federated club women along all lines of effort, as an evidence of the great force here latent and ready to be used at need. An interesting address followed on “County Forestry Societies” by George W. Miller of Bucyrus, president of the young but active Crawford County Forestry So- ciety. County organizations play a con- siderable part in affairs in Ohio and the State Forestry Society proposes to organize branch societies in each county. Two counties, Crawford and Morrill, are al- ready organized and Mr. Miller presented a very definite and well-conceived program for county work. Edwin A. Start, executive secretary of the American Forestry Association, who was present, spoke of the work of that or- ganization, its relation to the state work and the desirability of mutual understand- ing and close cooperation between the two bodies. ‘There was a general discussion of the work of the association. The following officers were elected: President, William R. Lazenby of Columbus; vice-president, W. J. Green of Wooster; secretary, J. J. Crumley of Wooster; treasurer, H. C. Rogers of Mechanicsburg; these, with George W. Miller of Bucyrus, to constitute an execu- tive committee. The state forestry work in Ohio has pro- ceeded along lines peculiar to itself. The state was once covered with rich and varied forests, which have been almost entirely removed. Its great agricultural possibili- ties have been antagonistic to forestry and the forest needs and opportunities of the state have been disregarded or not under- stood, yet they are great and this is just 182 coming to be realized. Provision for the state work has been made in connection with the agrivultural experiment station, so that this work has been and is entirely educational and experimental. This is well. It is gradually developing a solid ground- work of popular interest and understanding so that when the time is ripe for the de- velopment of a forest service and a com- plete state forest policy, there will be knowledge and popular support to make it effective and to prevent its being drawn into politics. Present indications are that the work that is being done is bearing good fruit. Forest Fire Losses in California Figures prepared by State Forester Ho- mans show that during 1910 there were 738 brush, grass and forest fires in Cali- fornia, as against 638 for the same period of 1909. The excess for 1910 does not show an actual increase for the year, but greater efficiency in fire-fighting, asserts Deputy State Forester Hodge. In other words, wardens reported a greater percentage of the fires in 1910 than were reported the year previous. Fires were of three clases, as follows: Small fires, put out by one man, 172; fires runing about ten acres, 25, and fires which gave considerable trouble, 351. The aver- age fire burned over 654 acres of land and AMERICAN FORESTRY 326,000 feet of lumber, worth $814,000, be- sides damage to new growth and the water- sheds. In other words, the average fire burned more than a section of land and took seventy-four men ten hours to ex- tinguish. The total number of acres burned over in 1910 was 482,562, against 357,269 in 1909; but again, Deputy Forester Hodge says, this is because the wardens reported more accurately last year than they did the year previous. August, as in 1909, was the worst month of the year. During August 30 per cent of the fires occurred, and during July, the next worst month, 15 per cent of the fires occurred. It was on August 24th that the disastrous fires in Idaho and Montana were in full flame. New York Dr. Charles G. Wagner, superintendent of the Binghamton State Hospital, has just filed with the Forest, Fish and Game Commission an application for 3,000 white pine saplings, and trees of other varieties, making a total of 5,000, for planting on the hospital farm. Two years ago the hospital got about 5,000 trees and last year about 3,000 more were added, both shipments being chiefly — of white pine. ‘ THE LUMBER INDUSTRY Commissioner Smith’s Report on Standing Timber The first part of the report of investiga- tions of the lumber industry by Herbert Knox Smith, commissioner of corporations, has been submitted to the President, under date of February 13. This part of the re- port deals with standing timber. It is quite fully summarized in Mr. Smith's let- ter of submittal to the President. In this letter Mr. Smith says: The foremost facts shown are: (1) The concentration of a dominating control of our standing timber in a com- paratively few enormous holdings, steadily tending toward a central control of the lumber industry. (2) Vast speculative purchase and hold- ing of timber land far in advance of any use thereof. (3) An enormous increase in the value of this diminishing natural resource, with great profits to its owners. This value, by the very nature of standing timber, the holder neither created nor substantially enhances. These are the underlying facts, of tre- mendous significance to the public welfare. They are primarily the results of our public-land policy, long continued. The laws that represent that policy are still largely operative. revising our public policy for the future management of all our remaining natural resources. From That history is here outlined. GOVERNMENT TO PRIVATE OWNER- suip.—Only 40 years ago at least three- fourths of the timber now standing was (it is estimated) publicly owned. The great bulk of it passed from gov- ernment to private hands through (a) enormous railroad, canal, and wagon-road grants by the Federal Government; (b) direct government sales in unlimited quan- tities at $1.25 an acre; (c) certain public- land laws, great tracts being assembled in spite of the legal requirements for small holdings. Such laws were wholly inap- propriate to forest regions; but, though vigorously condemned in several public re- ports, they are still largely in force. In theory, they were intended to distribute the public lands in small tracts as homes The past history and — present status of our standing timber drive — home upon us the imperative necessity of Now | about four-fifths of it is privately owned. — LUMBER INDUSTRY for freeholders. In fact, they actually fur- thered timber concentration in vast hold- ings. The 1,802 largest holders of timber now own 88,579,000 acres of land, as com- pared with a vastly wider distribution of public lands in non-timbered agricultural sections. During this interval, and chiefly in the latter half thereof, the value of standing timber has increased tenfold, twentyfold, and even fiftyfold, according to local con- ditions. The present annual growth is only about one-third of the present annual cut. Replacement by new growth is very slow. Examples of the increase during this in- terval are: From $5 to $30 an acre, $7 to $40, $20 to $150, $1 to $138, $4 to $140, $1 to $50. Specific tracts have been sold first for $24,000, and later for $153,000; $10,000, and later $124,000; $240,000, and later $2,- 500,000; $23,000, and later $50u,000; $19,000, and later $1,125,000. These examples il- lustrate the remarkable profit made by certain individual holders. What did the government get for the timber? Of the southern pine sold for $1.25 an acre, much is now worth $60 an acre. Large amounts of Douglas fir in western Washington and Oregon, which the government gave away, or sold at $2.50 an acre, now range from $100 to $200 per acre. The great redwood belt in California was alienated on similar terms, and some of it is now worth hundreds of dollars an acre. Practically none of the great forests in the public-land states was sold by the government for more than $2.50 an acre. The great increase of value gives grave importance to the concentration of owner- ship. The former Chief of Field Service of the General Land Office, H. H. Schwartz, stated Officially (1909) that the Timber and Stone Act— “has resulted in the sale of over 12,000,000 acres of valuable timber lands, of which fully 10,000,000 acres were transferred to corporate or individual timber-land in- vestors by the entrymen. These lands brought to the people or general govern- ment a gross sum of $30,000,000. At the date of sale they were reasonably worth $240,000,000. The profit of over $200,000,000 went not to the needy settler engaged in Subduing the wilderness, but to the wealthy investors. Not over a fractional part of 1 per cent of the timber purchased from the United States under this act is held, con- Sumed, or even cut by the men and women who made the entries.” An effective illustration of what has hap- pened under our land laws appears in the report of the United States Forester for 1910: “An investigation emphasizes the proba- bility that heavily timbered lands, if opened to entry, would pass into the hands of large owners of timber. Of 705,000 acres eliminated from the Olympic National 183 Forest in 1900 and 1901 on the ground that the land was chiefly valuable for agri- culture and that the settlement of the country was being retarded, 523,720 acres passed ultimately into the hands of owners who are holding it purely as a timber spec- ulation. Three companies and two indi- viduals own over 178,000 acres, in holdings of from 15,000 to over 80,000 acres each. Of timbered homestead claims on this elim- inated area, held by 100 settlers, the total area under actual cultivation is only 570 acres, an average of but 5.7 acres to each claim. It will be seen that the original purpose of the elimination was defeated, and the bona fide settlement was not ma- terialiy advanced.” CONTROL OF THE TIMBER CONTROLS THE WHOLE INDUSTRY.—Whatever power over prices may arise from combinations in manufacture and distribution (as distin- guished from timber owning), such power is insignificant and transitory compared to the control of the standing timber itself or a dominating part thereof. The Senate and House resolutions, to which this in- vestigation is responsive, ask for the causes of the high prices of lumber and the effect of combination upon such prices. The resolutions, therefore, required determina- tion of both the amount and the control of standing timber. AMOUNT OF STANDING TIMBER.—There is now left in continental United States about 2,200 billion board feet of privately owned standing timber, of which 1,747 billion is in the “investigation area,’ covered in great detail by the Bureau. This area in- cudes the Pacific-Northwest, the Southern Pine Region, and the Lake States, and con- tains 80 per cent of all the private timber in the country. In addition, there are about 539 billion feet in the national forests and about 90 billion feet on other non- private lands. Thus, the total amount of standing timber in continental United States is about 2,800 billion board feet. The present annual drain upon the supply of saw timber is about 50 billion feet. At this rate the timber now standing, without allowance for growth or decay, would last only about 55 years. The present commercial value of the pri- vately owned standing timber in the coun- try, not including the value of the land, is estimated (though such an_ estimate must be very rough) as at least $6,000,- 000,000. Ultimately the consuming public will have to pay such prices for lumber as will give this timber a far greater value. This is the first comprehensive and me- thodical investigation of the amount and ownership of our standing timber. It rests on the best information obtainable from records of timber owners or the knowledge of men in the industry, information which daily forms the basis of actual business dealings. (A physical canvass of the for- ests was out of the question.) The data, collected by field work in about 900 coun- 184 ties, assembled, mapped, checked, and weighed in the office, are reliable within a relatively small margin of error. All fig- ures relate to merchantable saw timber, in terms of lumber yield. The unit “board foot” is a foot square and an inch thick. CONCENTRATION OF TIMBER OWNERSHIP.— Three vast holdings alone, the greatest in the country, those of the Southern Pacific Company, the Weyerhaeuser Timber Com- ber company, and the Northern Pacific Railway Company (including their sub- sidiary companies), together have 238 bil- lion feet, or nearly 11 per cent of all our privately owned timber. They have 14 per cent of that in the “investigation area.” Witn the five next largest they have over 15 per cent of the total privately owned timber and over 19 per cent of coat within the investigation area. Finally, nearly one- half (48 per cent) of the private timber in that area is held by only 195 great holders. The term “holder” covers any single interest—individual, corporate, or group—which is so united as to be under one control. The Pacific-Northwest.—Five-elevenths of the country’s privately owned standing timber is in the Pacitic-Northwest (Cali- fornia, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Montana), 1,013 billion feet. One-half of this is now owned by 37 holders; many of these are closely connected. The three largest holders (named above) alone have nearly one-quarter. This section now fur- nishes only one-sixth of the annual cut. Thus its timber is being largely held for the future, and the large owners there will then be the dominating influence in the industry. The Southern Pacific Company holding is the greatest in the United States—106 billion feet. This is about 6 per cent of the private timber in the investigation area, and 10 per cent of that in the Pa- cific-Northwest. It is difficult to give an adequate idea of its immensity. It stretches practically 680 miles along that railroad between Portland and Sacramento. The fastest train over this distance takes 31 hours. During all that time the traveler thereon is passing through lands a large proportion of whicn for 30 miles on each side belongs to the railroad, and in almost the entire strip this corporation is the dominating owner of both timber and land. The second largest holder is the Weyer- haeuser Timber Company (including its subsidiary companies), with 96 billion feet. This does not include further very extensive timber interests of the Weyer- haeuser family and close associates. These two holdings would supply the 46,584 sawmills in the country for four and two-thirds years. They have one- eleventh of our total private timber. The third largest, the Northern Pacific Railway Company, has 36 billion feet. These three holdings have enough stand- ing timber to build an ordinary 5 or 6 room frame house for each of the 16,- 000,000 families in the United States in AMERICAN FORESTRY 1900. If sawed into lumber and placed in cars, their timber would load a train about 100,000 miles long. The holdings of the two railroad com- panies are government grants, and 80 per cent of the Weyerhaeuser Timber Company holding was bought from the Northern Pa- cific grant. Many other large holdings (here and in other regions) were mainly purchased from some land grant. ry Southern Pine Region.—In the Southern Pine Region there are 634 billion feet of privately owned timber. Concentration in total timber is much less than in the Pa- cifice-Northwest. There is, however, a high concentration in the more valuable species, longleaf yellow pine and cypress. Sixty- seven holders own 39 per cent of the long- leaf yellow pine, 29 per cent of the cypress 19 per cent of the shortleaf and loblolly pine, and 11 per cent of the hardwoods. ~ The Lake States—In Minnesota, Wi consin, and Michigan there are 100 billion feet of privately owned timber. In Wis- consin 96 holders have three-fourths of all the timber. In Michigan 113 holders have 66 per cent. In Minnesota 6 holders have 54 per cent of the very valuable white an Norway pine, 16 per cent of the other coni- fers, and 2 per cent of the hardwoods. Taking all three states, 215 holders have 65 per cent of all the timber. EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION.—Such concen- tration in standing timber, if permitted to continue and increase, makes probable a final central control of the whole lumber industry. A few strong interests, ulti- ufacturers’ Association recently said lumbermen on the Pacific coast: soon will be gone, but the men who make the money will be those who own timber and can hold it until the supply in other parts of the country is gone. can ask and get their own price.” Certain further factors, not exactly measurable, increase still more the real concentration. First, a further interweay- ing of interests, corporate and personal connects a great many holdings which the Bureau has treated as separate; second, there are very large totals of timber so scattered in small tracts through larger holdings that they are substantial; “blocked in” or “controlled” by the larger holders; third, the concentration is much higher in the more valuable species. id General information obtained indicates a very high concentration in timber owner- ship outside the investigation area. PoLicy OF GREAT HOLDERS.—The largest: holders are cutting little of their timber. They thus reserve to themselves those in- calculable profits which are stil: to accrue with the growth of the country, the dimin- ishing of timber supply, and the further concentration and control thereof. Many of che very men who are protesting against conservation and the national forest system LUMBER INDUSTRY because of the “tying up” of natural re- sources are themselves deliberately tying them up far more effectively for private gain. The fact that mature timber is thus with- held from use is clear evidence that great additional profits are expected to accrue through further increase in value. LAND MONOPOLY.—Standing timber is not the only question. When the timber has been cut the land remains. There has beencreated, therefore, not only the framework of an enormous timber monopoly, but also an equally sinister land concentration in ex- tensive sections. This involves also a great wealth in minerals. The Southern Pacific bas 4,318,000 acres in northern California and western Oregon, and, with the Union Pacific, which controls it, millions of acres elsewhere. (The government, however, is now suing to annul title to the Southern Pacific lands in Oregon for non-compliance with the terms of the original grants.) The Northern Pacific owns 3,017,000 acres of timber land and millions more of non- timbered land. The Weyerhaeuser Timber Company owns 1,945,000 acres. In Florida, five holders have 4,000,000 acres, and the 187 largest timber holders have over 15,- 800,000 acres, nearly one-half the land area of the State. In the whole investigation area the 1,802 largest holders of timber have, together, 88,579,000 acres (not in- eluding Northern Pacific and Southern Pa- cific lands in non-timbered regions) ; which would make an average holding of 49,000 acres, or 77 square miles. Finally, to timber concentration and to land concentration is added, in our most important timber section, a closely con- nected railroad domination. The formid- able possibilities of this combination in the Pacific-Northwest and elsewhere are of the gravest public importance. ‘THE FuTURE.—These are the facts of the lumber business in its most important feature, the natural supply. The para- mount consideration remains still to be stated. There are many great combinations in other industries whose formation is complete. In the lumber industry, on the other hand, the Bureau finds now in the Making a combination caused, fundament- ally, by a long-standing public policy. The concentration already existing is suffici- ently impressive. Still more impressive are the possibilities for the future. In the last 40 years concentration has so proceeded that 195 holders, many interrelated, now have practically one-half of the privately owned timber in the investigation area (which contains 80 per cent of the whole). This formidable process of concentration, in timber and in land, certainly involves frave future possibilities of impregnable monopolistic conditions, whose far-reaching consequences to society it is now difficult to anticipate fully or to overestimate. Such are the past history, present status, and apparent future of our timber re- sources. The underlying cause is our pub- lie-land policy, resulting in enormous loss 185 of wealth to the public and its monopoliza- tion by a few interests. It lies before us now as a forcible object lesson for the future management of all the natural re- sources still remaining in the hands of the government. Hardwood Manufacturers’ Association The Hardwood Manufacturers’ Associa- tion held a great meeting at Cincinnati, January 31st and February ist. The ad- ministration of President Carrier has been most successful. In his annual address Mr. Carrier referred to the alarming decrease in the hardwood supply shown by government statistics, verified by the association, as meaning “constantly increasing values of stumpage, with little hope of practical re- forestation—a condition the gravity of which must be recognized by every oper- ator.” The report of the secretary, Lewis Doster, gave the amount of lumber shipped in 1910 by members of the association at 659,- 022,000 feet. W. B. Townsend presented a report for the committee on forest conservation, in which he said that the subject was many sided, and in the current discussion of it too much ill-feeling and slander had been stirred up to accomplish the maximum of public good at the minimum expense. He alluded to the forests still remaining in Oregon and in the South from Maryland to Texas as refuting the pessimist who is constantly crying “Wolf! wolf! where there is no wolf and, who, with sanctimonious air and grieved expression, claims that with present methods of manufacture— which he calls destruction—we will have no standing timber left in a decade.” He took up the question of forest fires and criticised severely the expenditure of its funds under a former chief, claiming that of its $20,000,000 vast sums had been used to employ and pay lecturers, etc., which should have been used to provide fire pro- tection. In closing, he said: “The costly lessons of this year I trust will result in sub- stituting practical for theoretical methods— for it surely has been demonstrated that lectures, editorial, or news articles cannot stop the ravages of a forest fire. I am glad to note a change along these lines, and I believe we may expect very material improvements from the present adminis- tration of this important department of our government.” A vote was taken en- dorsing the sentiments expressed by Mr. Townsend. In his comments on the pessimist, Mr. Townsend seems to have hit President Carrier, for the latter’s statement in his annual address regarding the hardwood supply certainly challenged Mr. Town- send’s confidence in our security. In re- gard to his criticisms of expenditure by the Forest Service Mr. Townsend seems to have got his inspiration from the article by Senator Carter of Montana, which was given so much publicity last autumn. The 186 AMERICAN carelessness and injustice of this article were clearly shown in an editorial in AMERICAN Forestry for December, 1910. We do not care to traverse the ground now, but in view of the fact that Senator Car- ter’s article has evidently been taken seri- ously in a quarter that should have been better informed, we call attention to two facts—the restriction put by Congress upon the manner of expending the appropria- tions, and the comparatively insignificant amount which was really expended for lec- tures, and for the necessary educational work done by the department. It will be worth while for members of the Hardwood Manufacturers’ Association to read the article referred to in connection with Mr. Townsend's report. It is on page 735 of this magazine for December, 1910. A resolution adopted by the association approved and promised support to the For- est Products Laboratory at Madison, Wis- consin, called the attention of the Univer- sity of Wisconsin to its great opportunity for establishing a school of forest utiliza- tion, and urged upon Congress the need of developing more highly the work of this branch of the Forest Service to enable it “to take up at once the many vital prob- lems now confronting the lumberman, the solution of which will result in such great benefit to the whole nation.” Another resolution opposed the reciprocity agree- ment with Canada on the ground that it singles out for reduction of tariff the pro- ducts of the soil, both forest and agricul- tural. The officers and executive board elected are: President, W. B. Townsend; _ vice- presidents, W. BE. Delaney and C. E. Ritter; treasurer, C. M. Crawford; R. M. Carrier, Clinton Crane, W. A. Gilchrist, F. F. Fee, J. H. Himmelberger, C. H. Lamb, John W. Love, G. M. W. Buehrmann, J. W. Oakford, A. 8. Ransom, W. M. Ritter, R. H. Vansant, William Wilms. There were also chosen an executive grading commission of four- teen, twenty-one state vice-presidents, and state directors for seventeen states. The attendance was 368, the largest in the ten years’ history of the association. Northern Hemlock and Hardwood Manufact- urers The Northern Hemlock and Hardwood Manufacturers’ Association held its second annual meeting in Milwaukee, January 31. Among other subjects in his annual report, the secretary, R. S. Kellogg, discussed the need of more complete utilization of pro- duct, declaring that there are possibilities yet undreamed of in all kinds of timber. Referring to the work already done by the United States Forest Service and the Uni- versity of Wisconsin, he asked why the state of Wisconsin should not be requested to provide at the university a school of forest utilization, where men can be tech- nically trained in the manufacture of for- est products. On this point he said: “The laboratory studies, investigates, invents and discovers. The school teaches men how to FORESTRY apply scientific principles to the problems of production. Wisconsin has no need for a school in which to train foresters: there are plenty of such schools already in ex- istence, from the Atlantic to the Pacific. They should be strengthened and made more efficient, not weakened, through the multiplication of small schools. But there is no college or university in Wisconsin or in any other state to which we can send a man for thorough instruction in the manufacture of forest products. The for- estry schools teach us how to grow timber. Is it any less important that we should be taught how to utilize it? It is likely that the present session of the legislature will be asked to establish a forest school at the university. Should we not grasp the opportunity before it is too late to secure instead the school that is by far the most needed, a school of forest utilization? Would it not be well for us to have our legislative committee present this view to the governor, the legislature and the uni- versity, and for us to ask other state or- ganizations to join us in our efforts to make the most of our timber resources?” Thornton A. Green reported for the for- est fire committee, reviewing the work of the Lake States Forest Fire Conference and the formation of the Northern Forest Pro- tective Association. v William L. Hall, chief of the division of products of the United States Forest Serv- ice, made a comparison between the in- crease in population and the increase in lumber production which was enlightening. He said: “In 1880 the lumber production was 18,000,000,000 feet. In 1890 the in- crease was 31.5 per cent. In the decade from 1890 to 1900 the increase was 47 per cent, and between 1900 and 1910 the increase was 27 per cent, representing a production of 44,484,000,000 feet. The total gain in these thirty years was 146 per cent. The population of the country in 1880 was 50,000,000; in 1890 it was 63,000,000, repre- senting a growth of 25.5 per cent, and in 1900 it was 76,000,000, showing a growth of 21 per cent; and in 1910 it was 92,000,000, showing an increase of 21 per cent. The total increase in population for the thirty years has been 83 per cent, as against 146 per cent for the increase in lumber pro- duction. Sawmill capacity apparently has also in- creased to a large extent. We do not know how much the capacity of the mills ex- ceeded actual production in previous de- cades. Taking the figures for 1909, I have studied this subject with reference to two states, Louisian and Washington. In Louis- iana 383 mills out of a total of 658 reported their capacity as well as their actual pro- duction. In that state actual production amounts to only 62 per cent of the rated capacity of the mills. In the state of Washington the actual production was somewhat lower, amounting to 51 per cent of the capacity of the mills. With such a margin of capacity over actual produc- tion it is easy to see how strong is the tendency toward increase of production. LUMBER INDUSTRY The plants are upon the ground, the opera- tions are all laid out. It is perhaps just as easy to produce 75 percent of the nom- inal capacity of the mills as it is to pro- duce 50 percent. Of course, the industry, on this account, will respond to every im- provement in market conditions with an unnecessarily large increase in production unless there be a suifciently strong con- trol of production to prevent it, and that control the figures clearly show to be lack- ing.” Officers elected were: President, W. C. Landon; vice-president, M. P. McCullough; treasurer, George HE. Foster; secretary, R. S. Kellogg; directors, W. O. Brightman, George H. Atwood, T. A. Green, and R. EH. McLean. Pennsylvania Lumbermen’s Association At the nineteenth annual meeting of the Pennsylvania Lumbermen’s Association in Philadelphia, Thursday, January 26, the association’s forestry committee reported, through its chairman, J. S. Hess, as fol- lows: The crusade for the conservation of our natural resources received a strong impe- tus during the administration of President Roosevelt. The necessity for the conserva- tion of the forests of the United States for the proper use of them by the present and future generations of American citi- zens was brought to the attention of the whole country. No class of people more faithfully seconded the movement than the lumbermen of the United States. At all meetings of lumbermen during the last de- cade the subject received their earnest at- tention, but agitation without action that will tell is of no avail. As Pennsylvanians we may well be proud of what our state is doing in the direction of conservation and reforestation. Nearly 1,000,000 acres are now in the possession of the state and no forestry department of any state has done more effectual and systematic work than our own great com- monwealth. The forestry department has quietly gone forward with the work so nobly begun by Professor Rothrock, and so ably continued by the men at the head of the department today. New forest re- serves are being added as the means afford, and men are at work sowing seeds and preparing seedlings for the replanting of the state forest reserves and the private forest lands in the state. Our state is engaged in the education of young men for the work of forestry and the management not only of our state reserves but also of the forest land owned by private in- dividuals. From an article in the’ Public Ledger I gleaned the following: “Although the scientists of the federal and of some state governments have long recognized the growing danger in the rapid spread of the chestnut blight, Pennsylvania 187 is the only state which has organized a thoroughly systematic study of the disease and applied practical methods to check its spread.” Seeing what the forestry department is doing with the small amount of money ap- propriated, our association should join with the friends of forest conservation in urg- ing larger appropriations by the legisla- ture to further and continue the great work so nobly done with the limited means at their command. The national government has been spend- ing a large amount of money in the main- tenance of national forest reserves in the West. An equal amount should most justly be spent in the acquisition and maintenance of similar national forest reserves in the South and East. The national reserves in the West amount to 194,505,325 acres. They are cared for by 1,500 national forest offi- cers. The total expenditure during the last year was $3,908,249. They yield a revenue, but as the larger proportion goes to the states in which they lie the actual expense of maintenance is paid for by the whole country. The states in which the national forest reserves are situated are Arizona, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Kansas, Minnesota, Michi- gan, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mex- ico, North Dakota, California, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington and Wy- oming. Not one of the original thirteen states, not one of the states that fought the war of 1812, not one of the states that assisted in the purchase of Florida or the Louisiana country, not one of the states with the exception of Florida that fought the Mexican war ever received a dollar for the conservation of forest lands from the national treasury. The extensive forest reserves in the West were taken out of the national do- main and paid for by the whole country. Common justice would dictate that the South and East should also be taken care of. The West is seeking further expendi- ture on the part of the national govern- ment for the irrigation of her arid lands. If the national treasury should provide for the conservation of the forests of the West, then also should the national government assist in the establishment of national for- est reserves in the Appalachian range in the eastern part of the United States. We lumbermen and other citizens of the East should join in this appeal for simple justice and equity. The two things needed then are: 1. An appeal to the legislature for further appropriations to the state for- estry department for the efficient prosecu- tion of the work so well begun. 2. An appeal to the Congress of the United States for our Appalachian forest reserve. The officers were reelected: President, Henry Palmer of Langhorne; vice-presi- dent, F. S. Pyfer of Lancaster; treasurer, T. J. Snowden of Scranton; secretary, J. Frederick Martin of Philadelphia. AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS Adopted by the Cornell Forestry School Trees and Their Life Histories By PROFESSOR PERCY A. GROOM, M.A., D.S.C., F.L.S. (Cantab. et Oxon.) The Most Superbly Illustrated Tree Book Ever Issued. @ With 512 Reproductions of Photographs of Trees by Henry Irving, the Result of Years of Study ACCURATE, THOROUGH, READABLE 4 ees exceptionally complete and magnificently illustrated work is meeting with the highest eommendation and approval from the numerous Tree authorities and Forestry students who are acquainted with it. Numbers of our Forestry School Libraries have already purchased it. It is pre-eminently a work for Nature Lovers, practical Tree Experts and students of Tree Life. Analytical tables, diagnoses of families, and numerous illustrations, together with a brief mention of distinetive features, enable the reader to identify each of the seventy-five varie- ties of trees that are here fully treated. Particular trees have been selected for more detailed discussion. For example, branching of the tree is specially illustrated by the Larch, Yew, Horse Chestnut, and others; branching of a shrub and weeping tree, by the Elder and Laburnum; the repair of injuries, by the Scots Pine; the shape and conduct of a _ light- demanding tree, by the Larch and Birch; the degeneration of flowers, by the Sweet Chestnut and Ash. And 60 on. condition. Established 1848 43-45 East Nineteenth Street NEW YORK Price, $10.00 Net,Sent on Approval LET US SEND YOU THIS VOLUME WITH THE > CASSELL & COMPANY A MARVEL OF ILLUSTRATION Mr. Henry Irving has been engaged for a number of years in making an exhaustive series of photographs of Trees, a field in which he is acknowledged by leading nature photographers without a peer. The finest results of his work are embodied in Professor Groom’s “TREES AND THEIR LIFE HISTORIES” This book contains over one hundred large plates and four hundred smaller ones, showing each tree in its summer and in its winter appearance, also of each tree the trunk and bark, the * bud and twig, the leaf spray, the flower spray, and the fruit cluster. Neither pains nor expense have been spared to make the illustrations, as they have never before been done, complete, typical, 9 and true to nature. a pare 8 The work is a large Octavo, ) 43-45 an 1 printed with great care on the ro 19th St finest qualit: = q y surface paper (é) New York. and strongly bound in green ie silk cloth and gold. s Gavan nN 7 x Find enclosed $10.00 < (check, money order, or currency), for which please UNDERSTANDING that should it fail to substantiate . send me, carriage paid, 1 copy all our claims, you may return it to us by Express Collect. & of “TREES AND THBIR LIFE We will in this case refund you the full amount of z HISTORIES,” by Professor remittance upon the arrival of the volume in good # Percy Groom. I reserve the priv: «ee lege of returning the volume tc you if unsatisfactory, and if I should, you agree to refund me at once the full amount of my remittance. NAMB. ...ccccccccccecccccesscccessscccese® ADDRESS.....cccccccevvioevessocserecsscsces® aisle visis\s ho o[ule(s/mia.uie) cevecncaseeaaeabe ben ROU Cem= S254 5— Tor aepettiner tn adverticere Icindly mention AMERICAN FORESTRY AMERI CAN) FORESTRY’S. ADVERTISERS NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT The course of | Bie in. the” ‘yan ‘FOREST. ay SCHOOL covers a period of two years. Graduates Of collegiate institutions of high standing are. ad i ‘s Pe as candidates ‘for the Se cting of Master of ‘ FoR FURTHER INF ORMATION. ADDRESS PRO Bike ht CHAUTAUQUA INSTITUTION ny - Chautauqua, New, York, JAMES D, LACEY Woop BEAL. 4 ARE 7 othe We peak detailed reports as to the QUALITY of the tim methods of logging each 40-acre ‘or sectional subdivision of each tract. We aleo furnish a TOPOGRAPHICAL map of all tracts an oo 20 tract we may offer you will be found just as represented. We are in a position to offer some exceedingly attractive TIME SOUTH, in BRITISH COLUMBIA, and on the PACIFIC COAST alee { with er ample timber supplies in the South. Timber. We offer HIGH-CLASS Timber Properties enly, which has fon sale. nt We can convince you that our estimates are reliable. 1211. Whitney Central Bldg... 1104 Spalding Blag. New Orleans Portland, Ore. NATIONAL CAPITAL PREAS) | STATE OWNERSHIP OF FORESTS By AUSTIN F. HAWES NEW IDEAS IN CONTROLLING FOREST FIRES By SAMUEL J. RECORD MICROSCOPIC WORK ON THE STRUCTURE OF WOOD * By H. D. TIEMANN PROPOSED WISCONSIN: LEGISLATION By E. M. GRIFFITH THE PRUNING OF WHITE PINE ‘By F. B. KNAPP EDITORIALS and DEPARTMENTS "Published by THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 1410 H St., N. W., Washington, D, C. sf Price $2.00 per Year, Copyright 1910, by the American Forestry Association AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS SEEDLINGS and TRANSPLANTS. Also SEEDS for FOREST PLANTING 5 Immense quantities of following hardy valuable sorts: White Pine, | ; Ponderosa Pine, Jack Pine, Austrian Pine, Douglas Fir, Balsam om Ayre White Spruce, Red Spruce, Hemlock, ete., ete. Y DECIDUOUS TREES — Larch, Beech, Birch, Maple, Ash, Walnut, Locust, Elm, Oaks, cata Wild Cherry, Linden; etc., etc. “ Tree Seeds—Guaranteed New Crop. A A complete assortment of all valuable species, both native and cae : germination quality, Write for Prices ‘THE D. HILL NURSERY COMPAN _ Evergreen Specialist . '. Largest Grower ir Ar ; Founded 1855 ~ Pemicoatin,: aay a ‘the progress and’ relations of forestry in America is 1 contained ; ‘PRoCEEDINGS oF THu AMERICAN ForEsT Concress or 1905 which was ty the American Forestry Association. A limited aarp of “remains and the book - WILL NOT BE REPRIN Every public library should have this volume; every person who _ im forestry and who does not now own one should avail himself o ee. to secure a copy before the edition is disposed of. The price is. $1.50 postpaid. ° This aller which was originally limited to Jan. 1, has been extended to April 1, 1911 Regular ' “Membership in American Forestry Association........+..$ » + Subscription to American Forpsrry to January, i9i2. |. : *. Proceedings of American Forest Congress. Sie ghe'oha hams ioalu's mya! “The whole for $3.25 THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOGIATIO N MARYLAND BUILDING | 1410 H STREET NORTHWEST ~~ WASHINGTON, D.C. In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMuRICAN Forestay — American Forestry The Magazine of the American Forestry Association EDWIN A. START, Epiror April CONTENTS 1911 COVER DESIGN—By Charles Cartwright. A VERMONT PLANTATION OF NORWAY SPRUCH Seawater seen Frontispiece STATE OWNERSHIP OF HORST S—By Austin Hi Haweseee seas kal 191 WOODNOTES NEBEOU) —Bygetre Wie MersOn 22, 1. ts tamer Rete we 196 NEW IDEAS IN CONTROLLING FOREST FIRES—By Samuel J. Recorders s:.aeece 197 With illustrations from photographs. . THE PRUNING OF WHITE EINE By tb, Knapp asc. aa ete ee 204 MICROSCOPIC WORK ON THE STRUCTURE OF WOOD—By H. D. Tiemann..... 206 With illustrations from photographs. Se eS AINE DERPI AGUNG 4. £3... .0- cs we sus sae obauseeee sea de 214 TYPICAL WHITE MOUNTAIN FOREST CONDITIONS ..acce eee ee 215 Six illustrations from photographs of Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests. FOREST FIRE LEGISLATION PROPOSED BY WISCONSIN—By E. M. Griffith... 219 SOME THINGS A FOREST RANGER SHOULD KNOW—By CG. H. Shattucks. sc... 224 EDITORIAL— Work Under the New Forest Law......... 226 The Secretaryship of the Interior........... 228 An Unfriendly Appointment............... 227 A Bourbon of Bourbons..............0.0.- 229 The Report on the Lumber Industry....... 227 The Crawford Notch in Dangers ccncraccee 229 CURRENT LITERATURE— Reviews— Chambers: The Mississippi River............ 230 Monthly List for March................... 231 Kellogg and Ziegler: Cost of Growing Timber 230 Tucker: Handbook of Conseryation........ 231 NATIONAL FOREST WORK— Plans for Buying Eastern Forest Land...... 235 New Grazing Regulations.................. 236 STATE WORK— Report of the Forest Commissioner of Maine 237 The Oregon Conservation Commission on Me GITtMtOMVELMONf as. sarccicen dee cece. un 238 ROrests (5 Sagemramtrcuteiinccc cscs me 239 Commissioner Conklin’s Report in Pennsyl- TEESE: 3.0 RRO GOB OO CODE ERE CER a enn 238 NEWS AND NOTES— Consumption of Tanning Materials......... 246 Conservation in Hawaii................... 248 The Southern Appalachian Rivers.......... 246 To Get In Under the New any tatexayclee corcts 249 Bao NCA MAC ATUAVIEW ara ete eicia lec sie/-taysratiorae esos. 247 Hardy Catalpas for Iowa.........4........ 249 A Gift to the Yale Forest School.......... 248 Publications of the United States Geological SUISIGY 3'o TNO Corea aa tee cane ee 249 AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, two dollars per year; single copies, twenty cents. sa MANUSCRIPTS submitted for publication should be addressed to the Editor, at the office of > Publication, 1410 H Street N. W., Washington, D. C. Indexes for Vol. XV (1909) are ready and may be had on application Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Post-office at Washington, D. C. 7f LIBR, NEW | BOTAN GARD AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS Smenc/ ie AZ (Q} The only Work of Its Kind In the History of Literature ERE’S an interesting and splendidly illustrated set of books that should be owned by every man or woman. who likes to study human nature. It is the only standard work that describes the women of all races and nations. In its pages you may read how the women of China, or Samoa, or India, or Sweden live—how they keep house—how they marry—how they treat their husbands—and the vast col- lection of photographs reproduced in these volumes will show you how they look. Curious forms of courtship are described; the psycholog- - ical characteristics of women are discussed ; the toilettes of women are depicted, and the fashions range from the laces and frills of the Parisienne down to the scanty skirt of the Fijian belle. This is a standard, authoritative work, written by such men as Prof. O. T. Mason of the Smithsonian Institution; Dr. Grunberg, of the Berlin Museum; Mr. Archibald Colquhoun, the famous traveler—but it is as interesting and readable as a story book. A Magnificent Gallery of Women of All Lands. A History of Woman. A Thrilling Library of Travel. Customs of Marriage and Love-Making The ‘WOMEN OF ALL NATIONS” is printed on sumptuous, fine surface paper, and is bound in handsome half-leather bindings. The volumes are large quarto. The work is superbly illustrated with hundreds of photo- graphs never before used. These photographs were brought from every part of the world for this purpose. Among the pictures is a series of Sets | magnificent plates in color. $12. These se at $12.00 a an unusual ba gain for connoj seurs who appre¢ ate fine printing ar illustrating. The wo This superb work has been brought out by ] 2 00 Cassell & Company, the London and New - York Publishers, after several years of preparation. A limited edition has been allotted for American distribution. The price of the two vol- An umes is $12.00. Order direct from the publisher, is not only unique Ideal and order now—to besureofaset. Address, the literary sense, but al ea 128 a beautiful example ’ the printing art. Agent § Cassell & Company 5 Send en money-order, | ba * ier) raft for $12.00 with your order. Opportunity Established 1848 The books will be forwarded to 3 43-45 East 19th Street at once, all delivery charges paid. Men of ability and char- NEW YORK acter ae effect au advan- Name: 3. ncveecesseccecuscclass neces use cennee tageous arrangement with us by writing for terms, Addresais«tesntcaachcescoseccssiccnt Vaeenmm giving references. 8f In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN FORESTRY “(Dp has thus happened in morthern China, what has happened in central Asta, in Palestine, in North Africa, in parts of the Mediterranean countries of Europe, will surelu happen tn our country if we do not exercise that wise forethought which should be one of the chief marks of any people calling itself civilized. Nothing should be per- mitted to stand in the way of the pres- rruation of the forests, and tt ts criminal to permit indtutduals to purchase a little gain for themselues through the destrur- tion of the forests when this destruction is fatal to the well-being of the whole countru in the future.” Roosevelt ‘a1O SUVAA OML-ALYIHL “LNOWUAA NI FONUdS AVMUON AO NOLLVINV Id American Forestry VOL. XVII APRIL, 1911 No. 4 STATE OWNERSHIP OF FORESTS By AUSTIN F. HAWES, STaTE FORESTER OF VERMONT. (This survey of a most important branch of state forest policy was originally read at the annual meeting of the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests in 1910. The author has been state forester of Connecticut, as well as of Vermont, and is thoroughly conversant with this question from the standpoint of eastern conditions. We have moved very slowly in the acquisition of state forests, but we must address ourselves to that side of forestry development in all the states, as Pennsylvania has notably done. The great forestry trilogy at present is fire protection, taxation, and state forests.—Editor.) WO periods in the history of the lands of this country will probably be recognized by future historians. First, the period when disposal of public lands was the only policy of state and nation; and, second, the period upon which we are now entering, distinguished by the policy of reser- vation or acquisition by state and nation. The original states of the union upon the birth of the nation found them- selves rich in lands with only a scant population to utilize them. It was natural that public debts, such as those due to soldiers, should be paid in land grants, that public bequests, as those founding Dartmouth, Bowdoin and the University of Vermont, should be in the form of land grants; and that the federal government should follow the policy of granting lands as a bonus to railroads building in pioneer regions. Massachusetts, with its great domain of wild lands in what became Maine, disposed of great areas by lottery. By the Civil War most, if not all, of the lands in New England had been disposed of to private owners. In other parts of the country a similar course was followed, and the United States has now disposed of practically all of its agricultural lands. Shortly after the centennial and the census of 1880, which first touched upon the forest resources of the country, there began to be an interest among far-sighted men in the preservation of the forests. As the best measure toward this end the bill was passed by Congress making national forests possible. This marked the beginning of the period of reservation and acquisi- tion—a movement which has resulted in the creation of national forests amounting to nearly two hundred million acres and which has recently been broadened out to include other natural resources. It is naturally easier to secure from a legislative body the reservation for special purposes of lands already belonging to the public than the purchase of such lands. This is the 191 192 AMERICAN FORESTRY main reason that Congress has thus far neglected to provide a few million dollars for national forests in the east, while the government has been resery- ing hundreds of millions of dollars worth of land in the west for that pur- pose. While it is probable that this winter provision will be made for such national forests in the east, it is doubtful whether these will ever be on a scale of great importance to our states. Probably national forests in the east will always be intimately connected with the question of interstate commerce and the protection of the headwaters of navigable streams. Fortunately, with the movement for the reservation of lands in the west by the government has grown up the idea of state ownership of forest lands through purchase. New York and Pennsylvania have now acquired immense areas partly for the purpose of water protection, partly for the preservation of the beautiful wild scenery and partly for the production of timber. Other states have started in a less ambitious way the same policy and it is already evident that the most striking feature of forestry development of the present century in the east, is to be the acquisition of large tracts by the various states, as reservation by the government has already been in the west. It seems to me that these state forests will fall into several different classes ac- cording to the reasons for founding them and the method of management which the purpose of their existence would dictate. EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION FORESTS The first of these classes in importance for us in New England is the edu- cational or demonstration forest. With the exception of northern Maine and certain mountainous regions of New Hampshire and Vermont, our forests are more or less cut up by agricultural lands and roads. We have easy trans- portation, either by water or rail, to the best markets of the country, which gives our stumpage a value exceeding that in any other region. We have valu- able and rapid growing trees, such as the white pine, spruce, chestnut, ete. In fact, our natural forest conditions resemble more closely those of Europe than any other part of the country, and private forestry development can, therefore, be counted on if demonstrations of forestry operations are available such as state forests would furnish. These demonstration forests need not be large but should represent one or two important types of land of the vicinity. Every such tract should contain some waste land suitable for planting as private owners can more easily be interested in planting than in any other branch of forestry. The experimental element may well be combined with the demonstration. Different species can be planted on different classes of soil. Mixtures and pure planting and vari- ous distances apart may be tried and thus a great deal of valuable data secured in a few years. A local demand for forest seedlings can often be built up by the main- tainance of a small nursery on the tract. But planting should by no means be the only line of work carried on. The demonstration forest should have a few hundred acres of woodland in which thinnings and improved methods of cuttings can be practiced so that land owners will see the various phases of forestry. Thinnings of different degrees can be practiced; the various silvical methods, such as the selection system, stand method, group and strip systems, can be developed so that in a few years the relative results will be apparent. Of course accurate accounts must be kept which can be published in bulletin form from time to time. In all these ways a tract of five hundred acres may serve as well as a larger one. It does not matter particularly whether it is immediately self supporting or not as it is primarily an educational estab- lishment and not a money making scheme, but the sooner it becomes self sup- porting the sooner will it win the respect of the New England farmer and STATE OWNERSHIP OF FORESTS 193 lumberman. On some such tracts it will be advisable to give short courses in forestry dealing only with such lines of work as would be of use to the farmer. J can speak from personal experience of the efficiency of one such forest of 300 acres in Connecticut. In 1905 I purchased this tract in a portion of the state where forestry was scoffed at by everyone, and in 1906 started planting. In less than two years three thousand acres of private forests in the same town- ship were under forest management and a nursery with a capacity of 100,000 trees was kept busy catering to the local demand. The sentiment of the whole county has been changed by this small beginning. We have at present two such state forests in Vermont, one of 450 acres in Plainfield near the center of the state, purchased at an average price of $4 an acre, and one of 350 acres given by Mr. Charles Downer, who has long been interested in forestry. Not the smallest mission of these demonstration forests above described, is to educate the legislators so that they will forward laws in favor of forestry. TIMBER RAISING AND REVENUE PRODUCING FORESTS The kind of state forests advocated above are chiefly valuable indirectly for the influence that they have upon the people who will be led to practice forestry and pass favorable legislation. They will not be on a sufficiently large scale to bring in a revenue of any material value to the state except for supporting the forestry branch of the state government. European states have proved that forests can be maintained more profitably under state and com- munal ownership and the large areas thus owned pay a considerable share of the current expenses of the various governments. Thus Saxony, which has very extensive state forests, derives an annual net income of $5.25 per acre from them. The Saxon forests are largely of spruce and pine and are chiefly managed under the method of clearing and planting, as distinct from the natural reproduction methods in use in Baden and the coniferous forests of France. Prussia, as the largest German state, is interesting, especially from the fact that it is still purchasing waste lands for reforestation. The net income from its 7,300,000 acres increased from $1.53 to $2 per acre between 1900 and 1908; i. e., net income of $14,600,000. Wurtemberg and Baden are the two German states which produce the highest net results from their state forests. In Baden eighteen per cent of the state’s wooded area or about 235,000 acres belongs to the state, and much of the remaining forest is under state supervision. The annual cut in the timber forest is now equivalent to about 500 board feet per acre. The revenues from these state forests come not only from the sale of wood but from hunting licenses, the sale of grass, berries and other products, while the expenses are for planting, road building, salaries, etc. In 1902 the net income from these forests was $5.08 an acre. In Austria the state owns seven per cent of the total forested area and between 1874 and 1903 the net income from this 1,800,000 acres rose from $525,000 to $890,000. During this period over 85,000 acres were reforested. Of the 6,464,000 acres in Bavaria the state owns about one-third. The total gross income from the 2,315,000 acres was $10,387,000, the expenditures, $4,593,000, leaving a net revenue of $5,894,000 or $2.54 per acre. Although there were 79 forest fires in 1905 not more than 240 acres were burned. Similar figures might be given for the various other states of Europe showing that state ownership of forests not only pays, but that the revenue from these forests is steadily increasing, due to the ever improved condition of the forest. For the most part these forests have been crown or common lands since earliest history, but during the past century the areas have been considerably augmented by purchase. 