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Wie a hits ~ a ii Sisson rena oa wean eres ie Sst “! Stee ss i aN KS re eres ae vay Set mentees may Saye oyeareapr eae aa ayers sane’ oe at ey Naas iss Roa ststanate eae a ty eis . \ Gin) iy are ware Aiag Uh ty = aE . at Py TA bay ADS AMERICAN FORESTRY THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION VOLUME XVIII—1912 LIBRARY NEW YORE BOTANICAL GARDAN, THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION PUBLISHERS WASHINGTON, D. C. CONTENTS OF VOLUME XVIII INDEX OF AUTHORS Page Allen: «i, -b4 anticle: by22=2--—-2-s==— 635-662 Baker, Hugh P., article by-------------- 267 Baker, J. Albert, article by------------- 726 Baldwin, Simeon E., article by_--------- 336 Bass, Robert P., article by------------ 75-190 Bentley, Jr., John, article by----------- 716 Besiey, Huw ., atticle by. =—-=--_ > -_- 446 Blanchard, C. J., article by--—--=_---.-- 156 Borghesani, Dr. A. R. Guido, article by-- 147 Briscoe, John M., article by----------- 25-731 Brown, Nelson C., article by----------- 777 Beown, W. R., article by=------- 275-531-757 Butler, Jefferson, article by--.---------- 402 Butterwick, A. J., article by------------ 528 eananann, J. 5. poem by—------—-----— 417 Caparn, Harold A., article by----------- 557 Carey, Hon. Joseph M., article by------ 132 Gary, Austin, article: by-+-.---< -----=- 82 iuandier, B. A.; article by-------=-==- 320 Chapman, Herman H., article by----- 510-527 Chedel, George A., article by------------ 460 Garvacy,. E.G. articlesby.—----s-=-_=-- 783 Clarke, Robert E., article by-.-----.._- 28 Clothier, George L,., article by---------- 234 ‘Gravee, 1 IN iq | eee oe 666 Cornwall, George M., article by--------- 617 Cox, William T., article by------------- 549 es, A, WP, aiiclerby 2 so soaot a8 Se 34 Mmonovan, }°-)., atticle by 2-2-2 -_-—- 467 Py, OW. i. article bys. aoe en 675 Eberhart, Adolph O., article by-------- 196 Elliott, Henry W., article by----------- 702 mins, Don Carlos, article by.-.---..---- 709 Fairchild, Fred R., article by_---------- 653 eee. atic b¥o.. 2.2.5 324 Wie bs), ALCO DY acs 613 Ferguson, J. At; article by----.--.--.-- 407 SSAC ES fear 470 Fullerton, Robert, article by------------ 728 mamnord, FF. Ay are by... ....--- 399-685 Goadby, Arthur, article by------------- 663 a 2 Ses 261 Graves, Henry S., address by-------- 189-805 Gray, Adiola, article by-.....--.--.---- 233 Greeley, W. B., article by----------- SSL Green, Thorton A., article by_--------~- 658 Grout, M., article: by-_..--..-.-.. OT Page Hageboeck, A. E., article by_._-________ i Hall, William L,., article by--.--._-____ 192 Hardtner, Henry E., article by--_--_____ 644 Hays, Willet M., article by__...._._____ 188 Hollick, Arthur, article by-...._._-____ 431 Holmes, J-9S., article: by22_ 22> See 272-384 Holt; Willard. ©, article: hy-—-. =e 228 Hopkins, A. +D., article hyo 195-221 Howard, Dr: ‘Ly. O:, article by io seees 165 Jackson, A. ‘G:, :poem*by222-- = aes 797 Johnson, Bolling Arthur, article by_____ 130 Johnson, Burt W., article by_-.___--__-_ 594 Kanehira, R., article:by 222) ae 485 Kegley, Howard C., poem by--.__----_- 615 Kehr, George W., article by2222 eee 276 Keim, Mrs. DeB. Randolph, article by__ 193 Kiefer, Francis, article by222- =e 520 Knapp, E.B., article, by. 22 2 eee 406 Lazenby, Prof. Wm. R., article by___-_- 343 Lee, Wallis’ T.,. article. by." See 357 Leighton, M. O., article by--...__-__--_ 3 Lyman, Chester W., article by---_______ 118 Maddox, Rufus A., article by___________ 167 Mast, William H., article by--------___ 325 Miller, Warren H., article by--_______ 14-493 Morrill, Walter J., article by.-.__.-____ 393 Page, Thomas Nelson, article by__---_-- 39 Peters, J. Gi asticle ‘by... > ee 533 Pinchot, Gifford, report by--.--._______ 51 Pratt, M. B., article bys...-.--) 25 ae 337 Proctor, John T’., article by2-4. eee 302 Rane, F. W., extract from paper_-_--_- 123 Reynolds, Harris A., article by__------- 800 Richards, Edward C. M., article by_____ 587 Ridsdale, Percival S., article by__178-211-313 Schock, Oliver D., article by.----___--- 575 Sheip, Jerome H., article by....._.___._ 650 Smith, Arthur, article by_...._.__.....___ 739 Sterling, Ernest A., article by_186-421-627-711 Sweety b., arcicleeys ock os kL 668 Tiemann, Harry D., article by--_---___- 737 Underhill, Frederick §., article by_--__- 656 Watson, Max, article by--..-.....______ 435 Whester. a. P.armele byrne 710 Wilson, Elwood, article by__--.-____ 293-769 Woolsey, Jr., Theodore, article by_____= 244 Wyman, Thomas B., article by__.____ 191-404 CONTENTS ili GENERAL INDEX Page Action by the Irrigation Congress_----- 104 Adirondack problem, The—Gifford Pin- la 3 pap a cS ee Sasa! Advancing Values of Lumber and Stumpage on the Conservation of our Forest Resources, The Effect of—Robert Fullerton ___--.---__- 728 Afforestation in South America___---___ 701 Atinica, Horestry, in South2-2------_-- == 319 BNiterathes bark BoTrenes2) cee oo 201 Agricultural Soil—What of the Balance, Sixty-five per cent—Thomas B. WAMIRGH, eee ee ER ee 404 peteniteoeE lodds. ooo coe 413 Alaskan Fur Seal Herd, Salvation of the ——Eenty NV, -Blltote.2 - 25 2 - wee 702 Alimni Reunion of Yale. -2=--_ 22. 46 Einpitiousminee.: bhessas...0. oom le 2 eases 417 American Desert, The Great—C. J. Blanchard, <2 =~ eso eee ss eae 156 American Forestry—Jerome H. Sheip__ 650 American Forestry Association : Directors Meeting_-__- 396-452-525-742 IENTGOESC Cua = ser ere ey oe 544-657 vesolutionsy =e 52 esas ose 133 Aginval Meeting, 222. 2-8 820 INO tI Cen ae nee ant eee Pea 67 PLOcranin sass eee ae 67 American Mental Attitude on Conserva- tion and its Growth — Bolling exttntic JoORusSons == 2 62 ho 130 Ann Arbor, Prof. Roth to Remain At-- 415 AnntalaConvention, Thei2-2 2222 2 = 105 Another Wood Waste Eliminated______ 544 Appalachian Work, The—William L. Hall 192 Apply Forestry? Why Do Lumbermen Not—B. E. Fermow 223i 2-225 613 ANppointedmas, Poresteroo- sss ete ee 542 Appointments at Syracuse_--__-___----_-_ 543 npeecianion, sAn 509s es ee 744 Appropriation, Forest Service---------- 585 Appropriation, The $80,000_-.---------- 347 Approval, An—Adolph O. Eberhart---- 196 Approve a National Forest--.__.-----2= 346 Atpor Day, Lamphilet on2-2-=——_---=--—= 416 Arboretums, Two Private Forest---_--- 274 Are there too many Forest Schools—F. INA AVIOLG a eo eres cee 399 murousineg srorest Interést.22- 22.) os oS 414 Mrousitie. School Children’: 22— 4." 2-7 408 Assignment, A Lucky Chance—Walter A ICC gl | MA ee td a as Be eee 5 393 Associations: See Conventions Page mee COriell (Universitye so =e oe 815 Attention, Lumbermen 22-222. oe 403 AUStraliacs. lmportationsp esses as eee 756 Barge Construction, Economic Materials For Boat and—A. E. Hageboeck__ 517 Bark Borer, Hickory—KE. P. Felt___.._- 324 ibettenmhonesmi se chog sae =e 142 Biltmore Boys,, With thea.) ------ 655 Biltmore: Classy P hes 222 et ee 351 Biltmore? hoitiesece- = soe a eee 543 Biltmore Forest School_......--- + 480 bilfmore Studentsin. 222.22 ee eee 142 black Beetle Invasions. 2. Se oe 670 Blight Commission Instruction—Hugh Baker 2. oes 3a ee ee a 267 Blight Commission, The Chestnut Tree__ 136 Blight, Fighting The Chestnut Tree— Oliver. 1) Schock:-42 1 sae ae 575 Blight Warning, Chestnut___.__________ 473 Boat and Barge Construction, Economic Materials for—A. E. Hageboeck____ 517 Boonitin Lumbering, Ac. 2 eso ee 580 Borer, Hickory Bark—E. P. Felt_______ 324 Boston's; Tree, Planting!)..- 40) 35.3. 514 Boys) PorestrynCampuce= a0 eee ed 603 Boy Scouts Aiding» 224) tamseewy: Be 541 Boy Scouts in Michigan________-_______ 581 Boy Scouts, Pinchot to the__._________ 469 Boy Scouts-to’ Plant ‘Trees22. 2. ve 626 Boy. Scouts’ to Save. Trees.) ae 542 Branch Organizations=_ se 413 Breeding Fur-Bearing Animals________ 793 British Columbia Forest Act__________ 477 Burma, Shooting in—A. J. Butterwick__ 528 Burr Oak, Splendid Specimen—Photo- Staph ae eee 466 Busy Ranger, The (poem)—Apache Na- tional Forest “News Letter”______ 227 Californias binerines Su a ea 68 Campaigning, Method of Forestry—E. T. 724) (ar) Rae nencea hy PR Laren des ET eae 635 Canada; MaHogany. for-.2--2. 222) 741 Canada, Paper Mills and Forestry in— Blweod:Wilsonsto2 bl seo eae eo 769 Canada’s Forestry Problem_____________ 68 Canadian Forestry Association_________ 541 Canadian Forestry Association, Meeting of—E. A. Sterling! 2 22-223 186 Canadian Forestry Convention_________ 66 Canadian Forestry Meeting_____________ 591 Canadian Wilds, Through—Elwood Wil- SONS aoa S = oe eee eae ae 293 Page Wanton Ball Tree; The... = 604 Careless Campers Catight=—- 2222-22 = 679 Cattle Tick Burning Hurts Forests----- 673 Central Park, New York: A Work of Art—Harold A. Caparn---------- 557 Champlain Realty Company in Lumber- ing and Forestry, Work of— George VA. Chedelss =. See oR 460 Chances for Several States_____.-_---- 288 Chestnut Blight Campaign, The—P. S. Ridsdale se Sot eee eee 178 Gnestnut Blicht; Warning _-----_.-=--__ 473 Chestnut Tree Blight Commission, The- 136 Chestnut Tree Blight, Fighting the— Oliver Di Schock=s--2s-2s.—-5 25-— 575 Chestnut Tree. Disease_..--------.----- 286 @hestnut Trees Going, The_-.---_-=-=.- 457 Chestnut Trees, Relation of Insects to the Death of—A. D. Hopkins---- 221 Miles Horests. ina-_ ee ee 701 China’s Most Valuable Wood-_--------- 445 MmiinesesHoresthysas2 aoase S= eee 202 Ghinese Forestry Students... .----+_- 200 Muristinas Trees, Lack of_2--2.2- ==... 807 Citizenship and Forest Fires_----------- 544 ir. orester Named. =": --.-5-.--> 468 eEmuOrwnis. UreG anil 2-6 aso 64 Cleverly Advertising Birch-----------~-- 776 College of Forestry at Syracuse Uni- versity, The New York State_---- 453 Colorado School’ Sells: Land==-2----- === 416 Commission, The Chestnut Tree Blight-- 136 Committees of Experts Investigate--__-- 721 omine Meetings 22. 2.2 Ss 733, 809 Conditions in Western North Carolina, EOE CSL (heats cena eae SUN ere Cane 384 Conference in the White Mountains, BOtGsiiyge: — soe ce See 408 Conference, Southern Forestry_-------- 253 Congress, Action by the Irrigation__--_~ 104 Conservation and Its Growth, The American Mental Attitude on— Bolling Arthur Johnson__--_-_-- 130 Conservation, A National Exposition on_ 345 Conservation Realized in Massachu- setts—Harris A. Reynolds-------- 800 Conservation Through Legislation—Mrs. deB. Randolph Keim-_------------ 193 Conserving Alabama’s Forests__-------- 605 Control of Forests, Oppose State--_--- 346 Kouaw. meforestation.............-.._.. 477 Convention, North Carolina Forestry Association—J. S. Holmes, For- hs gut: Se eS SE eer pee ee 272 CONTENTS Convention of Foresters_+_--.--.----..- Conventions and Associations—See Na- tional Irrigation Congress; Rivers , and Harbors Congress; Canadian Forestry Convention; Annual Meeting, A. F. A.; Convention of Foresters; English Forestry Asso- ciation; Canadian Forestry Asso- ciation; Vermont; North Caro- lina Forestry Association; Cana- dian Forestry Meeting; Empire State Forest Products Associa- tion; Western Forestry and Con- servation Association. Consumptives on Forest Reserve__----- Co-operate, Lumbermen and Foresters_ Cornell, Forestry at Cornell to Have $100,000 Forestry Build- ing Cornell University, Forest Planting at— John. Bentley; Jr2- == ae County s) Ambition, AS Course ineHorestry, AS Crater National Hores|==== = Current Literature_-__ 69, 143, 205, 289, 418, 481, 545, 608, 682, 752, Damaging Spruce Trees in Maine, In- sect—John M. Briscoe--------_--- Danger to the National Forest Policy— Henry >. Grayeéss2- eee Miller “Resions-2-. = ee eee -Loumey’s.AViCWSs2o2 eee eee ee on Forest Preserves, Raising— Percival S/ ‘Ridsdale=. => Deer, Raising: Hille sand~ 2-50 eee Definite State Forest Policy, A—E. A. Sterling 325.02). 22> es re Demonstration vorest, Aes eee Development of Timber Resources_----- Devoted His’ Life to Forestry==22_== === Directors’ Meeting, American Forestry Association = 396, 452, 545, Disappearing, South’s Timber—Henry FE, Hara Qa er aes eee eee ee Dean Dean Deer Drainage, The National Aspect of Swamp-—M. O. Leighton__-_---- Driving, River—W. R. Brown-_-------~- Dynamiting Stumps and Tree Holes____ FCA AE RN a Sil ag oe Early Conservation Ideas_-...-...--..__ Barly TAggeerne 0. np See pone 757 254 203 CONTENTS v Page Bure Ficht, Won; Foresti:=_~22--=~..=-. 592 Fire Fighters, 55,000 Forest------------ 579 Fire Fighting Cost, Reducing_---------- 68 inesing@altitoriias=—2-= =a Sa 68 Fire Lines Despite the Law---------~--- 768 Fire Losses in Washington_-_--------- 678 RGemeossesy. \VWViashineton S-====5--- = — 68 inure) Notices to’ «Léachers.2-=--===+-—_- 752 eee VentlO N= =e as an ee ee 634 BE teemerotection =. 42 2 413 Fire Protection, Improving Forest—M. Bemetattes sete ee ee SS lEo 337 RiresProtection in Albertazs2=--=-2-2-== 500 Fire Protection on the Ozark National Biorest—braticis, Mietersase-- saa 520 Fire Season on the National Forests, aed Present qecceseees et. See 534 Fire Sufferers, Money for____---------- 286 Fires, Sportsmen and Forest—Hon. Jef- FeLson we ithery+= 12 Steet ee = eS 402 First Annual Report of the State For- ester of Minnesota—E. G. Chey- DEV iya = ae eee eae 783 First Purchase of White Mountain Lands Under the Weeks Law---- 440 First Purchase Under the Weeks Law-- 48 Five States Unite to Save Forests__---- 43 Binodmandehorestssa 25 22 eae os 2 le 347 Flood Prevention, Forests and____------ 395 nlgodcreAidinges= 2225) sek nee tas 413 EEOC SHG a Gttl Cyan sake ee ee 746 Forest, A Demonstration______--------- 444 Forest Arboretums, Two Private------ 274 Forest Area Largely Increased____------ 736 Forest Conditions in New York, Study- ing eee IS ee eee 537 Forest Conditions in Western North Carolina—J. $. Holmes._._-~_--- 384 Forest Conservation, Wood Preservation as a Factor in—E. A. Sterling_--_ 627 Forest Eliminations Ordered_---__----- 287 Forest Engineers, New Firm of-_------- 286 iotest: axpetiments......-22-.-2.2288 479 Forest Fire Conditions, Northwestern___ 595 Forest Fire Protection, Improving— Me SBaeb hatte 2* sce ne wo eee 337 Forest Fires and Forestry in the South- ern States—Herman H. Chapman_ 510 Forest Fires, Sportsmen and—Hon. Jef- LELSONp ph Utlenseass— He! ees oe 402 Forest Insects, Investigating—Dr. L. O. ETO Wall pe ee ee es ss See 165 Forest Lands, Inventory of------------- 540 Horest -<@Owilers serivatesse sess 2-52 ee 195 Page Economic Materials for Boat and Barge Construction-_A. E. Hageboeck__ 517 Wdttonialige = a2 eee ee ee ee 279 Educational Notes (department of maga- zine ) 63, 142, 203, 287, 351 415, 480, 543, 603 Effect of Advancing Values of Lumber and Stumpage on the Conserva- tion of Our Forest Resources— Roberuullerton== =- ose 728 Eliminations Ordered, Forest____--_---- 287 Elk in Wyoming, Protecting--------__ 580 Empire State Forest Products Associa- tion Mecting {22257 see ae ee 794 Encousagine Tree Growth.222) 2) 2-_-_ 413 Endorsed, American Forestry Associa- POT See ee ee 544 Enforcing Plant Quarantine_-----_---_- 606 Engineer in the Pacific Northwest, The Logging—By A Logging Engineer- 377 Engineering, Logging—George M. Corn- suv el Dh eo Ne eh eS 617 England’s Vanished Forests--_--------- 403 English Forestry Association_---------- 142 Eric Outlook System—F. B. Knapp---- 406 Erosion Model for Schools, A Work- inge—Don: Carlos Bilis.222-5- == -=- 709 Estimating, Instructions in Timber—Ed- Vere (C2, WE Weim 5 587 Eucalyptus, The—Harry D. Tiemann_-- 737 Experimental Farm, Long-Bell—C. B. Sweetest 3 2 ee ee eee 668 Experiments in Wisconsin__------------ 285 Explanationse: Anes ss 2 ee 434 Exports, Our Timber: see 626° Exposition on Conservation, A National__345 Exposition, Wood, Products. = === 286 Extensive German Forests, The___-_--- 335 Extinct Volcanoes of Northeast New Mexico—=\Wallistcbs 1,eess= aaa eae 357 Famine, Forest Waste Causes—John T. Re octet te oe eee 302 iBbamousm@ldaDreety Awe ane) = eee 341 iPamousHP ines Gone ses ese tenes 604 Fast Growing Eucalyptus_-------------- 479 Favorable to White Mountains____--_-- 441 Ferguson Returns to Penn State, Prof... 751 Fight on Tree Pests; States. -=_.---. == 383 Bivhtine ithe Beetle.2 =... 2222. 222 479 Fighting the Chestnut Tree Blight— @liver;D:;Schock:==#3=. s=seees = S 575 Fire Bug and the East Wind, The (Poem) — Er Allene sess 662 Bire Damage’ small=se2 = os ee 643 vi CONTENTS Page Horest froduct Statistics... 2-£22--.--_= 439 Pemene re aircon suen= 24 +l) * ores 413 Forest Planting at Cornell University— Foun perntley, .jr.2-=2-4- 2 716 Forest Policy, A Definite State—E. A. eek. oo a eS aes ee 421 Forest Preserves, Raising Deer on— Percival S. Ridsdale_-______-.____ 313 Forest Products -Association Meeting, Emoptresstates so soe we Coe 794 Forest Products, The Price of—Fred- erick 1S.. Underhiy 222022. 254s 656 Forests, Protecting New Hampshire_-_- 365 Forest Protective Association, The Northern—Thornton A. Green-__ 558 Forest Ranger, The (poem)—A. G. ERS sce gee ee 797 Forest Roads and Trails—Ernest Wohl- BUDEI ts 2 eee ee eee 501 Forest Reserve Receipts__..------------ 414 morest: Reserve. Tratister. 2222-2 0. 680 horest Reserves, INewsn22.—-=- a eee ne eee 815 Forest Resources of New York—F. A. Racplord” eee teen. es hod a See 685 Forest Schools? Are There Too Many ett. A a erIOEA aS sos see eee Nees 399 forest schools: Betters e252 se oe 142 Forest Schools: Individual Institutions: Ohio State University_....._=2--- 261 Wniversity of Idahos----2-s__- 181 Lniversity of Maine—>-~*-- = -- - 25 University of Washington__------ 333 Wyman’s School of the Woods-_- 191 Forest Schools of the United States, Series: University of Maine—John M. BrISCOC™ oe ae ee ee ee 25 Wyman’s Echool of the Woods— peivortas 3... Wyitiatins ee 191 Ohio State University—C. H. Gof Aa aa cf SE UP Se ee a 261 University of TIdaho--.-..-_-_... 181 University of Washington__------ 333 Forest Service After Fruit Pest--_----- 740 Forest Service Appropriation__----_____ 585 HOLESE Service tO Ald..-0 2s 5-2 = Le 142 Forest that Pays $40 an Acre Yearly, A —George W. Kehr.__..._.<....-. 276 Forest, The Harvard—Theodore Wool- “1a AN) f ehpepieei gee o,f of Sat Se aS 244 Forest, $20,000,000 Yearly from One_--- 597 Forest Waste Causes Famine—John T. PTOCtEh 3 oa pee tees eee 302 Porester, Appointed as...-....--._..... 542 Page Forester Hirst’s Views.2.. 2/25 ae 285 Forester Opposes Engineer___-----_____ 414 Foresters, Convention ‘of eee 129 Foresters, Opportunities for—Austin Cary. 23.) 3 eee 82 Forestry Association, English_._--______ 142 Forestry Department for University of [dah 22255222 2 134 Forestry in Wisconsin, The Progress of ——H. M:. Grifitha 22. ee 107 Forestry School, Site for-- 2. See 142 Forestry, Some Notes on German—War- ren, HH. .Miller_22: 53: =. Seen 14 Forestry, The Present’ Situation in— Henry. §. Graves 2252: 95 Forestry, The Progress of—Robert P. Bass .22235..0 oe eee 75 Forestry, Two Features of—F. W. Rane. 123 Forests and Flood Prevention_-__-___-- 395 Forests as an Investment—Hon. Simeon H..*Baldwitt <222..t 22222 336 Forests for Wyoming—Hon. Joseph M. Carey... 235-22). eee 132 Forests; #lood and= 2-7 <2 eee 347 Forests~inChing= 22060. 2. 2 sea 541 Forests, Oppose State Control of------ 346 Forests, The Extensive German________ 335 Forestry, American—Jerome H. Sheip_- 650 Forestry and Forest Resources of New York—F..A~ Gaylord:2:__2 685 Forestry and the State Legislature—W. B. Greeley 22222 he bee ee 277 Forestry Association Convention, North Carolina—J. S. Holmes, Secretary. 272 Forestry Association Endorsed, Ameri- Can (ease BS! 2 eee 544, 657 Poréstry at Cornell:_2. +e 287 Forestry at the University of Washing- TON 2.242. 4s oo. 2 eee 332 Forestry Campaigning, Method of—E. T. Allen 2222 2C is ae eee 635 Forestry Conference in the White Motintains: J 2=oeceee = Soe 408, 445 Forestry Conference’ Plan-...2<.- ass 347 Forestry Conference, Southern_--_--_-- 253 Forestry gor Children: -2.2 eee 203 Forestry in Formosa—R. Kanehira_--- 485 Forestry in New England (Review)— Ralph C. Hawley and Austin Hawes 222 cee eee 480 Forestry in South Africas. 2222 eae 319 Forestry in the Southern States, Forest Fires and—Herman H. Chapman 510 CONTENTS vii Page Forestry, Lumbering and—George H. Piedel ieee s ee see 460 Forestry, Lumbermen and_------------- 268 Forestry, Municipal—Nelson C. Brown. 777 Forestry, Notes on German—Prof. W. RenbaZzeniyse cee se 343 Forestry of France. The—Warren H. IM TMS ot ee oe 493 Forestry Practice, Paper Company’s—B. Ia OGhatrdlery a= = Ses Bee 320 Forestry, The Present Situation of— Renty ou Graves: o2522 2850 2o "35 Forestry, Timberland Owners and—W. TR 5 IB RCON 01 ee eae eee ag Pn Se 275 Borestry, Without Politics-.-.-..._--_- 286 Forestry Work at Southern Commercial CoiGig es es ee 303 Forestry Work, Massachusetts_--------- 567 Formosa, Forestry in—R. Kanehira_-__ 485 France, The Forestry of—Warren H. LAA ey, Ak a oR nas eas a 493 From Red Lake to Rainy River—W. T. (Chose: ae ee eee ee 549 Frontispiece : s January—View of Western Shore of Lake Drummond, Dismal Swamp. February—Governor Bass. March—Royal Superior Institute of Forestry, Vallombrosa, Italy. April—War on Predatory Animals. ature Supply of Hickory_—=-=-.=...-=- 799 German Forestry, Notes on—W. R. LSC VAGt | 04 i SORES 2 SS ee ee 343 German Forestry, Some Notes on—War- sere Sit Bt (cy a a a ea 14 German Forests, The Extensive_________ 335 Germany’s Forest Area______-__--___ ple PALL Gifts to Yale Forestry School------____ 142 Gomg, The Chestnut Trees...-..-2-- =< 457 Goverimentroale, Aj 8 ib 2 ae 141 eravesa Report Mr. 2202 se 140 Great American Desert, The—C. J. (BLE 5(0 pee Re 156 Great Loss From Yukon Forest Fires. 574 Green at State College, George R.__--- 720 Growing a Woodlot From Seed—J. A. GERBSOne Bae Ss ok 407 Hamilton's New Position, Dr..---=-_- 815 Hanging Forest Fire Starters__.._..__-- 479 Harvard Forest, The—Theodore Wool- TS pel See ne RS es 244 Hickory Bark Borer—E. P. Felt-___--_ 324 Hickory, Buturé, Supply of.-...-....--. 799 Page Pisekony se rees aitededo, sop 8 st 541 Higher Prices Will Conserve Forests— ING ba, \Wiheelenasene css. sate sao 710 Hills of Oregon, In the—J. Albert DAK Er soe oak ao a ea ere 726 His Wisdom (poem)—Howard C. Keg- Large miei Sete SS eee eee 615 Historic: Washington Tree" {2.22222 465 Idaho, Forest School of the University OS Sake se oI Se a eS 181 Idaho, Forestry Department ‘for Uni- Versity Ofsos se. ke es 134 [ilinois’ umber Plants22 _ 22-5 222222 680 Important Meeting of Directors, A. F. A. 742 Improving Forest Fire Protection—M. Bee ratt he seees ot ere aa ee 337 In the Hills of Oregon—J. Albert Baker_ 726 In the White Mountains, Directors____- 525 Increased, Forest Area Largely_____--_- 736 linidiatsus (Greate HOnestSaa see 756 Insect Damaging Spruce Trees in Maine —— John, JM, Briscoe=s:=-0 2 731 Inspection of Plantations and Nurseries_ 396 Instruction, Blight Commission—Hugh Py Baker 2.222 aos oe en ae 267 Instructions Horestrys22=— see 63. Irrigation Congress, Action by the------ 104. Instructions in Timber Estimating—Ed- wardc€. Me ukkichands= 224200 See 587 Itistraectots yballe a2 ee ele 287° International Paper Company in Lum- bering and Forestry, Work of —-George:/A;‘Chedel...-- 22-22 460 Inventory of; Forest Lands:-22.2-2222— 540 Investigating Forest Insects—Dr. L. O. Howard 4 i222 = 2 165 Investigations by Committees of Ex- PORUS( «22S Sao tk es Se ee 721 Investment, Forests as an—Hon. Simeon Bes Baldwina soa Sees 336 Irrigation Congress, Action by the______ 104 Irrigation for South Wales_____________ 591 Irrigation in Turkestan—A. P. Davis__ 34 Is Lumber a Crime ?—George H. Holt__ 647 Italian Forest Policy, New—Dr. Guido eee POteuesatits. =. fae 147 Jamaica's: Forest Wealth..---_-.-2 738 Wana isa Years: Ahead. 222. 5 ee 783 Lumber a Crime? Is—George H. Holt. 647 Minnesota’s Good Work__--------_----_ 141 Lumber and Stumpage on the Conserva- Missour1 University, At.—_-.... 2 see 203 tion of Our Forest Resources, The Montiey: -for- Fire: suttérets=- ee 286 Effect of Advancing Values of— Mont Alto ‘(Gradtiatés_-—" = ee 565 Robert Fullerton 2... = 2 2. 728 Moody to Head Ranger School, F. B.-- 814 Lumber Associations Interested__--_~-- 603 Mofe Land ‘for Restfve:._-..2-_ ee 526 Lumber Industry, Wood Preserving and Moth Pest Bogey, The-2-*). =~ == 201 ig 0 | et ek cash pete AP a i Db er 499: Moth, The Leopard =.-.-__-= eee 286 Lumber Life, The Social Side of—P. F. Mountains, Favorable to White__--___- 441 REDE tie ae eee ee 666 Moving Forest in Wales, A------------ 680 Lumber Manufacturers Meet —_-------- 398 Municipal Forest, San Diego’s—Max of) ARN Leg | a 596 Watson 22" + Sc ee 435 Lumbering in Russia—Consul W. F Municipal Forestry—Nelson C. Brown__ 777 Lan, gaan 2 Ee Mpa NOE a ea 675 Munson-Whitaker Open Chicago Office. 473 Lumbermen and Foresters Co-operate-. 721 National Aspect of Swamp Drainage, Lumbermen and Forestry—Address by The—M. O. Leighton-------_____ 3 pM OS Lt a 268 National Exposition on Conservation__. 345 Lumbermen and Forestry-------------- 285 National Forest, Approve a--_-_...--__ 346 Lumbermen, Attention --..--.-----.___- 403 National Forest Changes__......--.-_- 605 Lumbermen Help Foresters___--------- 439 National Forest Policy, Danger to the— Lumbermen Not Apply Forestry? Why Been? 0, ORSPOVEOR. 2s e ee 805 Do—Dr. B. E. Fernow----------- 613 National Forest Reserve in West Vir- Lumbering and Forestry—George A, ginia—J. A. Viquesney_-_------__ 803 Ch Te SI et Gace! 5 a 460 National Forests, The Present Fire Sea- MacMillan Inspecting ...........:..... 602 (gs) U2 | RED eee a a 534 fasnemany for Canada—i:..-..2s.-.._. 741 National Irrigation Congress, The__---- 45 CONTENTS ix Page National Lumber Manufacturers’ Asso- Clattomprlesollutionis=se=a= = aa 403 Nebraska Sand Hills, Progress in For- estry Planting in the.-.-_.._.---.- 174 New Douglas Spruce, A..--.---=-----. 542 New England Trees in Winter__------_- 65 New Firm of Forest Engineers____---- 286 New borestry Department_._...._.-_-__ 203 New Hampshire Forests, Protecting_--_ 365 New Hampshire State Work—W. R. ATOM a eg eee 531 New Hampshire, Taxation of Forest Property im—J. H. Foster_-..=_.- 470 New Head for Forest School_---------- 351 New Italian Forest Policy—Dr. Guido NeOnes bOrenesafif=-s= se asses ss 147 New Mexico, Extinct Volcanoes of Northeast—Willis T. Lee--_----- 357 New Mexico, The Underground Waters Goi—Willard EF. Holt. us22----. 228 New Plan of Seed Extraction From Pine (OG TS * eae aes es ee 738 New Process for the Protection and Preservation of Standing Tele- graph and Telephone Poles—E. A. prothitigg= 225. oe 2 ae Sot 711 iNewalraneer (Course, Aao-- 22622) 22 351 New South Wales, Irrigation for_-____- 591 INewe Surrender I'rée, Aj 2-822 5-5. =] 605 New York’s Lumber Industry__-------- 615 Rew vork Selling ‘Treess.24_-_-2es=.-. 679 New York, Studying Forest Conditions 2 Sp A ee ee eee ee 537 New York's Oldest Tree...<..-.-s-.3. 542 New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse, University -1.2525 sis. 453 Newly Found Timber Area, A_-__--___-_ 744 News and Notes (department of maga- zine) 5 63, 140, 200, 285, 347, 413 477, 541, 604, 679, 815 Micaragia, Pine ILands: of ..22..--.._- 598 Notes on German Forestry—Prof. W. R. Mamenbry eS a obs ete 343 Northern Forest Protective Association, The—Thornton A. Green_-_------- 658 North Carolina, Forest Conditions in WViESte hile pee eet een ME tol 384 North Carolina Forestry Association Convention—J. S. Holmes, Secre- tary Northwestern Forest Fire Conditions___ 595 Nurseries, Inspection of Plantations and 396 Nursery and Planting Tools—William H. Mast Page Of Meat. tos Appilesissact stab tk 509 Oiticialy Inecdgnition2.55* = 5 oe 141 OhiowStatistics, "Somese== == 2 a 678 Oldestbiving Things. 3.1 22555254063 597 Olmsted Withdraws From Firm__------ 802 QOneCent.a Wl rees 222 Wee 202 One Hundred and Sixty Thousand Acres Sie i Gnsfals eee © ae ee ee 201 Open Cnicasoe Onice.--— == 5 Se 473 Opportunities for Foresters—Prof. Aus- Linn (OF) aye Bo re AR PS ahah 82 Oppose State Control of Forests____---_ 346 Oregon, in the Hills of—J. Albert Baker 726 Our Se Timberlands Threatened— Gaiety Ish, (hemrciige a 527 Onur Dimber; “Hxportsieis 22 eae 626 Outlook System, Eric—F. B. Knapp_--_- 406 Ozark National Forest, Fire Protection on the—Francis Kiefer_-____----- 520 Pacific Logging Congressi: 22222122 U= 606 RackwCharlessiljathirops==— == aes 724 Paniphilet on Arbor Daye. 1220s es” 416 Paper Company’s Forestry Practice— ByA. Chandler as: a- 5 eee 320 Paper Making in the United States, Un- limited Raw Material for—Ches- ter, Wi sliyainanie oe eee 118 Paper Mills and Forestry in Canada— IDK over! NW Alioynes se 769 Patriarch, A—Thomas Nelson Page-_---- 39 Patrol, Rural Mail—J. G. Peters__---_-- 533 Pays $40 an Acre Yearly, A Forest That George Wi Kehr:..224- eae 276 Péege Appointed; B.. Cx.4.25 2) See 643 Pennsylvania Railroad Tree Planting_-- 479 Pennsylvania's. (Vrades.--_ 2 Jae eee 634 People Helping the Foresters—Henry S. Graves. sees leet ses ee 189 Pest, Forest Service After Fruit-___.__ 740 Pests, State, Fight om: Trees) ees oss 383 Philippine Forests, Pheio22. 82-223 202, 414 IPinehots 2 rize Aisa eee ee ages 403 Pinchot to the Boy Scouts2..l52--.4~_- 469 Pine Cones, New Plan of Seed Extrac- fon, trent 22 sess ais sane ee 738 Pine Lands of Nicaragua ~-=...-.-1.-- 598 Rinne Pests, Barred:3525. 54 Ae 679 © Plant Quarantine, Enforcing__--___--__ 606 Planting at Cornell University, Forest— Johns Bentleys jie, 22s sae 716 Plating New Pine Treesiuscis-_s.sus 519 Planting Tools, Nursery and—William fee MASE oot) 2 ae ee 325 Plantations and Nurseries, Inspection of. 396 x CONTENTS Page Plumas National Forest, Timber Sale on =—RUftis) As Maddoxs see sens Poles, A New Process for the Protec- _tion and Preservation of Stand- ing Telegraph and Telephone—E. Ave Sterlinaseeeee ees eee Sa 711 Policy, A Definite Forest—E. A. Ster- linge see ee Soe 421 Policy, Danger to the National Forest— FICHE: US) GTavesso nee ee 805 Popular. Interest in’ Forestry: 25. = 66 Pasition: Mr. Start Sao ale et 352 Prairie Dog Must Go—Robert E. Clarke 28 Predatory Animals, The War on—Per- cCival’ S:tinidsdales= 22 eS 211 Present Fire Season on the National Herests;: Pie: — 222 e eerie ce 534 Present Situation in Forestry, The— Fenty °S; SGravesiso ie ee 95 Present Situation of Forestry, The— Fienty. io. WGbavesa ise ee ee 735 Present State of Forest Tax Legisla- tion—Fred R. Fairchild__._.-------- 653 Preservation as a Factor in Forest Con- servation, Wood—E. A. Sterling. 627 Preservation of Mine Timbers___---__-- 540 Preservation of Standing Telegraph and Telephone Poles, A New Process for the Protection and—E. A. Pore aT Sg Re pee Sa Re Ol phe e pe 711 Preserving and the Lumber Industry, WV GOOG Nee a2 See 3 409 Preventing . Kordat: Fires... 225-+-..-=3 201 Price of Forest Products—Frederick S. Wnderhil| es ee ee ee 656 Prices Will Conserve Forests, Higher— Woub ew Wiheeleta 25 222-6 ois 22 710 Private Forest Arboretums, Two------_ 274 Private Forest Owners—A. D. Hopkins 195 Prizes for Canadian Seed Growers-_---- 602 Problem of Our Logged-Off Lands, The oo TT Bae Boo ys EAR SE Se 467 Proceedings Society American Foresters (Review), Vol. vi, No. 2--------- 281 Products, The Price of Forest—Fred- CFIC 403s) Cer He 2 656 Professor Roth to Remain at Ann Arbor 415 Progress in Forestry Planting in the Ne- braska: “Sande bileeews Se 174 Progress of Forestry in Wisconsin, ihe—E. “M. (Giet eect se 107 Progress of Forestry, The—Hon. Robt. P. Bass Page Protecting Elk in Wyoming_---_------- 580 Protecting New Hampshire Forests____ 365 Protecting the: Porests<..2= 2142-22583 285 Protection, Improving Forest Fire—M. B. Pratt @--.63) 25. eee 337 Protection on the Ozark National For- est, Fire—Francis Kiefer_____--- 520 Protection.. Watershed »2_22)- a 64 Protective Association Active-_-------- 413 Protective Association, The Northern Forest—Thornton A. Green__---- 658 Protest, A. Vigotouse=* 2. een 173 Proud Boast of Memphis, The_-___----- 603 Public- School Instraction_—. = 287 Put Your Camp Fire Out!—Thornton A. Green. ...2) 2 ee eee 658 Quarantine, Enforcing Plant-..-.---_-_ 606 Quebec’s Lumber Resources_-------___- 649 Questions and Answers (Department of Magazine)... ..25-22 32 eee 135 204, 243, 417, 474, 599, 745,809. Railroad. Reforesting <2__ 4 sae 606 Railway Regulation to Prevent Forest Fifes {s..Ushibss2. i eee 603 Ratlway- Ties 225-2242 2 5200 eee 202 Rainy River, From Red Lake to—Wil- Kiam “T.:Coxce2 de 549 Raising Big Tree Seedlings______-__-___ 479 Raising Deer on Forest Preserves—Per- cival S. Ridsdalet_ (232 ee 313 Raising Elk:.and- Deer_.-2-22._._- ee 443 Rane. Going Abroad__.=.-=.--<-.. ee 500 Ranger ‘Course, A. New_.2-022. 422 eee 351 Ranger ‘Course. Closes_2._-3) 5 eee 352 Ranger: School, To Head'a_s2Gaees 814 Raw Material for Paper Making in the United States, Unlimited—Chester W.' Lymaa 13.244... 118 Receipt for a Ranger (Poem)—J. B. Cammann |[2ee le See eee 416 Recognition; Officidizse. 252i. 141 Red Lake to Rainy River, From—Wil- diate 1. Cogirat ee 549 Reduced Forest Fires........--..--_--- 612 Reducing Fire Fighting Cost--__.--~--~ 68 Reforestation at the Capital__._...__.-_. 542 Reforestation Legislation ---_--.__----- 163 Reforesting Cut Over Pine Lands----_- 674 Reforesting Pike’s Peak........._.....-- 348 Relation of Insects to the Death of Chestnut Trees—A. D. Hopkins__ 221 Rentarkable Drees! .n.62-.2,.ee eee 604 Report on Forest Fire Losses, A------ 796 CONTENTS xi Page Report of the State Forester of Min- nesota, the First Annual—E. G. Cheyfiey ~-------=--=-------~---- 783 Resolution, National Lumber Manufac- turers, ASsociation-—---+----==--= 403 Resolutions, American Forestry Asso- GlALT One ae eee os See 133 Resolutions, Some Forceful ------------ 49 Resolutions to the Senators ----------- 536 Restoring Elk to the Forests----------- 677 Reminme Land to Idaho_-.--_-------- 430 Reauntonvof Yale Alamni----==-----—_. 45 Reviews, Book: Proceedings Society American For- EStcLoumVOl: Vi, INO. 22-5 =-—>—2L= 281 Forestry in New England—Ralph C. Hawley and Austin F. Hawes 480 Forstaesthetik—Henrich von Sal- BS Cla eee eee en StS 600 Forestry—H. H. Chapman_--_--- 601 Identification of the Economic Woods of the United States— Samiel J, IkeCOrd_—=---5 === 601 Rhodes’ New Position, John E.-------- 776 River Driving—W. R. Brown-_---------- 757 Rivers and Harbors Congress--_------- 66 Roads and Trails, Forest—Ernest Wohl- Si) Dy 501 Rein ain «(Carnes ) ae ee ee ee eS 203 Roth to Remain at Ann Arbor, Prof.---- 415 Rural Mail Patrol—J. G. Peters--_----- 533 Russia, Lumbering in—Consul W. F. erie oe ee es es 675 Salemi matress {eee Fe oe 286 Salvation of the Alaskan Fur Seal Herd = Henny We Pihotte-22 2223522 702 San Diego’s Municipal Forest — Max Diiatsones C22 oe Lee 435 Sassafras Tree, The Largest—Adiola CSUR) het SoS SE EE SS 233 Save Forests, Five States Unite to__---- 43 Saving New York’s Elm Trees_------- 500 Schenck, New Book by Dr. C. A.------ 793 School Children, Arousing_------------ 408 Schools? Are There Too Many Forest— Beery, pOavlergous 26. 260 22a 399 Scouts, Pinchot to the Boy_------------ 469 Scouts to Plant Trees, Boy----.-------- 626 Seal Herd, Salvation of the Alaskan Fur—Henry W. Elliott------__-- 702 Secured 2Q000UAcresssaae at cere eS 64 Securing State Forest Lands—W. M. . Pict sng pla SPeateyh Sok Bid) 188 Page Seed Extraction from Pine Cones, A (SIE ged 21 Wo 0 4 Re ef Nah Led 738 Seed, Growing a Woodlot From—J. A: ere@usont sto. eee see one a 407 Seedling. Distributions2- 22250 =a ee 414 Seeking; German Bugs So ee a 605 Seckingwintotmation ass =a anes eee 288 Senators, Resolutions to the-_----______ 536 Sequoias: tor Mignidaass=-2. oa ape 414 Sequoia Sempetvirens___..--.__.---..__ 605 bSTo} (OLE (Walks) (i. b1 2 () ae nen aR eR SD 201 Sewall@ine Mamie: 22 403 Pus oe re 541 Saale Avephiniesp Whee a 602 Shooting in Burma—A. J. Butterwick___ 528 Site for borestry schools. —- 2. tee 142 Sixty-five Per Cent Agricultural Soil— What of the Balance ?—Thomas B. Wayilla aise le Reh 7s See 404 Social Side of Lumber Life, The—P. F. (SY) St Se 666 Some Forceful Resolutions ~-__________ 49 Some Notes on German Forestry—War- renke Elem eMillerse, a a eee 14 Somer Ohior Statistics: 2.225025. 678 mome: Pldinvbdcts 24s! tee lan eee 63 South: AtiicawPorestry, imo 8.2) oo 319 South Sea Islands, E. T. Allen Visits... 548 Southern Commercial Congress, For- estry | Work ath 2a eo 305 Southern Forestry Conference Southern States, Forest Fires and For- estry in the—Herman H. Chapman 510 South’s Timber Disappearing—Henry E. Pandiner (2222202 3 _ 25s eee 644 Sportsmen and Forest Fires—Hon. Jef- ferson Butler. © 2 sat oe eee 402 Spring Goes to Cornell, Prof........__- 481 Standards for State Forestry, Uniform__ 743 Starts) Positrons) Miriesse Se ee! 352 State Control of Forests, Oppose_-_-_-- 346 slate Pioht om. bree) Pests. 2 44. 2) 383 State Forest Academy Graduating Class 565 State Forest Lands, Securing—W. M. 1s ee ed OF ee 188 State Forest Policy, A Definite—E. A. tS) 9 Pi {2 ee RR meee PR 421 State Forest Problems in Maryland—F. Wty ne SIeysa8 = on 0 tJ! 2S ee Se 446 State Forestry, Uniform Standards for._ 743 widben Gand (Pricesi 02 ae ee 201 State Legislature, Forestry and the—W. B. Greeley State State State CONTENTS Page News (Department of Magazine) 60 137, 197, 282, 348, 410, 475, 538, 607, 681, 747, 810. Work, New Hampshire—W. R. Brown, s222022 = Sacks cee 2 ae 531 Work: Alabaiia eee eee 748, 811 iWekansaste ss sees Soe ee Gleetay California) ee cae ee 62 68, 138, 198, 282, 349, 412, 538, 540, 751, 813. Colorada nes ene ee A a es BE $1 137, 199, 283, 411, 475, 538. Connechicutgs==-2 == 137, 284, 748 Ploridas 2s 140, 198, 284, 608 klites Se ee 350 Inidianay ae ee a ke he 62 138, 140, 199, 284, 392, 411, 750. owas eee Gees au® 283 Menitickyi cess nese eee 61 139, 199, 283, 411, 476, 539, 607, 750, 810. Wotiisianay 22 eee ee ee 682 Maiiess sss tees eee 60, 349, 475, 810 Maryland Sees 61, 65, 283, 748, 812 Massachusetts <.2--22-2"2-3225- 60 137, 200, 349, 350, 392, 412, 413, 476, 567, 607, 608, 681, 749, 810. Michipanikze se see ss 198 282, 350, 395, 412, 477, 749, 812. Muannesota 2s seat soak ka 138 141, 198, 282, 410, 476, 538, 681. Missounie cnc eek ee ees See 475 Montanay=-2—- == =- 68, 139, 199, 477, 750 New) Hampsmires 2) 2222 51.c eS 60 198, 283, 350, 392, 410, 412. New Jersey. on-- 4 tes eee sone 139 197, 350, 475, 540, 681, 751. INGw Wotlk pe Soe ee 61 139, 197, 284, 413, 476, 538, 539, 608, 681, 749. North iGarolita 222 5= 2 61 197, 272, 349, 747, 810. Oi: pts Se 62, 138, 199, 283, 607, 813. Oita hominmeeea testes = eee 138 QOrevonn teers nee oe 62 139, 199, 284, 349, 412, 477, 608, 812 P GRUB imi iets ek 64 139, 197, 282, 350, 410, 539, 648, 751, 810. Rhode sispneres st eee eee 810 South Dakothesst -- socu_ aoc" 284, 538 SL CHITICSSES cake nea 199, 476, 750 BCOMAG. <2 pee tee ne 539, 608, 681 Page (tahiti sas ee ee 349, 410 Vermontpee 2 ee eee 66 138, 262, 411, 476, 538, 747, 813. Washington --------- 68, 199, 348, 607 WresteW irwiminc.. 74-59 4 eg 137, 198 Wisconsin’ 2222.5: 2- 5» eee 198 282, 348, 410, 477, 681, 813. State Work in New Hampshire—W. R. Brown States, Chances for Several___._____-__ Statistics, Forest Product... = ee Sterling’s Change Student’s Experiences Students mm thesHorcestes===-- a Studying Forest Conditions in New York Studying Lumbering Industry___-----~ Stumps and Tree Holes, Dynamiting___- Summers (Course) (Ags ae Sunken Forest. Uncovered=2-=2222eseo Supervisors Meet Swamp Drainage, The National Aspect of—M. .O., Leighton__-= 2222223 Swamp of Virginia, The Dismal—Arthur Hollick. 22-2.) = eee Syracuse University, The New York State College of Forestry at____-- Tallest Trees, “The... °--__ eee Tax Legislation, The Present State of Forest—Fred R. Fairchild_---~-- Tax Problem, Two Solutions of the For- estry—Arthur Goadby Taxation of Forest Property in New Hampshire—J. H. Foster_-__---- Teaching Forestry to Children__------_- Telegraph and Telephone Poles, A New Process for the Protection and Preservation of Standing—E. A. Sterling Threatened, Our National Timberlands— Herman’ Hy. Chapmans=232 ee Through Canadian Wilds—Elwood Wil- son Tick Burning Hurts Forests, Cattle__-- Timber Conservation Timber Disappearing, South’s—Henry E. Hardtner Timber Estimating, Instructions in—Ed- ward ©. Mi: Richards... si 4 iimber Exports, Ours. 2225 oe ee Timber Resources, Development of_---- Timber Sale, A Government__-__.--___ Timber Sales on the Plumas National Forest, California—Rufus A. Mad- dox 543 537 680 254 204 CONTENTS Page Timberland Owners and Forestry—W. R. Brown Timberlands Threatened, Our National— Herman El. ‘Chapman=-=-=-=—2-—— To Head a Ranger School----~----=..- To Study Floods moolsCaches inthe Porests--_-=---_.-- Trails, Forest Roads and—Ernest Wohl- enberg Transplanting in Washington____------ Tree, A—Burt W. Johnson__---------- neem Hamas, Olde o2-a- 2 sss ase. nee Patm, City Owns_._-2-----__-=- Tree Growth, Encouraging_------------ Tree Holes, Dynamiting Stumps and__- itceesbests, State Fight ons .----_-=2-=- ieeers sieaek. of Christmas. .2<_-+-=-—- fee nhes lalest 1... ee Mgees to Check. Floods-_.-----=-2-- =. = Turkestan, Irrigation in—A. P. Davis_-- Turning Wornout Land into a Forest_- Twenty Million Dollars Yearly From One Forest | Two Features of Forestry—F. W. Rane_ Two Private Forest Arboretums_------- Two Solutions of the Forestry Tax Problem—Arthur Goadby Underground Waters of New Mexico, The—Willard E. Holt__--.------ Uniform Standards for State Forestry__ University of Idaho, Forestry Depart- AChE Olea a ee oe Unlimited Raw Material for Paper Mak- ing in the United States—Chester W. Lyman Valuable Wood, China’s Most---------- Wernonts Meeting. ...- 25 -- 35-2 .— Witorotss Protest, Aj. 2242 a2 Virginia, The Dismal Swamp of_-_------ Volcanoes of Northeast New Mexico, Extinct—Willis T. Lee_---------- Rae ire be ro¢ectiOn.-__..-22 22: --._ War on Predatory Animals, The—Per- Sipaineeeiiasiales. 2255 4 sau Warning, Chestnut Blight-.------------ Miashineton, Fire Losses_.-.....--==-- Washington, Forestry at the University ON ee a ne a ee Washington’s Fire Losses___..__.------ Wiatehine for Borest, Fires_.-..-22-_-- Watershed Protection=—...-..--===+... Xili Page Weeks Law, First Purchase of White Mountain Lands Under the___-__ 440 Weeks Law, First Purchase Under__--_ 48 West Virginia, National Forest Reserve in—J. A. Viquesney_.._..._--_-=_ 803 Western Forestry and Conservation As- Sociation “Meeting = 22 5 Sess 802 White Mountain Lands Under the Weeks Waweaebinse@attchasesote=s === 440 White Mountain Reserves________----_- 348 White Mountains, Favorable to ---_-___ 441 White Mountains, Forestry Conference iS Slike Oe re LeeRPREN SE te. 408, 445 Wihite, Mountains, In) thes 22) 526 Why Do Lumbermen Not Apply For- estry?—Dr. B. E. Fernow------_- 613 Waikerie Nee, Wiha eee se 405 Wilson inwtite..Porestsi2- 5 2-2 ie 679 Windbreaks: Their Influence and Value =—George I, Clothier. = -5222-4 = 234 Wyiiralless Tin Ieirageie ts 541 Wisconsin, Experiments in_2..2 _-=)___ 285 Wisconsin, The Progress of Forestry in Sah ME Griththye #222 sos aa 107 Wisdom, His (Poem)—Howard C. Keg- Deyay SER eo ee OS 5 aol aa ek 615 WaisevAction® Azote 8. 22h. See SP 202 Wath, the Biltmore. Boys 23 655 Woman ree ‘Choppér, Aj.- 2-22 eee 465 Won Forest Pire Piont: 2s 592 WyOoGl IDkquilleysiem a 680 Woodlot From Seed, Growing A—J. A. Berousonie= 2 eee= 2s 5 Seer 407 Wood Preservation as a Factor in For- est Conservation—E. A. Sterling. 627 Wood Products Exposition.____________ 286 Wood Preserving and the Lumber In- dustfy* 5s= ash Oe eee eee 409 Wood Waste Eliminated, Another_____ 544 Work of the Association—Robert P. | BFK) Spr eee ee EN Rg ae 190 Working Erosion Model for Schools, A Don Carlos Bllisse= 2 os = eS 790 Wyman’s School of the Woods—Thomas BPW yee 2 ee eh 191 Wyoming, Forests for—Hon. Jos. M. Gane yebae 2 oe 3 08 oe 132 Wyoming, Protecting Elk in-__-------- 580 Yale Alumni, Reunion: of----.__--__-_- 46 Male bays. Horest220 3... ee 473 Yale Forestry School, Gifts to------__-- 142 Yukon Forest Fires, Great Loss From__ 574 je i Ss ee ee eo ee i a y eal ais aid See pets ae. 2a rt at can - Vo faigtre “pit di Sas a, : Sacitn <3) oe wet. Dinka aaa DER cs cee inn ‘yi eee TUS Me Te aweL |e a MOS SS a ety. tskees telah ete Rear tke FO me ht a en ce ee are PE aaa ca IDR Sy «yy jp ons MAID RAE : einny? itt ae ioe ors fiyl. a ve ei sie a tie ne ny 4- = Ht Lerten s Le Sa) eS Pea i eae tee Aaah Meth pw, Sins ee Sad sa: PhS ribs, aE a its ea = OAs ~ _ ie tne i) a BS ike ba OS OI RAEN TE ARLES TG Ar Rm) ieee a, Wf, Vel ai . at? ao * ae —" i? re ; amie yt ‘ Sharpe rpwieian B by Ee ot “ hs OY, ae SSL . or mS Ah ole ay yh Pee hk) ee Baleares eae riage gi a eee fk jay Ree ea ig” Pts AT d a me etre) ° coed Pe | ' , ' ~ ape eniy “he ~ 2 =e of te ‘ae dj ute <> - beg | ud? . L Py : Pate } Rado ti i Byard tie aah? ‘pe eT 2 ACN (eA 2 re ren th = ape, alu 9 ae a P RSS ww a A: nga j aa 7 iz i oy 4 \ i ) ; ; De ate 4 ' * Pita i> b a Oe Ree ie geen Ot, Sei Sy J . “4 ; fn ? . ¢ “ ol. XVII Formerly CONSERVATION merican Foresir THE NATIONAL ASPECT OF SWAMP DRAINAGE By M. O. LEIGHTON SOME NOTES ON GERMAN FORESTRY ‘By WARREN H. MILLER THE PRAIRIE DOG MUST GO By ROBERT E. CLARK IRRIGATION IN TURKESTAN By A. P. DAVIS A PATRIARCH By THOMAS NELSON PAGE THE ADIRONDACK PROBLEM By GIFFORD PINCHOT STATE FORESTRY NEWS EDITORIALS and DEPARTMEN TS ee Sy Tt = No. 1 AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS TREE SEEDS NEW CROP CROP of some sorts tteday received, Others ex- pected from time to time, from Now until late in the winter. We doubt if any. firm handles one half the assortment we do. FORESTRY | Logging and Woodcraft are taught under actual forest condi- tions at Wman’s School of the Woods, Munising. Michigan. ,4/Our campus consists of ten million acres of mixed forests, with both virgin and 1 Tumbered areas. Our demonstrations consist of actual - logging and milling of successful opera- tors together with reforestation and protéction as catried on by organized forces. Two year course leads to the degree of Logging Engineer. Instruction by foresters with practi- cal woods experience. CATALOGUE Send your list for prices. We have all kinds of “out, of the way” sorts Catalogue ready; January 1st. Register - your name for a copy Now. J. M. THORBURN & CO. , 8 Barelay Street and 38 Park Place ‘ NEW YORK: Established 1802 -A VALUABLE RECORD e progress and relations of forestry, in America is contained in the Premises oF THE AMERICAN Forrst Congress or 1905 which was published vl e American Forestry amapclntos. a ny § ae eg of the edition ins and the book...) >, Yes WILL NOT. BE REPRINTED . oe public library should have this. volume; every person who is.i in and who does not now own one should avail himself of the oppor- to secure a copy before the edition is disposed of. ™ 9 aes: Be The pricé is’ $1.50 postpaid. i wes boletietiel ; gl a ‘) ‘Regular F Price! * “3 Membership in Aimerican Forestry Association............$1.00 Subscription to AMERICAN Forestry to panting, Fy bs Sea 2.00 Froceedlings of pppercen Forest irs aime A es instr) ‘The whole for $3.28 Ae || THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION MARYLAND BUILDING 1410 H STREET NORTHWEST... « \. WASHINGTON, D. C. fe4 “SE FE ES 3s ee In writing to advertisers kindly mention American Forestay American Forestry The Magazine of the American Forestry Association EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD HERMAN H. CHAPMAN FREDERIC S. UNDERHILL ERNES® A. STERLING Joun E. RHODES S. T. DANA S. N. SPRING January CONTENTS 1912 COVER DESIGN—By Charles Cartwright. WEST SHORE OF LAKE DRUMMOND, DISMAL SWAMP.............. Frontispiece THE NATIONAL ASPECT OF SWAMP DRAINAGE—By M. O. Leighton.......... 3 With three illustrations by the author. SOME NOTES ON GERMAN FORESTRY—By Warren H. Miller, M. F............ 14 With three illustrations. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, UNIVERSITY OF MAINE—By John M. Briscoe. 25 PEP eahe wk DO Ge NIU oi GO—ByaRobertebanClatis.).1o veeeiie si atelns « clerqocle never el storets 28 With four illustrations by the author. keer Ae @ INS TN) RK Sil AN By wAG IPE Mavis hs. bes co dslce ees cc ciaa cle selewie sole 34 With four illustrations by the author. PNG byw biomass Nelson, Pages oc. aie sj odes. cc ain sliteiec oiielaianios Hemnsis'e ee 39 With two illustrations by the author. Pero eer one Tle EO! SAVE PORTS S oc oc ocisig onc conc dada cea ede cnseeuee ss 43 RESTON AIS “HRARTGATION- CONGRESS). o.oo. Vaccs cus celeccccneccswenwaeton 45 oa TITS TOE N72 SS FO BE ee ae 46 DEVOTED HIS LIFE TO FORESTRY.. MNP LSPay esbyaradercorataterel eckidkoxchsiaaleywars aide oloesteraha toy arerays cate DEVELOPMENT OF TIMBER RESOURCES Eyabevsycvaveree ils els Siatotal ati Bae e ha daetoretie sities 48 eee EEA ir, INVER WES BIRCS, At W os «ots ciecsies ara s,« ote'a « oravere,e'c'esiure'é aco 0 0 e'clelere wie 48 SNe 9) EOE ROE SCONE CN OUNS sc curate va cre lsiera.v a ois.siad oasle cosa eis ersinwdese.geeeeaeeate 49 Poe otk ONDACK PROBLEM—By Gifford Pinchot... .... XN STOLE WASTE. RE FOREST THAN THE BELGIUM. IN WOODS ARE x,ENWALD HERTOC oR BETTI SPRUCE en 6 ees = fi, é ee ~ Say, Ser: ~*5 entero = Pte. fas Re y ZA. \ Ja eX EF co Cs eg gt 4 oS Ap bon Yo oe nel ge —— Pa PER: BEECH WOODS IN BELGIUM. SOME NOTES ON GERMAN FORESTRY 21 replacing in a large measure the old expensive style of using hemlock stud- ding. It is universal in building construction in Germany. A large quantity of this small spruce goes for the masts and spars of the extensive inland water-way commerce of the Fatherland, as every old canal boat and lugger owns a collapsible mast of some kind, besides a full complement of poling spars. All the larger thinnings go for ship and derrick masts, trim, boards, beams and the like. The boards are shipped untrimmed, the log being peeled in the forest and sawn forthwith into planks which are shipped direct to the cities in canal boats without any edge trimming. One sees in Berlin, Frankfort, and the big industrial cities along the lower Rhine any quantity of such boards being unloaded from the canal boats. The planing mill has use for all their trimmings for kindling, ete., and the city can absorb such forest waste at a far greater profit than if trimmed before shipment. THE HARDWOOD DISTRICTS Approaching Frankfort, the clayey nature of the Rhinish soils begins to be manifest in hardwood stands, beginning with the big stand of pure oak with some spruce sections near Hanau. From here on mixed forests become the rule; not mixtures, but forests in which there will be a number of sec- tions of oak, then spruce, then fir, then beech, etc. The hardwood regenera- tion is almost entirely by seeding cut, as in France,—I have no note of a single planted beech forest and only one of oak. The stands are uniform and the young sections thickly furred. There is of course not the necessity nor the natural inclination towards absolutely straight trees as with the conifers. In the lower Rhine districts where marl and clays form the soil, the hardwood forests are very numerous, almost always with planted spruce sections included. The higher spots in Westphalia, however, are left in kiefer almost exclusively, probably from the scarcity of water as the soil is a good loam capable of growing oak. Between Cologne and Dusseldorf I noted a hardwood forest with a broad larch border of full-grown trees, showing that that method of raising larch is at least eighty years in use. I never read any great mention of it in German forest text books. Near Duisburg is a characteristic mixed forest which I had the pleasure of examining on foot. First came a young oak stand of about thirty-five year trees, all natural regeneration and all somewhat crooked. Next a number of sections of hornbeam (characteristic of the north of France, not far from here) ; and then there was considerable high ground devoted to a dozen sec- tions of kiefer, all planted. The soil was a rich sandy loam and the under- lying strata of clay in the lower parts doubtless made the selection of oak and hornbeam logical. About three kilometers beyond Duisburg is another of these mixed forests. First is about 200 acres of pure beech, a thirty-year stand; then beech mixed with larch, the latter doing well in spite of having such a poor neighbor as beech; then oak and spruce, the spruce being very poor, and finally forty acres of kiefer on sandy soil. A locust border and the forest logging lanes protected this forest where the railroad ran through it. 22 AMERICAN FORESTRY The further one gets towards Belgium the more clayey and richer the soil. Near Aix-la-Chapelle, about fifteen miles west of Cologne, is a fine stand of mature pure beech, then a small stand of spruce, and finally oak, all doing well on a clayey-sand soil, the spruce being planted. A short distance further on one passes a big planted spruce forest of 25-year trees abutting for half a mile on the railroad with ten and twenty-foot fire lanes perpen- dicular to the track every three-hundred feet. A bare open strip one hundred feet wide, protected this forest from the locomotive fires. Speaking of fire protection, I would like to note here that though this was near the end of one of the most severe drouths Germany has known, no rain having fallen for over nine weeks, I did not see a single forest fire except one down in the Bohemian Switzerland, beyond the Saxon border, where a big one was rolling acres of smoke up over the mountains near Tetschen-Bodenbach. But in all Germany, though one could see for twenty miles each side of the track, not a forest fire was in evidence. There was plenty of grass burns in the pro- tective strips, but the lanes and trenches seemed to have automatically stopped them from getting into the forests. IN BELGIUM Just outside of Aix-la-Chapelle there are large spruce and oak forests, and shortly beyond you cross the border at Veviers into Belgium and prac- tical forestry ends as suddenly as if one were transported to America. The usual wild neglected forest, so familiar along the right of way at home began to appear. Trees of all sizes and shapes and species rambled along together, mostly crooked and worthless commercially, and giving no sort of yield sylviculturally. About fifteen thousand feet to the acre would be about the value of the cutting, whereas the German forests I had just passed would run nearer sixty thousand, and ninety thousand is not at all uncommon. During the whole of seven hundred miles of travel in Germany, never did I see a single tract of woodland neglected or one that was allowed to exist without yielding up a revenue up to the full bearing power of the soil. I saw hundreds of examples of German forestry, with practically all the species represented except maritime pine ;—the kiefer of the great sandy plains of Prussia, the spruce and fir of Saxony, and the hardwoods of the Rhine, but never a single acre of wasted forest land. And the fact that much of it was on the railroad, with each its siding for swift and cheap transportation spoke well for a quick and profitable market, with but little expense inter- vening between the ripe tree and the lumber mill. It was easy to realize how Germany, with a total forest area of only thirty-five million acres, gets an annual yield of four-and-a-half billion board feet, and no less remarkable, to my mind, is the adaption of house building practice and of the industries of Germany to the needs of its forestry so that nothing is wasted. It would seem that, in the course of centuries of tree crops, the foresters and the architects had gotten together to agree on the best way to use all the wood that is grown on the soil. Seer is a a a ea — an a Ot ae SE eee : aK Si 2 ER RN 2 EUROPE, IN RY DENSEST POPULATED COUNTI THE BELGIUM, AFFORD WOODS. CAN SOIDNES. DE FORET ‘ANIVW AO ALISUHAIND AHL AO SLNUGOLS Ad AGALS HLMOUD AOA SHUANOIM ONILOUTION ANV S’‘VTIVAGNIM AO DNINVA'TO DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, UNIVERSITY OF MAINE By JOHN M. BRISCOE. HE Department of Forestry at the University of Maine was established in 1903 and is the oldest undergraduate school of forestry in con- tinuous existence in the United States. In the State of Maine, where the lumber and pulp interests are so great, the need of such a department was early recognized. The object of the department is to promote forestry through- out the State, and to provide a body of men suitably trained for the in- telligent handling of forests, and also to serve as a preparatory school for those who intend to make forestry their profession. Besides extension work and the general propagation of information on forestry subjects throughout the State the department strives to reach two classes of students: 1. Agricultural students who must have some knowledge of forestry for the conservative handling of their wood lots; and 2. Students who intend to make forestry their profession. For the first a 36-hour course of lectures on genera] forestry is given in the spring semester each year. This course is required of agricultural students and it may be supplemented by electing any other forestry course for which the student has had sufficient preparation. For the second a complete curriculum for the entire four years has been arranged and is required of all students majoring in forestry. THE EQUIPMENT The forest is the largest and best laboratory. The main office, class rooms, drawing rooms, and other laboratories are located in Winslow Hall, the largest and most modern building on the campus. The ground plan of this building measures 63 feet by 100 feet, and it contains over 40 rooms. It is built of brick, concrete and slate, of Tudor style of architecture, and has four floors including a well lighted basement in which the department has a large wood storage room and lockers. On the second floor are the offices and lecture rooms of the department. The third floor is occupied by a large lecture room and two drawing rooms separated from the larger room by folding doors, so that the three rooms can be thrown into a large auditorium at any time. The interior finish and furniture are in a dark stain, and the building is equipped with electric light, elevator, hot and cold water, gas, and high pres- sure steam for laboratory work. Besides the laboratories and lecture rooms, in the basement there is a dark room for photographic work as well as lavatories and shower baths. 25 26 AMERICAN FORESTRY The department has a large electrical stereopticon and reflectroscope which is frequently used to illustrate the lectures, and there is a large supply of lantern slides and photographs illustrating every phase of forestry work. The equipment of forestry instruments of both American and German make is very complete. Most of this equipment is entirely new, and all is of the best quality obtainable. It is provided and added to yearly by the State as the necessity arises. A forest nursery has been started in connected with the department, and young forest trees are grown for the purpose of experimental planting. THE CURRICULUM A complete undergraduate curriculum is arranged which will serve as the basis not only of practical work in forestry, but also of a liberal education. During the first two years much attention is given to biology and civil en- gineering, both of which are very important fundamentals upon which are built the more technical forestry courses. A knowledge of the principles of forestry in its different branches is given to the student, and considerable practical work is done in the forest. The woodlands belonging to the uni- versity, together with adjacent lands covered by young forest, furnish a field for the study of many forest problems. Field trips are made and demonstra- tion thinnings and plantations made at various places throughout the State. Particular attention is given to the collection and presentation of statistical data in report form. Detailed descriptions of the courses as well as of scholarships and prizes offered by the university may be found in a special catalog of the Forestry Department which will be mailed to any one upon request. The instruction in this department consists of lectures, recitations, labora- tory and field work, the latter consuming a considerable portion of the sched- uled time during the Junior and Senior years. The instruction in technical forestry subjects is given by the professor in charge of the department, and a field assistant. This is supplemented by work given in other departments under fifteen different professors and their assistants. Five recitations hours a week of successful work for one semester entitle a student to one credit. The minimum is seventeen hours a week (exclusive of physical training and military science), leading to three and two-fifths credits. A total of thirty credits or 150 semester hours is required for graduation. At graduation the student receives the degree of Bachelor of Science in Forestry. Students who complete the curriculum are admitted to advanced stand- ing in the graduate schools of forestry and are thus able to shorten the time required to obtain a Master’s degree. Graduates are, however, prepared to go directly into practical work, and up to the present time there has been no difficulty in placing them in permanent positions. There are good openings for students to obtain work in the maine woods during the summer vacations, and many take advantage of the opportunity to get practical experience, and at the same time aid in defraying the expense of their university course. There are now 44 students majoring in forestry, beside some 50 others DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, UNIVERSITY OF MAINE 27 taking one or more courses in the Forestry Department. Graduates of the school are in the employ of the United States Forest Service, and in charge of important State and private forestry work. Some of these are alreay em- ploying students during the summer vacation and assisting them in securing permanent positions after graduation. OBJECT OF THE CURRICULUM The object is to give the student the best possible preparation for his future work, either in actual forest management or in the further pursuit of the subject at one of the graduate schools of forestry. The forestry curriculum is not an easy one, and is suitable only for students who have good health, and a strong constitution and are moreover able and willing to stand considerable physical as well as mental exertion. It is meant to prepare men for the requirements of the actual work that they will have to do after they have completed their college education, and it is by no means a sanitarium for those who simply desire to lead an out door life. Owing to the fact that the timber was stripped from the mountains in its vicinity in so reckless a maimer that there is now nothing but a spare second growth, a large powder plant of the Dupont Company at Wapwallopen, Penn- sylvania, will be abandoned January Ist, the stripping the timber from the mountains having decreased the water supply so greatly that it is of no further practical service. Mr. Albert Lewis, one of the lumber kings of the northeastern section of Pennsylvania, has spent over $100,000 in building beautiful roads through his large lumber tracts in the vicinity of Bear Creek, Pennsylvania. Title to about 5,000,000 feet of hemlock and hardwood in the vicinity of Warren, Pennsylvania, has been secured by the Poverty Lumber Company, and in addition is included enough timber to make about 5,000 ties. The tim- ber tract embraces three hundred acres and is located at Brown Run. Mr. 8S. T. Starrett, of California, has been appointed to fill the new office of Marketing Superintendent for the Hawaiian Territory. Mr. Starrett has made a preliminary trip over a considerable portion of the territory and in his report has made a number of valuable suggestions. The experiment station at Wagon Wheel Gap, Colorado, established for the purpose of making an exhaustive study of the effect of forests wpon climate and streamflow, is now upon a firm basis and a series of experiments has been made during the last eight months. “Tt is generally thought that timber is fast disappearing from the hills and valleys of West Virginia, and in a sense this is true; but there is still plenty of timber in the state,’ says Charles L. McSuade, of Greenbrier County, West Virginia. “West Virginia now has laws protecting timber and if the laws are enforced it will be many years before the lands are shorn of their valuable forests.” THE PRAIRIE DOG MUST GO By ROBERT E. CLARK, DEPUTY SUPERVISOR, LEADVILLE NATIONAL Forest. £ ©’ make the earth habitable for himself, man, throughout history, has been compelled to wage war on other animals whose existence has run counter to his interests. Always he has killed off or driven out the beasts that have interfered with him or his property. The rattlesnake and the wolf are now unknown in many parts of the country, though the typhoid fly and the familiar but consuming mouse still abound. From the saber-tooth tiger of primitive times to the plague-infested rat or the destructive San Jose scale, the fight has gone on. Had the killing been confined to such as these, the record would be better, for man has exterminated many kinds of animals which are not only harmless but useful. Just now he is after a most interesting little animal, but one that is doing immeasurable harm throughout the cattle and sheep ranges of the West. Since prairie dog and white man were first introduced to one another, each has doubtless considered the other an undesirable citizen. With the entrance of the pioneers came the loss of horses and cattle through broken legs as the result of stepping into prairie dog holes. Also man himself often suffered broken bones as a result of being thrown from a horse which had the misfortune to step into a dog burrow. Then came the stock-raising in- dustry, and the sufferings and losses experienced by this industry has made it evident that an infestation of prairie dogs on any portion of the range is a decided hindrance to perfect handling of stock. Not only do the owners suffer direct loss from the necessity of shooting stock that have broken limbs, but yearly they suffer a considerable loss due to cattle being light in weight. Cattle fall off in weight either from lack of feed or from being required to move about considerably to find the feed. Every prairie dog hole or town on the range causes a considerable area to become bare of grass or other forage, and it is but a few years after the dogs come in before large tracts are worthless to stock. The feeding capacity of the range is reduced not only by the area included in the dog towns, but also for a considerable distance surrounding these tracts, for their feeding grounds must be included in the range that the dogs destroy. Like other rodents, they have increased with the advent of man. The rapid increase in their number has become so pronounced that steps have been taken by the Biological Survey of the Department of Agriculture, by the Forest Sevice, and by private individuals to accomplish their extermination. 28 Roce Ws > & B-Formel-shaped enTrance Te burrow C-Ptain passage 4hi"ha. 15" long D-Horrzorifal (pessoge 9/2." ong E- Unused e373 filled iB Popuse F’- Unused, (passage filled Th re G-Wiche hryeencegh for one cog A- lrhabikea tres7- u. i “yan. ~ PLAN OF THE BURROW OF A PRAIRIE DOG, SCATTERING THE POISON FOR PRAIRIE DOGS ON A BADLY DEVASTATED AREA, WHERE ALL THE FORAGE HAS BEEN DESTROYED. COOKING POISON TO POISON GRAIN FOR EXTERMINATION OF PRAIRIE DOGS. DRYING THE POISONED GRAIN. THE PRAIRIE DOG MUST GO 31 These animals are gregarious and, through a dislike of solitude or a desire for protection, live in “prairie dog towns.” These towns look not unlike a group of miniature volcanoes, of which the mouth of each burrow closely resembles the crater. The mound of closely packed earth serves two purposes; it prevents water from running into the burrow, and at the same time furnishes a lookout station for the occupant. As one approaches a town he will observe, while still some distance away, a number of little upright figures, erect and motionless as statues, on top of several of these little mounds. Upon close approach these figures emit a series of sharp cries and, with a flip of their tails, disappear like a flash. These are the sentinel dogs stationed on the outskirts of the town. As soon as the warning is given, there follows a rapid scurrying of the other inhabitants and a like disap- pearance into the ground. One marvels at the quickness of the whole per- formance. When a number of these sentinel dogs are in such a position as to be silhouetted against the sky, their upright position, warning cry, and rapid disappearance remind one of the stationary animal target, the shot, and the drop of the target familiar in shooting galleries. THE HABITS OF THE DOGS The prairie dog is herbivorous and roams about at a short distance from the burrow, feeding on grass blades and stems. Their drinking water is thought by some people to be obtained from their burrows, or, in other words, the theory has been repeatedly advanced that these little fellows burrow down to water. This is incredible; Dr. C. Hart Merriam points out that in some regions where these animals live the nearest veins of water are 1,000 feet below the surface. Presumably they can live without drinking, or at least with no more water than is afforded by the vegetation itself, or by the dews upon it. Little is commonly known about the underground plans of their burrows, since it is almost impossible to unearth them without damage. This has been done, however, notably by Mr. W. H. Osgood of the Biological Survey, and the diagrammatic illustration gives a good idea of the construction. The mound at the entrance is conical in shape, and almost invariably compact in its formation. As the construction of a new burrow advances, the fresh earth which is excavated is gradually shaped and packed into this hard conical mass by the builders, using their noses as tamping bars and shovels. Packed as it is, it resists erosion by rain and wind. The burrows may be as much as 15 feet deep, though the average depth is nearer 8 or 10 feet. The indications are that prairie dogs have but one litter in a season, with from three to eight young born at a time. This accounts for the spread- ing out of their towns, as new families set up for themselves. They are extremely interesting little animals and very “cute,” even to those who are familiar with the harm they do. It is true, too, that their little “chirp-chirp” lessens the monotony of the prairie to the lone traveler, but these redeeming points are not sufficient to make a balance in their favor, or to prevent urgent efforts for their extermination. 32 AMERICAN FORESTRY METHODS OF EXTERMINATION The United States Biological Survey has for several years past tried various methods of exterminating the prairie dog. It has decided that the most effective and economical methods to employ are poisoning with barley roots soaked in strychnine, and suffocating through the introduction of bi- sulphide of carbon into the burrows. About one-half teaspoonful of the poisoned bait scattered on the hard ground at the mouth of a burrow is sufficient. When the bisulphide of carbon is used it is placed upon some absorptive material and thrust as far into the burrow as possible and then the entrance of the burrow is closed. If the bulk of the animals are de- stroyed by poisoning with strychnine in spring or winter when food is scarce, and the remaining animls subsequently treated with bisulphide of carbon, whole towns can be destroped at a cost of not more than 16 or 17 cents per acre, probably less. Other baits that may be used are green alfalfa, green stems of young wheat or barley, and green corn stalks. Besides the extensive efforts of the Biological Survey, the praires dogs are fought by the Forest Service. Large areas of natural cattle range are within National Forests, and every effort is being made to put these ranges in perfect condition; hence efforts are made to get rid of both prairie dogs and predatory animals. Some persons believe that the decrease in the number of wolves and coyotes has caused an increase in the number of prairie dogs, a nice balance of nature having been destroyed. It is true that the most inveterate enemies of the prairie dog are the wolf, the coyote, the badger, and the rattlesnake. This list would make one want to take the side of the prairie dog if one could choose between him and his enemies. But the prairie dog is always the eaten, never the eater. Not much has been done as yet; there is not money enough to pay for the material and labor required. However, the work of locating the towns is complete, and this is one of the most important steps in the work. Such work as the Forest Service has been able to do has been slow but sure. The poisoned grain method has been used almost invariably. Following is the formula perfected and recommended by the Biological Survey : STARCH-STRYCHNINE FORMULA FOR COATING GRAIN Barley, clean grain, free from other seedS............ceeeeeeceees 20 quarts Strychnia sulphate (ground or powdered) ...........eeeececececeees 1 ounce PAO em Ss is alte yin ary vn ov. a eine sins b a ottiaie tebe edn 4 RNS OiplG E58 1 teaspoonful Gloss starch (ordinary laundry starch) ..0.:0. 0.35 ..seseben es 1% teaspoonful LOE ya RA te MR eet Wein od nre alels tine se «dhe okie nale ad MRE RMT appleces gach WX 114 pints Dissolve the starch in a little cold water and add 114 pints of boiling water, making a rather thick solution. While hot, stir in the strychnine and mix until free from lumps; then add the saccharine and beat thoroughly. Now pour the poisoned starch over the barley and stir rapidly until the poison is evenly distributed; then allow the grain to dry. When dry it will keep indefi- nitely without deterioration. For ordinary quantities a galvanized-iron washtub is an excellent re- THE PRAIRIE DOG MUST GO 33 ceptacle in which to mix the grain with the poisoned starch; but when large quantities are needed the mixing may be done in a water trough with a shovel and hoe. DISTRIBUTING THE POISONED GRAIN In distributing the grain each man has a sack slung over his shoulder and walks across country, covering a strip about 75 feet wide, and putting about 14 teaspoonful of the grain at each hole. The bait is placed about 18 inches from the mouth of the burrow, as experience has shown that if the grain be placed in or down the hole it is either trampled underfoot or thrown out. At times it can be distributed from the back of a horse, but where the holes are close together this method has proved to be unsatisfactory. The distribution takes place just as early in the spring as weather conditions will permit. The dogs are then hungry and will eat almost anything. As soon as the green grass comes, they are not so likely to eat the bait. Clear weather is desirable, as repeated rains or snows will tend to leach out the poison. One bushel of grain makes approximately 4,000 baits, and one man can easily distribute 6,000 baits, or 1144 bushels, a day. After the poisoning, one does not see all the dead dogs about, and at first the work is likely to be thought a comparative failure. This is not the case, however, for in some instances the dogs back into their burrows and die underground. Examination of the treated areas also proves that few, if any, birds are killed by the poison. Sometimes coyotes and foxes have de- voured the carcasses. This results in an indirect poisoning, but that is no great loss. Shooting prairie dogs has never resulted in any marked success, as one can not approach within reasonable shooting distance, and since they usually fall back into their holes when shot one can not be sure of the success of his aim. Drowning out has been tried, but it is too slow a process. Though the work is slow, continued operations will tell in time. The Forest Service has treated only areas within the National Forests. Now, however, the Biological Survey is to take up the work both within and with- out the Forests. Cooperation with stockraisers is the next step, and the people who use the range see the importance of the work and are aiding it as much as possible. Manufacturers, foresters, scientists and timber holders will be interested in the announcement that the St. Louis Lumberman has just issued in pamphlet form two important papers on the Utilization of Wood Waste by Walter B. Harper, M.S., and Prof. G. B. Frankforter, of the School of Chemistry of the University of Minnesota. A description of the chestnut blight with blanks to be filled in giving in- formaton as to the presence or absence of the disease has been sent to all parts of the state by the New York State Conservation Department. In this way w very satisfactory and helpful location map has been prepared. The School of Forestry of Washington has added a course in logging engi- neering this year. It is practically planned to meet the needs of men preparing for careers as lumbermen. IRRIGATION IN TURKESTAN By A. P. DAVIS, CHIEF ENGINEER, UNITED STATES RECLAMATION SERVICE. ESTERN Turkestan is a portion of the Russian Empire and comprises (1) the southwestern part of Asiatic Russia. Within its limits are the provinces of Sir Daria, Ferghana, Samarkand and Trans Caspia. These are Russian provinces entirely under the jurisdiction of the Empire. They have a total area of 1,680,000 square miles, and a population of about 9,000,000. The same general area also includes the provinces of Khiva and Bokhara, which are nominally independent principalities, but are under the protection of Russia. Nearly all of the drainage of Turkestan is into the Aral Sea, a body of water about 200 miles long and 150 miles wide. It is only about 60 feet above sea level. The eastern and southern portions of Turkestan are traversed by lofty mountain ranges, upon which the precipitation is very great, and is mostly in the form of snow. These mountains are drained by numerous streams, most of which lose their waters in the great sandy deserts of Central Turkestan, but the largest two of which reach the Aral Sea. Most of the streams are used more or less for irrigation, the total irrigated area in Turkestan being nearly 6,000,000 acres, of which over one-third or 2,000,000 acres is in Ferghana Province, and 3,000,000 are irrigated in Samar- kand and Sir Daria Provinces, and the rest scattered through the other provinces. Russian Turkestan is a region of very great historic interest. It abounds in ruins of buildings, forts and irrigation systems, some of them prehistoric. The celebrated expedition of Alexander the Great, penetrated Turkestan as far as Khoghent, and ruins of fortresses built by his men may still be seen. At a later date, the country was conquered by the renowned Jenghiz Kahn, whose descendants reigned over Turkestan for several centuries. One of them, Tamerlane, made his capital at the city of Samarkand, and built there magnificent palaces and temples of substantial character and great archi- tectural beauty richly decorated with mosaic. The usual native architecture is of adobe, like that of New Mexico. Turkestan was conquered and reconquered so many times and so many efforts to colonize it have been made, that its population is a complicated mixture of Europeans, Mongols, Persian, Turkomen and various other peoples. Agricultural and pastoral pursuits are their chief occupations, and their state of civilization is similar to that of Mexico and Central America. Plowing 34 Photo by A. P. Davis. BRUSH PLANTED NEAR FAROB, TURKESTAN, TO PREVENT SAND DUNES FROM DRIFTING ONTO RAILROAD. Photo by A. P. Davis. PACKING CAMELS AT BYRAMALI. Photo by A. P. Davis. VILLAGE OF GOLODNIA STEPPE, TURKESTAN. Photo by A. P. Davis. NURSERY OF DESERT PLANTS FOR TRANSPLANTING TO SAND DUNES TO KEEP THEM FROM DRIFTING OVER RAILROAD. IRRIGATION IN TURKESTAN 37 is done with a forked stick shod with iron, drawn by oxen or horses. Camels are extensively used as beasts of burden, and the donkey is also much in evidence. The climate is of the most pronounced continental type, very cold in winter and hot in summer. The precipitation in the valley regions is from 5 to 10 inches per annum, but in the lofty mountains is very great, and is mostly in the form of snow. The largest river in Turkestan is the Amou Daria or Oxus, which rises in the high mountains of the Hindu-Kush and Kuen Lun. It is nearly 2,000 miles in length, 800 miles of which are the valley portions of the main stream from the junction of the Panj and Vach, its principal tributaries, to the Aral Sea. Innumerable small diversions for irrigation are made from this stream and its tributaries in the rude way characteristic of primitive peoples. There is still a very large unappropriated flow of water, but the small declivity of the river and the undesirable character of the land outside of its immediate valley have so far not attracted the investment of capital. The valley of the Amou Daria for a width of over 60 miles is occupied mainly by sand dunes almost bare of vegetation and constantly shifting under the action of the wind which prevails from April to September, inclusive. In the winter months it blows more from other directions. It is said that twelve years ago trains passing through this region averaged less than two miles per hour on account of sand obstruction, and had to carry a crew of laborers to shovel sand off the track. During the last twelve years efforts have been made to cover a zone along the track with vegetation to break the force of the wind and hold the sand in place. An Experiment Station was established at Farob and in 1898 the propagation of native plants was begun. Seeds of the native desert shrubbery were planted in a nursery, where the sand was covered with brush and staked down to keep it from blowing away. The young shrubs were transplanted from the nursery to a zone one thousand feet wide on the west side of the railroad track and five hundred feet oni the east side. About 15 to 20 per cent of the plants grew and spread by natural seeding. The vegetated area is now more than one thousand feet wide on each side of the track for a part of the distance, and great benefit, has resulted. The work is still in progress. The plant most successful for first use is Alhalla Kamolorum, which grows most easily and abundantly. After a good stand of this is obtained Salsola is introduced, which grows first as a parasite on others and finally crowds them out, growing larger and being thus more effective. The most important and best constructed irrigation system in Turkestan is on the Estate of the Czar, on the Murgab River, with headquarters at the historic town of Byram Ali. The first recorded irrigation construction in the Murgab Valley was under the authority of the Sultan Sanjar in the Twelfth Century, who built a dam about 60 miles above Byram Ali and irrigated over 50,000 acres. The location was at the very head of the Valley, where the sand dunes begin to encroach upon the river. 38 AMERICAN FORESTRY This ancient canal system was destroyed by Ghengis Kahn and the valley was consequently depopulated. It was rebuilt by a grandson of Tamerlane in the Fifteenth Century. In 1799 the system as rebuilt was destroyed by the Emir of Bokhara, and the valley was again depopulated and reverted to desert. After the conquest of Turkestan by the Russian Government, the valley was added to the Emperor’s Estate and in the years 1887, 1888 and 1889, the dam at Sultan Bend was rebuilt for the Emperor by the engineer Kosel- Pokleysky, a Polish revolutionist, who had been banished to Siberia, served his term and came to Byram Ali. He made brick and hydraulic lime on the ground, of which he built the dam, upon a foundation of loess, which was recognized as unsuitable for a high dam. To guard against accident, he built three dams so situated as each to stand one-third of the head. The lower two had no gates; the upper one had gates. All these dams were built in the dry, at one side of the river. After their completion, a dam was built in the river channel of fascenes, earth and rock, and the water accumulated behind during the low water season. As it was closed, the bank was cut above the three dams to allow it to pass through the gates therein provided, but instead of doing so, it cut a new channel leaving the dams high and dry. In 1895, an engineer named Andreyeff was employed by the Estate to build a dam at Hindu-Kush where a power plant is located, which uses for power the water that runs down the river to Merv, to satisfy prior rights. The power is transmitted to Byram Ali, and used for lighting and running the cotton machinery. The capacity of this reservoir is 10,000 acre feet. There are three valley reservoirs with a combined capacity of 23,000 acre feet. The canal system from the Hindu-Kush Reservoir was built by Von- Valueff. The main canal was 17 miles in length and is called the Tzar Canal. It has a capacity of 500 cubic feet per second and irrigates 5,000 acres of cotton and 7,000 acres of wheat and barley. In April and May, 1903, came great floods which filled the Hindu-Kush Reservoir with sediment. In 1910, Von Valueff built the Sultan Bend and Yolatan Reservoir. These are 12 versts apart. Yolatan Reservoir holds 55,000 acre feet and backs water to Sultan Bend, which is located at the head of the valley, near the site of the original dam built by the Sultan Sanjar in the Twelfth Century. Most of the structures are built of brick and are very heavy and sub- stantial. Sultan Bend Reservoir backs water 40 versts and has a capacity of 55,000 acre feet. The total storage capacity on the Emperor’s Estate is about 140,000 acre feet, but this will rapidly decrease with accretion of sediment. Canal Sultan Yab leads from Sultan Bend Reservoir and is on the same location as the oldest known canal. It has a capacity of 800 cubic feet per second. The total diversion capacity of the system is about 1,500 cubic feet per second, and serves about 60,000 acres of land. A PATRIARCH 39 Cotton, wheat and barley, alfalfa and fruit, are the chief products in the order named. The next largest stream in Turkestan is the Sir Daria which is, in general, about half the size of the Amou Daria and has a minimum flow of more than 15,000 cubic feet per second. The Sir Daria and the Amou Daria are the only streams in Turkestan which reach the Aral Sea, the rest being lost in the desert or consumed in irrigation. A large number of small canals have been diverted from the Sir Daria in Ferghana, Samarkand and Sir Daria Provinces. These are used for irrigating temperate zone crops, including grains and forage plants, some fruit trees, a large amount of cotton. A large canal taking water from this river was built as a private enterprise by the Russian Emperor, Nicholas I, which, taking advantage of a series of islands, diverted about 300 cubic feet of water per second into a canal with a length of about 28 miles on the river bottom, and an equal distance over the desert on the bench to the west of the river, all in the province of Samarkand. This system, however, was built on too fiat a grade. Its diversion point is unfavorable and unreliable, and the entire canal is located on low ground in such way that it is difficult to carry the water to the fields to be irrigated. The ill success of this system has led to an enterprise on the part of the Russian Government to supersede the existing canal system by means of another heading further up the river and built on a heavier grade, which will command the same lands and a little more. This canal is now under construction and the main canals of the old system will be in the final plans used for drainage. It appears to be feasible to divert the Sir Daria into a very large canal near the town of Khojend on the left bank and carry the same in a course practically westward to irrigate the vast plain known as the Golodnaya Steppe, where nearly a million acres of very fine land can be found, which is smooth, has an excellent soil, and slope favorable for irrigation. It is probable that the water supply is not sufficient to irrigate this entire tract, but this must depend upon complete adjudication of prior claims to the waters of the Sir Daria. A PATRIARCH By THOMAS NELSON PAGE. R. HUNTER McGUIRE once related to the writer that having performed 1) an operation on the eyes of a boy, who had been born blind, and given him sight, he asked the lad what was the most beautiful thing in the world, and he answered instantly, “A tree.” This verdict will be endorsed by all except those who have not received their sight. And in their memory will generally stand forth prominent some one tree which excels all others of its kind. It may be some hoary cypress like those of Santa Cruz, bearing on its scarred trunk the marks of centuries; it may be a New England elm, lifting its head to the sunlight in perfect symmetry; it may be a live oak spreading afar its branches to the ground as though to seek with its leaves the moisture about its far-sent roots. Or it may be some mighty oak, towering above its fellows in stupendous majesty. 