194 AMERICAN FORESTRY In launching our New England states on a policy of state forests for timber raising and revenue, we are confronted from the first with the problem of purchasing the lands. In this connection it should be said that land in this section will probably never be as cheap again as it has been during recent years. In many sections the demand for this class of land is already improy- ing and the price beginning to rise. On this account the sooner these lands are acquired the less the initial investment will be. The natural result of any extensive purchases on the part of the state will be to raise land values in the region. It will, therefore, be advisable from the standpoint of economy, to secure large areas gradually as money affords in a few localities, rather than to scatter small purchases all over the state, thereby raising values every- where. Of course this raising of values is in itself a benefit to the state speak- ing in a broader sense. The individual owners are enriched, the assessable property of a town is increased, and the rate of taxation lowered. What would be the probable investment for the state for the purchase of 100,000 acres, say, in New Hampshire or Vermont? This brings up a ques- tion of policy. Shall the state buy the cheapest land available or aim to get the best possible investment just as a private individual would? At first thought it might seem the state’s duty to acquire cut over and burned over land of which there is such a great area in every state. It is a peculiar fact that the price at which most of this worthless land is held is usually from $1 to $4 an acre, while land of real value worth ten times as much can be pur- chased for $4 to $6 an acre. It is, therefore, a much better investment for the state as well as for the private purchuser to acquire this land covered with pine or spruce reproduction at these prices or sometimes even at $10 an acre, than to buy mountain tops from which the soil has been burned with the for- est. Experience has convinced me that the committees of a legislature will be much more apt to approve this kind of an investment which appeals to the members personally than a purely altruistic proposition such as the acquiring of slash and burns. There are in all of our New England states considerable areas of good timber still standing. In my opinion some of this class of land should be in- cluded, in the first place, because the Lcople expect that the old forests are to be saved and will not be satisfied unless some scenic points are preserved; and, secondly, because by this means an income in the near future will be assured which will appeal to the business sense of the legislators and people. So in the purchase of 100,000 acres there should be a variety of classes of land divided something as follows: 50,000 acres waste land at $2.00 per acre.................. $100,000 30,000 acres, second growth, at $5.00 per acre.............. 150,000 10,000 acres timberland at $10.00 per acre................. 100,000 10;000) acres) good timber" at’ $15:00ha=. sae een eee 150,000 Ota SS ie see she idtasaraieconaate ea Relea eee rans eve ee $500,000 Something the same proportion would hold for larger purchases, i. e., an average price for purchases made during the next decade of $5 an acre. Of course, in order to get lands at these figures, local agents would be em- ployed and considerable diplomacy required in order not to inflate prices. Two or three suggestions can be made for raising the funds to finance such a policy during a decade. The first and simplest is. of course, to appro- priate from money in the state treasury $50,000 a year for the ten years. This is probably out of the question for either Vermont or New Hampshire at present, but then the results may be gradually accomplished by smaller appro- priations. Another suggestion is a bond issue maturing in forty or fifty years when the forests become productive; and still another is to levy a special tax. STATE OWNERSHIP OF FORESTS 195 This might be a light income tax which falling only on private persons or corporations with incomes exceeding $5,000 would not be opposed by the mass of the people; or a small tax of, say 2 cents per thousand feet on all lumber manufactured. A tax of this nature applied only to concerns sawing half a million feet or over would not be heavy ($10 on 500,000 feet), and, as it is pri- marily for the ultimate benefit of lumbermen, should not be opposed by them. Many lumbermen would thereby be able to dispose of cut over lands which are now only a source of taxes. To be sure a tax of this amount would hardly afford $50,000 either in Vermont or New Hampshire, but it might supplement what the legislature was willing to spend from other sources. It must be remembered that all this expenditure is in the form of an investment for the state; one which should bear good interest—it is safe to estimate from four per cent to six per cent. The question in the management of these state tracts will come up as to whether it is best to manage them for the greatest possible profit (which would dictate a short rotation) or whether other features should be given im- portance. In my opinion a part of the area at least should be devoted to rais- ing large dimension timber, such as those required for large telegraph poles, derrick sticks, bridge timbers, etc. This would require a longer rotation, probably 100-150 years, but the industries of the state would be greatly bene- fited by being able to rely upon a permanent supply of such materials. For similar reasons some slow growing trees, such as hickory and white oak should be fostered by the state in regions where they are adapted, even though they cannot be recommended for private planting. PROTECTIVE FORESTS In the above I have discussed state forests for educational purposes, for raising of timber and have not touched upon the protective use of forests. I believe this latter side is over emphasized and that forests are principally valuable for the raising of timber and the support of the industries dependent on them. Of course it is hardly possible to acquire 100,000 acres of forest any- where in New England without its having a material effect upon the springs and brooks ef the region. How much this would affect any large river is prob- ably simply a question of the proportion of the forest area to the entire water- shed of the river. So, too, these forests acquired for these other reasons must add greatly to the beauty of the country and tend to make it a popular resort. There are, however, in every state certain areas which should be acquired for protective purposes even if not from the standpoint of revenue. All steep mountain slopes in danger of being denuded should be owned by the state as clear cutting on such sites is disastrous to the soil and water supply held by it. So, too, there are areas of shifting sand which should be checked by forest planting that would not be profitable and is, therefore, a proper state duty. In regions like northern New England and New York where scenery is such an important feature, many particularly beautiful forests should be saved from destruction by state acquisition. This is not sentiment on the part of the state but simply a matter of good far sighted policy. In all these lines for which we have advocated state forests, it is to be noted that while the state will surely benefit from such a policy, the com- munities in which the forests are located will benefit still more. Many men will be employed in road building, forest planting, cutting and hauling and a population maintained larger than is at present found in many of these back regions. Local industries long since dead will be revived and maintained on a permanent supply of lumber not again to be abandoned as when forests 196 AMERICAN FORESTRY have been depleted in the past. All this prosperity in regions now nearly abandoned means happier homes and better citizens. This local effect reminds me of the advisability in some cases of establishing town forests like the com- munal forests of Europe which are of such great assistance to the small vil- lages and the peasants who live in them. What could be a finer monument for a wealthy man to leave to his native town than a forest tract of five thousand acres to be managed under state control, the income to be used for town purposes ? WOODNOTES 1G As sunbeams stream through liberal space, And nothing jostle or displace, So waved the pine-tree through my thought, And fanned the dreams it never brought. “Whether is better, the gift or the donor? Come to me,” Quoth the pine-tree, “T am the giver of honor. My garden is in the cloven rock, And my manure the snow; And drifting sand-heaps feed my stock, In summer’s scorching glow. He is great who can live by me. The rough and bearded forester Is better than the lord; God fills the scrip and canister, Sin piles the loaded board. The lord is the peasant that was, The peasant the lord that shall be; The lord is hay, the peasant grass, One dry, and one the living tree. Who liveth by the ragged pine Founded a heroic line; Who liveth in the palace hall Waneth fast and spendeth all. He goes to my savage haunts, With his chariot and his care; My twilight realm he disenchants, And finds his prison there. —Ralph Waldo Emerson. SOME NEW IDEAS IN CONTROLLING FOREST FIRES By SAMUEL J. RECORD EN Daniel W. Adams last July became supervisor of the Arkansas National Forest the principal problem confronting him was that of protecting the forest from fire. The previous fire season had been par- ticularly disastrous, due largely to incendiarism. The enforcement of laws pertaining to the disposal of the public lands and timber made many enemies for the Forest Service. It seems typical of a lawless mountaineer never to fight in the open and true to their instincts the enemies of the service fought from ambush. They burned the woods, they slashed and tore the posters and notices, they destroyed telephone lines, all with wanton disregard for the wel- fare of their law-abiding neighbors. The majority of the people in and near the national forests of Arkansas are opposed to forest fires and to all forms of lawlessness, but have hesitated to openly oppose such acts for fear of a crim- inal few. The unfortunate forest agitation at Washington was directly re- sponsible for two-thirds of the fire damage on the Arkansas forests last season. The enemies of the service encouraged and incited by baseless charges and distorted rumors went to excesses that proved their own undoing. When Mr. Adams assumed charge his main efforts were directed to a so- lution of the fire problem. First attention was devoted to organizing the better class of forest users in a fire protective association. In union these people have found the moral strength to oppose the lawless element and thus make woods burning unpopular. The dues of the association are devoted largely to establishing a fund to provide rewards for information leading to conviction of incendiaries. The value of the organization in reducing the fire danger through enlightened public sentiment has been fully demonstrated and will increase with growing membership. A disastrous fire season has taught the farmers an expensive lesson, that the incendiary menaces not only the forest but their property, their homes, their very lives as well. Favorable public sentiment is essential but not in itself sufficient to elim- inate the fire danger. Even under the best conditions fires will occur through accident or lightning or other uncontrollable source. Adequate protection requires (1) means of prompt discovery and location of fires; (2) ready access by trails and roads to all parts of the forest; (3) efficient means of fire fighting. Supervisor Adams, with years of practical training and with no small inven- tive genius, has been concentrating his attention on improvement of require- ments (1) and (8). For months he has worked unceasingly, but good results are rewarding his industry and application. He has prepared a report de- scribing his equipment, apparatus and protective devices. While some of his ideas may, at first blush, appear rather fanciful, they mark the most advanced step in the application of science to forest fire control. Mr. Frank Rush, of the Wichita National Forest, has demonstrated the importance of water in fighting the hot prairie fires of his locality. He hauls the water in a tank to the scene of a fire and applies it by means of large sprinkling pots. In the mountains and rough forest lands water could not be hauled on a wagon, and there is usually a scarcity of water in the vicinity of 197 198 AMERICAN FORESTRY a fire making carrying by hand impracticable. A pack saddle device carrying two tanks of fifteen gallons capacity each and connected under a horse by hose attachments was tried out in the Ozark Mountains. The water was drawn from the tanks to knapsack sprinklers that fit over a man’s shoulders. From this device was evolved an arrangement for throwing the water direct from the saddle to the fire. This was first accomplished by means of a small air pump capable of a pressure of 25 pounds, later abandoned in favor of iron cylinders in which the air has been compressed to 2,400 pounds per square inch. This high pressure is reduced, by means of a simple valve, to a working pressure of from 10 to 25 pounds, and one cylinder is capable of ex- hausting the 30-gallon tanks 25 times with one charging. The entire appa- raus is quite simple, the cost very reasonable, and the expense of operation almost nothing. Mr. Adams’ fire fighters look like warriors of old, for each carries a shield to protect him from the radiation and allow him to work close enough to put the water on the fire rather than on the flames. These shields are made of 20- gauge tin with asbestos cloth cover, and with a spiral wire hand-hold. A three by four-inch mica window is inserted near the top. The whole weighs two and a half pounds, costs only a trifle, and is in detachable sections which may be conveniently carried under the saddle stirrup leathers. In the course of experiments it was early demonstrated that water in sufficient quantities was too hard to get and when used alone did not have the extinguishing qualities of certain chemicals, especially when used on very hot fires. No chemical apparatus on the market, however, had provision for re- filling except by hand. Their use was further hampered by the fragile devices for mixing the acids and other chemicals. Mr. Adams overcame these objec- tions and has applied for patent for a self-charging chemical equipment for shoulder support and an automatic charging equipment for pack saddle sup- port. In this connection it may be interesting to note that the claims made by various chemical engine manufacturers that their engines throw a gas charged water whose fire quenching efficiency is forty to one over ordinary water, seems erruneous in that the water delivered by such apparatus is taken from below the gas line and not charged with gas at all. Necessity for economizing the supply of water and using more of the flame stifling gas, either alone or in mixture with water, led to the invention of a valve and double hose arrangement whereby pure gas, pure water, or a mix- ture in any desired proportion can be obtained. By addition from time to. time of small amounts of alkaline solution and sulphuric acid the entire charge can be re-energized with great economy of water. But improvements did not stop there. To obtain a more intimate mixture of gas and water a special nozzle was perfected, which gave a rotary motion so great that the charge comes finely atomized to virtually a gaseous vapor. This should have especial merit in combatting fiercely burning forest fires. To make the apparatus practicable on a large scale, several horses may be used in tandem. The leader carries the chemical engine while the rear horses tote the supply tanks containing the sodium solution. The tanks are connected by a common delivery hose coupled by lever valves similar to air hose couplings on cars. Such apparatus is designed for controlling the lee of back fires in dangerous places and fighting other fires in a high wind. This idea of using several horses in tandem is an adaptation of the old principle of the “packer’s hitch.” In the mountainous mining regions it is customary to pack ore out and machinery in on mules or burros so hitched that the head of one is close to the tail of the next, making what is known as the ‘“packer’s head-and-tail hitch.” In this manner the “jack whacker,” as the man in charge is called, can lead fifty or more animals, and where the leader USING EXTINGUISHER AND FIRE SHIELD IDEAS IN FIRE CONTROL OLD METHOD OF BEATING OUT FIRES FIGHTING A SURFACE FIRE WITH A KNAPSACK SPRINKLER AND FIRE SHIELD IDEAS IN FIRE CONTROL CHEMICAL ENGINE ON HORSE MR. ADAMS IN BUGGY TESTING CHEMICAL ENGINE ON A IRNING TREE SNAG. THE IN- OR, MR. ADAMS, IN FORE- GROUND IDEAS IN FIRE CONTROL IDEAS IN FIRE CONTROL FOREST OFFICER SIGNAL- LING TWENTY MILES BY HELIOGRAPH FROM RANGE FINDER STATION. NIGHT SIGNALS ARE MADE BY POWERFUL ACETYLENE LIGHTS WITH REFLECTOR PACK SADDLE OUTFIT READY FOR QUICK MOUNTING TLORSE ON NEW IDEAS IN CONTROLLING FOREST FIRES 203 goes the pack must necessarily follow, since the animals are hitched so close in that they have no room to get behind trees or other obstructions. : An organized force of fire fighters and proper apparatus are not in them- selves sufficient for adequate fire protection. For them to do effective work a fire must be located as soon as possible and there must be means of getting to it promptly. On the Arkansas National Forest fires are now located by means of range finding towers set on prominent peaks overlooking as much country as possible. The towers are connected by telephone with each other, and also with ranger stations and towns in some instances so that when a watchman sights a fire he can give warning or summon assistance. The upper part of the watchman’s tower is a sighting hood with a four- foot opening extending entirely around. In this opening are set, with mathe- matical exactness, 144 wires, each space corresponding to 2° 30’ of a circle whose exact center is marked by a plumb bob. When a fire is seen the watch- man sights by the plumb bob to the wire in line, notes its number; then by telephone or signal exchanges this number with the corresponding number of another tower from which the fire is visible. A map with all the lines plotted is before him so that with any two numbers a fire may be definitely located. A hurried plan of action can be telephoned or signalled, since the map shows the roads, creeks, and fire lines. In planning to handle a fire, the velocity and prevailing direction of the wind, which are noted on a dial over the watch- man’s chair, are taken into account. Forest rangers, fire guards, and special employees without telephone facilities are notified by heliographic flashes by day and signal lanterns at night. This range finder is extremely simple in op- eration, designed especially for use by unskilled laborers, thus obviating the necessity for men skilled in the use of instruments who would command much higher salaries. Supervisor Adams is of the opinion that the national forests could be better protected if the Forest Service had a special fire department separate from the general administration. He proposes “that a fire department of the Forest Service be organized, which should, with one notable exception, bear the same reaction to the service that the fire department of a city bears to the city government. The exception noted is that the members of the forest fire force should devote their extra time to designing and experimenting with equipment and apparatus, in field studies of local problems, and in laying out trails and fire lines. Supplementing this nucleus would be the regular forest officers, the rangers and guards, who would correspond to a volunteer force when the fire occurred.” Such reorganization of the Forest Service would largely relieve the tech- nical men of that most unpleasant of all work, fire duty, leaving to them the solution of forestry problems for which they have specially trained. The men of the forest fire force, being freed from the multitudinous cares of adminis- tration, could devote their whole time to a study of fire problems and to ef- fecting their solution. When one realizes that fire is the greatest of all im- pediments to forest conservation and the practice of forestry everywhere the importance of securing protection becomes obvious. Too much attention could hardly be given to the subject and no plans for the lessening of the danger should be denied a hearing and perhaps a trial. Whether or not Mr. Adams’ plans prove successful he is at least entitled to credit for doing some original thinking. THE PRUNING OF WHITE PINE By F. B. KNAPP DIRECTOR OF THE ERIC FOREST SCHOOL HERE is a widespread theory among both American and German for- esters that live branches must not be cut from evergreens. As the result of experiments by Mr. Nathaniel Morton, of Plymouth, Massa- chusetts, begun in 1891 and later investigations by the Eric Forest School, we hold exactly the reverse position with reference to white pine at least, and are convinced not only that such pruning can be successfully done but that it should form the basis for the treatment of our woodlands in many places. Each system of silviculture has its distinct use and must make certain sacrifices to attain its ends. Our aim is to secure a fair quantity of large, clear, high-grade timber with a short rotation. To accomplish this we pay special attention to a small number of selected trees from the beginning. In the first stage of growth obtain by pruning and thinning a tall slender tree with clean bole of moderate length; then get a rapid diameter growth by keeping the remaining branches alive and enlarging the head to its -full capacity. Mr. Morton read a paper before the Massachusetts Forestry Associa- tion in 1899 telling what he had accomplished and describing his methods in detail. He found that the best time to prune the living branches of the white pine was in the hottest summer weather. The branch is cut off close to the bole of the tree; sap flows copiously at first but is quickly seared over by the heat, thereby sealing the wound against disease and preventing the streak of pitch so often found after winter trimming. The wound heals quickly by occlusion with no space or pitch pocket at the end of the small tight knot, and almost immediately outside of it the wood becomes clear and straight grained. As a fair sample of what we have found, the first piece of the Morton trees analyzed by us showed fifteen knots without a single one which failed to come up to this standard. Where a dead branch has to be taken off the cut is made deep enough to wound the living cambium entirely around the knot in order to produce the same quick recovery. For when a dead branch is broken or cut off without such wounding the growth is apt to continue for some years, much as though the branch were still there, forming a little tunnel to collect pitch and dirt. During the first two years the proper amount of protection, light, air, and soil are maintained and a single leader secured for each selected tree ap4 the neighbors are made subservient to it. When from four to eight feet high the pruning of live branches is begun, leaving the head about one-third of the height of the tree. This pruning of live branches and the protection from competitors is continued through the first period of growth. Not over two whorls are taken off in any year. At the end of this time we have a tree with a slender bole, no dead or sickly branches and a small but well developed head, closely surrounded though not crowded by more stocky trees. is I a] Zz Q n nD a Loal a = Len! A a auv ‘S) ant HLIM Lond Vv or "2 OLL =] _ & 2 ° q Q & D & < & be] > i= > A ‘ NOILOGS TVIAVE ay i) ge a“ RAY a anes iN ai Bi ENN A . 3.. TANGENTIAL SEC- TION SHOWING ric A VER- = i a = 4 i= THE MEDULLARY RAYS CROSS SECTION AT JUNCTION rig. 4. OF ANNUAL RINGS, MAGNIFIED 300 TWO RESIN DUCTS ARE TIMES. VISIBLE MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF WOOD STRUCTURE scm ame greene a 5] lef & LeXs rig. 5. RADIAL SECTION MAGNIFIED 300 TIMES. A MEDULLARY RAY CONTAINING A HORIZONTAL RESIN DUCT IS SHOWN AND THE UNION OF THIS WITH A VERTICAL RESIN DUCT. THE DUCTS ARB FILLED WITH TYLOSES FROM THE ENCLOSING EPITHELIAL 2 snepEen PTTS ARE ALSO VISIBLE PIG. 6. TANGENTIAL SECTION MAGNIFIED 300 TIMES. A MEDULLARY RAY CONTAINING LARGE RESIN DUCT IS SHOWN IN THE CENTER OF THE FIELD. BORDERED PITS , LIKE LINKS OF CHAIN IS VISIBLE IN APPEAR IN SECT ON THE WALLS. THE TORUS MANY OF THE PITS ONINGdO FHL ONITYAS GNV do GaHSNd sasvo ANVIN NI NMOS SI SOUOL AHL ‘NOT “OHS NI Skid aauad “10H ONIMOHS ‘SAIL QOS GarINDVIV Non -OUS TVIENGDNVE *g “D1 aT AYOALONULS TOOM JO SAIGALS OIdOOSOUDIN Id JO YALNAD NI MSId TVAO Movida vy SV ONTYVGddy ‘ASaHL JO ANVIN NI G@IdISIA SI SOWOL GHL ‘sila aaeyadyod ONIMOHS SUNIL 908 daWINDVIT NOILOUS TyIdva °*) ‘pL a MICROSCOPIC WORK ON THE STRUCTURE OF WOOD 211 not has been clearly shown. A careful study of the structure of several woods and the changes which are produced in drying and under mechanical stresses was made at Yale laboratory by Mr. W. D. Brush under the writer’s direction. A statement of his results, fully illustrated by excellent photo- micrographs and drawings, appears in an unpublished Forest Service report. The Service has planned a comprehensive line of work of this kind which is now under way at the new Madison Laboratory. (Other microscopic work on the histology of wood, but from the botanical standpoint, with a view to the identification of species, is also being carried on in Washington in the section of Dendrology.) The principal purpose of this work is to bring the two fields of knowledge mentioned before into relationship by making clear to the artisan, engineer or user of wood, the (microscopic) anatomical structure and differences in structure of various woods which underlie the physical and mechanical properties, and differences, in the material he is using and with which he is already familiar. New uses and reasons for not using various woods will also naturally be suggested. To exhibit these facts, chief reliance will be placed upon photomicro- graphs of the wood sections and elements themselves. These will be arranged in a systematic and logical manner and will be shown at uniform magnifica- tions so that the micrographs of all the different species will be directly com- parable. The views will be supplemented by such descriptions and discussions as will lend clearness to the subject. This discussion will be in non-technical language so as to be intelligible to the persons for whom it should be chiefly valuable. It is believed that this proposed publication will be unique in this respect. Among all the works covering these fields, nothing has been found with this specific purpose in view, and giving illustrations in a comprehensive manner and of uniform style. It is our purpose, as far as possible, to make the illus- trations speak for themselves, which will be in a universal language not re- quiring translation. The equipment of the laboratory for this research is very complete. As a foundation, a collection of important commercial woods is being made. The specimens consist of short logs from normal commercial trees, the sylvical conditions of the place of growth of each specimen being recorded. From these specimens small pencils are cut while green and preserved in paraffin or for- malin without being allowed to dry out. The pencils are taken at a point about four feet above the root swelling and run from bark to center. Thus a representative piece is obtained for the microscopic sections. In many cases another piece is taken from the top of the same tree. Thus far about one hundred species have been obtained. The first part of the work consists in the preparation of a complete col- lection of permanent microscopic slides. The small pencils cut from the wood specimens are treated in the usual manner for preparing microscopic slides, sectioned on a special microtome, stained and mounted in balsam. As a rule three samples are taken from each pencil, one from the sap wood, one from the main portion of the heartwood, and another from near the center of the tree. From these samples sections are made in three planes; transverse, radial and tangential. The microscopic slides thus completed would be of little use to the public for the purpose intended without the next step, namely, the photomicrographs. A complete equipment for this work is installed at the laboratory, including a dark room and all accessories. The apparatus for making the photographs consists essentially of an arc light, a system of condensing lenses, ray filters for obtaining monochromatic light, microscope and lenses, shutter, camera 212 AMERICAN FORESTRY bellows and plate holders. In the apparatus here used, which is a Bausch & Lomb “Balopticon” and Zeiss microscope, the parts are mounted horizontally in the order mentioned. The heavy iron bases supporting the several parts are placed on rubber cushions under the feet as a precaution against vibra- tions, as a very minute vibration of the microscope is greatly magnified upon the screen. Non-halation orthochromatic plates have been found to give the best results, although ordinary plates may be used with fair success. The process of taking the photographs through the microscope does not differ materially from that of taking an ordinary picture with a camera by use of a color screen or ray filter. The art of making these micrographs consists largely in obtaining a uniform illumination of the field and the proper focus. To focus properly requires experience, as it is not possible to show on the screen exactly what one sees through the microscope with the eye, since in the latter case a slight adjustment is made by the eye, whereas in the camera the focus is dead and in one plane only. The effect of perspective is lost in the camera. Of course the result in every case is absolutely dependent upon the slide, which, for the best results, must be of the proper thinness, correctly and uniformly stained, absolutely flat, clean and free from air bubbles. It must also be of sufficient size to cover the field desired. To illustrate the wood structure, two or more magnifications will be used, a low power of perhaps 30 or 50 diameters to show the general appearance, and a higher power of perhaps 300 diameters to show the minute structure in detail. Higher magnifications also will be used when it is desired to show re- markable features such as bordered pits, for instance. The largest views taken will be eight by ten inches, which can be subse- quently reduced to any size for publication. The accompanying photographs are given as illustrations of the views to be shown, and are made from sec- tions of Bull Pine (Pinus ponderosa). Figures 1 to 3 are magnified thirty times; 4 to 6, three hundred times; and 7 and 8, eight hundred times. Similar views to these are to be made of the various important species so far as any visible distinctions can be shown, and an attempt made to show, as far as possible, the interpretation of these features or distinctions in the outward properties, and distinctions in properties, of the various woods In some in- stances it is contemplated to show in addition to the sections the individual separated elements. The work is being done by the section of timber physics, and is in the hands of experts in this line. Miss Eloise Gerry, who is making the sections and slides, comes to us from Dr. Jeffrey of Harvard, and Mr. Simon Kirsch, who is making the photomicrographs and has general oversight of the work, is from the late Dr. Penhallow of McGill University. It is not our belief that a study of this kind will ever fully explain the differences in the mechanical and physical properties of different woods, nor can it be hoped to offer a means of predicting with completeness how a new or unknown wood will behave. Such points must be determined chiefly, as heretofore, by direct actual tests of the properties in question. Even were this prediction possible, it is very doubtful whether it would serve any prac- tical use, since ordinarily it would be easier and simpler to make the direct test than to cut, prepare and examine the sections under the microscope. How- ever, while it may never be possible to completely predict the properties, cer- tain uses and behavior of the species under given conditions will most likely be indicated and suggested and much clarity and light will be thrown on the causes of the behavior of the various woods under certain conditions and treatments. It has been the experience of the past that wherever knowledge of fundamental truths has been brought to light, important results have fol- MICROSCOPIC WORK ON THE STRUCTURE OF WOOD 213 lowed. It is impossible to foretell explicitly the benefits which may arise from a clearing away of the clouds hanging over this adjoining border land of knowledge, but it is reasonably certain that benefits will result fully com- mensurate with the expense of the task. BIBLIOGRAPHY The following are some of the most important works referred to, in which the entire subject in the two fields of knowledge is more or less covered. One of the earliest comprehensive works of this kind, and still a standard in many ways, is that of Dr. H. N6érdlinger, published in 1860, “Die Tech- nischen Higenschaften der Hoélzer, fiir Forst und Baubeamte, Technologen und Gewerbtreibende.” (The Technical Properties of Timber for Forest and Civil Engineers, Technologists and Manufacturers.) For the mechanical proper- ties Noérdlinger relied largely upon the previous work of Chevandier and Wertheim. He added a description of the anatomical structure of the various species of wood with a view to explaining many of their properties from the anatomy. He treated also upon their chemical and physical properties, in- cluding durability and defects. A more recent publication by the same author appeared in 1890: “Die Gewerblichen Eigenschaften der Hélzer.” (The In- dustrial Properties of Timber.) Another work, in French, “Le Bois,’ was published by J. Beauverie in 1905. In this work, which covers 1,400 pages, the attempt at extreme comprehen- Siveness is made. Every phase of the subject of wood is gone into, from a bo- tanical description of the trees to the manufactured products. Much space is also given to insect and fungus enemies of the trees, and a description of the forests of the world is given. A table is added grouping the woods by their anatomical structure and giving the uses. The work is really an encyclopedia and is almost too comprehensive to be authoritative in any one line. “Die Forstbenutzung” (Forest Utilization), by Karl Gayer and Heinrich Mayr was published in 1909 as a tenth edition. It contains 630 pages and also covers a very wide range from the growth of the timber in the forest to its ultimate use, including all by-products, even the soil. The works of Theodore and of Robert Hartig should be mentioned in this connection, and also Lorey’s “Handbuch der Forstwissenschaft,’ published in 1887 in three volumes, and recently a second edition in four volumes. In the way of descriptive material, the collection of actual wood sections made by Dr. Nordlinger and published 1852-1860, “Querschnitte von 100 Hol- zarten” is worthy of record, and more recently, the similar and larger work on “American Woods” by R. B. Hough. In English not very much of an extensive nature has appeared in this line. One of the best works is by Boulger, entitled “Wood,” of which the 2nd edition was published in 1908. In this book a number of photomicrographs are given of wood sections. “Timber and Timber Trees,” by Laslett, 1894, touches upon the structure as an introduction to a description of the mechan- ical properties of commercial woods. Herbert Stone, in his “Timbers of Com- merce and their Identification” (1905), goes so far as to show a slightly mag- nified photograph of each species described. A publication by J. R. Baterden, in 1908, entitled “Timber,” gives a brief description of many commercial woods but very little on the anatomy. One of the best publications in English, discussing the structure of wood and its relation to its properties, is Forest Service Bulletin No. 10 by Filibert Roth on “Timber,” published in 1895. Bulletin 13, “The Southern Pines,” by Mohr and Roth, and Bulletin 22, “The White Pine, ” by Spaulding and Fer- now, are also of value from this point of view. 214 AMERICAN FORESTRY There are also other publications touching more or less upon this subject, but the above is intended only as a brief review of some of the best works. As stated in the beginning, there is a vast amount of literature covering the anatomy of woods, and also their mechanical and technical properties and uses, but only such works as touch upon the relation of the two fields of knowl- edge have been cited in this review. THE FOREST AND THE FARM IBERTY H. BAILEY, the dean of the New York State College of Agriculture, delivered an address at the University Club in Buffalo, on the country life movement in America, which, if we may judge from the newspaper reports, was full of the wisdom we always expect from him. Mr. Bailey admitted that present conditions in the country were bad, but he declared that these conditions would soon be of the past. Before many years co-operative farming, new methods, new social customs, new relations with the city, would have worked out a complete change in the business of farming and the lot of the individual dwellers on the land. But the point of especial interest to us was his plan for utilization of abandoned farm lands, those that have passed out of profitable use forever on account of changed conditions. “Yet,” he declared, “they are not useless. It simply does not pay to handle them and they should be put to their destined use.” He noted the development of wheat and corn growing on a’ large scale in the west, leaving truck farming to the east, and that is profitable ouly near large cities or good transportation. Then he said, as reported, “I am strongly in favor of a system of some sort of county ownership or state ownership. Let the community buy these abandoned lands as it could very cheaply. Let it reforest them. Most of the hill-tops in the Adirondack region and the center of the state could most profitably be converted to that use. Others could be used for raising live stock, others again to raising apples for export. Individual ownership should not be allowed to drop in applying these methods. It could go on and afford good livings to many farmers. But the state should no longer allow those lands to go to waste for want of a little enterprise and co-operation.” There was much more, but in this suggestion of community ownership and reforestation we believe lies the solution of much of the abandoned and waste land problem of our densely populated eastern states. Even in such a populous state as Massaghusetts more than half the land can only be profitably used to grow trees. In part they may be orchard trees, for wonderful fruit can be raised on some of these discouraging looking New England hillsides. But on the larger part of this acreage forest trees must be the solution. The future welfare of these states demands that this plan be adopted and soon. Already many of our eastern farmers are learning that their woodlots are not by any means the least of their possessions. Perhaps by and by our towns, counties and states will learn to follow the example of the thrifty communities of Europe and turn their waste lands into bank accounts for the people. FRANCONIA NOTCH FROM NORTH WOOD- STOCK, NEW HAMPSHIRE TYPICAL WHITE MOUNTAIN FOR EST CONDITIONS TYPICAL WHITE MOUNTAIN EST CONDITIONS FOR- GRADED LOGGING cost $16 PER MILE. FOR TRES SKIDWAY WITH FOUR-HORSE UNLOADING, TRACK; NEW CAMP LINCOLN, N. H. ROAD; GRADING FOUNDATION PLE IN FOREGROUND, SNSION OF LOGGING RAIL- ROAD THROUGH FRANCONTA, N. Fi. NEW EXTE TEAMS SCALER SCALING LOGS, AND THREE LOADED CARS ON ON RIGHT, TYPICAL WHITE MOUNTAIN FOR- EST CONDITIONS NEAR SUMMIT OF MT. ECILO, WHITE MOUNTAINS. FIRE CON- y THE SOIL MTWENTY- THREE YE PERMANENTLY BARREN MT. WEBSTER, WHITE MOUNTAINS, MADE PERMANENTLY BY FIRE ING THE WE WANT ON STEEP BARREN AND EROSION FOLLOW- AXE THIS IS WHY PROTECTIVE FORESTS UPPER SLOPES ARS AGO AND LEFT IT MT. ADAMS, WHITE MOUNTAINS, SHOWING HOW FIRE RAN OVER DURAND RIDGE AND BURNED THE SCRUB TYPICAL WHITE MOUNTAIN FOR- EST CONDITIONS FOREST PROTECTIVE LEGISLATION PROPOSED BY WISCONSIN By E. M. GRIFFITH STATE FORESTER OF WISCONSIN. (An address delivered at the Lake States Fire Conference, December 4.) ae thinking people realize that the wonderful forest wealth of this country cannot be conserved through wise use until the government, the states and the private owners are willing to spend the large sums which will be necessary to stop the annual and appalling loss from forest fires. This country is growing out of its irresponsible boyhood days, with its reckless waste and utter disregard for the future, and as it has grown older, and as elbow begins to rub elbow with the enormous increase in population, we are beginning to learn a truth long known in older countries, that the state in order to do its duty to all its citizens must use its general police powers much more freely than in the past, and that the selfish interest of the indi- vidual must give way to the infinitely greater good of the whole people. This academic introduction is merely to prepare your minds for the extensive fire protection system which we hope will be adopted by the state of Wisconsin; which will cost a very large sum and will oblige the state to exercise its police powers, so as to protect not only its own timberlands, but those of all its citizens as well. The United States census for 1900 gave Wisconsin the proud position of ranking first among all the states in the production of lumber. The census of 1910 will show that Wisconsin has fallen back in these te1 years to eighth place, and that her production of lumber in the same period of time has decreased forty per cent, which is more than that of any other state. The wood using industries of the state, not counting the saw mills, use :.innually over 930 million board feet of lumber, valued at $20,000,000, but the state will lose these industries, and many others even more important, as saw mills, paper and pulp mills, etc., unless all forms of needless waste are stopped, and certainly forest fires are the most useless and needless forms of forest waste. The Lake States Forest Fire Conference proves that the severe fire losses of 1910, following the even greater losses of 1908, have aroused us all as never before, and if our legislators can truly appreciate the situation, I am sure they will not fail to act. Let us see what the fire losses have been in Wisconsin. In 1908, according to the reports of our fire wardens, 1,200,000 acres were burned over, and the loss in timber and young growth amounted to $9,000,000. For 1910 our reports are still incomplete, but those received indicate that at least 1,000,000 acres have been burned over, and that the financial loss will amount to several million dollars. The direct loss of merchantable timber, however, is not by any means the most serious in its lasting results, but rather the loss of the industries which depend upon the forests for their raw material, and the still greater ultimate loss through the destruction of young, growing timber, upon thousands of acres which are burned over every year. 219 220 AMERICAN FORESTRY Wisconsin has a wealth of fertile land awaiting cultivation, but she also has large areas more valuable for forest growth, and the people of our state do not as yet begin to appreciate the great future value of the young timber upon such lands, and the careful protection which such small timber needs. Mature merchantable timber which is burned can often be cut and so saved, but young timber when burned is almost always a total loss. At present Wisconsin has the following system of town fire wardens: The state forester is authorized to appoint as many fire wardens in each organized town in the state as he deems necessary, and we now have over 500 fire wardens in the northern or forest portion of the state. These fire wardens post notices, have authority to call upon any person to assist them in fighting fire, are given the same authority as sheriffs to arrest without a warrant, and when in their judgment a dangerously dry time exists, and it is unsafe to set fire for clearing land, or for any other purpose, they have the authority to post special warning notices, forbidding the setting of any fires. The fire wardens and the men called out by them, are paid by the town boards for the time which they actually serve at a rate not exceeding 25 cents per hour, but the total amount which can be expended annually is limited to $100 per township, or 36 sections. It will be noted that the fire wardens have a considerable amount of authority, and as the best available men, irrespective of polities, have been appointed, they have put out thousands of small fires and thus averted much heavier losses, but the whole system is faulty from the fact that it is based upon the plan of putting out fires after they occur, while it is now becoming a well known truth that the greatest efforts in forest protection should be centered upon fire prevention. It must have been an old forest fire fighter who coined the expression “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure,” and probably he had seen as we nearly all have, a small neglected blaze fanned and spread by the winds until it became a fire of such proportions that men were powerless before it. The present limit of expense in fighting fire of $100 per township is absolutely inadequate in very dry years, such as 1908 and 1910, and in such times when the wardens are needed the most is no time to have the financial cog of the system break down. Theoretical’y, the plan of allowing fires to be set at any time, except when the local fire warden posts notices forbidding any fires, is correct, for it imposes the least possible interference with individual rights and especially the clearing of forest lands by settlers in order to make farms, which is of course so necessary, provided it is done at the proper time, and in the proper manner, so as to avoid the wide destruction of the past. Such enormous damage has been done in Wisconsin for the last six years, through fires set by settlers in clearing land, and it is so difficult to secure convictions as the settler can merely claim that he did not see the special warning notices for- bidding the setting of fires, that we feel that we have the cart before the horse and that a radical change in the law is demanded. We must prevent as far as possible the starting of forest fires, and there- fore the state board of forestry of Wisconsin has decided to urge upon our legislature the great importance and necessity of providing a forest fire patrol in northern Wisconsin, upon the following lines: A chief forest fire patrol, appointed by and under the supervision of the state board of forestry,, with headquarters at some central point. He should be a practical woodsman, with a wide knowledge of the northern part of the state, and the ability to handle men. He should be supplied with an office and such clerical help as may be necessary. In each of twenty-five or more of the northern counties there should be located at some central point a head county fire patrol, in charge of the work PROTECTIVE LEGISLATION PROPOSED BY WISCONSIN = 221 in his county. He should be under the direct orders of his chief, report to him weekly, be obliged to keep one or more saddle horses, and cover every part of his county at stated intervals. Under the direct supervision and orders of the head patrols in each county would be county forest fire patrols, varying in number according to the size of the county, and the amount of forest land to be protected, but sufficient in number so that each man would not have over 40,000 acres of land to patrol. For the twenty-two northern counties which it is proposed that the patrols shall cover, it is expected that at least 322 men will be required. The plan is that all these men shall be secured from lumber companies who only operate in winter, as thus their best men would be given work every summer, the state would secure the services of trained woodsmen, and both the state and the lumber companies would gain the great advantage of having permanent men upon whose ability they could count. Each county patrol would have a given territory to look after and for which he would be responsible, they would live in cabins or shacks, and whenever possible they would be mounted so as to patrol quickly and to get to a fire with the least possible delay. They should be instructed to at once call upon every settler in their territory, ex- plain the fire laws thoroughly, and in every way try to make the settlers appreciate that they are working for their interest and want their hearty co- operation. As soon as funds are available, telephone lines should be built to connect all the patrol camps or cabins, so that the head patrol could call all his men together at any point in the county to fight fire, and wherever possible watch towers should be built, where men would be stationed in dangerously dry times to immediately report signs of fire in any direction. Such watch towers have been built by the lumbermen in Maine and have proved very useful. During wet seasons when there is practically no danger from forest fire, the head patrol in each county should call his men together and clear up old logging roads, logging railroad rights of way, trails, etc., so that they could be used as fire lines. This is very important as our experience in fighting fires for the last few years has proved over and over again that the men are seriously handicapped in checking fires promptly, from the fact that there are so few roads which are kept clear of brush, and therefore they have no fire line to fall back upon in case of necessity. Much good can also be done by felling old snags, which are the means of spreading fire to a great distance in a heavy wind and also by burning at favorable times heavy and dangerous slash where it is a constant menace to adjoining timber or other property. In this connection it should be noted that it is proposed to include in the law an important provision giving the state board of forestry power to order the burning of dangerous slash, so as to provide a reasonably wide strip next to adjoining property which is menaced by such slash, and that if the owner of the land or the timber fails to comply with the order of the board within a specified and reasonable period, the state board of forestry shall burn sucb slash, the cost thereof to be a first lien upon the land or timber. If the state of Wisconsin is not to have a general slash burning law, it is absolutely necessary that the state, through some board or commission, should have the right to determine when and where slash is such a public nuisance that it must be destroyed. In this way each case can be carefully considered and the law, if enforced fairly and efficiently, should be a very effective means of forest protection. One of the most important provisions of the proposed law is to provide that no fires shall be set by any one from April Ist to December Ist (except for warming the person or cooking food) without a written permit from a patrol or fire warden. This would mean that any fires set for the purpose of 222 AMERICAN FORESTRY clearing land, burning brush or slash, without a written permit, would be absolute evidence of violation of the law, sufficient to secure conviction. The objection may be raised that the settler is obliged to use fire very freely in order to make a farm on land covered with young timber, brush and slash. This is of course true, but our records of forest fires in Wisconsin for the last six years show that from forty per cent to seventy per cent of all the fires have been caused by settlers burning brush. A large proportion of the settlers in the forest regions of the state are grossly negligent in the use of fire, and often apparently indifferent to the damage which they may cause to the property of others. They frequently select the dryest and most dangerous times to start their fires, and fail to take reasonable precautions to prevent the fire spreading. Under the proposed plan, the local patrols and fire wardens would be authorized, as agents of the state board of forestry, to issue permits to set fire when it was safe to do so, and the patrols would be instructed to assist new settlers by showing them how to burn safely and to use their authority rea- sonably, so as to secure the co-operation of the settlers. Campers, hunters and fishermen must be allowed to build fire at any time, as this is necessary both for cooking and warmth, but the patrols should keep in close touch with all such parties and arrest them promptly for leaving a camp fire unextinguished. It will be noted in this proposed plan that the patrols are intended in every possible way to prevent the starting of fires. They will of course be a well organized body to fight fires when they occur, but their first and main duty will be to prevent fires starting. However, under the best possible system some fires will always occur, and in order to have an auxiliary force, under the direction of the patrols and which they can call in time of necessity, it is proposed to appoint county fire wardens and do away entirely with the present system of town fire wardens. Many of the town boards have seriously handi- capped the work of the wardens by failing to promptly pay the wardens, and che men called out by them. Men will refuse to fight fire if they are obliged o often wait a year for their pay. Most town boards are also strongly averse to allowing any pay if their wardens help to fight fire in adjoining towns, though such fires may at any time destroy much valuable property in their own town. Therefore, it is necessary in order to secure good results to appoint the wardens for the county, instead of the town, and give them full authority to fight fire anywhere in their own or adjoining counties. The present limit of $100 per township, or 36 sections, for fighting fire is entirely inadequate, and therefore it is proposed to increase the limit which any county may ex- pend in any one year to $300 per township. Thus, if a county contains 20 townships it could expend a total of $6,000 in fighting fire, but it should also be provided that the county board of supervisors could exceed this amount in cases of great necessity. In order that the fire wardens and the men called out by them should be paid promptly, it is proposed that the state shall pay the men and collect the expense from the counties. The patrols should keep in close touch with the wardens and arrange with them as to the men who should be called out in case of fire, and thus build up a well trained organization for the control of forest fires. Wisconsin now has a forest reserve of some 340,000 acres, largely upon the headwaters of the Wisconsin and Chippewa rivers, but in order to protect this important watershed, preserve this beautiful lake region as a summer resort for the citizens of Wisconsin and other states,, and also to have a forest reserve large enough to be a factor in supplying the wood using industries of the state with timber, the state board of forestry will urge the necessity of acquiring a forest reserve of approximately 2,000,000 acres. The land must be purchased and in order to raise the necessary funds for the creation of an PROTECTIVE LEGISLATION PROPOSED BY WISCONSIN = 228 adequate forest reserve, including its protection and improvement, and also to pay for the fire patrol system in northern Wisconsin, the legislature will be asked to grant the state board of forestry the proceeds of a two-tenths of a mill state tax for a period of twenty years. This general state tax will yield a yearly revenue of approximately $600,000, and it is estimated that the cost of the patrol system will amount to $250,000 per year. However, the amount which may be expended in the patrol system should be extremely elastic in order to meet varying conditions, and the forestry board should be authorized to expend the entire income of the department if it was found necessary to do so, in an unusually dry and dangerous year. At first glance, $250,000 may seem a very large amount to expend annually for forest fire patrols, but in the 22 counties which it is proposed to patrol, there are about 12,000,000 acres of wild or unimproved lands, most of which are covered with some kind of forest growth, so that the cost would be from two to three cents per acre, and if the patrol system is at all successful, in protecting property, the cost will really represent a very low rate of insurance. Nothing has been said in regard to fires set by the railroads, and this is not from lack of full appreciation of how serious the loss has been from forest fires set in this way, but from the fact that the best remedy has not been found, though both the state of Wisconsin and the railroad officials are working to solve this difficult problem. Our records show that in ordinary years the railroads are only responsible for about fifteen per cent of the forest fires, but the past summer was so dry that the least spark would start a blaze and therefore in 1910 the railroads started about twenty-two per cent of the fires. There are many kinds of spark arresters that will prevent the escape of all sparks, but none has yet been found that will both prevent the escape of sparks and still allow the engine to steam freely, and pull its load. But many men are working to solve this problem and the correct solution should come in time. In the meautime, however, the spreading of forest fires must be stopped, and it is simply a question of the best and most effective methods. Some advocate that all railroad rights of way be kept absolutely clear on both sides of the track. Others place more faith in a close fire patrol on railroad lines, especially of patrols on speeders who will follow up each train and extinguish all small fires that are set. Personally, I believe that a combina- tion of fire lines and patrols, will prove most effective, but that every effort should be made to find a spark arrester that will still allow the engine to steam freely. The American people as a whole are uncivilized in their apparently stoical indifference to the appalling annual losses from forest fires. The problems involved are tremendous ones, but they can be solved if only the nation, state and individual care enough to devote the hard work and large sums that will be required. This Lake States Forest Fire Conference leads me to hope that the time of mere talking is drawing to an end, and that very soon real action to save our forest resources will commence. SOME THINGS A FOREST RANGER SHOULD KNOW By C. H. SHATTUCK. PROFESSOR OF FoRESTRY, UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO. the forest service as a ranger should have may be of interest. In my judgment the first essential is a knowledge of the general geography of the district which he is to supervise. It is very necessary that he be able to direct those under him as to the location of meadows for the pasture of horses, the name and course of various streams, the trend of mountain chains, and the names and locations of prominent peaks. He should have a very thorough knowledge of roads, trails, and the location of cabins, and the manner of con- structing each. He must also know how to handle horses. The ordinary mountain cayuse instinctively knows the tenderfoot, and will proceed on the slightest provocation to reveal bits of equine ingenuity which are sometimes surprising and often aggravating in the extreme. It is imperative that he be familiar with the business of packing; this can only be acquired by actual practice, either in his college course or in the field. Many a young man has come to grief in the practical rangers’ examination because he could not put up in a permanent manner a conglomeration of cook- ing utensils, axes, shovels, cross-cut saws, provisions, and sleeping and wear- ing apparel. He must know how to throw the diamond-hitch and the various swings and loops for holding each of the above necessaries on the back of a sliding, climbing, jumping horse. Roads and trails are often steep and some- times barred by various sized logs, the jumping of which by the horses tests thoroughly the packer’s skill in the use of rope. The ranger must be able to select suitable provisions and must know how to do ordinary cooking. He must have things which cannot be brought from the far-a-way bakery. Bread must be made, meats prepared and cooked, and various vegetables and cereals come in for their share of attention. Making FA BRIEF summary of the information which a young man about to enter camp is another important feature. In selecting a site the essentials are: Good grass for his horses, good water for camp purposes, if possible good fish- ing, and in dry seasons, such a location that the fires may not burn his entire outfit. In addition he should make it his business to be familiar with the forest laws, and the rules and regulations affecting his reserve. He should — e 7 know as intimately as possible the people who reside within the boundaries of — his district, as much of his success will depend upon the wise and tactful manner in which he conducts himself in all his relations with them. He should know, if he should be in a grazing region, the brand and ear-marks of the stock in his district, and the approximate number owned by each individual. He must know the timber of his district both as to stands and kinds of trees. If lumbering operations are conducted he should see to it that the cutting and 224 SOME THINGS A FOREST RANGER SHOULD KNOW 225 burning is carried out according to contract. In much of this western country it devolves upon him to act as a protector of game. The actual settlers are generally glad to stay within the limits of killing fixed by the game laws, and they do not approve of the intrusions of the poacher, whose main object is to kill as much as possible without regard to law. As an officer of the law, the ranger is a great influence in ridding the reserve of ruthless hunters who kill often for horns and teeth only. Such in brief, is the essential information which a ranger should have. Over and above this he should be a man who is able to impress those with whom he comes in contact with the idea that he stands for law, for justice to all and malice toward none. He must be fearless in the exercise of the duties devolving upon him, some of which require courage, and others great powers of physical endurance. It is desirable that he be not too far removed from the land of his birth, as the native will be much more apt to deal in a manner to be commended with the many perplexing problems constantly coming up than one brought from a distance. EDITORIAL WORK UNDER THE NEW FOREST LAW HE Forest Service had been preparing for action in view of the probable passage of the Weeks bill for some time before it became a law and no time was lost in preliminaries. All arrangements have been made for making public the necessary information and for putting men in the field, so that purchases may be made before the close of the fiscal year. It is, therefore, timely to consider what is needed to obtain most promptly the results expected from the law. As already stated, conditions are so acute in the White Mountains and the territory to be considered is so much more circumscribed than in the south that immediate action is called for there. It will also be easier to make purchases in that section during what remains of the fiscal year because titles are so much clearer than in the southern mountains, and the owners are so much less numerous. It may fairly be expected then that the first action to be taken by the government authorities will be in the White Mountains. In these mountains, owing to the local conditions, the primary need is to secure for protective purposes the timbered upper slopes on the several drainage areas, all of which are in danger of early destruction and are needed to be preserved to protect the ultimate water sources and the soil without which these mountain-sides will be of little use. Next in order would seem to come the cut-over upper slopes in the same regions, in order that the work of restoration may begin before the soil denudation is completed. Third, the administrative units may be completed by acquisitions on the lower levels. Thus the work of protection, which is the main purpose of the law, will be logically developed. Finally, there are two areas outside of the White Mountains proper the protection of which is necessary to comply with the purposes of the law. One of these is the great forested north country of Coos County, about the headwaters of the Connecticut, the most important navigable stream of New England. The other is the Magalloway country in Maine and New Hamp- shire, an important part of the Androscoggin watershed. We believe that the full carrying out of these plans involves the purchase of about a million acres in the north, and that something over four million acres are needed for the national holdings in the south, where the exact areas are not yet so definitely indicated. In the northern mountains the plan has been carefully studied by many experts and the requirements are well understood. There need be little delay, therefore, in mapping out the exact plan of procedure. In the announcement made elsewhere of the plans of the department we call especial attention to Secretary Wilson’s statement that he expects a great deal of public spirit to be shown in offering lands to carry out this great policy. We hope he may not be disappointed. 226 EDITORIAL 227 AN UNFRIENDLY APPOINTMENT HAT the Speaker of the late House of Representatives was a bitter enemy of Appalachian-White Mountain forest legislation and that he is a determined and persistent fighter were perfectly well-known facts. We hardly supposed, however, that he would carry his hostility after the Weeks bill was passed to the point of naming, as one of the National Forest Reservation Commission provided for under the new law, a man who had been always an opponent of the measure, unwilling to see any good in it, and whose residence on the Pacific Coast precludes knowledge of the conditions in our eastern mountains. So incongruous did this appointment seem that a long statement was made to some of the newspaper correspondents to explain why Mr. Hawley of Oregon would be a peculiarly useful member of the Commission. Of Mr. Hawley’s integrity and sincerity we make no question and we believe he will act conscientiously as a member of the Commission. We believe, however, that it is quite unprecedented to appoint to administer a law a man who is so entirely out of sympathy with its purpose and unacquainted with the conditions it was framed to meet. In making such an appointment Mr. Cannon simply showed his continued determination to oppose the new law and to do what he could to make it a failure. Fortunately, this is very little since Mr. Hawley is but one of seven. It may be a question under the terms of the act whether any of these appointments are valid beyond the term of the 61st Congress. For the act says: “Provided, that the members of the commission herein created shall serve as such only during their incumbency in their respective official positions, and any vacancy on the commission shall be filled in the manner as the original appointment.” These members were appointed as members of the 61st Congress by the presiding officers of that Congress. Does this appointment run beyond the life of this Congress? THE REPORT ON THE LUMBER INDUSTRY HE report on the lumber industry by the Commissioner of Corporations, Herbert Knox Smith, of which we have already published a summary, is a document that yields new light on close study; but its importance should not be exaggerated. There is an old story, familiar to everyone, of the shield one side of which was silver and the other of gold, and of the controversy that arose between two men each of whom looked at only one side. It may be suggested in passing that Commissioner Smith’s report was made by an able lawyer whose especial business has been hunting for trusts and monopolies and the consequences thereof. His report on the lumber industry reflects this acquired attitude. It looks at one side of the shield only, and its value must be rated with that in mind. The first fact suggested by it we briefly called attention to last month. The concentration of timberland ownership which forms the burden of the report is the result of a public policy which we now see was lacking in wisdom and forethought, although it seemed to fit the conditions of development of a new country. The result has been, instead of the general distribution of the national wealth which was intended, concentration of this wealth in comparatively few hands. For this there is no remedy and we must simply accept the fact. As we have said, the fact is an argument plain and unanswerable for national or state ownership of as large a part of the forests 228 AMERICAN FORESTRY that remain as possible, and for the thorough development and management of these public holdings so that they will constitute the chief single factor in lumber production and so equalize conditions and balance the market. This is not an easy goal to arrive at, but it is practicable. Our national and state forest services must be developed to the highest point of efficiency and they must have the people back of them for they represent the people’s end of this enormous business. Another thing that does not appear in this report but may in the sections that are to follow is the difference between these large timberland owners and the lumber manufacturers and the small owners. We surmise that in any controversy that may arise the side of these latter factors would be the people’s side. Their interest is against concentration of ownership in private hands of the timberlands from which their industry derives its life. Right here it may be appropriate to make an observation about the so-called lumber trust, the bogey which is so often brought out to frighten the people and irritate the lumbermen. Commissioner Smith has shown the possibility of a timberland trust but that there is any likelihood of a dominant trust in lumber trade or manufacturing, no one can believe who has the slightest knowledge of the condition and of the keenness of the competition to the extent almost of chaos. A sharp distinction must be drawn between the ownership of timber and the lumber industry. Sometimes they go together. Often they do not. Another point should be noted. Mr. Smith discusses the rise in the value of standing timber, solely from the point of view of the concentration of ownership and consequent control of production. This should be considered in connection with other conditions that normally affect prices. The rapid decline of the available supply in the face of an increasing distance and Gifficulty of access of the available supply are two important elements which would inevitably cause a large increase in cost if there were no holdings of over a hundred acres in the country. These notes on the report are intended rather as suggestions than as discussion. We wish that a forestry expert might have been joined with the Commissioner of Corporations in this investigation because it seems to us that in that case we should have had a broader report and more conclusive results. THE SECRETARYSHIP OF THE INTERIOR E WELCOME the appointment of Mr. Walter L. Fisher to the secretary- ship of the Interior as that of a man who has shown a high sense of honor and of public duty, sound views, and an exceptional capacity for inde- pendent judgment. His record and affiliations justify confidence that he will administer his great department with an eye single for the general welfare. The retirement of Mr. Ballinger is not to be regretted. The controversy of which he was the center assumed unfortunately so personal a character and was so obscured by political considerations that it failed to be disposed of to anybody’s satisfaction. The fact remained that Mr. Ballinger had become, justly on unjustly, persona non grata to the American people as a cabinet officer. His usefulness ceased some time ago. The continuance of the personal feud embarrassed many departments and bureaus of the govern- ment, and the change will be a relief that will work to the public advantage. The whole episode was most unfortunate and our relief that it is over is so great that we do not care to revive any of the old questions. EDITORIAL 229 A BOURBON OF BOURBONS T IS much to be regretted that the country as a whole does not know Senator Heyburn of Idaho, and his unreason and absurdities are not always analyzed and valued at their real worthlessness. We have actually seen editorials from papers in the east accepting as valid his violent attacks on the Forest Service and making them the text of approving dis- cussion. To those who are acquainted with the methods and habits of mind of the senator from Idaho this seems impossible. It should be understood that he is against the Forest Service, all its works, and anything connected with it. With this knowledge as a key, much can be understood and allowed for. His is a Bourbon mind—never learning and never forgetting anything. His attack on the new national forest bill when it was before the Senate on the fifteenth of February was so absurd as to be a serious reflection upon the dignity of the Senate. With some opponents argument is possible. Senator Heyburn’s method is to press his point by brute force and yield only when overcome by greater force. With him argument is impossible. THE CRAWFORD NOTCH IN DANGER S THIS is written, the project for the purchase of the Crawford Notch by the state of New Hampshire halts in the Legislature. Meanwhile a hundred ax-men have already begun the work of denudation. We have commented recently more than once on the notable progress made by New Hampshire in forestry, and it is incredible that the state can be so blind to its own best interests as to allow this opportunity for self-help to slip by. In times past narrow and selfish interests have too often domi- nated the state to its own detriment, but the recent awakening, the progressive legislation, and the election of Governor Bass all gave promise of better things. Here, however, is an opportunity that is likely to be a test. The cost is not excessive. One hundred thousand dollars is a reasonable price for this property when its many-sided value to the state is considered. On the other hand, New Hampshire cannot afford at any price to have the Notch denuded and thereby changed from a green and picturesque valley, one of the scenic wonders of the state, to a gray, scarred waste. At every season of the year the Notch has its peculiar beauty. As a travelled pass into the mountain country it is worth much to the state of New Hampshire. As the source of the Saco it mweans much to industry; but it is one of the striking examples of mountain sides that can never have their forest growth restored if they are once laid bare. ' There is another side to the question. Neighbor states have been fighting New Hampshire’s battle for national preservation of the chief watersheds of the White Mountains. The battle has been won, but it was hardly won, and the fruits of it are by no means certain. It has been conceded that New Hampshire is not a wealthy state and could not handle this whole project alone; but it has not been conceded that New Hampshire with its nominal debt is poverty stricken or helpless. The new national forest bill as passed is a general bill and New Hampshire can only have its share by deserving it. if the state will not help itself when its interests are so plainly at stake there will be slight inclination on the part of the national authorities to come to its assistance. And there will be no lack of applicants for the few million 230 AMERICAN FORESTRY dollars provided for in the new forest law just passed. There is a plain duty before the state of New Hampshire. This duty is to save the Crawford Notch to be the permanent possession of the people of the state and thereafter to secure such other of its mountain forest tracts as would not naturally be included in the national holdings and are especially indicated as the property of the state. In this way only can the full value of the new national forest law be secured. It is not contemplated by any one that all the lands that must be public forest reservations should be owned by the national govern- ment. It is proposed that the national government should hold the great interstate watersheds of navigable rivers and that this should be a nucleus for state and private holdings which may be under the same or similar forest administration and protection. The friends of New Hampshire who have worked early and late for many years past to secure through the nation the pro- tection that was desired, look to the state to prove by its own actions that it deserves the interest that has been lavishly given to it. CURRENT LITERATURE REVIEWS The Mississippi River and its Wonderful Valley. By Julius Chambers, Fellow of the Royal Geographic Society, Member of the National Geographic Society. With 80 illustrations and maps. pp. xvi, 308. G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York and London, 1910. Mr. Chambers has made in this volume on the “Father of Waters” an interesting addition to the handsome Putnam series on American waterways. The human and historic sides of the great river’s life interest the author especially, and there is slight discussion of physical conditions, or engineering, waterpower, and _ trans- portation problems. Reviewing briefly the the early conjectural period of Mississippi River discovery, the work of De Soto, and the much more extensive and fruitful French explorations, the author comes down to the days of the English and Amer- icans, the Louisiana purchase, and the early explorations to discover the some- what elusive source of the river. The most interesting part of the volume is the chapters given to an account of the au- thor’s own explorations, undertaken in 1872, to complete the reconnaissance carried on by Schoolcraft in 1832, and Nicollet in 1836, resulting in the discovery of Elk Lake. After this exploration the author went by canoe to Saint Louis, and then by steam- boat to New Orleans. There is a chapter on the delta and a brief one on “The Age of Water,” after which the author turns to the modern history of the river. Were any criticism to be made of this enter- taining volume it would be that there is a lack of continuity in the narrative, and too frequent interjection of irrelevant matters. The Cost of Growing Timber. By R. 8. Kellogg, Secretary Northern Hemlock and Hardwood Manufacturers’ Associa- tion, and E. A. Ziegler, Director Penn- sylvania State Forest Academy. Ameri- can Lumberman, Chicago, 1911. > This interesting and practical pamphlet is a development of a paper prepared by the authors and presented at the seventh annual meeting of the National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association, in Seattle in July of 1909. The discussion occasioned by the paper and subsequent study of the subject led them to revise the original manuscript, and publish it in its present form in the belief that its principles are sound and will help toward a clearer con- ception of the conditions which must be established in the United States if forest conservation is to be a reality. The key to the discussion may be found in a sen- tence in the introduction: “The permanent timber supply will not be maintained by private effort at less than the cost of pro- duction.” The object of the pamphlet is to present a method of analysis of the ele- ments of cost of growing timber. These, the authors say, are five: (1) the value of the land; (2) the stocking of it with young trees; (3) the administration of the operation, and the protection of the grow- ing timber; (4) the taxes; (5) the rate ot interest. These elements are then dis- cussed in general, following which de- tailed studies are made of the yield of cer- tain trees. The trees chosen are the white pine, the loblolly pine, the long-leaf pine, red oak, and Douglas fir. The authors then draw certain general conclusions as to the profitableness of the production of the species examined. An appendix contains some cost tables which will be serviceable in making computations. CURRENT LITERATURE As a beginning of a study of a most im- portant subject, this pamphlet is practi- cal, suggestive, and will well repay careful examination by everyone interested in the production of timber. Handbook of Conservation. By Mrs. Fred H. Tucker, Chairman of the Conserva- tion Department, Massachusetts State Federation of Women’s Clubs, pp. viii, 911. Boston, 1911. This little handbook, a kind of syllabus and note-book, is the result of painstaking work by the able chairman of the conserva- tion department of the Massachusetts State Federation of Women’s Clubs. Very few women have given more years of care- ful and really scientific study to the sub- ject of forestry and conservation than Mrs. Tucker. This handbook, she says, has two objects. First, to present an orderly series of suggestive topics upon the conservation of our natural resources, and second to furnish explanatory comments upon the various phases of the subject. The topics are intended as a guide to study and may be used as headings for papers, assign- ments for class work, or merely as a con- vient analysis for the general reader to keep in mind the salient points and the logi- cal development of the subject. The com- ment is largely in the form of quotations from well-known experts or practical men of affairs. The book was prepared especi- ally for the use of women’s clubs, but all students of conservation subjects will find it serviceable. The author explains that no attempt has been made to preserve due proportion among the parts. It has been the aim to elaborate some phases at the expense of others. There is a general outline of the conservation of our natural resources, and then chapters are devoted to ores and minerals, to lands and soils, to waters, to forests, to the ownership and control of natural resources, to birds, and to shade trees. There are two final chapters, one containing practical sugges- tions, and one a bibliography. The work in this handbook is well done. It is what it claims to be,—highly suggestive and use- ful as an elementary guide. We heartily recommend it to lay students of forestry and conservation subjects. MONTHLY LIST FOR MARCH, 1911 (Books and periodicals indexed in the Library of the United States Forest Service) Forestry as a Whole Abert, Federico. Apuntes forestales. 22 p. Santiago de Chile, Imprenta Cervantes, 1910. West Virginia—State board of agriculture. Report for the quarter ending Dec. 30, 231 1910; forestry. 44 p. Charleston, W. Va., 1911. Bibliographies United States—Department of agriculture— Division of publications. Publications of the Forest service. 6 p. Wash., 1911. (Circular 11.) Forest Aesthetics Street and park trees Allendale, N. J.—Shade tree commission. Statutes and ordinance. 19 p. Allen- dale, 1910. Chicago—Special park commission. Trees; when and how to plant. 15 p. il. Chi- cago, 1910. (Pamphlet no. 4.) Levison, J. J. What trees to plant and how. 4p. Brooklyn, N. Y. (American association for the planting and preser- vation of city trees. Publication.) St. Louis, Mo.—City forester. Second and third annual reports. St. Louis, Mo., 1908-9. Washington, D. C—Superintendent of trees and parkings. Twenty-fifth annual re- port, 1910-10. 7 p. Wash., D. C., 1910. Forest Education Biltmore forest school. A forest fair in the Biltmore forest, Nov. 26, 1908. 55 p. il. Biltmore, N. C., 1908. Forest Legislation Maine—Forest commission. Maine forestry district; law creating fire district; in- structions to wardens; list of wardens appointed. 31 p. Augusta, Me., 1910. United States—Congress. An act to enable any state to cooperate with any other state or states, or with the United States, for the protection of the water- sheds of navigable streams, and to ap- point a commission for the acquisition of lands for the purpose of conserving the navigability of navigable rivers. 8 p. Wash., D. C., 1910. (U. S.—61st con- gress—3d sessions. House of Repre- sentatives 11798.) Wisconsin—Legislature—Committee on wa- ter powers, forestry and drainage. Re- port, 1910. pt. 1-2. diagrs., tables. Madison, Wis., 1911. Forest Description Brooks, A. B. Forestry and wood indus- tries. 481 p. pl. Morgantown, W. Va., 1911. (West Virginia—Geological sur- vey. Report, v. 5.) Hall, R. Clifford and Ingall, O. D. Forest conditions in Illinois. 79 p. pl. Ur- bana, I1l., 1911. ( Illinois state labora- tory of natural history. Bulletin, vol. 9, art. 4.) 232 Forest Botany Plant pyhsiology Bailey, Irving W. Oxidizing enzymes and their relation to “sap stain” in lumber. 7 p. Chicago, University Press, 1910. Silviculture Graves, Henry Solon. The principles of handling woodlands. 325 p. front., il. N. Y., J. Wiley & sons, 1911. Planting Little tree tp: American forestry company. farms, nurseries department. South Framingham, Mass., 1911. Forest Protection Insects Rohwer, S. A. The genotypes of the saw- files and wood wasps, or the snper- family Tenthredinoidea. 31 p. Wash., 1911. (U. S—Department of agricul- ture—Bureau of enteomology. Techni- cal series no. 20, pt. 2.) Snyder, T. E. Damage to telephone and telegraph poles by wood-boring insects. 6 p. il. Wash., 1911. (U. S.—Depart- ment of agriculture—Bureau of ento- mology. Circular 134.) Stebbing, E. P. A note on the lac insect, Tachardia lacca, its life history, propa- gation and collection. 2d ed. 82 p. pl. Calcutta, 1910. (Indian forest me- moirs, Forest zoology series, v. 1, pt. 3.) Forest Economics Taxation and tariff Mowry, Jess B. Forest taxation. 3 p. Provi- dence, R. I., 1911. (R. I1—Commission- er of forestry. Leaflet no. 3.) United States—Congress—House. Extracts from congressional debates on the re- ciprocity treaty of 1854 with Canada. 185 p. Wash., D. C., 1911. (U. S—6ist congress—3d session. House document 1350.) United States—President. Canadian reci- procity; special message. 75 p. Wash., D. C., 1911. (U. S—6ist congress—3d session. Senate document 787.) United States—Tariff board. Reciprocity with Canada; a report from the Tariff board relative to various commodities named in the proposed Canadian reci- procity measure. 132 p. Wash., D. C., 1911. (U. S.—61st congress—3d _ ses- sion. Senate document 849.) Statistics Macmillan, H. R., comp. Forest products of Canada, 1909; pulp wood. 9 p. Ot- tawa, 1910. (Canada—Department of Interior— Branch forestry. Bulletin 12.) AMERICAN FORESTRY Prussia—Ministerium fiir landwirtschaft, dominen und forsten-Abteilung fiir forsten. Amtliche mitteilungen, 1909. 47 p. Berlin, J. Springer, 1911. United States—Bureau of census. Wood distillation, 1909. 11 p. Wash., D. C., 1911. (Forest products no. 7.) Forest Administration India—Andaman Islands—Forest depart- ment. Progress report of forest ad- ministration in the Adamans for 1909- 10. sv p. Caleutta, 1910. Pennsylvania—Department of forestry. Re- port for the years 1908—1909. pl. Har- risburg, Pa., 1910. . Quebec—Department of lands and forests. Report for the 12 months ending 30th June, 1910. 257 p. pl. tables. Quebec, 1911. Rhode Island—Commissioner of forestry. Fifth annual report, for 1910. 35 p. pl. Providence, 1911. United States—Department of agriculture— Forest service. Report of the forester for 1910. 67 p. Wash., D. C., 1910. Forest Utilization Lumber industry United States—Department of agriculture— Forest service. Record of wholesale prices of lumber based on actual sales made f. o. b. each market for each quarter of 1910; list A. 22 p. Wash., D. C., 1910. United States—Department of agriculture— Forest service. Record of wholesale prices of lumber, based on actual sales made F. O. B. mill for each quarter of the calendar year 1910. 24 p. Wash., D. C., 1910: United States—Department of commerce and labor—Bureau of corporation. Summary of report on the lumber in- dustry. pt. 1. 38 p. map. Wash., D. C.. 1911. Wood using industries Maple flooring manufacturers’ association. Official maple flooring book, containing concise and authentic information for architects and builders concerning the characteristics and uses of maple, beech and birch flooring. 39 p. il. Chicago, 1911. Oakleaf, Howard B. Wood using industries of Oregon, with special reference to the properties and uses of Oregon woods. Portland, Ore., Oregon conser- vation association, 1911. Forest by-products Ricard, J. H. Exploitation des foréts rési- neuses au pays landais. 27 p. il. Paris, P. Renouard, 1910. CURRENT LITERATURE 233 Periodical Articles General Annals of botany, Jan., 1911—The mor- phology of leaf-fall, by E. Lee, p. 51- 106; The relation of the leaf trace to the formation of compound rays in the lower Dicotyledons, by I. W. Bailey, p. 225-41. Cassier’s magazine, Feb. 199—Lumbering in the world’s greatest forests, by A. W. Day, p. 291-306. Country life in America, March, 1911.— The Arnold arboretum, by W. Miller, p. 347-50. Gardener’s chronicle, Dec. 24, 1910.—Christ- mas trees, p. 470. Gardener’s chronicle, Dec. 31, 1910—The European black poplar, by J. Fraser, p. 483. Outlook, Jan. 28, 1911.—Forest fire prob- lem, by W. D. Hulbert, p. 207-13. Plant world, Feb., 1911.—The ancestry of the bald cypress, by E. W. Berry, p. 39- 45. Popular electricity, Dec., 1910—Where lightning strikes, p. 701-2; Learning to use our forest products, by D. L. Geyer, p. 714-17. Quarterly review, Jan., 1911—Woods and forests, by J. C. Medd., p. 91-15. Scientific American, Feb. 18, 1911.—Dyna- mite on the farm, by W. Young, p. 163. World’s work, Mar., 1911—A museum of living trees; the Arnold arboretum, of Harvard University, which is gathering every tree and shrub in the world that will grow in the latitude of Boston, by F. L. Bullard, p. 14147-58. Trade journals and consular reports American lumberman, Feb. 18, 1911.—Stat- ure, durability, strength, of douglas fir, . 5°83. Enerien lumberman, March 4, 1911.—Cost of producing yellow pine lumber, p. 42-3. American lumberman, March 11, 1911.— Railroads and lumbermen, by W. W._ Finley, p. 47-8; Forest conservation, by H. S. Graves, p. 40-1; Forestry in New York, by C. R. Pettis, p. 52; National forest system, by G. Pinchot, p. 52. Barrel and box, Feb., 1911.—Report on white oak staves and timber in foreign countries, by J. I. Brittain and others, . 33-4, Patada lumberman, Feb. 1, 1911.—Timber trade of Ontario during 1910, p. 26-8; Lumber trade of Quebec during 1910, p. 30-2; Growth of Canada’s pulpwood industry, p. 32-4; Increasing volume B. GC. lumber trade, p. 35-7; Forest fires in B. C. during 1910, p. 37; Sur- veying and mapping timber limits; how a large manufacturing company takes stock of its forest resources, by F. Cook, p. 38-9; Lumber trade of Mari- time Provinces, p. 40-1; Great Britain’s lumber trade improved, p. 42-4. Canada lumberman, Feb. 15, 1911.—Busi- ness methods in lumbering, by Thomas, p. 37; Consumption of poles during 1909 in Canada, by H. R. MacMillan, p. 46. Engineering news, Feb. 2, 1911.—Asphaltic oils for the preservation of railway ties, by F. W. Cherrington, p. 122-3; Keeping record of treated ties, by F. J. Angier, p. 148. Engineering news, Feb. 16, 1911—A bam- boo arch bridge in Java, Dutch Hast Indies, by W. G. Bligh, p. 195. Hardwood record, March 10, 1911.—Paper birch of the northeast and its utiliza- tion, p. 30. Lumber world, Feb. 15, 1911—Hunting African mahogany, p. 23-4. Mississippi Valley lumberman, March 3, 1911.—Quality and economy; the con- servation of energy as applied to log- ging, p. 46. Pacific lumber trade journal, Feb., 1911.— Fallacies of “light burning” forest pro- tection, p. 45. Paper trade journal, Feb. 16, 1911.—The Forest service ground wood laboratory, by H. S. Bristol, p. 45, 49, 53, 231; New paper making fibre, by C. R. Dodge, p. 147; The pulp woods of Can- ada; a classification of the kinds and species, by J. A. De Cew, p. 173-5; Me- chanical treatment, its growing im- portance in connection with chemical reactions, by C. Beadle, p. 179-823; Wood supply problem; use of additional kinds, and mill and lumber waste will solve it, by W. L. Hall, p. 205-11; No more wasting of wood; by a new meth- od practically all parts of the tree can be converted into pulp, by A. A. Tan- yane, p. 293-5. Railway and engineering review, March 4, 1911.—What percentage of creosote oil can be withdrawn from wood by sub- sequent vacuum, by C. D. Chanute, p. 179. St. Louis lumberman, Feb. 15, 1911.—Band resaws, by E. C. Merschon, p. 21-2; Forestry, by W. B. Townsend, p. 25-6; Paper making in China, by H. A. Night- ingale, p. 121. St. Louis lumberman, March 1, 1911.—C-A- Wood preserver company, p. 27; Wood waste and its utilization, by G. B. Frankforter, p. 50-7; Tupelo for boxes, p. 77; The “Diamond” brand of saw mill machinery, p. 78-9; A useful ma- chine for retail lumbermen; the Osh- kosh portable saw rig, p. 80-1; Latest aes from the wood block paving field, p. 82. Southern lumberman, March 4, 1911.—Pro- gress of forest conservation in Mas- 234 AMERICAN sachusetts, p. 30; Lumber production in Canada, by F. S. S. Johnson, p. 32. Timber trade journal, Feb. 25, 1911.—Bra- zilian timbers, p. 265. Timberman, Feb. 1911.—Charpitting stumps successfully, by W. H. Sparks, p. 28-9; Japanese forestry, by F. Goto, p. 31; Suggestions for practical methods of making topographical surveys, by W. W. Amburn, p. 48 J. United States daily consular report, Feb. 24, 1911.—Alcohol from sawdust, by F. H. Mason, p. 732; Shipments of Norwegian wood fiour, by H. Borde- wich, p. 734. United States daily consular report, Feb. 27, 1911.—Canadian timber licences and reserves, by E. C. Wakefield, p. 764-5. United States daily consular report, March 10, 1911.—Wood paving blocks for Italy, by J. B. Young, p. 922-3. West coast lumberman, Feb. 1911.—Tree felling machine, p. 317. Forest journals Allegemeine forst-und jagd-zeitung, Jan. 1911.—Mitteilungen iiber bau und leben der fichtenwurzeln und untersuchung liber die beeinflussung des wurzelwach- stums durch wirtschaftliche einwirk- ung by Matthes, p. 16; Zur mathema- tischen interpretation der zuwachskur- ven, by T. Glaser, p. 6-10; Die Doug- lasie im winter 1908-09, by Walter, p. 10-13. American forestry, March, 1911.—The peo- ple’s possessions in the Appalachian forests, by Thomas Nelson Page, p. 133- 44; Harvesting the annual seed crop, by S. Moore, p. 145-54; Growing trees from seed, by C. R. Pettis, p. 155-9; Re- forestation in Massachusetts, by F. W. Rane, p. 160-63; The passage of the Appalachian bill, p. 164-70; The year’s forest legislation in Vermont, by A. F. Hawes, p. 179-80. Bulletin de la Société centrale forestiére de Belgique, Jan. 1911—La question des semences en sylviculture, by N. I. Cra- FORESTRY hay, p. 19-29; Des mélanges d’essences feuillues 4 réaliser dans les futaies de hétre, by C. J. Quairiére, p. 30-40. Centralblatt fiir das gesamte forstwesen, Jan., 1911.—Die forstliche erschliessung der Insel Formosa, by A. Hofmann, p. 1-18; Studien tiber den flug des nonnen- falters, by W. Sedlaczek, p. 18-27. Revue des eaux et foréts, Jan. 15, 1911— Taux d’accroissement et tariére de Pressler, by B. Martin, p. 33-40. Revue des aux et foréts, Feb. 1, 1911—Une forét en Morvan, by Gouget, p. 65-73; Excursion forestiére au Portugal, by L. Pardé, p. 73-88; Le pin maritime au sud des Landes, by M. L. de Vilmorin, p. 92-6. Schweizerische zeitschrift fiir forstwesen, Jan. 1911—EHine anregung fiir den plenterwald, by G. Z., p. 5-8; Wirt- schaftsplan und waldreglement, p. 8- e ibe Atlaszeder, by J. Businger, p. Schweizerische zeitschrift fiir forstwesen, Feb. 1911.—Die Walungen des Oberen- gadins, by Z. Ganzoni, p. 40-4. Tharander forstliches jahrbuch, 1910.— Haupt-und zwischennutzungsertrage der rotbuche in Sachsen, by M. Kunze, p. 97-110; Die Tharandter forstdiing- ungsversuche, by H. Vater, p. 111-35; Uber bemerkenswerte, in si&chsische forsten auftretende baumrankheiten, by F. W. Neger, p. 141-67; Termitenschad- en; ein beitrag zur kolonialen forsten- tomolgie, by K. Escherich, p. 168-85; Uberlick tiber die forstpolitischen zus- tande Sachsens, by Gross, p. 186-204; Gesetze, verordnungen und dienstan- weisungen, welche auf das forstwesen besug haben, by Flemming, comp., p. 205-68. Zeitschrift ftir forst-und jagdwesen, Jan. 1911.—Formen und abarten der ge- meinen kiefer, by M. Kienitz, p. 4-35; Beitrage zur physikalischen bodenun- tersuchung, by P. Ehrenberg, and H. Pick, p. 35-47; Forstliches aus Kanada, by von Berlepsch, p. 47-58. NATIONAL FOREST WORK Plans for Buying Eastern Forest Land The National Forest Reservation Com- mission, provided for under the new forest law, is made up as follows: J. M. Dickin- son, secretary of war; Walter L. Fisher. secretary of the interior; James Wilson, secretary of agriculture; J. H. Gallinger, senator from New Hampshire; J. W. Smith, senator from Maryland; W. C. Hawley, rep- resentative from Oregon; and Gordon Lee, representative from Georgia. The Department of Agriculture an- nounces, through a circular which is just published its plans for the purchase of land by the National Forest Reservation Commission created under the new Weeks forest law. This law, as our readers know, was passed with special reference to the crea- tion of national forests in the Appalachian and White Mountains. Under it the Sec- retary of Agriculture is to examine, lo- cate, and recommend to the Commission for purchase such lands as in his judg- ment may be necessary for regulating the flow of navigable streams. The circular, which is now being printed, is intended to give information to the public as to where and what kinds of land are wanted. Owners of land, the purchase of which will be considered by the government, are expected on the basis of this information to make known to the Forest Service, which will conduct the work for the Department of Agriculture, their desire to sell. Copies of the circulars may be obtained by ap- plying to the Forest Service. The law is not restricted to particular regions, except that lands may be bought only in the states whose legislatures have consented to the acquisition of land by the United States for the purpose of preserving the navigability of streams. The states which have already taken the necessary action are Maine, New Hampshire, Mary- land, Virginia, West Virginia, North Caro- lina, Tennessee, South Carolina, and Georgia. The first lands to be examined for pur- chase will be in the southern Appalachian and White Mountains, which, because of their altitude, steepness, and lack of pro- tection, are in a class by themselves. The area which is believed to need protection is much larger than the government can purchase. Much difference exists, however, between different parts of the region. Care- ful examinations, which have been going on for the last ten years, have proved that the conditions which affect stream- flow to an extreme extent are to be found in relatively limited areas, which are scattered more or less widely. By careful selection it is believed that much can be done for the permanent improvement of the watersheds with the purchase of a rela- tively small part of the land. A blank form for the offer of land accompanies the _ circular. Additional copies of this blank form may be had by writing the Forest Service at Washington. The kinds of land which will be consid- ered for purchase, if they lie within the designated areas, are set forth by the cir- cular as follows: Timbered lands may be bought either with the timber standing on them or with reservation by the owner of the right to cut the timber under certain rules to pro- vide for perpetuation of the forest. These rules will form a part of the agreement for purchase of the land. Since, however, the government cannot pay high prices, it is not regarded as probable that much land bearing a heavy stand of merchant- able timber can be bought. Culled and cut- over lands may be bought, as well as land covered with brush which is useful for watershed protection, burned land, and abandoned farm land, whether cleared or partially, or wholly covered by young tim- ber growth. Good agricultural lands will not be considered. Owners may reserve the right to remove valuable mineral de- posits which are known to exist. Proposals will be received for small as well as for large tracts, although small tracts can be examined only where the pur- chase of a considerable total of land in the same neighborhood is under consid- eration. With regard to the price which can be paid, Secretary Wilson indicates that the policy of the Commission will be to make the money available go as far as possible. “For the most part,” he says, “we shall have to buy cut-over lands or lands without much merchantable timber. I want to make it plain at the start that I shall recommend this class of land only when it is offered very cheap. Proffers of land at exorbitant prices will not be consid- ered. I am frank to say that I hope to see a great deal of public spirit manifested by land owners. I expect some lands to be offered at merely nominal prices, in order to aid the government in getting 235 236 well started upon this wise and neces- Sary policy. “The lands acquired by the government will be held as national forests. They will be protected from fire and the growth of the timber will be improved as much as possible. The lands will not be game preserves, but will continue to be open to the public for hunting and fishing in ac- cordance with the laws of the state in which they are situated. All their resources will be availabie for the public under rea- sonable conditions. Another point which 1 wish to emphasize is that we are not going to take from people their homes in order to put the lands into national for- ests.” The areas within which offers of land are desired are set forth in detail in the circular of theForest Service. The approxi- mate location of these areas is as follows, although Secretary Wilson warns those wishing to offer land that they should first secure the circular in order to see whether their holdings fall within the more detailed areas therein indicated: In New Hampshire, lands in the White Mountains region. In Maine, lands in a portion of Batchel- der’s Grant in Oxford County. In Maryland, a portion of the western part of Garrett County. In Virginia, parts of Shenandoah, Rock- ingham, southwestern Warren, western Page, northern Bedford, eastern Botetourt, south- ern Rockbridge, southern Washington, Smyth, and Wythe counties, and western Grayson County. In West Virginia, parts of Pendleton, Hardy, Randolph, and Pocahontas counties. In Tennessee, parts of northeastern John- son County, Cocke, Sevier, Blount, and Monroe counties. In North Carolina, parts of Wilkes, Cald- well, Wautauga, Buncombe, Yancey, Mc- Dowell, southwestern Mitchell, Haywood, Swain, Jackson, Henderson, Transylvania, Macon, Clay, Cherokee, and Graham coun- ties. In South .Carolina, a part of Oconee County. In Georgia, parts of Rabun, Habersham, and White counties. New Grazing Regulations The Secretary of Agriculture has ap- proved a revised form of the grazing regu- lations, which govern the use of national forest ranges. The most important de- partures from the old regulations are found, first, in the fact that provision is made for recognition of a permanent national ad- visory board representing the sheep and cattle interests, which will confer an- AMERICAN FORESTRY nually with the Secretary of Agriculture concerning grazing matters;and secondly, in the laying down of a rule that on for- ests where the quality of range and ad- vantages for raising cattle and sheep are equal, the yearlong rate for sheep after the season of 1911 will be thirty per cent of the yearlong rate for cattle. The new regulations have been made the subject of extended and most careful con- sideration, and are promulgated at the present time as the result of a general revision made of all the regulations goy- erning the use of the national forests. Before deciding on the grazing regula- tions, Secretary Wilson invited representa- tives of the two national organizations of stockmen, the National Wool Growers’ Asso- - ciation and the American National Live Stock Association, to present their views to him on grazing matters, and to make any suggestions which they might wish to offer concerning the proposed regulations. The proposed regulations, as they had been drafted by the Forest Service, were sub- mitted to delegates of the two associa- tions, who came to Washington in response to the Secretary’s invitation. Secretary Wilson recognizes that the one and one- half million cattle and seven and one-half million sheep, which are annually grazed on the forests, bear an important re- lation to the price of beef and mutton in this country, and that the public need of increased food supplies no less than the best interests of the stock industry call for careful methods of regulation to pro- mote the full use of the grazing resource. Regulated grazing on the national for- ests seeks not only to make available, to the fullest degree consistent with proper protection of the range itself and of forest growth and streamflow conditions, the an- nual forage crop, but also to allot the graz- ing privilege equitably. By giving the stockmen themselves a chance to be heard with regard to the rules established, and by securing their help in the adjustment of disputes between claimants for use of the range, the department officials con- sider that the task of administering the range satisfactorily has been made much easier. No radical changes in the regulations have been made. As a result of the con- ferences with the representatives of the stockmen’s associations, a number of changes were made in the details concern- ing the conditions under which owners may surrender, transfer, or renew appli- cation for grazing privileges. Both the de- partment and the stockmen are anxious to prevent speculation in grazing privileges, and suggestions for minor modifications of the rules, offered by the stockmen to this end, were readily accepted. STATE WORK Report of the Forest Commission of Maine In his annual report Edgar E. Ring, forest commissioner of Maine, refers to the fire peril and to the lessons of the past season. Of the new Maine forest fire law, he says: “The forest fire law enacted by the last Legislature was a long step toward the con- servation of our forests by protecting them from fire. We know the principles of the law are correct because we have tried them out. The necessity of patrol is so generally admitted that it hardly needs mentioning. Putting out fires already started is better than letting them burn, but, as the real foundation of a protective system, it is about like lowering the lifeboat after the ship has struck. Patrol is better than fighting, because the incipient spark or camp fire can be extinguished before it be- comes a forest fire that has to be fought. One patrolman can stop a hundred incipient fires cheaper than one hundred men can stop one large