40 AMERICAN FORESTRY Such a tree I know. A white oak of vast proportions and imposing majesty. On an old Virginia plantation in Hanover County it stands out in a field, a patriarch of the forest, surrounded by its progeny—the offspring of its later years. Girdled by them like an ancient chieftain surrounded by his body-guard, it stands, one of the last relics of the primeval forests of Eastern Virginia, whose glory awed the first Anglo-Saxon settlers when they came to this virgin land. The original survey of this land for William Nelson based on the King’s Warrants is in the writer’s possession, carrying so many acres of “King’s land” in the “forks of Pamunkey;” lying between the Little River and the New- found River, and it has always since been in the possession of the family. From William Nelson the land with this tree, already noted, came down to Thomas Nelson, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, Revolutionary War Governor of Virginia, and Commander of Virginia’s forces. Here he died at the age of forty-nine, and this oak once shaded the first stable-yard of the plantation. No trace of the stable remains; save this majestic monu- ment which has survived several wars and many generations. One of his granddaughters, now ninety years old, remembers to have heard the oldest son of General Nelson, to whom this estate descended, say that he would never cut the tree down because his father admired it so. Thus the tree was in its prime several generations ago, and Totapotamoi children must have played beneath its sheltering arms. Today at a foot from the ground it is not less than eight feet in diameter, and cannot be less than five feet at any height below the branches. It must shade at least a third of an acre and beneath its boughs the cattle find their favorite refuge alike from the summer heat or the winter blasts. In my youth the great tree stood alone in its majesty in an open field, a model of the genus from whose endurance came the term that since the buildings of Rome has stood for robust strength. The field when last culti- vated was left, like so much of our Virginia land, in corn-beds and along through the ’80s grew up in pines; but above this parvenue growth towered ever the “Big Oak” and when ten years ago the writer cleared the field again, he found that the old tree had surrounded itself with a numerous progeny. It stood in the midst of a dense thicket of young white-oaks ranged in lines along between the rows where the acorns had rolled and sprouted, those nearest the boll being spindling and weak, while those on the outer edge of the circle are vigorous and robust. On the south side alone the oaks are supplanted largely by cedars, show- ing where the birds sought the comparative shelter of the south side of the tree and dropped the seed. Glancing down the rows little vistas lead to the great trunk but viewed from the side, the grove is impenetrable. I have been advised by friends to thin out the grove about the old patriarch, but as he is lusty and robust, and has survived alike the crowding of his earlier generations and the solitariness of his later life, and as he has without aid from man reproduced for himself in his old age a hundred children, I shall let him alone to enjoy in his own way his glory, and to testify to succeeding generations the majestic grandeur of the Virginia oaks. ail wd * P u ; GE te ee oe _ HIS MAJESTY, THE OLD OAK. OLD OAK. 4 VIEW OF THE A CLOSER FIVE STATES UNITE TO SAVE FORESTS NE hundred and forty of the leading loggers, lumber manufacturers and forest conservation experts of Montana, Idaho, Oregon, Washington and California met at Portland, Oregon, early in December to attend the forest fire conference of the Western Forestry and Conservation Asgso- ciation. The best methods of forest fire protection, conservation of the forests and reforestation formed the central thought of the convention. After two days devoted to hearing many excellent addresses and spirited and valuable discussions the convention adopted resolutions urging co-opera- tion by Federal and State Governments and local forestry and conservation associations for the conservation of forests of the Pacific Coast and Pacific Northwest, through proper and adequate means of prevention of forest fires, and urging each forested county to contribute its share of the expense of fire patrol and fire fighting. Appreciation was also expressed of the Federal Forest Fire Service. E. F. C. Van Dissel, of Spokane, G. M. Cornwall, of Portland, and F. G. Greggs, of Tacoma, were appointed members of a committee to take the mat- ter of securing the use of troops for preventing and fighting forest fires up with the secretary of war, and if existing laws do not permit the head of the war department to comply with the request, then the committee is to under- take securing proper legislation to provide for this need. The best means for regulating the destruction of debris and minimizing the danger from fire loss was discussed at length. J. L. Bridge, of the Wash- ington Forest Fire Association, favored burning slashings in the fall instead of the spring, because of the ever-present danger that smouldering fires usually remain only to be fanned into a dangerous conflagration at the beginning of the dry season. He urged the necessity of assistance and co-operation between logging operators and timber owners to reduce fire risks. W. D. Humiston, of the Potlatch Timber Protection Association, argued that it was best to burn slashings as the logging progressed whenever that course was practicable. F. A. Elliott, State Forester of Oregon, agreed that local conditions de- termined in a large measure the proper time to burn slashings, although he deemed it better to do this work in the fall. Better organization, both individual and associate, was recommended by A. E. Adelsperger, of the Coos County Fire Patrol Association, to the log- gers if the danger of fire from their operations would be reduced. He main- tained that responsibility for all fires resulting from logging operations should be fixed in all cases. Too frequently, he said, the foreman of the logging camp 43 44 AMERICAN FORESTRY in his anxiety to make a new record in the output of his camp became care- less and neglected the necessary precautions to prevent fires. A. W. Laird, of the Potlatch Timber Protective Association, charged that carelessness on the part of the foreman of the logging camp, the indiscriminate smoking by workmen and inadequate spark arresters were the most serious menaces to timber. Oil-burning equipment in the woods, he said, was desirable, but he predicted that the demands of safety and economy eventually would force the application of electrical power in all big logging enterprises. In the discussion of this subject, which was general, one speaker proposed that all cigarette smokers be denied employment in logging camps. Although the suggestion was admitted to have merit, the association took no formal action. Another logger proposed that employers supply their operatives in the woods with patented cigar-lighters, on the theory that many of the forest fires result from discarded cigarette or cigar stumps or the careless throwing of an unextinguished match into inflammable debris. Taking up the subject of railroad fires, F. A. Silecox, of the United States Forest Service, made the assertion that 40 per cent of the forest fires in the country could be charged to the railroads. Three means of combatting the danger of fires from this source were recommended, as follows: Safeguarding railroad engines by the use of adequate spark arresters and equipping fire- boxes with a mechanical contrivance for preventing the scattering of cinders, clearing right of way under supervision of forestry officials and patrolling the tracks. Earnest co-operation of the railroad officials in his district, reported E. O. Hawksett, of the Pend d’Oreille Timber Protective Association, had been supplied with the result that the number of fires resulting from railroad engines had been reduced to a minimum. State Forester Elliott, of Oregon, made the announcement that only 5 per cent of the forest fires reported to his office this year were charged to the responsibility of the railroads. “The other 95 per cent,” said he, “were caused by the carelessness of logging camp operators.” George A. Day, personal representative of Governor Hawley, of Idaho, a state with 400,000 acres of timber lands, told of the interest the people of his state had in the subject of forest conservation. The last Idaho Legislature, explained Mr. Day, appropriated $30,000 for the protection of the forests of the state, which for the year had been thoroughly and efficiently patrolled at a cost of only 3 cents an acre. George S. Long, of Tacoma, president of the Washington Forest Fire Association, discussed public and private co-operation as the only direct and effective means of combatting forest fires and conserving the forest wealth of the West. “The entire Pacific Northwest has every cause for felicitation as a result of the earnest, hearty co-operation by the Government, state, forest fire asso- ciations and railroads in safeguarding timber resources by providing protection from forest fires,” said Mr. Long. “West of the Rocky Mountains we have a priceless treasure. In that area there are 800,000,000,000 feet of timber, amounting to 50 per cent of the THE NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS 45 total standing timber in the United States. This will be sufficient to supply all demands for the next 100 years at the present rate of cutting. Fully 80 per cent of the revenue from this resource remains in the several states for labor in cost of manufacturing and marketing the product.” Taking up the subject of reforestation, which Mr. Long declared was equaled in importance only by the need for applying every preventive measure against loss from forest fires, the speaker declared that 75 per cent of the area west of the Rocky Mountains was suited for nothing better than for growing other forests. George M. Cornwall, secretary of the association, read a comprehensive paper emphasizing the need for education of the public to the importance of the lumber industry as the primary essential towards cultivating their in- terest and support of legislation essential to the further conservation and protection of this industry. THE NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS LMOST a thousand delegates attended the National Irrigation Congress A at Chicago the week of December 5 and spent several days in discussing irrigation projects, swamp drainage and forest and stream conservation. Governor Charles 8S. Deneen, of L[llinois, welcomed the delegates and many prominent men addressed the convention. President Benjamin A. Fowler advocated amendments to the national irrigation act and urged the reclama- tion of swamp lands as two of the most important matters to be discussed by the congress. He laid particular emphasis upon the necessity of draining the swamp lands. It was stated that Illinois has 2,500,000 acres of drainable swamp land which could be converted into highly profitable farming property. R. P. Tello, of the United States Census Bureau, presented statistics showing that there are 5,636,394 acres available for irrigation on which there are no settlers. State Senator Fred Whiteside, of Montana, spoke on Government Irri- gation in Montana and on Tuesday evening C. J. Blanchard, statistician of the United States Reclamation Service, lectured on “Making the Wilderness Blossom.” Wednesday morning the principal topic was drainage. W. L. Park, first vice-president of the Illinois Central Railroad, spoke of drainage as a basis for development; .J. C. Longstreet, of Missouri, state aspect of drainage; Dr. W. A. Evans, former health commissioner of Chicago, stream pollution; Prof. Gardner Williams, of Michigan, the uses of the Great Lakes. . a * \ 04 pe sini gS WR aee oS nie RA od ete. ack PE et Cal ayo SALT RIVER PROJECT, ARIZONA, BEFORE IRRIGATION. DESERT WITH CAMEL BACK MOUNTAINS IN THE DISTANCE. (See next page.) THE TREE LINE. CHANGE IN THE NOTE Z Oo = ro DESERT CACTUS SAME THE THE GREAT AMERICAN DESERT 163 and heating of the towns, and for cooking in the homes. On several of the projects the farmers are applying for electric power, and on many farms the housewife has made it a useful servant in her domestic duties. This important and very valuable asset will in time become the property of the land owners, and will return considerable revenue to them. The compact settlement which is the inevitable result of irrigation, brings to the farmer conveniences and luxuries which heretofore were un- known to the country. The daily delivery of mail, circulating library, cen- tralized graded schools, frequent association with neighbors in the manage- ment of their various organizations for marketing products, and in the opera- tion of the irrigation system, have made farm life varied and interesting. In no small degree these same factors have been responsible for a noteworthy increase in the number of city dwellers who are turning to the soil for a liy- ing. The question “Can a business man without previous experience in agri- culture succeed on an irrigated farm?” finds an answer today on a thousand Government farms where former city dwellers are making good. They demon- strate that a good business training is a very important adjunct to successful farming in the irrigated country. On a number of the projects every acre of land is occupied. So great has been the hunger for farms in some sections that the work could not be pushed fast enough to supply the demand for homes. Those projects possessing the most favorable climate naturally attract the most people. Idaho, California, Oregon, Washington and Colorado, for this reason and also on account of generous exploitation on the part of State and other organizations have re- ceived the largest infiux of settlers. Every acre of land on these projects for which water is available has been filed upon. On the Minidoka project in Idaho there were 1,014 farms, and practically every one was taken up before water was ready. On the Yuma project in Arizona the first unit opened had ten applicants for each farm. Today the 354 Government farms awaiting settlers are in the Northwest in the states of South Dakota, Montana and Wyoming. WORK FOR THE FUTURE For the next few years the activities of the bureau will be directed to rounding out the plans for completing the projects already taken up. Among the spectacular works which will engage the attention of the en- gineers are the construction of two enormous dams, each of which is com- parable with the great Roosevelt dam, and each of which in certain features exceeds the latter. In New Mexico the work of erecting a huge masonry dam across the Rio Grande will require at least five years of active labor and a large force of men. This structure in some respects is one of the remarkable storage works of the century. It will cost more than $6,000,000, but it will insure the future development of 100 miles of valley, comprising 180,000 acres of extremely fer- tile and productive country. 164 AMERICAN FORESTRY The Arrowrock dam in Idaho, upon which construction has begun, stands in a class by itself among the engineering works of the world. In its greatest height, 351 feet, it ranks all others. Its cubical contents will be 500,000 cubic yards. Appreciating the difficulties which all settlers encounter during the first few years on the desert land, and the outlay of money required to establish a home and prepare the land for crops, the Secretary of the Interior in sevy- eral instances has formulated a plan for graduating the payments, making the early payments small until the crop returns suffice to meet the charges for building and operation. There is little or no disposition on the part of the farmers to break faith with the Government. The delinquents are remarkably few and our eastern brothers have no reason to fear that the West will not meet its full obligation in returning the loan which the Federal Government is making. The percent- age of actual failures is surprisingly small and the causes therefor are inher- ent in the individual rather than in any fault in the works or in the country. Given a little capital and an abundance of grit and industry, and there is little cause for failure on the part of any individual. In the great construction work in which the Reclamation Bureau has been engaged, it has had its troubles and has made its mistakes. It entered upon a field new and untried, and covering a vast area. A fair judgment upon the work as a whole I believe will be favorable, and will furnish argu- ments for its continuance. *From address before the National Irrigation Congress. During January 214,749 acres of land in the State of Idaho believed to be underlain by phosphate rock were withdrawn on recommendation of the United States Geological Survey. This makes a total outstanding with- drawal in Idaho of 1,167,187 acres of phosphate land. In Wyoming 1,266,688 acres are now withdrawn as phosphate land, in Utah 107,745 acres, in Mon- tana 33,950 acres, and in Florida 35,640 acres, a total of 2,611,140 acres. The American Historic and Scenic Preservation Society is preparing to carry out the wishes of the late W. P. Letchworth by turning the meadows and agricultural lands of Letchworth Park, at Portage, into forests for the purpose of demonstrating just how timber can be produced and the depleted wood lands restored. Prussia has a forest of 7,000,000 acres. Jt is very similar to what our Appalachian region would be if we added to it some of the pine lands farther south. In 1865 these forests yielded a net profit of 72 cents an acre. In 1900 the profit was $1.58. In 1904 it was $2.50, and this year it is expected to be around $5. There is a prevailing tendency among orchardists to underestimate the danger from hold-over blight in the pear and apple, and with this mistaken idea has crept in a certain amount of carelessness in the attention which is given to diseased trees. INVESTIGATING FOREST INSECTS* sy DR. L. O. HOWARD CHIEF OF THE BureEAU OF ENTOMOLOGY HE news about forest insect investigation is, on the whole, very good, © but there is one bad piece of news, and that is that the Southern pine people are going to suffer a lot of damage during the summer in the South. We have been trying to stir the people up, and we have told them what to do this winter. Many of them are going to do it, but not all of them. That is the only bad piece of news. The rest of the news is very good. The timber owners of the Northwest, with the co-operation of the Forest Service and our own Bureau are doing a lot of administratively experimental work in the way of destroying threatened invasions of the bark beetles in that region, as well as in other parts of the country. The forest insect service of the Bureau of Entomology has studied the question for years, and las elaborate plans which it hopes to put into effect if we can only get the co- operation of all parties interested. I should say that another very good item of news is that a new Governor has been elected in the State of New Hampshire. One of his predecessors,— I will not mention bis name; in fact, I have forgotten it—was hardly as enlightened a man on the subject of forestry and other questions as the present incumbent of the office, and when the gypsy moth got across the State border into New York, I called on the new Governor and found him in his store. I told him who I was and told him of the harmful effects of this gypsy moth. I said I would like to talk with him a little, and perhaps he would like to talk with me and get my views as to how to spend the State appropriation. He said, “Sure, Doctor, you may, but before you begin I want to tell you about myself. When I was a boy, I was living with an old aunt on a farm. Boylike, I thought I knew the whole thing, and so I thought I would give my aunt advice as to how to run her farm. The old lady listened to me with perfect courtesy, and then went and done just as she darned pleased.” I took it in proper spirit, but I do not think I would be greeted that way by the present Governor. By the way, that former Governor appointed a man in charge of the work who had crude ideas. It was stated in the newspapers that this man had a queer idea in regard to the brown tail moth, which was that if all the cities and towns in the State of New Hampshire should shut off their lights about the time the brown tail moth started to fly about, the light of the moon would attract them and they would fly so high that they would die from exhaustion. The present Governor has discharged that man and has appointed a sound man. There has been some good news about the southern gypsy moth situation during the last year. Of course, you are all familiar with our attempts to import the European and Asiatic parasites of this creature, and then depend 165 166 AMERICAN FORESTRY upon their spreading quickly over the country; but the important thing is that even if the parasites do not get control in a number of years, it will still be possible to get a very good situation in regard to forests in New England, because of recent facts discovered about the life and character of the Asiatic moths. There are large owners of pine trees who are particularly apprehensive of the loss of their trees; in fact, the gipsy moth, once on their pine tree, in a pine grove not particularly well cared for, would increase to such an extent that in two years they would kill the tree. We have found by careful study that the young caterpillars hatched from the egg-mass high up on the trunk of the trees try to eat the leaves and they find they cannot. Then they fall to the ground and eat the oak scrub, until they get full grown, and then they climb up and eat the leaves, thereby killing the trees in two years. Therefore, we put a tanglefoot band around the tree, and we found there was no despoliation, even though the tree above was plastered with egg-mass. In investigating the matter further, we found that there were other varieties of trees which the caterpillars acted on in the same way, such as maples and chestnuts. Where those trees were growing in a mixed grove of trees, the oak scrub and brush were all eaten from the start, but with the eggs laid upon the other trees, the same procedure was followed. They had to find subsistence for the early part of their lives upon the oak scrub, and then they climbed the trees. Therefore, it becomes a system of forest management. An oak forest alone cannot stand the loss; but where you have a mixed forest, and you eliminate the oaks and birches to a con- siderable extent, you are going to be able to have a forest that will not be harmed by the gipsy moth. The insect situation on the whole is very good at the present time, and we are elaborating methods of control, which, by the co-operation all over the country of the different States, will enable us to handle this serious matter. *Address at the annual meeting of the American Forestry Association. Bids have just been opened at the Forestry Bureau for the cutting of stumpage timber under Government supervision on the Sitgreaves and Apache National Forests and the Fort Apache Indian Reservation. The cutting com- prises 600,000,000 feet, 300,000,000 feet on the Indian reservation and 300,- 000,000 feet on the two national forests. The largest tract of timber that the Government has ever offered will be advertised by the Forest Service shortly on the drainage of the north fork of the Joaquin River in the Sierra National Forest. Eight hundred million feet are in the tract, consiting for the most part of sugar and yellow pine, white. fir and cedar. Its development will probably mean the construction of about 70 miles of railroad. A line can be built in on the Southern Pacific at Friant. A rich citizen of San Antonio, who owns extensive gardens, has an- nounced his intention of giving away thousands of trees and shrubs. Not all of his neighbors are on the receiving list, however, for this man will not give a tree or shrub to other rich people. He will present such things to the owner of a home that is worth less than $2,500. Persons who own costly residences can buy their own shrubbery. TIMBER SALES ON THE PLUMAS NATIONAL FOREST, CALIFORNIA By RUFUS 8S. MADDOX IMBER sales on National Forests are of so recent origin that their real meaning is known only where they are being made. When the forests were first set apart lumber companies were dubious about attempting purchases, the cutting of which must be conducted by Forest Service methods; but today many companies are operating who are supplied by timber bought from the Government. Timber, when made accessible by a railroad, has a greatly improved market. The Western Pacific Railway through California opened up a large area of forest land—both private and public—the timber from which lumbermen are buying, not only because of its accessiblity, but because they have learned, and are still learning, that they can make profits by operating under Government regulations. Government sales are managed on one general plan and with one object in view, viz., to provide for and maintain a future stand through measures adopted in logging the present crop. This plan of management eliminates at once the old time method of slashing down a portion of the forest, removing such as is wanted and leaving the area demolished. It is recognized that the market conditions help determine to what extent inferior grades can be handled; in other words, how close the utilization can be made. Formerly, where timber has been abundant and no restrictions put upon the operator, the largest and quickest profits were often aimed at regardless of the con- ditions after logging. In conservative lumbering or logging by Forest Service methods, therefore, it is necessary that in contracts made with lumber com- panies certain provisions be made as to what must and what must not be done. For example: none except marked trees shall be cut, brush must be piled, stumps must be cut not over a certain height, care must be had in felling and removing the timber so as to damage the reproduction and re- maining stand as little as possible, and the timber used as far as practical. Of the timber sales now under operation on the Plumas National Forest the two largest are to the Feather River and Marsh Lumber Companies, having headquarters at Portola and Loyalton, California, respectively, and their plants are perhaps fairly typical of the medium size mills in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. They each have five-year contracts (contracts allowing them five years to remove the timber) with the Government totalling 105,000,000 feet board measure, consisting of western yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi), sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga Taxifolia), while fir (Abies concolor) and incense cedar (Libocedrus de- currens), the former sale being for 50,000,000 feet and the latter for 75,000,060 feet. 167 168 AMERICAN FORESTRY On these sale areas (as well as on all Government sales) all the timber that is to be removed must be marked by a forest officer. He is responsible for the work whether done by himself or by some one assisting him. Upon his judgment depend the amount and kind of trees that are to be left to form the remaining stand and to restock the open areas. He must know the silvical characteristics of the different species and their relative values. His work does not consist simply of putting the Government stamp on the trees that he wishes removed—that is by far the smallest part of his work. The various conditions of the stand, slope, maturity of timber, soil, etc., present the problems that are difficult, and he must solve them according to his judgment, and treat that portion of the forest in accordance with his decision. Because of the fact that all the marked trees must be felled, he is directly and entirely responsible for the stand remaining, except the damage that may occur during the progress of logging. After the timber has been marked the Government field supervision of the operations devolves upon the expert lumberman assigned to this forest (Mr. P. A. Kennedy), who sees that the specifications of the contract are abided by, some of the main features of which are that the brush is piled, care taken of reproduction, and stumps cut low. His time is taken up in keeping an oversight on the operations. He inspects the work of the fallers, sees that care is had to prevent breaking from falling; that stumps are cut to service requirements; that the trees are used well up into the tops; in other words, that the utilization from the stump is as close as possible. Under his direction the brush is piled. The crews of brush pilers are shown by him just how the work is to be done and they follow his instructions. His duties do not necessitate his being constantly at the heels of the lumber jacks. They understand that his instructions are to be obeyed, not that he is a “boss,” but because it is the policy of the companies to live up to their contracts, and their employees know that his instructions have reference only to the fulfillment of the contract. THE SCALING OF THE LOGS The expert lumberman is also responsible for the scaling of the logs. Since his duties require him to be in the woods so much of the time, it is necessary that he have a scaler for each of these sales. They are Forest Service men assigned to that duty under the supervision of the lumberman, who assumes the responsibility. This does not mean that the scalers are irresponsible. It means that the lumberman is responsible for the work done by them, just as the supervisor is responsible for the work done by the expert lumberman or any other man on the forest force. The scaling is done where it is most convenient to the companies. They also have sealers of their own, and it is very good evidence that the Government scale is satisfactory to them, since no complaints have been made by them. Each company has a camp of about one hundred men, who get out from 40,000 to 50,000 feet per day (per camp). The work is done quite systematically on the plan of “division of labor.” The felling, trimming, bucking (sawing av) ? Ses a ees LUMBERMAN P. A. KENNEDY AND HIS HORSE ON YELLOW PINE STUMP CUT ON FOREST SERVICE METHODS ON THE FEATHER RIVER LUMBER CO’S SALE AREA ON THE PLUMAS NATIONAL FOREST. ne as cae wy 7 = Py, be Ae %e," 3, oh 7 yas es tad - Ps as a ” ie iki ES o LD 8 EE PRES SIX-HORSE TRUCK HAULING LOGS ON FEATHER RIVER LUMBER CO’S SALE AREA, PLUMAS NATIONAL FOREST, GIVES AN IDEA OF DUSTY LOGGING ROAD. STEAM LOADER ON MARCH LUMBER COMPANY’S LOGGING RAILROAD, PLUMAS NATIONAL FOREST. FEATHER RIVER LUMBER CO. MILL NO. 2 OPERATING ON GOVERNMENT TIMBER ON THE PLUMAS NATIONAL FOREST. CUT 40,000 PER DAY. TIMBER SALES ON THE PLUMAS NATIONAL FOREST -171 the trees into logs), snaking, and brush piling are each done by a crew of men who do that and that alone. One feature of the logging, common throughout the Pacific Coast, is the one-man bucking. Two men sawing with the same saw is, so far as I know, never seen except in the case of the fallers. (ach bucker has his own saw, furnished by the company, and he uses it alone. The timber is soft and not difficult to saw. Pitch is the worst hindrance and that is readily overcome by kerosene, a bottle of which is carried by each man with a saw. The milling season for the two companies begins in May and lasts wntil about the middle or last of November, but logging in the woods may continue longer, depending upon the rain and snow. Up to the present the winter logging has been limited entirely to decking the logs in the woods until the ‘milling season opens in the spring. THE WORK OF THE COMPANIES The Feather River Lumber Company to date has been logging altogether with horses, the number required being about fifty or sixty. Their timber is located chiefly on mountain sides sloping into canyons up which logging truck roads are built. A skidder with his team of two or four horses and an assistant is provided for each six-horse team truck. They skid the logs from the mountain sides to landings on the logging roads and help the truck driver load each trip. During the past season the length of the average haul was about two and one-half miles. Six 6-horse trucks making three trips per day supplied the mill cutting an average of 40,000 feet per day, thus making the loads average about 2,200 feet each. Because of the long, dry summer the logging roads become very dusty and for this reason the 3-trip instead of 4-trip haul was established. Not only is the dust very severe on the horses, but it also necessitates a smaller load than would be hauled on a firmer road. The logging done by the Marsh Lumber Company is on a different plan, being that of donkey engines and high wheels. The high wheels are a sort of cart made up of a tongue, two high wheels varying in height from 8 to 12 feet, and a large axle to which the logs are swung. They are used on the most level ground, on short hauls not exceeding one-quarter of a mile from the logging railroad. The donkey engines are used to snake the logs from the rough and steep places into chutes that extend from the logging railroad up the ravines and canyons. Horses snake the logs in the chutes to the logging railroad where they are loaded on to the cars by a steam loader. The Feather River Lumber Company is now making an addition to its method of logging. A standard gauge railroad is being constructed to their main body of timber and a pond dug for the logs at the mill. In connection with their planing mill they have recently installed an apartment for getting out sash and door stock, a product that must be free from knots. By filling bills for sash and door stock they are now able to get out a large per cent of clear lumber which was formerly shipped directly from the stack and sold 172 AMERICAN FORESTRY common stock. The common lumber is now sawed into short pieces of specified dimensions, thus enabling the knots to be gotten rid of. From two carloads of common one car of clear can thus be vbtained. The former, I am informed by one of their officials, sells for about $160 per car, the latter for about $1,000 per car; also some of the knotty lumber from which the clear is cut can be used in the box factory, which they are now building in connection with their planing mill. DISPOSAL OF THE BRUSH The long, dry summer and the well exposed situation of their lumber yard make it unnecessary to have drying kilns. The lumber dries evenly and rapidly in the stack, whence it goes directly to the planer. The Western Pacific and the Nevada, California and Oregon Railroads have each a spur into the lumber yard, making transportation easy to local and distant markets. Perhaps, to the nonconservative lumberman and to people unacquainted with the danger from fire in slash, it may seem not only unnecessary, but even an imposition upon a company to have to pile the brush so that it may be burned; but for safety to the forest and for the promotion of rapid restock- ing after logging, the disposal of the brush by piling and burning is both an economic, and in fact, the only business-like way to handle it, since there is not yet any way to utilize it. The cost of the brush piling devolves, of course, upon the operator, but at a small amount per thousand feet, amounting on these two sales to between 15 and 20 cents. The cost of this brush piling, however, is taken into account when reckonings by the forest officer are made for the cost of logging upon which the stumpage prices are recommended before the sale is made; it, therefore, can not be called an extra expense put upon the operator, not an expense which has had no consideration. The burning of the brush has thus far been done by forest officers, although the companies agreed in their contracts to furnish help when called for. The brush burning does not consist merely of burning brush. If so, it would be most quickly and most readily done in dry weather, but with every chance for a forest fire, and also the actual destruction of a great deal of the repro- duction as well as a great many trees. The fall of the year is the time aimed at in which to dispose of all the rush from the sales. Speed is not an essential factor in this kind of work. The fall rains or snows must have set in in order for the least damage to result. Usually by that time (the middle or last of November), the forest officers can be shifted so as to take charge of the work instead of depending upon outside help. Ordinarily, when a light snow one and one-half to two inches deep has fallen, the time is ideal for burning. Naturally, the air is cold and no fire can spread; no great amount of heat is conducted to the seedlings, large reproduction and trees. The snow on the piles melts, runs through the dry brush, and prevents the blaze from becoming so intense. The brush from these two sales for the past season’s cutting has already been disposed of. The light snow that remained through the ten days of this work A VIGOROUS PROTEST 173 (November 11 to 22), afforded almost ideal conditions and the amount of damage done to the reproduction caused from the disposal of the brush from about 10,000,000 feet was almost negligible. As a protective measure against fire, about four miles of fire lines on the Marsh Company’s sale area was constructed during the fall by men not in the service, but employed by the service for this work, under the supervision of a forest officer. The construction of the line consisted of clearing a trai! eight feet wide of all debris and piling it so as to be burned. The line was made between the sale area and private land, a good deal of which was slash from the Marsh Lumber Company’s own private cutting. This system of pro- tection will be conducted on all the sale areas of the forest. The fire lines not only afford ready help in case of forest fire, but also make up a fine network of useful trails on many portions of the forest as the timber is removed. A VIGOROUS PROTEST R. GIFFORD PINCHOT, one of the vice-presidents of the American () Forestry Association, has issued an appeal to Congress in which he makes a vigorous protest against the proposed reduction of the an- hual appropriation for fighting forest fires, from $1,000,000 to $200,000. He points out that the value of the forests of this country is estimated at fifty million dollars with a potential value of a billion dollars, not con- sidering the protective value of the forests on the stream flow. Mr. Pinchot says that the emergency forest fire fund of the Forest Service should be at least $500,000. He says: “The protection of public property and of the lives of settlers, their wives and children, as well as of public servants in the National forests, lies close to the public welfare. It is easy to malign the Forest Service as certain members of Congress are accustomed to do. But it is much easier to malign the Forest Rangers than it is to do their brave and efficient work on the fire line. We must not let false economy further imperil the safety of the public resources and the protection of human lives.” During the month of January more than 30,000 acres of land in Montana and Oregon were recommended by the United States Geological Survey for designation as enterable under the Enlarged (320-acre) Homestead Act, and 23,097 acres previously designated under this act were reported to the Secre- tary of the Interior as not enterable and canceled as such, detailed examina- tion having shown the lands to be susceptible of irrigation. PROGRESS IN FORESTRY PLANTING IN THE NEBRASKA SAND HILLS NE of the largest tree nurseries maintained by the Federal Government @) is located at Halsey, Nebraska, (and is maintained) in connection with extensive planting experiments to determine the possibility of producing a forest growth within the sand hill region of western Nebraska. But a very small per cent of the sand hill land is fit for agriculture, the greater portion being a rolling hill country covered for the most part with coarse grass that is but indifferently suited to grazing. When the sod is broken up the fine sandy soil drifts badly—so badly, in fact, that hundreds of “nesters” who have tried to make a start in this region have moved out only when their fields have blown into the next section or county. This may seem to those unfamiliar with this region an extraordinary statement. How- ever, when one understands that the soil has the appearance of fine sea-sand; also that the wind blows fiercely throughout this entire country, the state- ment does not appear so overdrawn. On a bright day in spring in the sand hill section of Kansas, with what is known in that country as only a brisk wind, it is possible to locate all of the ploughed land for from 15 to 20 miles around by the dense clouds of sand that stand out against the blue heavens like pillars of gray smoke. Experiments carried on at Halsey for the past seven years have proven pretty conclusively that success can be secured in plantings, provided only good sturdy stock is used and the plants are put in with care. THE ANNUAL PRODUCTION The capacity of the nursery has been raised to an annual production of 2,000,000 plants, and as transplanted 1—2 and 2—1 stock is used, some time will be required to get the nursery up to this output. The sandy soil which is readily worked, make excellent seed and transplant beds, provided it is heay- ily fertilized with well-rotted manure and an abundance of water is used. It is next to impossible to use water to excess, as the soil is so light that within one hour after completely flooding the soil can be worked to advantage. An abundance of water is secured from the Loupe River by pumping, and irriga- tion is used throughout the nursery except on the seed-beds, for the period of two or three months after sowing. The beds are made on a level with the paths. If irrigation is started and it is found that the paths are lower than the beds, they are filled in so the water will run directly over the bed and not in the paths. The beds are sown during the month of April, so the plants which are produced at a density of from 6,000 to 8,000 to the bed, 12 ft. by 4 ft., will get the full benefit of the entire growing season. The beds are sown and covered with burlap, which is placed directly upon 174 FROM SIDE HILL ABOVE NURSERY HOUSE, SHOWING JACK AND SCOTCH PINE, 1904-05-06-07 PLANTING. HALSEY NURSERY, NEBRASKA NATIONAL FOREST. SEVEN-YEAR-OLD JACK PINE. NOTE THE LOOSE SAND IN THE FOREGROUND. NEBRASKA NATIONAL FOREST. NOTICE THE FURROWS IN THE PLANTATION TO THE LEFT. THE SOIL HAS ENTIRELY DISAPPEARED IN THAT PORTION OF THE GUARD EARLIER PLOWED. DISMAL RIVER DIVISION, NEBRASKA NATIONAL FOREST. THE WIND DIRECTION IS FROM WEST TO EAST, AND THE MAIN FIRE GUARDS ARE FROM NORTH TO SOUTH AND IN ADDITION TO THESE ARE CROSS GUARDS FROM EAST TO WEST. NEBRASKA NATIONAL FOREST. PROGRESS IN FORESTRY PLANTING 177 the ground. The beds are then covered with a slat shade frame about 12 to 14 inches above the surface of the bed and the sides are protected with boards. As soon as germination starts the burlap is removed and the ground kept moist. The boards protecting the sides of the beds are also removed soon after germination is complete. Where the plants can be developed to sufficient size, say six to seven inches in height the first year, good results can be secured by transplanting to the transplant beds the following spring. Where the plants are left two years in the seed beds a greater loss is experienced in transplanting, to say nothing of the cost of keeping them the extra year in the seed beds. Where the ground has been put in good shape, five men and four boys, using the “‘trencher” spade and the transplanting boards, can put in from 20 to 24 thousand per day, and do it well. IMPROVED METHOD OF PLANTING As soon as the ground is free from frost in the spring, the field stock is taken up, heeled in, and covered with a layer of coarse hay. The field planting is started just as soon as a gang of men can be secured, and when a sufficient amount of field stock is ready to keep the field gang going. Hight men with six horses, and using the trencher plough, can field plant from 11 to 14 thousand trees per day. This method gives a figure per man far in ex- cess of that where the spade or dibble is used and a correspondingly low fig- ure of cost. The results in living trees from the two methods of planting are about equal. The question of the protection of these plantations from fire is of first importance. In locating the plantation, the first step has been to develop a complete system of fire guards that will protect the young pines from the fires in the tall coarse grass. These may be started by lightning, through the carelessness of a “nester,” or by railroad engine sparks. As the prevailing winds are from west to east, the main guards are from north to south and protect the plantation on the west. On the south and east reasonable pro- tection is assured by the Loupe and Dismal rivers. The main guards are 175 feet wide with a ploughed strip one rod wide on the outer edges. During the early winter, a time when the winds are not bad, particularly at night, the grass between the ploughed strips is burned off. It takes two years after such a burning for the grass to become sufficiently thick to burn again. In addition to four main guards, which are about one mile apart, there are cross guards running east and west that divide the plantation into com- paratively small blocks and thereby give ample means of checking or con- fining a fire that may start within the plantation proper. These cross guards are single ploughed areas one rod in width. Owing to the fineness of the sandy soil the guards can practically be made permanent by disking the first and second years after ploughing, to destroy the sod and weed growth. After this sod is destroyed the soil drifts and the guards become “blowouts” that require very little cultivation. As the plantation becomes larger the guard system will be extended ac- 178 AMERICAN FORESTRY cordingly. This can be done at no great cost, since the original ploughing can be contracted for $6.00 per acre and the disking can be done for far less. It is not surprising that the settlers of this region take a keen interest in this work, as practically every land locator in this vast, treeless, wind-swept region feels the necessity of a shelter wood that will protect his buildings, garden and small fruits. A picnic is held at the Halsey Nursery each year and the settlers come many miles to observe the progress of the work. The Kinkaid Act that was passed by the last Congress, provides that the Government shall distribute trees from the Halsey Nursery to settlers who have taken lands in that region. To provide for this distribution, the output of the nursery will be greatly enlarged, and it is hoped that by another year or two, 25,000 pine trees of different species will be ready for distribution under this Act. Some time will elapse before the nursery can fully meet the demands for this distribution, since from two to three years are required to produce a hardy transplant fit to survive under the rigorous conditions of the region. THE CHESTNUT BLIGHT CAMPAIGN By PERCIVAL 8S. RIDSDALE OLLOWING heated discussions as to the value of fighting the de- al structive chestnut blight, for which scientific men have been unable to discover a remedy, the Chestnut Blight Conference, held at Harris- burg, Pa., on February 20 and 21, decided to endorse the work of the Penn- sylvania Commission which has directed the cutting down of affected trees, urged the national government, the State governments, and Canada to follow the example set by the Keystone State, and called upon Congress to pass the bill providing an appropriation of $80,000 for the use of the Department of Agriculture in investigating the disease and endeavoring to find some method of eradicating it. It was also decided, in order to overcome the financial loss caused by the cutting down of affected trees and to stimulate trade in chestnut timber, to ask the Interstate Commerce Commission to permit railroads and other transportation companies to lower freight rates for the distribution of the unaffected timber and as much cutting as the market will permit was urged. It was deemed wise to also arrange for more systematic publicity and educational work so that small wood lot and other private owners may be instructed how to detect the disease and what to do when they discover its presence. There is no doubt but that great good will result from the meeting. Twenty-one States were represented, some of them by a number of delegates, and Canada also sent one expert to learn what he could of the disease. Several papers were read and addresses made on various phases of the blight, its introduction into this country and the methods employed by various THE CHESTNUT BLIGHT CAMPAIGN L79 persons and organizations in fighting it, and these were followed by most interesting discussions. Several able men expressed the opinion that it is merely wasting the people’s money to fight the blight when there is no certainty that the methods employed would prove effective. On this point there were some heated discussions, the men opposing it contending that no progress would have ever been made in anything had it not been that optimistic men had tried various plans for accomplishing the results desired. “Had we waited,” declared I. S. Williams, deputy commissioner of the State Forestry De- partment of Pennsylvania, “until it was possible to build a perfect engine, we would not have locomotive engines, trains and steamboats today.” His views were generally shared by a majority of the other delegates and it was decided that any methods tried in an effort to eradicate the disease were of benefit. Many, it was said, might prove failures, but they would show how not to fight the blight, while there is always the possibility that the right method would be discovered during the experiments. THE METHOD OF FIGHTING What has been most effective so far in the effort to check the disease has been the cutting down of diseased trees as soon as they are discovered, and the establishing of dead lines on the borders of land to which the disease has spread. This has resulted in greater good than any other method and is now being generally adopted. There were a number of advocates of cutting down, at once, every stand of valuable chestnut timber in affected territory and marketing it, in order to prevent the blight extending further, but it was pointed out that this would be no assurance of the blight not appearing in other localities. As to the means by which the blight spreads opinions differed. Some believe that woodpeckers, other birds and squirrels are the chief mediums for distributing the parasite while the majority held that the spores are so very light that particles of them can be carried long distances on a light wind. The concensus of opinion was that the wind is a far greater aid in the distribution of a blight than is any other medium. It was also admitted that the holes which the woodpeckers bore in the trunks of trees in search of grub worms permit easy ingress of the chestnut blight parasite, with the result that it soon penetrates beneath the bark. Members of the Pennsylvania Commission urged the adoption of their plan of preventing the spread of the disease. This is to at once cut down and destroy any affected trees, and to as far as possible establish a dead line and confine the affected area within it. This appears to be the only plan at all effective so far in checking the blight. Members of the Commission also wanted the convention to know that out of the State appropriation of $275,000 for investigating the disease only a little over $20,000 has so far been spent. 180 AMERICAN FORESTRY As to the value of the trees and the cost of the destruction already caused by the blight there was not much dispute. It was reported that the loss in Pennsylvania so far is about $10,000,000. The annual cut of chestnut in the United States is valued at about $20,000,000, and the total loss so far is estimated at $25,000,000. Dr. Hugh P. Baker, of the Pennsylvania State College, estimated the value of the chestnut timber of the country at $300,000,000 and said that the loss so far is two thousand times what has been spent for protection. He said that each State needs an annual appropriation of from $20,000 to $50,000 to fight the disease and conduct its investigations. It was also reported that affected timber cut down and marketed is of far poorer quality than healthy trees and that the railroads have reported that diseased chestnut timber made into railroad ties does not hold the spikes tightly. Governor Tener, of Pennsylvania, opened the convention with an ad- dress in which he dwelt upon the necessity of vigorous efforts being taken to prevent the entire destruction of our chestnut trees by the blight. Dr. R. A. Pearson, of New York, was elected chairman of the convention, and F. W. Beasley, of Maryland, and 8. D. Detwiler, of Pennsylvania, the sec- retaries. Addresses were made by Dr. J. K. Collins, of the United States Department of Agriculture; Prof. F. C. Stewart, of the New York Agri- cultural Experiment Station; Prof. W. Howard Rankin, of Cornell Uni- versity; Prof. H. R. Fulton, of Pennsylvania State College; Dr. Caroline Rumbold, of Pennsylvania; Prof. Nelson F. Davis, of Bucknell College; Samuel B. Detwiler, of the Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission ; Dr. Hugh P. Baker, of Pennsylvania State College; Dr. J. Russell Smith, of the University of Pennsylvania. In addition, many of the State foresters and experts reported conditions in their own States, took part in the numerous discussions or participated in asking questions regarding specific conditions. 8 Altogether the convention was a most enthusiastic gathering and one which it is certain will result in great progress being made in the fight against the destructive blight. W. B. Greely, silviculture branch of the Forest Service, in speaking of the killed timber which had been sold recently, gave the following figures: In the last 18 months the Government has sold 365,000,000 feet in western Montana and northern Idaho. The most recent sale, two weeks ago, was @ tract of 25,000,000 feet on the Two Medicine River, on the Lewis and Clarke National Forest. This consisted mostly of logpole pine, Douglas fir and Engelman spruce. Fifty-five million feet was recently sold on the St. Joe River in Idaho. This was mostly white pine. FOREST SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO HE School of Forestry of the University of Idaho was organized in September 1909. Idaho has approximately 150,000,000,000 feet of ex- cellent timber practically untouched by the ax and saw. The State also has vast areas of absolute forest land, now treeless, which should be placed under forest management and made to produce to its utmost that for which it is best adapted, namely, forest products. Because of these enormous forest interests it was realized at the outset that forestry would soon occupy a prominent place among the courses offered at the University. In addition to the extensive timber holdings of private owners, and of the State, large corporations control over 2,000,000 acres, and the National Forests include over 20,000,000 acres. The administration of these vast forest regions calls for the services of many men trained in forestry subjects. In the northern part of the State, covered as it is with heavy forests now ready to be utilized, the present demands are along the lines of protection, develop- ment and utilization. In the southern part of the State, which is practically treeless, farm forestry, grazing and reforestation problems are most urgent. In fact, Idaho demands two classes of foresters trained for very different lines of work. In view of the varied demands of the State it seemed wise to organize two four-year courses in forestry, one in the College of Letters and Sciences and one in the College of Agriculture. This has been done and the plan is working in a very satisfactory manner. The two courses contain exactly the same forestry subjects but the first named aims to prepare technical foresters, having as collateral courses a liberal training in mathematics, languages, physics and chemistry. The students completing this course have an excellent foundation for research work should they desire to specialize in any of the utilization branches. They are also valuable as forest assistants and are sought by the lumber companies. The course in the College of Agriculture is somewhat lighter in the number of credits required and aims to develop the student more fully along biological and agricultural lines. These students are well prepared to fill field positions, dealing with grazing, farm forestry, protection and reforesta- tion. The demand for men of this class to fill positions as rangers and deputy supervisors will be large in Idaho for years to come. Very little if any additional expense has been incurred by offering the two courses instead of one as we meet the demands of the northern half of the State by co-operating with the faculty of the College of Letters and Sciences while those of the southern half are met by co-operation with the College of Agriculture. A short course of ten weeks is offered for rangers, a course in general forestry for the students of the various departments of the University, and a short course in farm forestry for students in the College of Agriculture. 181 182 AMERICAN FORESTRY Dr. C. H. Shattuck, head of the department, has been a student of forestry since the movement first began to attract attention in this country. To a thorough scientific training at the University of Chicago, where he took his doctorate in botany, and special courses in forestry at the Biltmore Forest School, he has added years of practical experience in field work in the main forest regions of the United States. He is devoting his attention to lumbering, utilization, and management. Prof. H. A. Wadsworth is a graduate of the Idaho Forest School, 1911. He is devoting special attention to forest engineering, protection and men- suration. He has been in the employ of the Forest Service during the past four summers and has had an excellent opportunity to study the practical problems in his lines as they occur in the field. The entire time of both instructors is occupied in teaching forestry subjects only. All mathematics, language, biological and argicultural sub- jects, etc., are taught by the specialists in charge of those departments. Special lectures and courses are given on various forest subjects by Forest Service officials and other specialists. Throughout all the work of the forestry courses emphasis is placed on laboratory exercises and work in the field. As far as it is possible the student is made to learn by doing. NATURAL ADVANTAGES The finest forest of white and yellow pine, larch, and cedar to be found in the world are easily accessible to Moscow, while heavy forests of spruce, white and red fir, and other species can be reached in a few hours. Some of the largest sawmills ever built, with all that is latest and best in equipment and methods of operation, are close at hand, while pulp and paper mills and other secondary wood-using establishments are within easy reach. Moscow is in the heart of what will soon be one of the greatest wood- using centers in the country. EQUIPMENT The forest laboratories are equipped with ample apparatus for thorough work in such courses as require indoor study. A very full line of microscopes and microscopic and lantern slides is available for use in the study of plant tissues—mechanical and other structures peculiar to different woods, as well as for the study of the pathology of woody stems and leaves and the life histories of insects and fungi injurious to trees. The department has also a full line of forest insects and fungi known to be injurious to the forests of the State, an herbarium of trees and shrubs of the Northwest and a complete collection of the tree seeds of American trees. A collection of several hundred species of the most valuable woods, both native and foreign, is also available. A great variety of logging, lumbering and foresters’ tools and instruments is at the disposal of the students. The department is also equipped with LARGEST KNOWN WHITE PINE TREE. PROPERTY OF POTLATCH LUMBER CO., 20 MILES FROM MOSCOW, IDAHO. 207 FEET HIGH. 425 YEARS OLD. ~~ UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO STUDENTS IN FOREST ENGINEERING ABOUT TO REMOVE A TREE IN THE WAY OF A TRAIL. v9 a THE SAME TREE FIVE MINUTES AFTER BLASTING BY UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO STUDENTS. FOREST SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO 185 a Gurley mountain transit, compasses, levels, plain tables, traverse boards, etc., for use in forest engineering. Ovens, baths, retorts, scales and chemicals are at hand for use of the students in timber physics and by-products work. Students in timber testing have access to a 200,000-pound capacity Olsen universal testing machine in the department of civil engineering. This ma- chine is completely equipped for tension and compression tests with beam extensions for transverse tests of full sized beams up to sixteen feet in length. An arboretum and demonstration plot of about five acres has been set apart for work in silviculture, where about one hundred and forty species of forest and park trees are being grown. A nursery and greenhouses are also available for use of the students in silviculture. The University has secured six hundred and forty acres of excellent timber land near Moscow, and the students spend part of each school year at practical work in this forest. The library is supplied with the best works on forestry and related subjects, and the reading tables contain the leading periodicals and trade journals on lumbering and other phases of forestry. These are carefully reviewed each week when the entire department assembles for work in the forestry seminar. FOREST CRAFT Throughout the entire course the students are taught the ways of woods- men, such as taking natural trail observations, observing game signs, orienta- tion at night or on cloudy or smoky days, cooking, making and breaking camp, care of horses, and camp equipment, care of health, and means of protection against wild animals, insects, and fire; also methods of camping and sleeping in deep snow, first aid to injured, and simple remedies for colds and other ailments. N. B.—Since the above was written the timber owners and lumbermen of northern Idaho have agreed to a plan to pro-rate their timber holdings in the State to the extent of $58,000.00 for the purpose of erecting a forestry building at the University of Idaho. It is the plan of the University au- thorities that the building and equipment will cost $100,000.00 and will be as complete as possible in every detail. Mr. Emil P. Secker has been appointed commercial agent of the Depart- ment of Commerce and Labor to make investigations with respect to trade conditions in the lumber industry in foreign countries. Mr. Secker will make certain preliminary investigations in the United States, covering a period of about six weeks, with a view to securing information which will aid in his investigations abroad. MEETING OF THE CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION By E. A. STERLING ing in the Parliament Building, Ottawa, on Feb. 7 and 8. In point of attendance and enthusiasm, it was one of the most successful meet- ings ever held, and our Canadian friends have reason to be proud of the growth of the Association and of the interest which is being manifested in forestry matters throughout the Dominion. eo Canadian Forestry Association held its thirteenth annual meet- The two days’ meeting was characterized by the large number in attend- ance and by the comparatively small number of papers read, which, how- ever, resulted in very interesting discussions from a large number of those present. The following papers were read: “A Progressive Forest Policy Requires an Investment of Capital,’ H. R. McMillan, M. F.; “The Attitude of Railroads Towards Forest Fires,” by E. A. Sterling, F. E.; “The Aims and Objects of the Canadian Forestry Association,” by E. Stewart, F. E. Dr. B. E. Fernow’s paper in regard to forest fires, and the report of his committee appointed by the Association to consider this question, were of particular interest. Lack of organization as regards forest fire protection pertains in the forests of Canada as it does in the United States, but all seemed agreed that with proper organization and co-operation between the various interests, the fire damage could be very materially reduced, if not entirely controlled. The lumbermen and forest officials of various provinces pointed out the difficulty of procuring good men in remote districts who could be depended upon for proper patrol and other precautions for the prevention of fires. Unfortunately, some of the appointments have been more or less political, and the result is that men entirely unfamiliar with the woods have attempted to serve as guardians of the forests. The address given by Mr. Pinchot on the second day’s meeting struck to the very heart of the question of Forest Service organization. Mr. Pinchot spoke frankly and clearly in regard to the difficulties which had been encountered in developing the Forest Service in the United States, and on the basis of his broad experience in building up such an organization, he was able to point out the essential factors on which an efficient service must depend. He emphasized the necessity of keeping free from all political entanglements, and favored the placing of heavy responsibility on com- paratively young men. Another fundamental point which he made was the necessity of giving the field men a square deal, because under ordinary con- ditions, when they are given no opportunities to get in personal touch with the office, their recommendations are liable to be turned down without sufficient consideration. Trying to get the field men’s point of view, and 186 MEETING OF THE CANADIAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION — 187 the transfer of office men to the field and field men to the office, was recom- mended. On the evening of February 7 the joint banquet of the Canadian Forestry Association and the Canadian Lumbermen’s Association was held in the Parliamentary Restaurant, attended by about 200 members and friends of the two organizations. Among the prominent men in attendance were Premier Borden, Sir Wilfred Laurier, Hon. Sidney Fisher, Mr. H. M. Price, Mr. Gifford Pinchot, Hon. Geo. E. Foster, Mr. Alexander McLauren, President Lumbermen’s Association; Mr. Wm. McNeil, a prominent lumberman of Vancouver; Dr. B. EK. Fernow, Dean of the Forestry Department of the University of Toronto; Mr. R. H. Campbell, Superintendent of Forestry for the Dominion of Canada; Mr. Aubrey White, Deputy Minister of Lands and Forests, and Sir Frederick Borden. Mr. Geo. Y. Chown, President of the Forestry Association, acted as Chairman, and toasts were proposed to the King, to Parliament, to the Lumbermen, “Our Guests,’ the Forest Services, and the allied interests. Among the Canadian members present there was a friendly exchange of persiflage on the recent political changes, but good fellowship and en- thusiasm were the keynote of the convention. The earlier speakers, among whom were Hon. Mr. Fisher, Right Hon. Borden, and Sir Wilfred Laurier, paid high tribute to Mr. Pinchot as representing the highest conservation and forestry interests in the States. Mr. Pinchot, in replying to the toasts, “Our Guests,” made a most excellent address on general conservation questions. The officers elected by the Forestry Association for the ensuing year were: Honorary past president, Sir Wilfred Laurier; honorary president, Rt. Hon. R. L. Borden; patron, His Royal Highness the Governor-General ; president, John Hendry, Vancouver; vice-president, Hon. W. A. Charlton, M. P., Toronto; territorial vice-presidents—Ontario, Hon. Mr. Hearst; Quebec, Hon. Jules Allard; New Brunswick, Hon. J. K. Fleming; Nova Scotia, Hon. George H. Murray; Prince Edward Island, Hon. J. A. Mathieson; Manitoba, Hon. R. P. Roblin; Saskatchewan, Hon. A. E. Brown; British Columbia, Hon. W. R. Ross; Yukon, Commissioner Black, McKenzie, F. D. Wilson; Keewatin, Lieutenant-Governor D. C. Cameron; Ungava, the Archbishop of Montreal. Board of Directors—William Little, Hiram Robinson, Aubrey White, E. Stewart, H. M. Price, W. B. Snowball, Thomas Southworth, Hon. W. C. Edwards, Hon. Sydney Fisher, R. H. Campbell, J. B. Miller, G. C. Edwards, Dr. B. E. Fernow, Ellwood Wilson, F. C. Whitman, G. C. Piche, Aleck Maclaurin, Carl Riordon, Mgr. Matthieu, Bishop of Regina; A. P. Stevenson, William Pearce, William Power, C. E. E. Ussher, Denis Murphy, C. Jackson Booth, William Price, M. P., J. W. Harkom, A. 8. Goodeve, M. P., Senator Bostock, W. C. T. Hall, J. S. Dennis. Secretary, James Lawler. Treasurer, Miss M. Robinson. Assistant secretary, Mr. F. W. H. Jacombe. SECURING STATE FOREST LANDS By W. M. HAYS Asst. Secy. Dept. or AGRICULTURE E have been so busy with this national forest movement and with this (1) Appalachian movement that we have not looked forward, and we have not thought that possibly we could have other quite as large movements or nearly as large movements in this same forest promotion. I have a sug- gestion along this line, which is, that by some means, the Federal Government and the State Government co-operate in the broadest way in securing lands that cannot be secured as Federal lands, but can be secured as State lands, and that the Federal Government, possibly by paying a part of the interest on the bonds, encourage the States themselves to purchase the lands. Broadly speaking, there are something like one billion nine million acres of forest in this country, of which less than a hundred and seventy million acres are under the Forest Service. That is something like nine per cent. There are somewhere from ten to twenty millions acres in the hands of the States; but our Forestry Service could not give me anything like a close estimate, because some of these lands have been purchased recently and some are on timber lands that are ceded as school lands. If we could get some large area of fifty millions or a hundred millions of acres, which would be one-twentieth part of the whole forest area of the country, if we could get some large area purchased by the States, the Federal Government paying a part of the expense, say, half of the interest on the bonds for a given period of years, until the forest became productive so that the States would have an income from them, it might be wise on the part of the Federal Government to do that. There are many reasons for that, one or two of which I will mention. For instance, suppose the State of Minnesota were to create the forest land; the profit would eventually go to Iowa and South Dakota, and North Dakota, as well as to Minnesota; and if they were grown somewhat at a loss, or as a public enterprise, these other States might properly help in paying the cost. So that if the encouragement of timber-growing is to the advantage of our cities as well as to the States, these cities might help in paying some of this first money, this investment, in some such form. Using the process you use now for those lands you are purchasing in the Forest Service, six dollars an acre, we will say, as an average, and three and a half per cent an acre, will mean only ten per cent or at most twenty per cent per acre that the State and Federal Government would pay. In terms of ordinary appropriation, that would mean about five millions of dollars, at the most, from the Federal Government. So that this is not out of proportion to the ordinary expenditure, and it will look to the taking up of a large area of forest land that there is now no way of taking up in a public way. It would take up a great deal of land that we cannot hope that private enterprise will take up, and will enable the growing of forest crops on that area. 188 PEOPLE HELPING THE: FORESTERS: By Curer Forester HENRY 8. GRAVES HE three big problems of the Forest Service are: Protection of the re! timber against fire; continuation of forests or reforestation, and de- velopment of the natural resources. And the spirit with which the people are helping us solve these is really remarkable. Not only settlers in the National forests and owners of land adjoining are helping us put into practice our theories, but even the private owners of timber lands have realized that it is to their benefit to preserve the forests and to continue them. In a few years the loss of timber by fire should be reduced to practically nothing. We have always estimated that $50,000,000 worth of timber was destroyed each year by fire. Last year, I should judge, it was $20,000,000 or less. We were fortunate in having only a few fires last year, but still they were big ones. The co-operation of the people in helping us minimize the risk of fire accounts largely for the big reduction in loss. The Forestry Service is build- ing new trails in the forests, putting up telephone lines, establishing look- outs and taking other precautionary measures. The owners of adjacent lands are following our example. In many places, particularly in the states of Washington, Oregon and Idaho, private owners are spending more money for protection than the Government. Private owners are also adopting our plan of forest continuation. Not many years ago a forest had been cut down for its timber, the land was left an unprofitable and unproducing waste. Now owners are taking care that new timber will grow where the old stood. When we find it expedient to cut the timber in the national forests we carry out this plan of reforestation. If the scheme were generally adopted no one need fear that the timber supply of the country would ever be exhausted. In order to encourage forest continuation, the States should see to it that the tax on growing timber is not too heavy. It requires forty years and over for a tree to become of merchantable size, and if the owners are forced to pay a big tax they will not find it worth their while to grow timber and will abandon the scheme. It is easy to see the value of forest continuation. In the old days the in- dustries and cities depending on the cutting of timber disappeared with the forests. Should the forests be kept growing the industries will live with them. People have also realized by this time that our protective policy is one of development and we are not meeting with the opposition of a few years ago. *Address at meeting of the National Forest Supervisors of California and Western Nevada 189 THE WORK OF THE ASSOCIATION By HON. ROBT. P. BASS PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN Forestry ASSOCIATION i have entered upon a definite policy of public forestry development. We db) are still in the very primary stages in the application of forestry to privately owned timber lands. We are in the middle stage of development in regard to the practice of forestry by the various State governments. We are undoubtedly in a critical position in regard to the timber supply in this country. Our use of timber per capita in the United States is greater than in any other civilized country in the world. Our natural resources in that respect are rapidly becoming depleted. Fortunately, we have gradually ap- preciated the conditions which are to confront us in the future, and if we are to develop an economically sound basis as between the supply and demand of forest products, we must develop the science of forestry to the highest degree attainable. In this, it seems to me that the American Forestry Association can be of the greatest use. The best development of the science of forestry can only come through the co-operation of all the forces which can be brought to bear to develop that science, namely, the Federal Government, the various State and local govern- ments—that is, the town and county governments, according to conditions in the different communities—and the private owners of timber lands. To bring these various forces together into one co-operative unit is, to my mind, the next fundamental step in the development of forestry in this country, and in that work it seems to me that the American Forestry Association can play a very important part. In order to do this, it needs to extend its scope to reach all parts of the country, to serve as an educational medium through which not only the few interested in forestry, but all those who have any relation to the lumbering interests, and to all the interests which are involved in the produce of our woodlands may be reached and taught how they may best make use of the resources at their hand. The American Forestry Association has before it, to my mind, a great work, and it is the earnest desire of the men now active in the management of the association to seek the co-operation of as many public-spirited men throughout the country as they can reach in this work. They believe it is a work which will be of real benefit to an enormous number of people in this country, and they want the help of all men who can spread the doctrines for which they stand in carrying out the ideas of scientific and of practical forestry. 190 WYMAN’S SCHOOL OF THE WOODS By THOS: EB: WYMAN O train young men in forestry, as it is actually practiced; lumbering, as done bv successful operators; milling, of hardwoods and softwoods, and the woodcraft necessary to properly accomplish forest work, Wyman’s School of the Woods was organized at Munising, Michigan, July 1st, 1909. Munising is on the south shore of Lake Superior about midway, east and west, of the upper peninsula, and is recognized as having more contributing timber resources than any city in the State of Michigan. Large corporations have undertaken reforestation and arrangements haye been made to employ the students in this work and in the nursery work auxiliary to it. Organized forest protection is carried on in these forests as is also cruising and estimating, woods, surveying, mapping, scaling, compass work, camping, etec., in all of which students are drilled by force of requirements. The only endowment of the school is this huge forest; an endowment of such worth that it can not be over estimated in its influence upon forest education. In addition, the school maintains comfortable quarters at Munising for the theoretical lecture work, draughting, mapping, etc. A library of several hundred technical and practical works, a reading table to which come the scientific magazines, trade papers and out-of-door periodicals, and fully equipped lecture rooms and draughting rooms offer opportunities for study and practice. All of the best instruments used in forest work are owned and used by the school. The great lecture room, the great laboratory, the great library, the great store-house of forest knowledge, is the forest; and in it the students spend every moment possible, for new points are always arising which can best be explained by practical demonstration. The courses at Wyman’s School of the Woods are broad in gauge and are designed to cover the full field of forestry in twenty-four months of actual attendance. Upon satisfactorily completing both the theoretical and practical work students are granted a certificate of efficiency in logging engineering. The course is designed in such a manner that students who are unable to take more than a single year of study should be qualified for positions as rangers, compassmen, ete., at salaries commensurate with the duties and re- sponsibilities of the position. The full courses are open to graduates of approved high schools and others of business training whose qualifications are satisfactory to the directorate. All subjects are arranged in sequence and as closely to season as possible. Hence, students are allowed to enter at the beginning of any subject. A summer course, covering ten weeks, is also offered. This course is to offer to those students who are “thinking of forestry” an opportunity to learn, by contact with the forest, the nature of advanced study and of actual work. No special qualifications are required for entry to this course. It is purely an out-of-door training school and the entire time is spent in camp. 191 THE APPALACHIAN WORK By WM. L. HALL Or THE Forest SERVICE HE Forest Service is now practically getting into the routine part of the Appalachian work, and I think this year’s appropriation will run over one million dollars. If it should turn out that purchases are to be made in the White Mountain region the Forest Service itself would be in a position to report upon the land. It has examined it to the extent of a hundred thousand acres or so, at a valuation of perhaps from six to eight hundred thousand dollars. Should it turn out that we cannot purchase lands in the White Mountains this year, then we expect that we will complete examinations in the Southern Appalachians, enough to consume the appropriation of two million dollars which is available for this present year; so that, in any case, we believe it will be possible to use the money which Congress has put into our hands. When this proposition was under consideration for the ten or twelve years it was before Congress, it was pointed out by those who thought it was unwise that, if this law were passed, we would encounter all kinds of difficulties. It was said, in fact, that it was a scheme of the land grabber; it was a scheme of the speculator, and that when we actually got into the work of acquiring land we would find that the speculator had gone in advance of us and had gathered in the lands, and would turn them over to the Government only at a great profit. We have not found that to be true. In a few cases locally, we have found that men have gathered in considerable bodies of land, ex- pecting, possibly, that the Government would come in as a purchaser eventually. That has not been hard to deal with. Generally, we have found the land owners have not discounted the action of the Government at all, and are ready to deal with us on a frank and businesslike basis. The passage of this law, however, did in a measure set acting a certain class of men, men who were very anxious to become closely acquainted with the $11,000,000, and they have attempted to operate in various ways. Some of them have attempted to impersonate Government officials in filing their options on land; others have attempted to get options in their own names with the idea, of course, of making a good profit; others are endeavoring to show that, as agents, they can save the Government a great deal of money, and also obtain enormous prices for the owners of the land. But, with a stiff backbone against all that sort of thing, we are able to make progress, and we shall undoubtedly be able to make progress, and carry out effectively the law as it was the intention that it should be carried out, and as it was the expectation of the entire country that it should be carried out in a rea- sonable and businesslike way, doing justice alike to the land-owners who have land to sell and to the whole people whose money was to be used for the purchase of those lands, and only at a reasonable price. 192 CONSERVATION THROUGH LEGISLATION By MRS. pve B. RANDOLPH KEIM. N conformity with the promise of his annual message to Congress, L the President of the United States, in a more elaborate considera- tion of the conservation of our national resources in a special com- munication to that body, stated the issue and the argument in furtherance of this great national movement in support of the best interests of the present and safe-guarding of the necessities of the future. As a basis of argument and interest in advocacy of the conservation movement it may be said the public domain today amounts to 731,354,352 acres, about 70 per cent of the area of fifty years ago, and represents largely mountain ranges and arid or semi-arid plains, the most desirable area having been absorbed. In behalf of the sons of America desiring to go West and establish themselves and children, were passed the homestead and other praise-worthy acts. The lax methods of distribution and the impression by many that the public domain was legitimate prey for the unscrupulous led to the passage of large areas of valuable land and many of our national resources into the hands of persons who felt little or no responsibility for promoting the national welfare through their develop- ment. The title to millions of acres of public lands thus went into private hands to the detriment of the interests of actual settlers. The right to recover most of such selfishly if not fraudulently obtained lands has unfortunately ceased by reason of statutes of limitations. The public lands in former times were regarded as a national asset, to be utilized for the payment of the public debt and as a reward for the soldiers and sailors. Apparently overlooking these purposes immense areas were given away in promotion of schemes of wagon and railroads. As their uses were designed to open the great West to accessibility and settlement they had a reason, but the reckless manner of the bestowal made the well intended project an expensive method of reaching a desirable end. Since the best part of the arable public domain has thus vanished present efforts are directed toward the conservation of the resources of what remains and the prevention of further spoliation. The object now in view is the maintenance and extension of the forest resources and the enactment of laws amending absolete statutes so as to retain governmental control over that part of the public domain in which there are valuable deposits of coal, oil, phosphates, etc., and to preserve and control under conditions favorable to the public of lands and water power sites along the streams in which the fall of water can be made to generate power to be transmitted in the form of electricity many miles to the point of its use. In concert with the policy of the national administration the efforts of associations of the people have contributed an important share of effective service by awakening public attention and arousing popular co-operation and 193 194 AMERICAN FORESTRY effort. The investigation of violations of the public land laws and prosecution of land frauds have gone far toward calling a halt upon the reckless pro- cedure in the past. The withdrawal of coal lands for proper classification and valuation and the withholding of power sites for the time being opens the way to effective action and results. Within the past year the withdrawal of power sites has been applied to one hundred and two streams or two hundred and twenty-nine per cent more than were covered by previous with- drawals. The statutes relating to the disposition of the precious metals and lands strictly agricultural are accepted as well adapted to the purpose, but are not suited to existing best public opinion as to the disposition of public lands to private ownership and to prevent monopoly or improper use of these lands or their products. One of the chief causes of the reckless disposition of the public domain in the past has been the lack of classification according to value or use. The U. S. Geological Survey, which has long been in the official contact with the public domain from a scientific and economic view- point, after years of exploration, investigation, survey and mapping by expert employees in these respective branches without going further possesses a vast quantity of collected and digested material and applied information. It has the equipment office and field to enable it to promptly extend its operations along up to date lines of public opinion and interest in the conservation of our natural resources. The disposition of agricultural lands as such reserving for different ownership or regulation the coal, oil, asphaltum, natural gas, phosphate or any other non-precious metallic substances is the motive of public policy now proposed. The separation of the title to the surface and the title to mining privileges beneath with the right to use so much of the surface as may be required to operate the subterranean mineral deposits presents a proposition which, it is thought, will compass the exigency of the new situation. To accomplish this and it is proposed in the future to utilize the land laws as they stand for the disposition of agricultural lands and the coal, iron or other minerals beneath to be disposed of by lease or royalty and requiring a fixed amount of development each year with special pro- visions to prevent monopoly. A duplex system of this character applied to the public lands possessing much novelty may be reached by laws at first experimental and subject to improvement as practical working suggests. The adoption of a system appliable to the valuable water power sites in all the public land states presents difficulties arising out of local sovereignity as affected by territorial governments becoming states. As the power in streams passing through public lands can only be made available by using the lands adjacent for the construction of plants for the generation of power and right of way for the transmission of lines, legislation should be asked imposing such conditions in the disposition of lands so situated as may be necessary both in the creation and utilization of the power. It will be seen the question of conservation of our naural resources as a sentiment or abstract proposition and as an aggressive policy supported by the people along practical lines presents opposite conditions. To accomplish the latter interchange of views and associated effort will prepare the way to the accomplishment of definite results, which can be attained through national legislation. PRIVATE FOREST OWNERS sy A. D. HOPKINS Or THE BurEAU Or ENTOMOLOGY BELIEVE that the American Forestry Association is capable of render- ing great service to the cause of forest conservation in this country. I believe that the people of the country who are directly interested in the forest resources have had enough information on the need and importance of conservation. They have been sufficiently warned of the dire consequences of forest destruction, inundation and erosion. Indeed, there has been too much agitation and activity in the interests of certain restricted federal and State forest legislation, and not enough in the interest of the private owner, who is willing to be converted to the natural ideas, if he could be made to see that they would contribute to the wealth of his county or his State, and, at the same time, pay him. The private owners want the facts about the best methods to protect and increase and utilize forest crops. In other words, they want to know what to do and how to do it, and if it will pay. These are the people who are in need of information and instruction on the essential facts and principles of successful forest management. The officials of public forests are supposed to know all of those and to be competent to select and carry out the proper conservation policy for the forests in their charge. Therefore, they are not so much in need of the association, but think that all others who are working on the scientific and practical problems of forest protection or forest management, with a view of demonstrating to the private owners the improved methods which would be to their advantage, should have the association back of them. The products of the privately owned forest are relatively as important to the people of the country as are the products of the privately owned farms, and, therefore, the owner of a forest deserves the same help as that so liberally extended to the owner of the farm. A large part of the appropriation for forest insect work in the Bureau of Entomology at present is being directed to demonstration of methods of control and to practical instructions by practical men in the field for the direct benefit of groups of private owners in different sections of the country. By dint of very hard work we have met with some success; with the moral backing of an association such as the American Forestry Association, our task would be greatly simplified. 