fire. “Results in forest protection are most truly measured, not by the number of fires extinguished, but by the absence of fires at all. “Another feature of the new law is that the small assessment upon the land owners makes it co-operative. Just as the individ- ual cannot maintain a properly organized and equipped fire department to look after his city property as well alone as through joining with the community, neither can he do so in protecting forest property. If one patrolman can cover the land of several owners, it is unwise for each to hire a man. If a fire starts and threatens several tracts. it is better to share the expense of putting it out. The sale value of timberland in any region is increased by public knowledge that those interested there unite in sup- porting progressive protective methods. “Again this law has been the means of compelling the non-resident owner, the small owner who is unable to employ any one alone, and the non-progressive owners who would otherwise do nothing, to con- tribute their share toward the general cost, and the public take far more kindly to the enforcement of fire laws by the state than to similar activity on the part of the in- dividual owner, against whom a prejudice might exist. “Our forest wealth is mainly community wealth. All the owner can get out of them is the stumpage value. The people get everything else. On every acre of land de- stroyed by fire the citizens of this state who are not land owners bear at least 75 per cent of the direct loss and sustain seri- ous injury to their future safety and profits. The forest district plan, recently pro- vided for, by which the land owners of Aroostook, Franklin, Hancock, Oxford, Penobscot, Piscataquis, Somerset and Washington counties are annually assessed one and one-half mills (in 1909 and 1910, $63,945.44) for fire patrols, has the com- missioner’s hearty approval. Concerning the fire patrol and lookout system, Mr. Ring says: “One of the first things attempted and carried out under the conditions made possible by creating the Maine Forestry District, was the enlarge- ment of the patrol and lookout systems. “Kight years ago when the first law was passed looking to the protection of Maine’s forests a goodly number of fire wardens were appointed and so far as possible dur- ing the dry and dangerous periods the most exposed places were patrolled, but neces- sarily only a limited amount of such work could be done with an appropriation of only $10,000, which had to be devoted to extin- guishment as well as prevention. “Experience has taught all who have made a study of the protection of forests against fire that first in importance is the protection that can be gained by proper pa- trol. It has been the custom of the forest commissioner each spring to meet the land owners of the different sections of the state at some convenient and central point to talk over and plan the season’s work. At the meeting held in 1909 after the passage of the Maine Forestry District act we made known our plans for extending the patrol system and such plans met with hearty approval of the land owners. “An efficient corps of chief wardens were appointed, men being selected who were recommended by the land owners as being thoroughly familiar with the territory as- signed to their care. Under the chiefs were placed enough men to cover the most ex- posed sections and there was not a town- ship of wild land that was not included in the routes of the patrolmen. The water- ways and roads most frequently traveled by rivermen and sportsmen were particu- larly well looked after as were the town- ships lying along the railroads. “Of the amount appropriated in 1909 there was used in the patrol system alone, including amounts paid the chief and 237 238 deputy wardens the sum of $31,131.79, making more than one-half of the entire amount expended in 1909 going directly for patrol work and supervision of the same. In 1910 for the same class of service there has been expended up to November 1, $38,708.97. Included in the work of patrol and constant watch for fires there has been posted by these men over 20,000 danger-fire notices, printed largely in WMnglish, al- though when it seemed wise notices printed in French and Italian have been put up. “Close touch with the men employed has been made possible by weekly reports re- turned to the department by the regular patrolmen. “In case of fire of any proportion and causing the hiring of extra men the chief or deputy wardens in charge file reports containing the following facts: County and township in which fire occurred; time dis- covered and number of hours before it was entirely extinguished; direction of wind at the time; method employed in extinguish- ing same; cause of fire; area burned; esti- mated damage; names of men and hours employed and the total expense of extin- guishing the fire; the report to be signed and sworn by the warden in charge and approved by the chief warden of the section in which the fire occurred.” According to the report fire losses in in- corporated towns in 1909 amounted to $32,- 965, in unincorporated townships, $63,734. The loss from forest fires in incorporated towns in 1910 was $1,906 and in unincor- porated townships $935. The year 1909, the first season under the Forestry District, the appropriation for prevention and extin- guishment was about $64,000 and the select- men of towns also worked under the new law making their municipalities liable for their negligence. The forestry department has equipped its wardens with tools for fighting fires, which are distributed in convenient localities and are branded with the stamp of the district. The amount invested in this manner is $5,000. There are twenty-four lookout sta- tions on the high elevations. The con- struction and equipment of these stations has cost $14,664.49 the past two years. In connection with these stations many lines of telephone have been constructed, bring- ing the most remote sections into quick communication with the chief warden and localities from which help can be easily secured. By arrangement with E. C. Hirst, state forester of New Hampshire, a system of co-operation was entered into in 1910 whereby Maine gets the benefit of the Kear- sarge Mountain station in Chatham, N. H. Other stations overlooking Maine forests are contemplated by New Hampshire. In return Maine wardens watch for fires in AMERICAN FORESTRY New Hampshire from the Aziscoos Moun- tain station in Lincoln plantation, Oxford county. A system of reversing telephone tolls distributes the expense equitably. A Gift to Vermont Vermont has just received a gift of 106 acres including the summit of Bromley Mountain in the township of Peru, eleva- tion 3,260 feet, from Hon. M. J. Hapgood. Mr. Hapgood has long been interested in forestry, and in addition to this gift has placed his own holdings under the direc- tion of the state forester. Commissioner Conklin’s Report in Pennsyl- vania In his annual report Commissioner of Forestry Conklin of Pennsylvania says: “It is the duty of a government to per- petuate itself, and in perpetuating itself there is a further duty to provide for the common welfare of its citizens. With these objects in view, it is wise for a state to see to it that every square foot of soil, the source of wealth, be made to produce its highest revenue. Whenever elements of production are allowed to be wasted, the whole moral fiber of those in connec- tion with the waste is lowered and gen- eral dissatisfaction follows. The state in turn suffers from undesirable citizens, loss of industry, income, and at the same time, outlay for remedial measures and a host of economic conditions which can hardly be followed. “There must be more co-operation on the part of the departments concerned, prin- cipally those of education, agriculture and forestry. School gardens, elementary agri- culture, agricultural clubs, Arbor day and so on must be gotten into the schools. The school building should be the social centers of the communities and, if necessary, the government must send out social settle- ment workers. Agriculture and forestry must no longer be left out of county and local teachers’ institutes, nor should a consideration of the schools and forestry be left out of farmers’ institutes. There are no forestry institutes, but lectures, bulletins, sample plantings and all man- ner of assistance must be provided for. It behooves every member of our departments to make each appropriation reach as far as possible, but it is more important that results are obtained from what is done, and then the results themselves must and will speak for increased assistance from the legislature. There have been added to the reserve area 17,000 acres, during the past year, making the total area of reserves now owned by the state 933,582 acres. There are thirty-nine trained foresters and eighty- STATE WORK 239 five rangers in charge of this large area, using every means available to develop it as rapidly as possible and to bring it up to the best economic production. The Oregon Conservation Commission on Forests Oregon has had a particularly able and clear-headed conservation commission. This body issued for 1910 a comprehensive and valuable report. The commission has re- cently resigned to relieve Governor West of any embarrassment, and because of the failure of an appropriation to carry on the commission’s work. The Governor declares that the state is to have a conservation commission, and he may reappoint some or all of the old board—J. N. Teal, chair- man; F. G. Young, secretary; J. B. Wilson, Cc. B. Watson, Frank J. Miller, J. N. Hart, J. C. Stevens. The section of the report of the commission devoted to forests de- serves wide reading for its fair and tem- perate discussion of current forest prob- lems of the Northwest. We print this section entire: FORESTS. Whether considered as a source of great- est direct revenue shared by all the people, or for their part in maintaining condi- tions favorable to the highest general de- velopment along all industrial and so- cial line, Oregon’s forests, next to land itself, are far her most important natural resources. No other represents equal po- tential wealth; any other could be spared with less injury to present and future prosperity. We are supposed to have a fifth of the merchantable timber in the United States. Even at current prices it should bring us $5,000,000,000.00. This prodigious wealth is better than gold, for its produc- tion will employ an industrial army, afford market for our other commodities, and in every way tend to the development of a great prosperous commonwealth. Forest wealth is community wealth. Protection of forest industry is the best form of pros- perity insurance a timbered state can buy. Notwithstanding these facts, Oregon is far behind other timber states in forest protection and management. While other states with far less at stake, from Maine in the extreme east to Washington and California on either side of us, are con- tinually improving their forest laws and appropriating more and more liberally to safeguard the community welfare. Oregon does practically nothing. With an excellent code of forest laws, as far as punitive and regulative provisions go, it provides no machinery for their enforcement. The result is what might be expected. The Federal Government and private forest owners, where they are interested, do much to prevent and fight fires. But without state aid neither can enforce the laws that would prevent fires, and large areas do not even profit by even their handi- capped effort. During the season just closed we have lost, by fire alone, timber which if saved for manufacture would have brought $23,000,000.00 into Oregon. Other property worth many thousands of dollars has been lost by settlers who could ill afford it, many human lives have been sacrificed, and untold though usually un- realized injury has been done to the thous- ands of acres of second growth which other- wise would have made the forest of the future. Little or no progress in reforesta- tion to retrieve this injury is possible under existing conditions. All of it is unnecessary, for forest des- truction is preventable. The state is di- rectly responsible. Its responsibility and the remedy which lies in its hands are set forth in the following pages. OUR FOREST RESOURCES. While an accurate census is still lack- ing, authorities generally agree that Ore- gon has approximately four hundred bil- lion feet, B.M. of merchantable timber. This estimate is probably conservative, for standards of merchantability become less exacting and vast quantities of wood ma- terial now unconsidered will have future value. The government estimates that about one hundred and thirty-five billion, or approximately a third of the total, is in national forests. The other two-thirds, the most valuable and accessible, are mostly in private hands. The state itself owns comparatively jlittle timber, having dis- posed of most of its educational grant lands. Board foot figures, however, fail to con- vey any adequate idea of the tremendous economic importance of this resource. We are further prevented from realizing it because its exploitation has scarcely com- menced. We regard our forests largely as a wilderness, or at most as a speculative asset for their owners, instead of com- puting their function in the early future as producers of community wealth. But the world’s demand for timber must inevit- ably lead to the manufacture and ship- ment of most of this material within the next fifty years, thus bringing billions of dollars into Oregon. For this reason prob- ably no other resources can approach our forests in distributing new wealth per capita among our population and conse- quently in upbuilding every industry we have, or may hope to have in any portion of the state. Without counting increasing export to other countries, the United States already uses (1908) 40,000,000,000 feet of lumber a year, besides 118,000,000 hewn ties, 1,500,- 000,000 staves, over 133,000,000 sets of head- ing, nearly 500,000,000 barrel hoops, 3,000,- 000 cords of native pulp wood, 165,000,000 240 cubic feet of mine timbers, 1,250,000 cords of wood for distillation, and 90,000,000 cords of fire wood. One by one the timber states, which have met this enormous drain, are becoming exhausted. Washing- ton nows bears the heaviest burden, but Oregon will soon be called upon. But, while Oregon’s stock of four hun- dred billion is almost incaleculably valu- able in the light of these figures, it is scarcely more so than our immense area of cut and burned over land. Upon our management of this depends whether we shall continue the period of prosperity permanently. Here again accurate figures are lacking, but it is probable that an area quarter as great as that now bear- ing merchantable forest is capable of equal production in the comparatively ,early fu- ture. This fact, practically ignored, is of the utmost importance. Nowhere else is forest reproduction as rapid and certain as in the Pacific North- west. The same natural influences which made our existing forests the most mag- nificent in the world will perpetuate them with equal success if given slight co-opera- tion by man; indeed they ask little help but prevention of fire. Saw timber can be grown in 40 to 60 years; ties, timbers and piles in less. It is reasonable to sup- pose that while the quality may be in- ferior to that of the old forest being used now, timber scarcity will make a second crop equally profitable per acre in 60 years. Our deforested land of today should bring us in a billion dollars within the life- time of our boys and girls, if we do not deliberately destroy its capability to do so. RELATION OF FORESTS TO THE AVERAGE CITIZEN. The Oregon lumber industry nows brings about $25,000,000 a year into the State; as much as our apples, fish, wool, and wheat together. In a year or two our forest revenue should certainly equal or surpass that of Washington, already over $75,000,000. Eighty per cent of this immense sum goes to pay for labor and supplies. Practically all finds its way into general circulation. The lumber industry is like any branch of manufacturing in that it creates business, and more than most it consists of labor. and so supports every industry of the community. The money brought into Oregon by lumbering is the greatest source of revenue to la- borer, farmer, merchant, and professional man. As the product is mostly sold else- where, this revenue is clear gain to the state. Forest products constitute eighty per cent of the freight shipped out of Oregon. The interest of the average citizen in for- est protection and use is affected very little by the passage of title to forest land. The owner gets only the stumpage, which is AMERICAN FORESTRY a small part of the value. The people get everything else. Moreover, the people of Oregon are also consumers of forest products. Waste of existing forest, or failure to produce new forests, adds in- evitably to the price they must pay, besides reducing the per capita wealth with which to pay it. And the price of almost every other commodity we use is affected by the cost of forest material used directly or in- directly in its manufacture and marketing. It is unnecessary here to point out the relation of forests to stream flow and the imperative necessity of protecting our agri- culture and water power industries from alternating flood and failure. Less com- monly considered is the intimate relation to every citizen, the farmer especially, of forests as a source of tax revenue. This form of property is one of the chief con- tributors to the support of local and State government. Every acre of timber de- stroyed, or failing to grow where it might grow, adds to the tax burden of the holders of other property. Were all Oregon’s tim- ber to be destroyed, this burden would suddenly be augmented. Partial destruc- tion has precisely the same effect in cor- responding degree and so does failure to reforest. Oregon’s forests are the assests of qgll its citizens. The lumberman or timber owner is, economically, only their agent in us- ing them. The lumberman can change or move his business, but the people as a whole have a stake in forest preservation that is unalienable and paramount. Their prosperity depends upon it now and always. The question involved is not one of per- sonal property, but one of a community resource. PRESENT WASTE. Blinded by the fallacy that it is the tim- ber owner who pays, we let nearly one and three-quarters billion feet of timber burn this year without having taken any steps to prevent it. If saved for manu- facture this would have brought at least $23,000,000 into Oregon, or over $30 for every man, woman and child in the state. This sum would pay the entire cost of state government for nearly ten years. It would pay every dollar of state and county tax together in Oregon with money to spare for improvements. The interest on it at only one per cent for one year, if spent for systematic protection, would have prevented the loss. In addition to the loss of merchantable timber six human lives were sacrificed and the destruction of buildings and improve- ments amounted to many thousands of dol- lars. Property losses by citizens, in no way connected with the timber industry, were many times what it would have cost to prevent these fires. Thousands of acres of cutover lands were also burned over, STATE WORK destroying all reproduction and seed trees. Only a fortunate break in weather condi- tions prevented an even more serious catas- trophe. All available agencies were taxed to the utmost fighting fires already under way, and had rain not come when it did countless others would have passed be- yond control. Oregon’s escape from one of the most fearful forest fires of history was not due to its own precaution. Nor, after all, was the season of 1910 so unusual as to be reassuring as to the future. Seasons vary, and Oregon has no adequate system of reporting fire damage, but competent authorities estimate that the average annual loss in the past has been fully half a billion feet and probably more. This means an annual loss to the community of six or seven million dollars at least. Second, only to the fire loss, as a result of Oregon’s apathy toward forest preserva- tion, is its unfavorable affect upon re- forestation. To the careless waste of ex- isting resources which we and our families should share, we add the idleness of all the land cut and burned over each year, a dead loss of many millions of dollars. Fear of fire and discouraging taxation justly warrants the owner in not taking the necessary steps to make this land use- ful, hence much of it reburns and turns into desert, ultimately to be untaxable, non-productive, and offering no reward to labor. Milling and logging waste constitute an- other leak in our forest economy and will persist as long as neither state nor pub- lic show any recognition of fundamental principles. So long as our lumbermen must bear the entire burden of forest preserva- tion and still compete with those of other states where the community assists, they can do only what it pays to do. EXISTING PROTECTIVE EFFORT. The federal Forest Service is the only public agency doing anything to take care of the Oregon forests. Its expenditures for protection alone in 1910 will exceed $200,000. Of this approximately half is for patrol and half for trail and telephone building and additional fire fighting labor. The U. S. Army and the Oregon National Guard also gave valuable assistance dur- ing the August fires, but this was an un- precedented emergency action and can hardly be considered in discussing Oregon’s protective system. Ordinarily the Forest Service confines its work to the national forests, but this year the menace to homes and property outside led it to disregard official boundaries in many instances. In either case the benefit accrues to the state for national forest timber is a state asset in all but stumpage returns and twenty- five per cent of these also are paid to the counties. As adequately as congressional appropriations permit, the Forest Service 241 takes care of about a third of the timber in the state. It has also begun reforesta- tion. The only fire protection is that given by private timber owners. Through individual and co-operative patrols they spent about $50,000 in 1909 and, while reports for 1910 have not been prepared, presumably that amount was doubled or trebled this year. About 290 regular patrolmen and over 1,000 extra fire fighters were employed. The Coos County Fire Patrol Association and the Klamath Lake Counties Forest Fire Association are strongly organized co-operative patrols in which the members pro rate the cost upon their acreage. The Northwest Oregon, North Williamette, Lin- coln-Benton and Polk-Yamhill Forest Fire Associations are looser alliances of tim- berowners maintaining individual or inform- ally co-operative patrols. For central effort in increasing the extent and efficiency of patrol, all these organizations combine in the Oregon Forest Fire Association, which in turn is affiliated with the Western Forestry and Conservation Association em- bracing all similar organizations from Mon- tana to California. These private patrols have been of immense value to the State. It is notable that where they were best organized, losses this year were insignifi- cant. They vary in efficiency, however, and do not cover sufficient area. The Oregon Conservation Association rep- resents a purely public spirited reform movement, supported by annual dues from all classes of citizens, and not particularly pledged to promote forest protection more than that of other resources. So far it has devoted itself chiefly to this end, how- ever, in the belief that no other problem is equally urgent. Its chief function has been to supply means for carrying on the work of the State Board of Forestry, which is unprovided for by the state itself. By meeting expenses for postage and clerical work, and allowing its secretary to act as secretary of the state board in prepar- ing publicity matter concerning the fire evil, appointing and aiding voluntary State fire wardens, collecting statistics, etc., it alone has prevented the forest laws from being absolutely inoperative. It is hardly likely, however, that it can continue this work indefinitely, in view of the claims of its members interested in other lines of conservation. The Western Forestry and Conservation Association, mentioned on a preceding page, is even more active in propaganda work seeking to interest both general public and forest owners in systematic forest protection. The State Board of Forestry, created in 1907 by a statute that also provided an excellent forest code, remains practically powerless because it is not supplied with any machinery for active work. It is thus shorn of any real function except to make recommendations to the legis- 242 lature and has not the means of collect- ing information to make these effective. Its appropriation in only $250 a year. This insignificant sum is Oregon’s total contribution, as a state, to the cause of forest preservation. It is the least appro- priated by any state in the Union that has any forest system at all. The statute referred to (Chapter 131, Session Laws of 1907) has three excellent features. In the principle of a non-po- litical Board of Forestry, composed mainly of representatives of agencies, competent to deal with forest matters, it follows the example of most progressive states. By enabling the authorization of voluntary fire wardens to control the use of fire in the dry season, it provides the only safe- guard practicable without actual state aid, Its regulative and punitive sections, or “fire laws,” are well drawn as far as they do. On the other hand, it is only frame- work, lacking the life to make it really effective. It provides for no educational work to create the necessary public un- dertaking of the subject, no means of in- vestigating forest conditions, no means of enforcing the fire laws, no machinery for actual forest protection, and above all, no head to develop and execute any State forest policy. In effect it amounts to giv- ing in legal language the state’s gracious permission to its forests to take care of themselves. This authority is of consider- able use, for without it still less would be accomplished, but it is only the first step toward meeting a situation in which the state’s welfare is vitally concerned and in which the state is primarily and un- aviodably responsible. That the state’s present policy, or rather lack of policy, is hopelessly inadequate may be seen in the following counts: 1. There is no one to enforce the fire laws. Every other law to protect life and property has its provided officers. The fire laws do not lend themselves well to the ordinary established machinery, but are not for that reason any less entitled to respect. There is no moral or economic difference between firing a forest and fir- ing a city, yet to violate one excites hor- ror and leads to the pentitentiary, while conviction, or even prosecution, for the other is almost unknown. If detection is more difficult, there is all the more rea- son for providing for it. This is a police function and only the state can exercise it. The employee of an individual or cor- poration can patrol or fight fire, but he can- not successfully exert police power or prose- cute. At present violation of the fire laws is the rule. The violator cannot be ex- pected to take in earnest a law which the state itself does not recognize. With the laws enforced, few fires would start. 2. There is no means of stopping fires that do start. Forest protection is left absolutely to the enterprise, judgment and AMERICAN FORESTRY financial responsibility of anyone or no one. To the extent that he believes it pays him to do so and where he believes it pays him to do so, the forest owner will do his part. But this is exactly like not policing a city in the hope that some individual will be willing and able to do it to our satisfaction. And the result corresponds. Those who can least afford to lose receive least protection. 3. There is no means of helping the pro- gressive timber owners to secure the co- operation of their unprogressive brothers. Probably the greatest retarder of efficient private organization which would other- wise reduce the need of state financial aid to the minimum is the failure of the unrepresentative minority owners to bear their share. 4. There is no one to educate the public in the need of forest preservation. So long as this work is left to private effort it is not only uncertain in quantity and per- sistence, but accomplishes the minimum re- sult because suspected of selfish motive. By not recognizing this need, the state in effect declares it non-existent and ad- vocates forest waste. 5. There is no one to study and promul- gate improved methods of protection, man- agement and reforestation. Even the inter- est in forestry, which is growing, without propaganda is unable to get the technical information and assistance necessary to secure actual practice. 6. There is no progress toward a solu: tion of the forest taxation problem, espe- cially as regards cut-over lands, without which there will be continual dissatisfac- tion on all sides and small progress toward reforestation. 7. Above all, there is no agency with facilities and technical competence to de- velop, to say nothing of executing, a ra- tional far-seeing forest policy for the state which needs this more than any in the Union. To sum up, although Oregon is trying to bring about wise use of its fish, its game, and its agricultural resources, and spends money to this end, it absolutely neglects its most vulnerable resource—its forests. WHAT IS NEEDED AT ONCE, On the other hand, it needs no theory to outline a remedy. We have only to look at experience elsewhere. Where there is an adequate fire service the losses are reduced by a hundred times its cost and few fires are set. Where there is someone to study and report conditions, the laws are constantly improved. Where good laws are strictly but intelligently enforced, the people respect and endorse them. Where the lumberman can get competent advice and encouragement, he is quick to see that both protection and reforestation are profit- able. The essentials of such a policy for STATE WORK Oregon are cheap and simple. They are as follows and should be provided for without delay. 1. A trained state forester familiar with western conditions and experienced in or- ganization for the prevention of forest fires. He should not be a cheap man, but the best available, and chosen absolutely independently of politics. He should be allowed to appoint one or more assistants. 2. A liberal appropriation for forest fire patrol, with ample latitude for such co-op- eration with other agencies as the state forester shall find for the best interest of the public, especially through the encour- agement of further extension and efficiency of private and county effort. 3. Improvement and strict enforcement of laws against fire, the state to exert its police authority to this end. 4. Systematic study of forest conditions and needs, to afford basis of intelligent action and of any further desirable legis- lation. 6. A system of general popular educa- tion, with specific advice to individuals in proper forest management. The following are equally important as part of an early rational policy but per- haps less urgently in need of immediate action by the legislature: 1. Dependable low taxation of deforested land not more valuable for agriculture which will encourage its being held and protected for a future crop, the state to be compensated by adequate tax upon the yield, 2. Thorough study of the subject of tax- ing mature timber, with a view of secur- ing the adoption of a system which will result in the greatest permanent com- munity good. 3. Study on which to base the early appli- cation of advanced forestry principles to the management of state-owned foresi lands, and the purchase of cut or burned over lands better suited for state than private forestry. This to furnish educa- tive example as well as to maintain state revenue and proper forest conditions. LESSONS FROM OTHER STATES. Hardly any two states have exactly the same policy in fire prevention. But, bar- ring, of course, those which do _practi- cally nothing and consequently cannot be considered to have studied the subject, the greatest divergence is in the manner of making the work a public charge after admitting that it should be one. In other words, progressive states recognize that it is a public function and seek to make the general population share the cost, but their customs of local government influ- ence decision as to whether state, county or township should collect and expend the funds which are borne by the taxpayer in either case. This is largely a question 243 of constitutional power to lay burdens upon local units against their will. Pennsylvania, which in all forestry work makes the state chiefly responsible, bears four-fifths the entire expense by direct appropriation. The counties pay the other fifth. Michigan pays one-third, Connecti- cut one-fourth. The majority of eastern states, however, share costs equally with the town governments which exist there. Vermont solves the problem by assuming it should be a town charge but preventing bardship upon poor towns by providing that any expense in excess of five per cent of the town’s “grand list’ shall be borne by the state. In 1908 this worked out to make 70 towns with small fires pay their own bills, while in 20 towns, severely rav- aged, the state bore two-thirds the expense, of fire fighting at a cost to it of $6,000. Some states, including Massachusetts and Wisconsin, make the towns bear all fire ex- pense except on state reserves. Maine plac- es a special one and one-half mill tax on all property in (not timber land alone) the forest portion of the state, and the state collects and spends it. As a rule eastern and central states do not consider private protection by the owner any more logical than private fire protection in cities. To put it another way, they assume the forest tax payer entitled to the same protection under the forest statutes that he or any other citizen receives under the statutes against murder, theft or arson. The ques- tion is only whether state or local govern- ment shall finance and provide it, by di- rect appropriation or otherwise. Oregon conditions are different in many ways. The people’s interest in forest pro- tection is in no way decreased by the ex- istence of larger individual holdings, for the use of timber brings the same wealth for distribution and its destruction equally injures all industries. Indeed the pub- lic’s stake is greater in exactly the meas- ure that forests constitute a greater pro- portion of our total resources. Neverthe- less, the system of production must be modified to fit our constitution, our dis- tribution of wealth and population and our less advanced public sentiment in the matter. Axiomatically, Oregon should spend as much more money than Pennsyl- vania, as it has more forest values to pro- tect, but spend it differently. No project, in which the public does not share, receives public support. So long as forest preservation is by the lumber industry alone, it is looked at as a meas- ure of private profit only. Carelessness and lawlessness cannot be prevented or prosecuted, for public sentiment is not with the property owner. But, when the average citizen is made to pay something to protect his own welfare, he wants re- sults for his money, even if he does not approve of paying it. He sees that de 244 AMERICAN crease of fire hazard decreases his share of the expense. Town or county responsibility for actu- ally performing work cannot be relied on at our present stage of popular education. Politics, inexperience, apathy, are twenty times as hard to overcome in twenty units of government as they are in one. Theo- retically, the nearer the administration is to the thing administered the better, but this is true only when equal compe- tency and interest exists. This is borne out by results where the experiment has been tried, as in California. There the law authorizes counties to appropriate for fire prevention, but they do almost nothing. The only way this plan could be made effective is by compelling the counties to act. Our wealth, population, and dependent industries which should help pay for forest protection are largely outside of the for- est itself, not scattered through it as in many eastern states. Only by state dis- tribution can the cost be fairly equalized. It is unlikely that our voters would con- sent, as they do in many states, to re- lieving the timber owner entirely of the burden of protecting his property. Nor is it necessary that they should. A strictly official system, in which only office holders spend only public funds, seldom if ever has the maximum efficiency until removed from politics, and this is hard to ac- complish until its object is so thoroughly approved and understood by the public that no trifling is permitted. Self-interest must be appealed to in order to insure sin- cerity and, until the public fully realizes its own self-interest that of the timber owner must be utilized. The timber owner and lumberman him- self, by no means always wholly above education, must also abide by the opera- tion of the law. He will support it bet- ter if he has a part in it than if he regards it solely as officially restriction of his lib- erties. For these reasons, the most practical system for western applications is one which— (a) Places a fair share of the finan- cial burden on the timber owner; (b) Leaves execution with him insofar as his self-interest and technical compe- tence tends to secure economy and effi- ciency; (c) Assists him to make less willing owners do their part: (d) Makes the state bear enough of the financial burden to discharge its obliga- tion, enlist public support, and insure ade- quate protection; (e) Gives enough supervision to insure honest execution and enough backing to enforce the law. FORESTRY (f) Provides for education and senti ment-molding that cannot be charged with selfish motives. There are two ways to carry out this policy. One is to enact a detailed law which attempts to govern the co-opera- tion between state and private effort so specifically that neither can secure undue advantage. This assumes that both will try to. The other way is to take every precaution to get a competent non-political state forester and leave him as free as possible to deal with the matter. The latter is by all means preferable. By its very nature, and also by reason of its infancy, forest work is insusceptible of accurate forecast of detail. It may vary from year to year, from place to place. While the state’s attitude may be fixed by legislation, that of the agencies it must co-operate with must be developed; and not by legislatures, but by the officials with whom they deal. A cumbersome or in- flexible law prevents progress of any kind. A flexible law permits experiment and pro- gress, which may be excellent. While it also permits abuse, this may always be stopped before much harm is done, be cause only one appropriation is involved. State funds for forest work may be raised by direct appropriation or by a special tax. The latter seldom can, or should, be imposed until a thoroughly satisfactory ad- ministrative system is established. We should first get a competent forester to work out a permanent, financial policy, and present it to a later legislature for adop- tion. Until this is done, liberal direct appropriation is probably all that is safe. The amount of this appropriation should have an actual basis, governed by the acreage and value of the state’s forest re- sources and the risk to which they are subject. The state’s participation is merely paying insurance to protect its prosper- ity. Every thousand feet of timber saved for manufacture and sale means the dis- tribution of from $10 upwards among its population. Every thousand feet destroyed means an equal loss. The interest alone on the annual loss by Oregon would pay many times the entire cost preventing it. Not to insure against this loss is folly. There should, however, be some way of inducing forest owners as a class to live up to the policy adopted by the state. While it should be possible to meet emer- gencies anywhere that public welfare so demands, as a general policy state funds should go to help districts that help them- selves, thus acting as a lever to encourage private and county efforts. This also fits the plan of placing the actual fire work in the timberman’s hands to ensure effi- ciency. Again, it is obvious that where the most private money is spent is where large fires must be fought, and as large STATE WORK fires mean property destruction also, the private cost is now borne by those whose losses make them least able to bear it. Here we arrive at a distinction between patrol and fire fighting, and it is in this that most eastern systems are weak. They tend to provide for fire fighting or for prevention, and consequently cost more than they need to, with less actual pro- tection. The ideal is to assist patrol, as well as fighting, in equal proportion of the cost, and this can scarcely be done without close co-operation between state and owner without a districting system determined chiefly by owners. Prevention, not fire fighting, is the end to be sought. It de- pends, in cost and efficiency, upon local hazard and ownership. Any state falls into a greater or less number of districts demanding different measure and method of patrol best deter- mined by those interested therein. The owner of the majority of the forest property in each should have chief voice in fix- ing the cost and method essential, all owners within this district should bear equal proportionate burden, and _ the state’s proportion should bear the same re- lation to the acreage cost that it does in any other district. Like division should be possible for cost of fire fighting labor additional to patrol. The most practicable solution of these many problems, at least at present, seems to be to modify the present Idaho dis- trict system so as to escape its regulation of state expenditure solely by state owner- ship, which is not adequate in Oregon. Wherever the owners in a suitable dis- trict will make concerted effort, the state should agree to bear a certain proportion of the cost provided there is a responsibe local organization to carry out the protec- tive policy decided upon. In localities where the owners refuse or neglect to main- tain such organization, independently em- ployed wardens should be appointed upon request, but without compensation by the state, as at present. In such localities, also, the state forester should be em- powered to take any additional steps de- manded by the public welfare in emer- gency, and perhaps to recover a fair part 245 of the cost from the owners of the land concerned. To sum up, although the state’s inter- est and financial responsibility is great, it can accomplish most not by building up an immense fire organization of its own, inviting political interference and at best requiring complicated and expensive supervision, but by encouraging and aid- ing local action by those whose own inter- est insures the maximum efficiency with the least state machinery. Where it can- not obtain this relief, and only there, it should take charge of the situation it- self. If this system is followed, the ex- penditure of the state fire funds will be to best advantage, and the state’s own forest service will be left fairly free to devote itself to other branches of forestry work, such as reforestation, public edu- cation, and making the many investiga- tions badly needed before a permanent policy can be developed. Otherwise the state forester’s entire time is occupied by fire work, which can do no better than others, and he has no opportunity to do the things which he alone can do. Pennsylvania spends $180,000 a year for forestry and fire protection, New York $118,- 000, Maine $64,000, and the other eastern and middle western forest states follow in line. Michigan expects to treble its present annual appropriation of $19,000 this year. Minnesota appropriates $21,000 and the towns bear the rest. Washington ex- pects greatly to increase its present an- nual allowance of $23,000. Idaho shares on a pro rata basis, amounting to about $15,000 last year and double that this year. It is unnecessary to prolong the re- view further than to say that down even to little New Jersey, with $13,500 a year, other states have left Oregon at the foot of the list in preservation of forest wealth and industries. None of them, having be- gun the work, abandons it. Their people endorse further progress by each legis- lature. Shall Oregon, with most at stake, remain the only laggard, inexcusably in- different to the life and property of its citizens, and hazard worse disasters than those of 1910. NEWS AND NOTES Consumption of Tanning Materials Tan bark and tanning extracts were con- sumed in the United States during the cal- endar year 1909 to the value of $21,904,927, as against $21,361,719 in 1908 and $21,205,- 547 in 1907. Of these totals the outlay for extracts formed 49.2 per cent during 1909, 49.4 per cent in 1908, and 45.5 per cent in 1907. While the total expenditure for vegetable tanning materials has been divided between the group of barks, etc., on the one hand and that of extracts on the other during the past three years, the average cost per cord of barks has advanced steadily from $9.52 in 1907 to $9.58 in 1908 and $10.31 in 1909. This increase in the average cost per cord has been accompanied or followed by a cor- responding decrease in the quantity an- nually consumed during the same period, the total for 1908 being 7.2 per cent less than that for 1907, and that for 1909, 4.3 per cent less than that for 1908. The most marked decrease in annual consumption is shown for hemlock, which was the bark used in greatest quantity in all three years, the reported total of this species for 1909 being less than that for 1908 by 13.8 per cent, and less than that for 1907 by 14.4 per cent. The showing for extracts is similar to that for barks, etc., with respect to cost, though entirely different when the annual consumption is considered. The average cost per pound of extracts of all kinds consumed during 1907 was $0.0264, while in 1908 it was $0.0269 and in 1909 $0.0278. The total consumption in 1909 was greater than that in 1907 by 21,918,360 pounds, or 6 per cent, though slightly less than that reported for 1908, the total for which year was the largest of which there is record. The most marked increase among the leading extracts was in chestnut extract, the consumption of which in 1909 exceeded that of 1908 by 24.5 per cent and that of 1907 by 35.6 per cent. This movement in the tanning industry toward the supplant- ing of barks as materials with extracts has been discernible in the showings for sev- eral years past and follows logically the growing scarcity and rapidly increasing cost of the barks. Furthermore the fact that the supply of barks is not only dimin- ishing but at the same time becoming more remote from transportation facilities con- tributes to the decreasing use of tanning materials in this form. 246 The tanning industry, or that portion of it using vegetable tanning materials, is widely distributed. The consumption of extracts was reported from 33 states, and of barks from 25 in 1909, but the four states of Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, West Virginia, and Michigan, ranked in point of consumption in the order named, used near- ly two-thirds of the total quantity of barks reported, and, with Massachusetts, about three-fifths of that of extract. Pennsyl- vania continues, however, to be far in the lead of all other states in the quantity of both barks and extracts annually consumed, this state alone reporting 28.8 per cent of the barks and 32.2 per cent of the extracts used during 1909. The Southern Appalachian Rivers A detailed report upon the surface water supply of the south Atlantic coast and the eastern part of the Gulf of Mexico is con- tained in Part II of a series of government reports entitled “Surface water supply of the United States, 1909.” This paper is pub- lished by the United States Geological Sur- vey as Water-Supply Paper 262 and may be obtained from the Director of the Survey on application. It will be of particular in- terest in connection with the protection of streams by national forests under the new law. Determinations of rates of water flow are of importance in leading to the most complete utilization of the power of a stream. At any reasonable valuation per horse power, the undeveloped power of these streams is an important industrial asset. In Georgia and the Carolinas, more than 100,000 horsepower has been developed and is being used by the cotton mills alone, and public service corporations in these three states are to-day developing 300,000 to 400,000 additional horsepower to turn the hundreds of mills and light the many towns and cities in the region. In the operation of the power plants already con- structed and in the financing and building of those yet to be developed the problem of water flow is an important factor. Projects for providing water for domestic supply, for irrigation, and for generation of power for factories can not be designed intelligently without a knowledge of the flow and the behavior of the rivers from which the supply is to be derived. Methods of taking records and of com- puting rates of flow are described in detail NEWS AND NOTES in the paper. The instruments employed are illustrated, and the manner in which they are used is shown. Among the river basins considered are those of the James, Yadkin, Santee, Sa- vannah, Altamaha, Appalachicola, Choc- tawhatchee, Mobile, and Pearl, with their most important tributaries. A summary showing the great divergencies in sea- sonal rates of flow exhibited by these streams is appended to the text. A Canadian View A very interesting letter has recently ap- peared from Senator W. C. Edwards, presi- dent of the Canadian Forestry Association, in favor of the reciprocity agreement. Com- ing from one of the leading lumber opera- tors, timberland owners, and paper mill men in Canada, this letter contains some statements that are well worth noting. Among other things, Mr. Edwards says: “Amongst the questions that attract more or less attention in the discussion going on at present in Parliament is that of the capturing and despoiling by the Americans of our natural resources. Our principal natural resources, so far as I am aware, are the products of the farm, the forests, the mines and fisheries, and of these, where the most fear is apprehended, are our for- est products, say lumber and perhaps more particularly pulp wood; there are, in the minds of very many of our people, some very mistaken ideas with regard to this subject. “In the minds of many Canadians the Americans have practically exhausted their forest resources, and are in immediate need of securing their requirements from Can- ada: This is not true. The United States possess to-day vastly more lumber than Canada and cutting as they are, say 40 billion feet per annum, they are said to have sufficient to supply their wants for from twenty-five to thirty years. Just where she is to look for her supply after that time I have no idea. Most people think Canada will then be her source of supply, but this is an error. For while it is true that up to date no approximately accurate estimate has been made of our timber resources, yet quite enough is as- certained to make it well known that the total timber resources of Canada suitable for lumber for immediate cutting would not supply the United States for more than eight or ten years. “As far as pulp wood is concerned the Situation is different. Our resources in spruce, suitable for pulp making, are very much greater than theirs, and again the total quantity required annually for paper making is quite a small item compared with the quantity of lumber consumed. 247 “What the position of the United States is to be 20 to 30 years hence in her lumber requirements is a great and important ques- tion, and one which is in their hands to solve. “But the important question engaging the minds of some Canadians at the mo- ment is that should the duty on Canadian lumber entering the United States be abol- ished, and that should the further provis- ion take place, viz., that for the free entry of Canadian pulp and paper into the United States, the provinces relax their regulations that pulp wood cut from the crown do- main shall be manufactured in Canada, that what will follow will be greatly in- creased exhaustion of our forests conse- quent on improved prices for our lumber and the sale of our pulp wood to the United States, and I at once admit that this is a most reasonable deduction to arrive at on the part of those unfamiliar with the true situation. “The agitation against the exportation of pulp wood first arose on the part of the pulp and paper makers of Canada, with the view of circumscribing the market for their own selfish ends; but misguided and uninformed patriotism has now carried them away.” Continuing, he refers to the removal of the duty on lumber, and says it will not stimulate lumber production, but will let the Canadians penetrate a little further into the United States. Then he continues “It cannot be attrib- uted to me that I have any selfish ends to serve in what I suggest, as I am a pro- tective pulp and paper maker and have never exported pulp wood and never ex- pect to, and that my firm conviction is that the free admission of our lumber into the United States will not have the effect of increasing Canadian products, and that the removal of the manufacturing provision of the provinces, as applied to pulp wood, will do Canada incalculable good and no harm whatever. “My frank opinion is that by far the greater benefit to be realized by Canadian lumbermen will be from the general im- proved conditions Canada will most cer- tainly enjoy if the suggested lowering of tariffs on both sides of the line takes place. This, I believe, will be far and beyond the most sanguine expectations of the promot- ers and supporters of the proposition. And now as to pulp wood, I affirm that forest conservation is a matter by itself, and stands on its own bottom. The crown, represented by the various provinces, en- acts the regulations and through such reg- ulations controls the cutting. The matter of forest conservation is not involved in dictating to the limit holder the form in which he shall sell his product. 248 “Many of the United States mills have abundant supplies of pulp wood for many years to come. This is true of many of the Eastern mills, and in the West there is an enormous supply. In Oregon and Washington the pulp mills are cutting the largest and finest spruce, capable of mak- ing the longest and largest of dimension timber, into pulp wood for their immedi- ate and prospective wants, and for a few years back have been buying some pulp wood in Canada, cut almost entirely on private lands, and the cheap price of Scan- dinavian pulp enables them to import from there. But many of these mills suffer another and most serious disability, viz., a shortage of water for grinding the wood, and this shortage is becoming more in- tense as time advances. There is the further condition that many of the Amer- ican mills, and particularly those who have but a limited supply of wood ahead of them, are but temporary, and one by one will go out of existence. “With our very large resources in pulp wood and our numerous and never failing water powers, particularly in the province of Quebec, there is but one sequence to this question. The ultimate destiny of a large share of the pulp and paper making of North America will be in Canada. But this result will come automatically and by evolution. Mills will gradually disappea: in the United States, and excepting in places where there is a future supply of wood no new mills will be built there, and as fast as market demands their con- struction they will be built in Canada; but the construction in Canada will not be hastened one day by the provincial restric- tion existing, but otherwise. It will be retarded just as long as the maintenance of the American duty remains a consequent provision, and Canada will be most seri- ously injured. Freedom of entry into the United States for pulp and paper would encourage the construction of mills in Canada, but the reverse will deter judici- ous Canadians from so investing. “That it is wiser that the transference of that large part of pulp and paper mak- ing that is to come to us should come fairly gradually, I personally feel no doubt of, and if the American market is open to us I am certain that the paper making will come to us as well as that of pulp, for apart from the transportation condi- tion so favorable and advantageous to paper over pulp, there is the water power ques- tion I have mentioned, which is very es- sential. “And in the meantime, as this auto. matic transference goes on, a rich harvest can be obtained by those who have spruce which they wish to dispose of, as the Am- AMERICAN FORESTRY ericans who need the pulp wood will pay during the lifetime of their mills, a high price for it, and earn even small dividends on their properties rather than no divi- dends.” A Gift to the Yale Forest School The gift of $100,000 for a building for the Yale Forest School is announced. The name of the donor is not made public. The building will be erected upon the Pierson- Sage square. Following so closely upon the gift of $100,000 by Mrs. E. H. Harri- man, to endow the chair of forest manage- ment, in memory of her husband, this in- dicates the interest which those of large means are beginning to take in forestry, and the recognition of the profession, and the need of thorough training therefor. Conservation in Hawaii On Wednesday afternoon, November 16, 1910, there was held in Honolulu, Hawaii, a public meeting to consider the local application of the five cardinal points of conservation—the right use of lands, waters, forests and minerals, and the safe- guarding of public health. It was under the joint auspices of the Territorial Board of Agriculture and Forestry and the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association. In the audience were a majority of the sugar plantation managers and other members of that association, but tn addition there was also present a goodly company of per- sons representative of the best thought and influence in the territory in other lines. Short addresses were made by Gov- ernor Frear, Messrs. Marston Campbell, Ralph S. Hosmer, Dr. E. V. Wilcox, Hon. W. O. Smith, Dr. W. C. Hobdy, Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, and Mr. Alonzo Gartley on vari- ous phases of the conservation problem in its local aspects. In the speaking, mention was made of im- portant co-operative work by the terri- torial bureaus, the United States Forest Sery- ice, and the United States Geological Sur- vey. Ralph S. Hosmer, superintendent of forestry of the territory, spoke on the part played by the forest in conservation. He summed up the importance of forestry to Hawaii in these sentences: “In Hawaii forestry is a business necessity. Wood and water are the first needs that must be satis- fied in any community. Both are products of the forest. Wherever it can be got water is the most valuable product that the na- tive Hawaiian forest can be made to yield. In Hawaii, without the native forest we should be without water. And in our planted forests, we have, too, an asset constantly increasing in value; for the pro- duction of wood is one of the pressing needs of local conservation.” NEWS AND NOTES 249 To Get In Under the New Law It has just been discovered that Kentucky alone of the Appalachian states has not passed a law permitting the United States to hold land within the state under the new national forest law. Unless this is promptly remedied, therefore, the Blue Grass State will have to be left out of con- sideration for the present. As the Ken- tucky delegation in the House of Repre- sentatives cast five votes against the Weeks bill and none for it, and one of her senators yoted against it, this seems a little like poetic justice, but it is rather hard on Representative Stanley, who worked for the bill long and consistently in the Com- mittee on Agriculture, and would have been present to vote for it but for illness. In this connection it is interesting to note that a bill to authorize the national government to establish forest reserves in Pennsylvania has been introduced in the legislature of that state. It is said to be part of the general plan of the flood com- mission for putting a stop to the periodical flood loss in Pittsburgh. Federal, state, county and city government are expected to co-operate in the carrying out of meas- ures which will eventually be the means of impounding flood waters at their sources and using them during dry seasons. Hardy Catalpas for lowa That the hardy catalpa is one of the best fence post trees that can be grown in Iowa, is the conclusion reached by the Iowa Ex- periment Station. EHighteen-year-old trees that have been properly cared for will yield from 2,000 to 2,500 posts to the acre. The gross annual return per acre per year on the Iowa plantations studied varied from $10.77 to $20.34. Copies of Bulletin 120, ‘ giving directions for growing catalpas, can be obtained free by writing to the Iowa Experiment Station at Ames. Publications of the United States Geological Survey A new list of publications of the United States Geological Survey, just issued, con- tains the titles of more than a thousand books and pamphlets. These reports cover a wide range of subjects. They include not only papers on geology and topography but reports on water resources and on tech- nology. The Geological Survey was the nursery of the United States Reclamation Service and the Bureau of Mines, which now, in full growth, are carrying along successfully work begun by the Survey years ago. The Survey, however, still con- tinues its work on water resources and in- cludes discussions of technology in its an- nual volume “Mineral Resources of the United States.” A glance at this list will show the great diversity of the subjects considered and the manifold nature of the science of geology. The reports include discussions of geologic chemistry, mineralogy, petrography, and paleontology, as well as ore deposition and other matters of very practical importance. Much of the Survey’s late work has been directed to the study of mineral deposits of economic value. The work done in land classification has not yet found detailed expression in the Survey’s reports, but some papers prepared as a result of land- classification surveys have been printed an- nually in bulletins entitled “Contributions to economic geology.” The list may be obtained by applying to the Director of the Survey at Washington. D. C. Adopted by the Cornell Forestry School Trees and Their Life Histories By PROFESSOR PERCY A. GROOM, M.A., D.S.C., F.L.S. (Cantab. et Oxon.) The Most Superbly Illustrated Tree Book Ever Issued. @ With 512 Reproductions of Photographs of Trees by Henry Irving, the Result of Years of Study Die ACCURATE, THOROUGH, READABLE gps exceptionally complete and magnificently illustrated work is meeting with the highest commendation and approval from the numerous Tree authorities and Forestry students who are acquainted with it. Numbers of our Forestry School Libraries have already purchased it. It is pre-eminently a work for Nature Lovers, practical Tree Experts and students of Tree Life. Analytical tables, diagnoses of families, and numerous iHustrations, together with a brief mention of distinetive features, enable the reader to identify each of the seventy-five varie- ties of trees that are here fully treated. Particular trees have been selected for more detailed discussion. For example, branching of the tree is specially illustrated by the Larch, Yew, Horse Chestnut, and others; branching of a shrub and weeping tree, by the BDider and Laburnum; the repair of injuries, by the Scots Pine; the shape and conduct of a _ light- demanding tree, by the Larch and Birch; the degeneration of flowers, by the Sweet Chestnut and Ash. And s0 on. Price, $10.00 Net, Sent on Approval LET US SEND YOU THIS VOLUME WITH THE > d ; : ’ hich pl UNDERSTANDING that should it fail to substantiate & ,,CUmencz)-f0" Mata. copy all our claims, you may return it to us by Express Collect. & of “TREES AND THBIR LIFE We will in this case refund you the full amount of © HISTORIES,” by Professor remittance upon the arrival of the volume in good condition. CASSELL & COMPANY Established 1848 43-45 East Nineteenth Street NEW YORK A MARVEL OF ILLUSTRATION i Mr. Henry Irving has been engaged for a number of years in making an exhaustive series of photographs of 4 Trees, a field in which he is acknowledged by leading nature photographers without a peer. The finest results of his work are embodied in Professér Groom’s “TREES AND THEIR LIFE HISTORIES” This book contains over one hundred large plates and four hundred smaller ones, showing each tree in its summer and in its winter appearance, also of each tree the trunk and bark, the bud and twig, the leaf spray, the flower spray, and the fruit cluster. Neither pains nor expense have been spared to make the illustrations, as they have never before been done, complete, typical, and true to nature. The work is a large Octayo, Ss Company, printed with great care on the S$ 19th St. finest quality surface paper G&S coal and strongly bound in green a ew York. | alll Bi Te, neg Gentlemen: x Find enclosed $10.00 s (check, money order, or F Percy Groom. I reserve the privi- S lege of returning the volume to | you if unsatisfactory, and if I should, you agree to refund me at once the full amount of my remittance. NAMB.... ec cccccencesseccescoveseesecesess ADDRESS... ccc ceccccsccieccessseseeeeeoeerer® AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT The course of study in the YALE FOREST SCHOOL covers a period of two years. Graduates of collegiate institutions of high standing are ad- mitted as candidates for the degree of Master of Forestry. he Summer Term is conducted at MILFORD, PIKE COUNTY, PENNA. -FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ADDRESS JAMES W. TOUMEY, Acting Director New Haven Connecticut BILTMORE | | FOREST SCHOOL course. Train your attention upon a group Biltmore, N. C. x | of related topics. Learn about ‘Democratic e 3 . | England” this year, A reading set of Maga- ates } zine-teacher and four books complete in it- Theoretical and practical instruc- } ‘self. Four such courses of the Chautauqua : tion in all branches. of applied for- - eycle, read in spare minutes, will give the estry. } college outlook, renew the early vision of Th Bae } liberal culture, bring that. comprehensive un- © course. comprises eigh sis | derstanding of world movements which makes months; viz: twelve consecutive . for personal efficiency. Course neither’ diffi- months of lectures and field work and '} cult nor expensive. Begin NOW. six months of practical prenticeship. | For particulars address Box Working fields in the Southern CHAUTAUQUA INSTITUTION Appalachians, in the Lake States Chautauqua, New York, and in central Germany. Sa ere aR ae Catalogue upon Application Dr. C. A. SCHENCK, Director In writing to advertisers kindly mention American Forestry f ; a number of trees on each 40-acre subdivision, Mitt - We submit reports covering details as to logging conditions, cost and | methods of logging each 40-acre or sectional subdivision of each tract. subdivision of each forty. ve We employ expert PACIFIC COAST CRUISERS to check all catia pas mad ahi Vars We olfer HIGH-CLASS Timber Properties only, which have been placed in our for sale. We can convince you that eur estimates are reliable. JAMES D. LACEY & co. (ESTABLISHED SINCE 1880) 1211 Whitney Central Bldg. 1104 Spalding Bldg. 1000 White Bldg. 1218 Old Coleny New Orleans Portland, Ore. Seattle : Chicago NATIONAL CAPITAL PRESS, Published - STATE FORESTS IN VERMONT By WALTER K. WILDES FOREST FIRES IN NORTH AMERICA By DR. E. DECKERT REFORESTING IN THE NATIONAL FORESTS PURPLE ‘BASKET WILLOW By C. D. MELE FOREST TAXATION By EDWIN A. START MINNESOTA’S NEW FOREST LAW EDITORIALS and ne DEPARTMENTS Price $2.00 per Year. Copyright 1910, by the American Forestry Aaseciation by THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 1410 H St.. N. W., Washington, D.C. AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS ~*~ EVERGREEN and FOREST TREES — SEEDLINGS and TRANSPLANTS Also SEEDS for FOREST PLANTING — Immense quantities of following hardy valuable sorts: White Pine, Scotch Pint Ponderosa Pine, Jack Pine, Austrian Pine, Douglas Fir, Balsam Fir, Bah ti Spat White Spruce, Red Spruce, Hemlock, etc., etc. DECIDUOUS TREES Larch, Beech, Birch, Maple, Ash, Walnut, Locust, Elm, Oaks, vate Specie, Wiid Cherry, Linden, ete., etc. i. Tree Seeds—Guaranteed New Crop i A complete assortment of all “ine cs species, both native and foreign. High 7 germination quality. Write for Prices Mention this Magee! : THE D. HILL NURSERY COMPANY — Evergreen Specialist ig Largest Grower in America | Founded 1885 DUNDEE, ILL. ‘yg a A VALUABLE RECORD of the progress and relations of forestry in America is contained in the — VROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN Forest Concress oF 1905 which was published — by the American Forestry Association. & limited number of the edition remains and the book WILL NOT BE REPRINTED — Every public library should have this volume; every person who is interested ‘ in forestry and who does not now own one should avail himself ot the oppor- — tunity to secure a copy before the edition is disposed of. ey The price is $1.50 postpaid. This offer which was originally limited to Jan. 1, has been extended to April 1, 1911 Regular Price Membership in American Forestry Association.......0005 1.00 Subscription to American Forgstry to January, 1912..... , 2.00 » Proceedings. of American Forest Congress 1.50 The whole for $3.26 THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. MARYLAND BUILDING. 1410 H STREET NORTHWEST ‘ WASHINGTON, D. C. In writing to advertisers kindly mention Amentcan Foagstay American Forestry The Magazine of the American Forestry Association EDWIN A. START, Epitor May CONTENTS 1911 SOVER DESIGN—By Charles Cartwright. Set CLEAN EOEUD, IN OMT GC Eis ca ssc: cpeyete er avers 0:9) aren -oi's © syainyoverayrevere te taliey avers (ole oie n'a fo,'etoue Frontispiece Description on page 293. STATE FORESTS IN VERMONT—By Walter K. Wildes..............2eeeeeeeees 253 With six illustrations. TAXATION OF FOREST LANDS—By Edwin A. Start.........,...0...cceeeescess 256 PLANTING IN THE NATIONAL FORESTS—Fifteen Pictures.................00. 265 FOREST FIRES IN NORTH AMERICA—By Dr. E. Deckert.................0000% 273 Translated and condensed by George Wetmore Colles. BPORPUM BASKET WILEOW—By C. Ds Mellin oo. oc ciccccjere oan ertielatatvaleleieisie oie la\s\else 280 With four illustrations. SPAETH PEE ATA COo ETI AUN Gm O)ER HS ELS =: craters 295 The Crawford Notch Saved.............. 299 The Passing of the Pioneers.......-++s.++- 297 CURRENT LITERATURE— Monthly List for April...........seeeeeees 300 Notes on Recent Publications.............. 303 NATIONAL FOREST WORK— Appropriation for the Forest Service........ 304 Boundary Changes.......-.+esvessscrenees 306 STATE WORK— EAIPEO TITIAN tateleletes ciels'cicic 8.0 as olatlvinjalsie paves viele 306 The New Minnesota Taw. -.....-c.c-s cece 307 IVEASIIOM Mera ainla ols tulslale’ «/ sis (xis 'sfainfofalsaiaiwis;wia/e\s‘sfa,e(e 306 The New Hampshire Timberland Association 311 “Michigan ...ccesccscccececressnecsseuene 306 OE ROM ante eletetatein ais oityia/s otek os Bieeainiesinie se 311 EDUCATION— The Biltmore Forest School........-..+++++ 312 Summer Cruise for Montana Forestry Elementary School Forestry.......-++.++++ 312 SEC en tommeterelseisersisic (cists a sielelsiarersererele ciorn 312 NEWS AND NOTES— State Control of Private Property........- 313 New England Railroads Waking Up...... 3138 A Small Forest Reserve for Illinois......... 313 Adirondack Lumber Cut Decreasing........ 314 Catalpa by Wholesale for Arbor Day....... 313 The Protection of Native Plants.......... 314 Delaware and Hudson Railroad’s Forestry Pennsylvania’s Thrifty Forest Policy...... 314 Nie one foie, 37, SHOU AOD CO CPG te 813 DN Mem I MMT IT LETS spin test fet ie ioy trol alele’syctele's,e, esrarete 314 AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, two dollars per year; single copies, twenty cents. MANUSscBRIPTS submitted for publication should be addressed to the Editor, at the office of publication, 1410 H Street N. W., Washington, D. C. Indexes for Vol. XVI (1910) are ready and may be had on application Entered as second-class;mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Post-office at Washington, D. C. under the Act of March 3, 1879 7f£ AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS The only Work of Its Kind In the History of Literature ERE’S an interesting and splendidly illustrated set of books that should be owned by every man or woman who likes to study human nature. It is the only standard work that describes the women of all races and nations. In its pages you may read how the women of China, or Samoa, or India, or Sweden live—how they keep house—how they marry—how they treat their husbands—and the vast col- lection of photographs reproduced in these volumes will show you how they look. Curious forms of courtship are described; the psycholog- - ical characteristics of women are discussed ; the toilettes of women are depicted, and the fashions range from the laces and frills of the Parisienne down to the scanty skirt of the Fijian belle. This is a standard, authoritative work, written by such men as Prof. O. T. Mason, of the Smithsonian Institution; Dr. Grunberg, of the Berlin Museum; Mr. Archibald Colquhoun, the famous traveler—but it is as interesting and readable as a story book. A Magnificent Gallery of Women of All Lands. A History of Woman. A Thrilling Library of Travel. Customs of Marriage and Love-Making The “WOMEN OF ALL NATIONS” is printed on sumptuous, fine surface paper, and is bound in handsome half-leather bindings. The volumes are large quarto. The work is superbly illustrated with hundreds of photo- graphs never before used. These photographs were brought from every part of the world for this purpose. Among the pictures is a series of magnificent plates in color. This superb work has been brought out by $ 1] 2 00 Cassell & Company, the London and New ~ York Publishers, after several years of preparation. A limited edition has been allotted for American distribution. The price of the two vol- Sets at $12.00 These_ sets at $12.00 are an unusual bar- gain for connois- seurs who appreci- ate fine printing and _ illustrating. The work An umes is $12.00. Order direct from the publisher, is not only unique in and order now—to besureofaset. Address, the literary sense, but also Ideal 128 a beautiful example of the printing art. Agent’s Cassell & Company Send check, money-order, bank * Established 1818 draft for $12.00 with your order. Opportunity thath eed oe The books will be forwarded to you 43-45 East 19th Street at once, all delivery charges paid. NEW YORK Men of ability and char- acter can effect an advan- tageous arrangement with us by writing for terms, giving references. AddresSocvccccccccccccccsccccoencecs seesscasesus 8f In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN ForesTRY es Br to know the Notch truly, one must take the drive from the Crawford House to the top of Mt. Willard, and look down into it. A man stands there as an ant might stand on the edge of a huge tureen. The road below is a mere bird-track. The long battlements that, from the front of the Willey House, tower on each side so savagely, from this point seem to flow down in charm- ing curves to meet at the stream. And let us again advise visitors to ascend Mt. Willard, if possible, late in the afternoon. They will then see one long wall of the Notch in shadow, and can watch it move slowly up the curves on the oppo- site side, displacing the yellow splendor, while the dim green dome of Washington is filled by the sink- ing sun ‘with heavenly alchemy.’”’ STARR KING €6% G)Vd AAS “MOOT AUTIVA AHL DNOTV dvyou @SVIUNVO FHL GNV ZHSTY AHL NO SMOHS ANIT AVMIIVE FHL “HLOAOS ONIMOOT ‘MIA YALNIM V HOLON GHOUMVUO AHL American Forestry VOL. XVII MAY, 1911 No. 5 STATE FORESTS IN VERMONT By WALTER K. WILDES step to meet this need and to acquire areas suitable and available for state forests and the consequent development of this phase of the state forestry policy, was taken up by the legislature of 1908. At this time an act was passed creating a Board of Agriculture and Forestry consisting of four members—two ex-oflicio, the Governor and the Director of the State Experi- ment Station, and two to be appointed by the Governor. This board has the authority “to accept gifts of land to the state, to be held, protected and admin- istered as a state forest reserve” and “to purchase lands in the name of the state” for the same purpose. Such areas in a state possessing the physiographic features of Vermont, together with the natural beauty and scenery to attract many thousands of tourists and summer residents, will naturally be divided into three distinct classes, namely, demonstration forests, protection forests and areas that serve primarily as parks. Each class is represented in the four tracts now owned by the state of Vermont. From the standpoint of the development of a state forestry policy the demonstration forest is first in importance. All such areas need not neces- sarily be forested for they serve in two essential capacities, the one to illustrate proper forest management and natural reproduction primarily ; the other to illus- trate the methods and results of reforesting areas with desirable species by arti- ficial methods. In the former, thinnings of the proper intensity and species are made, either for the immediate improvement of the stand or to provide for such reproduction as the site and existing desirable species will allow. Another important advantage of such areas, where lumbering is practical, is to convince local operators that scientific cutting is profitable; that it is not necessary to cut clean in order to realize a legitimate return. Often times a contractor is skeptical when he is asked to figure on a cut where only marked trees are to be removed or where lopping and piling coniferous tops, in order to eliminate as far as possible the danger from fire, is demanded, or where closer utilization is required. Both owners and contractors learn, after an actual operation, that the extra expense imposed by the above conditions is only a very small percentage higher than the cost based upon the usual methods and that this excess is amply justified by the results. A step 10 me need of and uses for state forests are emphatic. The initial 253 y= 1974 254 AMERICAN FORESTRY On the latter areas, such as have been clear cut or burned over and are either not reproducing at all or with undesirable species or old pasture land that is producing only a small annual return per acre, reforesting operations appeal strongly to the people of almost all communities. It creates a more direct response and interest in forestry than any other phase of the work. The first purchase of land as authorized by the Act of 1908 was made in the autumn of 1909, when the L. R. Jones State Forest at Plainfield was acquired. At the same time the state came into the possession of the Downer State Forest at Sharon by gift. Early in the present year two more areas were added, one given by the Hon. M. J. Hapgood at Peru, the other by Col. Joseph Battell near Huntington. The development of this policy will be continued in various parts of the state as money and the disposition of those interested in granting similar areas will allow. THE DOWNER STATE FOREST This area of 310 acres, the gift of Mr. Charles Downer, comprises the following types: Woodland): .icis titres sete este eter 90 acres Tillable' sj ss Siseketee ec eeoiiels eis shove oistoteters 50 acres Pasture yacccics eieleotene-c sees ele) ornare tokens 150 acres Apple Orchard iiier are ere teteteetotsete tcl 1-1 oloteel= 5 acres SWAP) Caoiveteye cietetet hate ote eeekaresela tc raLsuns 15 acres For a considerable period this tract will serve as a demonstration and experimental area, where improvement and reproduction cuttings will be made; plantations of various species, spacing and combinations set out; and silvical studies of several species, more especially sugar maple, will be carried on from year to year. It is the wish of the donor that a part of the area be utilized as a game preserve. The area is rough but not rugged, varying in elevation from 1400 to 1800 feet. The variation in soil conditions from swamp to the dry, thin soil at the highest elevation, gives a wide range for planting experiments and choice of species. The woodland consists for the most part in sugar maple, varying in age from seedlings to over maturity. Other species are basswood, yellow birch, beech, ash, white birch, poplar, ironwood and hemlock. The minimum stand per acre is two cords, the maximum 6,000 board feet and 45 cords. The treatment of the various blocks will include reproduction and improvement thinnings; the selection system ; and the final cuttings of the stand system. All are advised with the idea of favoring either maple alone or maple, basswood and ash collectively. A forest nursery was established in the spring of 1910. It will serve as a distributing point for that part of the state and, at the same time, provide stock for state planting. Only half an acre is now in nursery but this will be increased each year. There were planted in the nursery in the spring of 1910: 13,500 two year old white pine seedlings; 20,000 two year old red pine seed- lings; 15,000 one year old white pine seedlings. Twenty-five pounds of white pine seed was sown. In 1911 fifty pounds of white pine and twenty pounds of Norway spruce seed will be sown. In addition 50,000 two year old white pine and 3,000 Austrian pines will be transplanted from the state nursery at Burlington. In 1910 plantations set out on final sites totaled 34 acres, consisting of: 12,000 four year old white pines; 7,000 four year old red pines; 10,000 three year old Scotch pines; 5,000 four year old Norway spruce. STATE FORESTS IN VERMONT 255 In 1911 and 1912 ninety-four acres will be added to the area already planted and the following species used, in addition to those already named: Black walnut, black locust, white ash, red oak, European larch, basswood, Adirondack spruce and hickory. This gives a total area of 128 acres in plan- tations. Their purpose is to provide information relative to the effect on growth of different spacing, of pure and mixed stands, and the adaptability of the species to soil and altitude. In the final allotment of areas there will be: Woodland! <7: sacenettanee. oc eee 90 acres Plantation; taser, eee ere eee 128 acres BASILE? 5 .ciins ORs 30 acres BT OST] 0] = pene Pape Aye te Ue ene MAD OA 50 acres Apple: ‘Orchard)r: jee tins Meee ee 12 acres The area of pasture land will thus be reduced from 150 to 30 acres and the orchard increased from 5 to 12 acres. A complete system of trails will be constructed. These will lead to the different plantations and through sey- eral blocks of woodland. The danger from fire, which is inconsiderable, has been provided for by limiting the extent of area of pure coniferous plantations and maintaining a fire line 100 feet wide at the most dangerous point. THE L. R. JONES STATE FOREST The L. R. Jones State Forest is an area of a different type and will be used more to illustrate proper lumbering methods and provisions for natural reproduction, together with plantations. This area consists of 500 acres, 400 being purchased in the autumn of 1909 and 100 in the autumn of 1910. Of this total area there are 135 acres to be planted and 365 acres of woodland, thus utilizing the total area as forest land. Much of this area has been lumbered but there is still a considerable amount to come out. In the autumn of 1910 60,000 board feet of spruce and hardwoods were marked. The cutting will be completed by January, 1911. This material is cut, skidded and hauled, five miles, at $7.00, and is being sold at $10.00 per thousand, leaving a profit of $3.00 per thousand, which is fairly satisfactory considering the small size of the material and the difficulty of cutting in dense spruce thickets. There are two types of woodland. Hardwoods consisting of white and yellow birch and maple and beech from which the spruce and fir have been cut, comprise about 215 acres. The spruce and fir type, comprising about 135 acres, is an area formerly in pasture land or clean cut about twenty years ago, and since reclaimed by this growth. There is also a small area of older pure spruce that will be marked and harvested as soon as possible. The area is rugged, having a variation of elevation of 900 feet with considerable granite outcrop. In the spring of 1910 there were planted 25,000 four year old white pines and 10,000 three year old Norway spruce. This work will be continued for the next three years, by which time the total open area will be planted with white pine, Norway spruce and arborvitae. Lumbering operations will go on each fall, taking out the material marked during the summer. The maximum coniferous stand per acre is 18,000 board feet and 30 cords. The maximum hardwood stand per acre is 5,000 board feet and 15 cords. This area will consequently be upon a revenue producing basis considerably before the Downer State Forest. 256 AMERICAN FORESTRY There is already a very good road system, to which an extension has been staked out, running across the plantation made in 1910. Because of the recent acquirement of the two areas last mentioned no plan for management has been formulated. They differ, however, in the possibili- ties for their development and use for forestry purposes, as they were given with certain restrictions, which will detract from their value as such. The gift of Mr. Hapgood comprises 106 acres and includes the summit of Bromley Mountain in Peru; that of Mr. Battell contains about 800 acres, including Camel’s Hump, one of the highest points in the state. These tracts will serve primarily for protective and park purposes. TAXATION OF FOREST LANDS A Review of Recent Studies in New Hampshire and Wisconsin By Epwin A. Start is generally recognized and the subject is frequently attacked by for- esters, lumbermen, economists and legislators ; but so far without any tangible results. The crude remedy of exemption has been tried by some states but never with success. Attempts to remedy the recognized evils have been occasionally made but these have generally run upon the rock of unconstitu- tionality. For instance, in Massachusetts it was found that any application of sound principles to forest taxation would conflict with the provision of the state constitution, a provision which appears in many other state constitutions, which requires equal and proportionate taxation of all classes of property. The Massachusetts Forestry Association, therefore, united with the Boston Chamber of Commerce in an effort to secure a constitutional amendment pro- viding for classification of property for purposes of taxation. So far this movement has been headed off by the innate conservatism of the state. We are not in a position in this country to apply the elaborate methods of forest taxation that are in operation in Europe, because our forest conditions are so different and we have not a sufficient body of trained men of technical knowledge to administer laws based upon such knowledge; but it is admitted that we must do something and we are thus thrown at once upon the necessity of a thorough study of our own conditions and the evolution of a system appli- cable to them. Two comprehensive studies have been made by Forest Service experts cooperating with state officers, and the results have been published. The first of these was made by J. H. Foster in New Hampshire in 1908. The second, the results of which have just been published, was made by Alfred J. Chittenden and Harry Irion in Wisconsin in 1910. These states are geographically wide apart and different conditions are found in them, but it is curious to note the parallels between them and how closely the two taxation studies run with each other. In both states lumbering and pulp and paper making are industries of great importance. Both states divide naturally into two sections—a southern agricultural district, where forests chiefly exist in the form of farm wood-lots, and an extensive northern district where natural forest lands predominate. In both the northern type of forest is the prevailing one, though the hard-wood belt reaches up across south- Ci vital importance to forestry of the question of taxation of forest lands a =e Photo by A. F. Hawes VIEW SHOWING BUILDINGS IN THE DOWNER STATE FOREST STATE FORESTS IN VERMONT Photo by A. F. Hawes RED PINE PLANTATION MADE IN SPRING OF 1910. DOWNER STATE FOREST U Photo by A. F. Hawes STATE FORESTS IN VERMONT FOREST NURSERY. TRANSPLANTS OF RED AND WHITE PINE. DOWNER STATE FOREST NATURAL REPRODUCTION OF SUGAR MAPLE, THRI TO TEN FEET HIGH. VOWNER STATE FORE T Photo by A. F. Hawes STATE FORESTS IN VERMONT YOUNG MAPLE ORCHARD THINNED TO HELP GROWIH OF BEST TREES. DOWNER STATE FOREST Photo by A. F. Hawes RAL VIEW IN L. R. JONES STATE FOREST. NOTE EVERGREENS RECLAIMING OLD PASTURE STATE FORESTS IN VERMONT TAXATION OF FOREST LANDS 261 ern and central Wisconsin. In general it may be said that the conclusions of the investigators in regard to existing conditions and desirable changes were very similar. Both of them start off with the statement that owing to the difference between the agricultural and wild land portions of the states, the study of taxa- tion and of the fire problem falls naturally into two divisions. Mr. Foster, in his earlier report, reached the general conclusions that “(a) the actual tax burdens imposed on forest lands of the same value are not equal or propor- tionate as the state constitution requires, either as between the different towns, or different tax payers in the same town. (b) In general the law has not been strictly inforced in the past as is shown by the fact that little land reverts to the town because of unpaid taxes. Sometimes an owner believes that the tax is more than the land can stand but in such cases a purchaser has always been found. This is due to the fact that growing timber has usually been assessed much below its actual market value and the burden of taxation thus has been lighter so that the lands can carry it. (c) In the search for revenue to meet the natural necessities of the town a strong tendency has recently developed to enforce the law more rigidly and valuations have in many cases been increased with startling rapidity. This rapid increase in valuation can- not be long continued and applied to these cut-over lands after the owner has been forced to cut without causing abandonment. Such has been the result of the policy in California and in Michigan where the state has acquired and owned a million and a quarter acres of abandoned tax lands, and to a less extent, in other Lake states. (d) As between the farmer and the mill-man, to whom he sells his wood-lot, taxes have in the past been very low to the farmer while the timber was in his hands and some attempt has been made to appraise it at more nearly its actual value, or rather to approximate the selling price, which is often unduly low, when it is bought for lumbering. Usually, however, it is cut at once and the town collects taxes at the new appraisal but one year if at all. The consequence is that the timber escapes its fair share of the public burden. (e) The present law, granting a percentage exemption to own- ers who have planted their land to timber, is not taken advantage of to any extent and is wholly inaedquate. Most of the land upon which there is growing timber is seeded naturally and therefore does not come within the law. The exemption ceases wholly in thirty years, at the time when it is to the advantage of the town as well as of the owner to let it mature further. Moreover, tax exemptions are of questionable advantage and excite hostility to those taking advantage of them.” This statement of general conclusions resulting from an examination of New Hampshire conditions will be recognized by residents of other states who have had occasion to look into this matter of the taxation of forest lands. So closely do the conclusions of the Wisconsin report follow those that have just been quoted from New Hampshire that it is unnecessary to repeat the latter. The differences are only in minor points. In discussing the question of how forest property in New Hampshire should be taxed, Mr. Foster calls attention to the fact that if the land tax is to be equal as between different land owners, it must take one of three forms: (1) a uniform percentage of the actual sale value of the property as it stands; (2) a uniform percentage of the actual income from the property; (3) a uniform percentage of estimated power of the soil for potential income. He then notes that in this country the first form is the one in use, although the assessment of agricultural lands in actual sale value is generally placed unconsciously upon the fertility of the soil for its potential yield. The assess- ment of forest lands is based upon their supposed actual sale value, but the 262 AMERICAN FORESTRY land itself is not considered. It is the value of the growth upon the land which indicates its sale value. Agricultural crops, being harvested annually, escape taxation entirely. Forest lands, therefore, are not taxed upon the same basis as agricultural lands, although there is no provision in the law for such dis- tinction. Herein, of course, is one of the essential elements of injustice in the taxation of forest lands, as it is applied generally in our agricultural com- munities. The second and third forms of taxation, as analyzed in the state- ment above, are applied in Europe to a large extent and forest taxation is much more equitable there and this tends to promote good forestry. “In this country,” says Mr. Foster, “the system of assessing property at its actual sale value and taxing it at a uniform percentage of that value works well enough when applied to agricultural land; but when applied to growing forests it is both unjust and unwise. It is unjust because it ignores the fact that growing timber, before it is large enough for market, has only a prospective value and the income or return can only be obtained at long intervals. It is unwise, because the system often forces the owner to cut the timber before it is mature.” Later on the author calls attention to the danger of the present law if it is enforced to the letter. Should it be applied to growing timber lands generally, there would be, he says, a tremendous slaughter of half-grown timber. In this connection, there may be cited by way of illustration, a case which arose a few years ago in a northern state in which a non-resident owner of a thousand acres of timberland in a rural town had his valuation raised from 7,500 to $22,500, that is, the valuation was tripled in one year without warn- ing and the owner had no redress against this arbitrary action of the local board of assessors. The laws of this state are those in common application in most of our eastern states and this thing can be done almost anywhere. It raised a serious question with this owner as to whether he should cut off the timber and dispose of the land or not. He was a public spirited gentleman, interested deeply in forestry, and had held the land rather for the public benefit than for his own. The New Hampshire report states the requirement of the situation there as follows: “What is needed in this state is a method of taxing forest lands which can be administered by the towns in conformity with the established function and procedure of our local government; which insures an annual revenue while the timber is immature commensurate with that formerly derived with the low appraisal of immature timber held by farmers and others; which imposes a fair burden upon the timber crop when it is cut and collects it from the person who cuts and sells the timber. This burden will be a tax on the yield or income and not on the land or capital. It should, therefore, be rela- tively high. To prevent speculative holdings without taxing of land chiefly valuable for residence, manufacturing or farming purposes, the law should be restricted to lands found by the selectmen and assessors to be chiefly valuable for the production of wood and timber. Timber cut from land so classified should be taxed when it is severed from the land and should not be removed un- til a tax of 15 per cent of the value of such timber has been assessed and collect- ed by the selectmen, or proper security shall have been given to them. Finally, since timber now half-grown or mature has presumably been taxed in accord- ance with the present law, and since it is desirable to introduce the new system gradually, the new method of taxation should be applied only to forest tracts upon which forest growth has recently started, and then only at the option of the land owner.” Following this, the report suggests a form of act covering its recommendations and this was made the basis of a bill in the New Hamp- shire legislature which, however, failed to pass. This draft provided for the separate classification for taxation of land chiefly valuable for the production of wood or timber, and occupied by a natural TAXATION OF FOREST LANDS 263 or planted growth of trees, approximately three-fourths of which do not exceed the age of ten years. The land so classified and recorded according to pro- visions specified in the act, is to be assessed annually at the average value per acre, exclusive of the value of any wood or timber thereon. The timber and wood removed from any such tract is to be assessed for the year following the first of April after such cutting at the uniform and equal rate of 15 per cent of the appraised value on the stump. There is an exemption of $25 in value in any one year of wood cut for home use on a farm. The act provides in great detail for the carrying out of these main provisions. The Wisconsin report, which is somewhat more extended than its prede- cessor, although following the same general plan, after a description of forest conditions in the several counties of the state and the citation of numerous actual examples of forest taxation, considers the methods of assessing timber lands. In this respect Wisconsin seems to labor under about the same condi- tions as other states. There are the same elastic interpretations of the law, the same inequalities of administration, and the same incompetence frequently on the part of local officials. The views of lumbermen are given and make an interesting feature of the report. The relation of fire protection to the taxa- tion question is discussed, for it is well understood that these two must go together. Probable returns from forest investment are considered and tables are given to show the possible returns by decades in periods from thirty to eighty years. The authors note that the fact that taxation has not materially affected lumbering in Wisconsin in the past is no indication that it will not in the future, and they say plainly that “the possibility of the practice of forestry by private owners depends on two things—an equitable system of for- est taxation and protection from forest fire.” In making recommendations for legislation in Wisconsin the proved inefficacy of bounties and exemption is noted. For the encouragement of the cultivation and care of wood-lots, it is suggested that owners may have tracts not exceeding forty acres separately classified for taxation by application to the state board of forestry under whose direction all cutting and removal of trees shall take place. Such land is not to be assessed at exceeding ten dollars per acre and taxed annually on that basis. Before any timber is removed from the land the owner shall pay to the proper county officer an amount equal to ten per cent of the stumpage value of the timber, provided that any material which is actually used for domestic purposes by the owner or his tenant shall not be subject to such a tax. This plan, it is explained, is to encourage and make it profitable for the small owner, especially the farmer in the agricultural district to utilize a part of his land for the production of wood and timber. For private forests without limitation as to area it is also suggested that they may be separately classed for taxation, such classification being subject to the determination of the state board of forestry as to whether or not the land is suitable for timber growing. If it is decided to be suitable for that purpose, in making the assessment the land shall not be valued at more than one dollar per acre and the assessors shall in no case take into account the value of the growing timber. Whenever any timber or wood is cut from such land the owner shall be required to pay an amount equal to ten per cent of the gross value on the stump of the wood and timber so cut. There are various provi- sions for making proper returns and securing the state and penalties for mak- ing false returns. The report says that “conditions in Wisconsin indicate that a tax on the yield together with a nominal, annual tax on the land, is superior to any of the various tax laws that have from time to time been proposed.” The authors, however, express their opinion that it would be better if no annual tax were levied on the land and the whole tax were made upon the yield, but 264 AMERICAN FORESTRY the objection to this is the usual one that it might disturb the fiscal affairs of the community. It will be seen that the recommended legislation for these two states while showing slight differences in application is on the same general principle, and this, it may be added, is the only method that has yet been proposed that seems to be adapted to present American conditions. In conclusion, the report does not hold out any great hope that private forestry on a large scale would be extensively promoted even with such an adjustment of the tax laws. The authors believe that for a future permanent timber supply the main dependence must be upon state ownership and it is recommended that the state secure by purchase in the open market such lands as it is desirable for it to own for this purpose. These two reports will be found an interesting study by all those who are interested in this important public question of the taxation of forest lands. It will be seen even from this somewhat cursory review that the conditions and conclusions are not materially different from those which have been found by other students of the subject in various eastern states. The final result of all such studies seems to be the necessity of adequate fire protection by the state in order that property in forest lands may have in a measure the same security that other property enjoys; equitable taxation, so that owners of such property will not feel obliged to cut over their lands and dispose of a crop which is unprofitable to them, although it may be needed by the state; and finally that we must come ultimately to the same end as the most progressive European states and include as state property lands which are valuable only for the pur- pose of growing forests and which, therefore, have a greater value to the com- munity than to any individual. When the main object was to clear the land of the forests, such a condition as this did not exist, it was unnecessary for the state to intervene, although it might well have done so at an earlier date; but now that the necessity of husbanding our forests for a future timber supply and protecting our water sheds for the permanence of a water supply and the equable flow of our streams is generally recognized, our attitude toward forest lands and the question of state ownership of such lands, must be radically changed. Such lands can be handled to the best advantage by a well organized department directed by experts and doing its work on a large scale. In most cases, especially in our populous states, the state is the only agent through which this work can satisfactorily and economically be done. Reforesting in the National Forests Tree planting is not a leading activity in the national forests, but it has its place, which is one of increasing impor- tance. In March we published an article on the harvesting of the annual seed crop in the national forests. The accompany- ing series of pictures illustrating various processes in the work of artificial reforestation, from the national forests in several states, will give an idea of the nature of this interesting work. DRYING CONES IN SUNSHINE. WASATCH NA- TIONAL FOREST, UTAH IN FOREGROUND TRANSPLANT DOUGLAS FIR SEEDLINGS, ONE YEAR OLD, TWO INCHES HIGH; IN BACKGROUND, TRANSPLANT WESTERN YELLOW PINE SEEDLINGS ONE YEAR OLD, TWO AND ONE HALF INCHES HIGH. NURSERY, WASATCH NATIONAL FOREST, UTAH A PLOT IN THE FREMONT EXPERIMENT STATION, MANITOU, COLORADO, SOWN JULY 23, 1910, BROADCAST AFTER HARROW- ING, WITH YELLOW PINE SEED, 18.59 POUNDS PER ACRE THIS PLOT SHOWED 819 SEEDLINGS ALIVE AND 21 DEAD. EACH SEEDLING IS MARKED WITH A STICK SEED BEDS AT PLANTING STATION NEAR PALMER LAKE, PIKE'S PEAK NATIONAL FOREST. DRILLS ARE SIX INCHES APART AND STAND VARIES FROM 70 TO 150 PER SQUARE FOOT OF DOUGLAS FIR, AND 40 TO 60 OF YELLOW PINE SPRAYING APPARATUS AT WORK IN TWO-YEAR-OLD SCOTCH PINE SEEDLINGS. NEBRASKA NATIONAL FOREST NURSERY, THOMAS COUNTY, NEBRASKA VINHOULTVO “LSaHnour HVIN ‘ISTUOT TVNOILVN HOLVSVYM IVNOILVN VUVdUVA VINVS NI AYASHON GH NI AYWASHON GH LV LNANdIHS SOOUVINN NVS ‘“SGWUL AAITIO AX AHAVHS Oa ANId MOTIOX SONIHONOA GNV DPNIDDSIG ATIVIMavd ‘Sa INVIdSNVYL JO NOWoas HEELING IN SEEDLINGS, LYTLE CREEK PLANT- ING STATION, NORTH FORK OF THE SAN GABRIEL, CALIFORNIA BED OF RED CEDAR TRANSPLANTS PLANTED AT GARDEN CITY PLANTING STATION, KANSAS NATIONAL FOREST, K4 AS VINUOA -ITVO ‘LSdYO1 TIVNOILVN SUIMDNV ‘ssa VINUOATTVO ‘daas “HOT IVNOILVN NI DNIDNVId YOX SUADNVY GOONUdS ANOO DId YANLVS OL AWUL V ONIAINITO A OL SONTICUIS LAO DNIMOVd JO dOnaWw SEED BY THE CEDAR ING SOW METHOD. MEN SPOT SEEDING COUNTY, SKAMANIA SEED ASHINGTON Ww NORWAY A BURN OF NE, N PI OF sScoTcH ING ND EURO! SOW 20T RUCE, SE SEED oO NATIONAL ARCH -EAN I A 1909, IN THE WENATCHEE WASHINGTON sp s FOREST, PLANTING GANG ON PLANTING SITE IN CHAP- ARRAL. SANTA BARBARA NATIONAL FOREST, CALIFORNIA WHERE SEEDS HAVE BEEN SOWN BROADCAST CUSTER PEAK EXPERIMENTAL STATION, LAWRENCE, SOUTH DAKOTA FOREST FIRES IN NORTH AMERICA A GERMAN VIEW By Proressor Dr. E. Deckert, FRANKFORT. TBANSLATED By GEORGE WETMORE COLLES. (This article is condensed from the essays of the author in Nos. 241 and 243 of Frankfurter Zeitung. It is valuable as showing the view of a trained German observer who has traveled extensively through our American forests. Naturally there are minor errors of fact, which it does not seem necessary to correct as it is the general viewpoint that is of value.—EDIToR. ) always been the order of the day in the United States. From time to time they have swept Boston, Chicago, Baltimore and San Francisco. Forest fires also have always occurred in the domain of the Union far more frequently and have been more devastating than in any of the countries of Europe, and in numerous cases have raged over many thousand acres, continu- ing for weeks and even months, until they have been brought to an end in one way or another. Human measures for confining and extinguishing them, such as ditches, earth-walls and back-fires have met with success only in rare cases; in the majority of fires it was rather the greater natural boundaries, such as broad streams and lakes, bare rock and sand-wastes, or heavy precipitation of snow and rain, which put an end to the fire. Burning limbs have been quite frequently borne over considerable obstacles, even over streams three hundred feet in width, so that the fire continued on the other side. The damage which the natural resources of the United States have suffered from forest fires has long been known to be colossal, but to state it in exact figures, in a country in which lumbering, until the present, has almost always been carried on in the most extensive and wasteful manner, is extremely difficult, if not impossible. Moreover, the causes of the fires, the manner and reasons for their propagation and the possibility of effectually fighting them, have long been a matter of doubt and dispute, so that the most contradictory and absurd views on these points have obtained currency. In American lumbering circles the conviction began to grow in the eighties that the first cause of the evil was bad American customs and want of conscientiousness, and that the “ghost of the American forests” could be laid if a change in this respect were brought about. The first effort to determine the number and extent of forest fires for the different sections of the country and hence the most necessary foundation for the proper diagnosis of the root of the evil was made by the well-known American economist, Francis A. Walker, who took advantage of the United States census figures of 1880. He found from the incomplete reports which he collected that in the year 1880 there had been 2,580 fires, and about 273 LY tease been | conflagrations of an extent elsewhere unheard of have 274 AMERICAN FORESTRY 7,750,000 acres more or less had been burned over in the United States. In the number of fires, the principal states in their order of importance, were as follows: Pennsylvaniaye5 3<.) sy iscsi oe) ce) eee Michigan. «.. @iljiey oc) bot eee aaa North Carolina.) 