195 AN APPROVAL By Hon. ADOLPH O. EBERHART GOVERNOR OF MINNESOTA Editor of AMERICAN Forestry. EPLYING to your letter of January 17th, containing a copy of resolu- {2 tions adopted by the annual meeting of the American Forestry Asso- ciation and asking for an expression of an opinion from me regarding them, I beg to say that the federal appropriation to which resolution number one refers has resulted in great good to this State. We received $10,000 last year under a co-operative arrangement, and this amount has enabled the State Forestry Service to do far more than the amount itself would indicate, as it has made possible a larger field force throughout the fire season. The great success of our Forestry Department in controlling fires last year was due in no small measure to this assistance. With reference to resolution number two, no doubt Minnesota has suf- fered greatly through an unfortunate situation of taxation of forest lands. In my opinion the custom of taxing growing or standing timber repeatedly is unnecessary, as well as unfair. The state, as a whole, would derive the same revenue through taxing the product after the timber is cut and by so doing would insure permanence of the timber industry. As it is now, the owner of standing timber finds it expedient because of the taxes to cut his timber as soon as possible, and in the cheapest possible manner, thus result- ing in waste. The right way to tax forest property is to tax the land itself annually in accordance with its real value. The crop should be taxed but once, and that when cut. As to resolution number three, while it is undoubtedly important in lo- calities where it applies, it does not particularly affect this State. As to resolutions four and five, both these subjects are thoroughly coy- ered by the operation of our reorganized Forestry Department, which is en- couraging the co-operation of timber owners, and is also carrying on an educational campaign to bring about successful reforestation. THE 1911 INDEX The 1911 index for AMERICAN Forestry is now ready and subscribers may have it mailed to them by writing for it. Wireless telegraphy will become a factor in the prevention of forest fires in Montana, if experiments planned by R. P. McLaughlin, forest supervisor, are successful. It is propesed to establish a station and open communication with the wireless plant at the Kalispell High School. If the experiment is successful several stations to be operated in connection with the telephone system already in operation, will be organized. 196 STATE NEWS Pennsylvania Pennsylvania’s methods in fighting the San Jose scale, the codling moth and other ene- mies of fruit trees, have attracted the at- tention of two of the Southern states in which commercial orchards are being de- veloped. The system adopted has been imitated in others, but now word has been received that men are coming here to see how trees are handled. An incorporated concern which is working under the direction of Virginia’s State Bureau of Economic Zodlogy, has asked State Zodlogist Surface if he can provide ‘demonstrations for men who have been de- tailed to come to Pennsylvania to observe. Dr. W. E. Hinds, State Entomologist of Alabama, has written to Dr. Surface asking for an outline of his division’s work and for instructions such as are given to the orchard workers, The Maryland State authorities have also highly commended the Pennsylvania system. This State held twenty-six demonstrations for the killing of scale and moth last year along the same lines as the 900 that are held in this State. New York A public hearing was held by the Forest, Fish and Game Committees of the Senate and Assembly on the bill to amend the Conserva- tion Law relating to Lands and Forests, Feb- ruary 20 and 21. The greatest public interest has been manifested in the reforestation pol- icy of Governor Dix and the Conservation Commission, since it promises to restore the forest areas of the state to an extent re- quired by the industrial, commercial, sani- tary and recreation needs of a rapidly in- creasing population. The people are astound- ed to learn that there are about 2,300,000 acres, eight per cent of the State’s total area, which now have no profitable growth. All this is virtually idle soil and should be planted to forest, for which it is best adapted. The Conservation Commission’s bill, now before the Legislature, seeks not only to en- large the state’s authority with reference to the reforestation of public lands, but also aims to encourage tree planting by private land owners. There are several important changes in the forestry law proposed by this bill. but the two most progressive features undoubtedly are those relating to the regulation of timber cutting on certain private lands, and to afford taxation relief to the owner who reforests denuded or idle soil. North Carolina Through the efforts of the North Carolina Forestry Association, which was organized last February with the specific object of “promoting the protection of the forests of North Carolina from fire and from de- structive insects, and of promoting their per- petuation by wise use and by the reforestation of cutover and abandoned lands,” two county associations were organized last fall to take up and encourage the work of control of the southern pine beetle, which has latterly be- come so alarmingly prevalent through the South Atlantic states. With the assistance of The Greater Char- lotte Club, a meeting was held in Charlotte on November 24, at which Messrs. E. B. Mason and F. B. Snyder, of the U. S. Division of Forest Insect Investigations; Mr. J. S. Holmes, State Forester and Secretary of the North Carolina Forestry Association; Mr. W.S. Lee, a Vice President of this Associa- tion; and several other local men made ad- dresses. The result was the organization of the Mecklenburg Pine Beetle Association, to assist the farmers and other timberland own- ers in carrying out the methods of control recommended by the U. S. Bureau of Ento- mology. The following men were elected offi- cers: Messrs. W. S. Pharr, president; Sum- mers Alexander, first vice president; W. S. Abernethy, second vice president; and Rufus M. Johnston, secretary and treasurer. It was suggested at this meeting that Mr. E. T. Clark, county demonstrator for the U. S. Department of Agriculture, be secured to mark the trees for cutting at the various places through the county where control operations were to be carried out. Subse- quent negotiations have resulted in the per- mission of the Department for Mr. Clark to do this work. Two weeks later a similar meeting was held in the adioining county of Gaston, at which the two above-named entomologists, Messrs. Mason and Snyder, and also the State Forester, were present. The meeting organ- ized itself into The Gaston Forestry Asso- ciation, the chief object of which was stated to be the control of the southern pine beetle as advvocated by the U. S. Bureau of Ento- mology. Its secondary, though more perma- nent object, is to support all forestry move- ments of local interest and value and to co- operate in every possible way with the State Forestry Association. Mr. A. C. Stroup a vice president of the North Carolina Forestry Association was chairman of the meeting and was elected secretary of the county asso- ciation. The other officers were: W. W. Farries president; R. N. Johnson, first vice president; and J. F. McCarver, second vice president. New Jersey The United States Department of Agricul- ture has notified the New Jersey State For- 197 198 est Commission that an allotment of $2,000 will be made to New Jersey to aid in the work of controlling forest fires during the present year. Last year the State received $1,000 from the appropriation, which was ex- pended in establishing a fire patrol in the northern part of the state. California According to the statements of J. A. Boyle, special investigator of the State Forestry Of- fice, at Santa Barbara, Cal., two investigators are working in the northern part of Cali- fornia making an extensive investigation of the system of taxing timber lands. The in- vestigation is an exhaustive one and will cover all the timber lands in California. It is being made at the request of the National Conservation Commission at Washington, D. C. It is understood that after the investiga- tion in California has been completed, the work will assume a national scope. On ac- count of the vast timber holdings in the northern part of the state, the work is of great importance and will be carried on in a searching and thorough manner. Forest rangers of the Redlands (Cali- fornia) section have begun planting 15,000 eucalyptus trees on the foothills of the moun- tains, north of Del Rosa and West High- lands. It is the first eucalyptus planting in the local mountains, but it is expected many more trees will be planted in the foothills in the next few years. West Virginia West Virginia forests are said by experts to be remarkable for their extent, their va- riety, and the number of species of trees. Certainly it is stated that in no other forest area in America can a greater variety in species and size be found. The early settlers of the state, careless of the future, decimated the soft woods in the erection of their homes and in making their “clearings.” But the hardwood, better than the soft woods sur- vived the ordeal, and their seedlings are to- day ready for the ax and the saw. The first movement for the systematic and aReoee. conservation of West Virginia’s forests was begun twenty- -five years ago. Today the state’s timber is of enormous value and the buyers from all the world’s markets are con- stantly in the field in an effort to secure it against future consumption, Michigan Upper Michigan pine forests are fast be- coming a memory, as the lumbermen are con- tenting themselves with hardwood and hem- lock, where in years gone by they would dis- dain to cut anything but the stately white pine. The last big tract of pine in Luce county— big as such tracts are nowadays—is being cut this winter by F. Chesbrough and is being banked on the Taquamenon River. It con- sists of 3,000,000 feet of the finest cork pine. The timber is so located that logging opera- AMERICAN FORE STRY tions are difficult. It is a 12-mile haul from the camps north of Newberry to the river. At the big union meeting of teachers and grangers at Hesperia, Mich., in February, Prof. Filibert Roth, of the Forestry Depart- ment of the University of Michigan, advo- cated the establishment of a state bureau of forestry. At the present rate of cutting tim- ber, he said, the state would be stripped of this resource in a short time and a bureau of forestry would tend to educate citizens to plant trees before the state’s forests are all gone. Florida P, T. Day, of Cleveland, O., the largest naval stores operator in the West, predicted — in Savannah, Ga., recently that if the present profligate destruction of trees in Florida is continued that state will be totally denuded of pines in a few years. had been brought to the attention of the De- partment of Agriculture and that the govern- ment officials had concurred in his predic- tion. Wisconsin State Forester E. M. Griffith of Wisconsin, returning from a visit to Washington, D. C., says that there is a favorable outlook for the passage of Congressman E. A. Morse’s bill to add to the state forest reserves 216 islands in the forest reserve area in Vilas and Oneida counties of Wisconsin. A letter from Con- gressman Morse gives further encourage- ment for the success of the measure. The islands contain 167 acres and the state de- sires to add them to the reserves for their conservation. Under the terms of the bill, they would He said the matter - be used only for forest reserve purposes, if given to the state. Mr. Griffith secured from the forestry service at Washington an extension of its” contract with the Wisconsin Forestry Board — for supplying a federal forest patrol to work with the state guardians, the contract involv-— ing $5,000 annually. Minnesota To arrange for co-operation between the railroads and the State Forestry Service dur- ing the dangerous fire season of 1912, State Forester Cox called a meeting of railroad officials and forest rangers at Brainerd to outline a plan for fire prevention and pro- tection. Although two months or more probably will elapse before the season for forest fires begins, Mr. Cox proposes having arrangements completed for protecting Northern Minnesota when that time arrives. During the dangerous season there will be fifteen rangers and nearly two hundred pa- trolmen on the lookout to prevent damage by forest fires. New Hampshire A systematic campaign against the gypsy moth in New Hampshire has been started by STATE the state moth department. It is the inten- tion of the state agent to bring every re- source to bear against the pest so far as an econmical administration of state funds will allow. It is especially the desire of the moth de- partment to conduct the work for the benefit of the state as a whole, rather than for any one locality, and to make the state funds do the greatest possible service both for the present and for the future. With this in mind, the “scouting” or inspection part of the work has been organized. Washington State Treasurer J. G. Lewis, of Washing- ton, has segregated the $24,111.46 which was the state’s share of all receipts from the sale of property, rentals, etc., in the forest re- serves in Washington for the year ending June 30, 1911, and the amounts will be dis- tributed among the various counties accord- ing to the area of national forests they con- tain, as compared with the extra area in the state. Colorado Failure to secure the appropriation made by the last legislature to provide a horticul- tural and forest school on the Teller Indian School property may yet lose Colorado the buildings and the grounds valued at $450,000. President C. A. Lory, of the State Agri- cultural Board, has written to the local board in charge of the property, advising them of the alleged seriousness of the condition. The property was granted to Colorado by Con- gress on condition that it be converted into an educational institution to which Indians were to be admitted on equal terms with whites. So far the state has for lack of funds been unable to comply with conditions imposed by the act of Congress, but President Lory believes if the extension work can be carried out as planned, with the $5,000 prom- ised by the state auditor, the state can retain possession of the property. Tennessee Problems arising from the destruction of southern forests by insect pests and fires will be discussed at a forest conference in Nash- ville, Tenn., April 8-10, at which Henry S%. Graves, chief of the Forest Service, will pre- side. This conference will be held as a part of the Southern Commercial Congress, which then will be in session. Lumbermen, manu- facturers and southern legislators will be in- vited to participate in the discussions in which legal and other meai.s of forest per- petuation will be considered. Montana More adequate laws for the protection of the forests of Montana are needed, and un- less the next legislature is prevailed upon to pass stringent fire laws the future of the for- ests will be in a most precarious condition, is NEWS 199 the opinion expressed by State Forester Charles W. Jungberg in his annual report. He asserts that this protective legislation was not passed last winter because “pressure was brought to bear by interests that hold the main part of the timber outside of the na- tional forests, to defeat all forest legisla- tion.” Kentucky Advocates of the awakening of interest in forestry in Kentucky have put before the Legislature aproposal that there shall be created a non-salaried commission of five members with the Governor a member of the commission; that there shall be a trained for- ester whose duty shall be to enlist the inter- est of private owners of land, to organize a fire warden system, and to develop a forestry policy for the state. It is further proposed that adequate fire protection provisions be enacted, and that the State be authorized to own land for experimental purposes and to reforest denuded watersheds at the sources of important streams. Indiana Optimistic reports concerning the good work of the Indiana Forestry Association were made at a recent meeting of the di- rectors of that organization at the office of Charles W. Fairbanks. Mr. Fairbanks was re-elected president, and other officers were re-elected as follows: Vice-president, Mason B. Thomas, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, and secretary, George B. Lockwood, Marion. William A. Guthrie, of Indianapolis, was elected treasurer to succeed Hugh J. Mc- Gowan, who died. In his report, Mr. Fairbanks said the work of the Association had been carried on with gratifying results since its organization. The people generally had manifested interest in the movement, he said, and prospects were very bright. Mr. Fairbanks said the news- papers of the State had done important work in educating the people concerning the pur- poses of the Association. Oregon The Portland, Oregon, office of the For- est Service has recently inaugurated a study of the production and consumption of pulp and pulp products in the Pacific Northwest. This study is now being actively pursued by three representatives of that Government Bureau. All of the pulp mills actively operating are furnishing data regardine their cutting, and information regarding the con- sumption of paper and other pulp products is being solicited from distributers and con- sumers. Ohio The Forestry Department of the Ohio State agricultural station is hoping its recom- mendations for legislation requiring the re- 200 forestation of Ohio woodlands will bear fruit in the present constitutional convention. One proposal introduced by Delegate Mil- ler makes it mandatory for the legislature to protect insectivorous birds and _ such animals as destroy natural enemies of agri- culture and trees. He also would require the legislature to encourage reforestation and make sufficient appropriations for agri- cultural education. Without waiting for the convention or legislature to act, how- ever, Director C. E. Thorne, of the station, is out co-operating with owners of wood- lots to reclaim them for reforestation. The Forestry Department offers aid to any such persons applying for sit. “Investigations in thirty Ohio counties,” says Thorne, “show that only 15 per cent of woodlots are re- served from pasturage.” AMERICAN FORESTRY Massachusetts State Forester Rane, of Masachusetts, is sending his warning to the owners of wood- land in the western part of the State, that they beware of the chestnut tree blight which is making its way eastward from New York and Pennsylvania, where thousands of acres of valuable timber have been destroyed by this new pest. The advance guard of the pest has al- ready made its appearance in the Berkshires. It is believed that with the advent of warm weather it will sweep eastward and destroy every piece of standing chestnut in the State. A serious financial loss is thereby threatened, for the State Forester estimates the chest- nut growth of Massachusetts at more than $7,000,000. NEWS AND NOTES Supervisors Meet The district supervisors of the Forest Serv- ice in California and Western Nevada held a very successful annual convention in San Francisco, starting January 22, at which Chief Forester Henry S. Graves, as well as a num- ber of lesser forestry officials, were present. Representatives of nearly fifty prominent lumber companies and large owners of tim- ber lands attended one of the sessions and held a joint conference with the forest of- ficers. As a result of this conference a number of the leading lumber men and timber owners agreed to take immediate ac- tion toward the formation of an association similar to the Western Forestry and Conser- vation Association. They also organized to aid in protecting the forests from fire, and will work with the Forest Service to this end. Addresses were delivered by Chief Forester Henry S. Graves, Coert DuBois, Assistant District Forester Headley, Super- visors Rogers, Redington, and Rider, F. C. Thompson, Assistant District Forester Woodbury, Swift Berry, J. A. Mitchell, Wil- liam C. Hodge, Forest Assistant Shaw, John H. Hatten, L. A. Barrett, and a number of others. District supervisors also held conventions at Portland, Oregon, and Denver, Colo., Chief Forester Graves attending the former. Chinese Forestry Students Bound for Germany, where for the next year they will study the science of forestry at an agricultural college, Mr. Arlu Liang, the son of Dr, Cheng Tung Liang Cheng, Chinese Ambassador to Berlin, and_ his cousin, Mr. Foo Tsu Liang, left this country a few days ago. The young men each nineteen years old, have been three years in the United States, Mr. Arlu Liang studying at Worcester Acad- emy and Mr. Foo Tsu Liang at the Mas- sachusetts College of Agriculture. Both have given much of their attention to the study of forest conservation. Mr. Arlu Liang said that he and his cousin were leaving on short notice, a cable mes- sage from his father having arrived telling him to start for Germany on the first steam- ship available. He said he and his cousin were to study forestry in one of the German agricultural schools, in accordance with a plan formulated by his father. His father, he declared, was greatly in- terested in saving the forests of China, where little is thought of forest conservation and where thousands of feet of valuable timber are wasted everv year. He de- clared that it was his father’s intention to begin an active campaign for the preserva- tion of Chinese forests as soon as political conditions are tranquil in the country. Crater National Forest The Crater National forest is the subject of an interesting treatise by Findley Burns, in a bulletin published by the United States Forestry Service. The topography of the region, the sunply of water for power and for irrigation purposes, the “crop” of timber, grazing regulations and_ settlement are covered quite fully in the bulletin. It is shown that the forest contains 10,- 197,000,000 board feet of merchantable timber and is capable of turning off an annual yield of 90,000,000 feet. The water supply which can be conserved in the forest is said to be sufficient to irrigate 240,000 acres in addi- tion to developing large power projects. Practically the whole forest is timbered. The only treeless portions are a few alpine areas on the crests of the higher moun- tains, some lava beds, mountain meadows scattered here and there, and brush land, the result of fire. Of the entire forest, 70 per NEWS cent is covered with merchantable timber, 20 per cent bears stands of unmerchantable timber, largely young growth, and 10 per cent is grass or brush land and barren areas. Mr. Sterling’s Change Mr. E. A. Sterling, for some years in charge of the forestry work of the Pennsyl- vania Railroad, resigned on kebruary 15 and opened offices as a consulting forest and timber engineer at 1331-2 Real Estate Trust Building, Philadelphia. Mr. Sterling is very well known all over the United States as one of its leading foresters thoroughly con- versant with all branches of the work and he is expected to make a great success of his new work. State Land Prices Junius E. Beal, of the Public Domain Com- mission of Michigan, writes: “We have just made a step in advance at a meeting of our Public Domain Commission in putting a minimum price of $2.00 an acre on state lands to be sold. Heretofore a great deal of Michigan land has been sold at a dollar an acre. We will boost it again before long.” Serious Situation A dispatch from Banning, Cal., says: “One lone ranger remains on duty in the great Angeles national forest north of Banning, and other rangers having been furloughed for the reason that the treasury of the For- est Service is many thousand dollars short of having enough money to pay running ex- penses. “The situation in the national forests here- about is regarded as extremely hazardous, as there are many square miles of fine ee literally at the mercy of fortune. Lack of rain has made the forest very dry and should a fire be started there is no telling when it could be vanquished. The unprotected watershed supplies many prosperous fruit colonies, including Banning, Beaumon, Red- lands and the Bear valley water shed, which supplies the Riverside groves.” Want Fire Protection Strongly urging Congress to preserve in- tact the $1,000,000 appropriation for forest fire fighting, the Western Pine Manufac- turers’ Association went on record at the annual meeting at Spokane, Wash., with a resolution that will be telegraphed to all Senators and and Congressmen of the west- ern states. The measure, as passed unanimously, re- cites the disastrous fires of 1910 in Idaho and Washington, tells of the death of 100 men on the fire lines and demands in the strongest terms that the appropriation be made to prevent a repetition of the disaster. Some fifty manufacturers were on hand when President William Deary, of the Pot- latch Company, called the association to AND NOTES 201 order, and nearly $50,000,000 of capital in- vested in timber operations was represented. Preventing Forest Fires Seeking greater protection from fire in the forest preserves of New York State, the Con- servation Commission introduced in the Leg- islature a bill making it a misdemeanor to start a campfire on or near forest lands with- out first clearing away the brush and leaves for at least ten feet on all sides; to start a fire on or near forest or brush land and leave it unquenched; or to throw or drop a lighted match, cigar or cigarette into any combustible material without immediately extinguishing it. The Moth Pest Bogey Writing of the situation in Massachusetts, Allen Chamberlin says: “Things are cer- tainly looking up in the gypsy moth war. It is a joyful spectacle to see the State forester standing before a committee of the Legisla- ture and asking for a reduced appropriation, and it is no less cheering to hear the Fed- eral Government’s entomologist saying that the imported parasites are actually beginning to give an account of themselves. This does not mean that the day has been saved, and that we can lay down our arms in the near future and let the ‘bug’ go hang, but it does indicate that the seven years of per- sistent effort and the expenditure of more than two million dollars of State money, together with fully as much more of munic- ipal and private funds, has been to some purpose, and that the greatest danger has been passed.” After the Bark Borer With the assistance of the Government Bureau of Entomology, Henry Ireland, United States Forest Supervisor from Sumpter, Oregon, is seeking a bug to catch a bug that is destroying the pine forests in the Blue Mountains and other Eastern Oregon districts. The insect which the super- visor is after is commonly called bark-borer. Although it appears in nearly all the for- ests of the state, it is kept down by natural checks in most localities and_it is only in the pine forests of Eastern Oregon that it has become alarmingly destructive. Mr. Ire- land said that in one district infested by the borers they had moved southward over a broad area for about 40 miles since 1907, destroying about 40 per cent of the yellow pine timber they attacked. 160,000 Acres Secured Solicitor George P. McCabe, of the De- partment of Agriculture, has drawn up the purchase contracts for the 160,000 acres of land bargained for by the Government in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Within the next few months Uncle Sam will have a national forest comprising 160,- 202 000 acres of land, the Government officials and owners having agreed upon the price. This is just a beginning of purchases to be made under the Weeks law in the South- ern Appalachian and White Mountains. Two hundred thousand more acres are now being examined by forestry experts with a view of locating desirable lands for additional purchases. The lands already purchased will cost the Government about $1,000,000, the amount pro- vided for purchases the first year. One Cent a Tree It costs 1 cent to plant a tree in Canada, according to a report submitted to the In- ternational Dry Farming congress by Nor- man M. Ross, of Indian Head, Saskatchewan, and just published in the annual congress handbook. Mr. Ross is chief of the tree-planting division of the Dominion forestry department. He states that the Dominion forest nursery station at Indian Head is annually distribut- ing to settlers in western Canada, free of charge, more than 2,250,000 seedlings and cuttings and that, during the last 10 years, the tree- planting division has furnished, roughly, 18,500,000 trees and cuttings to 14,- 882 settlers, an average of 1,240 to each ap- plicant. Low Prices for Trees Efficiency and increased production at the New York State nurseries will enable the Conservation Commission to offer trees especially adapted to reforesting lands in New York State, to private land owners this spring at greatly reduced rates. These offers should appeal to land owners throughout the State which is so badly in need of reforesting. Careful investigations of the Commission show that there are 2,300,000 acres in the State which are not producing any valuable growth, practically all of which could be profitably used in growing trees. Chinese Forestry Large corporations even in China, where the neglect of forestry has been notorious, are now beginning to grow their own timber. Chinese railroads have put considerable tracts in young trees to furnish their lines with ties and trestle timbers. The growth of trees is slow, but it is also sure and the market for forest products continues to in- crease in proportion to the shrinkage of the supply simultaneously with the expansion of AMERICAN FORESTRY the demand. It is high time that individuals consider the question of growing their own trees. Railway Ties Statistics prepared by the Forestry Service of the United States show that of the 125,- 000,000 crossties bought by the railways last year almost 80 per cent were hewed ties. The sawed tie, while occasionally produced by mills built particularly for this purpose, is more generally a by-product of general lum- ber operations. A Wise Action A timber company which has purchased 250,000 acres of land in Western North Carolina will place the entire tract under the supervision of the United States For- estry Bureau. This is a departure from the methods usually employed by timber com- panies. It is significant of the advance of the conservation movement. Another feature of the enterprise wil be the complete utilization of all the sawdust and other waste from the several mills that are to be operated. The Philippine Forests The most striking element of weath in the Philippine Islands is the forests. They cover an area of 50,000,000 acres and of that area 40,000,000 acres are untouched and waiting for the American capitalist. In other words, the forests of the Philippines would more than cover the entire New England states, New York and Pennsylvania. Much of the wood is of the most valuable kind. Owing to the remote position of the Pacific island possession and the difficulties and great cost of bringing the woods to this country little has been done, however. A Laudable Effort Forest Service men who are blinded or otherwise disabled and the dependants of men killed in fighting forest fires can ex- pect no compensation from the government. To remedy this condition Senator Dixon (Rep., Mont.), is making a sturdy effort to have the Forest Service employes included in the law which awards compensation to victims of hazardous government employ- ment. The law proposes amendments in behalf of employes of the Bureau of Mines and the Forest Service. EDUCATIONAL Prof. Roth at Cornell Professor Filibert Roth has accepted an appointment as professor of forestry and head of the Forestry Department in the New York State College of Agriculture at Cor- nell University. He moves to Ithaca next summer. This makes the third professorial appointment in forestry at Cornell in about a year. Professor Walter Mulford and As- sistant Professor John Bentley, Jr., who are already at Ithaca, will be with Mr. Roth, and the Department plans to give a thor- ough technical course to students wishing to make forestry their life work. The Depart- ment will also continue its plans for uni- versity extension work in forestry and the teaching of elementary forestry to general agricultural students and others at Cornell. Professor Roth has been for nine years at the head of the Forestry Department of the University of Michigan. Mr. Roth was at one time in charge of all the national forest reserves under the Land Office. Each an Officer The story of the club that was organized with an office for every member, was _ il- lustrated at the University of Missouri when the Forestry Society of the University of Missouri, composed of forestry students, was founded. The officers are: E. L. Ander- son, Goodwater, president; Victor C. Fol- lenius, St. Louis, vice-president; Murrell W. Talbott, Appleton City, secretary; James Pix- lee, Cameron, treasurer. Next summer the students will take a two weeks’ camping trip to the Ozarks and will “cruise” the timber lands owned by the University of Missouri, about 50,000 acres. Students will estimate the number of board feet, map roads to get the timber out, and make general observa- tions and notes on the condition of Ozark forests, what varieties flourish best, and how the Ozark forests should be managed to get the maximum return and preserve the for- ests as valuable assets—conservation in the open. Forestry for Children Charles C. Deam, Secretary of the Indiana State Board of Forestry, has announced the annual prize competition, open to school chil- dren of the State, for essays bearing on forest subjects. The subject of the essays and the conditions imposed are such that it will be necessary for the children to visit and study woodlands. Prizes aggregating $40 are to be given. Four $10 prizes will be given; one to pupils of the seventh grade, one to pupils of the eighth grade, one to freshmen and sophomore high school pupils and one to junior and senior high school pupils. The subject of the essay is to be “Woodlot Conditions in the County in Which I Live and Suggestions for Their Improve- ment.” A Course in Forestry One of the branches of practical work in which the Science Department of the New- town (Mass.) High School has manifested much interest is the study of forestry, which is being carried on in connection with the botany department. The student learns the kind of soil best adapted for each plant or tree, the proper way to set out these trees, how to insure their successful growth through trimming, and the extermination of various insects and pests. Certain trees are set out and carefully watched by the pupils during their growth. The different kinds of pests which appear are examined and studied in the botanical laboratory. AMERICAN FORESTRY Forest Engineering Clark and Lyford. Forest surveys; what they are, wherein they serve, what they cost. 12 p. Montreal, Desbarats print- ing co., 1911. Forest Utilization Lumber industry Otis, McAllister & Co. Maderas de comercio de California, Oregon, Washington, Es- tados Unidos. 17 p. il. San Francisco, Cal., 1912. Yellow pine manufacturers’ association. Yellow pine; a manual of standard wood construction. 96 p. il. St. Louis, Mo., 1911, Wood-using industries Bond, Francis M. Forest products laboratory series; progress report on wood-paving experiments in Minneapolis. 19 p. il. Wash., D. C., 1912. (U. $.—Department of a RIES service. Circular 194. Oakleaf, Howard B. Washington’s sec- ondary wood-using industries. 8 Pp. Seattle Wash., Pacific lumber trade jour- nal, 1911. Simmons, Roger E. The wood-using in- dustries of Illinois. 164 p. tables. Wash., D. C., Forest service, 1911. Wood technology Cline, McGarbey. Forest products laboratory series; strength values for structural timbers. 8 p. Wash., D. C., 1912. (U. S.—Department of agriculture—Forest service. Circular 189.) Auxiliary Subjects Conservation of natural resources New York—Conservation commission. An- nual report, ist, 1911. 33 p. Albany, N. Y., 1912. Irrigation National irrigation congress. Official pro- ceedings, 19th, Dec. 5-9, 1911. 359 p. Chicago, R. R. Donnelly & Sons Co. 1912. Periodical Articles Miscellaneous periodicals Agricultural journal of the Union of South Africa, Dec. 1911—The rain tree of Peru once more, p. 712-14. Bulletin of the Pan-American union, Jan. 1912.—The cacao of the world, p. 75-85. Gardners’ chronicle, Dec. 16, 1911—The re- moval of tree stumps, by A. J. Bliss, p. 440. Gardners’ chronicle, Dec. 30, 1911.—Experi- ments in regard to thinning, by H. Rogers, p. 468; The removal of tree stumps, by F. G. Brewer, 0, 476. Gardners’ chronicle, Jan. 6, 1912—Street trees in Canada, p. 3. CURRENT LITERATURE Journal de la jeunesse, Oct. 21, 1911.— L’homme destructeur et les foréts Américaines, by Pierre de Mériel, p. 526-30. National wool grower, Jan. 1912.—Relation of forest to flockmaster, by A. F. Potter, p. 19-21. Review of reviews, Feb. 1912—A great liv- ing tree museum, by Chas. M. Dow, p. 203-8. Revue horticole, Jan. 16, 1912.—L’Arnold arboretum by D. Bois, p. 28-32; Le Washingtonia robusta en Tunisie, by L. Guillochon, p. 38-9. Science, Jan. 12, 1912—Tier-like arrange- ment of the elements of certain woods, by Samuel J. Record, p. 75-7. Scientific American, Dec, 23, 1911.—Artificial silk; makine lustrous yarn from wood pulp, by H. W. Ambruster, p. 576-7. Scientific American, Jan. 13, 1912.—Watch- ing for and preventing forest fires, by D. A. Willey, p. 41, 48, 56. Torreya, Jan, 1912—Undescribed species of Cuban cacti, by N. L. Britton and J. N. Rose, p. 13-16. Trade journals and consular reports American lumberman, Jan. 27, 1912.—Substi- tute woods for pencil manufacture, by H. S. Sackett, p. 46; Application of for- estry science to the lumber industry, by A. Cary, p. 66; A remarkable wire rope- way, by J. A. Seager, pv. 73-4. American lumberman, Feb, 3, 1912.—Uniform inspection of crossties, by R. D. Lusk, p. 42-3; Timber resources of Santo Domingo republic, p. 44-6; Forestry in the southern hardwoods; address before Hardwood Manufacturers Association, by W. B. Greeley, p. 54-5; Forest service supervisors in conference, p. 66. American lumberman, February 10, 1912.— Imitation of high priced furniture woods, p. 42; A possible utilization of yellow pine stumpage, by M. Cline, p. 47-8; Conservation, by J. B. White, p. 48-9; Best methods of getting lumber from tree to car, by C. E. Slagle, p. 49-50; Modern manufacturing of maple floor- ing, p. 68-9. Canada lumberman, Jan. 15, 1912.—Extravy- agant lumbering; time to halt, p. 30-1; Cost of sawing mill waste products, p. 31-2; The timber trade in Great Britain, p. 36-7; Patrol and fire fighting, by F. J. Davies, p. 43. Canada lumberman, Feb. 1, 1912.—Progress of forestry in Canada, by H. R. Mac- Millan, p. 65, 70, 72. ; Carriage monthly, Jan. 1912.—Seasoning of timber for wheels, by W. P. Kennedy, p. 92-4. Engineering magazine, Dec. 1911.—Preserva- tion of timber; treating of crossties, by W. F. Goltra, p. 433-6. Field & Stream, Jan. 1912.—Gifford Pinchot’s report on Forestry to the Camp Fire Club; Feb. First article of series on American Forestry. 207 Hardwood record, Jan. 25, 1912.—African cedar, p. 35; Boxwood and its uses, p. 36. Hardwood record, Feb. 10, 1912—A new tropical hardwood, p. 49. Journal of electricity, power and gas, Feb. 3, 1912.—Preservation of power trans- mission poles, by W. R. Wheaton, p. 92. Lumber world review, Jan. 25, 1912.—The influence of the big sawmill, by R. S. Kellogg, p. 28-9. Lumber world review, Feb. 10, 1912.—The Biltmore forest school, p. 26-7. Pacific lumber trade journal, Jan, 1912.—Re- view of the forest protection campaign, by E. T, Allen, p. 43; Complex problems of by-product utilization, by C. H. Shat- tuck, p. 60; Past year witneses first elec- trical logging, by E. J. Barry, p. 113. Pine cone, Feb, 1912—A history of white pine, p. 1-2; Forestry and fire protec- tion, p. 3-5. Pulp and paper magazine, Jan. 1912,—Use of native woods, by R. G. Lewis, p. 13-14; Mould growth on wood pulp, by F. Barnes, p, 27-9. Railway and engineering review, Jan. 20, 1912.—Treating seasoned vs. unseasoned ties, by F. J. Angier, p. 63. St. Louis lumberman, Jan. 15, 1912.—Prob- lems to be solved in utilization of wood waste, by W. B. Harper and others, p. 52-3; Forestry of a railroad, p. 83. St. Louis lumberman, Feb. 1, 1912—Wood, the peerless building material, by A. Hamilton, p. 53. Southern industrial and lumber review, Jan, 1912. — Lumber selling opportunities abroad as reported by our American consuls, p. 13, 17, 91; Unlimited raw material for paper in United States, by CayW: Tyniaa. ip) 20s) Southern lumberman, Jan. 20, 1912.—The pro- duction of the wooden crosstie, by A. R. Joyce, p. 33; Wood preservers in three- day convention, p. 33-34; Cutting and seasoning timber, by A, Meyer, p. 34. Southern lumberman, Jan. 27, 1912.—Specifi- cations and analysis of creosote oils, by H. von Schrenk, p. 43-4. Timberman, Jan. 1912—Plan for maintain- ing uniform speed in handling logs on steep ground, p. 26; Influence of the Panama canal on development of lum- ber industry, by J. N. Teal, p. 33-5; The Panama canal and its influence on Pacific coast forest products, by J. H. Bloedel, p. 35-6; Railroads open up hitherto inac- cessible central Oregon timber wealth, by J. M. Lawrence, p. 39-40; Successful construction and operation of five mile log flume in Idaho, by W. D. Starbird, . 46; Proposed steel vessel, capacity 2,000,000 feet, for the lumber trade, by J. Dickie, p. 47-8; Utilization of by-prod- ucts, by C. H. Shattuck, p. 52. United States daily consular report, Jan. 24, 1912.—Red mangrove bark in Madagas- car, by J. C. Carter, p. 385-7. 208 United States daily consular report, Feb. 8, 1912—Sale of crossties abroad; Ger- many and England, by R. P. Skinner and J. L. Griffiths, p. 598-600. United States daily consular report, Feb. 12, 1912.—Canadian pulp and pulp wood, by F. M. Ryder, p. 650-2, Wood craft, Feb. 1912—The design and construction of historic console tables, by J. Bovington, p. 127-9; The woods used in the finishing department, by A. A. Kelly, p. 129-32; Winter quarters of the Biltmore forest school, p, 134-5; Wooden shoe making in Europe, by F. W. Mahin, ip: 159. Wood worker, Jan. 1912—Making wooden shoe pegs, p. 42. Forest journals American forestry, Feb. 1912.—The progress of forestry, by R. P. Bass, p. 75-81; Opportunities for foresters, by A. Cary, p. 82-94; The present situation in for- estry, by H. S. Graves, p. 95-104; The annual convention and _ resolutions, American forestry association, p. 133-4; The progress of forestry in Wisconsin, by E. M. Griffith, p. 107-17; Unlimited raw material for paper making in the United States, by C. W. Lyman, p. 118- 22; Two features of forestry; the part that colleges and experiment stations may play in its development, by F. W. Rane, p. 123-8; The American mental attitude on conservation and its growth, by B. A. Jotinson, p. 130-2. Bulletin de la Société centrale forestiére de Belgique, Jan. 1912.—Chéne rouvre ou chéne pédonculé, by Ney, p. 1-9; Com- merce d’importation et d’exportation des bois en 1910, p. 9-20; Influence de l’ombre et de la lumiére sur l’epanouis- sement des bourgeons du hétre et de quelques autres feuillus, by P. Jacard, p. 21-6; Utilization de l’azote de I’air par les plantes, by T. Jamieson, p. 26-44. Canadian forestry journal, Nov.-Dec. 1911.— The future of British Columbia lumber- ing, by J. F. Clark, p. 157-9, 163; For- estry and the lumber business, by J. E. Rhodes, p. 164-8. Centralblatt fiir das gesamte forstwesen, Nov. 1911.—Die walder Dalmatiens, by L. Adamovic, p. 491-506; Bemerkungen zur gattung Pseudopolygraphus, by W. Baer, p. 506-8. Centralblatt fiir das gesamte forstwesen, Dec. 1911.—Zur bildung von mittelzahlen, by N. von Lorenz, p. 541-58; Eschenholz zu ski, by G. Janka, p. 558-85. Forest leaves, Feb. 1912.—Tree planting in New Zealand, by H. D. Baker, p. 101-2; AMERICAN FORESTRY Coppice growth and the chestnut tree blight, by T. L. Hoover and S. B. Det- wiler, p. 102-4; Forest instruments by Pennsylvania foresters, p. 106-7; Prac- tical work on the woodlot, by C. H. Goetz, p. 107-8. Forestry quarterly, Dec. 1911—The Yale transplanting board, by J. W. Toumey p. 539-43; The rise of silviculture, by Jentsch, p. 544-56; Wirter reconnais- sance in Californian mountains, by R. F. Hammatt, p. 557-62; The hand-loggers of British Columbia, by L. Margolin, p. 563-7; Rotation of cutting to secure a sustained yield from the crown timber lands of British Columbia, bv L. S. Higgs, p. 568-73; Report of committee on forest fires, Canadian forestry asso- ciation, p. 577-88; Canadian volume tables, by E. Wilson, p. 589-94. Forstwissenschaftliches ceutralblatt, Jan. 1912.—Wegl auglossen, by Knauth. p, 1-10; Die herstellung forstlicher bestand- subersichts—und wirtschaftskarten by ‘T. Glaser p. 10-27. Indian forester, Jan. 1912—The expenditure on forests in India and its relation to the revenue realized, p. 1-17; Depart- mental teak extraction in the Zigon Division, Burma, by E. V. Ellis, p. 18-27; A new species of mildew, by A. L. Chat- terji, p. 28-30; Neglected rubbers; how Hevea has ousted all the other varieties, p. 34-8; The legend of the rain-tree, p. 38-40. North woods, Jan. 1912—The work of the service, by D. P. Tierney, p. 4-7; The duties of a patrolman in the State serv- ice, by W. Kueffner, p. 9-12. Philippine agriculturist and forester, Sept. 1911—Lumbering in Bataan, by F. Franco, p. 132-4. Quarterly journal of forestry, Jan. 1912— Growing larch for profit, by A. Slater, p. 1-11; Tree guards, by E. R. Pratt, p.’ + 11-13; The Monterey pine in Brittain, by planting, by C. P. Ackers, p. 20-2. Revue des eaux et foréts, Jan. 1, 1912.—Les frais de régie et de surveillance des bois communaux, by F. Lombard, p. 4-11; Le mouvement forestiér a l’étranger; Suisse, by G. Huffel, p. 11-15. Revue des eaux et foréts, Jan. 15, 1912.— L’initiative du contre-feu, by J. Dinner, p. 33-5; Foréts coloniales; la forét d’ Analamazaotra, by Louvel, p. 35-48. Zeitschrift fiir forst—und jagdwesen, Dec. 1911.—Die witterung in Eberswalde im jahre 1910, by J. Schubert, p. 907-16; Blattergewicht und _ blattfliichen einiger buchen, by E. Ramann, p. 916-19. i AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS YALE FOREST SCHOOL NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT The course of study in the YALE FOREST SCHOOL covers a period of two years. Graduates of collegiate institutions of high standing are ad- mitted as candidates for the degree of Master of Forestry. ) The Summer Term is conducted at MILFORD, PIKE COUNTY, PENNA. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ADDRESS JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director New Haven Connecticut HARVARD UNIVERSITY | BILTMORE THE DIVISION OF FORESTRY FOREST SCHOOL Biltmore, N. C. Offers a two-years’ graduate course leading to the degree of Master of Theoretical and practical instruc- Forestry Egor} ; tion in all branches of applied for- | estry. The course comprises eighteen The course includes upward of six months; viz: twelve consecutive months field instruction and practical months of lectures and field work and experience in the annual operations on six months of practical prenticeship. Working fields in the Southern Appalachians, in the Lake States and in central Germany. the Harvard Forest, Petersham, Mass. For further particulars address Catalogue: tpomis prlcation RICHARD T. FISHER, Chairman Cambridge, Mass. Dr. C. A. SCHENCK, Director et TE 8 RE ee oO WN RCN ee Sts Ae SED eal | | In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN FORESTRY JAMES D. LACEY WOOD BEAL WON Interested in SOUTHERN or PACIFIC COAST Timber? We furnish detailed reports as to the QUALITY of the timber, average lengths and number of trees on each 40-acre subdivision. VICTOR THRANE We submit reports covering details as to logging conditions, cost and most feasible methods of logging each 40-acre or sectional subdivision of each tract. We also furnish a TOPOGRAPHICAL map of all tracts located in mountainous districts, showing every elevation of 100 feet throughout the tract with OUR OWN engineer’s report showing locations of most feasible routes and grades for logging roads. We can furnish sufficient data regarding ANY tract of timber which we have examined to convince you whether the tract is just what you want or not. Personal inspection of any tract we may offer you will be found just as represented. We are ina position to offer some exceedingly attractive TIMBER properties in the SOUTH, in BRITISH COLUMBIA, and onthe PACIFICCOAST Also a few going mill operations with ample timber supplies in the South. We furnish detailed reports of amount of STUMPAGE on each 2 1-2- 5- or 10-acre subdivision of each forty. We employ expert PACIFIC COAST CRUISERS to check all estimates made on Western Timber. We offer HIGH-CLASS Timber Properties only, which have been placed in our hands for sale. We can convince you that our estimates are reliable. JAMES D. LACEY & CO. (ESTABLISHED SINCE 1880) 1211 Whitney Central Bldg. 1104 Spalding Bldg. 1009 White Bldg. 1218 Old Colony New Orleans Portland, Ore. Seattle Chicago NATIONAL CAPITAL PRESS. No. Formerly CONSERVATION = > > CS S AMERICAN FORESTRY S ADVERTISERS A Permanent Forest that Nets $40 an Acre Every Year Fifteen years ago all marketable timber was removed from a hundred acre tract of Chestnut, Pine and Oak owned by Cristian Sharer near Port Matilda, Pa., but the young growth was not destroyed. Last winter again the ripe stuff was cut, and the return secured from five average acres was 700 telephone poles, 15 cars of mine ties and props, some railroad ties and some saw stuff. The 700 poles brought $3,000 cash; cutting and hauling them cost $350. The 15 cars of small stuff netted $225. This, without the other lumber, for which we have no figures, make $2,875 as the net cash return from five acres for fifteen years. It Figures $38.33 For Each Acre Every Year. Wheat, corn, oats or hay do exceedingly well to net $20 an acre yearly on the best of land. This timber grew on steep, rock mountainside, and required only as much labor in fifteen years as farm crops do in one or two years. If you have any sized area which in the light of these facts needs timber, let us help you put timber on it. We have specialized on growing seedlings and transplanted trees for forestry purposes for over fifty years. We are headquarters in this line. Ask for “The Forest Planter’s Guide,” a little book of interesting suggestions and true descriptions. Wire for prices if in a hurry. The D. Hill Nursery Co., Inc ; Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in the World Box 500 Dundee, Illinois ms ot Been SEEDS ||... wa Logging and Woodcraft NEW CROP of most sorts already are taught under actual forest condi- as eeived. - Others ex- tions at Wyman’s School of the pected from time to time, from now || | Woods, Munising. Michigan. until late in the winter. | Our campus consists of ten million We doubt if any firm handles one | | acres of mixed forests, with both virgin half the assortment we do. and lumbered areas. Vigna Our demonstrations consist of actual logging and milling of successful opera- tors together with reforestation and Catalogue now ready. Send for a copy || | protection as carried on by organized now. We mail it free. || forces. Two year course leads to the degree J. M. THORBURN & CO, |. | of Loging Engineer. Instruction by foresters with practi- 33 Barclay Street and 38 Park Place eal Haste eeperienee NEW YORK Established 1802 CATALOGUE Send your list for prices. all kinds of “out of the way” sorts In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN FORESTRY American Forestry The Magazine of the American Forestry Association EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD HERMAN H. CHAPMAN FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL ERNEST A. STERLING JOHN E. RHODES S. T. DANA S. N. SPRING April CONTENTS 1912 PAGE FRONTISPIECE—O. M. BILHARZ’S LODGE, TENDERFOOT LAKE. WiSiseee 209 THE WAR ON PREDATORY ANIMALS—By Percival S. Ridsdale-_..__._.________ 211 With seven illustrations. ‘RELATION OF INSECTS TO THE DEATH OF CHESTNUT TREES—By Ua ih Gla fy RE SSE SY a ek a 221 With six illustrations. De ses SSS RIMS Pe Win 08 2) 2 a aoe ae Re eae ee CS 227 THE UNDERGROUND WATERS OF NEW MEXICO—By Willard E. Holt____ 228 With two illustrations. te DARGEsl SASSAFRAS TREE—By Adiola Gray--....-2. sede ee 233 WINDBREAKS, THEIR INFLUENCE AND VALUE—By George L. Clothier______ 234 With four illustrations. OREN Seta Sue AUN PACNI SV VAI Ope ee et he ae ea ke es 243 Soe HARVARD FOREST—By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr.---.=--.-...-.......__-. 244 With four illustrations. Pe meerON TRORBG ERY CONREREINOS 22-62 253 Pee hNG. So hU MIPS (OND TREES: cc cesses edie ele A 254 With six illustrations. FORESTRY AT THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY—By Prof. C. H. Goetz_.__--__ 261 With five illustrations. penne SUV UE BRN rg ak te ub le nie a 262 BLIGHT COMMISSION INSTRUCTION—By Prof. uch aR Bakersi3.2 2G. sree 267 With one illustration. Beery AND PORES TRY—by W. C. Sykes 2. 2.22.2. -2. 268 Pe oo prkiis FORESTRY ASSOCIATION CONVENTION—By Forester BS CDLAC pete eee a Sh eS a he 272 Pen ari, TORS T ARBORETUM S 282) 22 el 274 TIMBERLAND OWNERS AND FORESTRY—By W. R. Brown ___--------------- 275 A FOREST THAT PAYS $40 AN ACRE YEARLY—By George W. Kehr____-_--____ 276 FORESTRY AND THE STATE LEGISLATURE—By W. B. Greeley__.._.._-._-.._- 207 A Mnpe ee ene ee a tn ee ee 279 REVIEW OF PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS—By

Zi Yu TOA NOLLVOINNI OA ane SHIT HO LSVal TRRIGATION DITCH WATER SUPPLIED BY PER , MINUTE Ate} } — BY |X| WELL NEAR PUMPING DEMING, N. 1,300 M. GALLONS OF THE UNDERGROUND WATERS OF NEW MEXICO 231 irresistible strides and the true American spirit. The best civilization of our country is joining the forces of Nature in building a commonwealth that will be the peer of any in the Union, and with climatic conditions surpassing them all. New Mexico has successfully practiced irrigation since the latter part of the sixteenth century, so that we claim nothing new except improvement in method. HALF A MILLION ACRES Aside from the area that has and can be reclaimed by harnessing our rivers and streams, we have nearly a half million acres of the richest soil in America, that is, or may be successfully irrigated by underground waters pumped from shallow depths, thirty-five to one hundred feet. Of this vast area, not over five per cent has been put under cultivation, but that five per cent has demonstrated to the world the absolute guarantee of wealth vouch- safed to the man who pins his faith upon the magic of the pump, has the cash or credit to buy the pump and applies himself with energy and intel- ligence. In every county of the new State there are areas that are being or may be reclaimed at enormous profit by the now proven system of pumping for irrigation. At Roswell, in the great Pecos Valley, where hundreds of artesian wells tap the underground waters, and many pumps are also in use, there have been shipped this year over 8,000 carloads of the finest orchard and field products in the world, worth not less than $3,000,000, to say nothing of trainloads of livestock, wool and cotton. This is relatively true of the whole of the great Pecos Valley, whose 1911 alfalfa product alone is worth almost a million dollars. A single pumping proposition near Roswell includes 13,000 acres, with twenty-eight miles of electric transmission lines connecting the motor-driven pumps. The residents of this beautiful city say that apple orchards in that vicinity are cheaper now at $1,000 an acre than they will ever be again. The Portales region can boast the largest central irrigation power plant in the United States, where farmers are pumping on the codperative basis, the original cost being $35.00 per acre, but the cost of maintenance has thus far been but $1.50 per acre. The longest transmission line does not exceed eighteen miles and the acreage that will eventually be reclaimed will exceed 150,000. Everything, except citrus fruits, is grown in great abundance and a fine beet sugar factory will soon add value to the area. It might be added right here that New Mexico sugar beets, like her fair women, are the sweetest in the world. The Estansia Valley is doing wonders around Willard and Estansia, through the magic of the pump, where the cost of an acre-foot of water is about $1.75, their products this year show 1,200 pounds of beans per acre, 200 bushels of potatoes, with other crops in proportion, and truck farming producing $300.00 per acre or better, which latter fact applies to all our valleys. 232 AMERICAN FORESTRY At Almagordo, the pump is also becoming a great factor in profitable farm development. THE ALBUQUERQUE REGION The Albuquerque region, and in fact the whole Rio Grande Valley, is starting on an era of prosperity through the instrumentality of lifegiving water, pumped from the earth, to give necessary moisture for plant growth. There are a number of small irrigation wells in the vicinity of Fort Bayard, the largest army sanitorium in the United States, if not in the world. Speak- ing of sanitoriums, it may be truthfully stated that New Mexico is one great sanitorium, where health makes wealth easier and where Nature has been most lavish in her gifts to men. The Mimbres Valley is located in the southwestern part of the state and lies largely in Luna County. It is surrounded on every side by moun- tain ranges which effectually protect it from severe storms, an approach to a cyclone never having been known. Its level area is well described in a recently published report of Hon. Charles D. Miller, Territorial Engineer, which says: “Hstimates of the possibilities of this valley place the figures of irrigable area from wells producing from 500 to 1,200 and even 1,500 gallons of water per minute at 100,000 acres. To this area it is conservatively estimated that there may be added 100,000 acres irrigated from wells producing 500 gallons down to possibly 200 gallons of water per minute.” The valley has an underground basin filled with water filtered for many miles through sand and gravel, rendering it the purest body of water in America. The Government analysis last year of the water used by the Deming City Water Works, which is a part of this underground flow, gave 30 parts total solids, chiefly magnesia and iron, to 100,000 parts of water. Without chemical treatment of any kind this water is used for every purpose, scientific or domestic, and is applied direct from the pump with absolute safety to every form of plant life which means everything in the vegetable kingdom, outside of citrus fruits. Its quantity may be most easily and quickly under- stood when we say the report of a Government engineer in charge of irrigation investigations, this year, said: “If 300,000 acre feet were withdrawn from the underflow in one year, a condition almost impossible, it would lower the water plane below but 3.5 inches.” From this underground sea more than 200 pumps, ranging in volume from 200 to 2,000 gallons per minute, are truly making the desert blossom as the rose. Using the Mimbres Valley as a leading exponent of pumping for irriga- tion, we submit the following facts: Relinquishments from present holders of land may be obtained for from $5.00 to $25.00 per acre. Unimproved deeded land may be purchased for from $15.00 to $100.00 per acre, the price being regulated to a certain extent by the distance from Deming, the chief market town of the valley, and chief railroad center of New Mexico. Tracts of five THE LARGEST SASSAFRAS TREE 233 to twenty acres, improved with water developed, may be purchased, close in, at $125.00 to $150.00 per acre. Cost of wells and pumps: A well, pump and 35 H. P. electric motor, sufficient to successfully irrigate 150 to 200 acres, costs $2,300 to $2,600. The same well costs from $400 to $600 more when driven by a 40 H. P. gasoline engine, a crude oil engine being slightly more expensive than either, which is overcome by a cheaper operating expense. Cost of putting water on the ground: Getting right down to brass tacks, in order that a child may understand and computing the cost of 100 or more large and small successful pumping plants, it costs a half cent to pump 1,000 gallons of water, a season’s irrigation, costing from $3.00 to $9.00 per acre, according to the amount of water required for various crops and the skill of the irrigator. These figures are based on electricity at 3 cents per K. W., engine naphtha at 12 cents, and crude oil at 6 cents per gallon, and with the increasing consumption all of these products are getting cheaper. Plowing and irrigation are carried on every week in the year, and in most of the market gardens, vegetables are grown the year ’round. Winter irrigation for spring and summer crops is gaining in favor. *From an address at the National Irrigation Congress. THE LARGEST SASSAFRAS TREE By ADIOLA GRAY EVERAL months ago the statement was made by the Department of ) Agriculture that the largest sassafras tree in the world grows in the yard of the First Methodist Church in the city of Atlanta, Ga. According to the reckoning of experts this tree is more than one hundred years old. It is fifty feet high and has a spread of more than forty feet. Printed re- ports conflict as to the size in circumference; one giving it as seven and a half feet, and another as being eleven feet. The discovery has recently been made that there is a tree of this species growing on the farm of James M. Jenkins, near Glendale, Hardin Co., Ky., which is much larger. The height and age of this tree have not been reckoned, but it has a circumference of fifteen feet one-half foot above the ground, and is fourteen feet in circumference eight feet above the ground where the first limb is given off. Judging from the great size of this tree it must be even older than the one growing in Atlanta. To provide for carrying out an agreement under which South Dakota school lands will be exchanged for National Forest land of equal arca and value, President Taft has signed a proclamation which makes it possible for the State to select immediately 60,143 acres of land from the Harney and Sioux National Forests. WINDBREAKS: THEIR INFLUENCE AND VALUE A Review or Forest Service BuLLETIN 86, By CarLos G. Batss By GEORGE L. CLOTHIER HIS publication fills a long felt want and is the most exhaustive treat- ment of the subject of windbreaks ever attempted in this country. The magnitude of the investigations made by the Forest Service as a basis for this bulletin may be appreciated when it is known that the extent of branching of the various species was determined from measurements of 1319 plantations. The effect of plantations on evaporation was learned from 865 hourly readings of evaporometers. The observations were distributed through the months of June, July, August, and September, 1908. The horizontal extent of tree roots into cultivated land adjacent to the windbreaks was determined for 152 groves representing eight species. Effects on temperature were derived from 30 readings, and crop yields were studied in 12 fields. The bulletin is divided into four parts. Part I is a synopsis of the conditions which the study attempted to measure. Part II is a record of the measurements of the physical factors entering into the problem with interpretations of the physiological effects of these factors upon animal and plant lift. Part III deals with the timber production of windbreaks and shows how to assess their cost against the land they have damaged and occupied. Part IV summarizes the protective value of windbreaks and calculates the profitable area to devote to windbreaks of various species. Specific recommendations for planting in the several regions needing wind- breaks are found in the concluding pages of the bulletin. The study was carried on chiefly in the States of Kansas and Nebraska, although some measurements were made in Iowa and Minnesota. The sea- son chosen for the study proved to be more humid than the average with less wind in the summer months than usually occurs in the region, hence the effects abserved may be taken as underestimates rather than over estimates of the influence of windbreaks. The study showed that a windbreak may be both beneficial and harmful to the crops of an adjacent field. The observations showed that for the summer months a windbreak may reduce the mechanical force of the wind, lessen evaporation, stagnate the air or reduce its velocity, increase extremes of temperature both in the air and the soil, and change the distribution of moisture in the soil. In studying both beneficial and harmful influences, measurements and observations made in and near the windbreaks were com- pared with measurements made far enough away to be outside of the in- fluences. The distances through which the effects of the plantations were manifested were measured in all cases in terms of height of the trees, since both beneficial and harmful effects are directly proportional to the height of the trees. 234 DUNES OF SAND BLOWN OUT OF THE BED Oe ne COLUMBIA RIVER, SHERMAN COUNTY, ‘CNIM HHL WOU SHAML LINN AHL LOALOUd OL VINYOATIVO 4O SGUVHOUXO HONVAO AHL LNOIV GHLNV’Id HUV SNLAIVONA AO SLIXH MOUUVN = - ~ WINDBREAKS 237 The shading effect expressed in percentages is recorded as though it were concentrated on a strip equal in width to the height of the trees, and since the shaded area is often wider than the trees are high, it often happens that the figures for shade exceed 100 per cent. This method of calculation is likely to confuse the reader, and yet it is difficult to suggest a better one. Shading effects were measured by exposing solio paper in the shadow and comparing its change of color with exposures made in direct sunlight. MBETHODS OF OBSERVATION Soil moisture determinations were made at depths of 10 to 20 inches and at intervals from each windbreak of 10 or 20 feet to the limit of the activity of the roots; and from these measurements it was easy to calculate the distance and intensity of the sapping effect of the tree roots. The greatest benefits arising from windbreaks are believed to result from reduced evapora- tion, due to reduced motion of air currents. To measure the intensity of evaporation, evaporometers were set up at distances of one, two, and five times the height of the trees on both sides of the windbreaks and in addition at ten and twenty times the height on the leeward side. The study of the shading effect revealed the fact that cottonwood is least damaging to crops and honey locust most, with boxelder, willow, mulberry and Osage orange following clase behind the honey locust. Cottonwood also has least extent of roots in proportion to its height, and hence has least sapping effect on the soil. It was found that all kinds of trees planted in rows oriented east and west do less damage to crops than when planted in rows oriented north and south and on the other hand trees planted in rows north and south grow faster than in rows east and west. Rows running north and south absorb more light than rows oriented east and west. Alfalfa, corn, and kaffir corn are damaged less by shading than other crops. Damages from shading may be lessened by planting in the shaded area forage crops whose value does not depend upon ripening of their seeds and by planting in the windbreak narrow crowned trees. Sapping effect can be reduced by cultivation to retard evaporation, by deep plowing to cut off the side roots of the trees and by improvements in the fertility and permeability of the soil. Uncultivated Osage orange hedges extend their roots 60 per cent farther than cultivated. The theory of the farmers that trees impoverish the soil as far as their roots extend was tested by a number of soil analyses. The analyses showed that there was less available nitrogen in the zone of greatest root activity than in the open field, but this reduction corresponded in position with the zone of least moisture in the soil. Since the total nitrogen in the soil per- meated by the most active tree roots did not appear to be any less than that found out beyond the influence of the trees, it was concluded that the reduced moisture content had retarded bacterial action and prevented the trans- formation into available nitrogen of the nitrogen compounds of the soil. The deficiency of available nitrogen probably results measurably in temporary sterility of the soil. 238 AMERICAN FORESTRY Comparison of wind in the open with that prevailing at a point distant from the windbreak on its leeward side five times the height of the trees showed the velocity of the wind reduced 80% by the most efficient wind- breaks. The most obvious effects of this great reduction of wind velocity are to prevent damages to crops by storms and to save the soil from being borne away. Before the general planting of Osage orange hedges in Chase County, Kansas, about 30 years ago a storm caused soil drifts to form several feet deep which still can be seen. The reduction of evaporation due to a decreased velocity of the wind is proportional both to the density and height of the windbreak, and the protective influence increases with increased wind velocity. The zone of greatest protection moves outward from the wind- break with increase of wind velocity and the width of the protected belt becomes wider. The belt of efficient protection averages two times the height of the trees to windward and ten times to leeward. If the trees are 50 feet tall they will protect a belt 600 feet wide. The percentages of moisture saved varied in the observations from 12 to 40 per cent. It was discovered wholly unexpectedly that windbreaks possess great value as heat regulators. All temperatures studied ranged upwards from the initial temperature for growth, namely from 41° F. The highest daily temperatures and the lowest nightly temperatures occurred at the place where the windbreak retarded the movement of the air the most. The super- heating and cooling effects were increased by increasing wind velocity, and decreased in cloudy or rainy weather. It is probable that the effect at night during the growing season is always beneficial by retarding transpiration and thus checking the cooling effect of evaporation upon the leaves. Since photosynthesis does not take place in the absence of light, transpiration during the night could have no beneficial physiological effect; hence any influence that will retard transpiration during the hours of darkness must be a bene- ficial one. The superheating of the atmosphere in the daytime is most im- portant in the spring and fall when the supply of heat is lowest. Soil temperatures were highest in the zone of greatest protection during the season of increasing temperature and lowest at the same point during the season of decreasing temperature. The author concludes that the summation of the diurnal and nocturnal effects during the growing season is a positive quantity, and hence the average effect of a windbreak is to increase the available heat to the plants growing in the protected zone. The effect of the superheating of air and soil over the protected belt is to create hothouse conditions on a large scale at the season when the plants need all the heat they can get. Measurements of increased yields of corn attributible to super- heating effect showed a gain in one field of 40 per cent in the zone of most efficient protection and a gain of almost 15 per cent at a distance to leeward of ten times the height of the protecting trees. Although some orchardists claim that windbreaks are harmful, it is cer- tain that their effects in Nebraska in the season of 1908, were beneficial. LOMBARDY POPLAR PROTECTING AN ORCHARD IN THE WEST. THE MONTEREY CYPRESS IN CALIFORNIA MAKES AN EXCELLENT WINDBREAK FOR THE PROTECTION OF CITRUS ORCHARDS. WINDBREAKS 241 Protected orchards yielded from five to ten times the fruit that was borne by exposed orchards, the damage to the fruit crop having been caused by a cold northwest wind in April accompanied by precipitation. The distribu- tion of the fruit on the trees and through the orchards proved that the April storm from the northwest was responsible for the killing of the fruit buds and for the small crop of apples where windbreaks were not present. Wind accompanied by precipitation is very trying to vegetation because the rapid evaporation of the moisture on the leaves and branches consumes heat in large quantities and depresses the temperature of the plants to a harmful extent. The curves and tables refering to temperature would seem to indicate that the heating and cooling effects of windbreaks practically balance each other except in the area occupied by the trees. The investigations did not take cognizance of the times either at night or in the winter when the normal temperatures of the air fall below the soil temperatures. At such times, the reduction of wind movement in the protected zone would cause the air tem- peratures to rise because of radiated heat coming from the soil, hence the effect of the windbreak would be to cause heat to accumulate in the air of the protected area. This effect would be to prevent frosts rather than pro- mote them. THE FINANCIAL BENEFITS In measurements of the direct financial results and timber yields, this bulletin presents the first effort on the part of an investigator to ascertain the damaging effects of windbreaks outside of the area belonging to the trees, and to charge the plantation with the occupation and use of the land so damaged. For instance, an Osage orange hedge a mile long oriented north and south and 31 years old is charged with the use of 3.54 acres of land in Table 23. In some of the earlier publications of the Forest Service, single rows of trees were considered as not occupying any space, and the acreage of blocks and belts was computed from measurements from outside row to outside row. In small groves and narrow belts the error from such measure- ments often exceeded two hundred per cent. It is gratifying to note that the Service has at last worked out accurate and scientific methods for obtaining the value and yield of small farmers’ plantations. The acreage occupied by single rows one mile long was computed by the CFX HX ? X 5280 43530 damage to corn in percentage of height of trees, H the height of the trees, and the factor 3-5 is assumed to be the average damage during the whole life of the trees, it being conceded that the damage during the early growth of the plan- tations was very much less than their present measured damage. The formula can be used for single rows of any length provided the actual length in feet is substituted for the number 5280. If the acreage occupied by a belt a mile formula, A= where A represents acreage, CF the factor of 242 AMERICAN FORESTRY long is to be calculated, the width, D between outside rows of the belt must be added and the formula becomes a= OTe Calculations of the market values of the timber were based upon stumpage prices of $10.00 per thousand board feet for saw logs and $2.00 per cord for firewood. Fence posts were valued at 5cts. to 24cts. each according to kind and quality. The prices allotted to fence posts are conservative except for cottonwood and soft maple which are practically worthless for posts and rarely used for such purposes. The computations show that cottonwood 10 to 40 years old is capable of producing values of $1.26 to $5.39 per acre per annum in lumber and fuel, reckoning interest at 4 per cent per annum. A single row one mile long of cottonwood trees oriented north and south and 40 years old was worth $3,270. Another row of the same age oriented east and west was worth $2,296 per mile. The values of the north-south rows is strikingly greater than those of the east-west rows, but when reduced to acre- age values the difference disappears, because the north-south rows damage much wider strips of land than the east-west rows. The measurements show that cottonwood begins to mature into saw-log size at a very early date, one plantation having produced 4,300 board feet per acre when twenty years old. THH GROWTH AND YIELD ‘qually interesting facts are brought out with reference to the growth and yield of green ash, silver maple, honey locust, white willow, Russian mul- berry, and Osage orange. The great value of Osage orange and mulberry in hedges is realized when we learn from this bulletin that four different hedges of the former species ranging from 20 to 31 years old were each worth over $1,000 per mile, and that two mulberry hedges 11 and 12 years old respectively were each also worth more than $1,000 per mile. The annual acreage values of the Osage orange plantations ranged from $1.18 to $12.51, while one mul- berry plantation earned as much as $32.75 per acre per annum, allowing in- terest at 4 per cent. Catalpa is not suitable for windbreak plantations because of its sus- ceptibility to damage from wind and drouth. White pine and Scotch pine are very promising trees for windbreaks in the Lake States and the Middle West. The last ten pages of the bulletin are devoted to a discussion of methods and plans for the establishment and management of efficient windbreaks. The protection afforded by an Osage orange hedge on the average is equivalent to the yield of a strip twice as wide as the height of the trees, while the protection afforded by the most efficient grove is equivalent to the yield of a strip three times as wide as the height of the trees. ‘This means that the farmer in the Middle West can afford to maintain a windbreak running through the farm from east to west, and having a width of 240 feet in the case of mature cottonwoods 80 feet high,” (page 90). Such a grove will occupy approximately 15 acres on a quarter section; but two such belts of timber are required for the efficient protection of 160 acres. Such windbreaks will pay a rental in protection equivalent to the grain that would grow on the land QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 243 they occupy. The timber that they will produce will be clear profit to the land owner. The author figures that the protective value of a good cottonwood wind- break a mile long at the end of 40 years, computing compound interest, amounts to the enormous sum of $35,585.50. Reckoning the cost of an acre of this grove also at compound interest, he finds it to be $2,186.01, so that the area of the grove that will pay its way from the beginning is ai to 16.28 acres, which is equivalent to a belt 134 feet wide. In conclusion, the author submits an ideal plan for the protection of a farm in the Middle West. It differs from other plans previously recommended by the Forest Service chiefly in orientation of practically all the plantations in an east-west direction. Modifications of this plan are suggested to fit the high, dry uplands of the Middle West and the cold northern prairies. Recommendations for plantings are also given to fit the Lake States, the Eastern States, the Southwestern States, and the fruit growing regions of the Pacific Coast States. All plantations proposed are restricted in area as nearly as possible to such an extent that their protective value will pay for the land they occupy. With such plantations the farmer can grow his timber free of cost. A copy of this bulletin should be in the hands of every farmer inhabiting the treeless sections of our country. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Many of our readers frequently desire to secure some expert advice regarding various features of forestry work, and do not know to whom to apply for the information. The Editor has accordingly decided to establish this column in which he will be glad to publish such questions as may be sent to him, and give the answers, whenever the questions relate to any detail of the work which this Association is doing or such information as it can give. The Editor requests that communications be written on one side of the paper only and if possible, be typewritten. SpokaNE, WasH., Mar. 17, 1912. Editor American Forestry: Will you kindly tell me if there are any public forestry schools or any through which a person could work his way in the State of Washington? VERNE CHURCH. A forestry course is given at the Washing- ton Agricultural College, at Pullman, Wash., at which I understand there is merely a nominal fee for residents of the state.— Editor. Derrort, Micu., Mar. 15, 1912. Editor American Forestry: I write regarding Florida lands about seven miles west of Lake Worth. How far do the everglades run east of Lake Okeecho- bee? I have bought some land of the Palm Beach Farm Co. and would thank you for any information regarding same. What about the climate? H. E. Rupp. The everglades run 45 to 60 miles east of Lake Okeechobee. We have no information about land companies. The region seven miles west of Lake Worth is moderately healthy, the soil is fertile. This is about on the edge of the everglades—Editor. PortsvILuE, Pa., Mar. 11, 1912. Editor American Forestry: A party in Schuylkill County claims to have a powder which will rid chestnut trees and others of the scale by putting it on the roots. He claims it has been tried with success in Schuylkill County. Is the propo- sition feasible? It is in the form of a powder. S. M. ENTERLINE. A thorough test is the only means of de- termining the question you ask. I suggest that you send samples to the Pennsylvania Chestnut Blight Commission.—Editor. THE HARVARD FOREST By THEODORE WOOLSEY, Jr. HAT Harvard University is conducting a logging operation is rather a © startling statement; it is true however. Owing to the generosity of Mr. John 8. Ames, who graduated from the Harvard Forest School of Harvard University with the class of 1909, the Harvard forest was acquired late in 1907. Mr. James W. Brooks, who owned 1800 acres, coéperated by placing a low valuation upon this land. Contiguous owners, with holdings in the aggregate of between 200 and 300 acres, deeded these additional areas so that today the Harvard Forest comprises more than 2000 acres. It was through the courtesy of Mr. Richard T. Fisher, Chairman of the Division of Forestry, that the writer was enabled to visit this tract on January 21st and 22d in order to study the silvical method of treatment. According to the Official Register of Harvard University, ‘the forest lies on hilly country at an elevation varying from 800 to 1400 feet above sea level. It is divided into three distinct blocks of (about) 850, 550, and 600 acres, which are located respectively northeast, northwest, and southwest of the village.”* In the words of the Official Register “the primary object in the possession of this forest as part of the equipment of the Division of Forestry, is its use as a field laboratory for the training of students in practical forestry.” This forest is particularly valuable as a training ground for students because of the large and varied growing stock and excellent market for practically all species and all kinds of product; and because of the varied distribution of age classes. This facilitates the practice of intensive forestry. It is within two hours’ ride of Cambridge and the offices in the Division of Forestry can therefore direct the administration by weekly visits, when not in residence at Petersham. Mr. Fisher feels that the school tract is the strongest single advantage of a professional school of forestry and the school is conducted at the forest from July 1st to December ist, and from April ist to June 10th. EQUIPMENT AND EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES The equipment includes buildings with bedrooms and recitation rooms, suitable storage space, “and complete set of logging and woods tools,” a team used in logging, portable buildings for wood crew, ete. Such courses as follow can be conducted during the period of field work: identification of species, soil studies, general silvical studies, including mark- ing, planting, and nursery practice, forest management, surveying, engineer- ing, and “forest operations,” which include the details of wood management and mill work. *Petersham, Mass. 244 NHA HLIHM CHOW “ANId a1IO SUYVHA OS NI GUIBIND GCUuvAyVei “LSHUO Ap x ~ . ey . Tyke sae Lea TT PINE CLEAR AND WHITE STANDS THINNED. MATURE HARDWOODS AND CUT IN SWALE. CUTTING STRIP ADJACENT POLE THE HARVARD FOREST 247 Among the more important species found on the tract are white pine, red spruce and hemlock, popple, paper birch and black birch, white oak, red oak, white ash, black cherry, and red maple. According to most recent estimates which are, however, approximate, there are at least twelve millions board feet on the 2,000 acres; nine-tenths of this is white pine. The chief woods as regards yield are, besides white pine, chestnut, red maple, red oak, paper birch, white ash and some scattering black cherry which is surprisingly straight and clean boled. The forest is not a woodlot, but a tract producing chiefly saw timber, nine-tenths of which is worth $7.50 to $8.00 on the stump; marketing of this timber presents many interesting problems. The white pine is worth $7.50 to $8.00 on the stump, the hardwoods merchantable for saw timber perhaps $4.00 and the cordwood from saplings too small to be sawn into lumber or from tops sells for 50 cents a cord standing. There is an excellent market for all species except popple and red maple lumber. There is a considerable quantity of red maple on the tract which is considered more or less of a weed tree since ordinarily it can only be sold for cordwood. The demand for cordwood, however, exceeds the supply that at present can be cut, and no difficulty has been found in disposing of the white pine for boxes, boards, match sash and blind stock, and “square edge.” The box and match stock sells for from $16 to $18, one inch square edge for $20, sash and blind stock for from $25 to $35. The chestnut sells as inch sidings for $17, and as 114 inch round edge for $20. Selected ash, red oak, and cherry sells in small quantities at fancy prices. THE METHOD OF SALE It is rather surprising that Mr. Fisher has found it more profitable to do his own logging rather than to have it done by contract. The only ma- terial sold on the stump is a small quantity of cordwood taken out in clean- ings. This is sold to local residents in what might be termed “neighborhood sales.” In all operations trees are designated for cutting by marking although they are not stamped with any symbol to show whether they were officially marked or not. This is not considered necessary because the officers in charge are so familiar with each tract that they can distinguish if the original marking has been materially departed from. The pine brush is burned at a cost of 15 to 25 cents per thousand. The hardwood brush is usually burned, particularly when it is cut with the pine, but occasionally it is left in small piles where the fire danger is not considered great. Sales are made informally and no formal contract is required. The results of logging during the fiscal year of 1911 give the following average cost: Sawing, $1.00 per M.; drawing in and piling, $1.75, from the piles to rollway at portable mi 20 cents; sawing at mill by contract, $2.35 ; “sticking” 75 cents; hauling to the market, $2.25 (hardwoods hauling to market, $4.50). Since the thinnings are taken in connection with the final cuttings, no separate figures on the cost of logging have been secured. As an 248 AMERICAN FORESTRY estimate, however, it is probably true that thinnings cost $1.15 to fell and saw, while the final cuttings cost but 85 cents. The average sale price for white pine for 1911 was $17.50. The total cost of delivery, according to the figures secured, amounted to $8.30. In other words, there was a net profit of $9.20 per M. feet for white pine. The cordwood sales of white pine tops probably just about balance the cost of cutting and stacking. Even on the poorer quality hardwoods, taking the total cost of delivery to be in the neigh- borhood of $10.20, there would still be a net profit of $3.30 and on the better quality hardwoods from $9 to $15 and up according to quality and species. THE MANAGEMENT OF THE FOREST Before the Harvard Corporation would agree to the purchase of this tract they wanted definite assurance that it would not be a source of ex- pense to the university. In other words, Mr. Fisher agreed that it would be self-sustaining. The object of the management, therefore, has been (1) to secure a reasonable return, (2) to cut first the timber that was mature and secure immediate regeneration and to make intermediate cuttings to improve the growing stock. There is at present no working plan, but it is expected that by 1914 a complete working plan will be drawn up. This lapse of seven years between the purchase of the tract and the completion of a formal working plan is accounted for by the fact that only student labor is used in the collection of data and it was desired to be very certain of local conditions and require- ments before the management was committed to a definite line of action. At present the tract is mapped for topography, types and a portion for age classes. There is a rough growth table, volume table for white pine based on the mill run and more or less complete volume tables for chestnut and red maple are now being compiled. Tentatively, it is desired to manage the white pine and hardwoods on a rotation of about 60 years, but blocks of rapidly growing pine will be reserved. The actual cut at present has been fixed roughly at 250,000 feet of saw timber (chiefly pine) and 250 cords of wood. The data already collected for the complete working plan indicate that this cut may be greatly increased—possibly even doubled—with absolute safety. Since there is considerable land either entirely bare or only covered with a scattered growth of gray birch, forestation has been started. About fifteen acres of white pine, two year old seedlings on the better sites and three year old transplants on the unfavorable sites, all spaced 6x6, have been put in. During 1911 a good many of the white pine seedlings died during the drought and it was definitely determined that in-similar exceptional seasons on the less favorable locations only transplants would succeed when planted in the open. Root competition from low brush did surprisingly little damage; in fact, the young trees succeeded better under huckleberry and other bushes than on bare ground. In the large openings the plantations will undoubtedly be successful, but in the small openings with a diameter of 50 to 100 feet, CLEARING. BEFORE BIRCH THIRTY-YEAR-OLD WHITE PINE AND THIRTY-YEAR-OLD WHITE PINE AND BIRCH AFTER CLEARING. THE HARVARD FOREST 251 it is probable that the surrounding white pine wolf trees will suppress and damage a large proportion of the plantations. In addition, there is a small area of Scotch pine spaced 6x6. It is planned to try out red pine, red oak, and Douglas fir. Were it not for the excellent reproduction of white ash and black cherry, it is probable that blanks would be planted to these valuable species. A number of experimental sample plots have been established to secure definite data on the different methods of treatment. For example, where the shelterwood system was tried in almost pure white pine, a quarter acre plot was not cut and nearby a quarter acre was measured to show the results of cutting both as to growth and reproduction. The value of the Harvard forest as a demonstration of what can be done in practical forestry cannot be over-estimated and private owners would. profit by visiting this tract in order to make a careful study of the different cut- tings and the results. Within twenty or thirty years, when the results ean be more accurately gauged, a tract such as this showing varying conditions, will undoubtedly do a great deal to encourage private owners to cut eon- servatively. PROTECTION OF THE TRACT There is little likelihood of trespass and the tract is so situated that the slightest smoke is at once seen and reported to the officer in charge. Since prompt action can be taken when fires start, no attempts have been made to establish costly fire lines and there is little danger of a crown fire except under most extraordinary conditions and then only in your coniferous growth. There are ducks, deer, foxes, rabbits and partridges on the tract and the management allows hunting by local residents in order to promote good feeling; the damage by deer, particularly to ash seedlings, is quite noticeable and probably hunting will therefore be encouraged. At present the 250,000 bd. ft. cut annually, is sold to net well over $17.50 per thousand, or $1,875, and the hardwood and pine cordwood for $300 additional, making roughly a net return of $2,175. While this land will probably not be taxed since it is part of the equipment for teaching forestry, yet the tract is assessed at $60,000. The present yield, therefore, amounts to about 3.6 per cent on this low valuation; the tract could be sold for $80,000 quite readily. Yet it must be borne in mind that the cutting is nowhere near the normal yield. For example, suppose 1,800 acres of the 2,000 were producing to their full capacity on a 60 year rotation. This would mean an annual cut of 30 acres, which surely should yield at least 30,000 feet per acre. If this netted only $10 per thousand, and it will certainly net more than this, perhaps double, by the time the forest is at its full producing capacity, you would have a net annual revenue of from $9,000 to $18,000. It would be interesting to see the effect of somewhat heavier thinnings in the pure pine 35 to 40 years old, perhaps removing one or two thousand feet per acre additional, or fifteen per cent of the present stand as against 262 AMERICAN FORESTRY ten or twelve per cent. Of course, there is danger in admitting too much light and thus encouraging undergrowth which would hinder reproduction when the seed felling is made. More sample plots will be established (and it is hoped larger ones) since training in experimental work is part of the curriculum of the school. One would expect at least a preliminary work- ing plan, but the drawing up of such a plan has been delayed for entirely practical reasons and it is doubtful if the management has suffered. Perhaps some of the openings have been too large, but it must be remembered that a large opening possesses a distinct value from an experimental standpoint which more than offsets the small loss through lack of pine reproduction which may result. Whether it would be better to adopt an eighty or hundred year rotation for the pine can only be determined when more complete yield- tables are available. The popularity of the pheasant, as a game bird and as a valuable assistant to the farmer in keeping down insect pests, is manifested in the state-wide de- mand for eggs and birds which the New York Conservation Department is sending out from the state game farm. Despite the fact that the depuriment will more than double the number of pheasants and eggs distributed last year, the supply for the present season will not be sufficient to meet the demands. According to the reports receiwed at the Ogden district office of the. Forest Service from various supervisors of the National Forests there will be a shortage of water for irrigation purposes in Utah, Nevada and southern Idaho this summer as a result of a light snowfall in the mountains. In a number of localities, according to the report, the fall of snow has been less than half the normal, as indicated by years past. By the recent affiliation of the Big Blackfoot Milling Company with the Northern Montana Forestry Association, more than 100,000 acres of timber land owned by the Big Blackfoot within the codperative territory of the Association has been added, and the Flathead National Forest is preparing to joim the Association in the near future. More than 600,000 feet of timber was cut on the Deer Lodge forest reserve last month, which is much more than the normal production for this time of the year. Most of the timber is from the French gulch district and the indi- cations are that the output of timber in this district for the coming year will be the largest since the inauguration of the conservation project in the several count’es that are included in the Deer Lodge reserve. ‘SOUTHERN FORESTRY CONFERENCE HIEF FORESTER HENRY 8. GRAVES, of the Forest Service, has C{ issued the following statement: “In connection with the Nashville meeting of the Southern Com- mercial Congress, April 8 to 10, there will be held a forestry conference. The object of this conference will be to bring together lumbermen, timberland owners, State officials, representatives of civic and other organizations, and influential men who have an interest in the forest problems of the South, in an attempt to work out a constructive program of action. “IT have promised to preside over this conference, in the belief that it will accomplish important results. The Forest Service has, as a result of recent studies, some important facts concerning particularly the forest fire problem, which will be presented at the meetings. I do not believe that either lumbermen or the public have any idea of the seriousness of the damage now done by fire in the South. In justice both to timberland owners and to the public there is urgent need for better protection of the forests of the South, which form so important ‘a part of its resources. “T believe that the subject is one which calls emphatically for State legis- lation. Fairness to all calls for an approach to uniform legislation, at least along some lines. There is, in my judgment, great need for those most nearly concerned to meet together and deal with the problems involved constructively. “IT have invited a number of representative lumbermen, State forestry offi- cials, legislators and others to attend ang take part in the conference. May I ask you to make public the fact that the conference is open to all, and that I desire to extend, through your columns, a general invitation to all lumbermen and timberland owners to attend? Measures fair to all the interests involved can be shaped up only if all points of view are fully considered, and progress toward better conditions depends upon the formulation of a program on which all can unite. “The conference will consist of two sessions. The first will be held on the afternoon of April 8. At this session there will be a discussion of losses suffered in the South through forest fires, the possibility of control, what the timberland owner and lumberman can and should do to prevent fire losses, and how far conservative cutting will be practicable if protection from fire is assured. “The second session of the conference will be held on the morning of April 9 and will discuss State forestry laws, fire organization, need of uniform legislation, and the coéperation of States and private owners with the Federal Government under the Weeks law.” 253 DYNAMITING STUMPS AND TREE HOLES HE problem of stump removal is an ever recurrent one when farmers are developing new territory or are endeavoring to utilize the entire acreage of their farms. The richness of the forest soil is a constant incentive to clear the land and make it available for cultivation, but the question is, what is the best and cheapest way to remove the stumps? , The principal methods now in use are pulling with stumping machines, burning out and blasting out with dynamite. The stump puller has its advocates who prefer it over either method and others who do not consider it economical. Apparently it is entirely a question of condition. Those who have carefully investigated the subject seem to be of the opinion that where a large number of small stumps are to be removed it pays to invest in a stump puller, provided, however, that only the cost of removing the stumps is to be considered. The various schemes for burning out stumps are all open to one great objection, that is that the burning of a stump does not remove or. even loosen up any of the roots, but it does destroy the humus in the soil, and causes barren spots for a year or so after the stump is burned out. EFFECT OF DYNAMITING Recent investigations of the use of dynamite for stump removal show that this is fully as economical as any other method with the possible excep- tion of very small stumps, and for large stumps the advantages in its use are very great. In the western or coast states where large trees are the rule, dynamite is commonly employed for this purpose and practically every farmer or farmer’s boy is a practical blaster. They handle this high explosive with- out accident because they have found it no more dangerous than the ordinary shotgun or gasoline. It is simply one of those things that has to be handled with horse sense and ordinary care. The process is very simple. A hole is bored underneath the stump with a large dirt auger; the hole being usually at an angle of 45 degrees to the ground. A dynamite cartridge is primed with a fulminate cap which has been crimped on to the end of a fuse and the cartridge is then shoved down ‘to the bottom of the hole and tamped in with some damp earth. A match is applied to the fuse which is long enough to give the farmer plenty of time to get away for 150 feet or so, and shortly after there is a boom and the stump is blown clear of the earth and shattered into firewood. Investigation of the hole shows the roots torn loose from the earth for a radius of about two yards from the stump, and nearly all the dirt that ad- joined the stump roots has fallen back into the hole after the blast. The stump parts themselves are found free from dirt as the blast clears them off 254 ELECTRIC FIRING OF ERUPTIONS t i pot - od coe i 3 SUBSOIL BLASTS FIRED ELECYRICALLY. DYNAMITE SHOWING EFFECT SHOWN ARE MOSTLY ON SOIL. GAS. SIX-YEAR-OLD APPLE TREE PLANTED SIX-YEAR-OLD APPLE TREE PLANTED IN DYNAMITED HOLE. IN SPADED HOLE. BING CHERRY TREE, TWO YEARS OLD, BING CHERRY TREE, TWO SET IN DYNAMITED HOLE. YEARS OLD, SET IN SPADED HOLE. DYNAMITING STUMPS AND TREE HOLES 257 completely. The roots are left in such shape that a few blows with an axe will free every one of them, so that a plow can be run over the old location of the stump in almost every case without any difficulty whatever. BREAKING UP THE SUBSOIL But one point which is considered as most important of all in regard to the use of dynamite in stump blasting, is that the same charge which blows out the stump breaks up the subsoil. It has been found by actual ex- perience that wherever stumps have been blown out the soil produces extra vigorous crops. On a farm in California where oats were planted on a field that had been cleared of stumps, the oats grew a foot higher over the spots from which stumps had been blown. Mr. Jas. Craig, proprietor of the Rose Cliff Fruit Farm, Waynesboro, Va., states that in his experience the value of the subsoiling effect of dynamite in stump blasting equals at least 30 per cent of the cost of the dynamite. These figures seem really conservative in view of results he has obtained from tree planting with dynamite, by means of which apple trees planted six years ago with dynamite are twice as tall as those planted with a spade in the same lot and are so much better branched that they have about three times the bearing capacity and the fruit produced is larger and of better color. Inasmuch as the same soil condition is produced by blasting out a stump it would seem that his estimate of the value of subsoiling incidental to the stump blasting is conservative. DYNAMITING HOLES FOR TREES Results which prove conclusively that dynamite has advantages in fruit culture have been secured, but just how great these advantages are cannot be stated until further experiments have demonstrated the most economical methods of using dynamite in the orchard. It is obvious that several years are required after the planting of a fruit tree in a dynamited hole, to ascertain just how its life or growth differs from one planted in a spaded hole, and further experimentation will be necessary to show whether it is necessary or advisable to use more or less dynamite per hole to get maximum results, cost considered. The following results already determined should be of interest to pro- gressive horticulturists everywhere: First—Planting trees with dynamite practically eliminates the loss of young trees during the first year. Second.—Trees can be planted much more rapidly by the dynamite meth- od than by the old method. Third.—Trees planted with dynamite come into bearing from one to two years sooner than those planted by the soil method. 258 AMERICAN FORESTRY Fourth.—Trees planted by dynamite grow much more rapidly and yield much more heavily than those planted in the old way. One of the chief elements of loss in orchard work is the loss of trees the first year. S. H. Bollinger, President Clear Creek Lumber Company, Shreve- port, La., stated that he used dynamite in blasting the holes in which 1,080 pecan trees were planted one year ago, also for planting 8,000 peach trees. He says the percentage of loss on the pecan trees (which are among the most difficult to set so they will live), was almost nothing compared with the loss on other trees planted in the ordinary way. Another point of great importance to orchardists is that trees planted with dynamite come into bearing much sooner than when planted by the old way. W. W. Stevens, Orchardist of Mayfield, Ga., reports that he has been using dynamite for tree planting for eighteen or twenty years and that in the planting of peach trees by this method he gained two years in six as compared with the old method. In other words, he got as much fruit from a tree planted with dynamite at four years of age as he got at six years by the old method. Mrs. John Rawley, of Grante Pass, Oregon, reports that she plants all her trees with dynamite, as a result of careful tests, to show the benefits of this method. She advised that all trees be set in wet weather, as this insures a storage of moisture under the tree. This is the chief reason why planting trees with dynamite is beneficial. Trees planted in spaded holes must fight their way into the compact sub- soil which has never been disturbed, whereas when planted in a dynamited hole the ground being thoroughly broken up under the surface soil makes an easy path for the roots so that they spread out and have a large area from which to draw water and plant food. A little thought will show the reason why dynamiting is so beneficial in tree planting. The principal plant food is water and fertile elements of the soil must be absorbed in water before they can be absorbed by the terminal roots. Hence the larger the area throughout which these terminal roots are spread, the greater the amount of moisture the tree can draw on and the greater the amount of water and plant food it can obtain. This also explains the reason why dynamiting the soil between rows of old or failing fruit trees renews their vigor, because most of the water is taken up by the terminal roots which run out many feet from the trunk and the blasting creates water reservoirs in the soil between the rows. The Amount of damage done by forest fires in Michigan in 1911 is esti- mated by W. R. Oates, State Game, Fish ang Forestry Warden, in a report just made public, at $3,567,483.68. Far the greatest part of the loss occurred in lower Michigan counties, as conditions in the upper peninsula last summer were not favorable to forest fires, and this region escaped with a light toll of damage. rae i OME Md THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY FORESTRY CLUB. . NOTICE MISS MARIE DUN, THE ONLY GIRL FORESTRY STUDENT IN THE UNITED STATES. A CORNER OF THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY CAMPUS NEAR FORESTRY BUILDING. FORESTRY AT THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY By PROF. C. H. GOETZ HIO was one of the first States that lead in the movement for the con- servation of our forest resources. As far back as 1855 some of her leading citizens like Dr. John A. Warder, E. E. Barney and others were known nationally as promoters of forestry. Since that time Ohio has been one of the leaders in State forestry work. While up to 1909 she has failed to establish a chair of forestry at her Uni- versity and Agricultural college, yet for many years forestry instruction had been given in connection with horticulture. The Ohio State University is situated at Columbus, Ohio, about the center of the State. The University is well equipped for giving the student, thorough training along all lines of work, because the Agricultural college is at the same place and under the same management, so that the university student can get the benefit of the agricultural college work and the Agricultural college student the work of the university, making of all well-trained and rounded out students. In this way the forestry student is able to get a solid, sure substantial foundation for all his subsequent technical and practical work. The faculty of the forestry department consists of a professor in charge and two assistants to take care of the technical subjects and a large corps of professors of the university and agricultural departments to give the scientific and special work of the auxiliary studies. The forestry course as given in four years, and as placed into the cur- riculum of the University a few years back consists of all the elementary basal subjects preparatory to forestry and includes all the subjects of technical and practical forestry as taught in all of the most prominent forestry schools, like Michigan and Yale. The whole four years’ course is designed to give the student all the neces- sary forestry education and yet to leave room for other auxiliary studies, so as to make the forestry student an all-round well-fitted-out man, capable to cope with any situation that he may meet when going out into the field of work. The work in the courses has been combined into as few courses as possible, rather than to spread it out in a spread eagle fashion so as to make it look large or extended, and to have it overlap. To give to the student as much as possible all the practical work, that can be given at a school has been the aim in the making of the course of studies. For this purpose there has been established a good-sized nursery, in connection with the virgin stand of timber still standing on the University 261 262 AMERICAN FORESTRY grounds. The campus or school grounds comprising some three or four hun- dred acres has on it over one hundred different species of trees for study along forestry and botanical lines. During the summer months employment is found for the students in the U. S. national forests, the State forests and the lumber camps of the country. While the forestry course as given here gives primarily the work required for a thorough training in forestry along all technical lines, yet secondarily it also provides a good foundation for other courses, such as civil engineering, botany, agriculture, horticulture, chemistry, entomology, zoology, geology and others, so that with very little extra work a forestry student may fit himself for any other vocation in life. That the forestry school is successful is vouched for by the fact that some of her graduates are holding State Foresters’ positions, and others are in private and U. 8. Forest Service work. VERMONT’S MEETING T the business meeting of the Vermont State Forestry Association re- A cently Hon. Allen Fletcher was elected President to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Ex-Governor Proctor. Mr. Fletcher has long been an active supporter of the forestry movement in the State and expressed himself as a firm believer in the policy of the State investing a certain amount of money each year in the purchase of State forests. The other officers elected were: Vice-Presidents, Hon. Charles Downer, Sharon, and Hon. W. J. Van Patten, Burlington; Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. Craig Burt, of Stowe. The iixecutive Committee consists of Hon. Joseph De Boer, of Montpelier; Mr. Charles Greene, of White River Junction; General Clarke C. Fitts, of Brattle- boro; O. L. Martin, Plainfield, and A. F. Hawes, Burlington. At the evening session the chief speaker was Professor H. H. Chapman, of the Yale Forest School, who gave a very interesting and instructive address on “The Relation of State Forests to Farming.” Mr. George Chedel, Superin- tendent of the International Paper Company, told of the extensive forestry work now being carried on by his Company in Vermont and New Hampshire. He told of the nursery in Randolph where a large supply of seedlings is being raised for planting on the cut-over lands and of the improved method of cutting, following the markings made under the direction of the State Forest Service in Vermont. Mr. Hawes, State Forester, discussed the question of forest taxation and suggested a bill along the line of the one advised by the Wisconsin Commission but to apply only to plantations. This bill would tax planted land not to exceed $3.00 per acre and make a ten per cent tax on the gross value of all stumpage when cut. The Association has just issued a bulletin of its proceedings for 1911. It proposes hereafter to hold, in addition to the annual meeting, a summer field meeting in some forest which is being managed on forestry methods. A good many new members have recently joined the Association and its prospects for future usefulness seem very encouraging. STATE OHIO THE LAND ON FOREST VIRGIN THE, IGH ATH THROU A&P SE } CAMPU UNIVERSITY DOCTORING UP A SYCAMORE GIANT WITH CONCRETE AND CEMENT. THE JOB WELL DONE WITH THREE WAGON LOADS OF CONCRETE AND CEMENT TO FILL THE HOLLOW. HOdO'T AO ‘O W “AM VW’ LOOAWHAONAL LV ZUVH'IIE “NISNOOSIM *) ? § ‘ MOATION VINVA'IASNNid *“ISMNOO LYOHS V LV NOISSINWOO LHDII€ LONLSHHD VINVA'TIASNNad JO HOUOT ATH “aypg “qd yon ‘Aq «q 004g BLIGHT COMMISSION INSTRUCTION By PROF. HUGH P. BAKER URING the week of February 26th to March 2d, Mr. 8. B. Detwiler, 1) Executive Officer of the Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission, his field superintendents and twenty-four of the field agents gathered in the Forestry Building at Penn State for lectures and demonstrations in Forest Pathology, Soils, Entomology and Forestry. Professor H. R. Fulton, Pathologist of the Experiment Station, told the men of the nature of fungi and their relation to other plants. How natural conditions may aid or check the extension of a fungus and of the common methods of combatting fungi. An especial study was made of the Chestnut Blight Disease (Diaporthe parasitica Murrill) and the men were shown the different spore forms and their development both in the field and under the microscope. In the work in Entomology, Professor W. R. McConnell described the development of an insect and showed how they may be instrumental in spread- ing the spores of fungi. The importance of bird life in checking extension of insects was explained and beneficial birds were shown and described. The men were unusually well acquainted with the common birds. Professor C. F. Shaw, who is carrying on a soil survey of the State, told of the origin and nature of the various soils of Pennsylvania and touched upon the influence of soils upon tree growth. The importance of protecting the soil from erosion and baking, was brought out. Practical suggestions were given for preventing the washing of soils from steep slopes. A forenoon was spent with Professor J. W. Gregg, Landscape Gardener, who gave a demonstration in pruning trees of different sizes and how wounds should be treated to prevent the entrance of spores of fungi. The men are being asked constantly as to methods of pruning trees infested with insects and disease and told of hearing many queer theories as to pruning. The members of the Department of Forestry gave work both in the class room and in the field in rough methods of measuring and estimating timber; the structure and market forms of timber and ways of increasing durability. Some simple methods of management were discussed and applied to wood- lands in which chestnut was dying out. The best trees for planting in various situations were described and estimates of cost of planting and returns were given. The field force of the Commission is made up of an attractive and enthu- siastie lot of fellows of all ages from recent high school and college graduates to self trained men past middle age who have had long experience in the woods. During the past winter, while it has been difficult to work in the woods, the Commission has been doing a splendid line of educational work throughout the State. Meetings and demonstrations have been held in school houses, grange halls and city buildings throughout the eastern and central portions of the state. The people are showing a surprising interest in the work of the Commission and in forestry and whatever the results of the efforts to check the blight may be there is no question but that the work of the Com- mission will have a tremendous influence in developing Forestry in Pennsyl- vanla. ae : 267 LUMBERMEN AND FORESTRY THE REPORT OF THE ForESTRY COMMITTEE AT THE NATIONAL WHOLESALE LUMBER DeEaLerRs’ ASSOCIATION MEETING IN LOUISVILLE, MarcH 6 AND 7 Reap By W. C. SYKES. HE year has been one full of interest with conservation still the key- © note of all discussions, lectures, or proposed legislation with reference to forestry. The term conservation in its true sense, i. e., to use wisely and not tie up what we already possess, is being better understood and all are working toward this end in so far as conservation does not conflict with commerce and increase cost of production. Conservation methods in the larger sense are something which cover perhaps a period of time much longer than the life cycle of a human being and for this reason they must often be taken up by the Government either Federal or State or both. Right in this connection we wish to call your attention to some proposed legislation in the Empire State. The proposed legislation in New York is probably the most drastic of any law that has yet been suggested. Although the proposed law will effect directly but a part of the State of New York should it become a law, it is of great significance to all lumbermen, for if it passes it will establish a principle which might affect the lumber and timber interests all over our country. This principle is that a state may control and regulate the cutting of all timber on private lands and prohibit the cutting by a diameter limit without compensation to the owner of the land for the timber which he may not cut. This, it is maintained, can be done under the police power of the state. THE PROPOSED LAW The proposed New York law reads thus: “To the end that the water supply of the state may be conserved, the forests protected, and the public interests safeguarded, it is herein provided: “That no soft wood timber, less than eight inches in diameter, breast high, growing upon any wild, forest lands within the towns specified in section ninety-seven of this chapter shall be cut without the written consent of the Conservation Commission, first obtained.” Right here I might say the towns referred to include the Adirondack Mountains, the Catskills, and some land beside these sections being the timber sections of the state, “which consent shall be evidenced by a resolution duly adopted by said Commission, and entered at length in its book of minutes; and such Commission may make rules and regulations to control the cutting and removal both of the timber and trees prohibited, and the timber and trees permitted, to be cut under this section.” Another section of the proposed law provides: 268 LUMBERMEN AND FORESTRY 269 “That the Conservation Commission may require land owners to dispose of their slashings as the Commission ‘may direct.’ ” If this is not done after it has been ordered the Commission may have the work done, and the expense “shall be a lien upon the land on which they are situated, enforceable as liens for the improvement of real estate are enforced.” THE LUMBERMEN’S ATTITUDE Were such legislation as this to pass the results might be extremely burdensome to the lumberman. These sections put so much power in the hands of the state and leave so little to the individuals and corporations owning timber land that it seems under some circumstances the state would be directing and managing the entire woodlands department of a business, and this would be possible in every case if the state cared to exercise its rights. Lumber and pulp interests have opposed this legislation on the ground that it is unconstitutional since it takes away property without due process of law. A recent decision of the Supreme Court of Wisconsin upholds this position. Right along this line it is interesting to find that lumbermen, not know- ing about these proposed New York State measures, suggest as a good method of conserving the forests that laws should be made regulating the cutting of timber by lumbermen, because the lumbermen are in the best position to bring about practical reforestration. The objectionable features are, however, to be eliminated by special tax so that the lumberman can carry his lands and not be at serious expense, and a bonus is to be paid Iumbermen producing timber up to a certain size. REFORESTATION APPROVED Your Committee is in hearty accord with any regulations which will bring about reforestation: We believe in state regulation of cutting where it does not take away any element of value or take the control of directing the policies of the woods department out of the hands of the lumbermen. We believe that men who have spent their lives in the woods studying methods of operation are better equipped to handle this than are the Government officials no matter how well they may be trained. We do approve of coéperation between operators and State and Federal officials so that best methods may be adopted, but believe a property owner should be entitled to look after his own property. The subject of state control of private cutting is a large one and will no doubt come up again. In this limited space we cannot deal with it further. Canada, in dealing with her lumbermen, is very different from the United States. Her policy is to keep the forest land intact with the exception of burned-over lands. The timber on these burned lands is sold to operators, 270 AMERICAN FORESTRY but the cutting is restricted to twelve inches on the stump in the case of green timber. This practice has been in vogue since nineteen hundred and two. Most of the operators in Canada own their own timber lands under a lease, but are not restricted in cutting, except what has been sold since 1902, as described above. Dr. Diver, of your Committee, believes this restrictive policy to be wrong, as timber land which is burned has all of the trees burned, as a rule, so this twelve inch restriction does practically no good. He also reports that in Northern Canada the cut-over lands are being retimbered by a young growth of pine which has sprung up of itself. This would go to show that natural reforestation brings good results; it is undoubtedly cheaper. FOREST FIRE PROTECTION The greatest enemy of the forest is fire. If we can overcome fire hazard, we can let the forest do its own planting with good results. This statement is only general, for there are places devoid of seed trees where planting must be done. We are all familiar with the causes of forest fires, and the pre- ventive measures—such as roads, fire lines, telephones, look-out stations, reg- ulations as to campers, fire patrol, etc.—but, unfortunately, because of the inevitable slash which must follow a cutting, the lumbermen have been held responsible for some fires, even though these precautions are taken. If we can eliminate the slash, we get rid of one of our greatest menaces. Can this be done at a profit, or without incurring loss? Obviously this is impossible with all the finer twigs and limbs; but in the case of the larger limbs and branches, butts, ete., it seems this could be done even profitably. Fire wood, chemical wood, pulp wood, and various other uses should consume a lot of the dangerous slash, and what remains would be the material that would rot quickly, so that if fire could be kept out for a few years the danger would be greatly reduced. This is one of our big problems today, and it must be met. Forest products must be had by all, and in order to insure this in the future much of the land must be productive of other timber crops. Planting from the seed or seedling is slow and costly, and on land which has been burned over the soil is often burned also, so that there is very little chance for any new growth. This all leads back to our first proposition that fire must be kept out and then natural reforestation can be looked for, and the saplings and young trees which today are regarded as of little value will have an opportunity to mature. Why plant seeds when we already have trees half or two-thirds grown which, if protected, will mature and be of use in much less time than will seedlings and thus do away, to a large degree, with the risk of young trees dying, for their mortality is great as compared with older trees. We, there- fore, would recommend that every precaution be used to keep fire out of cut- over timber lands, and also out of slashings, for these slashings and cut-over lands must bear timber again; and we urge the utilization of the woods and debris usually left in slashings. LUMBERMEN AND FORESTRY 271 In some cases, the finer twigs and brush might be burned to good ad- vantage. There is great opportunity and need for new methods along this line, and a greater degree of utilization of the debris of slashings. One measure which would aid greatly in keeping fires in slashings from spreading into green timber is to fell all trres along the line between the land to be cut and the other land, so that they will fall in the land cut, and their tops will not be in the green timber of the land to be left. This would put a fire line around the slash at practically no additional expense to the operator. CHESTNUT BLIGHT SITUATION Of late, we have heard much of the chestnut blight. The condition is serious. The blight, or chestnut bark disease was first noticed near New York City in 1904. At the present time it is in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. The total loss from the disease is now estimated at $25,000,000. The disease is caused by a fungus, and works in the inner bark. It gradually rings the tree and causes its death. This disease is like a germ disease, and it is caused by spors which get at any injury to the bark of a tree and soon infect it. Borers’ tunnels are the most common entrance places for spores. To combat this disease is a problem for the Government and not for the lumbermen. Lumbermen, of course, should coéperate. The bark of in- fected trees must be destroyed. Infected sections must be isolatd, and the bark of trees destroyed, or all our chestnut trees will go. Up to the present time no way of curing an infected tree has been found. Obviously this must be taken up by the various states concerned, and the Federal Government. The United States Department of Agriculture has already put some study on the subject. Pennsylvania has established a “Commission for the investiga- tion and control of chestnut tree blight disease.” Twenty-five thousand dol- lars was made available at once, and $250,000 more has been appropriated for this work. If the disease cannot be isolated in sections and gradually stamped out, it may be necessary to use up all our chestnut as soon as pos- sible, unless some remedy is found, and then set out trees and start our chestnut forests all over again. We hope the situation will not become so serious as this; but the outlook is not encouraging. The State of New York, in its proposed legislation, authorizes the appointment of a Forest Pathologist. However, the proposed law gives the Pathologist so much power that he could make trouble and expense for the timber holders by requiring them to cut and remove or destroy infected or diseased trees, no matter how remote they may be located. Pennsylvania already has a State Pathologist and good results are being secured. The chestnut blight is the most serious problem confronting the department at the present time. Tree diseases are Serious, especially when they assume the dimensions of the one just considered. 272 AMERICAN FORESTRY They demand our attention. One simple recommendation which would help in keeping out fire, as well as disease, is the cutting down of rotten or dead stubs. These are very frequently diseased and will infect the neighboring trees, and in case of fire, we find the burning stub is often the one cause which may spread a fire quickly, as the fire runs clear to the top of the stub and then burning pieces of the rotten wood are carried by the wind often comparatively long distances. THE LUMBERMEN’S POSITION We have attempted to call attention to some of the present day problems before the timber owner and operator. Our information is localized, but in general might apply to all timber holdings. The present effort to subject the timber owner and lumberman to state control over his cutting, without con- cession in taxation or compensation for lands and timber tied up, which amounts to confiscation, is probably the most serious step that has yet been attempted. This principle, once established, would be felt by all. If it is good business and economy to leave timber standing, so it may grow larger and bring about natural reforestation, the lumberman will fall in line. If the Government will not trust the lumberman this far, then let the Govern- ment buy the land. What is good forestry, we believe is good business and economy. Education is what we need and seek, and not coercive measures. - NORTH CAROLINA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION CONVENTION By FORESTER J. 8. HOLMES DECIDED awakening of public opinion was manifested by the large A attendance of interested delegates at the second annual convention of the North Carolina Forestry Association recently held in Raleigh, N. C. This association, which was organized a year ago, with the object of promoting “the protection of the forests of North Carolina from fire and from destructive insects, and promoting their perpetuation by wise use and by the reforstation of cut-over and abandoned lands,” has, by the appoint- ment of vice-presidents in every senatorial district of the state, laid a founda- tion for forestry activity which has already brought far-reaching results. Governor W. W. Kitchin welcomed the delegates and expressed his deep interest in, and hearty sympathy with the movement. The president, Dr. D. A. Hill, president of the State Agricultural and Mechanical College, in his address advocated a campaign of publicity as a means to secure the elec- tion of interested representatives for the next General Assembly. He said every member should make a point of reporting to his local paper each forest fire which occurs in his county, approximating the damage done and calling attention to the fact that such fire could have been avoided had certain pre- NORTH CAROLINA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 273 cautions been taken. Public meetings to discuss forestry questions were also advocated. In the unavoidable absence of Dr. A. D. Hopkins, Mr. E. B. Mason, of the United States Bureau of Entomology, gave an address on on the Southern Pine Beetle and Its Control. This question is one of vital interest to the people of the state and already two local associations have been formed to codperate with the United States Bureau of Entomology in dealing with it. The paper by Mr. J. G. Peters, Chief of State Coéperation of the United States Forest Service, dealing with codperative fire protection under the Weeks Law, brought out the value to North Carolina of the offer which the United States Department of Agriculture is making to the various states. Probably a larger number of navigable rivers have their headwaters in western North Carolina than in any other equal area in the United States, and yet the attempt of the Federal Government to assist in protecting such streams cannot be put into force in North Carolina because no appropriation is made by this state for fire protection. A united effort will be made by the Forestry As- sociation to obtain such legislation next year as will allow the state to receive the assistance offered by the United States Department of Agriculture under the Weeks Bill. The question of state-wide stock law cannot be separated from a dis- cussion of forest protection, and the paper by the Hon. Hugh MacRae, of Wilmington, on The Stock Law and Forest Protection was timely, and elicited a great deal of favorable comment. The resolutions which were passed embody the sentiments of the Asso- ciation and pretty well covered the subjects discussed at the two meetings. In addition to the resolutions, the Association asked for the appointment of a legislative committee, which is to draw up a forestry bill for the con- sideration of the next legislature. This committee will represent all phases of the forestry movement, and a bill endorsed by it and subsequently by the whole association, should stand a good chance of becoming law. The officers elected for the ensuing year are: President, Mr. E. B. Wright, president of the Butters Lumber Company of Boardman, N. C., and Secretary- Treasurer, Mr. J. S. Holmes, Forester of the State Geological and Economic Survey, Chapel Hill, N. C. THE 1911 INDEX The 1911 index for American Fornstry is now ready and subscribers may have it mailed to them by writing for it. TWO PRIVATE FOREST ARBORETUMS MERICAN FORESTRY readers who have been interested in the pro- A posed forest arboretum at Letchworth Park will undoubtedly be glad to hear of two already existent forest arboretums of the same kind, though not the same extent, the little trees of which are now eight to ten years old, which are parts of private estates in this country. One of them is at Potowomet, Connecticut, on the estate which has been so notably con- nected with the past history of forestry in this country under the name of the “Russell Estate,” and which now belongs to Col. R. H. I. Goddard, to whose progressive interest and enthusiasm the undertaking owes its success. The other is a part of the planting on the estate of Mr. Percy Rockefeller at Greenwich. Both are the work of Mr. Theodore F. Borst, Forest Engineer of the American Forestry Company. The Russell Estate has for nearly forty years been one of the most suc- cessful examples of private forestry in this country, and its various plantings have been partially inspired from the first by the recommendations of Prof. Charles Sprague Sargent of the Arnold Arboretum. When Col. Goddard de- cided to continue and complete the old plantings, Prof. Sargent recommended that the services of a trained forester be called on to unify the existing stands, and to carry the old planting over into a harmonious relation with the large new stands contemplated. Mr. Borst had for some held the idea that a living tree museum should be established, for an opportunity to study species and habits of forest trees in a planted forest, from the point of view both of utility and beauty. This seemed an excellent opportunity to do so, and the idea appealed to Col. Goddard, who saw in it a fitting continuation of the pioneer work of Mr. Russell. Accordingly, the completion of the reforesta- tion, involving the planting of 200,000 trees the first two years, and another 100,000 this coming year, included the establishment of such a forest arbore- tum. It was laid out in such a way as to unify the existing blocks, and its object was to develop all the species which would flourish well in that locality. It contains nearly seventy-five distinct species in pure stands and in com- binations, and is undoubtedly the first forest arboretum of its kind in America, and probably the first in the world. All the species, in blocks, are to be labelled by indestructible plates, which Col. Goddard is having made, a feature which will add much to the permanent value and interest. The planting at Mr. Percy Rockefeller’s at Greenwich was a close second in time. Mr. Rockefeller took a great interest in the scientific side of the undertaking, and felt, too, that it would add much to the beauty which was the first aim in the whole design in that instance. His arboretum has in it thirty-nine species. Both Mr. Goddard and Mr. Rockefeller are exceedingly fond of trees and deeply interested in forestry in its application to private estates. They will be glad to permit any student of forestry to visit these arboretums on appli- cation to their superintendents. 274 TIMBERLAND OWNERS AND FORESTRY By W. R. BROWN HERE has been widespread and general co-operation in New Hampshire © between the Federal, State, Association and Industrial interests, and a mutual attempt to find the proper method of forest protection, operation and renewal which would work out for all interests the widest practical and lasting benefit. In this work the timberland owners have done their fair share, and I will explain such methods as are meeting with their hearty support at the present time, and the degree of coéperation in others which I think ap- pears practical to them. As the many associations of timberland owners which have sprung up the past three years, control a considerable share of all the timber, their coéperation should be most urgently desired to obtain immediate results. Now it is necessarily a practical problem with them, and their first ques- tion is inevitably “does it pay”? In other words, while equally interested with all good citizens in the future of the country and subscribing thereto liberally out of taxes, they are chiefly concerned in assisting prosperity by bending their energies to the advance of their particular business, and in securing the proper base for a successful future by seeing that there is no present loss or disaster. The whole problem is, I think, to persuade them, when we have done this honestly for ourselves, of what is best for them in the long run, helping them to maintain and build up their business meanwhile. This is particularly so when we consider the advantage of maintaining a strong inter- national position among other nations, which is largely dependent on the position we take among one another at home. WHAT TIMBERLAND OWNERS WANT The following are some of the practical points which appeal to the timber- land owner in forestry: First of all, fire protection, of which they have been woefully lacking in return for taxes paid in the past, and where they can see clearly the benefits of codperation both among. themselves and with the State and Government, and it is along these lines that the first timberland owners’ associations have been formed, and the greatest energy is being put forth. Following this come study of the prevention of waste in the cutting and marketing of timber, the practice of giving closer inspection to logging opera- tion; study of scientific management in the handling of logs; and the en- couragement of new wood-working industries for using up more closely the products of their lands. Such work as is being done by the Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin, is of the greatest value. Another point is the question of taxation, which although not now gen- erally acute, might become so, as the present laws are theoretically unjust, but, due to the good sense and inherent justice of the average tax assessor, 275 276 AMERICAN FORESTRY have not been carried out stringently; so that, the solving of this question wisely would meet with their hearty approval. Another point, of which there is an increasing practice going on ‘among the timberland owners, is the judicious cutting of their trees for the propo- gating of a future growth, principally among the large owners who have mills to conserve or others who wish a continuous investment and return. Planting is principally going on among railroad companies for railroad ties and among the farmers whose labor is not a cash charge and by large owners who have both very favorable land conditions for planting and long time investments to secure. It is very doubtful, however, if private owners can afford to plant trees to any extent for some time, unless the markets improve or timber becomes more scarce than at present, which is not imminent in view of the fact that large bodies of uncut timber can be purchased at low prices in Canada, and in the United States, and markets will be steadied by the constantly improving means of communication such as the Panama Canal will furnish. On the opposite hand, another point which I think is appealing to the far-sighted timberland owners is, the advantage in the Federal and State ownership for the reason that the State can carry on and develop many tracts into a future growth, create future supply, and be a steadying influence upon future markets. In fact, all forestry, if looked at in this light, will be to the timberland owners’ future advantage and good, as well as to the good of the country at large. But it is equally true that its growth must be slow and sure and achieved step by step and the present worth of each step must be demonstrated and proved to meet with the timberland owners’ hearty support, which I think they are in a frame of mind to more than willingly give. A FOREST THAT PAYS $40 AN ACRE YEARLY By GEORGE W. KEHR HERE is a tract of timber containing 90 to 100 acres near Port Matilda, Center County, Pa., owned by Christian Sharer, that has not been “hogged” over during the last fifty years. It covers a steep, rocky mountain-side, and consists of chestnut, oaks, white pine, and a few other varieties of hard and soft wood. During the winter of 1911-12, the ripe timber, on five average acres of this tract was cut—telephone poles, railroad ties, mine props and a little saw stuff. The 700 thirty to fifty foot chestnut poles taken out are worth $3,000 f. o. b. cars. Cutting and hauling them cost $350. Fifteen cars of small ties and props are worth $225 net. We have no figures to show the number of railroad ties and quantity of sawed lumber cut, but there are 200 to 300 ties and several thousand feet of plank. The chestnut that was cut had reached the “hypermature” stage. Ninety per cent of these trees were dead at the tops. All the other trees cut were either ripe or were crowding and needed to be removed. The stand left is as FORESTRY AND THE STATE LEGISLATURE 277 perfect as could be wished—trees eight inches in diameter and smaller, properly spaced, and of right mixed kinds. Fourteen and fifteen years ago every tree of marketable size and kind was cut from this same acreage. That crop of timber was more valuable than the present one. In fifteen years (by 1927) fully as big a crop should be cut as the one of 1912, still leaving the stand of growing timber perfect for the future. The poles and bi-products of mine ties and props are the crop from the five acres for one fifteen year period, (forgetting the railroad ties and saw stuff). The net cash value of these poles and top-stuff is $28.75. Jt figures $38.33 for each acre every year. Taxes and interest reduce this about 10 per cent—then the timber pays better than wheat, corn, oats, or any rotation of general crops on the best of land. The work required by the timber is less than a quarter of the amount necessary in farming those crops. On rich bottom land the timber growth would be much heavier than on this thin, high, dry soil. Proper planting and thinning of timber trees would increase the growth and the amount of marketable lumber considerably. This timber area lies on a slope above the Sharer home. It increases the amount of water available all summer long over its own area and over a large area lying below it. Several springs at its lower edge are never failing. The August freshets flowing from its carpeted surface are as pure as June streams. Game in plenty makes its home among the trees, and the forest increases the beauty of the neighborhood. In the light of these facts it would seem that many acres all over the country that were once cleared and are farmed or are lying idle now, ought to be growing timber—when otherwise waste land in natural timber, with no care beyond intelligent cutting, can yield almost $40 on an acre yearly, that land certainly should be in timber, and under proper management. Fifteen per cent of every farm in the country should be a permanent forest, no matter how good the soil, while on thousands of farms and on all unproductive land there is no excuse for anything else. FORESTRY AND. THE STATE LEGISLATURE By W. B. GREELEY Or THE Forest Service N the course of my few years’ experience, I have seen something of the ig development of the forestry movement, particularly in the Northwest, and I have become convinced that the critical point in the present stage of this great movement, the point of immediate importance, is the state legis- lature. It is a common saying, summed up in one of Mr. Pinchot’s latest epigrams, that “forestry has succeeded everywhere except in the woods.” We know that there are so many reasons for the backwardness of the private owners throughout the country at large in attempting the application of the 278 AMERICAN FORESTRY forestry principle to their property. We know that some of those reasons are within their control, that many of them are beyond their control, and that many or most of the factors beyond their control are within the control of the state governments and specifically the state legislatures. I have seen, particularly in a number of western states, many instances of the gropings of men interested in forestry for wise state legislation. I have seen abortive attempts at such legislation. I have seen instances where certain elements in those states have exerted themselves to make the legisla- tion proposed so extreme that it would fail of passage. I have in mind particularly a law introduced in the legislature of Mon- tana, the last session, which proposed, whenever the responsibility for start- ing a forest fire was laid at the door of a corporation, the President or Executive officer of that corporation should be subject to imprisonment for a minimum perid of six months. It was seriously proposed in that bill to enforce a provision of that character, and it is very obvious that there were interests involved which were working to make the proposed legislation as extreme as possible, so that it would fall of its own weight. STANDARDIZING LEGISLATION It has occurred to me, therefore, that one of the most effective things that the American Forestry Association might do would be to standardize wise forest legislation for states, at least the fundamental principles of wise forest legislation, without attempting, of course, to determine how the prin- ciples shall be applied under any one of a great variety of conditions. I think that this is one of the most effective ways in which the members of the American Forestry Association can coéperate with the Forest Service. One of the features of the work of the Forest Service, a feature which is assum- ing increasing importance, is the critical study of state forest systems and of the legislation necessary to produce an effective state forest system. We can do much in collating, in publishing results of the various laws, and in showing what the different states are attempting to do, and something of the practical results accomplished in the various states. We can do very much in creating a favorable sentiment in the states, particularly in the states that are just now groping after the right kind of forest legislation. “It occurs to me that the American Forestry Association might do a very effective work by working certain standards and principles as to what con- stitutes the right kind of state forestry, and then using its members as mis- sionaries to make these principles known and to secure their practical adoption and application under various conditions. We cannot attempt to do much at first. We must be willing to accept the half loaf in cases; we must be willing to adapt our ideas to rough and ready conditions. EDITORIAL HE Agricultural Bill has just passed the House of Representatives. It contains a reduction of over one million dollars from the present appro- priation for the Forest Service, and this cut is made almost wholly from the funds available to prevent and fight forest fires. The current appropriation of $500,000 for building roads, trails, and telephone lines needed to call and get men quickly to the fires is reduced to $275,000, and of the emergency fund of $1,000,000 for fighting forest fires only one-fifth remains. The House, by a vote of seventy-four to seventy, restored the $225,000 cut from the appropria- tion for roads, trails, and telephone lines; but on the final reading of the Bill, the amendment for this increase was defeated. These cuts are made in the face of the record of 1910, in which seventy- nine fire fighters and twenty-five settlers were burned to death in the National Forests, and twelve million dollars’ worth of timber was destroyed; and in the face of full knowledge, that as the result of insufficient appropriation, the National Forests, which constitute about two billion dollars’ worth of public property, are in grave danger of even greater loss from fire. The protection of public property and of the lives of settlers, their wives and their children, as well as of the public servants within the National Forests, lies close to the public welfare. It is easy to malign the Forest Service, as certain members of Congress are accustomed to do. But it is much easier to malign the Forest Ranger than it is to do their brave and efficient work on the fire line. We must not let false economy further imperil the safety of public resources and the protection of human lives. It is time for Congress to face the facts. Before the National forests can be made reasonably safe against fire, they must have ten times the present trails and six times the telephone lines now built. It has taken six years for Congress to appropriate enough money to build this small part of what is urgently needed. The standing timber alone on National Forests is worth not less than five hundred million dollars. In twenty years it will probably be worth well over one billion dollars. If Congress gave the Forest Service the five hundred thousand dollars a year it asks for, to build trails and tele- phone lines, it would give only one-fourth of one per cent of the value of timber standing to-day in the National Forests. The preservation of this standing timber controls the preservation of stream flow, whose value is many times that of all the wood which the National Forests contain. The value of the range in National Forests which again is largely dependent upon forest preservation, is incalculable. The fees for grazing alone bring into the public treasury every year twice the appro- 279 280 AMERICAN FORESTRY priation asked for trails and telephone lines. Without these improvements the forests cannot be made safe, even with ten times the present patrol. The one million dollars asked for actual fire fighting and cut by the Agricultural Committee to one-fifth that amount, is simply a fund made available for the use of the Forest Service in times of grave emergency. It may be less necessary than the money required to build roads and bridges, tele- phone lines, and trails. Unless the fires occur, this money would be neither needed nor spent. But should the need arise there could be no more criminal extravagance than not to spend it. It cost $900,000 beyond the appropriation of the Service to fight the big fires of 1910. If this money had not been spent, these fires would probably have wiped out the bulk of the forests of Northern Idaho, Montana, and Western Washington. Fires have already broken out on National Forests in the Southwest as the result of the exceptionally light precipitation this winter. It would be hardly less unpatriotic and unwise to withhold money to equip troops against an invading army, than to refuse the appropriation needed to fight these fires and prevent the greater fires which may easily follow. The Agricultural Appropriation Bill will soon be up in the Senate, and every friend of the National Forests is urged to raise his voice on behalf of adequate appropriation for protecting them. The first forest fire for the year has been reported at the office of thé Tahoe National Forest. Supervisor Bigelow reports that sixty acres of land on Squaw creek, in the canyon of the north fork of the American river, caught fire on February 24 and burned for two or three days. Requisitions have been made by the Supervisors of 20 of the Nationad Forests within the Second United States Forestry District, with headquarters in Denver, for 10,000,000 trout fry. Efforts of Colorado to restock high altitude streams and lakes will be greatly enhanced by the codperation of the Forestry officials. Twenty-eight forest service timber sales, some of them very large ones, have been in progress on the Kootenal National Forest during the winter. A number of sales are nearing completion, and the field force of forest officers. who have been employed on the sales are beginning preparations for the coming season’s field work. REVIEW VOL. VI, NO. 2, PROCEEDING SOCIETY AMERICAN FORESTERS This issue of the Proceedings of the So- ciety of American Foresters, which appeared in October, 1911, contains a number of articles of particular interest to professional foresters. The opening paper, “The Es- sentials in Working Plans for National Forests,” by Barrington Moore, states briefly the author’s views as to what should be in- cluded in a typical working plan for a National Forest. A general outline is pre- sented showing the arrangement of the topics to be treated in the working plan, with brief notes as to some of the more important of these. The paper is a very suggestive one and should serve to bring about further dis- cussion of this important subject. Another technical paper is one on “Seed Production and How to Study It,” by Raphael Zon and C. R. Tillotson, in which the authors review at some length the efforts made by European foresters to solve the problem of seed production. They point out that but little accurate information con- cerning seed production has been obtained by these studies, and present a new method of investigation originally suggested by a Russian forester. Briefly, this method aims to determine the average amount of seed produced per unit area in a given forest type by means of sample plots whose seed production is accurately determined by the study of representative trees. The article deals in an original way with an important subject which has so far received compara- tively little attention in this country. Dr. B. Herstein, Technical Expert of the Tariff Board, under the title “Conservation and Chemical Pulp,” discusses the possible utilization of sulphite waste liquors resulting from the manufacture of wood pulp. At present no use whatever of these liquors is made in this country, and they are simply run into the rivers which are becoming seriously contaminated by them. Dr, Her- stein points out that a process has now been perfected by which this sulphite liquor can be converted into alcohol at a reasonable expense, and cites a plant in Sweden which now produces 300,000 gallons of alcohol per year from this source. The economic saving which this method makes possible is obvious, but perhaps its greatest value lies in doing away with the indiscriminate pollution of rivers by the waste l‘quids. Forest fires are discussed in two articles: one by W. B. Greeley entitled “Better Methods of Fire Control,” and one by I. F. Eldredge entitled “Fire Problem on _ the Florida National Forest.” Mr. Greeley pre- sents an admirable discussion of the entire problem of fire protection under the heads of patrol, communication, transportation, emergency help, equipment, and fire-fighting organization. Each of these subjects is thoroughly discussed from a practical point of view, and the conclusion is emphasized that fire-fighting is a matter of scientific management just as much as silviculture or range improvement. Mr. Eldredge points out very clearly the difficulties of fire pro- tection on the Florida National Forest. His belief is that under present conditions com- plete fire protection is a hopeless ideal, and that the best policy is to protect all cut-over and experimental areas, and to burn the rest of the forest lands annually early in January when the surface fires are easily controlled. He emphasizes the importance of securing the cooperation of the settlers and of gradu- ally extending the area protected. One of the most valuable and timely papers in this issue is a bibliography of the South- ern Appalachian and White Mountain re- gions, compiled by Miss Helen E. Stock- bridge. This makes available for the first time an exhaustive list of the books and articles dealing with these two regions. The literature is classified under the following subject heads: 1. National Forest Mouvement; 2. Topog- raphy and Resources in General; 3. Botany; 4. Forests and Forestry: Forest Influences; 5. Water resources; 6. Climatology; 7. Geology; 8. Mines and mineral resources; and 9. Soils. Altogether, this issue of the Proceedings is one of unusual interest. SEs Ds One thousand dollars a day will be put into circulation in northern Cali- fornia during the next fifteen years through the sale of a large tract of government timber which the Forest Service is now advertising for bids. The sale includes about 2,100 acres of excellent sugar and yellow pine on the Shasta National Forest. The estimates show that nearly 200,000,000 board feet of timber is included upon this area. 281 STATE WORK Pennsylvania At the annual meeting of the Pennsylvania State Foresters at Harrisburg on March 6 and 7, Pennsylvania, commended for the ad- vanced position it has taken in conservation and in forestry management with its 972,000 acres of preserves, was warned to take the best protective measures possible against for- est fires by Prof. Filibert Roth, of the Uni- versity of Michigan, and F. A. Gaylord, of the New York Conservation Commission. Prof. Roth declared that stumps were monu- ments of ignorance and asserted that they could be made to yield handsome returns if properly handled. Prof, Gaylord urged that the foresters be put to work to erect telephone lines, which, he said, had been done in his State at a cost of from $7 to $9 a mile, and which had proved of great value in calling men to aid in fighting fires. William F. Dague, of Clearfield, talked on the protection afforded by taking out stumps and waste and the income produced there- from; T. Roy Morton, Petersburg, on more rapid growth; Prof. E. A. Zeigler, Mont Alto, on early returns, and Harold E. Bry- ner, New Germantown, on clearing methods. In the afternoon the papers were by for- esters, including John A. Bastian, Loyalsock; James E. McNeal, George H. Wirt, Lewis E. Staley, Harry A. Thompson and Forrest H. Dutlinger, who declared roads and mar- kets should be studied, as the two went hand in hand, and who predicted that, with better roads, the State’s income from forests would increase. Much time was devoted to the business side of forest management in the papers of Foresters John W. Seltzer, Coburn; John L. Strobeck, Crosco; Homer S. Metzver, Logan- town; Walter D. Ludwig, Boalsburg; John R. Williams, Rector, and D. H. Warfield, Milroy. Former Congressman N. W. Wheeler and T. D. Collins, of Forest County, both of them lumbermen, snoke of the financial ben- efits, while former Mayor E. A. Weimer, of Lebanon, and Forestry Commissioner S. B. Elliott, recommended more planting and the extension of precautionary methods to pre- vent forest fires. Prof. I. T. Worthley and Joseph Illick, of the Mount Alto Forestry Academy, dealt with the question of manage- ment in reference to getting the best out of rangers. — California There were 326 more forest fires in Cali- fornia during 1911 than during 1910, and 426 more than in 1909, according to a report by State Forester G. Morris Homans, in which 282 he gives the area burned over, cost of fight- ing, etc. The total damage in 1911, how- ever, was only a little more than one-fifth as great as in 1910, but somewhat greater than in 1909. During 1911 there were 1,064 forests fires, against 738 in 1910 and 638 in 1909. The total damage during 1911 was $128,451.50 against $628,989.20 in 1910, and $100,000 in 1909. The area burned over in 1911 was 55,182 acres of forest land and 227,102 open chapar- ral land; in 1910, 216,069 acres of forest lands and 303,394 acres of chaparral; in 1909, 76,730 acres of forest land and 279,539 acres of chaparral. Wisconsin With the view of developing a plan for the utilization of the millions of acres of cut- over lands in Wisconsin, the United States Government has decided to make extensive experiments in forest on the Sparta military reservation. The military reservation con- tains 20,000 acres, a large part of which is available for the experiments which are to be under the immediate direction of W. B. Piper, supervisor of the Marquette and Mich- igan national forests, and are to start at once. Pines from Northern Minnesota are to be planted principally. The entire northern half of Wisconsin was until comparatively recent years, occu- pied by extensive pine forests, which have almost all been cut, and while much of the denuded land is valuable for agricultural pur- poses, a large part of it can be best em- ployed for the development of new forests as soon as the method of handling and growing them has been well worked out. Minnesota A meeting of the representatives of Cen- tral and Northern Minnesota railroads was held at Duluth recently with W. T. Cox, the State forester, and other representatives of the State and National Forestry Depart- ments. The meeting was for the purpose of discussing fire prevention and methods for accomplishing the best results. W. H. Gemmell, general manager of the Minnesota and International road, was chairman of the meeting, The railroad men say that they will make it their business to give careful attention to fire prevention which costs the roads not only for property that may be destroyed and judgments procured by settlers, but the loss of vast sums in prospective freights by the destruction of timber by fire. Michigan That the Northern Forest Protective As- sociation, organized in Marquette in the fall STATE WORK of 1910, has accomplished much in preserv- ing the forests of the upper peninsula and guarding against disastrous fires during the past year, was made evident at the first annual meeting of the Association, held in Marquette, Mich., recently. The report of Secretary-Forester Thomas B. Wyman, of Munising, shows that the total loss sustained to property in the upper peninsula from forest fires during 1911, ex- clusive of regeneration and occuring after the establishment of the Association’s patrol system, was less than $6,000. Of this amount a considerable portion was owned by non- members of the Association. New Hampshire A review of great results already accom- plished by the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests is presented in the tenth annual report. Much has been done to preserve the wonderful natural resources of the State, but more remains to be done. On the Society’s program are: Enlargement of the State forest areas. Effective cooperation with Federal officials in the purchase of a National forest in the White Mountains. Extension of properly managed town for- ests, as a source of continuous revenue. Encouragement of an equitable system of forest taxation. ‘ Z Education of woodland owners in a wise use of their timber with a view to future returns. Stimulation of tree planting throughout the State and the creation of new forests to take the place of those cut off. —— Iowa Four vital agricultural bulletins and circu- lars have just been issued by the Iowa Agri- cultural Experiment station for general dis- tribution. No. 127, “Spraying Practice for Orchard and Garden,’ is a complete com- pendium on that subject, written by Prof. S. A. Beach, head of the horticultural and forestry section of the experiment station. The bulletin describes all orchard diseases common to the Mississippi valley and tells how to fight them as well as the various pests that cut down orchard yields. Colorado The Colorado State Forestry Association held its twenty-seventh annual meeting Feb. 15-16. It carried out a good program and closed with a banquet on the evening of the second day which was made exceedingly in- teresting by the presence of the Presidents of the Colorado College, the State Teachers’ College, the State Agricultural College and ‘the State University. It will take those who attended a long time to forget the occasion. Nine directors were elected, the same per- sons for the third time consecutively, one of the number, General Irving Hale, being seriously ill the Hon. John H. Gabriel was chosen by the other members of the board 283 to serve in his stead. The board now stands as follows: A. Lincoln Fellows, J. : Gabriel, Mrs. Helen I. Grenfell, W. A. Hover, Jacob Fillius, Mrs. Louise Brooks, C. K, McHarg, E. C. van Diest and W. G. N. Stone. Kentucky For the past six years Hon. W. H. Mackey, of Covington, Ky., has been endeavoring to have the State Legislature pass a bill cre- ating a Forestry Bureau and he has recently succeeded. The Bill is now in the hands of the Governor and it is expected will be approved by him. While the appropriation is not large it will doubtless grow year by year. Anyway Mr. Mackey has got the work started and he deserves a great deal of credit for the effort that he has made. The Fores- try Board will consist of five members, and the State Forester must be a graduate of a forest school and a technically trained for- ester. The appropriation is to be $20,000. Ohio George W. Miller, chairman of the com- mittee on agriculture of Ohio, writes that his committee has sent the following rough draft of a proposal to the Constitutional Convention which will shortly consider it: “The general assembly may, in order to encourage the propagatio’, planting and cul- tivation of forestry, pass laws exempting from taxation, in whole or in part, wood lots or plantations devoted exclusively to the growth of forest trees. “The general assembly may make further provisions granting the State authority to re- forest and hold as forest reserve such lands or parts of lands that may be forfeited to the State or that may be acquired by the State.” Maryland A bill has been introduced in the Mary- . land State Senate by Senator Benson calling for an appropriation of $10,000 annually for carrying on the work of the State Board of Forestry, under the direction of the State Forester, and a special appropriation of $6,- 600 for publishing the forest reports and forests maps of the several counties of the State. This is an increase over what has been heretofore appropriated, but this amount is required to meet the growing needs of the work; the need for increased fire protection alone, will require $4,000 an- nually, While the Agricultural College, the Ex- periment Station, the Farmers’ Institutes, the Granges, the Farmers’ Clubs and all the other agencies are working for the improve- ment of tilled lands, there is only one—the Board of Forestry—working for the im- provement and protection of the woodlands, although they represent more than one-third of all the State’s land area and are so widely distributed as to be represented on practi- cally every farm, either by woodlot or tim- ber tract. 284 New York For the purpose of securing better forest management, the Conservation Commission of New York State is perfecting arrange- ments to examine about thirty thousand acres of forest lands owned by the International Paper Company in Township 6, John Brown Tract, near Big Moose in Herkimer County. While this work will be performed under the direction of the Conservation Department, the expense will be borne by the Paper Company, which has expressed a desire to cooperate with the Department in practical conservation of the forest lands which it owns. The Department will prepare a map of the area which is to be lumbered, showing the location and extent of various types of for- est growth and the quantity of timber. On this data as a basis, the scientific lumber operations will be planned. The results will be not only a prevention of waste, but the perpetuation of the forest growth for the future. The International Paper Company owns a larger area of lands in the Adirondacks from which it secures pulp wood supplies for its paper mills, and for many years the concern has been cutting timber conservatively, tak- ing but few trees under twelve inches in diameter, leaving the smaller trees for re- production and future supply of timber. The company desires to still further improve its lumbering methods and has sought the ad- vice and assistance of the Conservation Com- mission, which has readily responded inas- much as one of its duties is to conserve the forests protecting the important watersheds of the State. Connecticut In a recent talk at New Britain, Conn., State Forester Samuel N. Spring made an urgent plea for more strenuous efforts to protect the forests against fire. He told graphically how 1,000 fires last year had laid waste 50,000 acres of timber land. He brought home to New Britain a realization of its duty in the prevention of such waste and it was gratifying to learn that that city has paid more attention to fires in its sur- rounding woodlands than many Connecticut municipalities. In each city the fire chief is ex-officio, fire warden and because of mani- fold duties many fire chiefs, according to the ees have spent little effort along this ine. South Dakota To provide for carrying out an agreement under which South Dakota school lands will AMERICAN FORESTRY be exchanged for National forest land of equal area and value, President Taft has signed a proclamation which makes it possi- ble for the State to select immediately 60,- 143 acres of land from the Harney and Sioux National forests. This will permit of indemnity selection by the State in place of school lands lying along and within the boundaries of the Black Hills National for- est, which will become part of the forest. Indiana Because approximately 2,000,000 acres of land in Indiana is virtually lying idle, which might be producing timber of highest value, the State Board of Forestry has issued a bulletin to Indiana farmers and owners of woodlots impressing the need of systematic and intelligent culture of the Hoosier wood- lot. Florida Dr. Raphael Zon, of the Forest Service, on a recent trip to Tampa to investigate the culture of eucalyptus there, said that the experiment, although not a spectacular success, is scientifically valuable as it shows the conditions under which the trees will thrive and establishes beyond a doubt that eucalyptus trees will flourish as well here as anywhere else in the country if given the proper care. In ‘the experiments tried on Grand Central extension, there was practi- cally no attention paid to the trees beyond planting them. They were set just before the dry season of last year and most of those which died succumbed because of lack of moisture. This was shown conclusively by the fact that in the lower ground where the moisture accumulated and remained much longer than in the high sand, the trees thrived fairly well. Oregon Oregon is going to have better forest fire protection this vear than ever before in its history. It will have a larger appropriation from the Federal Government, greater help from individual timber owners and, it is be- lieved, more liberal assistance from the State itself, judging from the expressions at the annual meeting of the Oregon Forest Fire Association. G. H. Cecil, in charge of the Government Forest Service in the Portland district, stated that the Federal Government had promised $10,000 for fire protection the coming season, or $5,000 more than last year. State Forester E. A. Eliott stated he be- lieved the State would probably see it good business to appropriate $100,000 for forest fire protection for the next two years, in- stead of $60,000, the amount appropriated for the purpose during the past two years. NEWS AND NOTES Lumbermen and Forestry The members of the National Wholesale lumber Dealers’ Association held a most enthusiastic meeting at Louisville, Ky., early in March, at which, following a report of the Forestry Committee, published in this issue, and an address by P. S. Ridsdale, executive secretary of the American Forestry Association, explaining what the organization is doing, resolutions endorsing the work of the Association were adopted. These were as follows: Resolved, That the National Wholesale Lumber Dealers’ Association heartily indorses the efforts of the American Forestry Association to secure better State and national fire protection of the forests. Also the effort to protect the head waters of streams and to secure a satisfactory system of time and land taxa- tion and to advocate the use of woods and wood products; and be it further Resolved, That the members of this As- sociation lend their support to the American Forestry Association and to encourage sub- scriptions to its magazine, AMERICAN Forks- TRY which is its medium of publicity and education, and be it further Resolved, That this Association indorses the bill now before the Congress of the United States appropriating the sum of $80,000.00 for the the scientific investigations and eradication of the disease commonly known as the chestnut tree blight, and be it further Resolved, That any legislation which seeks to regulate the cutting of trees by prohibiting the cutting of all trees below certain specified diameters would be deemed to be adverse to the best interests of the lumbermen, unless such legislation recognizes the time honored rights of property by providing that compen- sation be made by the State to the owners of the trees which fall within the provisions of the proposed legislation. Protecting the Forests At a meeting held recently in Montreal, the St. Maurice Valley Forest Protective Association was formed, having for its object the protection from fire of the timber lands of the St. Maurice River Valley. This im- portant river supplies large amounts of power for Montreal and Three Rivers by means of the Shawinigan Falls and also for the largest pulp and paper companies in this province. Lookout stations will be established on high hills from which fires can be detected, and these will be connected by telephone with the nearest settlements, so that help can be obtained. Telephone lines and trails will be built and fire fighting tools placed in convenient locations. Educational work will be undertaken to teach the settlers and farmers the value of the forests and the necessity of protecting them. The officers elected later at Quebec, are: President—Mr. Alex. MacLaurin, of Mon- treal, representing the Union Bag and Paper Co. Vice President—W. R. Brown, of the Quebec and St. Maurice Industrial Co. Directors—Messrs, R. S. Grant, St. Maurice Lumber Co.; Ellwood Wilson, Laurentide Pulp Co.; Frank Ritchie, Wayagamack Pulp and Paper Co., and H. Biermans, Belgo Pulp and Paper Co. Following the election of officers a banquet was given at which Mr. W. R. Brown pre- sided. Speeches were made by W. C. J. Hall, head of the Fire Protection Depart- ment; G. C. Piche, head of the Forestry Department; Hon. J. Bureau, attorney gen- eral of the Dominion; A. Tessier, M. P., and others. The Association comprises 87 per cent of the timberland holders of the St. Maurice Valley, and is the largest ever formed there, representing 7,000,000 acres. The assessment is one-fourth of a cent an acre per year for protection. The Provincial Government gives $3,000 and one head inspector autho- tizes all rangers to aid, also pays one-third the cost of fire protection on the railroad service and one-third the cost of fire fighting. Henry Sorgino, of Montreal has been ap- pointed manager. Experiments in Wisconsin With the view of developing a plan for the utilization of millions of acres of cut- over lands in Wisconsin, the United States Government has decided to make extensive experiments in forestry at the Sparta Mili- tary Reservation according to word received here today from Congressman H. J. Esch, who took up the matter with the War De- partment and the Department of Agriculture. The military reservation contains 20,000 acres a large part of which is available for the experiments which are to be made im- mediately at the direction of W. B. Piter, supervisor of the Marauette and Michigan National Forest Association, and are to start at once. Pines from Northern Minnesota are to be planted principally. Forester Hirst’s Views State Forester E. C. Hirst, of New Hamp- shire, in speaking before the Portsmouth, N. H. Y. M. C. A., recently said: “Aside from the natural conditions, New Hamp- shire is well situated geographically for the practice of forestry. In the middle West the timber supply is rapidly diminishing and the pine in the Southern States is being heavily cut. The Northeastern States contain large areas of natural forest land on which the eastern part of the country will more and more depend for its timber supply. 