6) on) 7 5S eee Ohios.! 8: Mae Sy eee er Massachusetts... 200)5)) soy eicen’ eu Ge hare PaaS Wasconsin: 32). \ oie RU Uae eee Kentucky: 2 oi we 5, ep ee New \ York. ss.) ance) Sen Sea a ee In the total area of forest burned over, the list is as follows in the order of importance: Tennessee ss ya a ew ey 7 4) 2 OSb 000Raeres Missouri: (..\o.\\ge5) cy lean ee eee loo GO0maeres Georgia, 25 ia) eden ec tU OCU Eaatas Pennsylvania) <> 3) =) ey) 68d O00Raeres Alabama... 3. a)) a) bea a 3) eo T0 000 acres Kentueky i459. 9s ive oe ee opie UO Raeres North Carolina; 55. 20..." ). | o45/000Raeres Wisconsin 2.2). (2 2 ee e205 000 eacres Michigan’. Sal) he) sce etl 2 se OU OU Umaenes New York 2: 2%. 9% (Sees 7 50 000Raeres Massachusetts eo ee a OO Oaeres > The figures give no conclusion with regard to the extent of the individual fires and the value of the property destroyed, but it can be deduced from the above that the average extent of the fires was: Massachusetts cet veiiceess 1 ee 88 acres Michigan.) ) 73) arat-ai se cs | OO Ome enes New York: 2 agg) eo 2; (3) es al AiO Racres Pennsylvanias cen eee ee SOU mA CneN Wisconsin: «.° Miyetiee e e eooUmacnes Alabama):.) 20) (et ga Sen Cok oe eee Oe Re enes Missouri. | .'s. “ae Verse ie Ste es OSU panes Georgia)... en eee eas ODO palcres Tennessee. .° 9s 2 9) BS 2 s18 490 lacres From the above, it will be seen that there is a wide difference in the extent of the fires in the different states, and that there is a certain connection between this figure and the condition of culture of the state, showing that in the highly cultivated northern states, people have already learned better how to police the forests and keep fires under control than in the southern states, with their meager population and large negro element. The high figure for Missouri is to be accounted for by the climate, which is a notably drier one and more favorable for the spreading of fires than that of Massachusetts or New York. In general, it goes without saying that great confiaence cannot be placed in the statistics of a single year, even if the reports were complete. With respect to the causes of fires, an indisputable conclusion is drawn from Walker’s investigation that sparks from locomotives are to blame in a a great number of cases. Out of the 2,580 fires of the year 1880, no less than 505, or 1914, per cent are laid to this cause. The individual states give the following percentage: FOREST FIRES IN NORTH AMERICA 275 INE Wr JELSe yam Marteelo Towle Has) POs apermcent News Hampshire timrnen- ma-matsteeietn Pepe 44-eper cent New (York Gen aa spyoimieke ee .42epericent Delaware: O00 {Alkire ihe | ae perécent Bennsylvanian) ae eee en). | oom perncenit Massachusetts i270. sea) gio ors Sooo MperN cent so that in the most highly cultivated districts, and those having the thickest network of railways, the figures rise to a fearful height, which suffices to explain the above given high totals of the individual fires in these districts. In Tennessee, only 8 per cent of the total was due to locomotive sparks; in Alabama 6 per cent, in Georgia 4 per cent, and in Mississippi but 3 per cent, because the railway systems of these states are much less developed, so that in general, fires in those states must be ascribed to other causes. For the north- ern states the results of this investigation had a practical fruit, inasmuch as it led to the passing of laws to regulate the railways and to compel them to take steps to prevent damage or at least to confine it to the narrowest limits. These laws have been enforced with unquestionable success, That the carelessness and conscienceless negligence of hunters, stockmen, lumbermen, prospectors, and tourists, who light fires for one purpose or another in the forests or around their borders, was the cause of a very much larger number of forest fires in every state of the Union without exception, has been sufficiently proved by the statistics of the year 1880. But in so broad an area of what is still largely a primeval wilderness, the root of the evil is much more difficult to get at. What is needed above all is a thorough-going organization of the forces and available means for forest protection, as well as a slow and long-continued campaign of education. In this direction the sta- tistics in question have evidently borne fruit, especially since a later census of forest fires taken in 1891 by the Forestry Division of the Department of Agriculture, which gave similar conclusions to the previous ones of Walker. It is true these reports were still extremely incomplete, but then they related to a much larger area burned over in the year in which they were taken, namely, 12,000,000 acres. Besides, everyone who was familiar with the facts recognized that the figures of the years 1880 and 1891 were far below the maximum of damage to the national domain which the forest fires of a single year could reach, and that this maximum for the eighties and nineties amounted to about ten times the value of the annual useful consumption of wood. What a contrast was this situation to that in European countries, where good forestry laws were in force! In the Prussian states, for the decade ending with 1891, there were in all 156 greater fires, four of which were caused by locomotives, three by lightning, 53 were of incendiary origin and 96 caused by negligence, and the total area devastated during the year 1884 and 1887 was 3100 acres. Bavaria, in the year 1892, with its unusually hot and dry summer, has a record of but 49 fires covering only 5000 acres. These figures in comparison to those of North America are absolutely negligible, and form a brilliant vindication of the forestry system of middle Europe, while at the same time they force us to the conclusion that in North America there are other factors to be considered besides those above mentioned, although these latter doubtless represent the principal causes of forest fires. The movement for a better system of forest management and forest pro- tection became a very strong one in all the states of the Union during the nineties and everywhere was productive of good results. In New York, Penn- sylvania, Maine, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Minnesota, Michigan, Wisconsin, California, Oregon, and other states laws were passed for the protection of 276 AMERICAN FORESTRY forests and foresters appointed for their execution. In Biltmore, Ithaca, Cambridge and Ann Arbor schools of forestry were founded, state forest reserves were established (in Pennsylvania 600,000 acres), and in particular, special fire wardens, with a greater or smaller number of assistants, called rangers, were put in charge. But the most significant result of the movement was the resolution of the federal Congress, 1891, constituting a large part of the forested areas of the public lands still existing United States Forest Reserves, and subjecting them as such to the management of the central goy- ernment. At first only 18,000,000 acres were set aside, but since then more than 150,000,000 acres have passed into the reserves, but of this amount, only 120,000,000 acres are actually forested, so that at present a full quarter of the total forest area of the United States belongs to either state or federal reservations. In these public forests, which embrace the largest part of the western mountainous districts, in more than 50 large tracts—almost the entire Sierra Nevada of California, the Cascade Mountains, the Mogollon Mountains of Arizona, great stretches of the principal mountain chains of Colorado, Big Horn Mountains, ete.—the natural conditions of the North American forest growth and hence also the principal causes and conditions of forest destruc- tion by fire and other factors have been thoroughly studied out by experts in their special lines, and thereby with surprising rapidity ways and means have been found to combat the inception and spread of fires very effectively in most years. In 1909 President Roosevelt, who had taken a great personal interest in the movement for forest conservation, was able to announce with well-justified satisfaction that during the preceding year only about one-tenth per cent of the entire area of the forest reserves had been visited by fire; while in’ 1906 the area visited was about one-sixth per cent, and in 1907 about one-seventh per cent. This was indeed a brilliant success for the new forestry system, and it must be conceded that the officials concerned, both of the Land Office and Department of Agriculture, did their full duty. In 1899 there were nine superintendents, 39 supervisors and 300 rangers, and with the growth of the forest reserve area several thousand were subsequently added. In the years 1896, 1897, 1898 and 1900 some still very destructive fires had raged in these areas and the proportion devastated annually had amounted to 8 to 15 per cent, but careful investigations in the reservations established the fact that in earlier years far greater portions of them had been frequently burned over. In the Black Hills reservation of South Dakota, the Big Horn reservation of Wyoming and the Priest River reservation of Idaho, the forest floor showed everywhere more or less fresh traces of fire. In the Cascade mountains, out of 3,000,000 acres only 25,000 (eight-tenths per cent) showed no traces of previous fires; in the northern Sierra Nevada out of 2,950,000 acres, only 77,000; in the Pike’s Peak and Bitter Root reservations, only about twenty per cent. Even in the forests of the east, which for the most part had remained in the control of private persons or local governmental bodies, the new era brought with it a decided change for the better, notwithstanding the fact that in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan, during 1889 and 1894, a succession of immense fires took place. The years 1908 and 1909 brought no essential alteration in the favorable condition of things in the west, while on the other hand in New England and in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan, there were during 1908 a number of the most frightful and devastating conflagrations; and now this year 1910 has brought to the west in its turn, and especially to the states of Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon and California, a baptism of fire, which is absolutely without parallel in the history of these states. In such a case as this, the police system of United States fire wardens and rangers, and in FOREST FIRES IN NORTH AMERICA 217 fact the brand new system of the United States forest reserves, completely broke down just as the incomplete organization of the eastern states had done in 1908, and a large number of the brave fire-fighters met their death in their zealous efforts to extinguish the flames. How such a catastrophe could take place after the great progress of the previous decade is a question easily answered both on general geographic considerations and also with the assistance of the information provided by the numerous handsome volumes of the United States Geological Survey relating to the different reservations. In the first place, it is to be observed that in the United States, and especially in the west, it is unfortunately impossible to combat the original causes of forest fires in as effective a way as is done in Germany. The rough men who find their living in the eastern or western wildernesses, in mining, hunting, stock-raising or other interests, can not be prevented from building camp-fires, which are positively necessary for pro- tection against the cold of night as well as for cooking, nor on the other hand can they be forbidden the enjoyment of their only pleasure, tobacco; and to find a spot absolutely free from danger for camp-fires is, in such circum- stances, simply an impossibility. On this point, the author of these remarks, who knows the wild west and its inhabitants quite well from his own expe- rience, must confess that even he, when on his journeys of investigation, has frequently built his camp-fire under press of circumstances in places which he knew in advance to be dangerous, and in several cases narrowly escaped the responsibility of thousands of others for negligent fire-setting. In one case it was only with the greatest difficulty that he and his party succeeded in extinguishing a blaze which unexpectedly leaped its bounds and which would have utterly destroyed an extensive forest area of Arizona. Camp- fires in the woods which are carelessly watched or are abandoned without being extinguished must necessarily escape in large part the notice of the forest guards on account of the enormous extent of the areas under their jurisdiction and the fact that wide stretches are unprovided with roads or trails. Even those fires which are negligently caused by locomotive sparks can not be prevented in North America in the same degree as in Europe, simply because much greater lengths of track are concerned and because the lay of the land in many cases does not permit the laying out of fire-lanes. With the experience of the last decade, however, it can no longer be doubted that with a well-organized patrol, fires of this sort can generally be extin- guished before they reach a too great extension. Ina similar manner it may be possible to effectively combat a large proportion of intentional fires. It was formerly common for both Indians and white hunters to thoughtlessly set underbrush ablaze merely to scare up game, and many of such fires were propagated indefinitely. Such vandalism is at the present time limited in most places, and in so far as it yet exists, there is a good prospect that its days are numbered. But far more numerous have been those fires which have been started for clearing purposes or for burning brush and rubbish. Partic- ularly in the northwest, in Oregon and Washington, where the growth of the giant trees in many places is so great that it seems impossible to dispose of them with axe and saw alone, it is quite general to resort to fire and dynamite to accomplish the clearing. In the east, too, it has been the rule to get new land for cotton or grain plantations by burning off extensive wooded areas, and the farmers care little for the charred trunks which are left stand- ing. Not a few of the fires so produced have continued far beyond the limits set for them, and this has been one of the most frequent causes of very great forest fires in the newly settled districts. Of course the new forest guards of the United States have given special attention to this cause, and by insisting 278 AMERICAN FORESTRY upon proper preventive measures in clearing lands they have succeeded in preventing serious damage in most eases. More difficult to handle have proved cases of malicious incendiarism.. It is a matter of experience that evil doers in North America can much more easily escape the eye of the law than in European countries, simply because of the greater area and more numerous hiding places, and the lynch-law Sys- tem as commonly practised can hardly improve the matter, as in such cases an innocent party is taken and punished for the guilty even more frequently than in the case of other crimes. Fortunately the number of malicious fires in the United States has probably never been great. But besides these human fire-setters, there is a natural one which assumes importance in the least ac- cessible districts, namely, lightning. In the North American west fires are started by lightning with uncommon frequency, and as many storms there yield hardly any rain, the flames which follow it are not as a rule extinguished as in the east. From his investigations in the San Francisco mountains of Arizona, J. B. Leiberg, the most distinguished expert of the United States Geological Survey, came to the conclusion that in this reservation by far the greatest number (about sixty per cent) of all fires are caused by lightning. And this brings us to another principal factor which must be considered responsible for the rise and spread of forest fires in North America—the eli- mate. It has long been known not only that the North American climate is much drier than the European, but that in the west the drought is long-con- tinuing, even to the point of complete rainlessness, while in the east, in spite of the large annual rainfall, there are periods of drought of greater or less length. What effects are produced by such a climate on the forest and, its inflammability can be readily understood. In Germany, double precautions are taken in dry years, and in spite of this the fire damage increases in such years; in North America, the highest possible degree of care is demanded every year, and in dry years the greatest conceivable care is insufficient to prevent the spread of individual fires over immense areas. Such a year in the east was 1908 with its gigantic conflagrations, in the west 1910; so that. we are not to presuppose for such years an unusual number of malicious or negligent persons, for natural conditions are without doubt principally re- sponsible in these special cases. The forest-floor of the western woods with its dry pine-needles, twigs, moss, grass and general undergrowth and its millions of dead trunks thrown down by storms forms in late summer and autumn a tinder which can be set off by any small spark; but in the present year, in which the summer drought set in in the middle northwest unusually early and was extremely severe, it was still drier than usual, and fires had passed human power to control before their existence was known. Since the woods of the west consist principally of conifers, whose large content of rosin makes them much more inflammable than other trees, it is to be presumed that the destruction was very complete. Certain species, how- ever, more particularly the yellow pine, offer a great resistance to forest fires, and where they stand unmixed and without any great undergrowth they frequently escape being killed. For this reason even in the dryest parts of the west, such as Utah, Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico, where there are many pure stands of yellow pine, the destruction by fire is seldom so radical as in the less dry areas of Idaho, Montana, Washington and Oregon, in which the stands are usually mixed and in addition present a ground covering which is very combustible after it has been exposed to the summer drought; besides, the numerous standing dead trees, and areas of dead trees, which have been killed off by insects or other conditions, are highly favorable to the spread of fires in the forests of the northwest. FOREST FIRES IN NORTH AMERICA _ 279 Naturally, before the nature of these latest fires can be determined in all their details we must wait for a more exact determination of the facts. The area covered by them must have reached well over 250,000 acres, and that the forest reservations in spite of their good patrol service have suffered extremely heavily is already established. But hardly anyone would advocate the restric- tion of the forest service on this account. Rather after this new disaster, will measures be taken in the future to place twice or three times the number of rangers on guard over the dangerous districts in years in which summer drought sets in early and is particularly severe. In the eastern half of the union climatic conditions are quite different from those in the western half, both as regards the character of the trees and also that of the fires, and taking it all in all, it is much easier to maintain an effective fire guard there. Only once in many years is there a complete drying out of the forest-floor like that of Idaho or Colorado, and natural fire lanes are provided by broad rivers and numerous lakes and marshes, and moreover the land is rendered much more accessible by roads and trails than in the moun- tainous districts of the west. Nevertheless whenever a fire breaks out in the vast white and black pine woods of Maine, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minne- sota, the danger of its spreading over a wide area is still very great, and especially in dry years the guards have a much more difficult task to extin- guish fires than in Europe. Even in those districts the forest-floor is drier on the average in late summer than it is in Europe, and the woods are clogged with fallen and standing dead trunks. Similar conditions exist in the turpentine woods of the great coast plain which extends from New Jersey to Texas. In these woods the great pitch content of the trees increases the danger, while the presence of broad stretches of marsh along all of the streams diminishes it. In the mountain forests of the southern Appalachians, in which oak, hickory and other foliage trees predominate, fires are still frequent, yet on account of the greenness of the fuel they seldom do the same damage as in other parts of the country. Ayres and Ashe have established the fact that in the Appalachian area four and one-half million acres, about 80 per cent of the total, have been damaged by earlier or later brush-fires, but only 78,000 acres totally destroyed. In the mountain woods of the northern Appalachians, where conifers predominate, fires are generally of a more devastating char- acter, and even in the Adirondack state reservation of New York as many as 467,500 acres suffered heavy damage from fire in 1904. Relatively small was the fire-destruction in the northwestern coast forests, according to the investigations of the United States forest service, that of the Olympian peninsula amounting to only 112,500 acres, consisting wholly of conifer stands in the north and northeast portions. The interior of this wilderness has not yet been penetrated by white settlers. In the Canadian west, where already numerous miners, hunters, and lumbermen pursue their calling, conditions were the same as in the neighboring portions of the United States, and the fires of the current year in British Columbia have reached the same degree of destructiveness, and for similar reasons. ; PURPLE BASKET WILLOW By C. D. MEtu INTRODUCTION N EFFORT has been made in this paper to compile information dealing with the commercial value of the purple willow (Salix purpurea L.) and its most important varieties and hybrids commonly planted for the production of rods used in making furniture and basket ware. The success of a basket willow plantation depends upon the kinds planted as well as upon the system of management. The purple willow is more generally cultivated in this country than any other variety and yields material that is highly esteemed by the consumers of willow rods. In northern New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota it forms more than 90 per cent of the willows grown. A number of experiments with the purple willow were made by the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, for the purpose of determining the most suitable system of management. Numerous private holts throughout the eastern Central States were also investigated with a view to determine the varieties grown and to ascertain their soil and climatic requirements. The suggestions offered in this paper are therefore based partly upon the practical results of several years’ tests in the experimental holt at Arlington, Virginia, and partly upon suggestions furnished by experienced growers in this country and abroad. A great many common names have been given to this willow, and therefore it was considered advisable to select a name which should be given preference in future references. Although French osier is most commonly used by a large number of growers of basket willows, especially in New York State, it has been decided that a translation of the botanical name is more descriptive and appropriate. In order that the reader may determine what willow is referred to under the term purple willow, the following vernacular names are added which are often used by growers to designate this species: stone willow, com- mon stone willow, Welsh willow, crab willow, osier, red osier, French osier, green-leaf osier, French willow, purple willow, common purple willow, bitter purple willow, and common basket willow. BOTANICAL CHARACTERS Purple willow has very distinct characters by which it may be readily recognized. The leaf blades are oblong to lanceolate or sometimes apatulate and broadest above the middle where they are more or less distinctly serrate; below the middle they are always entire. On the upper surface they are very smooth, of a rich shining purple and somewhat glaucous; on the under surface they are light-bluish green and often show a yellowish midvein. They are from two to four inches long and from one-fourth to three-fourths inch wide, and are sometimes arranged opposite on the slender, smooth and somewhat reddish (when young) shoot. The leaves of nearly all varieties of this group of willows turn black in drying. The petioles are very short and without glands. The stipules vary from linear to semi-linear, toothed, and 280 PURPLE BASKET WILLOW 281 are very deciduous. The mature shoots have a smooth, yellowish gray bark and possess a number of appressed, obtuse ,and generally glossy and occa- sionally red buds. The inner bark of the young twigs, especially during fall and winter, is orange yellow but toward the top becomes red. In poor soil and particularly in sandy soil the shoots have a yellowish color. The catkins appear earlier than the leaves and are sessile, cylindrical and densely flowered. The male catkins at first appear purplish red, but during pollination become golden yellow, and after blooming brownish black. They are from half to two inches in length and about half inch in diameter. The bracts at the base of the catkins are small and leaflike. The small, round, concave scales are black in the upper half of the catkins and covered with hair; at the base they are red. The male flowers have a single stamen which is drooping and is formed by the union of the two filaments and anthers. The female catkins are purplish red; the fruit pods are densely tomentose and contain a single upright ovule. The empty cells of the brownish capsule recurve very strongly. Willows are subject to considerable variation. The size, shape and surface of the leaves, their serratures, and the general characters and qualities of the rods vary greatly, depending upon soil and climatic conditions. The purple willow may be considered as a mean around which all its varieties are grouped. The constancy of these varieties is dependent upon the conditions which originally brought about the variations; when external conditions change, either those of soil fertility or soil moisture, changes in the character of the plant again take place, and the variety either reverts toward the mean, or, in its struggle to adjust itself to new conditions, gives rise to characters still more remote from the original form. Hybrids are raised from different species and are generally considered not susceptible of propagation by seed. The terms hybrid, blend and bastard are limited to forms produced by cross fertilization. Some of the most important basket willows have been obtained in this way. VARIETIES OF THE PURPLE WILLOW The purple willow occurs in a great number of varieties which are more or less useful. The better ones yield the bulk of the rods used in the manu- facture of wicker ware. They produce very thin, flexible, slender, cylindrical, and branchless rods. In Germany the twigs used for binding the vines are produced by varieties of this species. In selecting varieties for planting the kind of material furnished by them must be kept in view, since different varieties often differ very greatly. A number of them are good and persistent producers while others do not yield a full crop until the fourth year and diminish again after a few years. The following varieties are recognized as the most important ones in this roup: : Salia helir Smith (not L.). Rose willow; longleaf purple willow; green stone willow. Noethlichs, a German authority, gives a very favorable report concerning this variety and claims that there are two sub-varieties of this which are undersecribed. The one has greenish-gray bark turning dark- green during the winter, while the other has pale rose-colored bark near the top of the shoots which are exceedingly slender, and its wood is heavier than of any other variety. The bark is rich in salicin and in Europe is also used for the production of tannin and coloring matter. This willow does not require a very rch soil and yet produces numerous long and slender rods. Salix lambertiana Smith. Lambert’s willow. This is a large-leaved variety with very beautiful catkins. It is the tallest among the purple willows 282 AMERICAN FORESTRY but is not praised very highly by growers in Europe. According to Pursh, it was introduced into this country very early for the production of basket willow rods. Owing to the graceful character of its slender shoots and glau- cous foliage it is often planted for ornamental purposes. Salix bractea rubra Koch. Red willow. The red brick colored scales of the catkins of this variety at once distinguishes it from the common purple willow that has black scales. It produces very long, straight and cylindrical rods, and in England is esteemed very highly. It grows in almost any soil, but in rich moist soil it yields an exceedingly heavy crop. It is used in certain parts of Europe for game coverts and fences. The rods are used for making willow ware requiring strength and durability. Salix purpurea emendata Hort.* Noble willow. This variety is also easily recognized from the common purple willow by its thrifty growth and slender rods. It is planted extensively in Germany and the rods are used for all purposes in the manufacture of willow ware. Salix purpurea kerksii Hort.* English willow. The twisted leaves of this willow furnish a character that makes it easy to be distinguished from other varieties. Although this kind is equally as valuable as the noble willow, it is more often used for fences and hedges than for the production of basket rods. It produces numerous slender and branchless shoots after the second year. Saliz uralensis Hort.* Ural willow. This is a native of Galicia and is considered equally as good as the English willow and produces in dry soil, or in cold situations, a large number of very tough and slender rods. The first year after planting the shoots spread out considerably, but during the second year and thereafter they grow straight up to the height of 10 feet The rods are almost perfectly cylindrical and for this reason this variety is often called cord or string willow. It has been grown in this country with very good success. Salix uralensis serotina Hort.* Black Ural willow. In Europe this variety is often referred to as the late Ural willow, since it matures later and has smaller shoots than the Ural willow. It thrives in poor soils and unfavorable situations, but in this country it has been planted with only indifferent success. Salix purpurea glauca Hort.* Blue green stone willow. In moderately fertile sandy soil this variety produces very thin and long rods which are in great demand among manufacturers of fine basket ware. It matures later in the fall than any of the other varieties and on this account is sometimes injured by frosts. Salix purpurea gracilis Wimmer. Fine purple willow. This willow pro- duces rods that are considered among the best in Europe, but the shoots frequently branch. It has been tested on a small scale in this country and found to make excellent growth with no side branches. Salix purpurea pyramidalis Hort.** Pyramidal willow. In France where the pyramid willow is most widely cultivated it is known as Belle Josephina (Salia purpurea josephina). It is an excellent willow for hedges as well as for basket willow rods. It has been cultivated in Germany for more than sixty years. , Salix purpurea elata Hort.* High stone willow. This willow is known to have yielded a very good crop the first year after planting. It occasionally *Horticultural varieties. **J, A. Krahe, in his “Lehrbuch,” page 104, states that this variety must be regarded as Salix helir Smith, but without first seeing both male and female flowers this can not be definitely determined. PURPLE BASKET WILLOW 283 produces shoots 6 feet long the first season ; in height growth it approaches the Ural willow. Salix purpurea sericea Wimmer. Silken-haired willow. In Germany the silken-haired variety is considered one of the most valuable and profitable basket willows. Its leaves while young are covered with a dense silky down which disappears at maturity. Among other varieties* of the purple willow the following may be mentioned : Salix wisconsinensis Cat. « malensis “purpurea atropurpurea “ “ angustifolia . i macrophylla ie “ lutescens & - utilissima qs ss mirabilis s es graminea be a procumbens Hybrids of the Purple Willow Salix viminalis « purpurea Wimmer. Common hybrid. This is the most important hybrid resulting from the cross fertilization of the white willow (Sali viminalis L.) and the purple willow. It belongs indisputably to the basket willows of the highest rank. The common hybrid possesses more char- acters of the viminales group of willows than of the purpurea group. The rods are very long and more nearly uniform in length, though thinner than the white willow, but just as slender, smooth and flexible as the purple willow. Furthermore the bark is thin and peels easily. The wood is very tough and remains white for a long time after peeling. The rods split easily and can be planed without difficulty. The holt retains the vitality of the purple willow and is extensively planted in Europe. Salix rubra Hudson. Rose willow. Another hybrid of the purple and white willows is recognized by its yellow anthers which are long and narrow and somewhat tapering at both ends; also by the leaves which are remotely serrated. If the leaves are green below and either smooth or with a few scattered hairs the hybrid is Salir rubra Hudson (Salix helta L.) including Salix angustissima Wimmer. A form with the under surface of the leaves more strongly pubescent or silken pubescent is segregated as Salix elaeagni- folia Tausch. Salix forbyana Smith. Forby’s hybrid. An important cross between the white and purple willows that has more characters of the purple willow is Forby’s hybrid. This hybrid differs from the purple willow in having more or less adhering filaments in the male flowers and the under surface of the leaves slightly pubescent. It differs from the white willow by its slender pistil, dis- tinct leaf scars and the development of minute stipules. That it approaches the purple willow more closely is shown by its red anthers when young, and by the leaves which are broadest above the middle and the serratures on the upper half. They are blue-green and slightly pubescent below when young. This willow yields very strong and tough rods and is planted extensively in England for the production of posts, poles, stakes, and handles for implements. *These varieties are mentioned in a number of German publications dealing with basket willow culture, but no reference could be found regarding their authors. It is likely that the majority of these have never been described and with suitable material a few could perhaps be shown to be identical with some of those cited above. 284 AMERICAN FORESTRY On account of its rapid growth it is also planted in Germany for rods to be used in wicker work. Saliz rubra populifera.* Langenauer blend willow. This hybrid origi- nated at Langenau, near Mainz, in Germany, and is similar to the one men- tioned above, except that it makes a more vigorous growth. Salix rubra sessifolia.* Sessile-leafed blend willow. This willow origi- nated in France and in rich soil yields a very large crop of rods. It is easily distinguished by its sessile leaves and by its reddish tinge of the young shoots. Salix rubra viridis Greene. Red blend willow. This hybrid is cultivated extensively in the upper Rhine region, where it gives extraordinary good results and is highly esteemed as a basket willow of the first rank. Saliz pontederana Koch.** Pontedera’s willow. This is the same as Salix cinerea x purpurea of Wimmer and is regarded as one of the most beautiful and robust basket willows known. Like that of Salix purpurea gracilis Wim- mer, it develops numerous side branches which render this hybrid almost valueless. Salix calliantha And. Beautiful flowered blend willow. Kerner described this willow as Salix purpurea « daphnoides. It is a very desirable basket willow and produces very long branchless rods. The catkins are very large and beautiful and the shoots are among the first of the basket willows to start growth in the spring. Salix mauternensis Kerner. Mautern’s blend willow. This hybrid corre- sponds exactly with Kerner’s description of the characters of Salix caprea x purpurea Wimmer, and the horticultural variety Salix discolor. It is very productive and yields middling strong, branchless rods. In western Germany it is highly esteemed as a basket willow. Salix doniana Smith. Don’s blend willow. This willow was also described by Wimmer under the name Salix repens x purpurea. It is suitable for plant- ing in dry soil but does not yield a large crop of rods. Salix dichroa Doll. Double-colored blend willow. Doll’s hybrid is also known under the name Salix aurita « purpurea glaucescens Wimmer. It is a hybrid that is considered a botanical wonder, and is more often planted for hedges and ornamental purposes than it is for basket willow rods. ORIGIN, DISTRIBUTION, AND REQUIREMENTS The purple willow is distributed through southern and middle Europe and extends northward into Sweden and eastward to Moscow. It also inhabits central Asia, but it occurs most abundantly along the Danube and in the val- leys of the Alps. In the Bavarian Alps it grows at an elevation of 2,200 feet, and in the Tyrolean Alps at 4,800 feet above sea level. It occurs most abund- antly along rivers and in moist places generally. On mountains over 4,000 feet elevation it seldom attains a height of more than 8 or 10 feet. At lower eleva- tions it develops into a tree. It was first introduced into this country by German emigrants, and is now the principal basket willow cultivated on a commercial scale. It is distributed throughout the entire region in which basket willows are now grown. The purple willow is capable of enduring greater diversity of temperature than any other basket willow. Its natural range, as above stated, extends from Sweden south to Algeria and east into Asia. It is extensively cultivated in *The authorities of these botanical names can not be determined except by further research. *x*This species must not be confused with Willdenow’s species of this same name belonging to the Viminales group. PURPLE WILLOW ONE YEAR OLD AT YPREDERICK, MARYLAND PURPLE WILLOW ONE YEAR OLD AT LAUREL, MARYLAND PURPLE WILLOW NEAR COLOGNE, GERMANY HYBRID WILLOW THREE YEARS OLD, GERMANY PURPLE BASKET WILLOW 287 this country, where it has escaped and become widely and thoroughly natural- ized. No detailed systematic census of its artificial range in the United States has been made, but it has thoroughly adapted itself to the varying climatic conditions from Maine to Nebraska and from Minnesota to Kentucky, Tennes- see and Georgia. Doubtless, it will be possible to increase the area of its distribution considerably. The purple willow is perfectly hardy, and in loca- tions where other varieties of basket willows have been injured by frost this one remained totally unharmed. The purple willow demands more sunlight for its best development than any other basket willow. Its small, narrow leaves and its habit from spreading out from the stools in order to form an open stand show that it requires con- siderable air and light. It is least sensitive to shade in moist fertile soil, and becomes more shade-enduring as the stools increase with age. In dry soil it makes a rapid growth, provided, it receives sufficient air and sunlight. In plantations where the American green and the purple willow are planted alternately in rows 18 inches apart, the latter develops comparatively few shoots which grow up straight and rise above the dense and broad-leaved American green willow in quest of air and sunlight and the lower leaves drop off early in the season for want of sufficient light. Mixed planting in close ranks prevents the development of branches and stimulates height growth. The shoots grow up straight and remain thin and cylindrical. The purple willow should be planted on southern exposures where it may receive the benefit of the hot rays of the sun, for its grows most rapidly during hot, dry weather with bright sunshine. Even in a dry soil it has made a height growth of 2 to 3 inches during a sunny day; in rainy weather for the same length of time the growth did not exceed one-half inch. The soil best adapted for growing the purple willow is deep, fresh sandy loam; a soil yielding good crops of Indian corn also yields a profitable crop if willow is properly managed. It also thrives in well-drained, mucky soil if weeds are kept out. A few growers in parts of Massachusetts and New York claim that it can be grown with good profit on sandy upland. It has been grown for forty-three years on upland and the annual yield showed no decrease during all that time. It requires less soil moisture than most other basket willows. Although a deep sandy loam is best suited to the purple willow, a moist, sandy, clay soil oftentimes produces a very rapid growth, if the subsoil is loose and moist. The persistent efforts of many growers to propagate it on wet land have yielded results showing that it does not require wet soil. In upland it develops a great mass of rootlets to take up the available moisture. In well-drained locations the soil can be cultivated frequently and thus kept loose and aeriated. It is said that rods grown in wet loam are tougher and more flexible than those grown on rich, fertile uplands, but this has not been fully substantiated. THE APPALACHIAN FORESTS Putting the New Law Into Operation HE new national forest law calls into action several official agencies, but the initiative in the purchase of land as well as the consummation of such purchase when authorized rests with the Department of Agricul- ture which, of course, acts through the Forest Service. The Service has made very complete arrangements for an efficient carrying out of the full intent of the law. Assistant Forester William L. Hall, who conducted the investigation in the Southern Appalachian and White Mountains under the $25,000 appropriation in 1907, and is therefore well fitted for the task by per- sonal knowledge of the conditions in both sections, has been recalled from Madison, Wisconsin, where he has been in charge of the branch of forest prod- ucts since the opening of the new laboratory last year and has been put in charge of the work of establishing the new national forests. McGarvey Cline, who was Mr. Hall’s second in command at Madison, has been put in charge of the branch of forest products with headquarters at that place. Mr. Hall has already established his office in Washington and is at work on the great and responsible task in which so many people in so many states are interested. For reasons which were mentioned in AmmricaN Forestry last month the White Mountain situation is being especially studied, but the south- ern mountains are also being districted and undergoing preliminary exam- inations and offers of land are being received and considered from several of the states which have passed the necessary enabling act. In this matter of offers of land, the need of public spirit on the part of land owners cannot be too strongly emphasized. Here is an enterprise which has been urged for the public good. The unselfishness of its advocates has been repeatedly and sincerely affirmed. Now comes the actual test of citizen- ship. Will those who hold the lands recognize the public necessity, as Con- gress has somewhat reluctantly done, and meet the government half-way? Or will they hold their property for impossible prices and thereby delay and obstruct the development of this great enterprise? The correspondence received thus far, while considerable, is not sufficient to answer these questions. When the circular explaining the plans and methods of the government has been thoroughly distributed fuller indications will doubtless appear. Thus far there have been several moderate offers made from both north and south, and some impossible ones. One proposal was made to sell the government a tract, not of the highest timber value, for seventy- five dollars an acre, which was about eight or ten times other offers that represented quite as great a value. Owners who hold at such figures may as well save their paper and postage. Such offers cannot be considered. It has been hoped that some owners of means might make gifts of land to the government, as Mr. Harriman did to the state of New York. This is 288 THE APPALACHIAN FORESTS . 289 a good cause, a great public cause that will hand down large benefits to pos- terity and tend to preserve the prosperity of our civilization. It is certainly a good object for public-spirited givers. It is a cause that is sufficiently in the public eye to satisfy those who like to have their giving known of men, and it has the enduring quality of a monument. Forest lands, given to the nation to preserve and maintain, will stand for all time as reminders of the good will of the giver to his country and to those who come after him. Admitting, however, that those who may be able to be thus generous are few, the attitude of those who sell the land to the government, as they com- pose a far more numerous class, is much more important. If they meet the officials half-way with good offers at fair or low prices, it will assist greatly in the early and successful establishment of the forests. The appropriation will not be sufficient to purchase half of the land that is needed for the purpose of the act. Let us urge owners, then, not to try to speculate in the needs of the people, but to help make this money go as far as possible. It is not a gift from some invisible source that is going into the purchase of these lands. It is our money that is being spent and it is for the interest of the seller of the lands as it is of everyone else that it be used to the best advantage. To make this new policy a success, the same full and interested cooperation that secured the enactment of the law is necessary. No close-fisted policy, or attempt to make money out of the government, or unload useless property at high prices, will pay in the long run. In most cases cut-over lands stand the lumber companies practically nothing. They bought the stumpage, and having secured it they have no further interest in the land. Such tracts the government should be able to obtain at a nominal figure, leaving larger amounts to put into protective forests where the standing timber must be _ purchased and largely retained. No hard and fast policy in regard to purchase can be laid down in advance. For the beginning at least each case must be considered on its individual merits. Perhaps when the nuclei of the necessary forests have been developed, the policy of rounding out and completing may appear more clearly. Mr. Hall believes that there are great possibilities in that section of the bill which provides for national and state cooperation for fire protection. Under the terms of this provision the government may expend for fire protec- tion an amount, not exceeding the amount appropriated by the state for the same purpose, in any state which has provided by law for a system of forest fire protection. Three or four states, notably New Hampshire and Vermont, are already planning to come in under this provision and the organization of the forest service in these states is such as to entitle them to the benefit of its provisions. Mr. Hall confidently believes that the passage of this law will lead to the suppression of forest fires in the eastern United States within a few years. Last month a summary was published of the announcement of the Forest Service with reference to the purchase of land under the Weeks law in the Southern Appalachian and White Mountains. This announcement has been printed as a circular for general distribution and copies can be had by appli- cation to the United States Forest Service. The circulars are accompanied by blank forms for submitting proposals of land and include the text of the Weeks law. The circular, issued under date of March 27, 1911, will be of interest to readers of this magazine and is reproduced here: 290 AMERICAN FORESTRY PURCHASE OF LAND UNDER THE WEEKS LAW IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN AND WHITE MOUNTAINS GENERAL INFORMATION The act of Congress approved March 1, 1911 (Public, No. 485), created a National Forest Reservation Commission and authorizes the acquisition of lands on the watersheds of navigable streams for the purpose of conserving their navigability. The Secretary of Agriculture is authorized and directed to examine, locate, and recommend to the Com- mission for purchase such lands as in his judgment may be necessary to the regulation of the flow of navigable streams, and he is authorized to purchase, in the name of the United States, such lands as have been approved for purchase by the National Forest Reservation Commission at the price or prices fixed by said Commission. The full text of the law is to be found on page 7. The general purpose of this law is to secure the maintenance of a perpetual growth of forest on the watersheds of navigable streams where such growth will materially aid in preventing floods, in improving low waters, in preventing erosion of steep slopes and the silting up of the river channels, and thereby improve the flow of water for navigation. While the improvement of the flow of navigable streams is the fundamental purpose, other benefits incidental in character but nevertheless important will be kept in view. Among these are (1) protection against disastrous erosion of the soil on mountain slopes and against the destruction of the soil and soil cover by forest fires; (2) preservation of water powers, since, like navigation, they depend for their value upon the evenness of streamflow; (3) preservation of the purity and regularity of flow of the mountain streams, with a view to their use for the water supply of towns and cities; (4) preserva- tion of a timber supply to meet the needs of the industries of the country; (5) preser- vation of the beauty and attractiveness of the uplands for the recreation and pleasure of the people. Aside from its application to the watersheds of navigable streams, the law is not restricted to particular regions, except that lands may be purchased only in the States whose legislatures have consented to the acquisition of such land by the United States for the purpose of preserving the navigability of navigable streams. The States which have passed such legislation and in which purchases are now contemplated are: Maine, New Hampshire, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, South Carolina, and Georgia. The sources of the navigable streams which have their origin in the Rocky Mountains or the mountains nearer the Pacific coast are already to a large extent protected by national forests. The Appalachian Mountains, including the White Mountains, are for the most part without such protection. Because of their altitude, steepness, and lack of protection they are in a class by themselves in their need for the action authorized under this law. The first lands to be examined for purchase will therefore be in this region. The area needing protection in the Appalachians is very large. It is far larger than can be purchased with the funds appropriated under this law. Much difference exists, how- ever, in the character of the lands in different parts of the region. Mountains are higher, slopes steeper, rainfall heavier, and the soil more easily washed in some sections than in others. Careful examinations made during the past 10 years in practically all parts of the Appalachian region have proven that the conditions which affect streamflow to an extreme extent are to be found in relatively limited areas. These areas are scattered more or less widely. By careful selection of the tracts it will be possible to do much for the permanent improvement of the watersheds by the purchase of only a part of the mountainous region. Within these areas not all, and in some cases not a very large proportion, of the land will be needed by the Government for the purpose in view. Just what lands should be purchased will be determined in every case as a result of a careful examination. Some of the important areas are already known, and the purpose of this circular is to invite proposals for the sale of lands within them. A list of such areas is to be found on page 4, and a blank form and an official envelope to be used in making proposal for sale accompany this circular. Additional copies of the blank may be had upon appli- cation to the Forester, Forest Service, Washington, D.C. The blank should be accurately and fully filled out and mailed, securely sealed in the envelope. If possible, a map showing the boundaries of the tract should be submitted with the proposal for sale. If the proposal is satisfactory, the Secretary of Agriculture will expect the owner to execute to him an option on the land for a reasonable length of time. Lands of the following classes will be considered for purchase when they lie within a designated area: (1) Timbered lands, including both land and timber; or the land, with the timber reserved to the owner under rules of cutting to be agreed upon at a i V THE APPALACHIAN FORESTS 291 time of sale; (2) cut-over or culled lands; (3) brush or burned land not bearing mer- chantable timber in quantity, but covered with a growth of brush which is useful for watershed protection, and burned land whether covered with young timber growth or not; (4) abandoned farm land, whether remaining cleared or partially covered by timber growth. Good agricultural lands will not be considered. Where valuable mineral deposits are known to exist, the right to remove such deposits may be reserved to the owner, under conditions to be agreed upon, such condi- tions to be incorporated in the written instrument of conveyance. Lands lying within the designated areas can not be recommended for purchase unless examination by the United States Geological Survey shows that their control will promote or protect the navigation of streams on whose watersheds they lie. Lands proposed at exorbitant prices will not be considered. The holding of land at too high a price in any of the areas will prevent the Government from undertaking purchases within it. No limitation is put upon the size of tracts to be proposed for sale. Proposals will be received for small as well as for large tracts within the areas designated, but small tracts can only be examined when they lie adjacent to or near large tracts which are being examined or where the aggregate of all tracts offered for sale is sufficient to justify an examination. The right of any landowner to deal through an agent is, of course, recognized. The placing of lands in agents’ hands, however, is unnecessary, as the owners themselves may deal direct with the Government. The lands purchased by the Government under this law are to be included in national forests. Such forests will in no way interfere with hunting and fishing within the areas. The laws of the States in which the forests are located will apply as at present and the forests will be open to anyone and everyone. The use of the forests for all reasonable purposes, including recreation, will be encouraged. In general the procedure in making purchases will be as follows: (1) The filing of proposal for sale of land by the owner or owners. (2) Examination of lands. This examination will usually include a careful estimate of whatever timber is standing upon the tract, an estimate of the value of the tract as a whole for the production of timber, and the determination of its importance in regu- lating the flow of navigable streams. (3) Approval of lands for purchase by the Naticnal Forest Reservation Commission and the fixing of the purchase price or prices. Approval for purchase is given only after recommendation has been made by the Secretary of Agriculture on the basis of the field examinations. (4) Final negotiations with the owner or owners of land as to terms of sale. (5) Examination of title. (6) Actual conveyance of the title of the land by the owner to the Government and payment therefor by the Government to the owner. AREAS WITHIN WHICH PROPOSALS FOR SALE ARE INVITED. The areas roughly designated in the following descriptions have been selected as those within which proposals will first be invited. Lands chiefly valuable for agriculture are not desired, and where such lands occur within the areas described they will not be recommended for purchase, unless such lands occur in such small scattered areas that their exclusion would be impracticable. White Mountain Area, New Hampshire and Maine. Lands on the Carter-Moriah Range of mountains in the townships of Shelburne and Gorham, on the Presidential Range in the townships of Gorham and Randolph, on Cherry Mountain and the Dartmouth Range in the township of Carroll, and lands in the Low and Burbank Grant, Thompson and Meserve Purchase, Bean Purchase, Martin Location, Green Grant, Pinkham Grant, Bean Grant, Cutts Grant, Sargent Purchase, and Hadley Purchase, in the county of Coos in the State of New Hampshire; lands on the Franconia Range of Mountains, the Little River Mountains and the Rosebrook Mountains in the township of Bethlehem, the Franconia Range of Mountains in the townships of Franconia and Easton, on Mount Moosilauke, Mount Kineo and Mount Carr, in the township of Warren, on Mount Carr in the townships of Wentworth and Rumney, and Black Hill and Mount Kineo in the township of Ellsworth; lands above an altitude of 1,000 feet in the township of Woodstock; lands east of the Pemigewasset River in the township of Thorn- ton; and lands in the townships of Benton, Waterville, Lincoln, and Livermore in the county of Grafton in the State of New Hampshire; lands above an elevation of 1,000 feet in the townships of Chatham, Jackson, Bartlett, and Albany, and on the Sandwich Range of Mountains in the township of Sandwich in the county of Carroll in the State of New Hampshire; and lands in Batchelders Grant in the county of Oxford in the State of Maine. 