285 286 Moreover this land is situated for the most part near the large markets where the good prices secured for timber will make the practice of forestry more profitable as the years go by. “Tt is about time for us to look ahead to this increasing demand for timber, protect from fire the growth we have, cut out worth- less trees and make room for better ones, and plant good fast growing trees on our waste land. This is true forestry—the rais- ing of repeated crops of timber on non- agricultural land.” ———_ Wood Products Exposition Agitation for a Woods Products Exposi- tion in this country this year is now being aroused by Editor Arthur Bolling Johnson, of the Lumber World Review of Chicago and there is every prospect that it will result in such an exposition as is desired. Detailed plans for the affair are to be pro- posed in a short time and in the meantime Editor Johnson is busy stiring up enthusiasm for it. A Large Sale The sale of 800,000,000 feet of pine, fir and cedar saw timber in the Sierra National forest along the ecst side of the San Joaquin Valley has been snnounced by the Depart- ment of Forestry inc if consummated, this will be the biggest saie of timber ever operated by the Government. The Depart- ment will soon invite bids for this timber, offering contracts of twenty yeats in which to remove the timber, with two additional years for the construction of necessary im- provements. The announcement of the timber sale is expected to attract much interest among lum- ber men, as the timber is the most valuable yet offered for sale by the Government any- where in the West. The Forestry Depart- ment is publishing an announcement of the sale, calling for bids. Forestry Without Politics The taking of the Forestry Service, both Dominion and Provincial, out of politics, making way for technically trained men, was advocated by G. Y. Chown, president, at the annual Canadian Forestry Convention which opened at Ottawa, recently. He also de- clared for a permanent forest policy, and for some efficient method of guarding against forest fires. In an address of welcome to the dele- gates, Premier Borden compared Canada to a young man who had inherited a vast estate and who, unless carefully watched, was liable to squander his wealth. He especially urged the association to impress both legislators and the people with the necessity of checking the forest fire evil. “There are some things on which the Prime Minister and myself can agree,” said AMERICAN FORESTRY Sir Wilfred Laurier, “and the conservation of forests is one of these.” The Leopard Moth The leopard moth more feared in its work of destroying tiees than the brown tail and gypsy moth, has ma'e its appearance in Waltham, Mass. The pest has been discovered by employees of the City Forestry Department in three widely separated sections of the city. There are two ways ‘7 which the moth may be killed. One is to spray a chemical oil into the holes where the moth has entered and block the holes up. A gas is formed which destroys the pest. The other is to use hot irons to burn the larvae. Money for Fire Sufferers Relatives of 32 men whvw lost their lives and many men who were injured while fight- ing fires in the Coeur d’Alene national forest near Wallace, Idaho, the summer of 1910, are sought by Roscoe Haines, suppervisor of the forest, stationed at Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, regarding the distribution of the recent ap- propriation by Congress for forest fire suf- ferers. Few of the men, who came from various parts of the United States and Canada, and enlisted to fight fire, gave their home ad- dresses, hence the Forest Service has been unable to get into touch with relatives of the dead and injured. New Firm of Forest Engineers A new firm of forest engineers has re- cently opened offices in Philadelphia under the name of Clark, Lyford & Sterling. The members are Judson F. Clark, of Van- couver, B. C., C. A. Lyford, of Montreal, Oue., and E. A. Sterling, of Philadelphia. Mr. Clark and Mr. Lyford are also identi- fied with the well known firms of Clark & Lyford, Vancouver, B. C., and Lyford, Clark & Lyford, Montreal, Que. Mr. Sterling has resigned his position as Forester of the Pennsylvania Railroad, which he has held for the past five years. This organization is making a specialty of timber estimates and forest maps, and is prepared to examine and report on timber properties anywhere. Chestnut Tree Disease Marsden Manson, of San Francisco, Cal., writing in Science says: “In connection with the chestnut tree blight, I call attention to the hardy giant chinquapin of the Pacific States. This mav be a resistant species adap- table to the Southern States. It occurs in two varieties, the one just mentioned and a dwarfed variety. ‘The former reaches a height of 120 feet and has a diameter of from 8 to 10 feet; ordinarily from 40 to 55 feet in height and from 1 to 2 feet in diameter. Locality, near Willets in Men- docino County, Cal. The drawfed form is EDUCATIONAL abundant in the Cascade and Sierra Nevada and San Jacinto mountains from 2,000 to 9,000 feet. It is mostly of shrubby habit, but to all appearances identical with the giant Chinquapin. This latter is a hardy and long-lived tree of stately and handsome form. ‘The timber is suitable for many pur- poses, saws readily, is fine grained and light brown. The burr and nut of both varieties are almost identical in size and appearance with the eastern chinquapin. They are diffi- cult to obtain and are frequently attacked by a small whitish worm, the egg of which is deposited, as in the eastern chinquapin and chestnut, by a moth. The writer suggests that the giant chinqua- pin be experimented with as a possible re- sistant species to reforest the Eastern States devastated by the chestnut tree disease. The tree would probably stand the eastern con- ditions south of Maryland. The shrub is extremely hardy. 287 Forest Eliminations Ordered The President has signed a proclamation eliminating approximately 73,100 acres from the Jefferson National Forest, Mantana. A very careful examination made by the Forest Service had shown that the land was not chiefly valuable for forest purposes but con- sisted mainly of open grazing land and land of agricultural value. The lands excluded lie mainly along the southern and eastern boundaries of the Little Belt division of the Forest. Small elimina- tions were also made from the Highwood Mountains, Little Rockies, and Snowy Moun- tains divisions. The eliminated lands were by the same proclamation withdrawn under the Act of June 25, 1910, for classification, and will, when compatible with public interests, be restored to settlenient and entry on such dates as shall be fixed by the Secretary of the Interior and after such notice as he may deem advisable. EDUCATIONAL Public School Instruction That merchantable white pine can be grown in 30 years, norway pine in 35 and that a cedar swamp, lumbered to-day, will in a period of 15 years yield the same market value in commercial material as the previous cut, providing that fire does not interfere with such growths, is the information brought to the pupils of the Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., public schools recently by Deputy State Forestry Warden J. H. McGillivray, of Oscoda. Instructors Talk At the 27th annual meeting of the Colo- rado State Forestry Association at Denver recently, President Baker, of the State Uni- versity, talked on “Forestry and Culture”; President Slocum, of Colorado College, on “What the Colorado School of Forestry Means to the Great West”; President Lory, of the Agricultural College, told what his institution will do for the farm by the aid of forestry, and President Snyder, of the State Normal, spoke on “The Spirit of For- estry.” Professor Ellsworth Bethel, Denver High School, discussed “The Aes- thetic and Educational Value of Public Parks,” and urged the establishment of the office of city forester. W. W. Williamson, of Colorado Springs, discussed, “Shall the Public Domain With the National Forests, Be Turned Over to the State?” of the East Dean Toumey’s Views Dean Toumey, of the Yale Forestry School, in addressing the graduates recently, said: “During the past two years many students in American forestry schools and possibly some of you, have become more or less pessimistic, not so much because of the lack of faith in the future of American forestry, but because of the belief that there is a danger that the profession will become over- crowded, and opportunity for responsible work and advancement curtailed. “During the decade ending with 1910 every man, good, bad and indifferent found a position awaiting him on the completion of his professional training. Many of these positions have been retained by men who will not be able to retain them in the future. The weeding out process in professional for- estry in this country has already begun and who will deny that this is a splendid thing for the profession. Weeding out carries with it no fear for the competent man. You need have no fear of the overcrowding of the profession at the top. There are now and always will be shown by your own work that you are the best men to fill them. Forestry at Cornell If the approval of the trustees is forth- coming Cornell will soon have a course in forestry leading to the regular baccalaureate degree at the end of the fourth year and to the degree of master in forestry at the end of the fifth year. The university faculty has recommended this action and asked the trus- tees to establish the new degree, Details of the course have not been worked out, but the entrance requirements will be the same as those for the course in agricul- ture. The first two years will be similar to those of the present course in agriculture ex- cept that solid geometry and trigonometry will be required if they have not been of- fered for entrance. In the junior year work in general science will be continued, supple- mented by some surveying in the College of 288 Civil Engineering and the beginning of work in technical forestry. The fourth and fifth years will be devoted mainly to work in for- estry, with some work in engineering. Seeking Information J. P. Wentling, assistant professor of for- estry in the agricultural department of the State University of Minnesota, has written County Superintendent Boerger asking him to appoint two observers of forestry in Stearns County. The idea of the department is to have at least two of these observers in each county of the State to report on the time of leafing, blossoming and fruiting of the various kinds of trees. The department is starting out to secure as nearly exact data concerning the trees of the State as is possible. Competent observers, whether teachers of botany or persons well posted in botany are required for the work. Chances for Several States Provided a bill is passed which is now pending in the United States Senate, asking AMERICAN FORESTRY that five per centum of the gross receipts from national forests during any fiscal year, beginning June 30, 1912, shall be available for the purpose of maintaining a school of forestry in the States in which national for- ests are located, several States will have a school of forestry, to be part of the curri- culum of studies of some State institutions. Students’ Experiences That the young foresters of Oregon Agri- cultural College can live on their own cook- ing and conduct a regulation foresters’ camp, has been demonstrated by Professor Peavy, head of the school of forestry, who with the ten members of his class in forest mensura- tion has been passing the last four days in cruising a 640-acre tract of timber in the hills west of Philomath. The boys made a careful study of the fotest conditions ex- isting in that type of region, relative to the availability of the timber for lumbering pur- poses, and were incidentally introduced to the canthook, measuring stick and calipers and taught their uses. CURRENT LITERATURE MONTHLY LIST FOR MARCH, 1912 (Books and periodicals indexed in the Library of the United States Forest Service. ) Forestry as a Whole A classification for for- 6 p. New Haven, Conn., (Yale forest school. Bulletin 1.) Proceedings and reports of associations, for- est officers, etc. Canadian forestry association. Brief report of the 13th convention and annual meet- ing, held at Ottawa, February 7-8, 1912. Yale forest school. estry literature. 1912. 20 p. Ottawa, .1912. Deutsche dendrologische gesellschaft. Mit- teilungen, No. 20. 530 p. il. Bonn- Poppelsdorf, 1911. India—Andaman Islands—Forest depart- ment. Prog.ess report of forest ad- ministration in the Andamans for 1910-11. 34 p. Calcutta, 1911. Maryland—State board of forestry. Re- port for 1910 and 1911. 42 p. pl. Bal- timore, Md., 1912. North Carolina—Geological and economic survey. Second annual convention of the North Carolina forestry association. 4 p. Chapel Hill, N. C., 1912. (Press bulletin 59.) Oregon—State board of forestry. First an- nual report, 1911. 24 p. Salem, Ore., 1912. Prussia—Ministerium fir landwirtschaft, domiinen und forsten—Abteilung ftir forsten. Amtliche mitteilungen, 1910. 51 p. Berlin, 1912. Quebec—Department of lands and forests. Report for the 12 months ending 30th June, 1911. 134 p. Quebec, 1912. Rhode Island—Commissioner of forestry. Sixth annual report, 1911. 45 p. pil. Providence, 1912. Russia—Lyesnoi department (Forest dept.) Ezheghodnik (Year-book), 1909, v. 1-2. S.-Peterburgh, 1911. Forest Education New York state college of forestry, Syra- cuse university. Announcement, 1912. 20Pp. syracuse, NY. 1912: Forest Legislation forester. Forest fire Connecticut laws relating to 54 p. New Haven, Conn., 1912. Forest Description Connecticut—State manual ; forests. Hungary—K. ackerbauministerium. Exkur- sionsftthrer im auftrage se. exc. des K. Ung. akerbauministers zusammenges- tellt anliisslich der studienreise des Osterreichischen reichsforstvereines nach Sudungarn und den Slavonischen eichen- wiildern, 1911. 113 p. maps. Budapest, 1911. Maryland—State board of forestry. The forests of Allegany countye by F. W. Besley. 31 p. pl, maps. Baltimore, Md., 1912. Maryland—State board of forestry. Re- forests of Kent county, by F. W. Besley. 27 p. pl., maps. Baltimore, Md., 1911. Silviculture Planting Ferguson, J. A. Growing a woodlot from seed. 8 p. il. Columbia, Mo., 1912. (Missouri—Agricultural ' experiment sta- tion. “Circular 52:) Hill, D., nursery co. inc. The forest planter’s guide. 24 p. Dundee, IIl., 1912. New -Zealand—Department of lands. Re- port on state afforestation, 1910-11. 74 p. pl, maps. Wellington, 1911, Forest Protection Insects O'Kane, W. C. The gypsy moth. 4 p. il Durnamy INE 1o129" (Neve ——state moth agent. Circular 1.) O’Kane, W. C. The browntail moth. 4 p. i UD \ehinerimy IN, ahs ais (Ni, Tah = State moth agent. Circular 2.) Fire Greeley, W. B. Better methods of fire con- trols 13)p. Wash. Di iG. Soctet of American foresters, 1911. Oregon forest fire association. First an- nual report. 17 p. Portland, Ore., 1911. Peters, J. Girvin. Forest fire protection under the Weeks law in codperation with states. 15 p. il. Wash., D. C.; 1912. (U. $.—Department of agriculture—For- est service. Circular 205.) Forest Management Forest organization Wornle, Paul. Die zweckmiissige grésse der forstbezirke in Wurttemberg, 54 p. Tiibingen, H. Laupp, 1911. (Wagner, C. Unsere forstwirtschaft im 20. jahrhun- dert, pt. 4.) Forest finance McGrath, T. S. Timber bonds, 504 p. Chi- cago, Craig-Wayne Co., 1911. Forest Economics Statistics Macmillan, H. R., & others. Forest prod- ucts of Canada, 1910; pulpwood. 14 p. Ottawa, 1911. (Canada—Department of the Interior—Forestry branch. Bulletin 26.) Macmillan, H. R. Forest products of Canada, 1910; tight and slack cooperage. r 289 290 11 p. Ottawa, 1911. (Canada—Depart- ment of the Interior—Forestry branch. Bulletin 27.) Forest. Administration National and state forests United States—Department of agriculture— Forest service. National forests; loca- tion, date, and area, Dec. 31, 1911. 4 p. Wash: Di Cx 1912: Forest Engineering Schill, P. Forstvermessung; ein lehr—und handbuch. 246 p. il., tables. Ejisenach, H. Kahle, 1911. Forest Utilization Lumber industry Lumbermen’s credit association. Reference book, February, 1912 Chicago and New York, 1912. Wood preservation Ferguson, J. A. How to prolong the life of fence posts. 4p. il. Columbia, Mo., 1911. (Missouri—Agricultural experi- ment station. Circular 51.) Maryland—State board of forestry. In- creasing the durability of fence posts, by F. W. Besley. 22 p. il. Baltimore, Md., 1912. Auxiliary Subjects Conservation and natural resources Canada—Commission of conservation. Sec- ond annual report. 230 p. Ottawa, 1911. Canada—Commission of conservation. Lands, fisheries and minerals. 519 p. pl., maps. Ottawa, 1911. Canada — Commission of conservation. Water-powers of Canada. 397 p. pil. Ottawa, 1911. New York—Legislature—Joint committee on the conservation of water. Report, 1912. S30p. “Albanys IN: 2, 1912: Periodical Articles Miscellaneous periodicals Agricultural journal of the Union of South Africa, Jan. 1912—Forestry and planta- tion work in Britain, by J. Sim, p. 71. 3ritish Columbia magazine, Dec. 1911.—Van- couver Island timber and reforestation, by Ernest McGaffey, p. 1239-45; A cyclone among the timber Titans, by H. H. Jones, p. 1287-93. 3ulletin of the American geographical so- ciety, Feb. 1912—The forests of the Philippines, by J. Paul Goode, p. 81-9. Civic quarterly, Jan. 1912—The proposed Estes national park, by R. Johnson, p. 16-21. Editorial reveiw, Feb. 1912.—Is there a lum- ber trust, by R. Seelav, p. 127-37. Field and stream, March 1912.—American forestry, by Warren H. Miller, p. 1140-45. AMERICAN FORESTRY Journal of the Linnean society, Feb. 1, 1912. —An ecological study of a Cambridge- shire woodland, by R. S. Adamson, p. 339-84. Nature, Jan. 4, 1912. Forestry education at the University of Edinburgh, p. 328-9. Plant world, Dec. 1911—Establishment be- havior of the palo verde, by F. Shreve, p. 289-96, Popular science monthly, March 1912.— Glimpses of the Great American desert, by R. J. Pool, p. 209-35. Saturday evening post, Feb. 3, 1912—Work- ing to save wood waste, by F. Crissev, p. 8-10. Scientific American, Feb. 24, 1912.—Trees that yield butter; how nature competes with the dairy, by W. R. Gerard, p. 175; Durability of wood cut in spring and in summer, p. 185. Scientific American, supplement, Dec. 23, 1911—Skis; their construction and use, p. 411. Sierra club bulletin, Jan. 1912—The Devil’s Portpile, by J. N. Le Conte, p. 170-3; National parks, p. 217-35; Are national parks worth while, by J. H. McFarland, p. 236-9. Torreya, Feb. 1912.—Winter-killing and smelter-injury in the forests of Mon- tana, by George Grant Hedgcock, p. 25-30. Trade journals and consular reports American lumberman, Feb. 17, 1912—Im- provements in wood charcoal manufac- ture, p. 39; New “sugi’ finish on cypress, p. 65. American lumberman, Feb. 24, 1912.—Forest industry, by E. T. Allen, p. 48-9; Preser- vation of wood with antiseptics, p. 72; Conference on chestnut tree blight, p. 73-5; Short cut improvements in timber cruising, by E. A. Braniff, p. 82; Poison- ous woods, p. 85; Wood used in phyrog- raphy, p. 97. American lumberman, March 2, 1912.—Wood flour in demand, p. 33; Treatment of orchard and ornamental trees, by J. F. Collins, p. 34; Specifications for manu- facturing silo stock, p. 42-3. American lumberman, March 9, 1912.— Standard specifications for silo stock, p. 42; Silo construction, by A. M. Dolve, p. 44; Oregon forest fire association; instructive addresses feature annual meeting, p. 57-60; Northern forest pro- tective association; annual meeting, p. 61. Canada lumberman, Feb. 15, 1912—Taxa- tion on timber lands in B. C., p. 26-7. Canada lumberman, March 1, 1912.—The In- dian as a fire-ranger, p. 27-8. Engineering news, Dec. 14, 1911.—Notes on railway ties, p. 705. Engineering news, Dec, 21, 1911.—Rapid de- struction of timber beams from dry rot, by C. H. Smith, and F. J. Hoxie, p. 727-9. CURRENT LITERATURE Engineering news, Jan. 4, 1912.—Machines for handling railway ties, by R. P. Black, p. 22-4. Engineering record, Jan. 6, 1912—Wood block pavements in Chicago, p. 10. Hardwood record, Feb, 25, 1912.—Utilization of hardwoods; aeroplanes, p. 30-1; Wood used in artificial limbs, p. 37. Hardwood record, March 10, 1912.—Pattern making woods, p. 30. Lumber world review, Feb. 25, 1912—Grow- ing new forests in Wisconsin, p. 18; Ef- ficient forestry methods, by C. S. Chap- man, p. 22; Bi'tmore forestry school in Germany, by J. W. Agnor, p. 24. Lumber world review, March 10, 1912.—The silo a winner; good thing for the lum- berman and the stockman, p. 34 a. Journal of electricity, power and gas, March 2, 1912—Tests on insulator pins from California eucalyptu., p. 202-3. Mississippi Valley lumberman, Feb. 16, 1912. —Lumber trade with our Southern neighbors, p. 40-1; Forest fire fighting in Minnesota; State forester holds con- ference with the railroads, by W. T. Cox, p. 42-3. Mississippi Valley lumberman, March 8, 1912. —Silos as a side line for retailers, p. 42-3. Paper mill, Feb. 17, 1912—-The pulp wood resources of Dominion of Canada, p. 92-8. Paper trade journal, Feb, 8, 1912—A Cana- dian forest survey, by J. W. Sewell, p. 56, 60. Paper trade journal, Feb. 15, 1912—Estimate of pulp wood standing in Canada, p. 61-3; Forest engineering, by C. J. Blanchard, p. 209-11; Reforestation and utilization of forest products in Europe, p. 213-19; Some uses of paper and fibre, by A. P. Dillont, p. 221-5; Life in a lumber camp, by R. O. Sweezey, p. 225-31; Woods for the manufacture of mechanical pulp, by M. Cline, p. 231-5; Japanese paper plants, by R. Raines, p. 239-43; Conservation of national resources, by M. H. Hoover, p. 251-7; Logging in Maine woods, by P. H. K., p. 261. Pioheer western lumberman, March 1, 1912. —Redwood in Humboldt county; its high quality; its 1911 shipments, by L. M. Nevens, p. 21-3. 291 Pulp and paper magazine of Canada, Feb., 1912.—The forestry engineer, by R. O. Sweezey, p. 48-9. Railway age gazette, Feb. 9, 1912—The rail- way’s interest in* forest fire prevention, by E. A. Sterling, p. 231-5. St. Louis lumberman, Feb. 15, 1912.—The Browning locomotive crane, p. 60-2; The silo end of the lumber business, p. 82 C-D. St. Louis lumberman, March 1, 1912—New Zealand paving methods and materials, by H. D. Baker, p. 26. Southern industrial and lumber review, Feb., 1912—The “sugi”’ finish on cypress, p. 28-30. Southern lumberman, March 2, 1912.—Furni- ture and cabinet woods of the Philip- pines, by H. N. Whitford, p. 36-7. Southern lumberman, March 9, 1912.—What is pin oak, p. 25. Timberman, Feb., 1912—-Comment on the new system of taxing timber proposed by the Timberman, p. 19; First Austra- lian forestry conference plans conserva- tion campaign, p. 32; National foresters and California lumbermen hold _ lively conference, p. 52-3. United States daily consular report, Feb. 21, 1912—Basket making in Jamaica, by J. D. Dreher, p. 782-3. United States daily consular report, Feb. 24, 1912—The French cork industrv, by F. M. Mansfield, p. 804-6. United States daily consular report, March 13, 1912—The French wood trade, by J. E. Dunning, and others, p. 1046-9; Doors and sash, by H. R. Dietrich, and others, p. 1049-50; World rubber trade, p. 1052-3. United States daily consular report, March 16, 1912—Commercial woods of Africa, by W. J. Yerby, p. 1091-3. West Coast lumberman, Feb., 1912—Market effect of creosoting upon lumber, by G. Winslow, p. 267-9. Wood-craft, March 1912.—African cedar for making cigar boxes, p. 173. Wooden and willow-ware trade review, Feb. 22, 1912—Alder used for matches, p. 89. Wood-worker, Feb., 1912.—Wood distillation and how accomplished, by J. J. Blitz, p. 40-1. Tipping up ball of earth and sliding platform under it. WANTED White Pine trees 6 to 15 feet high with full lower branches. Trees growing 6 to 20 feet apart. Soil} loam or sandy loam. Pre- ferred location, 2 to 4 miles from railroad. Will be moved with balls of earth 2 to 5 feet in diameter. If you have planted closely to trim the lower branches, you can sell some and prune by hand and have just as much timber. We move some of the trees without root pruning, and some are root pruned and left one or more years. We have shipped 50 car-loads. White Pine, 1 year seedlings for sale at $19.00 per 10,000. HICKS NURSERIES Isaac Hicks & Son Westbury, L. I. N. Y. BOUND VOLUMES OF American Forestry FOR 1911 Strongly bound in buck- ram with complete index. Most serviceable for libraries, forestry schools and forestry students. Price: =<, o- vas | 00 Copies are limited—Please send order at once. American Forestry Association WASHINGTON, D. C. 1410 H St. N. W. FORESTRY SCHOOLS can find no better medium through which to make their announcements than American Forestry It reaches a class of Readers that is reached by no other Publication. It is the Magazine of authority in its special field. For Advertising Rates, etc., Address American Forestry 1410 H St., N. W. Washington, D. C. SY? tas ena ¢ ‘ k YY INU: NYY \ YY? PA R TAL R PA R e,%| R Al R 7% R SCOTS * | R ** SHS BURMA E MEERA EMEA A MA Ae ae ae Ua ane waa J ll AS aaa) aa) eae a (04) "Little Tree iree Jetinciency” The Little - Tree Farms South Framingham (near Boston), Mass. Of importance to the Scientific and Experienced Forester and Grower of Forest Crops :— CONOMY plus efficiency is the aim in every branch of our profession. Those are the two qualities we offer you in our commercial product, — the little trees we grow. T IS sometimes called economy to save a dollar per thousand by im- porting plants, or by securing them of the cheapest bidder, regardless of meth- ods of growth. But the experienced forester knows the costly results of the poor stand so obtained. EPLANTING costs, and larger plants must be used in replacing, or an uneven stand results, which means loss on the investment. F THE dead plants are not replaced, the stand grows limby and short. T IS infinitely better financial sense to plant the best stock that can be grown for the purpose, and to plant good-sized stock. ANY of the European shipments arrive in poor condition. Ask those with experience! A few dollars saved on the purchase price results in hundreds, if not thousands, of dollars iost in the resulting stand, and in de- lays and disappointments. Half stands, replacements, uneven forests,— are these profitable to any one except the broker of foreign stock ? E FURNISH true tree economy in our plants. First, the price is low, — quite as low as is reasonable for the quality. Second, the results are successful. 3 DAI GM. sc encuss vita na wie uum: RE ANY WZ JR rl IVS 55 FFICIENCY, the power to thrive in average or difficult conditions, and in a rigorous American climate, is the preeminent quality of our little trees. All of the twenty million are raised here, from seed collected in specified regions, largely by ourselves ; are grown here on adapted natural soil without undue pro- tection; are scientifically transplanted ; and finally, are dug absolutely fresh when the order is to be shipped. E IMPORT nothing; store noth- ing; broker nothing; our little trees are home-seeded, home-grown, hardy, clean, vigorous and well de- veloped. They give economical results. ESULTS from little trees can never be obtained unless the plants are grown with a definite application of the principles of seed origin. Ours are. OR can good results follow plants raised on commercial fertilizer, stimulating abnormally tall, lank tops to make a good showing of height in the nursery catalogue; nor plants raised shaded and crowded, as is the common custom. Ours are neither. HE foundation of success in planting is the origin of the seed from which the little trees grew. You know this, but it is not a matter of general knowl- edge, and so the greater part of the trees are raised from any seed that can be bought cheap. Plants from such seed are often totally unfitted for growth in this climate, and predisposed to too rapid, or too slow, growth, and a tendency to grow out of season. VERY one of our little trees is grown from seed collected by ourselves, or NGG ZARA by tested experts, seeds of hardy, vigor- ous trees, in regions specified by our foresters. UR little trees are well grown ; they are well balanced, with an abun- dance of fibrous roots and with stocky tops. UR plants are the very best. We are not amateurs, but growers whose scientific excellence is recognized by the leading nurserymen of this coun- try and by the visiting foresters and growers of Europe who so often come to our nurseries. ELP us in the battle to establish an adequate American production of hardy, well-grown plants suited for American conditions, and we will help you get successful results and build a reputation for something better than surface cheapness. OU are most cordially invited to visit “‘ Little Tree Farms.” If you will telephone in advance of your com- ing, one of our foresters will meet you and show you what we have here. If you cannot come, we shall be glad to have your inquiry for photographs of our plants, just as they grow here, and as they look after a few years in our own forest plantations. Write us! AMERICAN FORESTRY COMPANY Theodore F. Borst Forest Engineer South Framingham (near Boston), Mass. aealeall fest AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS YALE FOREST SCHOOL NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT a The course of study in the YALE FOREST SCHOOL covers a period of two years. Graduates of collegiate institutions of high standing are ad- mitted as candidates for the degree of Master of Forestry. The Summer Term is conducted at MILFORD, PIKE COUNTY, PENNA. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ADDRESS JAMES W. TOUMEY. Director New Haven Connecticut HARVARD UNIVERSITY | BILTMORE THE DIVISION OF FORESTRY | | FOREST SCHOOL Biltmore, N. C. Offers a two-years’ graduate course leading to the degree of Master of Theoretical and practical instruc- Forestry eae . tion in all branches of applied for- estry. The course comprises eighteen | The course includes upward of six months; viz: twelve consecutive | months field instruction and practical months of lectures and field work and six months of practical prenticeship. Working fields in the Southern Appalachians, in the Lake States and in central Germany. experience in the annual operations on the Harvard Forest, Petersham, Mass. For further particulars address po oene See RICHARD T. FISHER, Chairman ‘ Cambridge, Mass. Dr. C. A. SCHENCK, Director MCS To Oeil cons eee ae Se mel In writing to advertisers kindlv mention AMERICAN WORESTRY JAMES D. LACEY WOOD BEAL VICTOR THRANE “WAN Interested in SOUTHERN or PACIFIC COAST Timber? We furnish detailed reports as to the QUALITY of the timber, average lengths and number of trees on each 40-acre subdivision. We submit reports covering details as to logging conditions, cost and most feasible methods of logging each 40-acre or sectional subdivision of each tract. We also furnish a TOPOGRAPHICAL map of all tracts located in mountainous districts, showing every elevation of 100 feet throughout the tract with OUR OWN engineer’s report showing lecations of most feasible routes and grades for logging roads. We can furnish sufficient data regarding ANY tract of timber which we have examined to convince you whether the tract is just what you want or not. Personal inspection of any tract we may offer you will be found just as represented. We are in a position to offer some exceedingly attractive TIMBER properties in the SOUTH, in BRITISH COLUMBIA, and onthe PACIFICCOAST Alsoa few going mill operations with ample timber supplies in the South. We furnish detailed reports of amount of STUMPAGE on each 2 1-2- 5- or 10-acre subdivision of each forty. We employ expert PACIFIC COAST CRUISERS to check all estimates made on Western Timber. We offer HIGH-CLASS Timber Properties only, which have been placed in our hands for sale. We can convince you that our estimates are reliable, JAMES D. LACEY & CO. (ESTABLISHED SINCE 1880) 1211 Whitney Central Bldg. 1104 Spalding Bldg. 1008 White Bldg. 1216 Old Colony New Orleans Portland, Ore. Seattle Chicago NATIONAL CAPITAL PRESS. Vol. XVIII Formerly CONSERVATION No. 5 DE CERT nal SA EE ERLE ET OS AMIENS aS AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS Nir haa Manufacturers Demand More Hard Wood The supply of wood suitable for doors, frames, sills, braces, etc., is rapidly becoming exhausted in the United States, and practically is exhausted now in Eastern Canada. The remedy is to plant waste land in suitable varieties of timber. Cities, counties, states or provinces, railroad and manufacturing .corporations, farmers, will do well to see this op- portunity and start forestry projects in 1912. If suitable land is available’ for reforesting you cerftainlyshould begin planting this year. You then ought to get your first harvest of marketable lumber in 1922, and it is entirely prac- ticable to average $40 an acre net cash profit every year after the tenth year,if you plant proper trees and give right care. Your planting, besides making you money, will conserve moisture, protect watersheds and springs from drying up and from contamination by disease germs and impurities, and will enhance the beauty and desirability of your neighborhood. For over fifty years we have specialized in the growing of seedlings and transplanted trees for forest planting. You should avail yourself of our experience. Ask for “The Forest Planter’s Guide,” a valuable little book. Write or wire for prices, and for our suggestions. The D. Hill Nursery Co., Inc., Box 500, Dundee, Illinois Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in the World TREE SEEDS), ic. cca woes Logging and Woodcraft NEW CROP of most sorts already | are taught under actual forest condi- ——__—_ received. Others ex- tions at Wyman’s School of the pected from time to time, from Now Woods, Munising. Michigan. until late in the winter. Our campus consists of ten million We doubt if any firm handles one-| | | acres of mixed forests, with both virgin half the assortment we do. _| and lumbered areas. Send your list for prices. We have Our demonstrations consist of actual logging and milling of successful opera- tors together with reforestation and Catalogue now ready. _Send for a copy | | protection as carried on by organized now. We mail it free. forces. Two year course leads to the degree J. M. THORBURN & C0. of Logging Engineer. Instruction by foresters with practi- 33 Barclay Street and 38 Park Place Glwoodaeanenanee NEW YORK Established 1802 CATALOGUE all kinds of “out of the way” sorts ~ In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN FORESTRY American Forestry The Magazine of the American Forestry Association EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD HERMAN H. CHAPMAN FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL ErRNEsT A. STERLING JOHN E. RHODES S. T. DANA S. N. SPRING May CONTENTS 1912 COVER—QUIATCHUAN FALLS, LAKE ST. JOHN, QUEBEC. PAGE THROUGH CANADIAN WILDS—By Ellwood Wilson--------------------------.--- 293 With six illustrations. BPORESL WASTE CAUSES FAMINE—By Pres. John T. Procter----.---..-=-----=-- 302 FORESTRY WORK AT SOUTHERN COMMERCIAL CONGRESS---------------- 303 With seven illustrations. RAISING DEER ON FOREST PRESERVES—By Percival S. Ridsdale____--_--_--~- 313 With six illustrations. LP UTRCTENS HPTRONGS STAIN i ASN OCU UPN 2)] 2a) (Cha ae tanec meprie l DUE RA JS AES DP wap 319 BALE RACOMPANY S HORES TRY PRACTICE—By B. A. Chandler-_2---2 2-22-22 -2-2 320 With four illustrations. Perticmony BARK BORER—By EB. PY Pelt. 2. -. <=. 20/2222. -.- 5-2 eee ssesne 324 ees AND) PLANTING TOOLS—By Wm. H. Mast=-22----22-5-----~--=<2 2-2 325 With five illustrations. emai Al LHe UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON -.-s 2222222222) --22kecu 332 With four illustrations. Serer Pe ony Tr GRRMAN PORESTS.2 2 2e en ee ee 335 FORESTS AS AN INVESTMENT—By Hon, Simeon E. Baldwin_____--_.-____--____ 336 With one illustration. Pre kOoVvViING FOREST PIRE PROTECTION—By M. B. Pratt-2----..2-22222.-..2- 337 Ee lee SS VO] DL) gl Sa) 0] hy a A na Re eas seme BP ES Pa LI < 341 moles ON GERMAN FORESTRY—By Prof: W. R. Lazenby--.._----.....-=._-.__ 343 Pee lon AL bee OSIRION ON) CONSERVATION: 22...202 30 ee a es 345 Peer lA LB ACONEROL OR CBORBS ES 22022828 (ee oe ek en we 346 RnR NT BOING AG, POR BS es con! be vit ds ee Dens oe Se By cas 346 NEWS AND NOTES— ; Bilgoderdid eOLestGace— a ee a 347 Kallino the (Bice s a2 Se ee ees oe 347 he $80,000 Appropriatione = 222-2 347 White Mountain Reserves__________________ 348 Horesiry™ Conference Plan == 22 ~~~ ==22=-- 347 Reforesting\) bikes) Peake sata sve 348 STATE NEWS— MMSUIE STON sores > See 348 North Carolinas sc el eaesocn elo h eo ee 349 WMISC ORSINI Sewer ee eee aT tee ee 348 Idaho. 22th e ono eee el ee eee 350 MPSRACITISE ELSE sem a ea ee RS SEE 349 Pennsylvania) 5 los2= eos ve ee a ee 850 WIGNER: 3 oe A ie ie Pane ee er 349 Mrchigany 2. 22 Se se eee 350 Mrecon ase cec eet ule Eo es sees 349 Miassachtusetisn;— ooo St ee eee 850 SealitOrhiag | = eee eS a eS ea 349 New? Hampshire: 2232225522. 2 oea ee eee 350 My pee es Pe bee see 349 Neweersey! 20-202 SS 2 ee ee 351 EDUCATIONAL— subemBiltmore,‘Schoolts2os-o. ee 351 Ranger ‘Course Closéssoa eee one ee eee 352 New Head for Forest School_.._____-_____ 351 Mrir'Start’s’ Positioficcse scence see ee 352 AmNew, Rangen Courses. 2220.2 2 oe ele 351 Ree ne rer ieee eet ke ae 5 ey ee a Ba 352 AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, two dollars per year; single copies, twenty cents. Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Post-office at Washington, under the Act of March 8, 1879 vf The American Forestry Association OFFICERS FOR 1912 President HON. ROBERT P. BASS, Governor of New Hampshire Vice-Presidents E. T. ALLEN, Oregon Forester, Western Forestry and Conservation Association JOSHUA L. BAILY, Pennsylvania Merchant FREDERICK A. DELANO, Illinois President, Wabash Railroad Company DR. HENRY S. DRINKER, Pennsylvania President, Lehigh University DR. CHARLES W. ELIOT, Massachusetts ap ee Emeritus Harvard University oB.. BE: RNOW, Canada Be BE of pr pelil University of Toronto W. W. FINLEY, District of Columbia President, Southern Railway Company HON. WALTER L. FISHER, District aE Colum- bia, Secretary of the Interior HON. DAVID R. FRANCIS, Missouri ee a oe Missouri. HENRY §S S, Washington, D. C. Chief of the A Service HON. CURTIS GUILD, Massachusetts Ambassador to Russia EVERITT G. GRIGGS, Washington Bresdenh National Lumber Manufacturers’ ssocia HON. HIRAM. JOHNSON, California Governor of California BRYAN LATHROP, Illinois Chairman, Chicag. o Park Commission HON nen PIN CHOT, Washington, D. C. HON. THEODORE ROOSEVELT, New York DR. a ROTHROCK, Pennsylvania ecretary, Pennsylvania State Forest Reser- tion Commission DR. FILIBERT ROTH, Michigan Dean of Forestry, University of Michigan DR. CHARLES R. VAN HISE, Wisconsin ee University of Wisconsin DR. ROBERT WOODWARD, Washington, . C., President, Carnegie Institution Treasurer OTTO LUEBKERT, Washington, D. C. American Audit Company Executive Secretary P. S. RIDSDALE, 1410 H Street N. W., Washington, D. C. Assistant Secretary J. A. P. FARNHAM, Washington, D. C. Directors HON. ROBERT P. BASS, New Hampshire elas of New Hampshire W. BROWN, New Hampshire President, New Hampshire Forestry Commis- HERMAN H. CHAPMAN, Connecticut Professor of Forestry, Yale Forest School JOHN E. JENKS, Washington, 1D Bat Editor, Army & Navy Register CHESTER W. LYMAN, New York International Paper ‘Company OTTO LUEBKERT, Washington, D. C. American Audit Company CHARLES LATHROP PACK, New Jersey THOMAS NELSON PAGE, Washington, D. C CHARLES F. QUINCY, New York ERNEST A. iS ERLING, Pennsylvania Forester, Pennsylvania Railroad JOSEPH N. TEAL, Oregon Chairman, Oregon Conservation Commission FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL, Pennsylvania eae Merchant J. B. WHITE, Missouri President, National Conservation pee JOHN L. WEA VER, Washington, D Real Estate Broker Auditors E. A. STERLING, Pennsylvania Cc. F. QUINCY, New York Advisory Board, Representing Affiliated Organizations Yellew Pine Manufacturers’ Association NW. L. KAUL, piningter Ala. McLEOD, St. Louis, Mo. . WHELESS, Shreveport, La. National Wholesale Lumber Dealers’ Association ROBT. LIPPINCOTT, Philadelphia, Pa. ROBERT, W. HIGBIE, New York City. . L. SYKES, Buffalo, N. Y. Northern Pine Manufacturers’ Association C. A. SMITH, Minneapolis, Minn. 2 IRVINE hippewa Falls, Wis. E. WEYERHAEUSER, St. Paul, Minn. Massachusetts Forestry Association NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, Milton, Mass. FREDERIC J. CAULKINS, Boston, Mass. HARRIS A. REYNOLDS, ‘Cambridge, Mass. Lumbermen’s Exchange WILLIAM L. RICE, Philadelphia, Pa. FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL, Philadel a Pa. SAMUEL B. VROOMAN, Philadelphia, Bese Association of Box Manufacturers ae ANS rare th Mass. RSON, mphis, Tenn. Rost he FOLINSON: inneapolis, Minn. Carriage Builders’ Natienal Association eee a bese Del. D. T. WILSON, New York cD ’ FIRESTONE, Columbus, Ohio Boston Paper Trade Association N. a4 JONES, Lincoln, Maine JOHN E. A. HUSSEY, Boston, Mass. THUR L.. HOBSON, Boston, Mass. Philadelphia Wholesale Lumber Dealers’ fears R. G. KAY, Philadelphia, © i “RANDAL LLIAMS, JR., Philadelphia, Pa. . FRANKL NY BETTS. Philadelphia, Pas New Hampshire Timberland Owners’ Association W. H. BUNDY, Boston, Mass. FRANK P. THOMAS, ‘Rumford, Maine F. H. BILLARD, Berlin, New Hampshire American Forestry VOL. XVIII MAY, 1312 No. 5 THROUGH CANADIAN WILDS By ELLwoop WILSON FORESTER’S life is not all beer and skittles. People say so often, “Oht if I could only lead the free, open air life which you lead, next to nature, far away from the confined grind of the city!” But take these same people and give them the fores- ter’s daily life for three or four weeks, even under the best conditions, and see how quickly they would tire of it. This is especially true under the conditions which exist in the Canadian forests to- day. There are no roads or trails and a man’s outfit must be carried on his back and by canoe in summer, and on a toboggan which he pulls in winter. The forests are a long way from the settlements, from thirty to one hundred and fifty miles, and there is no com- munication, so that letters and news of the outside world are few and far be- tween. One sleeps in a tent at all sea- sons of the year and travels and works in all weathers. The three main divi- sions of the year are winter, from first of November till the first of May, fly time, from a fifteenth to first of August and fall. Fly time is the worst of all, as the flys, mosquitoes and gnats make life almost unendurable. W ith proper outfit and reasonable care the hardships are not great and after once getting broken into the life there is a great fascination in it. One of the hardest times of the year is the latter part of November, before the ice on the lakes is thick enough to bear a man’s weight and too thick to break a way through for a canoe. As all travel is by way of the lakes and rivers, both in summer and winter, and the portages are only cut through the woods from one water way to another, when lakes cannot be crossed it is ex- ceedingly difficult to go around them. One year, having a party in the woods surveying and estimating timber, I[ started about the middle of November to inspect their work and to take in the small sheet iron stoves which are used in the tents in winter and also snowshoes and mail. With me was a man who had never worked in the woods in the north before but who wanted to get the experience and who was to remain with the party. We started from our headquarters on a clear crisp day and drove in with our duffle loaded on a buckboard to the end of the road, about twenty-four miles to the depot of one of the lumber companies which lies at the foot of Lac Mistagance, a lake about twelve miles long. Here we put our birch bark canoe in the water and loaded up, with not much room to spare. A steady un- eventful paddle brought us to the end of the lake and our stuff was unloaded and piled on the bank while we crossed the two mile portage to the next lake where our Company had a depot, the last outpost of civilization. Here we sent back a horse for our load and while it was being brought up we got to- gether our provisions for the trip into the woods. Bright and early the next morning we were off, taking with us an extra 293 A RANGER’S canoe and two men to help us over the “Long Portage,” seven miles. The weather was perfect and as we made the two short portages and crossed the two long narrow lakes to the beginning of our real day’s work, it seemed good to be alive and the loads we carried only lent a zest and helped to keep us down to earth. Leaving one canoe at the beginning of the “Long Portage” for the packers to return in, we started out, stopping for lunch after a mile or so. We shot two or three grouse with our pistols, keeping them for our break- fast. About half past five we reached the other end and pitched our small Baker tent, spreading it to give some shelter to all four of us and after a hearty supper, were soon asleep. In the morning we said good-bye to our packers and launching our canoe on the River Mattawin, a_ beautiful stream about seventy-five miles long and with.many picturesque rapids, we started upstream. We had three port- ages and had to “double” them as our load was too heavy to be taken over in AMERICAN FORESTRY TENT IN WINTER—WITHOUT ALL THE COMFORTS OF HOME one trip. Just before noon we reached the mouth of the Chienne River, a smaller stream emptying into the Mat- tawin, up which our route lay. Here we had lunch and after passing through two small lakes, where the river wid- ened out, we found the water quite low and had to track our canoe through sev- eral swift waters. About four o’clock we made a short portage into Lac Brochet and to our great surprise found it frozen. ‘This was something of a dilemma as we did not relish the thought of having to pack all our bag- gage around it and if it had frozen so early, many of the other lakes above would probably be frozen too. Trying the ice with our axes, and finding it fairly safe, I crossed by lying flat on my stomach so as to cover as much ice as possible and by tying four tump lines together we dragged the duffle across the narrow bay. Here we made a camp and as the night was clear did not trouble to put up a tent but crawled into our sleeping bags and were soon lost to the world. About three in the THROUGH CANADIAN WILDS 295 A JOBBER’S CAMP IN morning I remember feeling chilly but was too sleepy to really w ake up. When I did, I felt the most delicious warmth and as it did not seem very light I lay there enjoying the sensation for a few minutes, then throwing aside the blan- kets looked out and found that about eight inches of snow had fallen in the night and completely buried us. My man complained of feeling sick, but as he had no temperature and his pulse was good I was rather inclined, especially after I saw the breakfast which he ate, to think it only a case of “cold feet.’ However, we decided to stay in camp for the day and leaving him in his bag, I pitched the tent, cut some boughs for beds and wood for the fire and packed our loads so that they would be easy to carry and spent the afternoon taking them as far up the lake as | could. without running into bad going. ‘The ice on the lake would not bear and as it seemed to be getting THE HEART OF WINTER colder the ice would probably be much thicker in the morning. Next day, the invalid feeling better, we loaded our camp outfit into the canoe and hitching a tump line to the bow, one of us dragged it from in front, the other pushing behind, we went to the place where I had taken the duffle and loaded that in too. In case the ice gave way we expected to jump into the canoe. Nothing happened and we reached the other end of the lake. There the portage, about two miles long went right up the meuntain in order to pass a beautiful fall, nearly sixty feet high. As we were heavily loaded and it was probable that we should find the next lake frozen, I took the snowshoes and a stove for our two loads, leaving the canoe for the second trip. There was about eight inches of snow and the going was pretty hard. When we reached Lake Virginia we found it partly frozen, and as the nexr 296 lake was long and narrow, being slel- tered by high hills, we were sure it would be frozen too. The place where we expected to find the men camped was only five miles away in a straight line and I decided to push on and join them and bring back enough men to take all the baggage up in one load. It had begun to snow again quite heavily and as the survey line we wanted to follow in order to take the most direct route ran up over a high cliff we started to go around it. After travelling about fifteen minutes I saw what I thought was the creek which ran out of the next lake above and we went down so as to find easier walking on its frozen surface. After following it for about one hundred yards we passed a place where the ice was thin and I noticed that the water was run- ning the wrong way. This is a very uncanny sensation in the woods and it is hard to make one’s self believe the evidence of one’s senses. I realized however that in the fog and snow I had made a circuit and come back to the very creek from which we had started. Beginning again and_ with more care in travelling we reached the next lake and ate a couple of hardtack which we had brought for lunch. The line we were following went right up the side of a mountain now and my companion was travelling so slowly, not being accustomed to the woods, that I told him to follow my trail and I would push on ahead. Com- ing to a little creek, I saw a grouse and tried, but without success, to get him with my pistol. About four o’clock we reached a small marshy lake and in crossing it I went through the ice up to my armpits. Crawling out and on shore, I stripped off my clothes and wrung them out as dry as possible and although they felt pretty chilly, started off again as we were anxious to reach the camp before it was too dark. The going was very rough and I had to wait several times for my man, so that it was seven when we reached Lac Crapaud, a small lake about three hun- dred yards from Grand Lac Chienne, at the head of which the men were camped. AMERICAN FORESTRY Crossing the portage to the big lake, we found it open, so fired several shots and called, in the hope that some one in the camp would hear us and come for us with a canoe. There was quite a wind blowing and we heard no an- swer, so started along the shore in the dark for camp. There was no trail and the going was very bad. After about half an hour, however, we reached the long sandy beach at the head of the lake and with a sigh of relief went to the camping place. We had been talk- ing all afternoon of the supper we would have, for the cook was famous, so that you can imagine our surprise when we found no sign of a camp. Only the empty fireplace of stones and the table of rough hewn logs. I looked everywhere for a note or some sign to tell us where the men had moved but there was absolutely noth- ing, and. it was hard to see anything in the dark. We made up a fire and built a rough lean-to of boughs, and a pile of them to sleep on and curled up close to the fire and. were soon asleep. I woke up after a splendid night’s sleep to find my companion shivering over the embers of the fire, the poor chap had not slept a wink and again com- plained of feeling ill. I sat down ona log to pull on my boots and as one side of me seemed rather chillier than the other I felt of my breeches only to find that I had slept too close to the fire and had a hole as big as my two hands burnt right through my heavy macki- naws. After making up a good fire I looked all around for a note or some sign which might tell us where the camp was, but in vain. No birch bark note, as was usual, had been left and the snow had effectually covered all tracks. Food was of course the first consid- eration and I searched thoroughly to see 1f a cache had been left but found nothing. Then I remembered that on the western shore of the lake an old Indian had a tepee where he spent part of each year hunting and I tramped around the shore in the snow to it, but found nothing eatable, only a few old cooking utensils. eS ee = a Pa ee . SES: (“x se mee aN ; : : A RANGER’S PACK TRAIN IN THE MOUNTAINS IN THE SUMMER TIME ~ = — 298 There were two ways that the men might have gone but either one meant making the circuit of several large lakes and the probability was that the camp would be at least a full day’s trip had we been able to cross the lakes and much more than that under present conditions and no certainty of finding them at the end of the trip and, in that case, without food, we should have been in a bad way. I decided therefore to return by the way we had come to Lac Brochet and we reached a wood- cutter’s camp there about five o'clock hungry enough to have eaten every- thing in the shack. It was a filthy place, about fifteen by twelve feet, with a stall for a horse across one end, a couple of bunks, one above the other, along the side, a rough table, with a few dirty dishes, in front of the only window, a pane of glass about fifteen by twenty-four inches, and a stove and bench. Being too tired to pitch a camp we spread our sleeping bags on the floor beside the horse and were soon dead to the world. Next morning we left the stoves, snowshoes, mail and other things we had brought for the men, with the job- bers knowing that the men would send to a cache nearby for provisions before very long. Then taking our canoe we started for home, as my companion re- fused to undertake the trip up again and then and there resigned his job. Our trip down the Chienne river ‘was quick until we reached the first small lake and this and the next one we found completely frozen over. It took us un- til three in the afternoon to break our way through these and we reached the Mattawin River about half past four and found this frozen too solidly to admit of any further canoeing. We thereupon cached our canoe on a staging built on four trees and taking our provisions and sleeping bags started down the river for an old log camp where we had noticed a stove and some provisions on the way up. This we reached, pretty well fagged out about seven. We found that the stove we had noticed had no pipe, so turning it upside down and proping it up on four stones we made a fire and had AMERICAN FORESTRY some supper, losing no time afterwards in getting into our bags. There was a small room off the large one with two bunks in it and my man took the upper while I spread my bag on the floor. Some time in the night I was roused by wild cries of fire, and getting out of my bag, I found that the stove had gotten red hot and set fire to the floor which was burning merrily. We soon had this out and returned to our couches. In the morning we congratulated our- selves that my man had taken the upper bunk, because the smoke had awakened him, and right beside the bunks we dis- covered two full boxes of dynamite. As it was snowing heavily we spent the next morning making two small sleds out of barrel staves so that we could drag our baggage over the ice instead of carrying it. Next morning we crawled across the river, dragging with us long poles in case the ice should break and started down. I tried to per- suade my companion to keep a little away from the shore where on account of the shallower water the ice was not so thick, but he would not and twice that morning we had to build a fire to dry him out. We had lunch on the end of the “Long Portage” and tried to use our snowshoes in the afternoon but the snow was very soft and sticky and my companion, being unaccus- tomed to them, made very slow prog- ress. We camped that night about halfway over and were glad of the rest for trudging through a foot of snow with a pack is no fun. By next morning we had another three inches of snow and I fairly had to drive my man out of his blankets. All day we plodded along making only about four miles. Soon after break- fast next morning we reached Lac Prudent, the end of the portage and found an old scow frozen in the ice of the small bay, but the rest of the lake as far as we could see was open. We started in to cut out the scow, which took over two hours as we had to cut a regular channel through the ice, and putting our stuff on board we went down the lake, stopping at a deserted driver's camp where there was a stove. Here we had a good supper and a good THROUGH CANADIAN WILDS 299 RANGER IN CANOE ON THE RIVER MATTAWIN night’s rest. In the morning we started with the scow, but the wind was so strong and our makeshift oars so in- efficient that it was noon before we reached the lower bay, and finding this frozen too thickly to break we stopped for lunch. We made a couple of light sleds for our baggage and skirting the shore, as the ice was barely thick enough to hold us, we reached the end of the lake and crossed the portage, arriving at Lac Marcotte about four thirty. This had all frozen over since we crossed it on the way up and as there was a good camp just across the bay, about three- quarters of a mile off we were anxious to reach it so that we would not have to pitch the tent. I tried the ice with a pole and finding it pretty thick cut several holes with my ax to a point about one hundred feet from shore and found it safe. Going back for my pack, I told my companion to remain about two hundred feet behind me in case anything happened and off we started. I had gone about six hundred feet from the place where we went on to the ice and was about three hundred feet from the nearest shore when all of a sudden without any warning the ice seemed to give way in all directions dropping me into the freezing water. I was dragging my sleeping bag on a sled and this was floating near me. [ swam to the edge of the ice nearest to the shore and tried very carefully to get up on it, but it was too thin. I tried this in several places, breaking the ice in front of me toward shore in the hope of finding a place where it would bear me. I had called to my man as soon as I went in and he had gone back to shore and cut a long pole which he slid out to me. This I placed across the narrowest part of the break and got almost out on the ice when it broke again and down I| went headfirst into the water. I was getting so chilled now that I could hardly swim so I made for my sleeping bag and with that to hold me up swam to the ice nearest shore. Sliding the bag under my chest I tried to work myself out on to the ice and got my whole body on it with only my feet on the bag and was just congratu- lating myself on my success when the ey oe THE KIND OF TRAIL THE FOREST RANGERS SOMETIMES HAVE TO CLIMB THROUGH CANADIAN WILDS 301 A FRENCH CANADIAN ice gave way again and down | went. On coming up I was so numb that I took a turn of my tump line around my body in case I should lose conscious- ness. I did not know how I was ever going to get out and was childishly an- gry at not being able to, and at the thought of having to drown. Twice my man had started out on the ice after me but I had made him go back, realizing that if he went in we should both drown. I called to him to cut a long, dry pole and to tie three tump lines to it and slide it out to me. I got hold of this and lying on my bag and breaking the ice in front of me he drew me to a point where the ice was thick enough to crawl on. By now, twenty-five minutes after my first plunge, | was very numb and to cap the climax when he came out to help me, about fifteen feet from shore we both went in again, but fortunately only up to our chests. After getting out I com- pletely lost consciousness but he told me that I could walk and insisted on going back to the camp where we had spent the night before and he had to forcibly drag me on shore. When I came to I was sitting naked on a log in the snow being rubbed with JOBBER a dish towel. He had some dry under- wear in his duffle bag and this we put on and as I had had all the matches and they were of course wet, we gnawed a piece of hard tack and both crawled into his sleeping bag. At least half a dozen times in the night he waked me up, saying “for God’s sake let me turn over.” When we woke in the morning our clothes were frozen solid and my breeches were standing up just as though there was a man inside of them. Having slept with the matches under my armpit they were quite dry and we soon had a good fire and some break- fast, although as most of the provisions were in my pack, we had to be satisfied with corn meal mush and some bacon. The night had been cold and the scene of the accident was completely frozen over and we cautiously crawled out and chopped out my sleeping bag and pack. My ax and camera with all my pic- tures had sunk. We crossed the bay and finding the rest of the lake open had to skirt the shore, reaching the de- pot about three in the afternoon none the worse for the adventure. FOREST WASTE CAUSES FAMINE By PrestpeNtT JOHN T. PROCTER Baptist College, Shanghai which millions are suffering, is largely traceable to the wasting of the forests. One of the most hor- rible tragedies of the world might have been prevented by the careful use cf these resources. “China’s hills and mountains are de- forested. This is particularly true in the hilly country drained by the Yangste river, whose valley comprises the stricken district. The river brings the soil down with it. That is the reason why we have the Yellow sea. For three hundred miles out from land the ocean is discolored by the silt brought down by the Yangste. The hills are washed bare of soil. There is some hunting in these hills, but the animals live among the brush. For want of better fuel the natives burn this brush. OG rE life-sapping famine, in “Last August the Yangste over- flowed and flooded about 40,000 acres of densely populated territory. This flood placed a population of 3,000,000 in want. In fifty years there has not been such another flood.. Some of the victims have been drowned out for two consecutive years, some three years, some four years. They not only have lost food, they have lost hope. “Much of the land that was inun- dated is at sea level. It is drained by the most intricate system of canals in the world. I know of one city of 30,- 000 which is surrounded by canals. There are no roads to it, because a road could not go half a mile without touch- ing a canal. There are not even foot- paths. The people make their way to and from the city in boats. This is their only means of communication.” The movement for a woods products exposition in the United \States is daily receiving encouragement and the outlook now is that one will be held within a short time. At such an exposition a great and varied line of manufactured lumber goods could be exhibited and an opportunity given for a very comprehensive exploitation of lumber and its manufactures. Assistant District Forester A. C. McCain, who has been attending to matters relative to the division of the Humboldt National Forest, has returned to his station at Lamoille, Nevada. F, N. Haines, formerly supervisor of the Blackfeet National Forest, has been endorsed for the position of Superintendent of Glacier Park, succeeding the late Major W. R. Logan, according to a dispatch from Kalispell, Mont. The Bavarian Government has given much attention to fruit growing, a decree having been issued as early as 1769 requiring all land owners to plant fruit trees along the public highways bordering their estates. The systematic planting of such trees was begun about the middle of the last century: The value of fruit trees in Bavaria is now estimated at $170,000,000. 302 FORESTRY WORK AT SOUTHERN COMMERICAL CONGRESS WO forestry problems were ( sae at the Southern Com- mercial Congress recently held in Nashville. One involved the question of the management of large holdings of forest lands, and was considered at a conference with lumbermen. The other considered the farm forest and its rela- tion to the farm and farmer. ‘The lum- bermen’s conference was presided over by Mr. H. S. Graves, Forester of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. In addition to many of the largest lumber- men from some of the Southern States, there were present the State foresters of Wisconsin and New Jersey. The dominant subject considered at the conference was the protection of forest lands, and especially of cut-over forest lands, from fire. ‘The systems in use in several of the Northeastern and Lake States were discussed, and their applicability to Southern conditions; the cost of forest-fire protection; the relation of land owners, the local com- munity, and the State to protection, and the distribution of the cost were all con- sidered. It was shown that if protec- tion could be secured, cut-over forest lands could be made a profitable invest- ment for the production of timber. A great portion of the cut-over land is suitable for farming. It is possible, however, to produce a merchantable crop of young timber upon it before the labor conditions will permit its utiliza- tion for farming purposes. Resolutions were adopted which called attention to the importance of the forest industries of the South. These industries, with their dependent indus- tries, give employment to more than 400,000 men and yield annual products which amount to one billion dollars. The permanency of these industries is threatened on account of the unpro- ductivity of the cut-over land which is largely the result of fires. The legis- latures of the several Southern States were requested to appoint legislative committees to investigate the forest con- ditions and problems and to confer with committees of other States relative to desirable and uniform legislation hav- ing for its object the protection of for- est lands from fire, the reduction of waste, and the adoption of methods of increasing the earning capacity of for- est land. It was further urged that the States should make provision both for popular and technical education of farmers and other land owners in the methods of protecting and developing their forest land. The farm forest meeting, which was conducted under the auspices of the U. S. Forest Service, was participated in by W. W. Ashe, Forest Service; Prof. Alfred Akerman, of Athens, Ga. ; and Prof. J. A. Ferguson, of Columbia, Mo. Planting forest trees on waste farm land was discussed by Prof. Akerman. He laid special stress on the choice of a species adapted to the site and the re- turns which can be expected from such plantations. The management of old timber was discussed by Prof. Ferguson. He took up the necessity for making improve- ment cuttings in old stands, as well as liberation cuttings and reproduction cut- tings, and the great opportunity that the farmer has for carrying on such work. W. W. Ashe discussed methods of increasing the earning value of timber lands. With fire protection assured so as to preserve the fertility of the forest soil, the greatest returns must be ex- pected from the management of young timber. Asa rule the growth of stands of old timber is slow, or the stands are even stationary. Young stands respond to thinnings by making greatly ac- celerated growth. These thinnings should be so made as to concentrate the vigor of the soil in a comparatively few 303 a ON Se NO a a heer al {IESE LIL IT ER ELLE Me RE ea eT = Bw Oe Sad GA. ANNAH, SAV AR 4 7 v4 NI E PIN «LOW .) EI Y AND OF SOUTHERN T Ss ‘AR-OLD ORTY-YI F LUXURIANT FOREST GROWTH IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS 306 choice and thrifty trees. Such thin stands of second-growth pine, chestnut, red oaks, yellow poplar, and ecstton- wood will produce from 590 to 1,009 board feet of merchantable tiuber per acre a year. It is desirsble to defer cutting young timber until the maxi- mum yield per acre can be secured. It is equally as desirable to cut it before it has become old and its rate of has declined. growth MR. GRAVES’ ADDRESS In opening the lumbermen’s confer- ence Mr. Graves made an address upon the problems which are to be considered in the South. He said: “In any consideration of the indus- trial development of the South, the problems which stand out as most im- portant are those connected with agri- culture and forestry. We have met in this special conference to discuss for- estry, a subject most intimately related in many ways to agriculture, but which is of such great importance in itself that it deserves separate consideration. “The South is favored with climate and soil especially advantageous both for agriculture and for the production of forests. The original forest was characterized not only by trees of large size but by a great variety of species of peculiarly high quality and of value for widely diversified uses. ‘The hardwood forests were unmatched in any land and the products of the coniferous forests now have a world-wide use. “It is unnecessary for me to remind you of the important role played by the resources of the forest in the industrial upbuilding of the South. Suffice it to recall that the cut of lumber aggregates some 24 billion feet a year, or over half of that used in the entire nation. In addition to the lumber interests, other industries, such as the production of turpentine and rosin, the manufacture of wood pulp and paper, cooperage, tanning material, furniture, wooden ware, wagons and carri lages, and the in- dustries connected with wood distilla- tion and wood preservation, bring the value of the products of the forests to- day to upwards of 550 million dollars. Louisiana stands now second in the AMERICAN FORESTRY production of lumber, being exceeded only by the State of Washington, while Mississippi, North Carolina, Arkansas, Virginia, and Texas follow in the order named, all leading the principal North- ern and Western timbered States. I am told that the lumber industry of the South employs some 217,000 persons, and that the allied industries require over 200,000 more. We are therefore dealing with a problem of gigantic pro- portions and one which because of its magnitude is not of local importance merely but touches the welfare of the entire nation, and calls for the nation’s full recognition. “Originally the forests of the South covered over 220 million acres. The process of clearing land for agriculture began early in our history and extended rapidly throughout many sections of the South, so that today the total forest area has been reduced to some 150 million acres. ‘This great area com- prises a large amount of land which is susceptible of agricultural development as the forest is removed. It is of vital importance to the South that the land suitable to agriculture be devoted to that purpose and just as rapidly as pos- sible be actually used for the growing of crops. That is the problem of those promoting the development of practical and scientific agriculture. There is, however, a vast area of land, some of it in great blocks in the mountains and elsewhere, and some in small patches within the agricultural areas, which is suited only to the growth of trees. It is estimated that this aggregates some 100 million acres. The problem of for- estry concerns primarily this area, which is of such a character that it should be continued in productive use for growing timber. FORESTS AND FLOODS “From an economic standpoint we must recognize that forests render service to the public not only through the production of timber for use and the maintenance of important industries engaged in the anaes of these products. In the case of many forests important benefits are derived from their action in preventing erosion and ame. Ay er A THING OF BEAUTY AND A JOY FOREVER—IF THE HEADWATERS ARE PROTECTED \LSHUYOT NVIHOVIVddV NI UVIdOd dIINL DNIODO'T VNITIOUVO HLUON ‘NHXO AD AVMUALVM AHL OL SOOT DONI'INVH ” a (Ai FORESTRY WORK AT SOUTHERN COMMERCIAL tending to maintain the regularity of stream flow. A great deal of confusion has been prevalent regarding these functions of the forest. Many persons point to great floods like those we are now having and insist that forests have nothing w hatever to do with the con- trol of water. This is as absurd as would be a statement that forests abso- lutely prevent large floods. My time does not suffice to enter on this subject in detail, but I wish to say this in re- gard to the influence of forests on run- off of water: ‘There are many factors controlling run-off, of which the vege- tative cover is one. Forests do exer- cise a powerful influence on the distri- bution of water after it falls, and do tend to regulate the flow of rivers. This is, however, only one factor and may be and often is entirely overbalanced by other factors like long continued rain- fall or sudden thawing of snow in the mountains. The Geological Survey is developing some very important and in- teresting facts regarding the influence of forests on erosion in the South, which I hope may be brought out in this meeting. “We have, then, in the South vast forest resources; they are being ex- ploited rapidly and their products ane contributing enormously to the Bee: tion of wealth j in many parts of the na- tion. Our problem touches the method of handling these great resources. Are the forests being developed in a way to benefit the South permanently ? “The bulk of what is put on the mar- ket is from timber 150 years old and upwards. ‘hat is, we are still drawing mainly on the original supply and only locally from second growth timber. In the main no effort is being made to re- place the old stocl: as it is cut. The cutting takes place without reference to a new crop of trees and we still have that greatest enemy of the forest, fire, which not only damages standing tim- ber to a greater extent than is common- ly believed, but also kills the young tim- ber and prevents the establishment of new growth. At present the supply of timber in the South is rapidly being diminished without replacement. More- over, the forest fires are primarily re- CONGRESS 309 sponsible for the damage resulting from erosion and disturbance of stream-flow in the mountains. ‘This then is the situation: That the forests will not continue to serve the South as they are now serving it and could under better conditions be made to serve it perpetu- ally. Unless there is a correction of these conditions the supply of products will not be maintained, local industries will decline, or vanish, land values will be permanently reduced, and the bene- LARGE BELOW A CLIFFWIND COVE, JACKSON COUNTY, KY. WHITE OAK IN A HOLLOW fits arising from the mere existence of well managed forests will be lost, with unfortunate results. FOREST PROBLEM EASY “On the other hand, there is an enormous area of land suited only for TASSHNNAL LSVa SWOLINOIMOV AO WHLSAS HQNYO V “ONIYVH’IO WHHLANA LOOMLIM GHLVAILIND ANV’I ‘NOIOHY NVIHOV’IVdd¥ NI «DNINACVAG, f € . 2 ¥ »h 4 4s Li bes , ‘ i $f - Zio aot ‘ ee Ny ee Bh 7 ; Pa Yoel 7 vi OS ep ae 2 oe GATHERING CRUDE RESIN FROM WHICH TURPENTINE IS DISTILLED. CUP AND GUTTER SYSTEM, LONG LEAF PINE FOREST, FLORIDA 312 forest growth. The South is endowed with species which grow with great rapidity. Conditions of climate are such that natural reproduction occurs with tremendous vigor if only given a chance. There is no region except the far Northwest where forestry is so sim- ple and the results so sure. Actual es- timates show that it is entirely practical to secure from the area which should be permanently in forest fully 24 billion feet in the long run, by growth, if the forest is properly handled. Much of this area is in the mountains and the very management for timber produc- tion will secure the indirect benefits of the forest. We must definitely answer the question whether the South will continue for all time to furnish the na- tion with 20 to 30 billion feet of tim- ber, with all that is meant by such a continuous production of wealth, or will give up this opportunity. I am stating no new or unfamiliar facts. Year after year we gather in different conventions and restate this problem and dwell on its importance. Year after year the problem becomes a more criti- cal one to the country. “To-day we come together again to discuss it in the hope that we may ar- rive at some definite program which will lead to positive results. “No one appreciates better than I[ the practical difficulties in the way of bringing about the desired end. No one appreciates better than I that it can not be accomplished at once. I do main- AMERICAN FORESTRY tain that it can be accomplished to the full extent of the results I have sug- gested, and even more. My great ob- ject is to see a beginning made which will actually lead to the final goal. “The main difficulty has been that ef- forts have been scattered and individ- ual. We should appreciate that our ef- forts must be organized and all agencies which can contribute to the work must be brought into effective cooperation. “The greatest obstacle in the way of forestry is forest fires. This enemy can never be mastered except by organized effort. With the fires mastered the rest is comparatively easy. We must there- fore, with all our forces, national, State, and private, endeavor to overcome the fire menace. How this is to be accom- plished will be brought out at this con- vention. The public must aid in the matter of a uniform, consistent, and sane system of taxation which will en- able the owners to foresee the changes against their enterprise in the future. Private owners must accept their re- sponsibilities as trustees of a great nat- ural resource and handle their property in a way which will build up and not injure the interests of the State. Just what should be done and what can be done in practice? Where shall we be- gin and what is the first step?. This is now before this conference to discuss, and it is my confident hope that some definite, clear-cut conclusions can be neached 75s saat In a short time W, N. Millar, superintendent of the Kaniksu National Forest of the first district, will resign to become forest inspector of the Dominion Government forestry branch Representative Warburton, of Washington, has introduced a bill for the sale of timber on the Quinaelit Indian Reservation, in Washington, the proceeds to go toward the con- struction of a road into and through a part of the reservation. The Senate has passed the bill already passed by the House, and fathered by Repre- sentative Pary, of Montana, authorizing the sale of burnt timber on public lands, under regulations of the Interior Department. RAISING DEER ON FOREST PRESERVES By PERCIVAL OREST land in Maryland, which is now of not much practical use, may soon be made to return an indirect revenue as a feeding ground for domestic American elk, white tailed deer, red deer, fallow deer, roebuck or any other members of the deer family. This condition is contingent upon the passage of a bill by the Maryland State legislature authorizing the raising and selling of these deer in enclosed pre- serves by the owners of tracts of forest land. The idea is to raise deer for the mar- ket, and as there is fine feeding and plenty of it on the cut over forest “lands of the State, much of which may read- ily be enclosed with wire fences, and as the flesh is good eating and good prices may be commanded for it, there is every indication that, if the bill passes the legislature, the project will prove successful. The plan originated with Mr. Wil- liam M. Ellicott of Baltimore who has hunted big game in the United States, Mexico and Canada and who has been interested in learning of conditions in Europe where the markets are well sup- plied with venison and other game from private preserves and breeding estab- lishments. He is enthusiasticall, in favor of the plan and is doing what he can to secure the passage of the bill. Mr. Ellicott in talking of the pro- posed law said: “At first sight this scoms to be a matter of only ordinary interest, but when it is realized that the deer as a wild animal has become prac- tically extinct in Maryland and _ that only occasionally is venison seen in our markets, and this at almost prohibitive prices, it will be clear that a great ben- efit may be conferred upon “the com- munity and that an industry of com- mercial importance, heretofore un- S. RIpspALE known in the State, may be established if it becomes a law. “The deprivation of the public in the matter of venison as a part of the regu- lar dietary is altogether unnecessary and unreasonable. While wild game should be amply protected and means provided for its propagation, it has been amply proved that a large population cannot be kept supplied from that source, and it is reasonable and proper that States where it exists should pro- hibit its export and sale, as is the case now in all the Eastern States. THE BUSINESS WOULD BE PROFITABLE “The sale of game bred and main- tained in inclosures from stock which has been legitimately acquired is a to- tally different matter and should be en- couraged to the fullest extent. “Both official and unofficial reports go to show that several varieties of deer can be profitably raised; that they re- quire less care and subsist upon rougher food than any of the domestic animals except the goat, and that their value for food purposes ranks with the best beef and mutton. “Breeding stock can be had at pres- ent at very low prices—$15 to $25 for deer and $20 to $75 for elk (Wapiti) as opportunity affords. According to Farmers’ Bulletin No. 330, of the United States Department of Agricul- ture, the most available source of sup- ply is the surplus from private herds, zoological gardens and parks. “The roughest waste lands with a plentiful growth of underbrush, weeds, etc., and running water are best suited to the enterprise. Deer prefer to brouse on scrub growth and to eat the coarsest weeds rather than the best of hay. When pasture is limited they do well on corn, oats, wild hay and alfalfa. sate WHA VINIDUIA V i : 3 Ps E Bei 316 AMERICAN FORESTRY CAPTAIN AND KING “So rapidly do white-tailed deer, the common variety, increase that preserves soon become overstocked unless their numbers are diminished from time to time. A herd of 19 head which in- creases to 400 in 10 years is one not uncommon instance. ‘The does usually produce twins annually after the second year, when they have their first fauns. >THE RATE OF INCREASE “On our preserve in Pennsylvania, where 90 deer were liberated 10 years ago, there are said to be nearly 4,000 head. In many cases the fences have had to be taken down to let them es- cape owing to shortage of food. “It is probable that the Wapiti, or Rocky Mountain, elk is best suited to breeding for market. This animal, sec- ond only to the moose in size, formerly ranged over the greater portion of the United States. It was plentiful in Maryland when the first settlers came, and we have reminiscences of its pres- ence in such names as Elkton, Elkridge, eLe. “A mature elk will weigh from 600 to 1,000 pounds, and the proportion of meat to correspond is greater than is the case with beef or mutton. Heads, horns and hides are also valuable, and the net return from one animal would be $150 or more. “Deer and elk become very tame when kindly treated and given a little salt or corn from the hand. “An important fact is that the busi- ness can be engaged in by the smallest land owner with very little equipment, while it is also capable of extension if capital is available. One hundred and sixty acres can be fenced for $200 for elk and slightly more for deer. Even in a paddock, with shelter and food, the business can be successfully prose- cuted. “In and around the Yellowstone Park there are some 30,000 elk. Their sum- mer range is in the mountains, but at the beginning of winter they seek the plains where they formerly found am- ple food to carry them through the win- ter. In recent years most of this land has been taken up by farmers and the elk find it fenced and haystacks guard- ed and there is nothing to save them from starvation. Immense numbers have miserably died in this way. Photo by C. Reid. DANGER IN THE WIND 318 A MAGNIFICENT “Meagre appropriations have recent- ly been made by the State of Wyoming to feed them, but this has not proved altogether successful and there is still untold suffering and waste. It has been suggested that some of these ell should be transported to other ranges or put on private estates where they will be cared for. Divided up among the States they would soon become a source of profit. While in this present condition they only excite pity and are practically useless. MONTANA HERD SOLD IN ITALY “A large private herd in Montana has recently been sold in Italy, where they will be set at liberty on preserves in the mountains of the north. “Many American elk have been sent to England and the continent of Eu- ae ee ee AMERICAN FORESTRY SET OF ANTLERS rope, where they have been crossed with the European breeds, which has very much improved them.” The bill provides that anyone desir- ing to engage in the raising or selling of domesticated American elk, white tail, red, fallow deer, roebuck or any species of deer in an inclosed preserve may do so upon receiving a license from the State Game Warden. The license fee is fixed at $5 to be retained by the Game Warden, who upon being satis- fied with the good faith of the appli- cant shall issue a breeders’ license. The license, it is provided, shall give the breeder the right to raise and sell for breeding purposes all species of deer or to kill the animals at any time and to sell the carcasses for food. When the preserve is located in Washington, Allegany or Garrett counties, the bill provides that white tail deer killed upon FORESTRY IN SOUTH AFRICA d19 THE MONARCH OF ALL HE SURVEYS the preserve shall bear a distinctive mark to show that the animal was do- mesticated. A fine of $50 and _ for- feiture of the license is imposed for failing to place a distinctive mark. It is also provided that the preserve shall be fenced in a manner approved by the Game Warden. FORESTRY IN SOUTH AFRICA ONSUL EDWIN N. GUNSAU- LUS of Johannesburg, South Africa reports that “Outside of the operations of the Forest Depart- ment there are practically no forestry operations in South Africa. ‘The Gov- ernment holds nearly all the lands of forest value, and the Forest Depart- ment purchases seeds from abroad and both sells seeds and raises large quan- tities of trees for transplanting which it sells at low rates to the public. The officer in charge of the Forest Depart- ment of the Union of South Africa is Mr. J. Storr Lister, Chief Conservator of Forests, Pretoria, Transvaal. “Elementary forestry, enabling stu- dents to enter the subordinate grade of the Government forest department, is taught at the Government forest school at ‘lokai, near Cape Town, Cape Col- ony, and a course in forestry suitable for farmers is given at the Government agricultural school of Cedara, in Natal Province. Vacancies in the higher grades of the forest service are filled from the South African Rhodes schol- ars who successfully pass through the Oxford School of Forestry, with its at- tendant courses on the Continent of Europe.” PAPER COMPANY’S FORESTRY PRACTICE Byala. A. CHANDLER Assistant State Forester of Vermont HE Champlain Realty Company ( which is a land holding company of the International Paper Com- pany is taking a very progressive stand in forestry in Vermont. It is carrying on three main lines of work; fire pro- tection, nursery and planting work, and marking their timber for cutting. The fire protection work consists of cooperation with the State in every pos- sible way and in independent patrol work. Their planting policy is very progres- sive. For the last eight or ten years the Company has been buying aban- doned farms which were coming up to spruce and hardwoods. It is esti- mated that it has at present about 10,- 000 acres of open land to be planted connected with these farms. Besides there will probably be about 100 acres each year cut over where it will be impossible to get natural reproduction. For the past three years including this coming spring, it has purchased and planted about 100,000 Norway spruce in Vermont. It maintains a nursery at Randolph, Vermont, from which it intends to produce 1,500,000 trees yearly. The present stock in this nursery is estimated as follows: 75,000 Norway spruce, 1 year transplants; 400,000 Norway spruce, year seed- lings; 1,100,000 Norway spruce, 1 year seedlings. The Company expects there- fore from this nursery in the spring of 1913, 450,000 transplants. It will prob- ably be five years before this nursery will reach the full capacity of 1,500,- 000 plants yearly. 