292 AMERICAN FORESTRY Youghiogheny Area, Maryland. Lands in Garrett County, situated on the main watershed of the Youghiogheny River between the towns of Oakland and Friendsville, west of Hooppole Ridge and Negro Mountain. Potomac Area, Virginia and West Virginia. Lands in Virginia situated in Shenandoah County west of Stony Creek and Little North Mountain and south of Capola Mountain; lands in Rockingham County west of Little North Mountain and north of Slate Springs and Rawley Springs; lands in West Virginia in Pendleton County east of Moorefield River and north of Little Fork; lands in Hardy County east of Moorefield River and south of North River. Monongahela Area, West Virginia. Lands situated in Randolph County, on the watersheds of Dry Fork, Laurel Fork, Glady Fork, and Shavers Fork, and on the watersheds of the eastern tributaries of Valley River south of the town of Elkins, and on the watershed of the West Fork of Greenbrier River; in northern Pocahontas County, lands situated on the watershed of Greenbrier River west of East Fork and Deer Creek, and north of the junction of the Greenbier River and North Fork; and the lands on the upper watersheds of Shavers Fork of Cheat River. Massanutten Mountain Area, Virginia. Lands in Rockingham, Shenandoah, Warren, and Page Counties, situated between the North and South Forks of Shenandoah River, comprising in general Massanutten Mountain north of McGaheysville post office and south of Waterlick post office. Natural Bridge Area, Virginia. Lands situated on the Blue Ridge and outlying mountains in Northern Bedford County; in Botetourt County east of Buchanan and south of the James River; and in Rockbridge County south of the James River. White Top Area, Tennessee and Virginia. Lands comprising the main ranges of the Iron Mountains in northeastern Johnson County, Tenn. ,and eastward through Washington, Smyth, Grayson, and Wythe Coun- ties, Va. Yadkin Area, North Carolina. Lands in Wilkes, Caldwell, and Watauga Counties, situated on streams flowing into the Yadkin River from the north lying west of the post offices of Louis Fork, Purlear, Mulberry, and Hall Mills. Mount Mitchell Area, North Carolina. Lands in Buncombe County situated on the Great Craggy Mountains; lands in Yancy County situated on the Black Mountains and South Toe River watershed south of the post office of Micaville; lands in McDowell County situated north of the main branch and west of the North Fork of the Catawba River; and lands in southwestern Mitchell County south of Brush Creek and West of Mica post office. Smoky Mountain Area, North Carolina and Tennessee. Lands in North Carolina situated in Haywood County north and west of Jonathan Creek and west of Pigeon River below the mouth of Jonathan Creek; in Swain County north of the little Tennessee and Tuckasegee Rivers; lands in Tennessee in Cocke County south of Denny Mountain and the Big Pigeon River; in Sevier County south of Chestnut Ridge, Galtinburg post office, and Cove Mountain; and in Blount County south of Round- top Mountain and Tuckaleeche post office and east of Hesse Creek and Abram Creek. Pisgah Area, North Carolina. Lands situated in Jackson County north of Little Hogback Mountain, Laurel Moun- tain, Sheep Cliff, and Shortoff Mountain, and east of Buck Knob, East Laport post office, and Carver Mountain, and south of the Asheville and Murphy Branch of the Southern Railroad; lands in Haywood County south of Pinnacle Knob, Snaggy Ridge, and the post offices of Three Forks, Cecil, Retreat, and Cruso; lands in Buncombe County south of Dunsmore post office and Stony Knob; lands in Henderson County west of Seniard Moun- tain and Buck Knob; and lands in Transylvania County north of the Hendersonville and Lake Toxaway Branch of the Southern Railroad, and Lake Toxaway, and west of the Boylston Creek. THE CRAWFORD NOTCH 293 Nantahala Area, North Carolina and Tennessee. Lands in North Carolina in Swain County west of Little Tennessee River; lands in Macon County on the Nantahala Mountains and the watershed of the Nantahala River; lands in Clay County on Valley River Mountains, Tusquitee Mountain, Vineyard Moun- tain, and Chunky Girl Mountain; lands in Cherokee County on Valley River Mountains, Snowbird Mountains, and Unaka Mountains; lands in Graham County south of the Little Tennessee River; lands in Tennessee in Monroe County south and east of Salt Spring Mountain, Sassafras Mountain, and on the watershed of Tellico River above the mouth of Wild Cat Creek. Savannah Area, Georgia and South Carolina. Lands situated in Rabun and Habersham Counties, Ga., and in Oconee County, S. C., on the watershed of the Chattooga River above Ramsey Ferry; in Oconee County, S. C., on the watershed of the Chauga River; in Rabun County, Ga., on the watershed of the Tallulah River, south of Plumorchard Creek; in Habersham and White Counties, Ga., on the watersheds of Soque and Chattahoochee Rivers north of Pinnacle Mountain, Grimes Nose, and Yellow Mountain. THE CRAWFORD NOTCH tain, Notch in New Hampshire, looking south from Mt. Willard. The New Hampshire legislature has just authorized the purchase of the Notch, including about twelve thousand acres, for a state forest reserve. This deep valley, with its rugged and precipitous mountain walls and the tumult- uous Saco plunging down its floor is one of the grand spectacles of the White Mountain country, and is the main pass into the heart of the mountains. It was discovered by Timothy Nash, a hunter, in 1771, and soon afterwards a road was built through it and it became the main highway between the northern and southern settlements of New Hampshire. The road runs along the tree covered floor of the valley and is much traveled by carriages and automobiles in summer. The railway runs along the western mountain side several hundred feet above the valley and from it the best views of the Notch are obtainable. The Notch proper extends from the Gate, a picturesque break in the rock wall, on the north near the Crawford House, for about three miles, dropping over six hundred feet in that distance. Then southward the valley gradually widens until it finally spreads out in the Conway intervales. The forest which covers the valley floor and the mountain side of the Notch is not of the highest value commercially, but is of great scenic value to the Notch. It was about to be cut off when measures were taken to have the Notch purchased by the state. Hitherto it has not been a tempting ground for lum- bermen because of the difficulty of lumbering on its steep mountain sides. Oe frontispiece this month is a picture of the Crawford, or White Moun- EDITORIAL A NEW OPPORTUNITY open to forest land owners in the Appalachian region to do a great public service by the gift of lands to the United States for the new eastern national forests. We may enlarge upon this by calling attention to the new and broad field for public benefaction the development of forestry in this coun- try offers. We are living just now in an age of liberal giving for the public good. Schools and colleges, hospitals, scientific research, the promotion of the public health, the advancemert of the peace of the world—all these are receiy- ing assistance from our men and women of wealth to an extent unparalleled in the history of the world. As yet, notwithstanding the growing popular interest, forestry has not come into general recognition by those who are looking for ways and means to promote the welfare of society. Yet here is a field which as it comes to be better understood must be recognized as having a strong claim upon our generous givers. A few have already seen the need and the opportunity. The late James W. Pinchot, and his distinguished son, Gifford Pinchot, were naturally among the first, for they had both the knowledge and the means. The late E. H. Harriman, through his gifts to New York, Mrs. Harriman and Mrs. Sage, through their gifts to the Yale Forest School, the group who provided Harvard University with the forest in Massachusetts for the work of the forestry depart- ment, and some others in lesser degree, have set the example; but the oppor- tunity is big enough for much wider recognition. There are the schools of forestry, many of which are doing admirable work, that could be greatly strengthened by the providing of larger funds and demonstration forests. Then there is the practical work of the national government and of the states, all of which is the people’s work. We have suggested how the national government may be aided at the present time. In a similar way the work of the states can be advanced by financial aid on a generous scale. To be sure this, like all of our government work, must be sustained chiefly by the taxes contributed by all of the people; but forestry is peculiar in its needs and opportunities and at the present time these outrun the means or inclination of most of the states to meet them and there is no reason why endowments of forest lands and permanent funds for fire protection and other work in connection with their maintenance should not be bestowed upon the states, as endowments are bestowed upon so many semi-public institu- tions for all sorts of useful purposes. The time will ultimately come when forest work in this country will be self-supporting, but owing to the great area of the country and to the present undeveloped conditions of our forest resources, this point has not been reached and the interim can be bridged and the practicability of forestry can be better shown if given private assistance. Finally, there are the forestry associations—the American Forestry Asso- ciation, and those of many of the states which are doing a broad and useful popular educational work, most of them with insufficient funds which are eked out by the sacrifices of many unselfish workers. Endowments sufficient to QL coen to tore in these pages a suggestion is made of an opportunity now 294 EDITORIAL 295 maintain the fixed charges of these organizations, or to carry on special lines of work which they have the opportunity, the knowledge and the desire to develop, would enlarge their usefulness and enhance their efficiency, making them more than ever real forces for the national welfare. In the case of these associations these endowments should not be large enough to put them beyond the need of popular support, in whieh lies their strength; but to put them in such a position that their activities need not be crippled and limited by entire dependence upon the necessarily small income from popular mem- bership. This suggestion is offered for careful consideration and investigation by those who have under consideration the opportunities that may be open to them for promoting the public welfare and the permanent prosperity of our people. The nature of forestry is peculiar. It is at once a business proposition and a public service work which entails some sacrifice of immediate business returns. For this reason it can better reach its full development if assisted, this assist- ance being an offset to the financial sacrifices which make men hesitate to practice it from a purely business standpoint. A FLANK ATTACK Editor AMERICAN FORESTRY, Washington, D. C. Dear Sir: I have noted various comments regarding the effect that the amendment to the Agricultural Appropriation bill, proposed by Senator Heyburn in the closing days of the last Congress, would have upon national forests and national forest conservation. Knowing that the Senator has been a consistent opponent of the national foresty policy, I should assume that an amendment which he would propose would certainly not be helpful; yet I should like to have you state for the benefit not only of myself but of multi- tudes of your readers who are not so closely in touch with the situation as you are, the words of the amendment and show why limitation of the Forest Service work to areas growing 4,000 feet or more to the acre would be harmful. Respectfully yours, “INQUIRER.” put it is still subject to flank attacks by those who realize the impossi- bility of securing a victory over it in the open. The Heyburn amend- ment to the agricultural appropriation bill, offered in the Senate at the last session of Congress, and thrown out on a point of order, provided for the elimination from the national forests of all land, in 160-acre tracts, containing an average of less than 4,000 feet of timber per acre. It might properly have been called an amendment to emasculate the national forests and was doubtless so intended by the author, whose perceptions, although somewhat slow on many subjects, are quick enough to see an opportunity to weaken the United States Forest Service and the national forest system. The proposed amendment was a shrewd move in that its real character would hardly be seen by one unacquainted with the conditions obtaining in the national forests. Let us see what the effect of the proposed elimination would be. In the national forests there are three classes of lands which would be materially affected by the amendment: (1) extensive areas of chaparral in the southwest which can never grow merchantable timber but which are needed for the protection of watersheds. These are maintained by the government because of their conserving effect upon streamflow. They can never be a Om national forest system is too firmly entrenched to be openly assailed 296 AMERICAN FORESTRY source of income, but as long as they are protected they will be of great benefit to the regions in which they lie. (2) Areas covered with juniper, pinon and scrub oak which do not carry four thousand feet to the acre but do maintain a valuable supply of mine timber and wood for domestic use. It would be a serious injury to the country in which these are found to have them cut over and yet they have no considerable commercial value and the government is doing a service to the localities in maintaining and protecting them. (3) There are further extensive areas of half-grown and scattering growth, useful, yielding some return and having a protective and an increasing commercial value. These, of course, would have the protection of the govern- ment removed by the adoption of a provision like the Heyburn amendment. Then there are burns found in patches through all the forests. Some of them are open grass lands. In many one hundred and sixty acre tracts these would be sufficient to lower the average timber stand per acre so as to throw out the whole tract, even though much of it might contain good commercial timber. These open tracts which have carried forests are potential forest lands but they are not bearing their four thousand feet of timber and the amendment would throw them out. All lands undergoing or awaiting reforestation, natural or artificial, would be eliminated, although one of the most important elements of the forests. Likewise lands from which timber sales have been made, since the stand is usually cut down below four thousand feet, would be lost to the forests. To remove all these classes of land would reduce the area of the national forests by millions of acres, but this is not the worst result of such a drastic course. Tracts in the classes we have described, together with bare mountain tops and other intervals in the forest growth, would make the national forests things of shreds and patches, impossible of administration. Consider for example the important problem of grazing control which is now being so well worked out. This could no longer be maintained if the national forests were disintegrated. Conditions would be produced which existed in some degree when the forests were first forming. It has been the study of the Service to consolidate and perfect the forests as administrative units. The results of this constructive work would be lost permanently if such a plan as that of the senior senator from Idaho should carry. To describe its consequences shows the absurdity of such legislation and we do not believe there is much danger of such action being taken; but it is the kind of insidious attack which requires publicity to insure its defeat, and there is always a chance that some proposal of the kind will be advanced when legislation is being rushed through and there is little time to expose it. This warning seems all the more necessary since there has already been intro- duced into the present Congress a House joint resolution providing: That the President be, and he hereby is, authorized and directed to eliminate all nontimbered agricultural lands from the forest reserves, from reclamation projects where there is no immediate prospect of such lands being used for reclamation purposes, and from withdrawals for power sites where such withdrawals are excessive, and to restore such lands so eliminated to entry under the homestead laws. The author of this resolution which aims in less explicit terms at the same end as Senator Heyburn’s amendment, is Mr. Lafferty, a new representative from Oregon, who came in under the progressive banner, which proves that forest conservation cannot depend upon the progressives for loyal and intelli- gent support. Representative Lafferty is also the author of a bill for turning over to the states in trust the national forest lands. This measure we shall consider at a later time, but the resolution above cited is too near the color of the Heyburn amendment to be passed over in this connection. EDITORIAL 297 It must always be remembered that the Government has a great public service work to do with the national forests. It is not simply a question of maintaining great timber producing forests, it is a question of maintaining stream flow, of irrigation, of climatic conditions, of health and prosperity for the people which in many cases demand national expenditure without corre- sponding returns. This work is a great task of applied science and is neces- sarily placed in the hands of experts. To allow it to be demoralized for politi- cal purposes or private profit, which the Heyburn amendment or the Lafferty resolution would accomplish would be a crime against humanity. THE PASSING OF THE PIONEERS to begin to note the passing away of some of its veterans. While most of its active professional workers are young men with years of usefulness ahead of them, there are others to whom it owes a great debt—men who while not professionally concerned with forestry have had the foresight and the understanding to realize, in advance of general public intelligence, the signifi- cance of forestry, the relation of trees to man and to civilization; and who gave to that thought years ago their interest and their unselfish effort. To them as pioneers and advocates is due the advanced state of the movement today, and their names should be writ large in its history and remembered always for a great public service. A few months ago William Henry Brewer, for thirty years Norton professor of agriculture in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, joined the great majority, full of years and honors. Professor Brewer was one of a type of scientific men none too common, whose range of vision went far beyond any specialty. The late Professor Shaler of Harvard was another of the same type. These men looked deeply into many things. Their minds were in the highest degree constructive. Their thought saw the relation of different fields of science and coordinated them. Both of them knew their country as few men have known it. They traveled over it, searched its hidden recesses, studied its resources, and appraised their value and their interde- pendence with keen insight. Professor Marsh, also a Yale man, was another of this broad-minded type of scientific thinkers and his contribution to forestry is well known and still classic. Professor Brewer was not a writer so much as a teacher and inspirer of others, and so his work for forestry is less known to the public except to those who came in contact with him and derived suggestion and inspiration from that contact. In this way his influence was great, and he must be reckoned as one of the chief promoters of the great movement which is becoming a distinct part of our economic life and finding its place in applied science as well as in the sentiment of the people. He was one of the committee appointed by the government from the National Academy of Sciences to investigate the condition of the forests of the country and to formulate a plan for their maintenance and increase. The work and recom- mendations of this commission were largely responsible for the formation of the present United States Forest Service. He was a member of the governing board of the Yale Forest School and for several years was a lecturer of the school on forest physiography. Since the April number of AMERICAN Forestry went to press, another veteran worker whose service was intimately connected with the beginnings of the American Forestry Association, has left us. Judge Warren Higley, who died in New York on the 24th of March, after an active and honorable educa- CI to te: as the forestry movement in America is, it is already old enough 298 AMERICAN FORESTRY tional career of over ten years entered upon the practice of law in Cincinnati in 1874 and in that city, in 1882, became one of the founders of the American Forest Congress. This body became a few years after the American Forestry Association, and Judge Higley was its president in 1885-6. Through the remainder of his life he took an active interest in the forestry movement and gave his assistance to it in generous measure. He was until the last three or four years a regular attendant at the annual meetings of the American For- estry Association and a particularly intelligent and interested participant in its activities. He was a founder of the Association for the Protection of the Adirondacks, which has accomplished so much in preventing the destruction of New York’s noble forest domain. No one who knows the history of the American Forestry Association and the extent and value of its achievements, can fail to honor the loyalty and courage of the faithful few, of whom Judge Higley was one, who through years of public ignorance and difference maintained the worth of their cause until the country was compelled to recognize and incorporate it in a great national policy. American citizenship as well as American forestry is better for such men and their work. PLANTING FOR PULP AND TIMBER A USTIN F. HAWES, state forester of Vermont, has an article in Paper of March 29th on the planting of forests for pulp and timber, which should be helpful, as it is practical and conservative in tenor. His opening sentence strikes the keynote: “Prices of soft-wood lumber and pulp wood are now getting so high that forest planting of quick growing species is a sound business policy under certain conditions.” He qualifies this, how- ever, by saying that “it is useless to advocate the investment of money in the purchase and reforestation of waste lands on a large scale at present because so much better and quicker producing investments can be made in natural second growth.” In many cases in New England and northern New York, lands can be purchased from which soft woods have been culled but covered with a vigorous second growth of fir, spruce or pine at prices that in a few years will yield a handsome profit, yielding more in fifteen years than the average plantation at thirty years. There are other conditions, however, in which forest planting is advisable, as on non-productive lands such as abandoned farm pastures. Lumber and pulp companies buy much property containing such tracts and as they buy on the basis of the timber value, the open land is virtually free, so that planting can be done for the cost of seedlings and labor. The reduction of the fire risk in the eastern states by better systems of protection, Mr. Hawes points out, is removing the chief risk attached to such investments, and the young, growing trees steadily enhance the value of the land. He gives the following reasons why pulp companies should plant: (1) They have extensive plants which must be supplied from the tribu- tary region. (2) They own large areas of waste land representing little investment. (3 The materials used are not required in large dimensions; and are of soft, rapid growing species, so that a crop can be secured in the minimum length of time. Mr. Hawes discusses species and ways and means quite fully, suggesting the value of Norway spruce and Canadian or white spruce, and white pine, EDITORIAL 299 the character of the soil determining the variety that is best adapted in each instance. He recommends the use of seedlings as, in the long run, cheaper and more satisfactory than growing from seed, and describes concisely approved methods. A table of the cost of planting one hundred acres shows the average cost per acre to range from $6 to $9.50, according to the cost of labor and seedlings. These figures are based on the actual experience of the Vermont Forest Service and of the International Paper Company on its work in Vermont and New Hampshire. He cites actual results from white pine plantations in Connecticut which have grown with practically no care, com- paring them with two plantations of American white pine in Germany which have received the careful management characteristic of the planted forests of Germany. The results are naturally slightly in favor of the German forests, but Mr. Hawes believes that so far as soil is concerned there is no reason why we should not attain as good results as the European foresters, and that the difference is solely due to the management of the plantations. This article is interesting as suggesting the considerations that must enter into the problem of planting by American land owners. Like many other forestry questions that are so new to our people, this has been frequently discussed in too general a way and the statements made have not given due consideration to all the factors involved in the problem. As we have urged frequently, the time has now come when these problems must be studied with close regard for all the factors that go to make up the sum of the result. Recently when seeking for articles on certain phases of tree planting for American Forestry we found one or two foresters who were inclined to decry the whole idea of forest planting as being worthless for our conditions. It seems to us that their position is an extreme one which has been taken without due consideration and as a result of an excess of enthusiasm for planting shown on the other side. However, this may be there can be no question that, although it is far from being all there is in forestry, planting has a place of increasing importance in our forestry operations, especially in our more thickly settled states. THE CRAWFORD NOTCH SAVED The passage by the New Hampshire legislature of the bill providing for the purchase by the state of the Crawford Notch is a triumph that so far as the state itself is concerned is on a par with the passage of the Weeks bill by Congress. The Crawford Notch purchase will institute a state policy in har- mony with the new national policy that should ultimately make of the White Mountain country a great combined state and national forest protected from fire, its forest crops carefully husbanded, its scenic values preserved—a never failing source of health and wealth to the people. The final passage of the bill in both houses by a unanimous vote would make us wonder at the delay and at the doubt as to its final success if we did not know the devious ways by which legislatures reach their conclusions. Evidently its friends did effective work, and Governor Bass, whose influence was felt throughout in behalf of the bill, has made himself already a force to be reckoned with. There was objection to the original appropriation of one hundred thousand dollars and as finally passed the amount to be paid was placed at the discretion of the governor and council, a much more business-like arrangement. We congratulate the state and the Society for the Protection of New Hamp- shire Forests, and we congratulate the thousands of people who annually enjoy the rugged beauty of this noble mountain pass. CURRENT LITERATURE MONTHLY LIST FOR APRIL, 1911 (Books and periodicals indexed in the Library of the United States Forest Service) Forestry as a Whole Proceedings of associations Schlesischer forstverein. Jahrbuch fiir 1910. 244 p. map. Breslau, 1911. Forest Aesthetics Street and park trees Solotaroff, William. Shade-trees in towns and cities, their selection, planting, and care as applied to the art of street decoration; their diseases and reme- dies; their municipal control and sup- ervision. 287 p. il., tables. N. Y., J. Wiley & Sons, 1911. Forest Education Forest schools Bruck, Austria—Hohere forstlehranstalt fiir die Osterreichischen Alpenlander. Jahres-bericht, 10th, 1909-10. 84 p. il. Bruck a. d. Mur, 1910. Harvard University—Division of forestry. Prospectus, 1911-12. 25 p. map. Cam- bridge, Mass., 1911. Montana, University of. Short course in forestry, Jan.-Mar. 1911. 11 p. Missoula, Mont. 1911. Forest Legislation Canada—Interior, Dept. of. Regulations governing the granting of yearly li- censes and permits to cut timber on Dominion lands in Manitoba, Sas- katchewan, Alberta, the Northwest ter- ritories, within 20 miles on either side of the Canadian Pacific railway in the province of British Columbia. 16 p. Ottawa, 1910. British Columbia—Legislative assembly. An act to amend and consolidate the laws affecting crown lands. 51 p. Victoria, B. C., 1910. Massachusetts—General court. Laws relat- ing to forestry and the suppression of the gypsy and brown tail moths. 67 p. Boston, State forester’s office, 1910. Ontario—Legislative assembly. An act re- specting the culling and measurement of saw-logs cut upon public lands. 4 p. Toronto, 1911. 300 Ontario—Legislative assembly. An act to preserve the forests from destruction by fire; notification re the same and description of fire district. 8 p. Tor- onto, 1910. Ontario—Legislative assembly. Regula- tions made under the forest reserves act, and amendments thereto. 16 p. Toronto, 1909. Quebec—Lands and forests, Dept. of. Laws respecting lands and forests, and tim- ber regulations. 78, 74 p. Quebec, 1910. Forest Description Unwin, A. H. Report on the forests and for- estry problems in Sierra Leone. 54 p. London, Waterlow & sons, l’t’d., 1909. Forest Botany Trees, classification and description » Rodway, L. Trees of the Tasmanian for- ests of the order Myrtaceae; the genus Eucalyptus. 15 p. Tasmania, 1910. (Tasmania—Agricultural and _ stock dept. Bulletin 17.) Woods, classification and structure Frasquieri, Tranquilino. Indice alfabetico del muestrario de maderas de la Isla de Cuba presentado en la Exposicion nacional. 15 p. Habana, Imprenta de Swan, 1911. Silvics Silvical characteristics of species Fernando, F. C. Tree growth at Cento- cow, Natal. 11 p. Cape Town, 1911. (South Africa—Forest dept. Bulletin No. 3 of 1910.) Studies and species Henry, Augustine. On elm-seedlings show- ing Mendelian results. 11 p., pl. Lon- don, Linnean society, 1910. Navarro de Andrade, Edmundo. A cultura do Eucalyptus nos Estados Unidos. 108 p. il. Sao Paulo, Rothschild & Co., 1910. Schrenk, Herman von, and others. Report on the eucalyptus of California. 42 p. pl. St. Louis, Mo., Sacramento valley improvement co., 1909. Scott, C. A. The hardy catalpa in Iowa. 17 p. il. Ames, Ia., 1911. (Iowa—Agricul- tural experiment station. Bulletin 120.) oe! ¥. 7 CURRENT LITERATURE Silviculture Planting Davenport, Donnell, comp. Tree truths. 32 p. il. Washington, D. C., Hardwood forestry association, 1910. Matthews, Henry J. Tree culture in New Zealand. 126 p. pl. Govt. printer, 1905. Wellington, N. Z., Mitchell, A. The farmer’s plantation. 23 p., il. Ottawa, 1910. (Canada—Dept. of the interior—Forestry branch. Bulle- tin 10.) Forest Protection Diseases Massachusetts—State forester. The chest- nut bark disease, a grave danger which threatens our forest trees, with its remedy. 7 p., pl. Boston, 1911. Animals Dearborn, Ned. Seed-eating mammals in relation to reforestation. 5 p., il. Wash., 1911. (U. S. Agriculture, Dept. of—Biological survey. Circular 78.) Ruden, Ivar. Fremstilling av en del av den skade som de svenske flytlapper og ren har voldt paa skogen i Tromso amt (Presentation of a part of the injury which the Swedish nomadizing Lapps and reindeer have caused upon the for- ests in the Tromsée district.) 97 p., il. Kristiana, Grondahl & sons, 1911. Fire Campbell, H. R. Forest fires and railways. 8 p., il. Ottawa, 1911. (Canada—Inte- rior, Dept. of—Forestry branch. Bulle- tin 16.) Lake states forest fire conference. Official report, St. Paul, Minnesota, Dec. 6-7, 1910. 181 p. Chicago, American lum- berman, 1911. Olmsted, Frederick E. Light burning in California forests. 4 p. Wash., D. C., Forest service, 1911. Oregon forest fire association. Articles of incorporation, by-laws, state forest fire bill. 20 p. Portland, Ore., 1911. Forest Management Forest mensuration Shaw, John W. How to cruise timber; adapted for experienced cruisers, log- gers, foresters, claimants, or for any one desiring to learn to estimate tim- ber. 64 p., il. Portland, Ore., The au- thor, 1910. Forest Economics Taxation and tariff ‘Chittenden, Alfred K. & Irion, Harry. The taxation of forest lands in Wisconsin. 80 p. Madison, Wis., 1911. (Wisconsin —State board of forestry. Publication.) 301 Forest policy Schenck, C. Alwin. Forest policy. 2d ed., rev. & enl. 168 p. Darmstadt, Germany, C. F. Winter, 1911. Statistics United States—Bureau of the census. Poles, cross arms, brackets, and insulator pins purchased, 1909. 14 p. Wash., D. C., 1911. (Forest products no. 9.) United States—Bureau of the census. Tan- bark and tanning extract, 1909. 14 p. Wash., D. C., 1911. (Forest products, no. 4.) United States—Bureau of the census. Ve- neers, 1909. 23 p. Wash., D. C., 1911. (Forest products, no. 5.) Forest Administration Hawaii—Board of commissioners of agri- culture and forestry. Report for the biennial period ending Dec. 31st, 1910. 231 p., pl. Honolulu, 1911. Hawaii—Board of agriculture and fores- try—Division of forestry. Report for the biennial period ending Dec. 31st, 1910. 87 p., pl. Honolulu, 1911. India—Punjab—Forest dept. Progress re- port on forest administration for 1909- 1910. 72 p. Lahore, 1910. Massachusetts—State forester. 7th annual report, 1910. 115 p., pl., map. Boston, 1919. United States—Agriculture, Dept. of—For- est service. The use book; water pow- er. 86 p. Wash., D. C., 1911. National and state forests United States—Agriculture, Dept. of—For- est service. Purchase of land under the Weeks law in the southern Appa- lachian and White mountains. 9 p. Wash. D. C., 1911. Forest Utilization Lumber industry National lumber manufacturers’ associa- tion. Official report, eighth annual con- vention, held in New Orleans, Louis- iana, April 19 and 20, 1910. 269 p. Chicago, 1910. Wood-using industries Simmons, Roger E. A study of the wood- using industries of Kentucky. 74 p., pl. Kentucky state board of agricul- ture, forestry and immigration, 1911. Auxiliary Subjects Conservation of natural resources Matthews, John L. The conservation of water, 289 p., pl. Boston, Small, May- nard & co., 1910. Botany Stewart, Alban. A botanical survey of the Galapagos islands. 282 p. San Fran- 302 AMERICAN cisco, 1911. (California academy of sciences. Proceedings, 4th ser. Vv. 1: 7-288.) Public lands Michigan—Public domain commission. Pre- liminary report, July 8, 1909 to Dec. 31, 1910. 15 p. Lansing, Mich., 1911. New Brunswick—Crown land dept. 50th annual report, for the year ended 31st Oct., 1910. 78 p. Frederickton, N. B., 1911. Periodical Articles General American conservation, March, 1911.— What women have achieved; they have saved the big trees, Appalachian for- ests and the Palisades, by Jessie Bry- ant Gerard, p. 56-9; The lesson of the forest fires, by H. S. Graves, p. 61-6. Country life in America, April 1, 1911.— The forest crop; abuse and conserva- tion of our timber supply, by S. Haw- ley, p. 425-7. Gardener’s chronicle, Jan. 14, 1911.—Amer- ican hawthorns; some new arborescent species, by J. Dunbar, p. 17; Sandal- wood; an opportunity for plant pathol- ogists, p. 20-1. Gardener’s chronicle, Jan. 21, 1911.—Street trees and gas, p. 44. Muhlenbergia, Feb. 1911—The coast live oak, by A. A. Heller, p. 16-19. Popular science monthly, March 1911.— Work of the chemist in conservation, by E. W. Rockwell, p. 291-304. Review of reviews, April, 1911.—Timber conservation as related to reciprocity, by T. B. Walker, p. 470-2. Scientific American, March 18, 1911.—Sav- ing trees by the use of cement, by M. L. Davey, p. 275. Scientific American supplement, Jan. 28, 1911—A remarkable American forest railway; the profitable industrial road in Michoacan, Mex., by A. Reiche, p. 56-7. Sierra club bulletin, Jan. 1911—Fire and the forest; the theory of light burning, by Frederick E. Olmsted, p. 43-7. Trade journals and consular reports American lumberman, March 18, 1911.— Relation of the lumbermen of the south to conservation, by H. BE. Hardt- ner, p. 39-40; Need of uniform forest legislation, by J. G. Peters, p. 40. American lumberman, March 25, 1911.— Commercial cypress, p. 1, 69. American lumberman, April 1, 1911.—The use of cutover shortleaf pine lands, by Ww. W. Ashe, p. 43-4. American lumberman, April 8, 1911.—Phy- sical problems in timber utilization; practical investigations and tests by the Forest service, p. 40-1; Logging in British Columbia, by A. J. Hendry, p. 54. FORESTRY Barrel and box, March, 1911.—Address on forestry, by C. G. Hopkins, p. 48-9. Canada lumberman, April 1, 1911.—The modern steam log loader, p. 34-5. Engineering record, Jan. 28, 1911.—Railway cross-tie records, p. 117-18. Furniture journal, Feb. 25, 1911.—The suc- cessful willow ware maker, by C. D. Mell, p. 56-7. Hardwood record, March 25, 1911.—Influ- ence of veneer industry on the lumber trade, by D. E. Kline, p. 34-5. Lumber review, April 1, 1911.—Future of wood block paving, p. 11. Lumber trade journal, March 15, 1911.—Pe- can growing on cut-over lands, p. 15-16; Canada’s lumber production, by F. S. S. Johnson, p. 16-17. Lumber trade journal, April 1, 1911.—Cyp- ress as railroad tie material, p. 19-20; Cypress lumber and its grading, p. 21; Wood paving blocks for Italy, by J. B. Young, p. 45. Mississippi Valley lumberman, March 10, 1911—Report of the Minnesota tax commission as it relates to timber, p. 28; The merits of wood block pave- ment, by A. Rinker, p. 33. > Municipal journal and engineer, March 15, 1911—Development of wood block specifications, by G. W. Tillson, Dp. 349-52; Wood block pavements of At- lanta, by J. N. Hazlehurst, p. 355-7; Wood block paving in Aberdeen, by R. B. Easton, p. 357-8; Wood block pay- ing in Pensacola, by G. Rommel, p. 377- 8; Pavements in Grand Forks, by H. G. Lykken, p. 380; Wood paving in American cities, p. 381-3. Paper trade journal, March 9, 1911.—Cana- da’s lumber production, by F. S. S. Johnson, p. 9-10; History of paper mak- ing materials, by R. J. Hoffner, p. 48. Paper trade journal, March 30, 1911.—Proe- ess of making fiber pulp; manufacture from wood chips and similar material, by C. L. Weiberg, p. 48, 52. Louis lumberman, March 15, 1911.— Flooring opportunities, p. 51-2; Live news of the wood block paving indus- try, p. 79; Gas driven locomotives for lumber and logging service, p. 80-1. St. Louis lumberman, April 1, 1911.—A ma- chine for handling the dust from mill log saws, p. 27; Wood block paving notes, p. 66. Southern industrial and lumber review, March, 1911.—Use of treated timber, by John T. Logan, p. 69. Southern lumber journal, March 15, 1911.— Progress of forest conservation in Mas- sachusetts, p. 44. Southern lumberman, March 18, 1911.— Closing session of the Southern com- mercial congress; forestry section meeting, p. 27-9. Southern lumberman, March 25, 1911.—A chemical study of cypress, by A. F. Odell, p. 26; The remarkable popularity St. CURRENT LITERATURE of gum, by W. B. Morgan, p. 28-9; Proposition to owners of cut-over pine land, by J. A. Kirby, p. 34. Timber trade journal, March 18, 1911.— a home timber trade in Ireland, p. Timber trade journal, March 25, 1911.—The timber trade of the city of London, p. 1-36; Stray notes from Sweden, p. 54C-58; Review of the timber trade of 1910, p. 65-159; Engineering section; descriptions of various wood-working machines, p. 161-92; Timber seasoning, by Erith, p. 193. Timberman, March, 1911.—Last legislature enacts fire law for protection of Oregon forests, p. 56-7. United States daily consular report, March 20, 1911.—Timber trade in Russia, by T. E. Heenan and J. H. Snodgrass, p. 1068. United States daily consular report, March 28, 1911.—The basket makers of upper Franconia, by F. Dillingham, p. 1180-1. United States daily consular report, April 5, 1911.—Woodpulp material in British India, by W. H. Michael, p. 56; Tree planting in New Zealand, by H. D. Baker, p. 58-9. Wood craft, April, 1911.—The forest prod- ucts laboratory at Madison, Wis., p. 1-5; Timber, its growth, diseases, seasoning and principal uses, by J. S. Holliday, p. 23-6. Wood-worker, March, 1911.—Manufacture of yellow birch, by F. W. Pool, p. 34; Turnings for the stair builder, by C. Tobyansen, p. 1-38. Forest journals American forestry, April, 1911.—State ownership of forests, by A. F. Hawes, p. 191-6; Some new ideas in controll- ing forest fires, by S. J. Record, p. 197-203; The pruning of white pine, by F. B. Knapp, p. 204-5; Microscopic work on the structure of wood, by H. D. Tie- man, p. 206-14; Forest protective legis- lation proposed by Wisconsin, by E. M. Griffith, p. 219-23; Some things a forest ranger should know, by C. H. Shattuck, p. 224-5. Canadian forestry journal, Jan-Feb., 1911.— Canadian forestry convention; great success attends the meeting at Quebec, Jan. 18 to 20, 1911, p. 1-10; Determin- ing the boundaries; work of Dominion forest service on east slope of Rockies, p. 11-12; L’histoire de l’administration des foréts dans la Province de Quebec, p. 20-1; Survey methods and costs; ex- pert forester writes of the work on large Quebec limits, p. 22-3. Forest leaves, April, 1911—Need of farm wood-lots in the central states, by C. H. Goetz, p. 21-3; The farmer’s interest in trees, by W. F. Dague, p. 24-6; Under what conditions and to what extent 303 should artificial reforestation be resort- ed to on state reserves, by H. E. Bry- ner, p. 27-8; Railroad co-operation in forest fire protection, by F. H. Dut- linger, p. 28-30. Forestry quarterly, March, 1911.—Some notes on Jack pine in western Ontario, by L. M. Ellis, p. 1-14; Comfortable camps as a means of increasing the efficiency of woods labor, by S. B. Det- wiler, p. 15-17; How fascines are made, by S. B. Detwiler, p. 18-21; Grain and texture in wood, by S. J. Record, p. 22-5; The equipment and operation of a German seed-extracting establish- ment, by Wiebecke, p. 26-14; Some facts on forestry conditions in Sweden, by M. H. Foerster, p. 45-58; The Swedish forest conservation law, by B. E. Fer- now, p. 59-61; Fixation of the dunes on the coast of Jutland, by W. J. Morrill, p. 62-7; Supervisors’ meeting at San Francisco, p. 68-74. Forstwissenschaftliches centralblatt, Feb., 1911.—Zur ermittlung des zuwachspro- zents in nadelholzbestanden, by Hol- land, p. 65-71; Jahrliche erzeugung wertvollsten holzzuwachses auf kleins- ter flache, by P. Frey, p. 71-8; Wie hat der ausbau der holzabfuhrwege an hangen zu erfolgen, by Eberts, p. 78-91; Die behandlung feuchter lettenbéden im walde, by H. Hoffmann, p. 91-100; Die reorganisation des forstlichen un- terrichtes in Bayern, by von Fiirst, p. 100-8. Indian forester, Nov.-Dec., 1910.—Transport of forest produce, p. 631-3; A short de- scription of the state pine forests of the Landes and Gironde departments, by R. C. M., p. 633-51; Forestry education; its importance and requirements, by E. P. Stebbing, p. 652-72; Teak in Burma, p. 672-5; The bamboo forests of the Ganges division, by B. A. Rebsch, p. 675-9; Fire conservancy in Indian for- ests, by H. C. Walker, p. 679-86; For- estry in Korea, p. 745-6. Revue des eaux et foréts, March 1, 1911.— Alpes et foréts, by A. Schaeffer, p. 129-32. Revue des eaux et foréts, March 15, 1911.— Foréts, statistiques, inondations, by P. Buffault, p. 161-9. Zeitschrift fiir forst-und jagdwesen, Feb., 1911.—Die ankaufspolitic der preussis- chen staatsforstverwaltung in West- preussen und Posen, by Semper, p. 65- 96. Notes on Recent Publications The Arbor Day Annual for 1911 issued by the Education Department of the state of New York is an attractive, interesting, and instructive pamphlet, and decidedly out of the ordinary among publications of its class for the scope and value of its con- tents. The opening article is by Andrew 304 AMERICAN S. Draper, commissioner of education, on “Arbor Day and Forestry.” There are also articles on the forests of the state, the lum- ber industry, and European forestry, the latter by Professor Toumey, of the Yale Forest School. Much useful information is also included. The suggested outline for the use of teachers is excellent as far as it goes, but there are some omissions which can easily be filled in. The general scheme as given will put any interested and capa- ble teacher on the right track. A similar comment may be made on the bibliography, which contains some strange omissions. Nevertheless the teacher or student who uses these helps will soon be guided to the more complete bibliographies. If every state issued an annual like this Arbor Day would acquire a real educational value which it now generally lacks. Field and Stream, the official organ of the Camp-Fire Club of America, began in November, 1910, the publication of a val- uable series of papers by its editor, War- ren H. Miller, on “European Forestry.” Mr. Miller writes from an experience of sev- eral years in the German, French, and Swiss forests, and treats the subject from the point of view of American conditions and needs. General conditions, forest man- agement, the selective forest and standard coppice, the forestry nursery, reforestation, and applications to American practice are the topics that have been so far treated. FORESTRY The articles are to appear in book form after their serial publication is completed. The Annual Report of the State Forester of Massachusetts deals, as usual, with the two divisions of general forestry and gypsy and brown-tail moth suppression. The im- portant phases of the work of this state service have been noted from time to time and the report does not, therefore, call for extended review. Governor Foss has re- cently had an investigation made of the forest service and has made recommenda- tions, some of which are likely to be highly detrimental if carried out. One of these is to combine the forest service with the fish and game commission. In view of the fact that the Massachusetts Forest Service has been built up as an independent sery- ice, and the organization of the fish and game commission is so different, and its work so different, it does not seem, even if there is need of a change in the forest serv- ice, that it should be made in this way. This seems to be one of attacks which are frequently made upon the service, less for its own good than for the exploitation of the ideas of people more or less inimical to it. The governor is undoubtedly sincere in his purpose but he is said to be overwork- ing and has probably not given sufficient study to the matter or has been badly ad- vised. That some changes are needed may be admitted, but they should be made in the right way. NATIONAL FOREST WORK Appropriation for the Forest Service The total appropriation for the Forest Service for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1912, is $5,533,100. Of this the salary list of regular employes fixed by statute calls for $2,316,680. This covers the force of supervisors and rangers who care for the national forests, as well as office employes. The general expenses require $2,714,420. These expenses are enumerated as follows: To enable the Secretary of Agriculture to experiment and to make and continue in- vestigations and report on forestry, na- tional forests, forest fires, and lumbering, but no part of this appropriation shall be used for any experiment or test made out- side the jurisdiction of the United States; to advise the owners of woodlands as to the proper care of the same; to investigate and test American timber and timber trees and tleir uses, and methods for the preser- vative treatment of timber; to seek, through investigations and the planting of native and foreign species, suitable trees for the treeless regions; to erect necessary buildings: Provided, That the cost of any building erected shall not exceed six hun- dred and fifty dollars; to pay all expenses necessary to protect, administer, and im- prove the national forests; to ascertain the natural conditions upon and utilize the national forests; and the Secre- tary of Agriculture may, in his discretion, permit timber and other forest products cut or removed from the national forests, except the Black Hills National Forest in South Dakota, to be exported from the state, territory, or the district of Alaska in which said forests are respectively situ- ated: Provided, That the exportation of dead and insect-infested timber only from said Black Hills National Forest shall be allowed until such time as the forester shall certify that the ravages of the de- structive insects in said forests are prac- tically checked, but in no case after July first, nineteen hundred and twelve; to transport and care for fish and game sup- plied to stock the national forests or the waters therein; to employ agents, clerks, assistants, and other labor required in practical forestry and in the administra- tion of national forests, in the city of Washington and elsewhere; to collate, di- NATIONAL FOREST WORK gest, report, and illustrate the results of experiments and investigations made by the Forest Service; to purchase law books to an amount not exceeding five hundred dollars, necessary supplies, apparatus, and office fixtures, and technical books and technical journals for officers of the For- est Service stationed outside of Washing- ton; to pay freight, express, telephone, and telegraph charges; for electric light and power, fuel, gas, ice, washing towels, and Official traveling and other necessary ex- penses, including traveling expenses for legal and fiscal officers while performing Forest Service work; and for rent in the city of Washington and elsewhere, as fol- lows: For salaries and field and station expen- ses, including the maintenance of nurse- ries, collecting seed, and planting, neces- sary for the use, maintenance, and protec- tion of the national forests. (The specific allotment for each forest is then designat- ed in the bill.) For fighting forest fires and for other un- foreseen emergencies, one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, of which sum seventy thousand dollars shall be immediately available. For the purchase and maintenance of all necessary field, office, and laboratory supplies, instruments and equipment, one hundred and ninety-eight thousand and eighty dollars; ; For investigations of methods for wood distillation and for the preservative treat- ment of timber, for timber testing and the testing of such woods as may require test to ascertain if they be suitable for making paper, and for other investigations and experiments to promote economy in the use of forest products, one hundred and Seventy-seven thousand and forty dollars; For experiments and investigations of range conditions within national forests, and of the methods for improving the range by reseeding, regulation of grazing, and other means, eighteen thousand four hundred and twenty dollars; For silvicultural and other experiments and investigations within national forests necessary for tree planting, for the repro- duction of existing forests, and the regula- tion of cutting, one hundred and sixty-six thousand six hundred and forty dollars; For silvicultural, dendrological, and other experiments and investigations independ- eutly or in cooperation with other branches of the federal government, with states and with individuals, to determine the best methods for the conservative management of forests and forest lands, eighty-four thousand five hundred and twenty-eight dollars; For market and other miscellaneous for- est investigations, and for collating, digest- ing, recording, illustrating, and distribut- ing the results of the experiments and in- vestigations herein provided for, thirty- 305 three thousand seven hundred and sixty dollars; Provided, That no part of the money herein appropriated shall be used to pay the transportation or traveling expenses of any forest officer or agent except he be traveling on business directly connected with the Forest Service and in furtherance of the works, aims, and objects specified and authorized in and by this appropria- tion: Provided further, That no part of this appropriation shall be paid or used for the purpose of paying for, in whole or in part, the preparation or publication of any newspaper or magazine article, but this shall not prevent the giving out to all persons without discrimination, including newspaper and magazine writers and pub- lishers, of any facts or official information of value to the public: Provided further, That so much of an Act entitled “An act making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and eight,” approved March fourth, nineteen hundred and seven (Thirty-fourth Statutes at Large, pages twelve hundred and fifty- six and twelve hundred and seventy), which provides for refunds by the Secre- tary of Agriculture to depositors of moneys to secure the purchase price of timber or the use of lands or resources of the na- tional forests such sums as may be found to be in excess of the amounts found actu- ally due the United States, be, and is here- by, amended hereafter to appropriate and to include so much as may be necessary to refund or pay over to the rightful claim- ants such sums as may be found by the Secretary of Agriculture to have been erro- neously collected for the use of any lands, er for timber or other resources sold from lands located within, but not a part of, the national forests, or for alleged illegal acts done upon such lands, which acts are sub- sequently found to have been proper and legal; and the Secretary of Agriculture shall make annual report to Congress of the amounts refunded hereunder. The law further designates the expendi- ture of $500,000 for “improvement of na- tional forests:” 3 For the construction and maintenance of roads, trails, bridges, fire lanes, telephone lines, cabins, fences, and other permanent improvements necessary for the proper and economical administration, protection, and development of the National Forests, not to exceed fifteen per centum of the total of all sums appropriated under “General Expen- ses, Forest Service,” and under “Improve- ment of the National Forests,” may be used in the discretion of the Secretary of Agriculture as provided above under “Gen- eral Expenses, Forest Service,” and under “Improvement of the National Forests,” for all expenses necessary for the general administration of the Forest Service. An examination of this appropriation 306 measure sustains a point made in an edi- torial in this magazine a few months ago, that the manner of expenditure of the funds entrusted to the Forest Service is auite closely determined by Congress itself and the charges in regard to the expendi- tures of the Service made by some sena- tors and representatives for political effect therefore fall to the ground. Boundary Changes A recent presidential proclamation has eliminated 276,424 acres in California from the Inyo National Forest and added 80,532 acres, the greater part of which is located in California, with a small portion lying in Nevada. Most of the land eliminated lies along the Owens River Valley, where the question as to the proper boundary for the forest has been much discussed. The Owens River settlers have been urgent to STATE California Forestry and conservation measures have been subjects of contention in the Califor- nia legislature but the senate on March 22d passed the assembly bill creating a Cali- fornia Conservation Commission and ap- propriating $100,000 for its work in the next two years. The commission is to con- sist of five members, to be appointed by the governor, and to serve without com- pensation beyond having their actual ex- penses paid. The commission is to gather data and information concerning forestry, water and water-power, electricity, mines and mining, mineral and other lands, dredging, reclamation and irrigation, and is to advise the next legislature what laws should be passed. Maine Governor Plaisted on Monday, April 10, appointed Frank E. Mace to succeed Edgar E. Ring, as state forest commissioner and land agent. Mr. Ring had held the office for ten years. Michigan The Grand Rapids Press says: If Michi- gan is to have forest reserves the $30,000 usked by the public domain commission to carry on the work should be granted. To provide a body with the powers accord- ed this and then to deny it the means to carry on its work is a policy which will . AMERICAN FORESTRY have the forest area reduced, but the repre- sentatives of the city of Los Angeles have regarded the retention of the land by the government as essential to the success of its great aqueduct project, intended to as- sure the municipality an abundant supply of pure water from the Sierras, 250 miles away. The elimination now made is the result of an agreement finally arrived at by representatives of the Owens River settlers, the Forest Service, and the city of Los Angeles whereby the conflict of views and interests was adjusted on a basis which commands the assent of all parties. The president also signed a proclamation adding 141,123 acres to the Fishlake Na- tional Forest, Utah. The same proclama- tion eliminates 1,276 acres from the forest. Both changes in the forest boundary take place in the eastern division, in Sevier and Wayne counties. No change is made in the boundary of the western (Glenwood) division. WORK land the state nowhere. With the present attention being given to the development of western Michigan the need for the ap- propriation sought becomes apparent. The bill, which has passed the senate and now is in the hands of the committee on ways and means in the house, provides for an immigration bureau and in addition authorizes the commission to inaugurate a vigorous conservative policy. The former feature alone means much to this section of the state. Settlers on the land now unoccupied would bring a wide and sub- stantial prosperity to this district, endowed by nature with great possibilities and lack- ing only men and women to reap and dis- tribute the benefit of its resources. If these practical aims are to be achieved and the 280,000 acres set aside as forest reserves are to be protected from fire and waste money must be provided. The $9,500 under which the forestry commission, which pre- ceded the present body, operated is inade- quate for the big work which must be done. The reserves now are scattered in fifty- five counties, while the former appropria- tion was for the care of but two reserves or a total of about 45,000 acres. The presence on the commission of Charles W. Garfield, of Grand Rapids, should be an assurance to the representa- tives from this district that concrete re- sults are within reach for every dollar ex- pended. Mr. Garfield’s long experience in this particular field is a guarantee that the money will not be wasted. STATE WORK The New Minnesota Law After a somewhat protracted fight the Minnesota legislature has passed a compre- hensive state forest law “to provide for the preservation of forests in this state and for reforestation and for the prevention and suppression of forest and prairie fires.” The act repeals earlier laws inconsistent with it. It establishes a state forestry board, with a state forester, and a suitable appropriation, and it removes the incon- sistency of a forestry board without power, and a forestry commissioner serving under the state auditor. The text of the act is given herewith, as it will be of great in- terest to students of state forestry legis- lation: Section 1. There shall be a state forestry board, of nine members, composed of the director of the forestry school and the dean of the agricultural college of the University of Minnesota and seven others appointed by the governor, for a term of four years and until their successors qualify. Three of said members shall be appointed upon the recommendation of the regents of the university, and, of the other four, one shall be appointed upon the recommendation of each of the following bodies: The State Forestry Association, the State Agricultu- ral Society, the State Horticultural Society, and the State Game and Fish Commission —provided suitable persons be recommend- ed by them to the governor not later than January 31 of the year in which such terms expire. All vacancies shall be filled the same as the original appointments. The members now in office shall hold through the terms for which they were respectively appointed. So far as practicable, all such appointees shall be appointed with refer- ence to their knowledge of and interest in the planting and cultivation of trees in prairie regions, the preservation of natu- ral forests, the reforesting of denuded lands, and the protection of the sources of streams. Sec. 2 The State Forestry Board shall appoint a secretary at a salary not to ex- ceed eighteen hundred (1800) dollars per annum, whose duties shall be prescribed by the board. Sec. 3. The board shall have the manage- ment of the forest reserves and of all other property acquired therefor, supervise all matters of forest protection and reforesta- tion and have charge of all moneys appro- priated therefor or accruing therefrom, in- cluding the forest reserve fund and the for- est service fund. It shall ascertain and observe the best methods of reforesting cut-over and denuded lands, foresting waste and prairie lands, preventing de- struction of forests and lands by fire, ad- ministering forests on forestry principles, encouraging private owners to preserve and grow timber for commercial purposes, and conserving the forests around the head 307 waters of streams and on the watersheds of the state, and shall collect information regarding the timber lands owned by the state. On or before the first Monday in December of each year the board shall re- port its doings, conclusions and recommen- dations, and any damage caused by forest and prairie fires and any trespassing upon the state lands to the governor, which report shall be printed and distributed to the members of the legislature and other- wise as the board may direct. Sec. 4. The board shall elect a president and vice president annually. It may ap- point an executive committee on which it may confer authority to act for it in minor details which cannot conveniently be acted upon by the board. The board shall appoint a state forester who shall be a trained forester, at a salary not to exceed four thousand (4,000) dollars per annum, and he shall be allowed necessary traveling and field expenses incurred in the conduct of his official duties. The office of the state forester shall be at the state capitol and the board is hereby authorized to employ such office assistants as may be necessary and to fix their compensation. The state forester, with the approval of the state forestry board, may appoint an assistant forester and such other employes, outside of the office assistants, as may be neces- sary in carrying out the provisions of this act and fix the amount of their compen- sation; and the state forester shall have the power to remove any of such subordi- nate officers and employes so appointed by him. He shall be authorized under the direction and approval of the state forestry board to purchase all necessary equipment, instruments and field supplies. A full and accurate account of all receipts and ex- penditures incurred in the carrying out of the provisions of this act, with such vouch- ers and forms as may be recommended by the state public examiner, shall be kept in a system of books prescribed by such exam- iner. The state forester shall execute all rules and regulations issued by the state forestry board pertaining to forestry and forest protection within the jurisdiction of the state; have charge of the work of pro- tecting all forests and lands from fire; shall investigate the origin of all forest fires, and prosecute all violators of this act; shall prepare and print for public distribution an abstract of the forest fire laws of Minnesota, together with such rules and regulations as may be formulated by the state forestry board. He shall pre- pare printed notices calling attention to the dangers from forest fires and cause them to be posted in conspicuous places, and shall furnish same to the railroad com- panies whose duty it shall be to post them in such places as he may direct. Sec. 5. The state forester shall become familiar with the location and area of all 308 state timber cut-over lands and prepare maps of forest reserves and each of the timbered counties showing the state lands therein, and shall supply such maps to the district rangers, to the officials of the state and counties requiring them, and in all ways that are practical and feasible shall protect such lands from fire and the illegal cutting of timber; he shall report from time to time to the board, such information as may be of benefit to the state in the care and management of its timber; it shall be his duty to inquire into the ex- tent, kind, value and condition of all tim- ber lands; the amount of acres and value of timber that is cut or burned, and he shall also report the quantity and species of second-growth timber, and shall not later than the first of December of each year make a written report to the state forestry board upon all such data ascer- tained by him, and shall recommend therein plans for improving the state sys- tem of forest protection, management, and reforestation. Sec. 6. The state forester shall cooperate with the state auditor and with the several departments of the state and federal goy- ernments, or with counties, towns, corpora- tions, and individuals, in the preparation of plans for forest protection, manage- ment, replacement of trees, wood lots, and timber tracts, using his influence as time will permit toward the establishment of scientific forestry principles in the manage- ment and promotion of the forest resources of the state. Sec. 7. The state forester shall also co- operate with the state highway commission and with the supervising officers of the various towns and villages in the construc- tion of fire-breaks along section lines and public highways. Sec. 8. The state forester may advance, as he deems wise, education in forestry within the state by publications and lec- tures, and upon the invitation of the di- rector of the college of forestry of the Uni- versity of Minnesota may cooperate with the said college so far as his time will permit, and such college _ shall furnish such aid to him as in the circum- stances is consistent with its own proper functions. Sec. 9. It shall be the duty of the state forester to audit and inspect all bills for salary and expenses incurred by the dis- trict rangers and by fire patrolmen for the suppression, checking and control of fires and recommend to the forestry board the amounts justly due and which should be paid. Sec. 10. As soon as practicable after this act shall take effect, the state forester may, with the approval of the state forestry board, create and establish patrol districts, including all lands of both state and pri- vate ownership, upon which there is a probability of forest and brush fires start- ing, and establish rangers over the said districts. AMERICAN FORESTRY Sec. 11. Under the direction of the state forester, the district rangers are charged with preventing and extinguishing forest fires in their respective districts, and the performance of such other duties as may be required by the state forester. They may arrest without warrant any person found violating any provisions of this chapter, take him before a magistrate and there make complaint. When the dis- trict ringers shall have information that such violation has been committed, they shall, without delay, make similar com- plaint, and have the same prosecuted. The district rangers shall not be liable for civil action for trespass committed in the dis- charge of their duties. Sec. 12. At any time district rangers, with the approval of the state forester, may employ suitable persons to be known as fire patrolmen, permanently to remain upon and patrol such territory, state or private, as may be assigned to them as long as may be required to prevent and extinguish any fire. Each such patrolman so employed shall be supplied with the nec- essary equipment. The state forester and the district ranger may, and, if they are absent and fires are actually burning in the forest, the fire patrolmen may, summon any male person of the age of 18 years and upwards to assist in stopping the fire, and may incur any other necessary and reason- able expense for the same purpose, but shall promptly report the same to the dis- trict ranger. Any person summoned by any official of the state who is physically able and re- fuses to assist shall be guilty of a misde- meanor and shall be punishable by a fine of not less than $5.00 and not more than $25.00. Sec. 13. When in the judgment of the state forester there is danger of the set- ting and spreading of fires from locomo- tive engines, he shall order any railroad company to provide patrolmen to follow each train throughout such fire patrol dis- trict or districts as he deems necessary to prevent fires. When the state forester has given a railroad company notice to provide such patrol after trains, the said railroad company shall immediately comply with such instructions throughout the territory designated; and upon its failure so to do, the state forester may employ patrolmen with the necessary equipment to patrol the rights of way of said railroad, and the ex- pense of the same shall be charged to the said railroad company and may be recov- ered in a civil action in the name of the state of Minnesota, and in addition thereto, the company shall be guilty of a misde- meanor. It is also made the duty of any railroad company, acting independently of such state forester, to patrol its right of way after the passage of each train when nec- essary to prevent the spread of fires and to use the highest degree of diligence to pre- vent the setting and spread of fires, to STATE WORK cause the estinguishment of fires set by locomotives or found existing upon their respective rights of way and for any viola- tion hereof such railroad company, its offi- cers and patrolmen shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and be punished by a fine of not less than fifty (50) dollars, nor more than one hundred (100) dollars and costs, and in addition thereto such railroad com- pany shall be liable for all damages caused or permitted by it. Section 14. Every company operating a railroad for any purpose shall equip and use upon each locomotive engine a practi- cal and efficient spark arresting device which the master mechanic shall cause to be examined, and the same shall be exam- ined by the master mechanic or some em- ploye each time before leaving the round- house, except when snow is on the ground, and the master mechanic, or employe mak- ing such examination, shall be held respon- sible for the good condition of the same, but without relieving the company from its responsibility hereunder. Every such company shall keep its right of way clear of combustible materials, ex- cept ties and other materials necessary for the maintenance and operation of the road, from April 15th to December 1st. No company shall permit any of its em- ployes to leave a deposit of fire, live coals or ashes in the immediate vicinity of wood land or lands liable to be overrun by fire, and every engineer, conductor or train- man discovering a fire adjacent to the track shall report the same promptly to the agent at the first telegraph or tele- phone station reached by him, whose duty it shall be as representative of such com- pany, to at once take necessary steps to put out such fire. Every such company shall give its em- ployes particular instructions for the pre- vention and extinguishment of fires, and shall cause warning placards furnished by the state forester, to be conspicuously post- ed at every station in the vicinity of for- est, brush, and grass lands, and, when a fire occurs on the right of way of its road, shall immediately concentrate such help and adopt such measures as shall be avail- able for its extinguishment. Any company violating any provisions of this section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof, shall be fined not less than fifty dollars and not exceeding one hundred dollars and costs of prosecution for each offense, and any railroad employe violating the same shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars nor more than one hun- dred dollars and costs of prosecution, or by imprisonment in the county jail not ex- ceeding ninety days. Sec. 15. Where and whenever in the judg- ment of the state forester there is or may be danger of starting and spreading of fires 309 from slashings and debris from the cutting of timber of any kind and for any purpose, the state forester will notify the individ- ual, firm or corporation, for and by whom the said timber has been or is being cut, ordering them to dispose of the slashings and debris as he may direct. Where condi- tions do not permit the burning of the slash- ings and debris over the entire area so cov- ered, the state forester may require the per- son, firm or corporation for and by whom the timber was cut, to dispose of such slash- ings and debris in such a way as to estab- lish a safe fire line around the area requir- ing such protection, the said fire line to be of a width and of a character satis- factory to the state forester. When any person, firm or corporation, shall have been notified by the state for- ester to dispose of slashings and debris, either by entirely consuming the same or establishing a fire line sufficient for the protection of adjoining property, and fails to comply with such instructions, the said person, firm or corporation shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not less than $50.00 and not ex- ceeding $100.00 and costs of prosecution for each violation thereof or failure to comply therewith. When any such branches, slashings or debris are left unburned contrary to the instructions of the state forester, the state forester may go upon the premises with such force of men as may be necessary, and burn such branches, slashings and debris, and the expense thereof shall be a lien upon the land on which they are situated, enforced as liens for the improvement of real estate are enforced, and such expense shall be a prima facie valid claim that may be collected from the person, firm or cor- poration who cut the timber or wood from which the said slashings and debris were made. Sec. 16. Any person or corporation who cuts or fells trees or bushes of any kind in clearing land for roadbed or right of way for any railroad, highway or trail shall in the manner and at the time as above prescribed burn the slashings, and all combustible material except fuel and merchantable timber. Any person or corporation who cuts or fells trees or bushes of any kind in clearing land for agricultural or pasturage pur- poses, or who in any way clears land, is prohibited from setting fire to the slash- ings, brush, roots or excavated stumps or other combustible material on such land and letting the fire run; the material must be disposed of pursuant to the regulations of the state forester. Any person who shall violate any of the provisions of this section shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on convic- tion thereof, be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars, nor more 310 than one hundred dollars, or by imprison- ment in the county jail for not less than ten days nor more than ninety days. Sec. 17. The wages and expenses of men summoned or employed to fight forest fires actually burning, shall be fixed and paid for by the state forester and the labor reckoned and paid for by the hours of labor performed, which shall not exceed the rate of 25 cents per hour employed; provided no pay shall be given for fighting fire within one mile of the residence of such person unless employed by the state forester or his assistants. The forestry board is authorized to draw out of the money appropriated by this act a reason- able sum, not to exceed five thousand (5,000) dollars at any one time, from the state treasurer and place the same in the hands of the state forester to be used by him in paying emergency expenses, and the state auditor is authorized to draw his warrant for such sum when duly approved by the president and secretary of said board. The state forester shall take proper sub-vouchers or receipts from all persons to whom such funds are paid and after the same have been approved by the state for- estry board, they shall be filed with the state auditor. Sec. 18. Every employe of the state fores- try board and every person lawfully com- manded to assist in enforcing any of the provisions of this chapter, who shall un- justifiably refuse or neglect to perform his duty; every person who shall kindle a fire on or near forest, brush, or prairie land and leave it unquenched, or be a party thereto, or who shall set fire to brush, stumps, dry grass, field, stubble, or other material and fail to extinguish the same before it has endangered the property of another; every person who shall negligent- ly or carelessly set fire, or cause to be set on fire, any woods, prairie, or other com- bustible material, whether on his own land or not, by means whereof the property of another shall be endangered, or who shall negligently suffer any fire upon his own lands to extend beyond the limits thereof; every person who shall use other than in- combustible wads for firearms, or carry a naked torch, firebrand, or exposed light in or near forest land, or who, in the vicinity of such land, shall throw or drop into com- bustible material any burning match, ashes of pipe, lighted cigar, or any other burn- ing substance, and who fails to immediate- ly extinguish the same, and every person who shall deface, destroy or remove any abstract or notice posted under this chap- ter shall be deemed guilty of a misde- meanor, and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty- five dollars and not exceeding one hundred dollars and costs of prosecution or by im- prisonment in the county jail not less than ten days and not exceeding ninety days. AMERICAN FORESTRY Sec. 19. All villages and cities in the state situated in the timber area are here- by authorized, and all such municipalities where the same is possible so to do are hereby directed, to clear off all combustible material and debris and create at least two good and sufficient fire-breaks of not less than ten feet in width each, which shall completely encircle such municipalities at a distance of not less than twenty rods apart, between which backfires may be set or a stand made to fight forest fires in cases of emergency. It is hereby made the duty of the dis- trict rangers to report to the state forester any failure to comply with the provisions of this section or any violation of this act and any failure so to do shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty-five dollars, nor more than one hundred dol- lars. Sec. 20. Every road overseer or assist- ant of a road overseer or other local officer having charge of the highway, who finds that any person has left a camp fire burn- ing in his district, shall extinguish the same, and take prompt measures to prose- cute the person or persons who so left such fire. Sec. 21. Every person who, when the ground is not covered with snow, starts a fire for any purpose not hereinafter specified in this act, in the vicinity of for- est or prairie land, shall exercise every reasonable precaution to prevent such fire from spreading, and shall before lighting the same clear the ground from all branches, brushwood, dry leaves and other combustible material within a radius of ten feet from the fire, and shall carefully extinguish the fire before quitting the place. Sec. 22. Whoever under any circum- stances sets fire must exercise care and pre- caution in proportion to the danger. Whenever a fire set by any person or cor- poration spreads to and destroys property belonging to another, it shall be prima fa- cie evidence that the party so setting such fire is guilty of negligence in setting the same and allowing it to spread. Sec. 23. No appeal shall be allowed from a judgment in justice’s court in any prose- cution under this chapter unless the person appealing shall, within the legal time pre- scribed, enter into a recognizance with two sufficient sureties, surety company or cash bail, in twice the amount of the fine and costs, to be approved by the justice, con- ditioned to appear before the district court on the first day of the general term thereof next to be held in and for the same county, and abide the judgment of said court therein. The justice may examine the proposed sureties under oath, and in such case shall make and keep a record of their answers in respect to the kinds and STATE WORK amount of their property that is not ex- empt from execution, and furnish a copy of the same to the state forester. Sec. 24. The supervisors, constables and clerks of towns, mayors of cities and presi- dents of village councils, are hereby con- stituted fire wardens for their respective districts, and it is hereby made their duty to do all things necessary to protect the property of such municipalities from fire and to extinguish the same. All towns, villages and cities are hereby authorized and directed to take necessary precautions to prevent the starting and spreading of forest or prairie fires and to extinguish the same and are hereby fur- ther authorized to annually levy a tax of not more than five mills upon the taxable property of such municipalities, which, when collected, shall be known as the “Fire Fund” which may be used in paying all necessary and incidental expenses incurred in enforcing the provisions of this act. In all townships constituted within any of the forest patrol districts which may be established by the state forestry board, the respective town and village officers shall cooperate as far as possible with and act under the general supervision and direc- tion of the state forestry officers. Sec. 25. All moneys received as penalties for violations of the provisions of this act, less the cost of collection and not other- wise provided for, shall be paid into the treasury of the county in which the penal- ties for said violation of the provisions of this act were imposed. Sec. 26. There is hereby appropriated from the general revenue funds of the state out of any moneys not otherwise appro- priated the sum of $15,000 for the fiscal year ending July 31, 1911, $75,000 for the fiscal year ending July 31, 1912, and $75,000 for the fiscal year ending July 31, 1913, which shall be credited to the Forest Serv- ice to be used therefor as provided in this act. The manner of presenting claims to the state auditor and payment of the same shall, so far as practicable, be in accord- ance with Chapter Ninety-six (96) of the General Laws of Minnesota for 1905. Item- ized vouchers of all expenses shall be ap- proved as directed by the forestry board. Sec. 27. Whenever the word “board” is mentioned or referred to in the forestry laws of the state of Minnesota it shall 311 mean the state forestry board herein created. Sec. 28. Chapter 22, Revised Laws 1905 and Sections 2505, 2506, 2507, 2508, 2510 and 2515, Revised Laws, 1905; Chapters 82 and 310 of the General Laws of Minnesota for 1905; Chapter 182 of the General Laws of Minnesota for 1909 and all acts and parts of acts inconsistent with this act are hereby repealed. The New Hampshire Timberland Association The lumber companies of the North Country of New Hampshire, who organ- ized an association last year to protect their timberlands from fire, and in co- operation with the forestry commission erected several lookout stations at their own expense, have formed a corporation under the general laws, to be known as the New Hampshire Timberland Associa- tion. The objects of the corporation are to preserve the forests from loss by fire, to enlist the aid of the United States and state governments in the work, and to en- courage the enactment of such laws as will best serve these objects. The incorpora- tors of the association are the Berlin Mills Company, E. Libby Sons Company, Connec- ticut Valley Lumber Company, Interna- tional Paper Company, and the Odell Man- ufacturing Company. Oregon The new state forestry board is made up as follows: A. T. Buxton, of Forest Grove, recommended by the state grange; George H. Cecil, of the United States For- est Service, recommended by that depart- ment to Governor West; L. S. Hill, of Junction City, recommended by the Oregon and Washington Lumbermen’s Associa- tion; A. P. Sprague, of Portland, recom- mended by the Oregon Forest Fire Associa- tion; Dan P. Smythe, of Pendleton, of the Oregon Wool Growers’ Association; Gov- ernor West and George W. Peevy, of Cor- vallis, head of the department of forestry at the Oregon Agricultural College. An Oregon journal predicts lively times in this board since Mr. Smythe, a wealthy sheep man, is an old-time foe of the United States Forest Service, which has a repre- sentative on the board. EDUCATION The Biltmore Forest School The Biltmore Forest School with fifty students has returned to America after a successful winter session in Germany. The foresters-to-be arrived in New York on the 27th of March. In the German forests the results of German sylviculture, forest man- agement, forest finance, forest policy, and forest protection were seen and studied from beginning to end. In the manufac- turing institutions there was observed a high quality of work as well as the small quantity of the output; also the economy practiced under the pressure of high stumpage prices. The students had im- pressed upon them that conservative for- estry is practised wheresoever it pays to conserve the forests; that stumpage is being raised wherever the price of the tree pays for the cost of raising the tree; that unlimited competition is detrimental to forestry of a conservative type. The field work for the month of March included two of the most interesting trips of the winter. In the Spessart Mountains, a district of Bavaria known as the home of the best white oak on earth, were seen oaks up to 400 years old that command a stumpage price of $170 per thousand feet board measure, on an average. Individual trees—numbers of them—having a stump- age value exceeding $500. The texture of the timber seems to be particularly fine. The owners (a number of family estates, the Bavarian government and the Prus- sian government) are in the habit of put- ting annually on the market a limited number of trees only, so as to maintain the price. This arrangement preserves the forests and a permanent supply of oak timber. Five days vacation were taken after landing. Then the school went into the Adirondacks to study New York forestry. On the 2ist they left for North Carolina, spending the 22d in Washington, acquaint- ing themselves with the United States For- est Service. Elementary School Forestry Announcement has been made that courses in scientific gardening and practi- cal forestry are to be added to the cur- riculum of the Newton (Mass.) Technical High School, under the direction of Irving 312 O. Palmer, one of the instructors. City Forester Charles Bucknam will assist and his force of men is now at work prepar- ing the land. Near the tennis courts in the rear of the school building the gardens will be located, and all of the product will be used in the cooking classes and served to the gardeners. The nursery will be located at the southerly end of the school, between Walnut street and the athletic field. Ar- rangements will be made for planting six hundred native trees. The first consign- ment will consist of two hundred white ash trees. Pupils will be given instruction in planting, grafting, pruning and spraying methods and will be shown the growth of the trees by periods. A number of plants will also be set out and studied. The course would appear to be one in the growing ahd management of trees, rather than in “prac- tical forestry,” but it is a first step well adapted to the circumstances of a city high school. Summer Cruise for Montana Forestry Students A summer cruise for foresters and others is planned by the department of botany and forestry of the University of Montana, The course as contemplated would include visits to the best stands of western timber, viewing the operations of the Forest Serv- ice on the national forests, nurseries, and plantings, timber sales, protection against fire, grazing, reconnaissance, ete. It would also include visits to the largest milling and logging operations in different sections of the Northwest. Lectures on different phases of forestry will be given at appro- priate points. The regions visited will in- clude the northern Rocky Mountains, Puget Sound, the Columbia River, south- ern Oregon and the sugar pine country of California. It is expected that the party will leave Missoula, Mont., about July ist, and that about six weeks will be given to the work. It is designed that the member- ship of the party should include, not only students of professional forestry, but also friends of conservation, practical lumber- men, and others who may wish to study western forestry and lumbering under ad- vantageous conditions. For further infor- mation any one interested may address Professor J. E. Kirkwood, University of Montana, Missoula. NEWS AND NOTES State Control of Private Property A decision of the Circuit Court of Ap- peals in the Oklahoma gas case seems to establish the status of a state’s rights over the use of its natural resources: A state may pass laws to regulate the management of private forests and of pri- vate property in land generally. (Opinion of the Supreme Court of Maine, March 10, 1908.) A state as quasi sovereign and repre- sentative of the interests of the public has a standing in court to protect the atmos- phere, the water and the forests within its territory, irrespective of the assent of the private owner. (Supreme Court of the United States, April 6, 1908). But a state, when once it has permitted property in a natural resource (natural gas) to pass into private hands, cannot maintain its right to protect that resource by compelling the owner of it to refrain from engaging in interstate commerce, any provision of the state constitution to the contrary notwithstanding. (Circuit Court of Appeals, April 7, 1910.) A Small Forest Reserve for Illinois Simeon West, a wealthy resident of Mc- Lean County, Illinois, has given to the county a virgin timber tract of twenty acres. Should the county ever undertake to use this tract for any other purpose than a public park or forest the title will revert to the heirs of the donor. Mr. West hopes that his action will be an inspiration to others to do likewise. Catalpa by Wholesale for Arbor Day From the cities of Columbus, Kansas City, and Philadelphia come news of the enterprise of local merchants in furnishing the children trees for Arbor Day planting. In Columbus 50,000 little catalpas were so provided, in Kansas City, 100,000 of the same tree, and in Philadelphia, 400,000— also catalpas. It is not necessary nor would it be just to question the motive of these gifts to the public. If they were made for advertising purposes it is a kind of advertising that we may welcome. It may be open to question whether it is well to make all these contributions catalpas. For the middle west the hardy catalpa is one of the most serviceable of trees, but for Philadelphia, it may be questioned whether it was the best tree that could be chosen. It is to be hoped that due care was exercised to obtain the right variety, for it would be a misfortune to have so many trees planted of the bignonioides, and those who investigated catalpa at all know how difficult it is to distinguish that very dis- appointing tree from speciosa. In Phila- delphia fifty large trees (not catalpas) were given to eleven schools by the Penn- sylvania Forestry Association. The Delaware & Hudson Railroad’s Forestry Work At the nursery of the Delaware and Hudson Railroad Company at Bluff Point, Lake Champlain, the railroad is growing thousands of Norway spruce and other conifers for use in reforesting waste land in the Adirondacks and other places along the Saratoga and Champlain divisions. At Oneonta the company is growing red oak seedlings for the purpose of providing tim- ber for ties. The company has decided to devote three acres to a nursery for the growing of red oak seedlings. The com- pany plans to plant over 1,000,000 red oak trees, most of which will be furnished from this nursery. The industrial depart- ment of the Delaware and Hudson in col- laboration with the superintendent of woodlands, Mr. Bristol, is preparing a booklet to be issued this spring in which the subject of planting trees is to be brought to the attention of farmers and others along the company’s line. In addi- tion to the distribution of the pamphlet the company will offer to farmers and small land owners the advice and instruction of Mr. Bristol free of charge. New England Railroads Waking Up It is announced that a railroad bureau for the industrial development of New England has been organized and will be opened at Boston May 1. It will be under the control of the New Haven, Boston and Maine and Maine Central railroad systems and will have the title of the New England Lines Industrial Bureau. Its head will be William H. Seely, now general freight and passenger agent of the Central New Eng- land Railroad. The object is the promotion by the in- fluence of the three railway systems of 313 314 every form of industrial development in New England, notably farming, fruit cul- ture, dairy interests and every form of soil production, as well as factory industries and forestry and forest preservation. Later it is planned that the bureau develop va- rious agencies throughout New England for the same industrial purposes. The ex- pense of the enterprise will fall upon the three railroad corporations. The plan has been under consideration for some years by the New Haven com- pany and was expedited by signs of a farm- ing revival in New England, as shown by the census returns and the larger values of New England farms, as well as their adap- tation to new products, especially in the line of scientific fruit culture. It is time that the New England railroads learned something from the development work of southern and western roads. Hitherto they have done little to help their section. The Adirondack Lumber Cut Decreasing Statistics collected by Superintendent of State Forests Pettis of New York indicate that timber operations in the Adirondacks are decreasing owing to a lack of available timber. The amount of lumber cut in 1910 as reported to the state, is about 516,000,- 000 feet, board measure. This is a de- crease of nearly 100,000,000 feet in the last year. The amount cut for pulp wood last year was considerably greater than that cut in 1909, but while the total amount of timber cut for all commercial purposes was more than a billion feet a year in 1908 and 1909 the total was considerably below the billion mark in 1910. The Protection of Native Plants The Society for the Protection of Native Plants has printed on cotton for outdoor use notices reading: SPARE THE FLOWERS Thoughtless people are destroying the flowers by pulling them up by the roots or by picking too many of them. CUT what flowers you take, and leave plenty to go to seed. These notices can be obtained from the secretary of the society, Miss M. E. Carter, Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass. We should like to add to the above notice that too many wild flowers are picked without any special object. Many of our wild flowers that are beautiful in their own homes lose almost immediately their freshness and charm when picked. Why not leave them where they grow for others to enjoy? Some people when in the woods and fields have a mania for picking every flower they see, although often it is thrown away without even being carried home. AMERICAN FORESTRY Pennsylvania's Thrifty Forest Policy E. A. Ziegler, director of the Pennsyl- vania Forest Academy at Mont Alto, gave a lecture in the Lehigh University forestry course last month. Speaking of the work of the state he said: “The Pennsylvania state expenditures for forestry are proceed- ing on an economical and safe basis and a valuable state property is being created with a net income promised, beside the in- valuable benefits of water, creation of raw materials for large industries and the building of homes in the forests them- selves, and the financial advancement of the entire state.” Mr. Ziegler described the method and work of the forest acade- my, which trains foresters for the state service, graduating ten each year, and dis- cussed at length the cost of growing for- ests and probable returns. Frank J. Philips The Forest Club Annual of the Univer- sity of Nebraska, have an appreciate note by F. B. Moody on Professor Phillips: “With deep regret the announcement is made of the sudden and untimely death of Frank J. Phillips, professor of forestry in the University of Nebraska. He died at his home in Lincoln, February thirteenth, nine- teen hundred eleven. Professor Phillips was born in Grandville, Michigan, Septem- ber twenty-fifth, eighteen hundred eighty- one. After graduating from the Grandville High School he worked his way through the Michigan Agricultural College, and completed the work in nineteen hundred three with the degree of bachelor of science. The same year he entered the branch of extension in the bureau of for- estry studying forest conditions through- out the middle west until the fall of nine- teen hundred four. His intense interest in forestry together with his great love for outdoor life caused him to take up that study in the University of Michigan. For- estry School where he received the degree of bachelor of arts in nineteen hundred five, and the degree of master of science in forestry in nineteen hundred six. After completing this course in the university he received an appointment as forest assistant in the Forest Service and spent a year in the southwest. In nineteen hundred seven he was appointed professor of forestry in the University of Nebraska, which position he held until his death. Prof. Phillips was a self-made man in every sense of the word. By hard knocks he had learned the practical side of for- estry and his knowledge, coupled with keen powers of observation and a brilliant mind, served to make him a splendid leader and teacher, whose enthusiasm, cheerfulness and great appreciation of the efforts of others, will leave a lasting impression upon all who knew him.” : AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS YALE FOREST SCHOOL NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT The course of study in the YALE FOREST SCHOOL covers a period of two years. Graduates of collegiate institutions of high standing are ad- mitted as candidates for the degree of Master of Forestry. eR) > eae ee ae > * > % pas 4. 2 The Summer Term is conducted at MILFORD, PIKE COUNTY, PENNA. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ADDRESS JAMES W. TOUMEY, Acting Director New Haven — Connecticut BILTMORE __ FOREST SCHOOL Biltmore, N. C. GET THE CHAUTAUQUA IDEA Don’t read at random. Read a definite course. Train your attention upon a group of related topics. Learn about “Democratic England” this year. A reading set of Maga- zine-teacher and four books complete in it- self. Four such courses of the Chautauqua cycle, read in spare minutes, will give the college outlook, renew the early vision of liberal culture, bring that comprehensive un- derstanding of world movements which makes for personal efficiency. Course neither diffi- cult nor expensive. Begin NOW. Theoretical and practical instruc- tion in all branches of applied for- estry. The course comprises eighteen months; viz: twelve consecutive months of lectures and field work and six months of practical prenticeship. For particulars address Box Working fields in the Southern , CHAUTAUQUA INSTITUTION Appalachians, in the Lake States Chautauqua, New York. and in central ies ar ee Catalogue upon Application ‘Learn About England |/| pr. c. A. SCHENCK, Director In writing to advertisers kindly mention Ameaican Foaxstay number of trees on each 40-acre subdivision. We submit reports covering details as to logging conditions, cost and most 4 methods of logging each-40-acre or sectional subdivision of each tract, i ‘i h ‘We also furnish a TOPOGRAPHICAL map of all tracts located in mountainous ist: showing every elevation of 100 feet throughout the tract with OUR OWN engineer's showing lecations of most feasible routes and grades for logging roads. We can furnish sufficient data regarding ANY tract of timber which we have to convince you whether the tract is just what you you want or not. Personal ey ‘ tract we may offer you will be found just as represented. subdivision of each forty. We employ expert PACIFIC COAST CRUISERS to check all estimates made on Timber. ; We offer HIGH-CLASS Timber Properties only, which have been placed in our for sale. ' We can convince you that our estimates are reliable. JAMES D. LACEY & CO. (ESTABLISHED SINCE 1880) 1211 Whitney Central Bldg, 1104 Spalding Bldg. 1008 White Bldg, New Orleans Portland, Ore. Seattle NATIONAL CAPITAL PRBSS, A NATIONAL FOREST FOR THE NATIONAL CAPITAL By WILLIAM M. ELLICOTT and F, W, BESLEY HANDLING THE FIRE PERIL By E, T, ALLEN INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FORESTS THE SUPREME COURT DECISION IN THE GRAZING CASES SURFACE CONDITIONS AND STREAM FLOW EDITORIALS and DEPARTMENTS Published by THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 1410 H St., N. W., Washington, D.C. Price $2.00 per Year. Copyright 1910, by the American Forestry Association AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS EVERGREEN and FOREST TREES SEEDLINGS and TRANSPLANTS ery Also SEEDS for FOREST PLANTING : Immense quantities of following hardy valuable sorts: White Pine, Scotch Pine, Ponderosa Pine, Jack Pine, Austrian Pine, Douglas Fir, Balsam Fir, Norway Druc White Spruce, Red Spruce, Hemlock, etc., etc. of DECIDUOUS TREES Larch, Beech, Birch, Maple, Ash, Walnut, Locust, Elm, Oaks, Catalpa Speci 08a, | Wiid Cherry, Linden, etc., etc. ay": Tree Seeds—Guaranteed New Crop A complete assortment of all valuable species, both native and foreign. High sie Mae: nn | THE D. HILL NURSERY COMPANY — Evergreen Specialist Largest Grower in America i, Founded 1855 DUNDEE, ILL. A VALUABLE RECORD © of the progress and relations of forestry in America is contained in is PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN Formst Conaress or 1905 which was published ~ by the American Forestry Association. A limited number of the edition iM remains and the book f, WILL NOT BE REPRINTED © Every public library should have this volume; every person who is interested - Ny in forestry and who does not now own one should avail himself of the oppor- q tunity to secure a copy before the edition is disposed of. i The price is $1.50 postpaid. fh SNM This offer which was originally limited to Jan. 1, has been extended to April 1, 1911 Regular aye e Membership in American Forestry Association.......--.- Subscription to American Forsstey to January, 1912..... 2.00 Proceedings of American Forest Congress.........++.-<++ i The whole for $3.25 $4.50 THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. : MARYLAND BUILDING 1410 H STREET NORTHWEST WASHINGTON, D. C. In writing to advertisers kindly mention American FoagsTry American Forestry The Magazine of the American Forestry Association EDWIN A. START, Epitor June CONTENTS 1911 COVER DESIGN—By Charles E. Cartwright. A NATIONAL CAPITAL FOREST—By William M. Ellicott.................02eeeee 317 A REPORT ON THE WASHINGTON FOREST—By F. W. Besley.............+.005 325 Map and illustrations of the two foregoing articles, a part by courtesy of Art and Progress and the U. S. Forest Service. EUAN DUNG CEH HnrH PRR Tey) By. TS AN e ni crercrarste ol aletatelstelsfalete)atlclote)slafe/s ofa)~ lel 329 SESE ELEC LO US pe DO IOEU EIS Leys sore sparen ctaresevayeterafeye cyenaroherstatedstereuenelsicVateletshelerere lele 335 Illustrations from U. S. Bureau of Entomology. BAMBOO PULP AS THE PAPER MATERIAL OF THE FUTURE—By Harry \VWAIMIGIEAY hb Sado 6 DOU DONOHO ODO OC OSE EE Ee enecmardoonoondo ona noDtonétonc 343 With an illustration. PLEASURES OF THE SMALL CAMERA—By R. S. Kellogg................cse0ee 348 With illustrations from photographs by the author. EDITORIALS— Opening of the Forest Fire Season......... 351 The Supreme ‘Court Decision......0...«0-s0 353 A National Forest at the National Capital.. 352 A. Borced) Westie eres cteicieteista'« o\cie;olu-s'olctetatatettterane 354 Guo Cereal Is (OR OY-NST OSI BY) O11 010) Reo Cee ac DOC. Comee coor cco 356 Eee Ar EDI OPEC MGs EpSataye eles rs = w:'0)0lr ie eteeiw o e/0)s. slleze wis) ulel sletetots) a /ele sfefslsiel sielekelsis 363 CURRENT LITERATURE— Reviews: Graves. Principles of Handling Woodlands 365 Monthly) igistetor cAprilenre