1,500,000 plants will plant 1,240 acres. Substracting from this the 100 acres added each year by clear cutting, leaves 1,140 acres of land to be planted yearly. Thus it will take about nine years to plant up the present open land 320 and what will probably be cut clear in this time. MARKING WORK The policy as mapped out by the Company is to have all the timber cut in Vermont marked, using a 12” diame- ter limit as a guide in the marking, with the idea of cutting over this same land again in fifty years. This marking is being done under the general direction of the State forester’s office. There are two very general types of tree-growth in this region: mixed hard- woods with scattered spruce, and pure spruce. The pure spruce may be fur- ther divided into ridgetops and spruce slopes. A few sections were so heavily culled in former years that nothing can be done now but to cut clean and plant. In the more inaccessible valleys which have never been cut over, it is possible to do more. Even here, however, the lower slopes are usually covered with mixed hardwoods and scathed spruce type, where it will be impossible to get spruce reproduction until market con- ditions permit the cutting of the hard- woods at a profit. It has been the aim in this type to move all the trees that will make growth enough between now and the next cut to earn a good rate of interest on the money invested in them at present stumpage values. In doing this the diameter limit has been only a very rough guide. All trees below the limit which showed signs of disease, injury by porcupines, or had such poor crowns that they would never recover and make good growth, were cut. All rapid growing trees above the limit were saved. In this hardwood type the wind is not a very important factor for it occupies the lower slopes and the hardwoods protect the spruce. Al- though no especial attempt was made PAPER COMPANY'S HORE S TRY PRACTICE 321 MANY OF THE SPRUCE TREES HAVE BEEN SERIOUSLY INJURED BY THIS FUNGUS AND ARE IN NEED OF CUTTING. to get spruce reproduction under the hardwoods, especially where it looks as if market conditions would not warrant their being cut within the next fifty years, the above system has resulted in enough spruce being left to seed up the woods, and to seed up the whole area if the hardwoods should ever be cut. DIFFICULTIES OF THE WORK In the pure spruce slope type, which is usually situated at higher elevation than the mixed hardwoods with scath- ing spruce, the wind must be taken into consideration as well as the red rot and the porcupine. The aim in this type is not only to leave the trees that will earn a good rate of interest in growth for the next fifty years but to get spruce reproduc- tion. It is impossible to leave individual trees standing alone for the wind will blow them over. The system finally worked out consisted of leaving groups of seed trees distributed where possi- ble, so that no part of the clear cut area between the groups is over three or four tree heights from a group. As far as possible these groups were com- posed of the type of trees that were left in the mixed hardwoods and scattered spruce type. The principal difficulty in getting this kind of work done is not with the lead- ing men of the Company, but with the contractors, camp bosses and choppers. The bosses even tried to fool the mark- ers on several different occasions and several of the groups of seed trees were spoiled by roads being swamped through them when the markers were not there. It was almost impossible to get the choppers to drop diseased trees which were not worth removing from the woods. In the Company’s camps more effective work was done than in the contractors’ camps and some of the MARKED TO BE CUT CLEAN BECAUSE OF THE SPLENDID SPRUCE REPRODUCTION ALREADY STARTED 4 4 THE SPRUCE IN THIS GROUP ARI PAPER COMPANY'S FORESTRY PRACTICE A TYPICAL LUMBER Company's bosses cooperated with the markets in every way. These difficulties show that besides marking the timber for cutting we must reorganize our logging operations if we expect to accomplish the best results. Under the present system all the har- vesting is done by poorly paid men. Perhaps the lumber companies of the past have been right in this policy, for stumpage was not valuable enough and labor was cheap enough so that a little waste did not count. THE NEW STYLE OF CAMP BOSS As stumpage increases in value the camp boss will be a very different class. First. He will be a man with the for- estry point of view, having as much interest in the future crop of timber as in the present cut and will know what should be left for the next crop. Second. He will locate his roads on CAMP OF THE INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO. IN MOUNTAINS THE GREEN definte grades with definite knowledge of what grade gets logs onto the yards cheapest with the least wear and tear on the teams. ‘These roads will be lo- cated as much in reference to the tim- ber that 1s being left as to that which is being taken. Third. This new type of boss will be an expert in every part of the opera- tion, not only knowing all the old effi- cient methods but continually thinking out and learning from other people new and better ways of doing things. He will not be tied down by tradition or precedent. Fourth. This man will improve the character of his help by paying for eff- ciency. Fifth. The lumber operation of the future must be run on a financial basis and the boss must know how much a certain type of road ought to cost and if the cost for a given week runs too high, he is going to know the reason. d2-+ Of course a detail cost keeping system will be necessary. Those of us who look forward to some such system as outlined above must realize that it cannot be put into operation at once nor will it be per- fected in ten or twenty years. The man we want must get the for- estry point of view and the funda- mental principles of his work in some undergraduate school or some ranger school where the course is shaped for him, and his woods training under the best woods bosses we now have. Some of the brightest young fellows in our camps today will probably make the best men, if they will get the necessary education. 1 ait FF” 4 5 + we % “a IDEAL SPRUCE LEFT FOR SEED PRODUC- TION AND GROWTH. NOTE SYMMETRI- CAL, THRIFTY TOP, ALSO THE OTHER SPRUCE LEFT AFTER LUMBERING BY THE INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO. AMERICAN FORESTRY HICKORY BARK BORER by Hes BEET State Entomologist of New York Qe pernicious hickory bark borer has already destroyed thousands of magnificent trees in Central and Eastern New York. The inner bark of many of the affected trees con- tains stout, white grubs, about one- quarter of an inch long, which will de- velop into beetles from the last of June to the last of July. These insects, in the natural order of events, will con- tinue their nefarious work, and numer- ous other trees will succumb. It is extremely important that all in- fested hickories, especially those show- ing only particles of brown or white sawdust in the crevices of the bark and the characteristic working of the in- sects within, should be located and the infested bark destroyed before the end of May. Such trees are more danger- ous to the welfare of adjacent living hickories than others, which may be fairly peppered with the numerous exit holes, appearing as though they had been made with No. 8 buckshot. ‘The borings of this pest in the inner bark are very characteristic, there being longitudinal galleries 1 to 1% inches long, about one-eighth of an inch in diameter, and with numerous fine, transverse galleries arising therefrom and gradually spreading out somewhat fan-shaped. There is only one thing to do in the case of a serious infection, such as that indicated by dying trees or branches. All badly infested | trees or portions of trees should be cut and the bark at least burned before the following June, in order to prevent the grubs from ma- turing and changing to beetles, which may continue the work in previously uninfested trees. It is especially desir- able to locate the hickories which have died wholly or in part the last sum- mer, because they contain living grubs. General codperation over an extended area in the cutting out of infested trees and burning of the bark, as indicated, will do much to check this nefarious pest. It is essential to destroy the grubs in the bark by fire or by sub- mersion in water before the date given. This does not make it impossible to utilize the timber and most of the fire- wood, at least. NURSERY AND PLANTING TOOLS By WM. H. Mast Gunnison National Forest HE stupendous problem of re- foresting the immense areas of barren potential forest land with- in and outside our State and National Forests is causing many a student of forestry to knit his brow in deep study with the hope of discovering some suc- cessful method of rapidly clothing these vast unproductive areas with green thrifty trees. We have two courses of action out- lined for us. One is reforestation by direct seeding and the other by plant- ing. Experiments so far indicate that success by the former will be restricted to the most favorable sites and be se- cured on these only when seasonal con- ditions are favorable. ‘There are, how- ever, many large areas where planting will be the only manner by which a forest cover can be secured. But plant- ing by the best methods we now know is costly and rather slow, therefore any device tending to cheapen production of nursery stock, facilitate transporta- tion, and make possible extensive and successful. planting work will be re- garded with favor. The following de- scription of some devices which have been used advantageously may assist those who are trying for more efficient methods along these lines. DRILL, BOARD By broadcast sowing the distribution of seed is such that the best utilization of plant food and soil moisture is se- cured for the seedlings, but drill sow- ing is especially advantageous because of the lessened injury to the root sys- tems of the seedlings in digging, and because of the time-saving effected in taking up the seedlings. Machine seed drills are not generally satisfactory for use in coniferous nurseries. For hand work a heavy board with cleats 1-2 to 3-4 inches wide and prop- erly spaced is used. One for making 12 drills 38 inches apart is the best I have seen. SEED TROUGH For distributing seed in drills the writer has, since 1904, used a small trough. It is made of 2 six-inch boards beveled on one edge and hinged to- gether as shown. Made in this way it balances when set in the drill. The sower can cast the seeds against one of the broad sides and as they roll to the bottom of the trough they distribute themselves very evenly. If narrow boards are used it is necessary to carry the hand directly over the trough as the seeds are dropped. This makes slower work and it is much more diffi- cult to get an even distribution. When seedbeds are 4 feet wide or wider two men usually work on opposite sides of the bed, each scattering seed from his end to the middle of the trough. For securing an equal amount of seed in each drill it is best to use a small measure. A paper shotgun shell which may be cut down until it holds just the desired number of seeds, is very convenient. Seed sown in drills in this manner is best covered by sift- ing soil over it, using an ordinary sand sieve of %4 inch mesh. For maintaining even moisture and heat conditions during germination leaf mold or straw is commonly used. Where these are not obtainable burlap may be spread on the beds and sprinkled frequently. SHADING Both high and low shade frames are in use, some nurserymen preferring the low while others prefer the high frame. A simple low shade frame devised by the writer for use at the Halsey Nur- 325 326 AMERICAN FORESTRY WOVEN SLATTING CRATES USED FOR A SHIPMENT OF FIVE THOUSAND TRANSPLANTS TO A RANGER sery, Nebraska National Forest, is very satisfactory where protection from rodents is unnecessary. It consists of slatting in 50-foot rolls stretched over a track of 1x2’s. A row of 2x2 stakes on each side of the bed supports the track 12 to 14 inches above the sur- face of the bed. If the bed is curbed the stakes are placed just inside the curbing and the 1x2’s nailed to the inner sides of the stakes. When weed- ing the slatting is loosened at one end and rolled back, the track serving to steady the laborer and making it un- necessary for him to put one hand down in the bed when leaning over at work. STORAGE When coniferous seedlings are dug for transplanting or when transplants are taken up for field planting it some- times becomes necessary to hold large numbers in storage for a greater or less length of time while the planting is in progress. To do this without injury to the stock it is important that provision be made to prevent rapid transpiration lest the equilibrium in the moisture con- tent of the plant be disturbed and its vitality seriously reduced. Heeling-in is a common practice, but if there is not space for this in the storage house and it must be done out- side the plants should be covered with a thick blanket of straw or other mulch supported on slatting a few inches above the tops of the trees. This method of covering permits a free cir- culation of air for the tops, but keeps them from warming up enough in the middle of the day to cause “forcing.” In 1908, when handling a very large number of coniferous seedlings at the Halsey Nursery, I found that good re- sults could be obtained from stacking NURSERY AND PLANTING TOOLS INTERIOR OF SEEDLINGS STORAGE COUNTY, trees in cylindrical piles, roots to the center, as shown in the accompanying illustration. In this method of piling a liberal supply of moist sphagnum be- tween layers of roots prevents them from drying out, and the tops to the outside, occupying a circle of larger cir- cumference than that occupied by the roots, have adequate air space and are not likely to mold or mildew. It is desirable, of course, to place these stacks in a storage shed where a moist atmosphere can be maintained and the temperature held down. Where tall stacks are to be built shelves should be fastened to the center post about every 2 feet to prevent the pressure from becoming too great on the lower layers. NURSERY BOXES Where nurseries are so situated that trees can be taken up and hauled direct to the plantation the same day they are HOUSE, ra ~2 HALSEY PLANTING STATION, THOMAS NEBRASKA planted and where seedlings are being dug and moved immediately to trans- planting areas tight boxes 3 feet long and 2 feet wide are convenient for the temporary packing necessary. These boxes should be padded inside with bur- lap or with burlap over sphagnum. They should also contain several pads fastened at one end to the bottom of the box. The pads separate successive layers of trees. ‘These boxes should be provided with handles as shown in the illustration. SHIPPING CRATES For railroad shipment an extremely strong, yet light shipping crate can be made by forming four boards 1x4x14 inches into a square for the ends and nailing woven slatting onto them for the sides. The center of the crate may be lined with burlap to assist the sphag- num in excluding air from the roots, while the open ends of the box allow BROADCASTING free air for the tops. I first made this crate.in the spring of 1908 and have found it much stronger and more satis- factory than any other crate of equal weight. This crate is quickly con- structed, and when used once is usually destroyed. As National Forest and commercial nursery shipments increase economy demands a light durable crate which, when emptied, may be collapsed and re- turned to the nursery for further use. In meeting this demand the principle of cylindrical stacking as described un- der “storage” may best be used as no other system presents the same oppor- tunity of exposing the tops for the necessary amount of air and at the same time keeping the roots moist with so little sphagnum. ‘The cost of ship- ping will be correspondingly decreased as the weight of the container and necessary packing is decreased. PLANTING BASKET During the first few years of work at Ee Halsey Nursery it was customary ) place the trees in buckets of water AND MONUMENT AMERICAN FORESTRY NURSERY as soon as they were dug in the nursery. The trees were also carried in buckets containing water when planting was being done in the field. Owing to the sandy nature of the nursery soil very little of it clung to the roots when the trees were taken up, and that was re- moved by the water. The belief came that an effort should be made to hold as much of the soil on the roots as possible, so the practice of placing them in water was discontinued. ‘There- fore, in 1909, before taking up the trees the beds were soaked, and after digging great care was taken to keep the roots moist with wet sphagnum and burlap. The effort to keep the roots moist without putting them into water led to Planting Assistant LaMoree Besley’s devices, the padded nursery box de- scribed above and the planter’s basket, since used with great success. The Besley Planting Basket is 12 inches wide, 20 inches long, and 8 inches deep and made of light galva- nized iron, having two handles as a market basket, and 4 short legs con- sisting of stove bolts 1 inch long NURSERY. AND PLANIING TOOLS 329 DRILL BOARD DEVISED AND USED IN THE MONUMENT NURSERY BY W. H. SCHRADER. THE BOARD IS SETTLED IN THE SOIL FOUR TIMES FOR EACH BED COVERED BY A TWELVE-FOOT SHADE FRAME soldered in the corners. ‘The top is rolled over a number 12 wire to give strength. For the inside of the basket several thin quilted pads are furnished. These are fastened on vertical wires at one end and the trees are placed in layers between the moistened pads. This provides perfect protection for the lower layers while the upper layer is being used. By continued fertilizing the physical properties of the nursery soil have been so changed that now plants may be taken up with more soil clinging to their roots than formerly and by the use of the above described box and basket are kept in excellent condition until planted. TRENCHER Commercial nurserymen make use of two heavy, wheeled implements known as “trencher” and “firmer” for putting in broadleaf tree cuttings. These, of course, are used in broad level fields which are in a perfect state of tilth. They simply apply the principles of slit planting by the use of horse power. The first tmplement opens a continuous shit or trench into which the cuttings are placed and the second follows and packs the soil firmly against them by means of two very heavy cast iron wheels rolling on either side of the row at a slight angle to the vertical. The writer, in an attempt to make use of the principle of the trencher for planting coniferous trees on the Nebras- ka Forest where the steep hillsides make the use of wheeled machinery practi- cally impossible, devised the implement known as the Mast Forest Trencher. It consists of a heavy V-shaped shoe fastened on an ordinary steel plow beam and supplied with handles similar to plow handles. ‘The shoe is 24 inches long, 12 inches deep, and is made V- shaped by riveting plates of steel to- gether at the bottom and_ separating them 3 inches at the top. These plates are welded and drawn out into a thin sloping edge in front, the lower part of which is widened into a broad nose. The nose draws the shoe into the soil and a small horizontal plate attached 330 AMERICAN FORESTRY THE PLOW WITH TRENCHER FOLLOWING to the bottom of the shoe serves to hold it to an even depth. With a strong slope from the nose to the top of the shoe in front, roots and trash in the soil that are not severed when the shoe strikes them are inclined to be raised above it and then slide off at one side of the beam with- out injuring the trench. The length of the shoe is such as to cause the sides of the trench to be sufficiently troweled to make them stand up until the planter comes along to put in the trees. The use of a short shoe results in the trench caving down and half filling in many places almost immediately after the trencher has passed. The trencher is drawn by 3 horses and in its use in the Nebraska and Kansas Forests the trench is usually made in a furrow turned with a side- hill or ordinary plow. A man with planting basket follows the trencher and puts trees into the trench being careful to have the roots well extended toward the bottom. As the crowns of the trees are brought to the proper height the planter sets his foot at a slight angle to the trench caving the side in against the roots. Men with long handled tampers follow setting the soil firmly against the trees and closing the trench between the trees to reduce the chance of evaporation. A gang of 10 to 15 men is required to keep up with the trencher and can plant from 12 to 20 thousand trees per day. The trencher was first used on the Nebraska Forest in 1909, and more extensively in 1910 ane: dl Oia R. E. Benedict, Forest Service Inspector, has resigned and will take a position in the branch of forestry of the Province of British Columbia. The first work that he will under- take will be that of organizing the forest fire patrol, after which he will help to organize other branches of the forestry department of that province. TRE, EMEP a SE THE NEAR ABOUT SEATTLE, WASHINGTON ST THE EORI UNIVERSITY R OF ACTEI CHAR F O FORESTRY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON N accordance with the diversified i needs of the State the University of Washington has the Colleges of Liberal Arts, Engineering, Forestry, Pharmacy, and Mines and the School of Law. The College of Agriculture is distinct from the University and has its own governing board. The forests of Washington and the Pacific Coast gen- erally are the most magnificent in the world. Nowhere else is the yield per acre so large nor the rate of growth in the forest as a whole so rapid. The past rapid development of the North- west Coast region is directly attribut- able to its immense forest wealth. Forestry in Washington is in many respects as important as agriculture. Up to the present the products of the forests have been more important than the products of fields, farms, and mines combined. ‘The State of Washington ranks first of all the United States in the production of lumber. Oregon ranks ninth. Together the two states produce about 12 per cent of all the lumber manufactured in the country. In addition Washington produces more than 65 per cent of all the shingles manufactured in the country. Because much of the land of these States is unsuited to the production either of agricultural crops or of stock, forest products will always be the basis for some of the most important indus- tries. It has been estimated by Forest Service officials that ultimately 50 per cent of all the lumber manufactured in the country will originate in a few of the Western States. Washington has now more than 12 million acres in per- manent National Forests, the State it- self has several hundred thousand acres of land, much of it heavily timbered and over six million acres of forested lands are owned or controlled by lum- ber companies. In addition to the lands in public forests, much of the land privately owned will always be more important in the production of timber than of any other crop. It is a matter 332 of note that Washington and Oregon alone contain about one-third of the standing timber in the United States today. In providing instruction in forestry the State of Washington has thus opened the way for training some of its young men to work in one of its most important fields of industry, to help solve some of the many problems the community will be called upon to solve in the future. With a distinct feeling of the need of instruction in forestry in the Northwest and particularly in Washington the College of Forestry was established in 1907. ORGANIZATION AND CURRICULUM The original purpose of the depart- ment was to prepare men to meet the various local needs in forestry, and to promote the interests of forestry in the State by encouraging the right use of forest resources. With the demand for men on the National Forests the ener- gies of the School were at first directed entirely toward training men for the position of technical assistant. It was deemed possible to train men for this position in a four year undergraduate course, and this has been an entire suc- cess. However, as the technical work of this course did not differ materially from that offered in graduate schools of forestry it was considered only just to offer a master’s degree to students who had already obtained a collegiate legree and wished to complete the re- quired work in technical torestry. In that case a master’s thesis is required. The work is completed in two years. At present arrangements are being made for more advanced work for this class of students. Two such courses are being offered this year. In 1909 a special short course of twelve weeks was established for For- est Rangers and Guards desiring to in- crease their efficiency, or for others who wish to fit themselves for these positions. In connection with this TIMBER PHYSICS LABORATORY, course it was found that there was an almost immediate demand by young lumbermen and by woodland owners for a similar class of instruction, and a modified short course to meet this de- mand was given for the first time in 1910. Both of these courses are work- ing out most admirably, so much so, that it was found necessary to extend the Ranger Course over two years of twelve weeks each. Another field which the Washington College of Forestry had in mind from the first,—that of logging engineering —is now opening up. While compara- tively few lumbermen are ready to take on men strictly as foresters, they are ready to employ men who combine with their forestry training a_ sufficient knowledge of civil and mechanical en- gineering to enable them to lay out logging roads and after a term of ap- prenticeship to take charge of logging operations. The school is now prepared UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON to offer a lumberman’s group designed especially to meet the needs of young men preparing to take charge of log- ging and milling operations, or wishing to enter upon a business career in some phase of the lumber industry. Still another field for which the school will need to provide in order to meet the local demands, that of en- gineer in forest products, is just be- ginning to assert itself. Wood preser- vation and the manufacture of by- products are rapidly becoming neces- sary adjuncts to the saw mill. Much of the present enormous waste will lend itself to remanufacture or to the manufacture of by-products. The in- creasing cost of raw material is making this necessary. It is now possible to utilize at a substantial profit much of the waste which it was formerly neces- sary to get rid of at considerable ex- pense. AMERICAN Ww w _ OPEN MEMBERS OF THE FACULTY The courses in the auxiliary sciences and other subjects are presented by the faculties of the departments of the University under which the respective subjects naturally fall. In most cases it is now possible to present these sub- jects in courses especially arranged for forestry students. The faculty of for- estry consists of Frank G. Miller, M. F. Yale, Dean; Hugo Winkenwerder, M. F. Yale, Associate Professor; E. TaClatk, ME. Yale,. Assistant Pro- fessor; Bror L. Grondal, A.B. Beth- any, Graduate Assistant; Bert P. Kirk- land, Yale, Supervisor Snoqualmie Na- tional Forest, Lecturer on Forest Man- agement; O. P. M. Goss, C. E. Purdue, in charge Timber Physics; William T. Andrews, Instructor in Mensuration and Lumbering. The work given by Messrs. Kirkland, Goss and Andrews is equivalent to that ordinarily given by one instructor on full time. In addi- FORESTRY TANK PRESERVATION PLANT tion 10 officials of District 6 of the Forest Service annually give a total of 80 lectures in their respective lines. These lectures and a course in Veter- inary Science by D. W. Harrington, D.V.M., are arranged more especially to meet the needs of the Short Course Students. The forests about Seattle give the students every opportunity for study and practice. There are magnificent forests of virgin timber and smaller areas of second growth forests, both of which are invaluable for demonstra- tions in silviculture and practice in cruising. Much of the timber is now being logged. This gives the student not only a chance to study the old as well as the most improved methods of logging, but also the location and con- struction of camps and roads; it fur- thermore gives him logs to scale, it gives him felled trees to make volume and growth studies; and it allows him THE EXTENSIVE GERMAN FORESTS 339 FORESTRY MUSEUM, opportunities for research work. And one of the special advantages is that the instructor can take his class from the UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON school building into the very heart of these forests in less than an hour by foot or by trolley. THE EXTENSIVE GERMAN FORESTS THACKARA, of Berlin, states that Germany's area of forest lands is about 34,500,000 acres, or about 27 per cent of the whole area of the country. About 11,000,000 acres of CUrisc GENERAL . 642-4. Engineering record, Jan, 20, 1912—Various features of wood preservation, p. 76-81. Engineering record, Feb. 10, 1912——Creosoted wood block pavement with cement grout filler, by A. J. Schafmayer, p. 153-4. Hardwood record, March 25, 1912.—Lum- bering in the West Indies, by H. C. Kluge, p. 29-31. Hardwood record, April 10, 1912. —Evolution in lumber seasoning, p. 29-31; Wood composite flooring, p. 37-8. Lumber trade journal, March 15, 1912. —The wood-using industries of Mississippi, by C. W. Gould and H. Maxwell, p. 19-29. Lumber trade journal, April 1, 1912.—Mis- sissippis freak land taxation measure, p. 36. Lumber world review, March 25, 1912.— Efficient forestry methods, by J. L. Bridge, p. 17; The use of wood in Tli- nois, by R. S. Kellogg, p. 24, 27. Mississippi Valley lumberman, March 29, 1912.—Forest industry, by E. T. Allen, p. 42-3; Experiments in wood preserva- tion; work being done at the Forest ee laboratory at Madison, Wis., 43. New York lumber trade journal, March 15, 1912.—Forestry committee report, Na- tional wholesale lumber dealers’ associ- ation, p. 55-6. Paper trade journal, March 7, 1912.—Paper making in the south, by E. S. Farwell, p. 40, 44. Paper trade journal, March 28, 1912.—A log loader, p. 44; Manufacture of cellulose from wood, by E. L. Rinman, p. 48, 56, 60. Paper trade journal, April 4, 1912——Remov- ing bark from logs, p. 44, 48, 50. Pioneer western lumberman, March 15, 1912. —Replanting cut-over lands, p. 28. AMERICAN FORESTRY Pioneer western lumberman, April 1, 1912.— California conservation commission and timber taxation, p. 21-5. Pulp and paper magazine, March 1912.—The degradation of mechanical wood pulp during storage, by F. Barnes, p. 80-4. St. Louis lumberman, March 15, 1912.—Re- lation of railroads to the lumber indus- try, by B. F. Bush, p. 54-5; The wood- using industries of Missouri, by C. F. Hatch and H. Maxwell, p. 68-83; Types and uses of the “American” log loader, p. 90 A-B. St. Louis lumberman, April 1, 1912.—The Black forest; Biltmore doings, p. 44. Southern industrial and lumber review, March 1912.—A splendid presentation of wood paving, p. 28, 80-1. Southern lumberman, March 23, 1912.—Re- cent experiments in distillation of wood at government laboratory, np. 30. Southern lumberman, April 13, 1912.—For- est fire problem in southern states, chief topic discussed at notable conference of foresters and lumbermen at Nashville, p. 32-5; Forest problem in the south, by H. S. Graves, pv. 35; Waste of forest re- sources by insects, by A. D. Hopkins, p. 36-8; Methods of combating the south- ern pine beetle, by E. B. Mason, p. 38. Timber trade journal, March 30, 1912.—Cut- ting wrest planks, p. 446; The export wood trade of Russia, p. 481-526; The Safveans Aktiebolag; scientific box mak- ing, p. 532-3; Review of the timber trade of 1911, p. 561-626; Lumber trade of Sweden, 1911, p. 627-38; Lumber trade of Norway, 1911, p. 639; Lumber trade of Finland, 1911, p. 641; Lumber trade of Austria-Hungary, 1911, p. 642; Lum- ber trade of Canada, 1911, p. 643-5; Lumber trade of the United States, 1911, p. 646-7; Lumber trade of Germany, Spain, Holland and France, 1911, p. 648-9; Recent improvements in power and its transmission, by M. P. Bale, p 651-4: Sawmill machinery made ne British manufacturers, p. 655-94. United States daily consular report, April 5, 1912.—The extensive German forests, by A.M: Thackara, sp. 71: United States daily consular report, April 13, 1912.—Shade-tree planting in Prussian City, by, E. De Hall wpe iR8s West Coast lumberman, March 1912.—Cre- osoted block paving, bv G. Winslow, p 389-90. Wood craft, April 1912—The economical piling of lumber, by J. F. Hobart, p. 4-6; Working in rare and valuable woods, by G. E. Walsh, p. 24-5. Forest journals Allegemeine forst- und jagd-zeitung, Jan. 1912.—Die standortsuntersuchung beim forstlichen versuchswesen, by Leistner, p. 1-3; Einige untersuchungsverfahren, p. 3-11; Zur zinseszinsrechnung, by Fischer, p. 11-19. CURRENT LITERATURE Allegemeine forst- und jagd-zeitung, Feb. 1912—Wald und wild by Jurgens, p. 45-7. Bulletin de la Société centrale forestiére de Belgique, Feb. 1912—Commerce de bois dans l’empire austro-hongrois, by H. de Laubespin, p. 78-94. Bulletin de la Société centrale forestiére de Belgique, March 1912—L’amélioration et extension des foréts au point de vue du régime des eaux, by O, Richir, p. 139-151. Canada forestry journal, Jan.-Feb. 1912.— The thirteenth annual convention, p. 1-22; La forét, la température et le régime des pluies, p. 25-6. Centralblatt fiir das gesamte forstwesen, Jan. 1912.—Das verschwinden der eichenwal- dungen und die bedeutung des eichen- holzes fiir die brauindustrie, by H. Jirsik, p. 16-23; Bodenrentenlehre und um- triebsregel des jahrlichen betriebes, by C. Hub, p. 23-9; Die wirtschaftlichen verhiiltnisse Japans, by J. M., p. 45-50; Anpassung des eichhornchens an grosse spriinge, by R. Kowarzik, p. 50-1. Centralblatt fiir das gesamte forstwesen, Feb. 1912.—Einige beziehungen zwischen wald und wasser, by J. Sigmond, p. 55-69; Uber die notwendigkeit einer auffor- stungsaktion im hoheren bohmischen Erzgebirge, p. 93-6. Forestry quarterly, March 1912——Method of taking impressions of year-rings in con- ifers, by L. S. Higgs, p. 1-2; New tools for transplanting conifers, by Mast, p. 3-8; Scientific management and the lumber business; a possible field for foresters, by E. Braniff, p. 9-14; Boom areas, by A. M. Carter, p. 15-16; Reproduction of lodgepole pine in rela- tion to its management, by N. C. Brown, p. 17-23; Progress in sales of fire-killed timber in Idaho and Montana, by W. B. Greeley, p. 24-6; Results of direct seed- ing in the Black Hills, by J. Murdock, p. 32; Operations under the Weeks law in the southern Appalachians and White Mts., p. 33-7; Permanent sample plots, by T. S. Woolsey, p. 38-44; Some needs in forestry education, by H. P. Baker, p. 45-9; Management of western yellow pine in the southwest, by B. Moore, p. 51-6. Forstwesenschaftliches centralblatt, Feb. 1912——Ueber die beziehungen zwischen der massen und der geldverzinsung in hochwaldbetriebsklassen, by Eberbach, ». 77-80; Die diirre des letzten sommers im walde, by Krug, p. 81-9. Forstwesenschaftliches centralblatt, March 1912.—Aus den nordischen wiildern des Europdischen Russlands, p. 150-60. Hawaiian forester and agriculturist, Feb. 1912—Forestry at the sugar planters’ meeting, p. 62-5; Notes on some Hono- lulu palms, by V. MacCaughey, p. 66-74. 3D0 Indian forest records, Oct. 1911—The host plants of the sandal tree, by . Rao, p. 159-207. Indian forester, Feb. 1912—The calculation of the yield by the number of trees un- der the selection system, by R. S. Troup, p. 75-84; New forest legislation in Italy, p. 110-13. North woods, Feb. 1912.—The conference with the railroads, p. 6-10; How to set apart the state’s non-agricultural lands for forestry purposes, by C. C. Andrews, p. 10-14. Revue des eaux et foréts, March 1, 1912.— La critique de l’ecole de Nancy, by C. Guyot, p. 129-37. Schweizerische -zeitschrift ftir forstwesen, Jan. 1912.—Zur bestimmung des ab- standes von einbauten beim lawinenver- bau, by F. Fankhauser, p. 11-21; Hitze- risse, by F. Fankhauser, p. 21-6. Schweizerische zeitschrift ftir forstwesen, Feb. 1912.—Die behandlung der gebirgs- wiilder im bereich von eisenbahnen, p. 37-45; Die witterung des jahres 1911 in der Schweiz, by R. Billwiller, p. 45-54. Tharander forstliches jahrbuch, 1911.—Un- tersuchung des standortes der forstlichen versuchsflachen in den kgl. sachs. fors- trevieren Lauter abt. 19 und Reudnitz abt. 13, by K. Leistner, p. 143-91; Die forstwirtschaft Schwedens, by F. Die- penhorst, p. 192-216; Zur ermittelung des zulangens der nahrstoffe im wald- boden, by H. Vater, pv. 217-71; Gesetze, verordnungen und _ dienstanweisungen welche auf das forstwesen bezug haben, fiir das Konigreich Sachsen, 1910, by Flemming, comp., p. 273-309. Tharander forstliches jahrbuch, 1912.—Das licht als produktionsfaktor in der forst- wirtschaft, by R. Beck, p. 4-28; Die Skonomischen aufgaben der forstwirt- schaft mit besonderer berticksichtigung der preussischen staatsforsten, by Mar- tin, p, 40-58; Einiges vom waldmantel; ans der sachsischen forsteinrichtungs- praxis, by Deicke, p. 64-78. Zeitschrift fiir forst- und jagdwesen, Jan. 1912.—Bodenuntersuchungen im gebiete der Liineburger heide, by R. Albert, p. 2-10; Aus dem grossherzogtum Olden- burg, by Guse, p. 10-15: Zur wirtschaft- lichen interpretation der bodenertrags- wertformel, by E. Ostwald, p. 16-20; Einige bemerkungen zur _ provenienz- frage, by A. Orlowsky, p. 20-6; Rabat- tenkulturen und ihre erfolge, by Emil Stolze, p. 26-33. Zeitschrift fiir forst- und jagdwesen, Feb. 1912.—Unsere holzeinfuhr und _ ihr zusammenhang mit der allgemeinen wirtschaftlichen lage, by Schilling, p. 85-95; Alte und neue verfahren der anlage gemischter bestiinde, by Kienitz, p. 96-105; Die reinertrage der forsten und der grundsteuereinertrag, by Buhr, p. 105-9. 356 AMERICAN FORESTRY Plans have been completed for the annual meeting of the National Lumber Manu- facturers’ Association at Cincinnati on May 7 and 8, and a number of prominent speakers will read papers and make addresses on subjects of tmportance, At the twenty-sixth annual meeting of the Lumbermen’s Exchange of Philadelphia, W. T. Betts was elected president; Benjamin Stooker, vice-president; Charles P. Maule, treasurer, John Mur recently found in the forests of Brazil along the Parana a large number of. araucarias, called by the natives Brazilian pine, and growing 120 feet tall. The folage of the trees was in bunches at the tops. The spines on the trees prevent the monkeys from climbing them and they are called “monkey puzzles.” A final warning in regard to the pine beetle has been issued by Dr. A. D. Hopkins, of the United States Bureau of Entomology, who announces that infested trees may safely be destroyed until May 1, but that after that time felling of live or dead pine timber will only aggravate the ravages of the pine beetle. AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS i YALE FOREST SCHOOL NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT The course of study in the YALE FOREST SCHOOL covers a period of two years. Graduates of collegiate institutions of high standing are ad- mitted as candidates for the degree of Master of Forestry. The Summer Term is conducted at MILFORD, PIKE COUNTY, PENNA. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ADDRESS JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director New Haven Connecticut HARVARD UNIVERSITY|| BILTMORE THE DIVISION OF FORESTRY FOREST SCHOOL Biltmore, N. C. Offers a two-years’ graduate course leading to the degree of Master of Theoretical and practical instruc- Forestry tion in all branches of applied for- estry. The course comprises eighteen The course includes upward of six months; viz: twelve consecutive months field instruction and practical | | months of lectures and field work and six months of practical prenticeship. | Working fields in the Southern Appalachians, in the Lake States experience in the annual operations on the Harvard Forest, Petersham, Mass. | and in central Germany. For further particulars address Caestogne Upon Dh aaaos RICHARD T. FISHER, Chairman Cambridge, Mass. Dr. C. A. SCHENCK, Director In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN FORESTRY JAMES D. LACEY WOOD BEAL VICTOR THRANE “WOH Interested in SOUTHERN or PACIFIC COAST Timber? We furnish detailed reports as to the QUALITY of the timber, average lengths and number of trees on each 40-acre subdivision. We submit reports covering details as to logging conditions, cost and most feasible methods of logging each 40-acre or sectional subdivision of each tract. We also furnish a TOPOGRAPHICAL map of all tracts located in mountainous districts, showing every elevation of 100 feet throughout the tract with OUR QWN engineer’s report showing lecations of most feasible routes and grades for logging roads. We can furnish sufficient data regarding ANY tract of timber which we have examined to convince you whether the tract is just what you want or not. Personal inspection of any tract we may offer you will be found just as represented. We are in a position to offer some exceedingly attractive TIMBER properties in the SOUTH, in BRITISH COLUMBIA, and on the PACIFICCOAST Alsoa few going mill operations with ample timber supplies in the South. We furnish detailed reports of amount of STUMPAGE on each 2 1-2- 5- or 10-acre subdivision of each forty. We employ expert PACIFIC COAST CRUISERS to check all estimates made on Western Timber. We offer HIGH-CLASS Timber Properties only, which have been placed in our hands for sale. We can convince you that our estimates are reliable. JAMES D. LACEY & COQ. (ESTABLISHED SINCE 1880) 1211 Whitney Central Bldg. 1104 Spalding Bldg. 1009 White Bldg. 1216 Old Colony New Orleans Portland, Ore. Seattle Chicago NATIONAL CAPITAL PRESS. EXTINCT VOLCANOES OF NEW MEXICO PROTECTING NEW HAMPSHIRE FORESTS A LOGGING ENGINEER IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST A LUCKY CHANCE ASSIGNMENT ARE THERE TOO MANY FOREST SCHOOLS? SPORTSMEN AND FOR- EST FIRES AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS Every Water Supply in America Is the spring from which water sufficiently protected? If it and the surrounding water shed is not covered with growing timber, rain and melting snow will run off in torrents, soil will erode, sun and air will dry up moisture, stagnant pools will form and breed germs and gather impurities and with the first rains wash down and pollute your water supply. But if a forest covers. the land, whether the area is half an acre or a hundred thousand acres, snow and rain will be held and filtered, then gradually | comes your drinking should be Protected by Timber released. Springs will be never-failing, and streams constantly flow pure and undefiled. The timber plant- ing can be made to yield $40 an acre every year after tne tenth. It will enhance the beauty of your community, and make it a better place to live in. You should learn about this. You should know how to proceed to plant, if you own the land, or how to get your city to act if the water supply is con- trolled by the municipality. Climate, soil and in- dustrial requirements are all in favor of extensive tree planting. Start with Hill’s Trees this Year The D. Hill Nursery Company, Inc., are growers | of seedlings and transplanted trees for forest planting, and have specialized in this for over 50 years. We have the facilities, the men, and the skill necessary to grow and handle them right. Our central situa- These points largely determine the success or failure of any planting. We have recently published a valuable little book entitled ‘“‘The Forest Planters’ Guide,’ which every one interested in forestry should have. Its suggestions will be found helpful and its descriptions truthful. tion, enables us to deliver stock to both seaboards in two or three days. Our climate and soil are eminently adapted for the | best root and top growth. Our stock is acclimated. | It contains a whole lot of “boiled down” information. We will send you your copy today—free—if you state where you saw this advertisement. Write today and tell us about your situation and plans for planting. The D. Hill Nursery Co., Inc., Evergreen Specialists Box 500, Dundee, Illinois Largest Growers in America We Want To Buy Some of Your Pine Trees OME of your forest pine trees, eight to ten feet high, that are just beginning to touch one another. ‘Trees that it will improve your tim- ber to have removed. We will send men to dig the trees, to ship out during August or in the Winter and Spring. Prefer to make arrangements by which we could get trees for several years. A forest location not more than three miles from railway station desired. Write giving location of forest tract, and if available for our needs, we will come and talk over the arrangements. Isaac Hicks & Son Westbury, Long Island In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN FORESTRY JUN 1 2 1912 American Forestry The Magazine of the American Forestry Association EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD HERMAN H. CHAPMAN FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL Ernest A. STERLING JoHN E. RHODES S. T. DANA S. N. SPRING June CONTENTS 1912 EXTINCT VOLCANOES IN NEW MEXICO—By Wallis\“I’; ees) ee eee 357 With seven illustrations, BGC hiNiGmeNEWWe EAMPSHERE ORES TG: 22.» a eee ee 365 With ten illustrations. THE LOGGING ENGINEER IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST— By a Logging Se en See en eee 377 With four illustrations. SPTPANIP TED PETS EADS OMINIE GDN RGB £05 1271 SDS DAS je a EE 383 FOREST CONDITIONS IN WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA—By J. S. Holmes____ 384 With eleven illustrations. ASEUCKY CHANCE ASSIGNMENI—By Walter J. Morrill------....--.-.--------=- 393 ORE SASH AN Dail @ ©) eR VIN ANION] 2 222 eee es eee 395 INSPECTION OF PLANTATIONS AND NURSERIES_------~--- Sato ea 396 GE VinE is eee VICAUN WIECA GrlCiubnheS) SNE EMIS 22 2a 0 are ee es be 2 eee ene sae See 398 ARE THERE TOO MANY FOREST SCHOOLS ?—By Frederick A. Gaylord_-------- 399 SPORLSMEN AND FOREST ERE S—By Hon. Jefferson Butlers22----------2==-=== 402 PAG TasIESMIN pin O)INU 1 CVIBE ED RAVI INE Sah oniek ee SOC re ee ee ee ek 2 eb ae 403 SIXTY-FIVE PER CENT AGRICULTURAL SOIL—WHAT OF THE BALANCE? Cees loge, Tbe \Wates 2 i lS a 404 PRicsOUMmMrOOK SYS LE M=—By Ra 1B Knappe 222225203. 406 GROWING A WOODLOT FROM SEED—By J. A. Ferguson__---------------------- 407 AIRONIS TUNIS ASICS COLO) Ey (Ca ED) keh Sa | ee ee ee 408 HORSE vaCONEP ERENCE TN EE WE TIE MOWINAATNG!- 2220 oss see 408 ViOODen we SH RVING. AND MiB ER TN DU SMR Yesseen. 22252 eee eee 409 STATE NEWS— WMirnnecOtawe a eee en en eee 410 Mndianayac= 5 sek e eo bee ee ees 411 VAVesSTaSg TE piey at ee a Ee 410 RENTS VVATiialy eect ere eee eee 411 New elampshire,. 223225 - 2S 2 ee 4107 eee Mirchi ganve ese! Se Sa eee 412 WVSSC OT GINNE eee en ce ans See 410 Massachusetts: 22-2 22 eee eee aa 412 UI seatbelt SS Se eee 410 IN Ieb rae ibe) See ee 412 Wentuchkytec! noc 25 eos oss be eee 411 Orevon) oe ee eee eee eee 412 Wienmoti oan e et ee oe eee ee 411 @alitornia =u 22..52-caseesoetoe ee oeereen 412 @olorado! . 222253 oe ei nae aatans 411 NEWS AND NOTES— Morestybatrol. Men. 2 222 os assas 413 Purchase. of Wbands2o2 e282. ee 414 HirembrotecthiOnie se =sa2— 2a. = os SSS 413 Sequoias for Florida; 3 eee 414 Protective Association Active-___-__--_-_---~- 413 Forester Opposes Engineer________________ 414 Branch Organizations: 2058 ae ee eee 413 Axrousinge, Forest). Interestascocneee see 414 Encouraging Tree Growth a eee ees 413 Forest Reserve. Receipis-2222eee--e 414 ATaingumMOOdS fe sates once ee ae 413 Seedling Distributions aoe ee eee 414 EDUCATIONAL— Deanwivinller a Reésigns=s) 2-25 = oon ose 415 Cornell #6 have $100,000 aed Building_ ree Prof. Roth to Remain at Ann Arbor_------- 415 Colorado School Sells Land__------------_- RECEIPT FOR A RANGER—Poem—By J. B. Cammann-_-------------------------_- 416 TS TSAO DGS SUM BS GS a SM SS es Poel epee eS a ee 417 BTOULC@ DNs Diy edi ees eae ES @ is AY a oe ee re 418 AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, two dollars per year; single copies, twenty cents. Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Post-office at Washington, under the Act of March 3, 1879. The American Forestry Association OFFICERS FOR 1912 President HON. ROBERT P. BASS, Governor of New Hampshire Vice-Presidents E. T. ALLEN, Oregon Forester, Western Forestry and Conservation Association JOSHUA L. BAILY, Pennsylvania Merchant FREDERICK A. DELANO, Illinois President, Wabash Railroad Company DR. HENRY S. DRINKER, Pennsylvania President, Lehigh University DR. CHARLES W. ELIOT, Massachusetts President Emeritus Harvard University DR. B. E. FERNOW, Canada Dean of Forestry, University of Toronto W. W. FINLEY, District of Columbia President, Southern Railway Company HON. WALTER L. FISHER, District of Colum- bia, Secretary of the Interior HON. DAVID R. FRANCIS, Missouri Ex-Governor of Missouri HENRY S. GRAVES, Washington, D. C. Chief of the Forest Service HON. CURTIS GUILD, Massachusetts Ambassador to Russia EVERITT G. GRIGGS, Washington President, National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association HON. HIRAM JOHNSON, California Governor of California BRYAN LATHROP, Illinois Chairman, Chicago Park Commission HON GIFFORD PINCHOT, Washington, D. C. HON. THEODORE ROOSEVELT, New York DR. J. T. ROTHROCK, Pennsylvania ecretary, Pennsylvania State Forest Reser- vation Commission DR. FILIBERT ROTH, Michigan Dean of Forestry, University of Michigan DR. CHARLES R. VAN HISE, Wisconsin President, University of Wisconsin DR. ROBERT S. WOODWARD, Washington, D. C., President, Carnegie Institution J Treasurer OTTO LUEBKERT, Washington, D. C. American Audit Company Executive Secretary P. S. RIDSDALE, 1410 H Street N. W., Washington, D. C. - Assistant Secretary J. A. P. FARNHAM, Washington, D. C. Directors HON. ROBERT P. BASS, New Hampshire Governor of New Hampshire W. R. BROWN, New Hampshire President, New Hampshire Forestry Commis- sion HERMAN H. CHAPMAN, Connecticut Professor of Forestry, Yale Forest School JOHN E. JENKS, Washington, D. C. Editor, Army & Navy Register CHESTER W. LYMAN, New York International Paper Company OTTO LUEBKERT, Washington, D. C. American Audit Company CHARLES LATHROP PACK, New Jersey THOMAS NELSON PAGE, Washington, D. C. CHARLES F. QUINCY, New York ERNEST A. STERLING, Pennsylvania Forest Engineer JOSEPH N. TEAL, Oregon Chairman, Oregon Conservation Commission FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL, Pennsylvania Lumber Merchant J. B. WHITE, Missouri President, National Conservation Congress JOHN L. WEAVER, Washington, D Real Estate Broker Auditors E. A. STERLING, Pennsylvania C. F. QUINCY, New York Advisory Board, Representing Affiliated Organizations Yellow Pine Manufacturers’ Association oe L. KAUL, Birmingham, Ala. . W. McLEOD, St. Louis, Mo. H. H. WHELESS, Shreveport, La. National Wholesale Lumber Dealers’ Association ROBT. C. LIPPINCOTT, Philadelphia, Pa. ROBERT W. HIGBIE, New York City. W. L. SYKES, Buffalo, N. Y. Northern Pine Manufacturers’ Association C. A. SMITH, Minneapolis, Minn. WILLIAM IRVINE, Chippewa Falls, Wis. F. E. WEYERHAEUSER, St. Paul, Minn. Massachusetts Forestry Association NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, Milton, Mass. FREDERIC J. CAULKINS, Boston, Mass. HARRIS A. REYNOLDS, ‘Cambridge, Mass. Lumbermen’s Exchange J. RANDALL WILLIAMS, JR., Philadelphia, Pa. FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL, Philadelphia, Pa. ROBERT C. LIPPINCOTT, Philadelphia, Pa. National Association of Box Manufacturers B. W. PORTER, Greenfield, Mass. S. B. ANDERSON, Memphis, Tenn. ROBT. A. JOHNSON, Minneapolis, Minn. Carriage Builders’ National Association H. C. McLEAR, Wilmington, Del. D. T. WILSON, New York C. D. FIRESTONE, Columbus, Ohio Boston Paper Trade Association N. M. JONES, Lincoln, Maine JOHN FE. A. HUSSEY, Boston, Mass. ARTHUR L. HOBSON, Boston, Mass. Philadelphia Wholesale Lumber Dealers’ Association R. G. KAY, Philadelphia, Pa. J. RANDALL WILLIAMS, JR., Philadelphia, Pa. B. FRANKLIN BETTS, Philadelphia, Pa. New Hampshire Timberland Owners’ Association W. H. BUNDY, Boston, Mass. FRANK P. THOMAS, Rumford, Maine F. H. BILLARD, Berlin, New Hampshire American Forestry VOL. XVIII JUNE, 1912 No. 6 EXTINCT VOLCANOES OF NORTHEAST NEW MEXICO By Wiuus T. LEE RAVELERS over the Santa Fe route in Colorado and New Mexico are probably all familiar with the striking scenic features near Raton Pass. Chief among these is Fisher’s Peak, the most conspicuous object in view as one approaches Trini- dad. It is an impressive mass of rock that rises more than 3,500 feet above the city, where the traveler stops for refreshment and where the engine that has raced for hours over the plain re- tires and gives place to fresh ones that pant and throb with impatience for the long climb over the pass. This peak, which by the way is not a peak at all, but is the point of a flat-topped table-land known as Raton Mesa, has a pointed appearance when viewed from below, because of the angle of observation. It is the northwestern ex- tremity of a volcanic region stretching eastward through southern Colorado and northeastern New Mexico into Ok- lahoma, a distance of more than 80 miles. It is far removed from the Rocky Mountains, its western extrem- ity being nearly 50 miles from the foot- hills. This region contains many unique and attractive scenic features, but for the most part these lie at considerable distances from ordinary lines of trans- portation, and because they are in a sparsely settled and little known part of the country almost nothing is known of them by the general public. The volcanic activity of former times is evidenced in this region by the pres- ence of great sheets of lava, dikes, plugs, intrusive sills, conical mountains of igneous rock obviously of volcanic origin but without depressions at their summits indicative of craters, and other mountains which are unques- tionably volcanic but wanting in the symmetry of form that usually char- acterizes a volcano. The lava flows date back to some unknown period whose antiquity it is quite useless to speculate upon. Since the time of the flow of which Fisher’s Peak constitutes a part, erosion has removed from the country to the north rocks about 3,500 feet thick. The mesa maintains its form because of the su- perior hardness of the igneous rock at the top. This covering varies in thick- ness from 100 feet or less to 500 or 600 feet. It was not formed by a single welling out of molten rock, but by many successive flows. It consists of numerous sheets, probably separated by long intervals of time, and were the history of the lavas known it would doubtless prove to be a long and va- ried one, extending over centuries of time; and yet, as compared with the duration of time that the volcanic forces have been active here, the for- mation of the lava sheet seems like a single event. The surfaces of these great mesa flows are more or less ir- regular, and from them rise such ele- vations as Red Mountain and Town- drow Peak. ‘The summit of the latter rises about 450 feet above the general Published by permission of the Director ofthe U. S. Geological Survey. 357 AMERICAN FORESTRY FISHER’S PEAK AS SEEN FROM NEAR TRINIDAD, COLO.; A PART OF THE RATON MESA STANDING 3,500 FEET ABOVE level of the mesa and Red Mountain is considerably higher. These elevations have the conical form of volcanoes, but if they ever possessed craters all evidences of them have been destroyed. The older and more extensive sheets of lava are supposed to be products of fissure eruption. The molten rock welled up through great cracks in which the lava finally solidified, giving rise to the dikes now exposed in the eroded areas surrounding the mesas. In some places also the lava was extruded through relatively small pipes. In these pipes the lava consolidated and inas- much as it is harder than the rocks through which it found passage, it has not been eroded so fast as the soft rock surrounding it, and the solidified filling of the pipes now protrude from the surface as “plugs” such as Water- vale Butte. After the first group of lava flows had been formed, there seems to have THE POINT OF OBSERVATION. been a cessation of volcanic activity and the lavas were attacked by ero- sion. The sheets were cut through and great quantities of them, as well as of the older rocks, were eroded away. Then the dormant forces became ac- tive again and other lava sheets were formed in the degraded areas below the older sheets. The younger lavas, at least in part, issued from volcanic vents and the volcanoes formed about these vents still remain, but in their turn these lavas were attacked by ero- sion and deeply dissected before still later eruptions occurred, resulting in the recent flows and in such perfect cinder cones as Mount Capulin and others illustrated in this paper, a dozen or more of which were formed. There were three well-marked peri- ods of volcanism in this region sep- arated by long periods of time and doubtless numerous less well-marked EXTINCT VOLCANOES OF NORTHEAST NEW MEXICO 309 CAPULIN MOUNTAIN, AN EXTINCT VOLCANO OF RECENT ORIGIN, NEAR FOLSOM, N. M., AS SEEN FROM THE TOP OF A NEIGHBORING VOLCANIC PEAK FIVE MILES AWAY. THE CINDER CONE RISES NEARLY 1,500 FEET ABOVE THE PLAIN. periods will be recognized when the region is studied in detail. Three peri- ods are well illustrated in the canyon of the Dry Cimarron, where the rim of the canyon consists of lava belonging to one of the ancient sheets. This sheet was eroded and the canyon cut down nearly to its present depth when a flood of lava was poured into it probably from the crater of Mount Emery, an extinct volcano standing about a mile south of the Cimarron. The sheet thus formed within the canyon was later partly eroded away. The bed of the canyon was lowered slightly below its present level when a great stream of lava, presumably from Capulin, flowed down the canyon for a distance of about 27 miles filling the stream bed and overflowing it in some _ places, spreading to the confining walls of the canyon. The surface of this youngest lava constitutes the present floor of the canyon, Just as there are three conspicuous and well-defined periods of lava flow in this region, so are there three dis- tinct groups of extinct volcanoes which correspond in time, in a general way, to the lava flows. The oldest is repre- sented by Sierra Grande which is the only one of this group known to the writer; the second, by Robinson, Emery, and half a dozen unnamed peaks; and the youngest group by Cap- ulin, the Horseshoe, and a large but undetermined number of volcanic cones of recent origin. THE SIERRA GRANDE Sierra Grande forms one of the most conspicuous geographic features of the volcanic region of northeastern New Mexico. It is a conical mountain of volcanic origin, about 10 miles south of Folsom, New Mexico, standing 360 AMERICAN alone on the great plain, which toward the east, south, and west stretches away nearly level as far as the eye can reach. It is the largest and probably the oldest of the extinct volcanoes in the region described. If there are older volcanic mountains the evidence of their extrusive origin has not been .ound. Its altitude is given on some of the maps as 11,150 feet, but my aneroid registered little more than 8,000 feet at the top. The cone is nearly circular in outline and the slopes of: the sides. are gentle. There is a fairly well-marked crater at the sum- mit, but one side is broken down, leav- ing a crescent-shaped rim enclosing the old crater which was estimated to be half a mile across. This rim is gently rounded at the top, and its breadth in some places is quarter of a mile or more. The rock is dark colored andesitic lava varying in character from vesic- ular to compact. No cinders or scori- aceous material was found on the outslopes, but beds of red cinders occur within the crater. The slopes seem to be made up of successive flows of lava having approximately the same gradi- ent as the mountain slopes, so that the mass seems to be composed of con- centric layers like an onion. The outer edge appears to be lobed, due to the extension of some flows beyond the limit of others, but this character was noted only from a distance. No evi- dence of explosive action was found in Sierra Grande. The character of the rock and the gradient established by its flows indicate a volcano of quiet action in which the lava poured over the rim or broke through the side with- out violent demonstration as that from Kilauea does at the present time. Canyons have been cut to a depth of 200 feet or more in the sides of Sierra Grande. Erosion to such a depth in hard andesitic rock in a semi- arid region where the only water avail- able for erosive work is the slight amount that falls on an isolated cone, is evidence of a long period of time. No canyons at all comparable to those of Sierra Grande were found on other vol- FORESTRY canic cones of this region. ‘This, to- gether with the subdued form of the cone and the rounded contours of its surface, seems to place Sierra Grande in a class apart from the other volcanic mountains of the region and to prove that it is the oldest of the cones now known to be of extrusive origin. ROBINSON MOUNTAIN Robinson is the name given to a vol- canic mountain located about 7 miles southwest of Folsom, New Mexico. It has an altitude of about 8,000 feet, but inasmuch as the cone rests upon a broad and rather high mesa it is much less conspicuous than the neighboring mountains of about the same altitude. The sides of the cone are steep in some places, but on the whole the approach to the summit is easy. There is a well- defined depression in the summit. but the confining rim is broken away on one side so that the crater has a cirque- like form. The rock is highly scoriaceous and much of it has the character some- times known as “rock foam,” that is, the gas cavities constitute so large a proportion of the rock that it will float in water like a cork. In some of this rock the gas cavities are so uniform in size and so regularly distributed that some people who are ignorant of its origin call it petrified honeycomb. The fact that Robinson Mountain is younger than Sierra Grande and older than Capulin is proved in several ways. Although composed of rocks much softer than that of Sierra Grande, it has not been so deeply dis- sected by erosion and it rests on a lava platform much lower than the lavas of the high mesas that resulted from the earlier volcanic eruptions. On the other hand, the platform is much higher than that on which Capulin stands, and the rounded outlines and soil-covered surface are in marked con- trast with the rough, angular outlines and fresh appearance of the “mal pais” surrounding the younger cones. CAPULIN MOUNTAIN Capulin is the name given to a mag- nificent example of extinct volcano near EXTINCT VOLCANOES OF NORTHEAST NEW MEXICO 361 CAPULIN MOUNTAIN AS SEEN FROM THE PLAIN BELOW IT. Folsom, New Mexico, about 30 miles southeast of Raton. Until recently it has been readily accessible only from Folsom, a small town on the Colorado and Southern Railway, but recently a railroad has been constructed from Raton eastward which passes within three miles of the summit. ‘The moun- tain has an altitude of about 8,000 feet or about 1,500 feet above the general level of the plain on which it stands. There is a broad platform at its base built up by successive flows of lava, and on this platform rests a_ steep- sided crater cone nearly circular in outline and probably a mile and a half in diameter at the base, having a well- defined crater at its summit. The bot- tom of the crater is about 75 feet lower than the lowest part of the rim and about 275 feet lower than the highest part. Its diameter from rim to rim was estimated at 1,500 feet. The lava platform on which the cone stands is composed of scoriaceous, ropy lava evidently extruded from Capulin in the early stages of its vol- canic activity, in successive flows sep- arated by considerable periods of time. Some of the older lavas where they were not covered by more recent ones have decomposed at the surface form- ing a thin layer of soil in which grass and shrubs have taken root. Some of the younger flows have all the ear- marks of recent origin. They are very slightly decomposed, are scoriaceous and ropy, and have fractured crust, cavernous openings, blister cones, etc. In short, they form typical “mal pais.” The appearance of the nearly vertical faces of some of the more recent flows suggests a rapidly advancing tidal wave frozen in transit. As the surface of the molten rock cooled the solid crust at the advancing front was fractured and rolled under, and when the whole mass ceased to move this rolling front stopped in the position seen at the pres- ent time. In some places where the nearly vertical front is 25 to 30 feet high, scarcely a block has fallen from it, so recently was it formed. 362 AMERICAN FORESTRY A “BLISTER CONE” AT THE BASE OF CAPULIN MOUNTAIN. It is probable that in its early stages Capulin was a much broader volcano than its present cone would lead one to believe. The quantity of material outpoured would seem to require a very large vent. Lava that would flow 27 miles before it congealed, as in the case of the flow down the Dry Cimar- ron, would seem to require a larger crater than the one now in evidence in Capulin Mountain. Furthermore, there are remnants of what may have been an old crater rim outside of the pres- ent cone. The crater cone is composed in part of flow lava, in part of ce- mented breccia, and in part of uncon- solidated cinders. The cinders are rather fine and make climbing difficult, inasmuch as one’s feet sink ankle deep into them at every step. The occur- rence of these loose cinders in the sides of the mountain where the conditions for rapid erosion are most favorable speaks rather eloquently of the recency of the eruptions that extruded them. The formation of the cinder cone was the last and relatively feeble effort of the dying forces, but although it is surrounded by several small craters, no solfataras, hot springs or other evi- dences of slumbering fires have been found. “MAL PAIS” Near Capulin, as in many other places in the volcanic region, there are extensive sheets of fresh lava, which in New Mexico are ordinarily called mal pais, a name meaning “bad coun- try.” The appropriateness of this name becomes forcefully evident when one attempts to cross a field of fresh lava. It is said by some that the name was applied years ago by soldiers who had been sent to fight the Indians. No hoofed animal can make its way for any considerable distance over fresh mal pais, for the knife-like edges of the lava cut its hoofs to pieces in a short time. Knowing this fact, the In- dians, when chased by cavalrymen, took refuge in the lava fields where they were acquainted with the tortuous trails that led through the mal pais. The cavalrymen could not follow these, and once off the trail their horses were soon disabled. There were probably reasons other than safety why the Indians frequented the mal pais fields. Small caves are numerous, formed by the still fluid lava flowing from beneath a_ hardening crust. These caves afforded shelter for the savages. Smaller cavities offer shelter for rabbits that inhabit the mal pais fields in countless myriads. These EXTINCT VOLCANOES OF NORTHEAST NEW MEXICO 363 HORSESHOE MOUNTAIN, A VOLCANIC CINDER CONE OF RECENT ORIGIN, NEAR CAPULIN in turn attracted wolves, wild cats, and other savage animals, as well as savage men, so that good hunting was afforded as well as safe habitation. Also, the cavernous “mal pais” has the power of this semi-arid region, and springs of pure water often occur in or near it, although in other kinds of rock in the same region the springs may be very poor or wholly wanting. BLISTER CONES Blister cone is a name applied to cer- tain elevated parts of the surface of mal pais. They are often conical, globular, or elliptical, and consist of irregularly shaped blocks of lava. In the more perfect ones these blocks are arranged in symmetrical order as if fitted together by design. Obviously, they were formed at a time when a solid crust had formed at the surface of the lava that was still viscous below, and shortly before the whole mass ceased to move. Thus the rigid crust buckled and broke as the viscous mass beneath continued to move. ‘The early blisters were destroyed entirely; later ones, broken and warped out of shape, appear now as heaps of blocks without symmetry of form; still later ones ap- pear in such perfect symmetry as the MOUNTAIN. one illustrated; and the last to form may appear as oval mounds of slight elevation. Blisters may be found show- ing every stage from the first slight buckling of the crust to unsightly heaps of angular blocks. In the more perfect blisters the form and structure indicate that the blocks are parts of a once continuous crust or sheet of lava, although they are now separated by considerable distances. In many places the cavities are large enough for a man to crawl through. Into the base of one of these blisters near Capulin, a young man who accom- panied the writer made his way on hands and knees, and after a tortuous passage among the blocks he emerged from the top, 20 feet above the point where he had entered. ‘This, however, is an operation that few would care to repeat, for the knife-like edges of the lava cut one’s clothing and lacerate one’s hands. But the more serious ob- jection arises from the fact that rattle- snakes which infest this region regard these cavities as their own private do- main. The dark-colored lava is warmed by the rays of the sun, and these venomous “sons of Satan,” as they are often called, seem to find con- ditions here quite to their liking. Their 364 igh —— at ~ AMERICAN FORESTRY ed — aa Cen ote arg ee. WATERVALE BUTTE, A VOLCANIC PLUG OF BASALTIC ROCK IN SOUTHERN COLORADO, SURROUNDED BY SOFT SHALE. ROBINSON MOUNTAIN, ANOTHER LEFT. MOUNTAIN color differs but little from that of the lava, and it is no uncommon thing for beast or man to step on a sleeping rep- tile before he knows of its presence. Fortunately, a rattlesnake will usually give warning of his belligerent intent before beginning hostile operations, and he prefers blissful solitude to the so- ciety of those who never neglect an opportunity to bruise his head. Never- theless, while in the lava fields, the writer learned, after several narrow es- capes, to examine a rock rather care- fully from a biological point of view before examining it geologically or be- fore sitting down on it to rest. The snake is especially peevish about his sun bath, and the man who disturbs his slumbers by sitting down too near him is very likely to rise again without his desired rest. HORSESHOE MOUNTAIN Horseshoe Mountain is the crater cone of an extinct volcano consisting at the surface entirely of scoriaceous AN EXTINCT VOLCANO NEAR FOLSOM, N. OF VOLCANIC ORIGIN, APPEARS IN M. MOUNT EMERY, THE DISTANCE AT THE cinders. It is nearly circular in outline and the rim of the crater is broken down on one side, giving to the crest the general form of a horseshoe. The cone rests on a broad platform of flow lava that is relatively old. Its surface is rolling, and it is covered with soil, but the cinder cone is very young. Al- though it is composed of loose or slightly consolidated material that washes down in considerable quantities with every rain, giving the surface a corrugated appearance, the sides are still nearly as steep as it is possible for them to be with loose material, and the absence of large accumulations of cin- ders at the base that can be attributed to wash from its slopes indicates that the cone still retains essentially the form that the extruded material orig- inally assumed. The Horseshoe is typical in many ways of the younger volcanic cones of northeastern New Mexico. During their early eruptions the lavas seem to have flowed out gently, but the last PROTECTING NEW HAMPSHIRE FORESTS eruptions were mildly explosive. Cin- ders were blown out, but settled close to the crater building up the conical mounds. In some cases small bombs were ejected. Great numbers of bombs 4 to 5 inches in diameter were found in the sides of the Trinchera volcano, but even here the action seems to have been relatively mild for the cinders and bombs are arranged in evenly laminated beds which are steeply inclined in the sides of the cone as indicated in the illustration. There are no known data by which one can compute in years the time that 365 has elapsed since the last eruption, but geologically speaking, the formation of the volcanic cones, like Horseshoe and Capulin, was the last event of the region, and although volcanic forces may have been inactive for a hundred years or more, it is quite impossible to know whether the fires are extinct or only slumbering, and as one stands on the rim of a crater and contemplates the result of the titanic forces so recently in operation, one can scarcely escape the gruesome thought that these forces may be only slumbering and may awaken at any moment. PROTECTING NEW HAMPSHIRE FORESTS i. its annual report, recently is- sued, the Society for Protection of New Hampshire Forests tells what it has accomplished in the ten years of of its existence. It says: _ “The Society takes much satisfaction in the results of its ten years’ work. While the problem of saving New Hampshire’s forests for their greatest use, by adopting a saner method of harvesting the product, is still largely unsolved, yet we begin the second decade with far more hope and confi- dence than at the time of organization. We have helped to secure legislation at Washington and at Concord, which gives the forests of the state more nearly adequate fire protection, stimu- lates reforestation, encourages careful management, and reserves completely some of the places of special attraction. Ten years of educational work has been faithfully done. It is possible to be- lieve that the time may not be far dis- tant when the annual harvest of tim- ber in New Hampshire will not exceed the annual growth, and when large areas of timber, valuable for scenic beauty and for protecting the flow of streams, are permanently safe from or- dinary destructive lumbering and from the ravages of soil-consuming fires. “The reorganization of the State For- estry Commission was one of the first and most important objects. The So- ciety was organized because a few men and women, who met at the call of Gov- ernor Rollins ten years ago, were not satisfied with the progress of the for- estry movement in New Hampshire. With the rapid development of the pa- per and pulp industry, forests in the mountains were being swept away with no effort within the state to save them. Few realized the importance of saving timber as a source of supply for the future needs of a growing population; fewer believed that the mountain for- ests could be protected in a manner to prevent the rapid run-off of streams over areas sufficiently large to affect the water-powers and navigation. “The new Society at once undertook an educational campaign. It employed a forester who spoke at meetings of all kinds throughout the state, showing by photographs and lantern slides the act- ual conditions, and pointing out what other states were beginning to accom- plish. With the appointment of Mr. Robert P. Bass, now Governor, and Mr. Robert E. Faulkner, of Keene, to the Forestry Commission, and with the co- operation of General Tolles, of Nassau, who was already a member, an efficient and progressive administration of the State Forestry Department was brought about. Legislation, advocated by the Society, was passed, securing the appointment of a state forester. The fire laws were rewritten. Co-operation from the Federal Forest Service was secured. “From its first year the Society ad- ‘mpysory ‘Kasoys “7 ny Kq oJoyd AAVASHA LSAAXOA IVNOILVN AHL NI UVHA SIHL GHCN’IONI Ad GINOHS ADNVU IVILNHGISHad AHL AO SHdO'IS HINOS HHL “NXNV4-MONS HHL AO HOCH AHL OL dX SMOUD LSAAXOA AHL UVAA AHL LOOHSNOMHL SUHONII MONS AYHHM “HONVA JIVILNHCISHYd AHL NI ‘ANIAVY SNVNUAAMOAL TOP OF THE CASTELLATED RIDGE, MT. JEFFERSON. THE NORTH SLOPES OF THE PRESIDENTIAL RANGE WILL BE INCLUDED IN THE NATIONAL FOREST. Photo by Guy L, Shorey, Gorham, ‘CASVHOUNd NAA SVH AMV’I SIHL CNOOUV WHAWIL HHL AO ‘TIV ‘NIVINOOW AHAVNOS JO dOL HHL UVAN ‘VAS AHL HAOTV LAMA 009% ‘NIDSINO ’IVIOWIO JO “HANLIIOS AMV’ PROTECTING NEW HAMPSHIRE FORESTS vocated a National Forest in the White Mountains, and engaged actively in work for this object several months be- fore the Intervale meeting, called by Dr. Edward Everett Hale for the same pur- pose. Dr. Hale became an honorary life member of the Society, and worked early and late for a National Forest in the White Mountains. It was a sin- cere regret that his death came before the bill was finally enacted; but his faith foresaw the result, in which he found much satisfaction. The enact- ment of the Weeks bill, in spite of active opposition from the leaders of both po- litical parties, was a triumph of popular agitation throughout the length and breadth of the country. In this nation- wide agitation the Society took a prom- inent part, as its present wide mem- bership list testifies. The co-operation of the men of the South was particu- larly gratifying. The governors of the New England States and the Southern States appeared repeatedly together be- fore committees of Congress. ‘The bat- tle was won and the President signed the bill on March 1, 1910. “Since its formation one object of the Society has been the acquisition of the forest lands by the state and town governments in New Hampshire. The Crawford Notch is one of the famous pieces of scenery in the White Moun- tain region. When logging operations threatened to disfigure it, the Society proposed that it be acquired by the State of New Hampshire, and a bill was prepared for the legislature. The suggestion was promptly approved by Mr. W. A. Barron, of the Barron & Merrill Company, and the late John Anderson, of Bretton Woods. The Ap- palachian Mountain Club joined with the Society in an appeal for funds with which to carry on the campaign. A complete and careful survey of the timber in the Notch was made by the Society and maps were drawn. ‘The bill was passed in the session of 1911. Through a clerical oversight it proved defective, and the state is unable to is- sue the bonds authorized in the bill to buy this property; but owing to the in- terest and energy of Governor Bass, the difficulties have been partly over- come and the more picturesque portions of the Notch, the northern half, are be- 369 ing purchased from current state funds. “In 1909 the residents around Suna- pee Lake began a campaign under the leadership of Mr. Herbert Welsh, of Philadelphia, for acquiring the forests on Sunapee Mountain. They invited the co-operation of the Society, which aided in the technical forest work and in the legal work required. ‘Through the efforts of Mr. Welsh, $8,000 have been subscribed and six hundred and fifty-six acres purchased, covering the entire top of the main mountain, be- sides the north and south peaks, with the long sky line, and Lake Solitude, a charming body of water, near the top of the main mountain, with the timber around its entire margin. At the re- quest of the contributors the entire property has been placed in the care of the Society as trustee, together with a fund of $500, covering the expenses of management for a term of years. Now that the purchase has been completed, the contributors seek additional funds with which to clear up the slash and make trails. The Society believes that when the plans adopted are fully de- veloped, Sunapee Mountain will be come a most beautiful mountain park. “The Society made an appeal during the past winter, for sufficient money to accept a gift of the Lost River and one hundred and forty-eight acres of land adjoining it, offered by the Publishers’ Paper Company, provided the Society would buy the standing timber upon the tract. This, on careful estimate, was found to amount to $7,000. By means of a legacy of $5,000, left by Miss Dora Martin, of Dover, a portion of which became available, together with contributions amounting to $1,315 from the prominent hotels in the White Mountains, and the remainder from generous contributions on the part of a large number of members and friends of the Society, the gift was accepted, and the timber purchased. Lost River is located seven miles west of North Woodstock. The region is one of great beauty, majestic in its setting and charming in detail. “For ten years the forester of the Society has been examining woodlands throughout the State, giving advice to the owners on methods of management. Since the reorganization of the For- uoqaIMVT ‘uiyrqryy &Q 004g “TTI AAILV’ISION I AHL NI LOWs “Id AHL DSNIGNVLSHLIMLON “IIODNQNOD GNV WONYHAOD HHL AX HAIHSTNVH MAN AO ALVIS AHL AOA GASVHOUNd ONIAM SI HOLON HHL JO AIVH ANOSHUNLOId ANOW AGNV UAddN AHL “HOLON GYOAMVAD AML ‘NYHAVO HHL SYHINA NVHULS AHL LUNIOd SIHL LV ‘YHLNIM NI AHAIM LSO'T ‘mpysoy ‘kasoys “T any kq o,04g ‘GUduvONS ATAHdOUd LON AYAM LVHL MO'TM& SNOILVYAdO ONIODO’I WOU dA LdHMS AYIA “AONVA ‘IVILNUGISAUd AHL NO AYIA UALAV wh A] MRM ‘Aes ane Gi es ie me Os NEW THE A PART OF THE CRAWFORD NOTCH. WEBSTER. IN TIMBER ON MT. PRIMEVAL SPRUCE PURCHASE STATE HAMPSHIRE Dublin. Pearmain, Photo by William R, 374 AMERICAN FORESTRY PARADISE FALLS, LOST RIVER. MARKABLE SERIES OF estry Commission, the state forester and his assistants have been doing the same. During the past year two additional foresters, one employed by the Timber- land Owners’ Association and another by the State College at Durham, have taken part. This means that a very large aggregate of timbered land is managed with a view to a better crop instead of in a haphazard manner. With the advance in the price of tim- ber, owners have realized that the ad- vice given is valuable in helping them to produce better material and avail themselves of better markets. “From the start the Society has realized that a fundamental change in public sentiment, through the education of the people as a whole, is a necessity if it would accomplish its desired re- sults in a substantial manner. ‘To im- prove the forests of the state requires a long continued public interest, which can only be secured by thorough knowl- edge on the part of a large number of AT THIS POINT THE STREAM EMERGES, PLUNGES THIRTY FEET, AND ENTERS ANOTHER RE- CAVERNS BELOW. 3 citizens. The Society is happy upon having on the statute book at this time every one of the important legislative measures which it undertook at the time of its organization. “At this time there are four reserva- tions in the hands of the State For- estry Commission in addition to the Crawford Notch purchase. There are two in the care of the Society, the Sunapee and Lost River tracts. These are in addition to seven reservations in the care of the Appalachian Mountain Club, for which the Society is not re- sponsible. Several beautiful forests in the state are owned by individuals, and held free and open to the public use. Striking examples of these are the for- ests purchased and held for public use by Mrs. B. P. Cheney in Peterborough, Mr. Daniel C. Remick in Littleton, and the beautiful pine woods on the road between Bethlehem and_ Franconia, held for public use by Miss Sarah H. Crocker, of Boston.” ROW. TO G r ( i: So Forest Service. DI} ED OU EFT STAN HINNI from U. | Photograph vEN 4 7) $64.00 PER ACRE LI, R ACRE (NET) HAS BE 4 ) 4 BENE. $48.00 PE WOODS IN K PINE a weg ee = i ~ om. x fend —_ id WEEN ACH WAY, WHICH IS THE BEST = 4 4 4 4 ve NTY-EIGHT YEARS. FIVE FRET APART 1 THINNINGS NOW HAVE COMMERCIAL VALUI “ 4 4 PINES PLANTED TWI SPACING. Photo by F. W. Hayward, Keene. THE LOGGING ENGINEER IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST By A Loccinc ENGINEER INCE entering corporation rather GC) than Government or State em- ploy, I have received quite a number of letters from prospective for- esters asking for information as to just what opportunities were offered a tech- nical man with private logging and tim- ber companies in this section of the country. The purpose of this article will be to set forth very frankly the advantages and drawbacks of such em- ployment; the ultimate reward to which he may look forward, if successful, and the special preparation needed for this particular line of work. In the Pacific Northwest we are not yet to that stage of development in which our timbermen and millowners can see the end of their resources in the near future and are sufficiently jarred by the prospect into taking steps to provide for a perpetual timber yield. As a matter of fact we cannot even ap- proximately utilize our present waste. We are simply in the position of Wis- consin and Minnesota in the 90’s with the important exception that our busi- ness men are wiser from past experi- ence and the most of them more than willing to take any necessary steps to avoid the serious consequences of an exhaustion of our timber supply, pro- vided they can get together, as to ways and means, and can be shown that dol- lars invested now will at least earn their 5 per cent a year. That we are pro- gressing along the right lines 1s shown by our forest fire laws and their effec- tive enforcement, and by the very able work done by Mr. E.. T. Allen, forester for the combined timber and fire asso- ciations of our Northwestern States. So far this work has been mostly edu- cational and tending toward the enact- ment of such laws as will enable the work of providing for future genera- tions to be put on a sound and profit- able basis. I would like to call attention to one fundamental difference in the situation of these Northwestern States to day, and that of Wisconsin and Minnesota in a like stage of their timber develop- ment, namely, the great national forests occupying the greater part of our mountainous country, which will not only serve as an example of practical conservation, but furnish a very con- siderable source of permanent timber supply around which, and modeled on which, we can maintain our large private holdings of the future. While these foregoing paragraphs may seem quite a digression from my subject, they are necessary to an intel- ligent understanding of the field in which the labor of the future logging engineer is to be spent. It is so easy for the young forester, fresh from his studies of the latest and most advanced methods, to make the mistake of con- demning local methods before fully un- derstanding the underlying principles and conditions which may justify these seemingly incorrect and wasteful ways of going at things. Let him first ask himself “Why,” and after thoroughly threshing it out he will be in a better position to suggest changes. First and foremost, you must specialize on the importance of the log- ging railroad. The railroad is the main artery of the modern logging plant, and, aside from the timber itself, it is the most important consideration in planning for a logging operation. Under this head comes your topog- raphy taken in connection with a thor- ough reconnaissance of the entire tract. You will have very little use for trian- gulation or traverse methods in this first preliminary examination. The general mapping will be done by pacing and the use of the aneroid, with checks on the section and quarter section corn- ers. All section lines should be run out and reblazed and the mapping done by the contour method using from 20 to 50 foot contours, depending on the re- lief of the country, and accuracy re- quired. 377 378 SIMPSON LOGGING CO.’"S BRIDGE IN CONSTRUCTION STAGE. AMERICAN FORESTRY as Pn Me BEGINNING OF FOOT- HILLS OF THE OLYMPICS. Once you get your country mapped you have a splendid basis from which to work on the preliminary reconnais- sance for the railroads. It usually pavs well to go over as closely as possible the route to be taken by the road and get thoroughly familiar with the topo- graphic details that will control the fu- ture road. For instance, suppose, after you have gone a mile or so, following a tentative grade of, say 2 per cent, you will find that by increasing your grade one-half foot to the hundred you can gain a bench, which will give much lighter construction for a considerable distance. This will be a vital control in the laying out of the road, either necessitating an increase in grade, or a new starting point for your climb. In general, the whole line must be laid out in reference to the points of chief diff- culty or where the greatest saving can be made in cost of construction without impairing the value of the road as an outlet for the timber. The latter point is one which must never be lost sight of. You must thoroughly understand logging to successfully construct log- ging roads. It is just here that the con- tracting surveyor or engineer falls down. His ideal is the road itself. Yours must be the logging operation as a whole. Your cost must be governed by the amount of timber to come over the road and the probable expense of logging it. When possibly you will want to limit yourself to a 16-degree curve and a 3 per cent grade on main lines, but quite often you will have to depart from these limits and will be en- tirely justified in doing so. Having threshed out the main line, you are ready for the preliminary sur- vey, and I want to say right here that out in this country the day when rail- roads could be laid out by eye, and with curves run in with a tape, is past. It is real railroad engineering; a transit should be used on main lines, while a good compass and hand level will serve very well for the spurs. You must be able to give a pretty close estimate on each mile of proposed construction THE LOGGING ENGINEER IN THE NORTHWEST 379 STEAM SHOVEL AT SHELTON, WASH. COMPANY. WORK ON NEW from cross sections of the excavations and fills, including drains, culverts, trestles, bridges and equipment. We have a number of logging bridges over 100 feet high and from 600 to 1,000 feet long in this State and every year as the logging gets further back into the foothills, the longer and more per- manent are the main lines of the log- ging railroads. You may find several preliminary ‘fly lines’’ necessary in the very diffi- cult places before the final location can be determined. The preliminary lines are platted in the office, usually by “lat- itudes and departures,” and from your cross section topography, the final lo- cation can be sketched in, subject to further changes on the ground, if necessary. The spurs are laid out much in the same manner, economy, however, being the main consideration. You can af- ford to haul over a 6 per cent grade and 32 degree curve for a few months on EXTENSION, CONSTRUCTION OUTFIT OWNED AND OPERATED BY THE LOGGING SIMPSON LOGGING CO.’S R. R. AT spurs where two or three loads can be switched out at a time. In most in- stances a light locomotive, geared or direct connected, is kept especially for switching from the iandings on the spurs to the main line side track. Then there is the maintenance to be supervised, and a close watch kept on construction. At the end of each year you will have a detailed report on the railroad work, cost of engineering, con- struction and maintenance, cost per M. for timber coming out over each spur, and cost per M. over the main line. Another duty will be the laying out of pole and skid roads when necessary. Together with the spur work this should be done with the co-operation and help of the logging foreman. Your idea must always be to facilitate his work in the actual logging operation as much as possible, and you must be aware of his future plans, governing your work accordingly. As a general rule you will co-operate with the foreman and superintendent in BRIDGE OVER WEST FORK OF TATSOP RIVER, 130 FEET ABOVE THE RIVER. ONE MILE ON THIS SAME ROAD IS THE TWIN OF THE BRIDGE. THAT THE LAST 1% MILES OF THIS ROAD, INCLUDING THESE BRIDGES, COST NEARLY $100,000 TO PUT INTO OPERATION. LOGGING CO., SHELTON, WASH. selecting camp sites and in locating landings. At the landing there should be enough grade toward the main track to drop the loaded cars by gravity and yet not too much grade, as that would make this proceeding dangerous. It isevery ieasy to let; a loaded) car get away on a grade, and even where prop- er precautions are taken as to safety switches and derailing devices a great deal of damage may be done by such a run away. While much more might be said on this subject, to go into further detail would more likely prove confusing rather than enlightening. So I will proceed to other phases of the work with which you will probably come in contact. Perhaps, next to the purely engineer- ing side of your work will come fire protection. It is quite true that the greater part of this country is patrolled more or less thoroughly by one of the AMERICAN IT IS STRICTLY A LOGGING ROAD. FORESTRY WITHIN IT IS ESTIMATED SIMPSON fire protective associations. But in nearly every instance the effectiveness of their patrol depends almost entirely on the co-operation of the logging com- panies. And nine times out of ten the actual handling of any fire on your lands will devolve on you. Hence, the necessity of adequate preventative measures, such as the burning of slash, clearing up of the railroad right of way, construction of fire trails, and organi- zation of the logging force so that at a moment’s notice it may be converted into an efficient fire fighting body with proper equipment, ready for use. In this one particular alone the logging companies of this section have per- haps more room for improvement than in any other branch of their organiza- tion. I sincerely believe that enough property, camps, logs, donkey sleds, etc., together with the often misplaced energies of a typical logging crew fight- ing fire, would fully meet the expense THE LOGGING ENGINEER IN THE NORTHWEST 381 of such an organization for fire pro- tection within a short period of years, not to mention the practical insurance against loss from fire that such sys- temization would constitute. The timber end of the work is by no means unimportant. There will be quite a large amount of cruising and scaling to do, and I wish to state most emphatically that a man new to this country needs several years experience in timber before he can constitute him- self a competent judge. Different lo- calities have their own characteristics : in mixture of species, variations of growth conditions, marketability and special conditions, such as the preva- lence of pin-knots, pitch-pockets or coach. Any questions of subdivision or sec- tions or of trespass will come under your duties. The accurate scaling of trespass from the stumps is quite an art of itself, and many of the larger timber holders employ men who give practically their whole time to watching for trespass. At the close of each year’s work, in connection with the railroad report would be a report on the year’s logging, showing the area cut by each camp, the average yield per acre, and the average cost of logging per M by the month. Also the cost of timber left on frac- tional forties. This would give the owners of the company an idea of how their cruises were panning out and how much timber was still left tributary to the camps in their present location. Another problem you will want to be up on is the final utilization of the logged over lands. Will it pay to re- forest? If so, what method will be best suited to the land in question? If not, what will it cost to clear and subdivide into small farms? Can you successful- ly clear by the charpit method, or will it have to be done with dynamite and a donkey engine. In short, the question of our logged off lands is as import- ant to this section of the country as is irrigation to the arid lands of the West or the drainage of swamp lands to the South, and the man who can present and work out a satisfactory solution to this problem is going to be one of the “big” men of this section. And it is by no means an unsolvable question. I have laid out townsite additions and drafted plans for a hospital; esti- mated power generated by our moun- tain streams and surveyed mining claims. In fact, the diversity of the work and the continual game of work- ing out new problems (for no two logging propositions require the same treatment) is one of the biggest at- tractions in this sort of work. And it takes a good man and a versatile man to succeed. There is not a large log- ging company in the country that does not need such a man. ‘They may not all realize their need, but it is there just the same. And there is no better training in the world for a first class woods superintendent. Add to that the fact that really “A Number One” woods superintendents are not readily picked up these days and you have the ultimate answer. Make yourself valuable enough to your company to demand an interest or else have the ability and knowledge to put in with capital in the development of an opera- tion of your own. This does not sound much like for- estry, does it? But after all, what is forestry but scientific management and operation of timber lands? And if State laws and local market conditions make it impossible to either hold your timber or to utilize it completely, is it not good forestry to operate to the best possible advantage under present con- ditions and in the meantime try to bet- ter the conditions? Of course we can better our methods now, and year by year in the future, but we cannot do it all at once, and the more technical men who become associated with the actual logging and manufacture of timber, who will work toward the end of prac- tical conservation, the sooner we are going to get such conservation. And who can foretell what the next two dec- ades will bring forth in the line of real forestry. I for one will not be sur- prised to see large companies in this western country who, operating under Wise tax and fire protection laws, will 382 AMERICAN FORESTRY DOUGLAS FIR LOG, BARK. LOGGED AT CAMP 5, TWIN FALLS LOGGING TEN CO., CLARK COUNTY, own tracts large enough to give their mills a perpetual supply of logs. And when that time comes, it will be the forester working from the inside of the actual operation who will know best what may and may not be attempted. But it means work and more than that—drudgery, especially to a college graduate whose pride is going to be hurt more than once while he is doing subordinate work, often under men who, lacking education, affect to look upon any one who has been a “college boy” as no good when it comes to real work. You will often find yourself re- garded as a failure simply because you FEET SIX INCHES INSIDE WASHINGTON. are working up in a big business; and that by men who have had some one to pull and push a bit for them when they started on their business career. I thoroughly believe that this is one busi- ness that has to be learned by actually getting in and working at the various subordinate jobs that go to make up the whole of a really big business. Our best loggers are men who have worked since they were boys, and they will tell you that they are always learning some new wrinkle. I know from experience that this is very true. No two logging companies operate under the same prin- ciples; some have a good selling organ- SLATE FIGHT ON TREE RESTS ization and fall down on the actual log- ging; others have a splendid railroad system and do not seem to get the logs; one man is logging small timber, an- other large timber, one in ragged coun- try, another on comparatively level land. Everywhere you turn there is something different and there is no business in the world where the indi- vidual efforts of the superintendent or manager count for more in the general result attained. There will be many times when you will ask yourself whether or not you have made a mistake after all in taking up private rather than Government or State work. You see your classmates going ahead more rapidly at the start than you can hope to do. They re- ceive more money to start with and are promoted more rapidly the first year or so; and here is the biggest question of all; they are doing more technical work, are using their education, while you are way back in the primary grade again learning your “A, B, C’s” of the busi- ness. This is the hardest rub of all and I believe it influences more men to . go into the Government service than any other one thing. But just wait a 383 little longer and I'll tell you about the rewards, as I begin to see them. When- ever | began to get discouraged during the first few years I used to remember the words of a man who had done both private and government work, and who knew what he was talking about. He said, “Ten years may seem a long time to a young fellow, but to a big corpora- tion, training men for the work of a life time, it is but a short and necessary period of preparation.” Now I do not expect to have to put in ten years of drudgery. I can begin to see the end of it now. Why? Simply because I am getting to know the business from the ground up and I know that I know it. This knowledge is going to be capital- ized before long and it is worth just what I have spent on it. And mean- while, I have made a living for myself and family; not much, but enough. I have good friends and the respect of those with whom fram thrown ine contact? . And 1 would not trade my chances for the future with any one of those who en- tered the business handicap at the same time and with the same equipment I had. STATE FIGHT ON TREE PESTS BOUT four weeks, starting May ¢ 13, is being devoted by Pennsyl- vania to demonstrating methods for the control of the codling moth, cucurlio and other insect pests which have started to get busy on the fruit trees which are in blossom. Dr. H. A. Surface, the State’s zo- ologist, says that the demonstrations will be held in twenty counties the first week and in thirty-five counties the sec- ond, the northern counties being in the third week, as the time to demonstrate the methods for control of the pests is just after the petals of the blossoms fall. “Several meetings are to be held in each county,’ says the zoologist. “This is so that everyone will get a chance to see the demonstrations which will be in charge of our best men. ‘This is the time to get after the codling moth, the chewing insects and pests which are now infesting trees in some parts of the State or are likely to de- velop. Pennsylvania has advanced the value of its fruit crop wonderfully by using scientific methods in the com- batting tree pests, and it is believed that as soon as fruit tree owners realize the possibility of reducing the number of culls or unsound fruit from ten per cent to two per cent. I think there will be still greater gains.” FOREST CONDITIONS IN WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA By J. S. Ho_mMes Forester T IS probable that Western i North Carolina is more widely known for its fine climate, pure water, and beautiful scenery than for any others of its natural advantages. Thousands of health and _ pleasure seekers come each winter to this “Land of the Sky” to escape the rigors of the northern and eastern states, while tens of thousands flock each summer from the south. The entertainment of these summer and winter visitors or tourists forms a most important and promising industry, for they bring into the coun- try each year from two and a half to three million dollars. The large part that the forests play in the tourist traf- fic, by increasing the purity of the streams and making the country more beautiful and interesting, is not gener- ally realized; yet forest and stream and climate are Western North Carolina’s most valuable assets. With the con- servation of the forests, the improve- ment of the roads, and the extension of railroads, the attractiveness as well as the accessibility of the country will be tremendously enhanced, and the num- ber of visitors will steadily increase. Of even greater economic import- ance are the timber resources. The hardwoods of the Southern Appalach- ians are as widely known among buy- ers and users of wood products as the climatic advantages are by the travel- ing public. Oak, chestnut, poplar, cherry, walnut, and other woods are shipped to all of the eastern states, even to Canada and to Europe; and furni- ture made in North Carolina from wood grown in these mountains goes all over the world. Agriculture, which in most parts of the State stands first among the im- portant industries, takes third place in the mountains, and, if only those farm products which bring a cash return are counted, is unimportant, though con- siderable quantities of apples and cab- bages are shipped out of the region, 384 and corn, cattle, chickens, eggs, butter, fruit, and garden truck are sold locally. ACCESSIBILITY OF THE TIMBER. The accessibility of timber largely determines its value and also deter- mines methods of forest management. Western North Carolina is well sup- plied with railroads, there being no fewer than ten railroad outlets. Yet the greater part of the best timber is remote from transportation and cannot be marketed profitably until new lines are built or extensions made. Since 1909, however, railroad development has been rapid, so that now only the three extreme northeastern counties are without railroads, while spurs or ex- tensions are under construction or are definitely planned for about half the mountain counties. ‘The wagon roads, which are the chief feeders for the rail- roads, are in most cases unimproved; and though they are often fairly good in dry summer weather, many of them become almost impassable in winter. Nothing could add more to the value of timber and give proper encourage- ment to proper methods of forestry than the construction of good roads. This question of transportation is dis- cussed in more detail later. CLASSIFICATION OF LAND Throughout the region, agricultural land is held mostly in small areas, and a farm of more than 500 acres is excep- tional. In nearly all counties, however, some forest land is held in large bodies by lumber companies, or speculators; and in some counties more than 60 per cent of the land is in tracts of more than 1,000 acres in extent. But since all of this is rough, mountain woodland, unsuited to agriculture, such tenure is no drawback, but rather an advantage; for by keeping the full stand of timber the land retains a full valuation, which is reduced as soon as the timber is taken off. FOREST CONDITIONS IN WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA aimtasas The proportion of cleared to forested land varies considerably in the different counties, depending on the transporta- tion facilities and suitability for farm- ing. In the region as a whole about 24 per cent of the land has at one time been cleared. While most of this land still produces agricultural crops, a good deal of it in some counties has been “thrown out,’ or abandoned, because it is too poor and too much washed for profitable cultivation. Such land usual- ly produces worthless briars and bushes or in some cases reverts to a scattered growth of oldfield pine or hardwood of little present or prospective value. THE FOREST CONDITIONS The forests of this region are largely confined to absolute forest land, that is, land potentially more valuable for for- est growth than for anything else. The forest may best serve for the produc- tion of timber, or it may be required 385 id ens a LOGGING WHITE PINE AND HEMLOCK, MITCHELL COUNTY. mainly to prevent erosion or to protect and regulate a water supply. In the main, the mountains are so steep and the soil is so shallow that the removal of the forest cover and the cultivation of the land are followed in a compara- tively few years by the washing away of the fine surface soil and the aban- donment of the land for agricultural purposes. Not only have practically all of the areas suitable for agriculture been cleared—including the bottoms along the streams, gently rolling plateau land and hilltops, the lower gradual slopes, and the mountain cover —but much absolute forest land has also been cleared. It used to be that farmers cleared a “new ground” each year, and abandoned to “old fields” an equivalent of “worn out” land. This practice is now giving place to im- proved methods by which the cleared land is kept in good condition. ‘Though much land has been cleared for agri- ‘ALNONOD NIVMS “HOCIY SHHONH WOU MHIA ‘“VNITIOUVO HLYON NYYLSHM AO LSHYOA COOMAUVH ‘IVOIdAL FOREST CONDITIONS IN WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA et mae 387 BINDING POPLAR BOARDS FOR EXPORT, SWAIN COUNTY. culture, some of which is now reverting to forest, 76 per cent of this region is forested, or a little more than three million acres in the 16 counties. PRESENT STAND The greater part of the forest has been reduced to cull stands of compara- tively small and second class timber. Only two or three counties have virgin forests of any considerable extent, and these are mostly controlled by large lumber firms. ‘Table 1 shows the rela- tive amount of forest in each county, by areas and by species. About eleven billion feet of timber in trees 10 inches and over in diameter breasthigh re- mains; this is equivalent to an average stand of a little more than 3,000 board feet for every acre of forest land. The larger part of the forested area, how- ever, has less than this, as shown on the accompanying forest map. ANNUAL OUTPUT The lumber cut for the entire State, which had been gradually rising, amounted to more than 1,622 million feet in 1907, but because of business de- pression declined 30 per cent in 1908. In 1909 North Carolina jumped to fourth place, from thirteenth in 1908, with a cut of 2,177,715,000 board feet. It is estimated that uncared-for hard- wood forests, such as those in Western North Carolina, are growing at the rate of from 12 to 15 cubic feet per acre per year. Assuming even that the greater figure represents the annual growth in this region, then the timber is being cut much faster than it is growing. This can not last indefinitely. Either the annual cut must be reduced to coincide with the growth, or else the growth must be made to keep pace with the demands upon it. The latter is cer- tainly the most economical and _busi- nesslike way of dealing with the prob- lem. By protecting these forests from fire, and by encouraging the more rap- id-growing and more valuable species, the annual yield of timber per acre can be largely increased in a comparatively short time. The large furniture and related industries in Piedmont, North Carolina, which now draw the greater part of their timber supplies from the region in which they are situated, will Pb dies : eee ny fees %: ig “ih THRIFTY GROWTH OF BALSAM PLANTATION, AT ELEVATION OF 3,800 FEET, AMERICAN FORESTRY ce nd WATAUGA COUNTY. depend more and more on the moun- tain forests. The demand for this ma- terial, aided by improved transporta- tion facilities and methods of manufac- ture, should make it evident that the establishment of a maximum timber yield would constitute one of the most important contributions which the mountain counties could make toward the economic development of the State as a whole. FOREST DISTRIBUTION BY TYPES The forests of Western North Caro- lina are a part of the great Appalachian hardwood region, which extends from southern New England to the moun- tainous portions of northern Georgia and Alabama. These forests differ trom those of the central hardwood re- gion, into which they gradually merge beyond the western border of this State, in their possession of several important species which do not grow beyond the mountains, or grow in very small quan- tities. Such species as chestnut, red oak, hemlock, and white pine form a large proportion of the Appalachian forests, and scarcely appear in those of the central hardwood region. There are two distinct classes of for- ests in this region; the spruce forest on the tops of the highest mountains, and the hardwood forest, either pure or as- sociated with pine. On some mountain slopes hemlock grows in almost pure stands, and some old fields at the lower elevations have grown up to pure or mixed stands of pine; with these excep- tions the hardwood stand covers the whole area. SPRUCE FOREST The spruce forest grows only on the tops and upper slopes of the high mountains, and rarely below an aver- age elevation of 5,500 feet. This for- est is an extension of the great spruce forest of the North, which seeks in- creasingly higher altitudes as it extends south, and reaches its southern limit on the western shoulders of Clingman’s Dome, a peak 6,600 feet high, in Swain County. The largest spruce areas in this region, as will be seen by the map, occur in Swain, Jackson, Haywood, Yancey and Mitchell counties. The distribution of the type is dependent not only upon elevation but also upon moisture conditions and to a large ex- tent on protection from storms by the surrounding mountain peaks. The type extends down only a short dis- tance on the southern slopes of even interest has been manifested “In Maryland, I’d consider shelter unnecessary, although you would or should have feed corrals or pastures, where game could be fed some in win- ter, making it tamer and allowing a count and view of the animals. “Let the buffalo run all the year with the cows. “Fill will kill dogs or run them out of pasture, especially when the elk calves are around. I saw a bunch of them corner a big Canada lynx and he was one of the worst scared animals I ever saw,—only saved his life by climbing a tree. “You would not need goats with the elk. “No special training is required to handle elk,—just good wild hog sense. If feeding hay at any time remember that elk and deer prefer weedy hay to clear timothy or alfalfa. “Tn a small enclosure during rutting season, the bulls are dangerous—same as male deer at that season, but in a large park the elk will keep away from a man. “A man on a horse would be im- mune from bulls, unless during the rut, he would corner an old fellow. “The meat of the bulls is best out here up to about October Ist, although at times a bull will rut in September, by 15th to 20th. “Cows are good at any time when in flesh—same as our domestic cattle. Bulls are good meat when they regain flesh after their horns are shed (usual- ly in March this happens). “T’ve never hesitated to go among the elk freely, afoot or in saddle, at any time except rutting season, but while it might be and is as a rule, safe to feed them salt from the hand, yet it is unwise to trust any mature wild animal—he seems to get locoed at times. I'll write Mr. Knorr and urge that the Agricultural Department co- operate with the Maryland Agricultural Station and try game raising, but you know that the Government is mighty slow at times. I have urged many times that the game be placed on cut over 443 444 AMERICAN lands of low value in Maryland, Vir- ginia, West Virginia, and Pennsyl- vania. “It is a great chance to make money easily. I have a friend in Iowa who kills his deer and tags them with a special permit, ships to Chicago, and nets about $30 for does and $35 for bucks. These animals cost him very FORESTRY sheep—his income from deer in an 80- acre pasture is $1,000 to $1,100 per year for venison and $300 to $500 per year from sale of live animals. “Except to feed in winter and to dress the meat, there is no work in raising and selling these deer. “T’ve had nearly 40 years’ experience in raising and selling wild animals and am fairly well posted. A DEMONSTRATION FOREST little more than to raise a couple of of Regents of the HE Board ~ ) University of Washington, at their meeting April 24, on the recommendation of President Kane unanimously authorized the College of Forestry to co-operate with the United States Forest Service in the establish- ment and operation of a demonstration forest. The College of Forestry has long felt the need of such a forest. While the general conditions about Seattle are perhaps better adapted for carrying out student exercises and demonstrations by the instructor than they are at any other school in the country, yet there are many problems that cannot be worked out successfully except on an area fully controlled by the College. Although this forest will be subject to the control of the United States Forest Service and a tract owned by the Uni- versity would in some respects be more desirable this forest will open the way for the solution of many problems. The object of the demonstration for- est is two-fold. First. It will be used as an experiment station. The field of work in this line that is open in the Pacific Northwest is practically un- limited and the various problems to be solved have hardly been touched upon. Abroad forest experiment stations are common and they have contributed largely to the development and ad- vancement of forestry. With the de- crease in the available timber supply and the increasing interest that lum- bermen and timberland owners are showing in reforestation, the general public is demanding information on the best methods of handling forest lands for increased and continued produc- tion. It is one of the objects to use the forest to carry on experiments that will lead to a solution of these prob- lems. The second object of the demonstra- tion forest is to make it serve as a field laboratory where the students in forestry may acquire at first hand practical knowledge of all phases of forestry and lumbering. This is of especial importance to the students who elect the course in logging engineering. This course combines a know ledge of forestry and logging in such a manner that it will enable the student, after a period of apprenticeship, to take charge of logging operations. The site for the forest will probably be selected during the coming summer. An entire water-shed readily accessible to the University will be chosen. When the work is put under way the students will be required to make a complete working plan, including a _ detailed cruise, topographic and fo1est type maps, valuation of timber, plan of logging, improvements, and _ tables showing growth and yield. All cutting will be done in accordance with the working plan in such manner that the operations are financially successful and at the same time that future yields will be increased and the forest gen- erally improved. The details of all proposed plans will be subject to ap- proval by the National Forest Service. All timber sales will be made in ac- cordance with Forest Service regula- tions and the revenues therefrom will be entirely under government control. THE FORESTRY CONFERENCE IN THE WHITE MOUNTAINS HE program for the Fifth An- nual Forestry Conference in the White Mountains, July 17- 19, presents a number of interesting features. It is held under the auspices of the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests, in co-opera- tion with the New Hampshire Forestry Commission, and includes meetings of the Directors of the American Fores- try Association, the North-Eastern Foresters, and the New Hampshire Timberland Owners Association. An outline of the program shows the ex- cursions and visits to forest enter- prises, and the subjects for discussion: July 17, 10 a. m. Meeting at the Deer Park Hotel, North Woodstock. A visit will be made to the famous Lost River, which has recently been acquired by the Society for the pro- tection of New Hampshire Forests, with 148 acres of timberland adjoin- ing. 8 p.m. A meeting at the Deer Park Hotel, North Woodstock. Ex-Gover- nor Rollins will preside. Addresses are expected from Governor Bass, of New Hampshire, President of the American Forestry Association, and Governor Plaisted, of Maine. Mr. W. R. Brown, Chairman of the State For- estry Commission, will outline the for- est work in New Hampshire, followed by brief remarks by the State Foresters and other official representatives from the several New England States. July 18. At Bretton Woods. 2p. m. The Mt. Pleasant House. A meeting for the discussion of measures to pre- vent forest fires. Mr. W. R. Brown will preside. Brief papers wil be pre- sented from a number of persons who have actually had experience in fight- ing fires. Mr. J. G. Peters will speak upon the co-operation of the federal government. 8 p.m. The Mt. Pleasant House. General conference upon conditions in the White Mountains. It is expected that members of the National Forest Reservation Commission will be pres- ent, together with representatives from the Forest Service and the Geological Survey. New Hampshire’s purchase of the Crawford Notch. Experts have been invited to discuss the influence of the forest upon the flow of streams. July 19... 90 a.m: Thee Me Pleasant House. Eleventh annual meeting of the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests. 10 a. m. General conference upon forest taxation. Leaders in this dis- cussion will be, Dr. B. E. Fernow, of Toronto, Professor Fred R. Fairchild of Yale, and Professor Charles J. Bul- lock, of Harvard, and the Foresters from the several States. 2:30 p.m. The Crawford House. A porch talk on the Crawford Notch pur- chase, followed by a walking trip into the primeval spruce timber on Mt. Webster. Members of the conference will visit the State Forest Nursery at Bos- cawen, N. H. Headquarters for the conference will be at the Mt. Pleasant House, Bretton Woods, which makes a special rate of $3.00 per day. The same rate to members of the confer- ence is made by the Deer Park Hotel, and the Crawford House. The Mt. Washington Hotel also offers special rates. CHINA’S MOST VALUABLE WOOD. The nammu tree (Persea nam-mu Oliver) of the laurel family of plants yields the most valuable wood of China. lies between the 25th and 26th degrees north latitude. It grows in the moist climate of western Szechuan, China, which This is in about the latitude of New Orleans and attempts are now being made to grow this valuable tree in this country. 445 STATE FOREST PROBLEMS IN MARYLAND By F. W. Brst&y, State Forester Oke many years ago the Federal Government was practically the only agency for organized for- estry work in this country. Since then, however, not less than twenty-seven States have taken up the practice of forestry in a more or less systematic way and are at the present time ex- pending over a million dollars. annually in the effort. When we recall the many years of hard fighting by a few men whose names are familiar to all of you, that was required to establish a forest policy for the Government upon the millions of acres that the Government owned, it is not surprising that the States have been unseemingly slow in adopting a forest policy which involved lands owned by private individuals who have little or no interest in this general problem of forest conservation. Here- in lies one of the chief difficulties and accounts in a large measure for the slow development of forestry in the states. Few states have large holdings of forest land upon which they are free to practice forestry without re- striction. Practically all of the land is held by private individuals who can only be appealed to by showing them that the practice of conservative fores- try will pay and in face of the fire risk, the low value of stumpage, the hap- hazard system of taxation, and lack of reliable data as to what may be financially expected, this is difficult to figure out to the satisfaction of the landowner. At the same time the land- owner will continue to hold his land in timber growth, and is generally will- ing to adopt means for greater protec- tion and measures to improve growth conditions when such improvement does not involve much of an outlay. This opens up a wide field of useful- ness which the state can, and does, supply and which means real progress even though it be far from the ideal we hope to attain eventually. Organized forest work began in Maryland in 1906 through the activities 446 of a few people, who succeeded in se- curing the necessary legislation to es- tablish it, and did not come because there was a demand for it on the part of the people at large. It started in an inconspicuous way, with a small ap- propriation, too small in fact to attract the notice of the politicians. Like many other states the promoters of the for- est movement in Maryland had the co- operation of the United States Forest Service which offered a model law, that, with a number of modifications to suit the circumstances, was adopted. One of the good features of the law was the provision reltaing to a non- partisan State Board of Forestry, con- sisting of the Governor, the Comp- troller, the president of the Johns Hop- kins University, the president of the State Agricultural College and two ap- pointees of the Governor, one of whom shall be a citizen of the State interested in the advancement of forestry and the other a practical lumberman, engaged in the manufacture of lumber within the state. Notwithstanding the fact that Maryland has the reputation of great political activity within her state boards, the Board of Forestry has been entirely free from it, and ever since the work was organized there has been absolutely no political interference and it is not believed that with an ex-officio board of this character, such a thing is probable. The forest law has been amended in two or three particulars, but in the main it stands to-day as representing nearly everything that is needed from the standpoint of legisla- tion, and its successful working has prompted other states to adopt many of its provisions. Forestry in Mary- land has a promising field and while progress has been slow, a substantial foundation has been laid which will enable the state to proceed in the de- velopment of a forest policy along con- structive lines. The first appropriation was $7,000 for the two years 1907- 1908; $8,000 for the two following years; $9,000 for the next two years STATE FOREST PROBLEMS IN MARYLAND GOOD SPECIME 2 'S OF FOREST and for the years 1913 and 1914 the sum of $84,500 becomes available. It should be added that $58,500 of the last biennial appropriation is for the purchase of lands, leaving $26,000 for maintenance and publications. State work is necessarily of an ex- tensive character, rather than inten- sive. The position of Maryland 1s per- haps unique in the great variety of natural conditions that exist within her borders. From the extreme southeast- ern to the extreme northwestern cor- ners of the State is practically 265 miles in a straight line and between these two extremities are found as great a vari- ety of soil conditions, tree species, and forest types, as can probably be found in any state. This gives a diversity of conditions that is ‘not usually found elsewhere. In the extreme southeast- ern part of the State are pure stands of red gum, cypress and loblolly pine, such as are common to the south; while in the extreme western part, in the mountain region, the white pine, tama- rack, hemlock, spruce, yellow birch, sugar maple and other trees of the northern type are found. Between these extremes is a variety of hard- GROWN WHITE OAKS, KENT COUNTY. woods that would be difficult to dupli- cate in any other equal area in the United States. Likewise this field pre- sents nearly every form and degree of forestry from the worst kind of mis- management to the most intensive form. In the central part of the State where the best agricultural soils are found, the woodlands are confined, as a rule to relatively small woodlots, re- ceiving in most cases fairly intense for- est management under the selection system. In the southeastern part of the State, where pure stands of lob- lolly pine are found, the form of man- agement approaches the clear cutting system. Southern Maryland its a sec- tion in which large areas, that were formerly cultivated, prior to the Civil War, are now grown up in pines and hardwoods. In the mountain forests of the western section, destructive methods of lumbering and severe for- est fires afford excellent examples of what to avoid in the practice of fores- try. There are two million acres of woodland in the State, which repre- sents 35% of the total land area, so that according to the ideal arrange- ment in an agricultural state, the per 448 AN A HEAVY SECOND GROWTH STAND OF SEEN IN THE cent of woodland is still in excess of local needs. It is estimated that 20% of the total land area is better adapted to a forest growth than for cultivation or pasture, and it is not likely that the woodland will ever be reduced below this percentage. Probably 95% of the woodlands are in small holdings, rang- ing from 5 to 1,000 acres, so that it is difficult to get organized co-operation in fire protection, because of the large number of owners involved. Naturally under the diversity of con- ditions that have been indicated, the forest problems of even a small State like Maryland are many and varied. What is true of Maryland is also appli- cable in most of the eastern states. The main forest problems in Mary- land may be classed under: Investi- gation of forest conditions; Educa- tional work; Co-operation with land- owners; The control of forest fires; Acquisition and care of State Forests. INVESTIGATION. Before any State can adopt an in- telligent forest policy there is the need of reliable information concerning its LOBLOLLY LOWER EASTERN SHORE TE RICAN FORESTRY + CT ie acl ae | ef yi at SUCH AS IS FREQUENTLY MARYLAND. PINE, PENINSULA OF forest resources. This has been se- cured by the different states in various ways and in a more or less approxi- mate manner. ‘The first work done in Maryland was the beginning of a for- est survey, by counties, in which all the woodlands were plotted on base maps, drawn on a scale of 1 mile to the inch. All woodlots of 5 acres or more were located as accurately as pos- sible and classified as to character and condition, as nearly as could be done by a superficial examination in driving over the public, and many of the pri- vate, roads. ‘This work has been con- tinued from 1906, until the present time, when the survey of the State has been completed, with the exception of one county. In addition to the for- est map of each county, a large amount of information was obtained as to for- est fires, suitable methods of forest management, timber production and uses, market conditions, transportation facilities, the forest fire sentiment in the communities, etc. This first-hand information has enabled the Forester become intimately acquainted with all sections of the State and the vari- ous conditions that are presented; the STATE FOREST PROBLEMS IN MARYLAND 149 A DENSE YOUNG STAND OF MIXED HARDWOODS IN NEED OF AN IMPROVEMENT CUTTING. results of these studies being published in the form of county reports, a num- ber of which will appear during the coming winter as an appropriation of $6,000 has just been made available for this purpose. Further investigations are being made as to the rate of growth of the important timber trees and other stud- ies in anticipation of future needs. The idea is to have in the possession of the State such complete information as will enable the forest officials to meet the various questions that are con- stantly coming up in an intelligent man- ner, and without delay. Maryland has placed more emphasis upon this fea- ture perhaps than other States, but to us it seems fundamental and I believe will be fully justified. If forestry is to succeed fully, it must be presented in a popular man- ner, so that its principles shall become household words, so.to speak. ‘To ac- complish this necessitates the use of every available means by which it may be introduced to all classes of people. It is primarily a campaign of educa- tion that must be conducted for many years to come. It is particularly im- portant in the beginning. The educa- tional feature of the work takes various forms as for example, lectures before various organizations, miscellaneous gatherings, in fact any places or occa- sions where an audience is provided. This will naturally take a wide range possibly from a woman’s sewing circle to a legislative assembly. ‘The most ef- fective work is done with Farmers In- stitutes, Farmers Clubs and Granges, because in such meetings there is the direct contact with the progressive woodlot owner. Forestry exhibits at the county fair and other exhibitions is an eftective method of reaching many people. Publications bearing on various forestry subjects and calcu- lated to meet specific needs are also an effective means of education. The Maryland law provides for a course of lectures on forestry at the State Agri- cultural College which as supplemen- tary education along agricultural lines is productive of good results. The plan of keeping the newspapers sup- plied with material that they will pub- lish is another educational feature and not to be slighted. In all of the edu- cational work, the important thing is to reach the individual landowner who has it in his own hands to promote or ane the real progress of forestry and » do this is one of the most difficult * . ~ ; P > J pos 1a . / / 1a A PASTURED WOODLOT SHOWING POOR GROWTH, DUE problems of State forest work. After all the means enumerated have been used to the limit, people will be found who have never heard that there was a State Forest Organization. The plan of examining woodlands upon application and giving advice to the owners has been carried on in Maryland, as in other States. Since the adoption of this plan about 28,000 acres of woodland have been examined and advice given as to its management. These areas are widely scattered over the State and each serves in a way as an object lesson of practical forestry applied in a manner to meet the needs of the individual case. This work has been supplemented by the establish- ment of five demonstration forests in as many different counties for the pur- pose of carrying out in a more definite way certain plans of forest manage- ment. ‘These demonstration forests be- long to private landowners who have agreed to manage them under the di- rection of the State Forester. In this way the State can offer demonstrations of applied forestry without having to acquire the land and so far the plan has worked very satisfactorily. One of the easiest ways to interest the average landowner in forestry is to AMERICAN FORESTRY a09 4 ~~ ae * Y- Se DECK Sy Re Sire Meee > oor , Ses peer. Sew - SOIL COVER AND ABSENCE OF YOUNG TO OVER-GRAZING. get him started along the lines of tree planting. Trees grown in a State For- est nursery and sold to him at cost is an inducement. The demand for such stock is usually much greater than the supply. In this way a man may be perfectly willing to plant trees on good agricultural land, when under the most favorable conditions no profit can be reasonably expected, while he may have a hundred acres of burned over mismanaged woodland, which if pro- tected properly and managed would in- crease the yield to three or four times what he now receives. As a purely business proposition much of the pri- vate planting that is done is open to serious question, but inasmuch as the landowner insists upon doing it and it really advances the interest in forestry the State is not without justification in encouraging the enterprise. At any rate forest planting in the east, or else- where, under certain conditions is a good thing and if we as foresters en- courage the would-be planter to re- strict his planting to locations where fire protection can be assured and to soils not suitable for more renumera- tive crops, and to trees of rapid growth and early maturity, no permanent harm will be done to the individual or to the reputation of the forester. STATE FOREST PROBLEMS IN MARYLAND 451 A ~ ROADWAY THROUGH A MARYLAND FOREST. The control of forest fires is the most important problem in Maryland, as 1s apparently the case in all of the other States. It is reasonably certain that if forest fires in the mountains could be controlled within reasonable limits, the timber production of that section would be at least doubled. Without such fire control conservative forest manage- ment is out of the question. There are some sections in the State where forest fires are infrequent, such as the southern portion. In other places, such as the central part where the forest lands are generally isolated woodlots, fires are frequent but never so destructive because they are usually confined to relatively small areas. The annual loss from forest fires is about $100,000, the bulk of which is in the three western mountain counties. The forest laws are adequate to deal with the forest fire situation and now that we have secured increased appropria- tions for the purpose, it is believed that a fairly effective system may be es- tablished. The system now in operation is that of local forest wardens, forest patrolmen and lookout watchmen. All of these men are commissioned as for- est wardens by the Governor, upon recommendation of the State Forester. The law limits the number of wardens in each county to one for each 15,000 acres of woodland or majority fraction thereof. The wardens are under the control of the State Forester and are paid for services rendered at the rate of 25c. per hour, the county and State sharing equally in the expense. The wardens have the authority to employ assistance, arrest without warrant, the power to summon help in case of emer- gency, and in fact, they are given full authority to deal with forest fires and the enforcement of all forest laws. The forest patrolmen are employed under the co-operative arrangement provided in the Weeks Law, the State putting up $1,200, which amount has been du- plicated by the Federal Government to pay the expenses of the patrol work. This amount will be more than doubled for the next year. STATE FOREST RESERVATIONS. As a general policy the acquisition by the State of large forest areas is open to question. To my mind there are but three legitimate objects to be con- sidered in such purchases. 1. Mountain lands, which have a high value for water conservation in state streams, in addition to timber pro- duction and upon which the present or 452 prospective owners cannot afford to practice conservative forest manage- ment because of economic conditions. 2. Small areas distributed over the state to serve as demonstrations of practical forest management. 3. Lands of special value for State parks, or watershed protection. Maryland owns less than 2,000 acres of State Forests located in the moun- tain section and which may be classed under number 1 above. These came to us by gift at the time the first forest law was enacted. The five demonstra- tion forests under State supervision, but privately owned, served as the sec- ond class of State Forests; while the third will be represented in the Pataps- co Park, near Baltimore, for the pur- AMERICAN FORESTRY chase of which $50,000 has recently been appropriated by the State. These are only a few of the more im- portant problems with which the State has to deal. Many others are awaiting solution, such as the taxation of wood- lands, the problem of forest tree in- sects, and diseases, the encouragement of wood-using industries that will utilize low grade material and make forest management more profitable, the protection of shade and roadside trees, and new ones constantly asserting themselves as new conditions are pre- sented. *Photographs by courtesy of the Maryland State Board of Forestry. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION DIRECTORS MEETING Gr midsummer meeting of the directors of the American For- estry Association will be held in the White Mountains, in connection with a trip on July 17, 18 and 19, ar- ranged by a joint invitation extended to them and their guests by Governor Bass, of New Hampshire, the presi- dent of the American Forestry Asso- ciation; the New Hampshire Forestry Commission and the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests. The following itinerary has been ar- ranged for all those starting from New York, but it is desired that 1f it is more convenient for others to join the party at some point en route that they may feel free to do so. If sufficient ac- ceptances to the invitations are re- ceived a special Pullman car will be attached to the regular 8 p. m. train for Concord, N. H., at the Grand Cen- tral Station, New York, on Tuesday evening, July 16, which will be side- tracked at Concord on Wednesday morning. The party will breakfast Wednes- day, July 17%, at the Eagle Hotel and Governor Bass will then receive and welcome the party at the State Capitol. Automobiles will be furnished through the courtesy of a number of those in attendance and an automobile truck to carry all baggage. A run will then be made of about seventy-five miles to Deer Park Hotel at North Woodstock stopping on the way to see the State Nursery at Boscowan and to lunch at Plymouth. At Deer Park Hotel the party will join members of the So- ciety for the Protection of New Hamp- shire Forests in a short visit to the most beautiful Lost River Reserve nearby, lately purchased by the Society, returning to the Hotel for dinner and the night. The morning of Thursday, July 18, the party will proceed by au- tomobile through the profile notch to the Mt. Washington Hotel, Bretton Woods, for lunch and remain there in attendance upon the fifth annual fores- try conference which is to be held at Bretton Woods on the 18th and 19th under the auspices of the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests in co-operation with the State Forestry Commission and the Asso- ciation of North Eastern Foresters Short excursions from this point can easily be taken to see the New State Reservation of Crawford Notch and the proposed Federal Reserves to be purchased under the Weeks Act. The special Pullman will be brought from Concord to Bretton Woods for those returning to New York and leave at about 8:30 a. m., July 20, and arrive in New York at about 9 p. m. THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY AT SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY N July 28, 1911, the act establish- ing the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse Univer- sity became a law through the signature of Governor Dix. The objects and pur- poses of the College as stated in its or- ganic law are: 1. The conduct upon land acquired for such purposes of such experiments in Forestry and Reforestation as the Board of Trustees deem most advan- tageous to the interests of the State and the advancement of the Science of For- estry 2. The planting, raising, cutting and selling of trees and timber at such times, of such species and quantities as the Board of Trustees deems best, with 2 view of obtaining and imparting knowl- edge concerning the scientific manage- ment and use of forests, their regulation and administration, and the production, harvesting and reproduction of wood crops and the earning of a revenue therefrom. The College is directly under the con- trol of a Board of ‘Trustees, partly designated by the Act of Organization, partly appointed by the Governor and partly elected by the Trustees of Syra- cuse University. New York was one of the first States to realize the necessity of training young men as foresters. In 1898 the State Legislature established a State College of Forestry at Cornell University and gave to the College a tract of 30,000 acres in the Adirondacks to be used as a demonstration forest. Owing to an unfortunate combination of circum- stances arising in the management of the demonstration forest at Axton, the College was closed in 1902 after four very successful years under Dr. B. E. Fernow, now Dean of the Faculty of Forestry at Toronto University. In view of the tremendous interest in every phase of forestry in the State evidenced by a constant demand from all classes of people for more information as to the reforestation of waste lands and thie best methods of caring for what we still have, the State College of Forestry was re-established and located at Syracuse University because of the easy accessi- bility from all parts of the State, near- ness to the Adirondacks, and because of splendid facilities offered students in forestry for work in other colleges of the university in engineering and the natural sciences. Those who framed the organic law of the College saw clearly that such an institution should serve the State in more than instructional work in for- estry only and obligated the College to carry on two definite and equally im- portant lines of work: The carrying on of such research and investigative work in forestry as will aid in the solution of the many problems which confront the people and the State of New York in the protection, care and extension of that increasingly valuable asset of the State—the forests of the Adirondacks and the Catskills, and in the practical reforestation of the millions of acres of waste lands in the State which are adapted to a forest crop only. Second, the giving of instruction in forestry, not only for students who may be at- tending the professional courses in the Col lege or the practical ranger course, but for anyone else in the ‘State who wishes to know more as to the care of their trees, the planting of waste lands so that such lands may become a profit and not a loss; the cutting of timber so that another crop may be obtained; the treatment of timber so as to prevent decay, and general facts as to our trees and forests and the animals and plants which may help or injure them. A FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION To be able to carry on effectively such research and investigative work as will be of immediate help in the State, the Legislature stated in its act that $40,000 of the initial appropriation for the College of Forestry should be used 453 454 AMERICAN for the purchase of land. Early in April a tract of 90 acres, made up of two small farms and their buildings, and lying just beyond the south boun- dary of the city on one of the main trolley lines, was purchased and is known as “The Forest Experiment Station of the New York State College of Forestry.” The land was selected because of accessibility from the city and the University; because of great diversity of soil conditions and because of a living stream of water which can be made easily available over the entire tract. Some 30 acres is covered with woodlot made up largely of maple, oak, hickory and other hardwoods, but con- taining an unusual amount of volunteer seedling growth of pine, hemlock and arbervite. During the present spring over 450,000 seedlings of conifers will be put into transplant beds for use in experimental work in reforestation of waste lands. A hundred seed beds will be planted with seed of a large number of species, but mostly of conifers. Several lines of experimental work are being organized, some of which will be carried on in co-operation with the State Conservation Commission, the Department of Forestry of the State College of Agriculture at Cornell and with other forest interests of the State. PROFESSIONAL TRAINING IN FORESTRY A four-year technical course leading to a degree of Bachelor of Science in Forestry will be given. Upon comple- tion of a fifth year in the College and a period of satisfactory practice, the graduates of this College will be granted the degree of Master of Forestry. For graduates of Syracuse University or other institutions of similar rank, whose undergraduate work has not had special reference to technical forestry, two years of work in the College will be required for the Master’s degree. THE RANGER SCHOOL The increasing demand for men trained in the woods and understanding the elementary principles of Forestry has led the college to establish a ranger FORESTRY school to be known as the “New York State Ranger School.” An _ intensely practical course of two years will be given, which it is believed will prepare men in a splendid way for work as forest rangers, forest guards, forest estate managers, nursery foremen and tree planting experts. Two thousand acres lying along Cranberry Lake in the Adirondacks has been offered to the College for its Ranger School and it is planned to give nearly all the work of the School in the woods. During a portion of each year, instructors will be at the School to give work in Mathe- matics and Engineering, Botany, Soils and Geology, Zoology and Entomology and related lines. Practical woodsmen and lumbermen will be brought in for special instruction. It will be the con- stant aim of the College to turn out men from the Ranger School who will understand the forests and their care and what they mean to the State, and” who will be as practical in the woods as training of such length can make them. WHERE THE COLLEGE WILL WORK. For the present, the State College of Forestry is located in the new Natural Science Building of the University, Lyman Hall. Laboratories are being equipped for work in Dendrology and Wood Technology. The Forest Ex- periment Station will be used for in- structional work in Seeding and Piant- ing and Nursery Practice. Some $8,000 of the present year’s State appropriation for the College will be spent during the coming summer for a range of green- houses and potting and seed storage rooms for winter work in Nursery Practice and for experimental work in Silviculture, Forest Pathology and En- tomology. A Forestry library for the College has been begun and an effort will be made to make this library un- usually complete and accessible, that it may become especially valuable to those wishing to do research work along any phase of Forestry. A very large room has been assigned the College for a Forestry Museum. Collections will be made to show economic relations and NEW LYMAN HALT, OF SCIENCE, PORESTRY AT SYRACUSE IN THIS' NBW BUILDING. THE HOME developments and for their instructional value. The College, through numerous trol- ley and steam lines running in every direction from Syracuse, has easy ac- cess to a wide territory in which there are unusual examples of different for- est floras, forest conditions, and logging and lumbering operations. In its near- ness to the Adirondack forest, where the Conservation Commission is doing such splendid work in reforestation, of extensive areas of waste lands where reforestation is greatly needed, and large logging and manufacturing opera- tions, there is no more strategic center anywhere in respect to the solving of forestry problems, than that of the New York State College of Forestry. THE TEACHING STAFF OF THE COLLEGH That the preliminary work of organi- zation might be begun at once and that YORK STATE, COLLGEGE OF FORESTR UNIVERSITY. vi 455 Photo by Hugh P. Baker. OF THE THE NEW YORK COLLEGE HAS STATE COLLEGE OF AMPLE QUARTERS arrangements might be made for in- structional work during 1911-12, the Board of Trustees appointed Dr. Wil- liam L,. Bray, Chief of the Department of Botany in the University, as Acting Dean of the College. Dr. Bray has not only had an unusually strong training in Botany, but for several years carried on investigational work in Western Texas in co-operation with the United States Forest Service, which resulted in the publication of valuable reports on forest conditions in our Southwest. In, February, 1912, Dr, iiugh se Baker was elected to the position of Dean of the College of Forestry, and he entered upon the work on the first of April. Dr. Baker has a Bachelor’s Degree from the Michigan Agricultural College, a degree of Master of Forestry from the Yale Forest School and in 1910, after a residence of one and one- half years in Germany, received the degree of Doctor of Economics from 456 AMERICAN FORESTRY THE VALLEY FARM OF THE FOREST STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY. TRANSPLANT the University of Munich. He entered the then Division of Forestry in 1901, and for ten years was continuously con- nected with scientific and practical work in the Government Service. In 1904 he took charge of Forestry at the lowa State College, developing the work there, and in 1907 took charge of the Department of Forestry at the Pennsyl- vania State College. In the fall of 1911, to meet immediate need for instructional work in Forestry, Mr. EF. E. McCarthy, a graduate of the Forest School at Ann Arbor, came to the College as Assistant Professor of Forestry, and during the past year has been giving courses in Dendrology, Mensuration and Silviculture. He re- mains at the College under the newer organization and will have charge of the work in Dendrology and Wood Technology. John W. Stephen, who was graduated from the Forest School of the University of Michigan and who EXPERIMENT OVER 150,000 SEEDLINGS WILL BE PUT BEDS ON THIS AREA AND 100 SEED BEDS PLANTED FOR BOTH CONIFERS AND HARDWOODS. Photo by Hugh P. Baker. STATION OF THE NEW YORK INTO WITH SEED spent two years in charge of State Forest Lands in Northern Michigan, came to the State Conservation Com- mission in 1908, as a Forester and de- veloped the extensive State Nursery at Salamanca. He took up work with the College on April 15th, as Assistant Pro- fessor of Silviculture, and will have direct charge of the Forest Nursery being developed at the Forest Experi- ment Station, and will develop during the coming spring a demonstration planting on the State Fair Grounds. He will have charge also of such ex- tension work as the College does in reforestation of waste lands in the State. Professor Frank F. Moon, who has been in charge of the work in Forestry at the Massachusetts Agricultural Col- lege tor the past two years, and who will spend the coming summer in Ger- many, comes to the College in Septem- ber as Professor of Forest Engineering. He will have charge of the work in Forest Mensuration and Engineering, CHESTNUT TREES GOING CUTTING DOWN CHESTNUT and will carry on work in Forest Map- ping in co-operation with the State Conservation Commission. Professor Nelson C. Brown, who is now connected with the Department of Horticulture and Forestry at the Iowa State College, and who was formerly Deputy Forest Supervisor of the Deer- ledge National Forest in Montana, comes to the College on the first of July as Assistant Professor of Lumbering. TREES AT BEACH. SOUND Professor Brown, who is a graduate of Yale College and the Yale Forest School, has had very unusual practical training in Forestry, and will have en- tire charge of the courses in Lumber- ing, Forest Utilization and related lines. During the coming summer he will make a study of logging and manufacturing operations in “Northern New York, to gather material for his work in the College and for publication. THE CHESTNUT TREES GOING VERY student and lover of hu- eS man nature has mourned on ac- count of the sickness and death of the chestnut trees, says The Guide to Nature. ‘The chestnut trees are our special friends of the forest and around them are particularly pleasant mem- ories of the time, when in our youth, we gathered their fruit. In their flow- ering and fruiting they are of great interest in later biological studies. to tip of 170 feet. Aen = * NEWS AND NOTES “T heard of an oak tree at Meggetts, S. C., that was, and still is, the talk of the coun- tryside. Conductors on the trains tell strangers of its great size. I sent to Meg- getts and had measurements of the tree made. The trunk was only 25 feet in cir- cumference and the spread 125 feet. Hanging Forest Fire Starters Up in Alaska there is a bitter feeling against those who cause forest fires. This is not strange, but the Alaskans are carrying things to the very extreme and a vigilance committee has been formed whose duty it shall be to hang every offender. The Yukon Valley is described in press dispatches in the latter part of May as being a roaring fur- nace, and this means that great property damage is being done. Now, what stirs these dwellers of the North into such action is the recognition of the fact that in the greater number of cases these fires are started by the carelessness of some individual. They do not consider that it is right that one man, because he did not use the discretion that mature years ought to bring, should in- flict on others such damage as a forest blaze of any magnitude always entails. Fighting The Beetle The government is again taking up the fight against the small beetles that have been ravaging the forests of eastern Oregon. This year, however, the official in charge of the work expects to have a much easier task than last season, when more than $15,000 was expended near this city in the war on the little insects. Last year in the work large numbers of trees were cut down and burned and this year the men will cruise the area worked last year, making observations of the suc- cess of the work. They say the work last year was quite thorough and expect to find it was quite successful, leaving this section of the Whitman national forest practically free from the bugs, with but few isolated trees left standing for treatment. Pennsylvania Railroad Tree Planting The growing scarcity of timber suitable for manufacture into railroad ties, which has been responsible for a rapid increase in the cost of ties in recent years, has led the Pennsylvania to adopt a conservation scheme which includes the production of trees for its own use. More than four and a half million trees have been planted by the Pennsylvania in the past ten years. Last year alone 515,703 trees were transferred from the company’s nursery at Morrisville, Penn., to permanent places on railroad property. In 1909 1,000,000 young trees were set out. 479 At the nursery the Pennsylvania has in operation 36 acres which are kept up to practically maximum production. In 1911 483,148 forest trees were shipped from the nursery for company use, while an additional 46,558 ornamental trees and shrubs were used by the various divisions. The present stock on hand at the nursery is 2,296,833, of which 2,072,166 are forest trees, and 224,667 ornamental plants. Forest Experiments Plant Economologist A, W. Sampson, of the government forest service, will have charge of the establishment of a govern- ment grazing experiment station at Manti, Utah. Assistant District Forester O. M. Butler, of the silviculture department, and Assistant District Forester Homer E. Fenn, of the grazing department, will accompany Mr. Sampson to the Manti district. The foresters will experiment in tree reproductions, sheep grazing on streams, and establish a forest plant nursery to raise seed for grasses that are best adapted for that locality. -Fast Growing Eucalyptus L. M. Pratt, president of the Pratt Eucalyptus Investment Co., of Los Angeles, Cal., sends a clipping which describes a Eucalyptus tree three years old, grown with- out irrigation in one of his plantations, closely surrounded by other trees of the same age. It measured 8% inches in di- ameter, breast high; 12% inches in diameter at the butt, and 55 feet in height at three years of age. A half acre plot in which this tree is located was measured when just three years old. The trees showed an aver- age diameter of 5% inches, and an average height of 55 feet. These trees are doubtless the largest trees for their age ever produced in a California plantation, if not in the world. It is almost unbelievable that trees growing so rapidly produce a timber as hard and tough as hickory, which takes 90 years to attain a 12-inch diameter. Raising Big Tree Seedlings The Forest Service is raising several acres of big tree seedlings on the Tahoe National Forest in California, at a more northerly point than any natural big tree grove. While the giant sequoias are found in the forests of the Sierras at various points throughout a total range of some 250 miles, in the north- ern two-thirds of this range there is prac- tically no natural reproduction. It has con- sequently been a question whether the species would not practically disappear from fh region when the present mature trees ie. The most northern existing grove of big trees is on the Tahoe Forest, but about 34 480 miles southeast of the site selected for plant- ing. This site is on a moist flat not far from Nevada City, and is about 2,700 feet above sea level. The first seeding was done in the fall of 1910, with very successful re- sults, and last fall an additional area was seeded. The method used in planting the seed was that known to foresters as “the seed spot method.” Spots about six feet apart each way were prepared by pulverizing the AMERICAN FORESTRY earth with a garden hoe. Seeds were then dropped on these spots and lightly pressed in the soil with the foot. The flourishing condition of the young seedlings gives good reason to expect a future growth of big trees at this point. With protection of forests from fire there seems to be no reason why the big trees should disappear; even though scientists regard them as survivals from a past age, botanically speaking. BOOK REVIEWS Forestry in New England: By Ralph C. Haw- ley and Austin Hawes. New York; John Wiley & Sons. 1912. Pp. XV + 479. Illustrated. Teachers, students and practitioners of forestry will welcome this book which deals in so comprehensive and authoritative a manner with the specific forest problems of New England. The authors are practical foresters who have devoted years of study to forest conditions and management in the East. In the light of their own experience they have gathered together and made readily available the results of investigations which have been made from time to time, the rec- ords of which have previously existed in a heterogeneous mass of bulletins, articles, and reports. In preparing this book the authors had in mind two distinct purposes: First, to present a treatise or manual of practical value to all classes of land owners in the East; and second, to produce a textbook treating of forestry in New England. The latter is greatly needed at this time, especially in the various agricultural colleges where courses in forestry are given and where it is essential that thorough instruction in the forest problems of the northeastern United States be furnished. There is a still wider field for a book dealing with a specific por- tion of the country, so arranged as to serve as a ready guide for owners of woodland in that section. It has evidently been the aim of the authors to present the matter in the simplest and least technical form pos- sible without sacrificing accuracy, to the end that readers not familiar with forestry may have no difficulty in following the dis- cussion throughout. As a textbook for post-graduate schools giving the highest grade of instruction in forestry this book will have a greater value for its detailed discussion of New England forests than for the portion dealing with general forestry. But for numerous under- graduate schools giving a slightly lower grade of instruction all portions of this book will prove useful. To the owner of wood- lands in the region it will afford not only general information in regard to forestry and its application in New England, but also practical assistance in the detailed treatment of his local forest problem. S. gue EDUCATIONAL The Biltmore Forest School The early spring found the Biltmore Forest School returned from its winter quarters in the German forests and en- camped near Biltmore, N. C., at the snug logging camp of the Champion Lumber Company, owners of 135,000 acres of the finest timberland existing in the Southern Appalachians. No better setting for the course in “Logging and Lumbering” in which the school is now engaged can be imagined than that met at Here the mountains rise to elevations of 6,550 feet. The slopes are steep, and the stumpage is unequally distributed over the entire area. Thus it happens that the log- ging problems confronting the Champion Lumber Co., whose hospitality the Biltmore Foresters enjoyed at Sunburst, are very diversified and intensely interesting. “Sunburst.” Near the camp of the Biltmore Forest School, some 16 miles down the meanders of beautiful Pigeon River framed in flowering mountain laurel (Calmia latifolia), rises the smoke from the giant fibre works owned by the friends of the Biltmore Forest School, the Champion Fibre Co. Theirs is the hugest fibre plant, by far, to-day existing in the South. 500 long cords of spruce, hem- lock, pine, basswood, and notably chestnut are here converted, every day, into fibre by the sulphite and by the soda process of man- ufacture. . The lecture work during the stay of the Biltmore Forest School in the camps of the Champion Lumber Co. occupied the entire forenoons. Logging and lumbering was the main topic of Director C. A. Schenck’s course. Dr. House lectured on plant physi- ology and morphology; Dr. G. L. Sioussat CURRENT LITERATURE on Economics; Mr. H. B. Hudson on Law for Lumberman; Mr. Franklin Sherman on Entomology and Mr. C. S. Brimley on Gen- eral Zoology. The entomological and zoo- logical lectures were going hand in hana with the field work. From its Southern spring camps, the Bilt- more Forest School is about to move to its Summer camps at Cadillcc, Mich. En route to Michigan, the School visits the giant paper plant of the Champion Coated Paper Co., with which the Champion Lumber Co. and the Champion Fibre Co. are affiliated) at Hamilton, Ohio. The three steps in the manufacture of paper are thus studied, from the stump of the tree to the con- sumer. Thus it happens that the students become acquainted, in the course of their travels, with the various steps of the con- a of the trees into the necessaries of ife. In August, the Biltmore Forest School moves for its fall camps at Marshfield, Ore- gon. In October, the School sails for its winter quarters in the German forests. Mr. Spring Goes to Cornell. The trustees of Cornell University have appointed Mr. Samuel N. Spring, of New Haven, Connecticut, professor of forestry at Cornell University, and he will begin his work at Ithaca at the opening of the next college year. Mr. Spring will teach the courses in forest planting and the forest nursery, forest protection, forest policy, and a general introductory course. Mr. Spring graduated from Yale College with the degree of B. A. in 1898. For the 481 next three years he was engaged in a whole- sale dry goods business in Chicago, after which he returned to the Yale Forest School, graduating from that institution in 1903, with the degree of Master of Forestry. The next two years were spent at the University of Maine, where he was professor of fores- try in charge of the department. He spent the summers of 1902, 1903 and 1904 in work in New England for the U. S. Forest Service. From June, 1905, until January, 1909, Mr. Spring was constantly in the employ of the U. S. Forest Service, holding successively the positions of forest assistant, assistant forest inspector, chief of the section of co- operation in the Office of Extension, and chief of the Office of Extension. He was engaged in private forestry work from Janu- ary, 1909, until the fall of that year. Since the fall of 1909, he has been State forester of Connecticut, forester to the Connecticut Experiment Station at New Haven and spe- cial lecturer in the Yale Forest School and at the Connecticut Agricultural College—all of these. positions have been held continu- ously since the fall of 1909. Mr. Spring is a director of the American Forestry Association. His publications include two articles on “Forest Fires” and “White Pine,” in the re- ports of the Maine Forestry Commission for 1904-’06; Bulletin 63, U. S. Forest Service, “Natural Replacement of White Pine in New Eneland’<)Ciccular 41) Ui) S, Forest Service, “Forest Planting on Coal Lands in Western Pennsylvania”; “Forest Fire Manual, ” pub- lished by the State of Connecticut; “Report of the State Forester of Connecticut for 1910.” CURRENT LITERATURE MONTHLY LIST FOR JUNE, 1912. (Books and periodicals indexed in the Library of the United States Forest Service. ) Forestry as a Whole Proceedings and Reports of Associations, Commissions, etc. Annuaire des saux et foréts pour, 1912, vol. 51. 379 p. Paris, L. Laveur, 1912. British Columbia—Game and forest warden. Report, 7th, 1911. 19 p. Vancouver, [28 (Op vale nes India—Baluchistan—Forest dept. Progress report of forest administration for 1910- 11. 34 p. Calcutta, India, 1911. India—Madras : depart- ment. Annual administration report, 1910-1911. 192 p. Madras, 1912, India—United Provinces—Forest dept. An- nual progress report of forest administra- tion in the western and eastern circles for the forest year 1910-1911. 119 p. Allahabad, India, 1911. Indiana—State board of forestry. Eleventh annual report, 1911. 372 p. il. Indianap- olis, 1912. Mexico—Fomento, Secretaria de-Bosques, Departamento de Cartilla forestal, no. 1-3. pl. Mexico, 1909-11. St. Petersburg—Lyesnoi institut. Izvyestiya (Contributions), vol, 22. 329 p. pl., tables. St. Petersburg, 1912. Switzerland—Eidg. departement des innern— Inspektion fiir forstwesen, jagd und fischerei. Etat der schweizerischen forstbeamten, mit wissenschaftlicher bil- dung, Jan. 1912. 21p. Bern, 1912. Switzerland—Eidg. departement des innern— Inspektion fiir forstwesen, jagd und fischerei. Rapport, 1911. 20 p. Bern, 1912. University of Nebraska—Forest club. ‘The Forest club annual, vol. 4, 1912. 160 p. pl. Lincoln, Nebr., 1912. 482 AMERICAN Forest History Winkenwerder, Hugo. Forests and Ameri- can history. 30 p. Berkeley, Cal., Uni- versity of California, 1912. Forest Education Arbor Day. Idaho—Dept. of public instruction. Arbor day manual, 1912. 24 p. Grangeville, Idaho, 1912. Forest Legislation New Jersey—Forest park reservation com- mission. Laws of New Jersey relating to forestry. 1912. 35 p. Trenton, N. J., 1912. New York—Conservation commission. The conservation law in relation to fish and game as amended by the legislature of 1912. 284 p. Albany, N. Y., 1912. New York—Legislature. An act to amend the conservation law generally, and in relation to lands, forests and_ public parks. 40 p. Albany, N. Y., 1912. Forest Botany Trees, classification and description Hall, Harvey Monroe, and Hall, Carlotta Case. A Yosemite flora; a descriptive account of the ferns and flowering plants, including the trees, of the Yosemite na- tional park. 282 p. il., pl. San Fran- cisco, Paul Elder & Co., 1912. Mexico—Fomento, Secretaria de-Bosques, Departamento de Catalogo forestal de la Republica Mexicana. 29 p. Mexico, 1912. Woods; classification and structure Krueger, Theo. Notes on bark structure. 15 p. Lincoln, Nebr., University of Ne- braska, 1912. Mell, Clayton, D. and Brush, Warren D. Quebracho wood and its substitutes. 12 my heme Wweang IDR Cr aibhies (Uk Ss Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Circular 202.) Silvics Studies of species Phillips, Frank J. and Mulford, Walter. Utah juniper in Central Arizona. 19 p. it, pis Wash. (D>. C. A912. (U.S — Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Circular 197.) Forest soils Ramann, Emil. Bodenkunde. 3d ed. 619 p. il. Berlin, J. Springer, 1912. Silviculture Planting New Hampshire—Forestry commission. Re- foresting waste and cut-over land. 4 p. Concord, N. H., 1912. (Circular 2.) Forest Protection Diseases Smith, Ralph E., and Smith, Elizabeth H. California plant diseases. 155 p. il. Sacramento, Cal. 1911. (California— Agricultural experiment station. Bulle- tin 218). FORESTRY Fire Allen, E. T. The ambitious tree; a story for western children. 8 p. Portland, Ore., Western forestry and conservation association. New Jersey—Forest park reservation com- mission. Forest fire manual, 1912. 38 p. Trenton, N, J., 1912. Oregon—Forestry, State board of. Fire war- den’s hand book; Oregon forest fire laws, 1912. 45 p. Salem, Ore., 1912. Forest Management Frothingham, Earl H. Second growth hard- woods in Connecticut. 70 p. Wash., D. C., 1912. (U. S—Dept. of agricul- ture—Forest service. Bulletin 96.) Range management Thornber, J. J. Native cacti as emergency forage plants. 52 p. pl. Tucson, Ariz., 1911. (Arizona—Agricultural experi- ment station. Bulletin 67.) Forest Utilization Wood using industries Gould, Clark W. and Maxwell, Hu. The wood-using industries of Tennessee. 14 p. Nashville, Tenn., Southern lumber- man, 1912. Maxwell, Hu. Wood-using industries of Michigan. 101 p. tables. Lansing, Mich., Public domain commission, 1912. Forest by-products Gorkom, K. W. van. Cinchona in Java from 1872 to 1907. 72 p. Calcutta, Supt, of gov't. printing, 1912. (Agricultural ledger, 1911, no. 4.) Wood technology Wilson, Thomas R. C. Strength of cross- arms. 15 p. Wash, D.:C.,1912. (Us: —Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Circular 204.) Wood preservation Bateman, E. Quantity and quality of creo- sote found in two treated piles after long service. 8 p. pl. Wash., D. C., 1913. (U. S—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Circular 199.) Peters, E. W. The preservation of mine timbers. 27 \p: il, pl. Wash, DIG 1912. (U. S—Dept. of agriculture— Forest service. Bulletin 107.) Auxiliary Subjects Agriculture Giles, H. F. The logged-off lands of western Washington. 71 p. il, map. Olympia, Wash., Bureau of Statistics and immi- gration, 1911. Water power Brown, Rome G. Limitations of federal control of water powers. 64 p. Wash., D. C., 1912. (U. S—62d Congress—2d _session. Senate document 721.) United States—National waterways commis- sion. Final report, 579 p. il, diagz. Wash., D. C., 1912. CURRENT LITERATURE Floods Pittsburgh, Pa—Flood commission. Report of the Flood commission of Pittsburgh, Pa., containing the results of the sur- veys, investigations and studies made by the commission for the purpose of de- termining the causes of, damage by and methods of relief from floods in the Allegheny, Monongahela and Ohio riv- ers at Pittsburgh, Pa. 253, 452 p. pl. maps, diagrs. Pittsburgh, Pa., 1912. National parks and monuments United States—Dept. of the interior. Re- port on Platt and Wind Cave national parks, Sullys Hill park, Casa Grande ruin, Muir woods, Petrified forest, and other national monuments, including list of bird reserves. 46 p. il. maps. Wash., De C., 1942. Periodical Articles Miscellaneous periodicals American city, Feb. 1912.—Municipal control of shade trees, by W. Solotaroff, p. 488- 90. American city, March, 1912—Best species of trees for city streets, p. 565-9. American homes, March, 1912.—Hints on house flooring and interior finish, supple- ment 4. American homes, April, 1912—Proper care of shade trees in cities and towns, sup- plement 25. Annals of botany, April, 1912—The Podo- carpeae, by Walter Stiles, p. 442-514. On the development of the female strobilus in Podocarpus, by L. S. Gibbs, p. 515-71. Country life, April 1, 1912—England’s New forest, by R. W. Snedden, p. 59-60. Country life in America, June 1, 1912—A log cabin in Vermont, by A. J. Grout, p. 59-60; Building a log cabin, by Joseph B. Ames, p. 62, 82. Craftsman, May 1912.—Sugi finish; a Japa- nese decorative treatment of woods, p. 220-4. Craftsman, June 1912.—Bringing country beauty to the city streets, by Arthur Hay, p. 271-80. Garden magazine, June 1912—Long-lived evergreens for gardens, by W. Miller, p. 310-13. Gardeners’ chronicle, April 27, 1912.—Exotic forest trees, by G. W., p. 277. Gardeners’ chronicle, May 11, 1912.—Exotic forest trees, by Herbert Maxwell, p. 323. Guide to nature, April 1912—The chestnut _ trees must go, p. 395-7. Lippincott’s monthly magazine, June 1912.— ee bonds, by Edward S, Meade, p. 892-6. Mycologia, May 1912.—Preliminary notes on three rots of juniper, by George Grant Hedgcock and W. H. Long, p. 109-14; Notes on some western Uredineae which 483 attack forest trees, by George Grant Hedgcock, p. 141-7; Notes upon tree dis- eases in the eastern states, by P. Spauld- ing, p. 148-51. Outlook, April 27, 1912—-New forests for old, by O. W. Price, p. 947-55. Penn. state farmer, May 1912.—Application of the Weeks law in the White Mts., by S. L. Wolfe, p. 146-51; Chestnut bark disease, by H. R. Fulton, p. 151-5; The attitude of the railroads towards forest fires, by E. A. Sterling, p. 162-7; Recent developments of the course in forestry at Penn state, by W. D. Clark, p. 168-70; A chronological statement of the progress of forestry in Pennsylvania, by George H. Wirt, p, 171-4; Utilization of waste land for the production of trees, by J. B. Berry, p. 174-80. Phytopathology, April 1i912—The chestnut bark fungus, Diaporthe parasitica, by C. L. Shear, p. 88-9. Popular science monthly, June 1912—The national parks from the scientific and educational side, by Laurence Schmeceke- bier, p. 531-47. School science and mathematics, April 1912.— Forestry in geography, by E, R. Jackson, p. 271-7. Science, May 10, 1912—The fungus of the chestnue-tree blight, by W. G. Farlow, p. 717-22. Torreya, June 1912.—Induced hermaphrodism in Acer negundo, by C. G. Fraser, p. 121-4. Yearbook of the United States Dept. of agri- culture, 1911—Tree planting by farmers, by C. R, Tillotson, p. 257-68; The busi- ness aspect of national forest timber sales, by T. D. Woodbury, p. 363-70; Plant introduction for the plant breeder, by D. Fairchild, p. 411-22. Trade journals and consular reports American lumberman, May 18, 1912.—Some construction timbers of the Philippines; red lauan, by H. N. Whitford, p. 34; Fir as a timber for cross arms, by A. S. Crosby, p. 45. American lumberman, May 25, 1912.—A for- estry specialist, H. S. Sackett, p. 1, 43; Paper making from yellow pine refuse, Ppaas: Canada lumberman, May 15, 1912.—The In- dian a good forest ranger, p. 46-7. Canada lumberman, June 1, 1912.—St. John river log driving operations, by G. Skiff Grimmer, p. 28-30. Engineering magazine, April 1912.—Forest fires and the railways, by E. A, Sterling, p. 111-14. Engineering news, April 18, 1912.—Wood block paving with cement filler, by A. J. Schafmayer, p. 738-9. Hardwood record, May 25, 1912.—H. S. Sackett, p, 26-7; Lumber prices, by R. S. Kellogg, p. 27-9; New wood-staining process, by R. Grimshaw, p. 31; The fig- ured wood game, p. 356. 484 Hardwood record, June 10, 1912.—Tier-like structure of some woods, by S. J. Rec- ord, p. 38-9. r Lumber trade journal, June 1, 1912—Kiln drying long leaf pine, p. 41. Lumber trade journal, June 15, 1912—The wood using industries of Texas, by Hu Maxwell and Chas. F. Hatch, p. 27-44. Lumber world review, May 25, 1912.—A def- inite state forest policy; New York state progress in reforesting the Adirondacks, by E. A. Sterling, p. 22-3. Mississippi Valley lumberman, May 31, 1912. —From tree to consumer; brief outline of lumber manufacturing processes and what it costs to put lumber on the mar- ket, p. 40. Mississippi Valley lumberman, June 7, 1912. —Wood waste and its utilization, by G. B. Frankforter, p. 40-1. : Paper mill, May 11, 1912.—Forestry practice; what the International paper company is doing; its policy and work in Ver- mont, by B, A. Chandler, p. 16, 20. Pulp and paper magazine, May 1912.—Pulp wood regulations in British Columbia, p. 147-8; Experiments on ground wood at government laboratory, Wausau, Wis., p. 149-52; Qualities of Canadian pulp woods, by J. A. DeCew, p. 153-6. St. Louis lumberman, May 15, 1912—How clothes pins are made, p. 29; The inlay- ers of Hanoi, p. 30; Loblolly, the king of southern pines, by J. A. Clark, p. 55; Men or trees; the problem of our logged off lands, by J. J. Donovan, p. 77; Ad- verse conditions affecting the lumber in- dustry, by S. J. Carpenter, p. 51-2; Wood- using industries of Arkansas, p. 88. St. Louis lumberman, June 1, 1912—The test- ing of wood paving blocks, by F. Klee- berg, p. 54. Southern lumberman, May 25, 1912.—Wood- using industries of Tennessee, by C. W. Gould, p. 39-52. Timberman, May 1912.—Handling lumber by monorail system in modern Pacific Coast Mills, p. 24-5; Practical demonstration of the value of the overhead logging sys- tem, p. 29; Adequate equipment is es- sential to land clearing on commercial scale, by H. G. Rich, p. 33; Difficulties to be surmounted in applying electricity to log haulage, p. 50-2. Timber trade journal, May 25, 1912.—The woods of Gaboon and their commercial uses, p. 984. Timber trade journal, June 1, 1912.—Cypress and some of its uses, p. 1042. United States daily consular report, May 16, 1912.—Paper-yarn fabrics, by A. E. In- gram, p. 631; Hemp fiber for paper- making, by George E. Anderson, p. 632-3. United States daily consular report, May 18, - 1912.—Foreign lumber production and importation; Greece, by A. B. Cooke, p. 657-8; Foreign lumber production and importation; Siam, by C. C. Hansen, p. AMERICAN FORESTRY 658; Foreign lumber production and im- portation; Germany, by H. D. Spahr, p. 658-9; South African lumber imports, by E. A. Wakefield, p. 661; Australian tim- ber industry, p. 663; Forest conservation in Scotland, by H. D. Van Sant, p. 664. United States daily consular report, June 3, 1912—Pine lands of Nicaragua, by A. J. Clare, p. 906-7. West Coast lumberman, May 1912—Spark arresters, p. 533-4. Wood craft, June 1912.—Design and con- struction of wood mantels and fireplaces, by John Bovingdon, p. 69-73; The effect of water content on wood, by S. J. Rec- ord, p. 82-4; The cork industry, by C. S. Winans, p. 84-5. Wood-worker, May 1912.—The making of quartered oak stock, by Chas. J. Brey, p. 26-7; West African mahogany, p, 30; Saw mills in India, p. 55. Forest journals Centralblatt fiir das gesamte forstwesen, April 1912.—Ueber den einfluss ver- schiedener belichtung und extremer temperaturen auf den verlauf der kei- mung forstlichen saatgutes, by Gottfried Pittauer, p. 157-72; Die waldbrande von Porcupine and Cochrane, Kanada, by G. Pittauer, p. 193-5; Ueber Griechenlands walder, by Otto R. Maresch, p. 195-6. Forest Leaves, June 1912.—Records and pro- tection of plantations in foreign coun- tries, by George A. Retan, p. 132-4; For- est reserves a state investment, by John L. Storback, p. 134-5. Forstwissenschaft liches centralblatt, April 1912.—Nonnenstudien, by E. Knoche, p. 177-94; Gedenken tiber die umtriebsfrage, by Wagner, p. 194-207; Eine neue saat- methode in gebirg, by Hauenstein, p. 207-17. Indian forest records, March 1912.—Note on the antiseptic treatment of timber in India, with special reference to railway sleepers, by R. S. Pearson, p. 1-107. Revue des saux des foréts, April 15, 1912.— Observations sur le climat, le sol et les essence foresti¢res de la zone. Médi- térranéenne des Alpes-Maritimes, by A. Salvador, p. 225. Revue des saux et foréts, May 1, 1912— Quelques observations sur les dégats causés aux végétaux forestiers par la sécheresse de l’été 1911, by L. Parde, p. 257-60, Revue des eaux et foréts, May 15, 1912.— A propos de reboisement, by L. Pardé and J. Demorlaine, p. 289-92. Zeitschrift fiir forst-und jagdwesen, April 1912.—Die priifung des kiefernsamens, by Haack, p. 193-222. Zeitschrift fiir forst-und jagdwesen, May 1912.—Neuere forschungen auf dem gebiete der bodenkunde, by Albert, p. 240-9; Die mneueste Russische forst- Statistik, p. 313-16; Einfluss des kalkes auf das wachstum der pflanzen, by Frank Schwarz, p. 316-30. AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS - YALE FOREST SCHOOL NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT The course of study in the YALE FOREST SCHOOL covers a period of two years. Graduates of collegiate institutions of high standing are ad- mitted as candidates for the degree of Master of Forestry. ‘ The Summer Term is conducted at MILFORD, PIKE COUNTY, VENNA. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ADDRESS JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director New Haven Connecticut HARVARD UNIVERSITY | BILTMORE | THE DIVISION OF FORESTRY | | FOREST SCHOOL Biltmore, N. C. Offers a two-years’ graduate course leading to the degree of Master of Theoretical and practical instruc- py tion in all branches of applied for- estry. The course comprises eighteen The course includes upward of six | | months; viz: twelve consecutive months field instruction and practical months of lectures and field work and six months of practical prenticeship. Working fields in the Southern Appalachians, in the Lake States experience in the annual operations on the Harvard Forest, Petersham, Mass. and in central Germany. For further particulars address Catalogue upon Shp eauoe RICHARD T. FISHER, Chairman Cambridge, Mass. | Dr. C. A. SCHENCK, Director ’ JAMES D. LACEY WOOD BEAL VICTOR THRANE =vol Interested in SOUTHERN or PACIFIC COAST Timber? We furnish detailed reports as to the QUALITY of the timber, average lengths and number of trees on each 40-acre subdivision. We submit reports covering details as to logging conditions, cost and most feasible methods of logging each 40-acre or sectional subdivision of each tract. We also furnish a TOPOGRAPHICAL map of all tracts located in mountainous districts, showing every elevation of 100 feet throughout the tract with OUR OWN engineer’s report showing lecations of most feasible routes and grades for logging roads. We can furnish sufficient data regarding ANY tract of timber which we have examined to convince you whether the tract is just what you want or not. Personal inspection of any tract we may offer you will be found just as represented. We are in a position to offer some exceedingly attractive TIMBER properties in the SOUTH, in BRITISH COLUMBIA, and on the PACIFICCOAST Also a few going mill operations with ample timber supplies in the South. We furnish detailed reports of amount of STUMPAGE on each 2 1-2- 5- or 10-acre subdivision of each forty. We employ expert PACIFIC COAST CRUISERS to check all estimates made on Western Timber. We offer HIGH-CLASS Timber Properties only, which have been placed in our hands for sale. We can convince you that our estimates are reliable. JAMES D. LACEY & CO. (ESTABLISHED SINCE 1880) 1211 Whitney Central Bldg. 1104 Spalding Bldg. 1009 White Bldg. 1216 Old Colony New Orleans Portland, Ore. Seattle Chicago NATIONAL CAPITAL PRESS. FORESTRY IN FORMOSA THE FORESTRY OF FRANCE FOREST ROADS AND TRAILS FOREST FIRES AND FORESTRY IN THE SOUTHERN STATES ECONOMIC MATERIALS FOR BOAT AND BARGE CONSTRUCTION [NS CE WHITE MOUNTAINS Published by THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 1410 H Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Price $2.00 per Year. Copyright 1912, by the American Forestrv Association AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS SR JOHN DAVEY. , re Father of Tree Surgery 912 COPYRIGHT. Many of your trees may ap- pear sound and yet have some hid- den disease that will eventually kill % them causing your property to depreciate 1 In value. This tree, “The Old Sycamore” at ‘ Wells College, Aurora, N. Y., was not thought to be in serious condition. The Davey Ex- ¥ perts found several cavities and gave the tree a new lease of life. Before it is too late to save your trees, have them examined. The Davey Tree Experts Do this work, when requested, without cost, and the charge for treating trees in many cases is no more than the cost of carting dead trees away. All Davey Tree Experts are Graduates of the Davey Institute of Tree Surgery. They are employed by the Davey Tree Expert Company. WE NEVER LET GOOD MEN GO. Before you let any man touch your trees, demand to see his credentials proving him qualified. All Davey Tree Experts carry such testimon- ials. If you own trees write for our interesting book and arrange for an examination. The Davey Tree Expert Co., 275 ELM STREET, KENT, OHIO Branch Offices: New York, Chicago, Toronto Canadian Address: 707 New Birks Building, Montreal, Canada Representatives Available Everywhere THE: OL Y SYCAMORE” WELLS COLLEGE+AURORA NY, - ” aim ae am * %, ee ae Ney aw . YR he ap om In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN FORESTRY American Forestry The Magazine of the American Forestry Association EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD HERMAN H. CHAPMAN FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL Ernest A. STERLING JoHN E. RHODES S. T. DANA S. N. SPRING August CONTENTS 1912 Hea wN a ORMOSA—- By. Ra wlanehira_.. 2.1 een cen aan so ee 485 With nine illustrations. THE FORESTRY OF FRANCE—By Warren H. Miller, M. A..-----------__---___ 493 With six illustrations. HORS ROAD SND! yhRVATES—By Ernest Wohlenbergs---2--2----2222 =) eee 501 With nine illustrations. FOREST FIRES AND FORESTRY IN THE SOUTHERN STATES—By Her- oA TO Re RTS oo Ee ae ee eee eee 510 With four illustrations. ECONOMIC MATERIALS FOR BOAT AND BARGE CONSTRUCTION—By SSE EAL ich Cre eee ee ea eee kL d 517 With two illustrations. With one illustration. IN THE WHITE MOUNTAINS With two illustrations. OUR NATIONAL TIMBERLANDS THREATENED—By Herman H. Chapman____ 527 SOON GaekNesb WRIA“ By. Alo ys Butterwick 2-2-0) 2 ee 528 MEW ower Sle ShALTE, WORK—By W. R. Brown... ~~. -2..._-___ 25 530 Meri UM SP RROL— By if G, Peters_2--.---- bee 533 Eee Ni see SH ASON Ne LEE NATIONAL FORESTS. 2-22222eeee 534 Peis onN) DO) PEPE Mn SbINIAc OR Grae pet) 2 ek ee SUMING ORE Sd CONDITIONS EN) NISW YORK 222... 537 STATE NEWS— WS ein Coe ee ee ee eS eee 1 538 Califoria') 222. 225. Bee ee 539 Cole e\@s a a Ee a ee ee 538 Kentucky Prot. WC. O’Kane, of the New Hampshire State College, spoke on the present status and prospects of the gypsy moth and the brown tail moth in the State; George H. Wirt, chief forest inspector of Pennsylania, gave an illustrated lecture FORESTRY on the management of State forests in Pennsylvania. At the annual meeting of the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests, held on the morning of July 19, reports were made on the gratifying progress of the society's work in the past year. In addition, Herbert Welsh, of Philadelphia, spoke about the prog- ress upon the Sunapee Forest Reserva- tion, and Harris A. Reynolds, Secretary of the Massachusetts Forestry Associa- tion, told how he is organizing branch associations in that State. The ever interesting and vital ques- tion of the taxation of forests was dis- cussed at the concluding meeting of the conference on Friday afternoon. Dr. B. FE. Fernow spoke on the principles un- derlying the taxation of forests; Prof. F. R. Fairchild, of Yale, discussed the taxation of forests in America and abroad; and Prof. Charles J. Bullock, of Harvard, gave his ideas on practical plans for taxation in New Hampshire and Massachusetts. The other forest- ers and lumbermen present joined in the discussion, which, while it resulted in the enlightenment and instruction as to ways and means, of all who were present, did not reach any definite con- clusion as to the best way to overcome existing difficulties. In the evening, at the Crawford House, Philip W. Ayres, forester of the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests, gave an illustrated address on the forests of the White Mountains. MORE LAND FOR RESERVE Washington, D. C—The National Forest Reservation Commission has approved for purchase 55,000 acres in the Smoky Mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina. In ad- dition, a tract of 24,900 acres, near the Natural Bridge, in Virginia, was approved for purchase. It is estimated that nearly $2,000,000 was expended in connection with the ac- quistion of lands under the provisions of the Weeks law during the fiscal year which ended June 30, 1912. OUR NATIONAL TIMBERLANDS THREATENED By Herrman H. CHAPMAN EGISLATION pending in the present Congress, and which may be consummated at any day, threatens to take from the National Forests of the West, millions of acres of the most valuable timberland remain- ing in government control, and turn it over to the large lumber companies through the agency of the homestead laws. In the agricultural appropriation act, which is now in final conference, the clause was introduced by Senator Nelson, providing that all lands “‘suit- able and fit” for agriculture must be classified and listed for settlement at once under the homestead laws. This clause is intended by its author to apply to heavy bodies of timber. Under its operation all timber on the National Forest, which is growing on land for which any claim of agricultural value can be made must be listed, not when tiere is need of it for farming, but now, and by this listing be removed at once from the jurisdiction of Forest Service. Not a single safeguard is thrown around the operation of such a clause, and it would become necessary to list all lands of doubtful agricultural value, which might be claimed or de- sired for their timber under the guise of agricultural use. Claims are made that even steep mountain slopes are suit- able for fruits and orchards and this would mean the immediate elimination of timber-covered slopes, because some of this land might some day be used for such purposes, and it is, therefore, all suitable and fit for agriculture. There is hardly an acre of good tim- ber land in the West to which claim would not be made under this proposed law, and if pushed to its logical con- clusion the nation would be stripped of its remaining timber resources for the ultimate enrichment of the large lum- ber men, and an incidental and tempo- rary benefit to those through whose hands the timber passed en route to its ultimate Ownership. The opposition of the friends of true conservation secured a change in the wording of this amendment, while it was in the hands of the Conference Committee, and it now reads that all lands that are “chiefly valuable for agri- cultural purposes and that are not needed for public purposes, or for use by the public,’ must be listed imme- diately. ‘This would prevent the listing of timbered land, and would prevent ap- plications for water-power sites and for government ranger stations, which, un- der the original clause, could have been demanded as agricultural lands. ‘The adoption of this modified amendment has met with bitter opposition on the floor of the Senate and the advocates of the original timber grabbing amend- ment threatened to filibuster against the bill and prevent the passage of the ap- propriations for the Forest Service un- less they are permitted to have their way. When these forests were created they were supposed to include lands more valuable for their timber or for the pro- tection of water sheds than for agri- culture, and to exclude lands chiefly valuable for agriculture. It was impos- sible to avoid including some lands within the original boundaries, which were agricultural in character, but as fast as the work could be done close examinations were made of all forests and the boundaries were readjusted to exclude all large bodies of lands, not heavily covered with valuable timber, which could be used for agriculture. This work has been completed for over a year, but to supplement this classifica- tion and make sure that there remain no land genuinely desired and suitable for farming, a law was passed June 11, 1906, permitting persons to apply for any lands within the National For- ests for homesteads. If, on examina- 527 528 AMERICAN tion by the Forest Officers, these lands prove to be agricultural and not more valuable for their timber than for farm- ing, they were listed for settlement. In this way practically all lands of enough possible agricultural value to induce some one to apply for them, have been or will be listed and eliminated from the forests, except those lands which are covered by heavy stands of timber on a soil which would be agricultural, if cleared. The liberality of the Forest Service in listing lands has gone even beyond the points of the limits of wis- dom, for in some cases on National Forests, from twenty to forty per cent of the lands listed on application of would-be homesteaders are not even filed upon, but remain vacant, and the number of claims which are proved up will fall far short of those listed. There remains the heavily timber lands with good soil. Under the opera- tions of the old land laws, all such lands were eagerly sought by claimants who proved upon them as homesteads or se- cured them under the Stone and Tim- ber acts. Few of these claimants had the slightest intentions of retaining these lands for homes and they sold them to lumber companies at low prices as soon as they obtained title. In this way the large holding of the Western Lumber men were built up. To prevent a repetition of this process to secure the true aims of the law and encourage bona fide settlers and not timber land grabbers, the Forest Service has been obliged to report adversely on hundreds of applications for timber lands under the homestead provisions FORESTRY under the act of June 11, 1906. On the other hand the service attempts to encourage the sale of timber from these lands as rapidly as possible. When the timber is sold and cut the lands are listed for settlement and none but the genuine homesteaders ever apply. If such lands should fall into the hands of lumber companies who already own vast areas, the chances are that they will not be logged for many years. After removing the timber the companies will endeavor to sell these lands to settlers who will thus be under the handicap of paying for the land as well as clearing it for farming. The policy of the serv- ice tends to concentrate lumbering and sales on agricultural lands and is the surest method of hastening the settle- ment of such lands. It is evident that under the present law agricultural de- velopment is stimulated and not de- layed. The situation calls for immediate action on the part of those who desire the true development of the West and are opposed to the old wasteful policy of the past. The specious arguments which are cited to justify this timber grab break down in the light of those facts. If the nation is to have timber in the future, it must come largely from lands owned by the Nation and the peo- ple. If inroads upon these timber lands are allowed to go on unchecked in the interest of private greed, it will not be a decade before the National Forests will be reduced to barren rocks and snowy mountain tops, which now compose more than half their total area. SHOOTING IN BURMA‘ By A. J. Burrerwick, &. A. C. Forests N the beginning of this year I was instructed to go and do markings in the Mahuya and Paunglin Re- serves, which lie on the eastern slopes of the Pegu Yomas, and in which the two chaungs, the Paunglin and Mahuya, take their rise, and uniting, eventually form what is commonly known in Burma as the Pazundaung creek. When I arrived at my destination, the villagers round about came and gave me thrilling ac- counts of the many tigers and elephants which roamed about the surrounding forests. As the latter class of animals may not be shot except under certain conditions, and as I had never shot a tiger and was very anxious to do so, I gave all my spare attention to the former class. I tried again and again to purchase a buffalo or cow-calf to put SHOOTING out as a bait, but the villagers refused to sell me even one. I was thus forced to rely on the chance of finding a kill of a wild animal in the forests. I was rather lucky in this, as about three weeks after I had arrived, one of my men one morning came upon the body of a sambur stag which had been killed by a tiger on the previous day. In the course of the day I had my machan erected on a conveniently situated tree and at about 4.30 p. mM. I started off the kill, accompanied by two Burmans. When I arrived there, to my great sur- prise I came face to face with the tiger having its meal. However, before I could get a shot stripes was off. I felt inclined to return to my camp, thinking that the beast would not come back that evening, but acting on the advice of my Burmans, I changed my mind and went to the machan followed by my men. We had hardly been seated for half an hour, when I saw the huge cat coming stealthily along towards the kill, taking cover most carefully for about four or five seconds behind every bush it came across. As it approached nearer and nearer to the kill, I gradually brought my rifle up to the present, and as soon as it came into the open near the carcass, I aimed for its heart and fired. As soon as I had done so, the beast gave a wild jump, let out a loud roar and rolled over. At first I thought it was dead, but after a short time it got up and disappeared from sight into the thick undergrowth. As it was getting dark by then I decided not to follow up the wounded animal, but re- turned to camp as soon as possible. ‘The next morning, accompanied by almost all the villagers who having heard of the affair had early flocked to my tent, | went in search of the tiger. When we came to the site to my great astonish- ment I found that the kill had been dragged during the night. This could mean either I had not mortally wounded the tiger or else there was another ani- mal feeding on the kill. The first sup- position was soon dispelled, for we soon after struck the trail of blood and found stripes lying cold and stiff in a chaung close by. It was a tigress I had shot, and it measured 8 feet 6 inches. The bullet had gone clean through its body, and it must have died shortly after we *Courtesy The Indian Forester, IN BURMA 529 had quitted the machdn the evening before. The Burmans and Karens then told me that its pair must be the animal which had dragged the kill during the night. I immediately had another machan erected and went off to work. I went out to the kill that evening at about 3.30 Pp. M., but when I arrived there I found that the body had been dragged again by the beast during the day. ‘To enable me to see the carcass clearly from the machan, I had the place around it slightly cleared, but whether this cutting frightened the animal or not, nothing turned up that evening, al- though | sat up till it was too dark to see. The tiger, or whatever it was, came, however, the same night and dragged away the kill again. I had an- other machan erected near the new spot and sat up again that evening. When it was almost dusk, to my great surprise, instead of a tiger a huge black bear shambled out from the undergrowth and started eating at the carcass. I soon settled him with a shot through his breast. I then naturally concluded, that it must have been the bear that had dragged the body of the deer the day before. But the Burmans and Karens would have it that it was a tiger and even showed me fresh pug marks of the huge cat. They also solemnly stated that the tiger had not come because it was afraid of the bear, and that it would come again now that the latter was dead. I may here state that when I was skinning this animal the villagers were very keen on getting hold of a part of the intestine they called the the-gay. I do not know exactly what organ of the bear’s body it is, but it was considered very valuable as a medi- cine by the people, and one villager even offered me Rs. 5 for it. He was greatly surprised when I declined to sell it to him, but gave it away gratis to the man who had helped me most in the shoot. Well, to revert again to the kill, I found the next morning that it had been dragged yet again, and I was thor- oughly astonished. In the evening I sat up again on a newly-made machdan, but it was in vain, as nothing appeared. The next evening, however, I was more fortunate, but again, instead of the ex- pected tiger, another black bear came to the kill, and I easily disposed of him. NEW HAMPSHIRE STATE WORK’ By W. R. Brown L T is a great privilege and pleasure for the State of New Hampshire to receive a visit from the Di- rectors of the American Forestry Asso- ciation and to extend to you and your guests, not the keys of the City in this case, but the open door of this, our beautiful State. We are particularly glad to welcome you, and it is especially appropriate that you come to us Just at this time, to help us take stock of our recently acquired land reservations; and while we felicitate ourselves on the happy termination of the event, we are not unmindful that a large share of our thanks is due to you for the aid and as- sistance which you have so generously given us, in our endeavor to have these Federal, State and private reservations established among the White Moun- tains. While earnest endeavors towards conservation are being here crystallized into a tangible fact; while this land is about to be purchased and administered, I must not fail to bring to your atten- tion also the considerable responsibili- ties which it involves, and that the ad- ministration of this property wisely, will have a great effect upon the common acceptance which is given to the prac- tice of forestry. Both the immediate and potential good to be derived must be clearly shown, for it must not be for- gotten that the State is losing a consid- erable income from taxation in the pass- ing over of these lands. I have been asked to give a short ac- count of State work and will therefore take up the administration of State land first. For the first time in this country the usefulness of preserving timber for the protection of stream flow has been actually demonstrated by the Geological Department, and the maintenance of a thick cover upon the headquarters of the streams should be aimed for. ‘This 530 will probably necessitate a certain amount of planting on the waste and cut-over areas, and the conservative cut- ting of the tracts containing mature trees. It will also carry with it eternal vigilance against the spread of any fire, and call for careful observation and supervision of the general public, who will make use of it in the way of a pub- lic park. As much income as is compat- ible with the essential preservation of stream flow and park purposes, should be derived from the cutting of the ma- ture trees in order to help pay the nec- essary expense of supervision and re- stocking. It is extremely doubtful if there will be anything but a debit bal- ance for the first few years in the ad- ministration of the present State lands, but it is not unreasonable to prophecy that in the case of the Federal Reserves in the end, they will prove extremely valuable to the Government and yield a handsome income over and above the cost of maintenance. Particularly will New England profit by the demonstra- tion which can there be made of silvi- cultural practice of efficient methods of protection against fire. And to the Forest Service also the practical opera- tion of logging methods designed to suit New England conditions will be of high educational value. The reservations which have been taken over are as follows: Two belong- ing to the Association for the Protec- tion of New Hampshire Forests, one of which is the Lost River Reservation, which you have seen, comprising 148 acres, and which it is proposed to main- tain as a public park. This reservation was secured through a widespread sub- scription. ‘The other one, the Sunapee Reservation, comprises 656 acres on Sunapee Mountain, and was acquired by those having places nearby and through the generosity of Herbert NEW HAMPSHIRE STATE WORK Welsh. It contains much fine timber and will be preserved as a demonstra- tion forest. The Appalachian Mountain Club has eleven small reservations comprising 750 acres, acquired to preserve spots of especial beauty to the mountain climber. Belonging to the State are three small reservations: Monadnock, on Monad- nock Mountain, comprising 600 acres; Harriman Reservation in the town of Warner, comprising 200 acres; and Haven Reservation in the town of Jaf- fery, comprising 100 acres—all acquired by gift to the State. These tracts should be the nucleus of planted State lands, if sufficient appropriation can be had for this purpose. The State is also engaged in taking over by Legislative Act between five and six thousand acres of the upper end of Harts !,ocation, which we shall have the pleasure of showing you from Bretton Woods, ex- tending as far south as Bemis Brook just below the Frankenstein Cliff, ard comprising the most picturesque part of Crawford Notch. A committee of three, appointed by the Supreme Court, is now sitting to hear testimony as to values and areas, to determine the pric? which will be paid the owners under condemnation proceedings. After the State has acquired this land the For- estry Commission proposes to make a working plan of the age and condition of the various species of trees found thereon, and report to the Governor and Council with recommendations as to the thinnings desirable in the different sec- tions. To assist them in this it is pro- posed to secure the services of a land- scape architect to determine if short vistas, giving a view of the lofty side cliffs, cannot be opened up on both sides of the carriage road at advantageous places without doing injury to the now almost complete shade. It is also pro- posed that a suitable tablet, showing it to be a State Reservation, might he properly placed upon the cliff face at the Northern entrance, and a gateway at the South end. Paths to exception- ally fine view points ought to be con- structed, and such other suggestions as would make it an attractive place to visit should be carried out by means of dd1 a liberal appropriation at the next legis- lature. The Federal Government has aiready purchased three distinct areas; the first of about 7,000 acres, comprising the westerly slopes of Mt. Lafayette and Mt. Garfield, through which the Siate road dedicated to Mr. Anderson runs between the Profile House and ‘Twin Mountain. ‘his, although largely cut over for soft wood, is still coming up to a fine growth, and offers mucu fu- ture for the practice of forestry. ‘The second, a 30,000-acre tract, starts from a point within a short distance of the Mt. Washington Hotel and takes in the whole of Cherry Mountain, the Dartmouth Range, and the Northern slopes of the Presidential Range as far as Gorham, and contains considerable areas of old growth timber, second growth cuttings and waste lands, and much of the finest scenery in the State. The third has an area of about 35,000 acres in the valley of Wild River, some- what off from the tourist route, but par- ticularly desirable for its protection of the stream flow and the coming up of much young growth. While the Federal, State and Private forces are engaged in securing them- selves in the possession of land, the towns and municipalities who possess the best opportunity for doing this, have not as yet recognized the great advan- tage which would return to them and to the State from the purchase of their waste lands. Many lands are thrown upon the towns for taxes and could be picked up at a small figure, and if this was done no one step would go farther towards solving the future timber sup- ply of the State as a whole. The For- estry Commission cannot too strongly recommend the town and municipal ownership of a certain portion of the State and call this to the attention of all selectmen and mayors of all cities, both because they are in a splendid position to bond for this purpose, which, if rightly handled, should yield a net in- come over and above the interest on such bonds, and because the town in the course of time would thereby in- crease its value for taxation purposes, and meanwhile furnish a labor market close at hand for its citizens. A few 532 AMERICAN cord and Nashua, have acquired land, usually for the protection of reservoirs ; ten thousand acres being the total owned by towns throughout the State. STUDY OF CONDITIONS The State Forester has printed and distributed a pamphlet on Forest Plant- ing. In conjunction with the Forest Service he has completed a report on the woodworking industries of our State, which will shortly come from the press. He has completed five maps of the four fire districts into which the State is divided, for the use of the serv- ice. He has made a complete map of the railroads rights-of-way throughout the State, showing the character of the growth on each side in reference to the danger from ignition by sparks from locomotives. It is interesting to note that this map shows that only bout half of the 1,085 miles of railroads within the State, or 456 miles, run through woodland, and has proved of much service in narrowing down and locating the points at which fire has and will most frequently occur, and shows the necessary points at which ditching outside could be most advan- tageously done. The State Forester has given thirty lectures and five fair exhibitions. To- gether with the members of the Forestry Commission and Mr. F. H. Billard, For- ester of the New Hampshire Timberland Owners’ Association, nine warden con- ferences have been held, with an aver- age attendance of fifteen, at which the laws were explained and the needs of the different sections discussed, and co- operation encouraged between neighbor- ing towns. The services of the Boy Scouts of New Hampshire have been obtained through the offer by the For- estry Commission of two gold, three silver, and five bronze medals for as- sistance in the apprehension and ex- tinguishment of fire, through such rules and regulations as have been found safe and practical in other parts of the coun- try ; the committee of award to be com- posed of the Governor, the Chief of the Boy Scouts, and the State Forester. An organization for fire protection has been perfected with the active FORESTRY co-operation of the towns and Tim- berland Land Owners’ Association and the Federal Serice, which com- prises at the present time in_ total 24 mountain lookout stations with watchmen, 24 regular patrol routes and 50 temporary ones at times of extreme dry weather; the distribution of 30 tool boxes containing fire-fighting tools at inaccessible points; the construction of 60 miles of telephone line; the cutting out of 29 miles of trails; the making of 12 contour maps for the mountain look- out stations, and the appointment of 224 regular and 400 deputy fire wardens in the towns of the State. A renewal of the Federal assistance under the Weeks law was obtained of $8,000, an increase of $800 over the amount obtained last year. At the close of last year’s fire season a little over one thousand fires had been reported on blanks furnished the fire wardens for this purpose, of which 133 were apprehended by mountain look- outs. The majority of these fires were extinguished in their incipiency, the few which got away burning over forty-two thousand acres. The wooded area of the State being reckoned at four mil- lion acres, the resulting burned area amounted to about 1%, if the land burned over was a fair average in value of the whole; this in a year which was decidedly unfavorable throughout the country. The proportionate area burned in the northern part of the State where the best patrol had been established was 7-10 of 1%, while the proportionate area in the southern part of the State was 1 3-10%, showing the efficiency directly attributable to additional patrol and watchfulness. Even with the fires confined to this small percentage of the area, the whole damage _ reported through the State was on this 1% of the total area, $206,000. About $38,000 was spent last year from all sources representing the State, the towns, the timberland owners and the Federal Gov- ernment, or an insurance premium paid, we will say, of about 1-5 of 1%, so that we are led to believe that if a few thousand dollars more were spent in protection it would yield immense re- turns in the saving of even a portion of this $206,000. Co-operation has been RURAL MAIL PATROL established with the Boston & Maine Railroad during the year, leading to the appointment of Mr. E. A. Ryder at the head of a Fire Claims Department, and an agreement with the State Commis- sion that if the crew section bosses in any towns are appointed State Deputy Fire Wardens, the railroad will take charge of all fires originating from their right- of-way, and reimburse the towns in which said fire occurs for all expense incurred in extinguishing the same. Also that all section crews will be in- structed and equipped to handle fires occurring in their section; that all sta- tion agents will be instructed to post notices within stations and to actively assist in spreading alarm and securing aid and assistance in the case of fires, occuring on each side of their station; that fire signals from engines will be sounded, and that a commencement will be made towards cleaning up the slash and ditching outside of the right-of- way in dangerous places. Legislation calling for the permission and assistance of adjacent land owners in this most important work should be passed at the next Legislature. Two large mogul oil burning engines have been installed on the Maine Central Railroad to run up the heavy grade through the Crawford Notch, and it is particularly desired that this installation be extended to other branch roads throughout the State. *An address delivered at North Woodstock, ference. 533 A movement towards the protection of forests from over taxation has been started at the recent convention to amend the constitution of New Hamp- shire, and a bill passed to amend the equal and proportionate assessment of all property for the purpose of taxation and to allow a special classification of timberland. This will enable the com- ing Legislature to act if it is so dis- posed to do. The various methods under which this could be done will be discussed at a special meeting Friday morning at the Mt. Pleasant Hotel. The Commission regrets that it was not possible for the party to go by the way of Boscowen where the State has now some three hundred thousand transplants of White, Red and Scotch Pine, Norway Spruce, Balsam Fir, Red Oak, Chestnut and Basswood under cultivation preparatory to selling them during the coming sea- son. The nursery distributed two hun- dred thousand trees during the past year, principally for planting on farms. n the run to-morrow to Bretton Woods a few of the reservations spoken of above can be seen by the party, and some of the mountains on which lookout stations have been established, and the Commission joins with the Association in hoping that the weather, the road and the automobiles for the run be equally settled and propitious for your pleasure. July 17, at the Fifth Annual Forest Con- RURAL MAIL PATROL By J. G. Prrers, Forest Service the Post Office Department a special order has been issued to postmasters in practically all the Na- tional Forests and in the States which have established fire protective systems to instruct rural mail carriers to report forest fires. For several years in some of the National Forests there has been informal co-operation of this nature be- tween the rangers and mail carriers, and its effectiveness in securing increased protection has been clearly demon- strated. Now, all national and State C) the Post the co-operation of forest officers who have requested as- sistance of this kind may receive it. The plan is for the carrier to report a fire to the nearest forest officer on his route; or, if no officer lives on the route, to have him notified by some re- sponsible citizen. The State Foresters and National District Foresters are sup- plied with post maps showing the routes traversed and with Postal Guides con- taining the addresses of the different postmasters, who are, in turn, supplied by the Foresters with the names, ad- dresses, and telephone call numbers of 534 AMERICAN forest officers residing on or near the carriers’ routes. Thus, the carriers as instructed by the postmasters will con- stitute a valuable supplement to the regular patrol maintained by federal and State officers, who are often unable, through lack of numbers, to give full protection. The plan is purposely ex- tremely simple; the carrier will not necessarily be compelled to leave his vehicle or deviate from his course. As can readily be seen, the effective- ness of the work will depend in a large measure upon the ability of the Forest officers and the postal employes to co- operate closely. Star route contractors and carriers are not ordered, but are re- quested, to co-operate. The special order is as follows: “In accordance with the request of the Secretary of Agriculture, this De- partment has arranged a plan of co- operation with State and National For- est officers whereby rural and star route carriers shall report forest fires discov- ered by them along their routes to persons designated by the State and National authorities to receive such in- telligence. “Co-operation with State officers will be given in the following States: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu- setts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Mary- land, West Virginia, Tennessee, Ken- FORESTRY tucky, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Idaho, Washington, Oregon, and Cali- fornia. “The National Forest officers will be co-operated with in the following States: Florida, Arkansas, South Da- kota, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Montana, Idaho, Wash- ington, Oregon, and California. “The State and National authorities will inform postmasters as to whom the discovery of fires should be reported, and each rural carrier should be di- rected to co-operate to the fullest ex- tent with such authorities in the man- ner agreed upon, namely, that the car- rier shall report a fire to the nearest State fire warden or National Forest officer on his route, or, if no such war- den or officer lives on the route, to ar- range through some responsible citizen to have him notified, by telephone, if possible. Star route contractors and carriers are included in the plan of co- operation and should be requested to re- port the discovery of fires in the same manner as will be done by the rural carriers. “Postmasters in or near National Forests are also directed to report fires to the nearest Forest officer.” Respectfully, (Signed) P. V. DEGRaw, Fourth Assistant Postmaster General.” THE PRESENT FIRE SEASON ON THE NATIONAL FORESTS fire losses within the National Forests during the calendar year 1912 have been unusually light. A late spring, with plentiful rain, has char- acterized the general climatic conditions in the West. The most serious fire of the season so far occurred on the Olympic Na- tional Forest, Washington, where 640 acres of cedar and spruce were covered by a crown fire which killed twenty million feet of Government timber and ten million feet of private timber. It was caused by the carelessness of ae to the middle of July the forest settlers in burning brush, and the whole area was devastated in about two hours because a strong wind was blowing at the time. Another fire destroyed 350,- 000 feet on the Rainier Forest. Outside the National Forests, espe- cially in portions of Washington, fires have been quite frequent in old slash- ings. The total number of fires within Dis- trict 6, which comprises the National Forests of Oregon and Washington, re- ported to the middle of July, is 43, of which only the two mentioned above caused much damage. PRESENT FIRE SEASON Further south, in California, which forms District 5, 154 fires have been re- ported up to July 20. These burned over a total of about 6,000 acres, of which one of 4,000 and another of 953 acres, both on Kern River, did the prin- cipal damage. While the weather con- ditions during the early part of the sea- son greatly reduced the fire danger, the recent reports indicate that it is in- creasing, nearly one-half of all the fires having occurred in the last week re- ported. As yet, however, the damage has not been great, and the fire or- ganization is working splendidly. In District 1, which includes Michi- gan, Minnesota, North Dakota, Mon- tana, and northern Idaho, the weather conditions during June were again con- ducive to safety for the forests. The dry weather in the first part of May resulted in a number of small fires, all of which were easily controlled. In these States there is a marked tendency on the part of lumbermen, railroads, and timberland owners to improve the fire situation by taking care of slashings and railroad rights of way. The Northern Pacific Railroad Company has adopted systematic clearing of its rights of way, which will materially lessen the fire hazard. The Great Northern and the Oregon-Washington Railroad and Navi- gation Company have signified their in- tention of doing likewise. The North- ern Pacific has turned over its holdings in northern Idaho within the .National Forests to the protection afforded by the timber protective associations. This will greatly strengthen the protective work in Idaho. An agreement between Montana and the Forest Service, now in preparation, provides for the protection of State lands within and contiguous to the For- ests, and relieves the Service of the patrol of districts containing large tracts of State timberland, thus permitting more intensive patrol by the Service in sections hitherto inadequately pro- tected. Idaho and Montana are expecting to secure funds under the Weeks law to augment their share in protecting tim- berlands. Altogether, the situation in this District is much improved over previous years. ON NATIONAL FORESTS 535 The notable success of the Chicago, Milwaukee, and Puget Sound Railway in keeping down forest fire loss is due to the use of oil-burning locomotives. Their adoption by other roads _ will greatly lessen the fires in any forested country. Up to June 20, 38 fires occurred within the National Forests of Michi- gan, Northern Idaho, North Dakota and Montana. ‘These burned over about 2,000 acres, of which less than 80 acres were covered with merchantable timber. Twenty of these fires were started by railroad locomotives, 10 by campers, 1 from careless brush burning, 1 by in- cendiarism, and the rest were of un- known origin. Since then about the same number of fires, mostly small ones, have been reported; one, however, covered 331 acres. So far weather con- ditions have been good, yet it is not ex- pected that the whole season will be passed without some considerable losses. Much will depend upon rains and the continued co-operation of the public, especially the campers and the railroads. In the central Rocky Mountain re- gion, District 2, a late spring with fre- quent rains has up to the present time been instrumental in holding down fire loss to a gratifyingly small amount. About 50 fires, mostly small ones, have occurred, but the damage has been negligible. A grass fire burned over nearly 31,000 acres within the Nebraska National Forest, but as is well known, this is in the barren sandhill region and is only prospective timberland, since the most of the Forest is yet to be planted to trees. Arizona and New Mexico, in District 3, up to the present time have suffered most, except for the crown fire on the Olympic in Washington. Reporting last on July 16, the District Forester states that 236 fires have occurred, burning over altogether 46,840 acres, and neces- sitating an expense for fighting them of about $5,000, exclusive of salaries of Forest. officers. The most serious fire was in the Sitgreaves National Forest, in east- central Arizona, where lightning set a fire which spread lightly over 22,560 acres, consuming the forest litter and 536 killing 50 per cent of the young growth, but destroying practically none of the commercial timber. Another one, which burned over 4,000 acres within the Crook National Forest, was similar in character and effect. It, too, was caused by lightning, as the great majority of the fires in District 3 have been this sea- son. Abundant, frequent showers set in about the middle of July, as is usual in that region. The total damage from these fires has been small, since many of the most extensive ones were grass fires. In southern Idaho, Utah, and Nevada, in District 4, late snows, a backward spring, and frequent showers have been RESOLUTION TO Each member of the United States Senate has been sent a copy of the fol- lowing resolution which was adopted at the meeting of the Board of Directors of the American Forestry Association at Bretton Woods, N. H., on July 18, and asked to give his careful considera- tion of it. Whereas, amendment 85 to Agricul- tural Appropriation Act (H. R. 18960, 62nd Congress, 2nd Session), page 50, provides that the Secretary of Agricul- ture is hereby directed and required to select, classify and segregate as soon as practicable, all lands within the bound- aries of national forests that are suit- able and fit for agricultural purposes, and as soon as such lands have been thus selected, classified, and segregated, the same shall be open to settlement and entry under the homestead law, be it Resolved, That the American For- estry Association, a national organiza- tion, with a membership in every State in the Union, and with which numerous AMERICAN FORESTRY unfavorable to fires. Only 11 fires have been reported, and the total damage was practically nothing. Although there is yet plenty of time for disastrous fires, the situation so far is very gratifying to the officers of the Forest Service. While frequent rain has held down the fire loss so far, it has also, in connection with a long growing season during spring and sum- mer, caused an unusually rank growth of grass and weeds within the open stands of timber. When this vegetation becomes dried out during possible later summer droughts, the fire menace will be increased. THE SENATORS State forestry organizations are affliat- ed, declares that the passage of this amendment would result in abuses such as took place before the National For- ests were created, that many areas cov- ered with enormous stands of valuable timber would pass to private ownership without settlement actually taking place; that it would prevent the Secretary of Agriculture withholding from entry lands which are of great value as water- power sites, for the developments of ir- rigation works and other purposes, as well as lands needed for public pur- poses, and be it Resolved, That the American For- estry Association, declaring that the public interests would be seriously jeopardized by the passage of the amendment in its original form, and that it would be against public policy, solicits the careful consideration, by each member of the United States Sen- ate, of the request that the amendment shall not be passed in its original form. STUDYING FOREST CONDITIONS IN NEW YORK ROM statistics gathered already by the State Conservation De- partment,” says Hugh P. Baker, dean of the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, in a letter addressed to the Conservation Commission, ‘““we know that New York now secures only about one-fourth of the wood it uses from the lands of the State, sending outside the cost price for three-fourths of its wood. This means that New York is sending into other States several millions of dollars for wood that its 12,000,000 acres of forest land could be made to produce easily under scientific forest management. Such area of forest land, if properly managed, would not only supply fully the needs of the State, but there would be a large surplus which would bring considerable money back into the State as the material is exported.” These conservation facts and conclu- sions, brought home to the head of the State College of Forestry at Syracuse by the Conservation Commission’s in- vestigations and bulletins, have prompt- ed the college to inaugurate this fall “A study of the wood-working indus- tries of New York.’ In announcing this plan to the Conservation Commis- sion, Dean Baker makes the following statement, which forecasts a valuable co- operation with the State department in the practical conservation of the State’s forests and lands best adapted to grow- ing trees: “For some time various States and the National Government have felt the necessity of taking stock both of our forests and of the wood that we are using in our manufacturing and for other purposes. Until we do know defi- nitely as to how much we have left in our forests and how much we are using annually, can we say exactly how long our virgin forest will last and how soon we must prepare for the time when all of our forests will be so-called ‘“‘second growth.” The United States Forest Service began some three years ago this stock taking as far as the wood-working industries are concerned by making co- operative studies with various States. Such studies have been made in some ten or twelve States including New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Vir- ginia, Michigan, Illinois, Iowa and Washington. On July Ist the study of New York conditions was begun and the Government Service considers it so important that it will open an office in New York City so that the various parts of the State may be more effec- tively covered by the agents of the New York State College of Forestry and the Forest Service. “Blank sheets and cards are being sent out to manufacturers throughout the State, asking for the kinds of wood used, for what used, form, quantity in board feet, cost per thousand, and the source of the material used. Also what attempts have been made to use waste material for purposes other than fuel. As the data is gathered it will be tabu- lated with the idea of determining ex- actly the purpose for which the various woods are most generally used, how much is being used, its cost and where the State is getting it. From statistics gathered already by the State Conser- vation Commission, we know that New York now secures only about one- fourth of the wood it uses from the lands of the State, sending outside the cost price for three-fourths of its wood. This means that New York is sending into other States several million dollars for wood that its 12,000,000 acres of forest land could be made to produce easily under scientific management. Such an area of forest land, if properly managed, would not only supply fully the needs of the State, but there would be a large surplus which would bring considerable money back into the State as the material is exported.” 537 STATE NEWS Vermont The Republican Party in Vermont has adopted the following plank in its platform: “The maintenance of the forests of the State is of prime importance. We believe that adequate measures should be taken by the General Assembly to safeguard the for- ests from insect ravages, fires and other de- structive agencies; that the forestry branch of the State government should be strength- ened and that forest tracts suitable for nurseries and for demonstration of the most approved forestry methods should be ac- quired and utilized for these purposes in various parts of the State. “We approve the present policy of encour- aging private owners to re-forest their waste lands in an intelligent manner. Conservation of such woodlands should be fostered by a liberal tax policy.” The State has just acquired two new State forests: one of between 800 and 1,000 acres, including Bald Mountain in Mendon, about three miles from the city of Rutland; the other in Townshend of about 700 acres in the beautiful West River valley of Southern Vermont. Both of these tracts are admirably located for demonstration purposes. Colorado Every day has been Arbor Day high up on the slopes of Pike’s Peak lately. Govern- ment forestry officials have been replanting a vast area which was fire swept more than fifty years ago. Hundreds of thousands of pine seed and young trees have been planted on barren slopes, marking the first important step toward reforesting the entire Rocky Mountain range—or so much as is included in the national forests. With the denuded areas on the slopes of the Rockies covered with a sturdy growth of young trees, the snowfall in the moun- tains will be much slower in melting. This will hold back the waters which now rush to the Mississippi Valley from the Rocky Mountain watershed in April and May. These late floods have done the most damage this season, as their addition to streams al- ready bank full has proved too great a strain for levees. Minnesota The importance of the forests in the south- eastern part of Minnesota and the oppor- tunities for further economic value are little realized, in the opinion of W. F. Cox, state forester, who returned yesterday from an extensive trip. The forestry service has 538 started an investigation of the situation, looking toward the protection of the forests in that portion of the State. “Certain counties have about half forested land, in spite of the fact the country has been settled longer than other parts of the state,’ said Mr. Cox. “These lands, of course, are the rougher lands, either quite hilly or lie along the bluffs of the rivers, like the Zumbro and the Cannon. The forests consist of hardwood, oaks of several kinds, maple, elm, basswvod and a great variety of other kinds. “There is an opportunity for a great many small cities and villages to own municipal forests, particularly at the source of their water supply. Such forests would pay well and at the same time keep the source of water supply free from contamination. The bluffs along some of the rivers are all par- ticularly adapted for municipal forests. They could be bought cheaply and would make beautiful parks.” South Dakota Two years ago the forest service seeded with pine a tract of 500 acres near Savoy in the Spearfish canyon country and results manifest thus far show that the work will prove a success. The young trees are up over the entire tract and appear to be strong and healthy. In most instances they have already attained a height of six or eight inches. In the Redfern district, where a tract of several hundred acres was seeded at the same time, the results have not been so suc- cessful, although in many places there a new growth of pine has started, which promises to develop well. On the whole, the growth there is not as good as in the Spearfish dis- trict, but the work is far from being un- successful. New York Nearly 3,000,000 acres of land in New York State, or about 8 per cent of tle total area of the State, are in immediate need of reforestation, being now without profitable growth of any kind, is the statement ot the conservation commission based on a careful survey just completed. To encourage the farmers of the State to recover these waste lands and to instruct them how to restore and handle his woodlot so as to produce the best results is one of the important undertakings of the conser- vation commission, which was created by Governor Dix and the Democratic legisla- ture. STATE The proper care and maintenance of grow- ing forests and the restoration of lands which have been denuded but are not avail- able for cultivation are important to the people of the State as a whole because of the effect of the forests upon rainfall and control of streams, but the reforestation of waste tracts under conditions which have been created by the conservation commission affords an opportunity for individual profit to the farmers while working for the gen- eral welfare of the State. California An increase of $48,000 in the receipts from the national forests in California for the fiscal year ending June 31, 1912, over those for the previous 12 months is shown in the annual statement of receipts just issued from the main office in San Francisco of district 5 of the United States forest service. The total receipts for 1911-1912 were $272,433, against $224,531 for 1910-1911. An increase in nearly all the departments from which revenue is obtained is shown in the report, timber sales being a particular feature with an increase of $35,000 in the past year. In this time $119,128 worth o1 timber was sold, against $84,471 during the previous fiscal year. For settlements on timber destroyed in the building of railroads and reservoirs or other- wise, $6,347 was received in 1911-1912, and $4,441 in 1910-1911. For timber trespass there is a decrease, $7,451 being collected against $12,205 for the previous year; $95,- 504 was paid for grazing pzivileges, an in- crease of $4,009 for the last year. For water power approximately $42,000 was received compared with $31,000 the year betore. Kentucky Prof. Arthur M. Miller, dean of the Col- lege of Arts and Sciences, and professor of geology at Kentucky State University, has written an interesting paper on the proposed arboretum for the Capitol grounds at Frank- fort in which he points out the difficulties in the way of having each county in the State represented by a separate species of tree, and mentions the objection which any county would have to being typified by the sassafras or persimmon, everywhere stand- ing for poor land, and the unpoetic associa- tions of the pignut. Prof. Miller suggests that before it is too late a section of a mam- moth Kentucky oak should be secured, on which, when polished as a scroll, the prin- cipal events of Kentuckys history should be recorded, making it similar to the famous tablet in the Kensington Museum in Eng- land. Prof. Miller’s paper contains a strik- ing and instructive history of the native trees of Kentucky. NEWS 539 Pennsylvania Thirty-five sophomore forestry students of the Pennsylvania State College are en- camped for the summer in N. P. Wheeler’s “forest primeval,’ Forest county, under the supervision of Professor Clark, head of the Forestry Department of State College, and his assistants. Mr. Wheeler i is showing them a few of the original “big sticks’ and a good field is offered both for a scientific and practical study of forestry. New York “We have eleven million baby trees ready for distribution among the people of the State of New York,” is the statement made at the New York State, Forest, Fish and Game Bureau. These small trees are to be sold within the State at the extremely low price of $4 a thousand. This, it is asserted by the bureau officials, shows that New York has taken the lead in the great forestry movement that now is sweeping the whole country. It is declared these eleven million trees mean the salvation of this State in the years to come. The bureau officials say that the spirit of conservation is manifest in all the cities as well as in the rural districts, the question being recognized as vital to the nation. New York plainly is leading the great move- ment. Growth of tree culture sentiment nowhere is in greater evidence, assert the expert for- esters. One tree grower wants an almost un- limited number of white pine trees from six to fifteen feet high. The stipulation is that these trees must be growing from six to twenty feet apart in a loam, preferably not more than four miles from a railroad. Texas Texas is the largest State and has more forested area than any other, though the total stand of its timber is much below some of the rest. The area of its woodland has been placed at about 40,000,000 acres; but it is difficult to draw the line between forested and unforested land in the State. There are all grades and degrees from the heavily timbered pine belts of the east to the thinly covered brush land in some of the central, southern and western parts. Much land is covered with tree growth and yet is incap- able of producing a large amount of mer- chantable lumber, because the trees are too small for milling purposes. There is room for difference of opinion as to where the lines should be properly drawn between the timbered and untimbered portions of Texas. The estimate of 40,000,000 acres land includes only that which now is capable of yielding a reasonable amount of saw timber per acre and does not include wide expanses of brush. 540 California A newspaper report says: A considerable fortune is being spent by wealthy Califor- nians in an effort to save groves on beautiful estates near this city from a blight that has recently attacked most of the trees. Tree surgeons are gathering here from various parts of the country and are working hard under offers of large rewards if they can stop the destruction. Should they fail, it is probable that foresters will be brought from Europe. The blight is in the form of a fungus known as the volsairia bacteria. After it has taken hold on a tree thousands of worms develop. They are much like the carpenter borer. These pierce the bark through and through, and sometimes make large holes. Their ravages were not detected until many of the fine shade trees wilted this season and were threatened with quick death. Tree authorities of Stanford University were called in and found that the blight extended among the estates in beautiful Menlo Park. They also discovered that the disease was spreading rapidly to the north. New Jersey The report of the New Jersey Forest Com- mission for 1911 is being distributed. This AMERICAN FORESTRY shows that the chief effort of the Commis- sion is to give value to the forests through fire control. The State owns and can own no important part of the forests within her borders, but by encouraging and helping those who do own them a better order will be established. In New Jersey most forest fires occur in the spring, and the spring of 1911 was so exceptionally dry that the fire hazard was greatly increased. Nevertheless, the fire service which has been developed during six years succeeded in lessening the number of fires by 13 per cent., and in reducing total damage by 32 per cent. over what was suf- fered the previous year. In neighboring States under similar conditions the fire loss was from two to five times as great as that of the preceding season. The report points out that most of the railroads are doing their utmost to prevent fires. Their em- ployees and the firewardens succeeded so well in meeting the situation that of 200 fires started only 17 burned as much as ten acres. A strong indication of the railroads’ inter- est is found in the statement that they have built 235 miles of fire lines, practically vol- untarily, and at their own cost. Of the 64 fires due to brush burning some were serious, though what might have happened is sug- gested by the showing that upwards of 2,400 brush burning permits were issued. PRESERVATION OF MINE TIMBERS The Forest Service has issued Bulletin 107, treating of the “Preservation of Mine Timbers.” Practical methods of increasing the durability of timber are given. First, peeling is advised, by which simple and inexpensive treatment the life of timber is increased from 10 to 15 per cent. Seasoned timber, it is claimed, will last 25 per cent longer in a mine than green timber and hence it is advised that the timber be seasoned in the woods before shipping. INVENTORY OF FOREST LANDS In accordance with the requirement that it investigate phases of forestry of value to all the people of the State, the new State College of Forestry at Syracuse University is, taking an inventory of New York’s forest lands. Although New York no longer ranks as one of the big lumber producing States, it is not without resources in its forests. Dean Baker of the College of Forestry believes that scientific management would make them vastly greater and an important benefit. NEWS AND NOTES Canadian Forestry Association Much interest is being taken in the forth- coming annual meeting of the Canadian Forestry Association which will take place in Victoria, B. C., from September 4 to 6. Not for six years has the gathering been held on the Pacific Coast. The Province of British Columbia has just enacted a new timber and forestry law and is adopting a progressive attitude in regard to the con- servation and proper disposal of its inval- uable timber wealth. Much concern is evi- denced on the Coast in regard to the new law and to modern methods of lumbering and clearing the pulp wood off the limits. A conference on farm forestry will be one of the features of the Seventh International Dry Farming Congress, which will be held in Lethbridge, Alta., from October 21 to 26. Dr. A. R. Myers, of Moncton, N. B., set out 40,000 white pine last spring and all are thriving. The owner expects to plant 50,000 more this season and 100,000 more white pine early next spring. Boy Scouts Aiding Nearly 100 scoutmasters representing the Boy Scouts of America in Pennsylvania, have appointed five wardens to serve during the present year. These scoutmasters are located in various counties throughout Pennsylvania, and are empowered to exercise to the full powers of fire wardens should forest fires occur at any point within their jurisdiction. Members of the Boy Scout troops are co-operating in the work of preventing forest fires, and it is reported much valuable work along this line has already been done by the boys. These appointments have been made by Robert S. Conklin, commissioner of for- estry of Pennsylvania, upon the suggestion of the executive officers of the Pennsylvania Chestnut-tree Blight Commission. The com- mission was inspired to make this suggestion by the great value of the services of the Boy Scouts in detecting the presence of chestnut-tree blight, and in reporting the lo- cation of the diseased trees to the com- mission. National and State authorities have heartily commended the scouts for their in- terest in forest conservation. Sewall in Maine James W, Sewall, formerly forestry mana- ger of the Appleton & Sewall Co., of New York City, has opened an office at Old Town, Maine, where he will continue his business of the mapping or surveying of wild lands, or the estimation of timber. Mr. Appleton has been in ill health for some time and the firm decided to give up its forestry work on that account. Mr. Sewall has with him the almost intact field force of the company. Hickory Trees Killed Numerous magnificent hickory trees have been killed by the pernicious hickory bark borer in the vicinity of New York City. It has destroyed thousands of trees in the central part of the State, while recent in- vestigations show that it is at work in the Hudson Valley, near Tivoli, and probably is injurious in numerous other places. The severe droughts of the last two or three years have undoubtedly been favorable to the development of the pest, since the vitality of many of the trees has been lowered, and they have been thus rendered more suscep- tible to attack by insect enemies. Wireless in Forests Wireless telegraph stations for use in transmitting messages to rangers when for- est fires are discovered are to be built on summits in various sections of Vermont. The first station is to be built on Mt. Pico, ten miles east of Rutland, at an altitude of 3,900 feet. Other stations will be erected on moun- tains to the north. Forests in China The United States Consular Report says: Forestry is a subject in which the Chinese evince no interest, as there are no forests in that country. The Great Plain, on which Tien-Tsin is located, never had forests, being entirely of delta formation, and the moun- tainous regions to the north and west were denuded of their forests centuries ago. The surface soil of these mountains has’ been washed away, and to reforest them would be a matter of great difficulty. The only nurseryman in this consular district is F. Bade, of the Tien-Tsin Nursery Gardens, who is much interested in tree culture. He raises various shade and ornamental trees from seed, but the soil of the Great Plain is alkaline and comparatively few varieties of trees will flourish in it. A British cor- poration engaged in mining and shipping has a concession for coal mining in the Kaiping district, about eighty miles northwest of Tien-Tsin. The surface of the region is broken by hills from fifty to two hundred feet high, which are absolutely bare of trees, and the company has begun work of affores- tation. It already has 1,000,000 young trees growing, chiefly acacia, and is preparing to eae a nursery for them on an extensive scale. 541 542 New York’s Oldest Tree The oldest tree on the Island of Manhat- tan, one that is declared to be more than 303 years old, has had its identity established and the authenticity of its age proved by the city administration after a thorough investiga- tion into its right to be called the oldest in- habitant. This is the discovery of a living tree that flourished when Hendrik Hudson in the good ship Half Moon sailed up the river which was to receive his name. The city has taken this tree under special care and henceforth it is to be guarded from vandalism and as much as possible from the ravages of insect warfare and the natural process of decay. The tree is a tulip, and a giant at that. The trunk at the base is about 24 feet in circumference. The trunk bifurcates eight feet from the base. Its top reaches up about a hundred feet and near the top it spreads out like a big elm with generous shade. It is the only tree so far as known that existed before the first Hollanders set foot on Manhattan soil. Reforestation at the Capital Reforestation of the Capitol grounds by prominent statesmen is the latest fad at Washington. The old German custom of planting a tree every time one is destroyed has been inaugurated, and there is a rush among Congressmen for planting privileges. A purple beech that grew in northern New York, near the home of Vice-President Sher- man, now adorns the Capitol grounds, near Delaware avenue and B street northeast, at the brow of the hill on the north drive. Other public men, including Speaker Clark, former Speaker Cannon and a number of prominent candidates, will be invited to plant trees, and there promises to be a lively arbor campaign. Among the trees that will be planted are the walnut, hickory and red oak, each man selecting the tree under which he loved to linger in his boyhood. Superintendent Elliott Woods is providing photographs of the recent tree planting, to be filed away with the official records, and reforestation is now having its innings on the Capitol grounds. Boy Scouts to Save Trees The Boy Scouts of America have leagued themselves together as an army to save the trees and shrubs of America from insects and diseases. The work started in Pennsyl- vania, where thousands of chestnut trees are being destroyed. The boys have been of great help to the Forestry Department in de- tecting this disease and reporting the trees thus afflicted to the department. AMERICAN FORESTRY That work afforded an excellent piece of scouting for boys, and the result has been that Boy Scouts throughout the country have © written to James E. West, Chief Scout Executive of the Boy Scouts of America, asking for information about other diseases and insects that attack trees and shrubs. As a result George H. Merritt, one of the secre- taries employed by the Boy Scouts of Amer- ica, is compiling, with the aid of Gifford Pinchot, former United States Forester, and member of the National Council of the Boy Scouts of America, a chapter for the manual and for the scoutmasters, outlining different diseases of the most important trees. Appointed as Forester E. C. M. Richards has been appointed tem- porarily as forester of the Park Department of Queens Borough, New York. The exam- ination for a permanent appointee will be held in the near future. Mr. Richards was graduated from the Sheffield Scientific School and from the School of Forestry at Yale University. A New Douglas Spruce Arthur Smith, of Reading, Pa., writes that a French explorer, Dr. Dode, has discovered a new species of Pseudotsuga, the habitat of which is a limestone district, 8,000 feet above the sea, in the province of Yunnan, China. It is reported to be closely allied to Pseudotsuga Japonica, Beissner, a native of Japan and Formosa, with which it agrees in having its leaves emarginate at the apex, but differing in having larger cones and seeds, with more numerous scales. The new species has been named Pseudotsuga sinensis Dode, and it ap- pears probable that it will prove a valuable addition to our cultivated forest trees. May Form Forest Protective Association Wisconsin paper and pulp manufacturers are interested in a movement started at a meeting held at Oshkosh, looking toward the formation of a forest protective association operative in the northern forests of Wiscon- sin. Several of the companies were repre- sented at the meeting. Lumbermen and tim- ber land owners predominated, however. After debating and discussing the question one entire day, the meeting voted that pre- liminary steps be taken in the matter of form- ing a definite organization. More than a half million acres of timber land were spoken for at the meeting, and it is believed that this amount can be more than doubled when active organization work is undertaken. EDUCATIONAL Appointments at Syracuse Since Dr. Hugh P. Baker, formerly in charge of the Department of Forestry at the Pennsylvania State College, took charge of the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University on April 1st, the fol- lowing additions have been made to the Forestry Faculty: \ Professor Frank F. Moon, who for the past two years has been in charge of Fores- try at the Massachusetts Agricultural College, comes to the College as Professor of Forest Engineering. Professor Moon is a graduate of Amherst College and the Yale Forest School, 1909. After working for the Forest Service in Texas, he was appointed Forester of the Highlands of Hudson Forest Reser- vation, and while connected with the Forest, Fish and Game Commission of New York, prepared a bulletin on the Forest Conditions of Warren County, New York. Professor Moon will spend the coming summer in Germany. Professor Philip T. Coolidge, who has been Director of the Forest School of Colorado College, will take charge of the Ranger School of the New York State College of Forestry on July 1st. Professor Coolidge is a graduate of the Harvard Forest School and after two years’ work with the Govern- ment in the West, took charge of the Colo- rado School of Forestry, which he has brought to high efficiency. Professor Nelson C. Brown, who has been teaching in the Department of Horticulture and Forestry in the lowa State College during the past year, takes up work with the College on July ist as Assistant Pro- fessor of Forest Utilization. Professor Brown was graduated from Yale University in 1906, and from the Forest School in 1908. During 1908 he was Forest Assistant on the Absaroka Forest in Montana and in 1909 be- came Deputy Supervisor on the Gallatin Forest. During a portion of 1910 Professor Brown was an instructor in the Yale Forest School Camp at Milford, Pa., and in the fall of 1910 was assigned as Deputy Super- visor on the Kaniksu National Forest. Professor John W. Stephen, who had been a Forester with the Forest, Fish and Game Commission of New York since the spring of 1908, came to the College of Forestry on April 15th as Assistant Professor of Silvi- culture. Professor Stephen is a graduate of the University of Michigan, and in 1907 re- ceived from that Institution the degree of M. F. During 1907 and 1908 Professor Stephen was in charge of the Michigan Forest Reserve and during the same year acted as Instructor in Forestry in the Uni- versity of Michigan. Since taking up work in New York, he has had much to do with the planting of waste lands in the Adiron- dacks and developed the State Nursery at Salamanca. While connected with the State he published a report on a Forest Survey of Oneida County, New York, and on the Basket Willow Industry of the State. In the fall of 1912 Professor Edward F. McCarthy came to the College of Forestry as an Assistant Professor, and will have charge of the work in Dendrology and Wood Technology. Mr. McCarthy graduated from the Forest School of the University of Michigan in 1911, and during his last year there assisted Professor Roth in the course in Technology. During 1910 he was em- ployed by the Ohio State Forestry Depart- ment and in June, 1911, became a Forest Assistant on the Caribou Forest in Idaho. Students in the Forest The students of the Forestry Department of the Missouri Agricultural College are making a study during the summer months of the forest conditions in the pine forests of Shannon County. A camp has been estab- lished near Eminence on the Current River on the holdings of the Missouri Lumber and Mining Company, of which Capt. J. D. White, the president of the National Conservation Commission, is the president and general manager. The students live in tents, cook their own meals and by “living next to nature” learn to be “woods wise.” Biltmore Doings The Biltmore Forest School students leave Cadillac on the 6th of August, for the west- ern headquarters, established since 1911, on the holdings of the famous C. A. Smith Timber Co. at Marshfield, Oregon. En route to the West, they will visit the National forests and the logging operations in Idaho and on Puget Sound, and are looking for- ward, with keen anticipations, to the lessons of the West in practical American forestry. Their address, after August 18th, is Marsh- field, Oregon. The degree of Bachelor of Forestry was granted, upon the completion of the statutory conditions, to G. W, Thompson and J. K. Esser, in the U. S. Forest Service; R. V. Myers, with the Champion Lumber Company; Harry 8. Welby and Hubbard Hastings, with the C. A. Smith Timber Co.; P. A. Guibord, with the Laurentide Paper Company; Christo- pher Swezey, with the American Forestry 543 544 Company; and H. H. Goodale, with the Paul Lumber Company. The degree of Forest Engineer was con- ferred on A. H. King, N. Y. State Forester, Biltmore, B.F., 1909, on a thesis entitled: “The Growth of Spruce in Maine.” S. S. Converse, Biltmore, 1912, was mar- ried to Miss Alice Merle King, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. H. W. King, at East Long- meadow, Mass., on June 12th, 1912. Con- verse has accepted a position with the Diamond Match Company. We congratulate Milo most heartily. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION The following resolution was present- ed and adopted at the meeting of the Society for the Protection of the New Hampshire Forests at Bretton Woods, N. H., on July 19: Whereas, The American Forestry Association, the only national public service organization devoted to the cause of forest conservation, has been of great service to New Hampshire, as well as many other States, in working for desirable forest legislation, and ma- AMERICAN FORESTRY Irving Southworth is employed on the Plumas Reservation in California. W. W. Watkins, Biltmore, 1910, is again in the tie business for the Joyce-Watkins Co., with headquarters at Nashville. D. E. Lauderburn, Biltmore, 1905, is a member of Vitale and Rothery, Forest Engineers, with offices at 1133 Broadway, New York. Raymond Mount, Biltmore, 1908, is Vice- president of the Gillette-Mount Lumber Com- pany, at 50 Church Street, New York ENDORSED terially aids in the effort to secure for- est reservations, be it Resolved, That the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests urges its members to give their active support to the American Forestry As- sociation, and to aid it in the important and patriotic work it is doing for for- est conservation, by becoming members of the American Forestry Association and subscribers to its magazine. CITIZENSHIP AND FOREST FIRES The Oregon Forest Fire Association has posted a new forest fire warning throughout the timbered counties. It reminds the reader that good citizenship demands the observance of the forest fire laws, and that a little care may result in the saving of thousands of dollars, for the forests of Oregon distribute more wealth in the State than grain, fruit, vegetables and fish combined. This warning also calls attention to the fact that Oregon timber owners pay more than one-third the taxes of the State. ANOTHER WOOD WASTE ELIMINATED By a series of experiments extending over the past six years, the Department of Agri- culture has found that California grapes packed with a filler of redwood sawdust keep better and longer in cold storage than when packed in ground cork. Redwood sawdust has been found to be peculiarly adapted to use in fruit packing, as it is. more nearly neutral in odor and flavor than even ground cork and therefore does not impart its taste or odor to the fruit, as would the sawdust from other kinds of wood. CURRENT LITERATURE MONTHLY LIST FOR JULY, 1912 (Books and periodicals indexed in the Library “of the United States Forest Service.) Forestry as a Whole Proceedings and Reports of Associations, Commissions, Forest Officers, etc, Forestry association of Vermont. Proceed- ings, 1911. 31 p. Burlington, Vt., 1912. India—Ajmere-Merwara—Forest dept. An- nual report on forest administration for 1910-1911. 30 p. Mount Abu, 1911. India—Punjab—Forest dept. Progress report of forest administration for the year 1910-11. 74 p. Lahore, 1911. Indo-China, French—Service forestier. 10th Rapport annuel sur l’organisation et le fonctionnement du service. 40 p. 1910- 11. Hanoi, 1911. Interstate conference on forestry, Sydney, 1911. Report of the proceedings. 52 p. Sydney, Australia, 1912. Massachusetts forestry association. Register for 1911. 45 p. Boston, 1911. Ontario—Dept. of lands, forests and mines: Report for year ending 31st October, 1911. 114 p. Toronto, 1912. Society for the protection of New Hamp- shire forests. Tenth annual report, 1911. 106 p. pl. Concord, N. H., 1911. Forest Aesthetics Street and park trees Cromie, George A. and Filley, Walter O. The planting and care of street and highway trees. 19 p. pl. New Haven, Conn., 1912. (New Haven—Civic fed- eration. Document no. 8.) Forest Education Forest schools Colorado college—Dept. of forestry. An- nouncement, 1912-13. 23 p. pl. Colo- rado Springs, 1912. Hawes, Austin F. A summer school of for- estry and horticulture, to be held at the Downer state forest, Sharon, Vt., Aug. 13 to 24, inclusive, 1912. 10 p. pl. Bur- lington, Vt. 1912. (Vermont—Forest Service. Publication no. 10.) Arbor day Illinois—Dept. of public instruction. Arbor and bird day, 1910. 76 p. il. Spring- field, Ill., 1910. Forest Botany Trees, classification and description Elliott, Simon B. The important timber trees of the United States; a manual of practical forestry. 382 p. pl. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1912. Garman, H. The catalpas and their allies. 21 :p.. ik; pl. “Lexington) icy foe (Kentucky—Agricultural experiment sta- tion. Bulletin 164.) Johns, Chas. Alexander. British trees, in- cluding the finer shrubs for garden and woodland. 285 p. il. pl. London, G. Routledge & Sons, 1911. Maiden, J. H. The forest flora of New South Wales, pt, 47. 22 p., pl. Sydney, Gov’t printer, 1912. Silvics Studies of spectes Loughbridge, R. H. Tolerance of eucalyptus for alkali. 71 p., il. Sacramento, 1911. (California — Agricultural experiment station. Bulletin 225.) Forest Protection Insects Hole, R. S. Bark-boring beetle attack in the coniferous forests of the Simla catch- ment area, 1907-1911. 21 p. Calcutta, 1912. (India—Forest dept. Forest bul- letin 10.) Iyer, V. Subramania. A further note on some Casuarina insect pests of Madras. 9 p., pl. Calcutta, 1912. (India—Forest dept. Forest bulletin no. 11.) Snyder, T, E. Insect damage to mine props and methods of preventing the injury. 4 p..8° Wash. D. C., 1912. (U. S— Dept. of Agriculture—Bureau of ento- mology. Circular 156.) Fire Potlatch timber protective association. An- nual report, 1911. 19 p. Potlatch, Idaho, 1912. Forest Management Appleton and Sewall Co., inc. Applied for- estry; written particularly for owners and managers, explaining certain methods of foresters toward conserving property values and providing maximum returns from current operations. 34 p. il. N. Y., 1912. 545 546 Baker, J. Fred. The Michigan woodlot. 14 p. il. East Lansing, Mich., 1912. (Mich- igan—Agricultural experiment station. Circular 17.) Forest mensuration French, Truman R. French’s scientific tim- ber cruiser; a compendium of valuable information for cruisers or estimators of timber, sawyers, millmen or owners of timber lands. 36 p. il Los An- geles, Cal., T. R. French, 1910. Forest Engineering Surveying and mapping United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Signs, symbols and colors; sup- plement to the Instructions for making forest surveys and maps. 12 p. il., map. Wash., D. C., 1912. Forest Utilization Lumber industry Bryant, R. C. An outline for a field study of a lumber operation. 24 p. New Haven, Conn., 1912. W ood-using industries Maxwell, Hu and Hatch, Chas. F. The wood-using industries of Texas. 18 p. New Orleans, La., Lumber trade journal, 1912. Forest by-products Cross, C. F., and others. its uses. 270 p. il. Nostrand Co., 1911, Pearson, R. S. Commercial guide to the forest economic products of India. 155 p. pl, map. Calcutta, India, Supt. govt. printing, 1912. Thickens, J. H. Experiments with jack pine and hemlock for mechanical pulp. 59 ppl. > Wash, D)C:, 1912; (CU; S.— Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. ) Wood pulp and Ney DD eiVan Wood preservation American wood preservers’ association. Pro- ceedings of the 8th annual meeting held at Chicago, Jan. 16-18, 1912, 302 p. il. Baltimore, Md., 1912. Auxiliary Subjects National parks United States—Dept. of the Interior—Office of the Secretary. General information regarding Crater Lake national park, season of 1912. 10 p. maps. Wash., DyiCe rod. United States—Dept. of the Interior—Office of the Secretary. General information regarding Glacier national park, season of 1912. 9p. map. Wash., D. C., 1912. United States—Dept. of the Interior—Office of the Secretary. General information AMERICAN FORESTRY regarding Mesa Verde national park, season of 1912. 24 p. il. Wash., D. C.,, 1912. United States—Dept. of the Interior—Office of the Secretary. General information re- garding Mount Rainier national park, season of 2912: 19) p; Wash. Dice 1912. United States—Dept. of the Interior—Office of the Secretary. General information re- garding the Sequoia and General Grant national parks, season of 1912. 22 p. map. Wash., D. C., 1912. United States—Dept. of the Interior—Office of the Secretary. General information regarding Yellowstone national park, season of 1912. 30 p. maps. Wash., DAAC Rao: United States—Dept. of the Interior—Office of the Secretary. General information regarding Yosemite national park, sea- son of 1912. 22 p. map. Wash., D. C., 1912. Periodical Articles Miscellaneous Periodicals American city, April 1912.—Protection of shade trees against insects, by Hastings, p. 644-6; Caring for twenty- three hundred elm trees, by C. F. Law- ton, p. 656, American city, May 1912.—Insects and shade trees, by E. P. Felt, p. 731-2. Annals of American academy, May 1912.— Timber bond features, by T. S. McGrath, p. 1-8, suppl.; Science of timber valu- ation, by J. D. Lacey, p. 9-22, suppl.; Questions of law encountered in timber bond issues, by E. E. Barthell, p. 23-44, suppl.; Accountant’s relation to timber bond issues, by A. F. Jones, p. 51-8 suppl.; Waste material as a source 2 profit and added security on timber bonds, by W. J. Cummings, p. 76-80, suppl. Breeder’s gazette, July 10, 1912.—Forest serv- ice range reconnaissance, by Arthur D. Read, p. 50-1. Gardners’ chronicle, June 8, 1912.—Humus, by Alger Petts, p. 373. Harpers’ magazine, July 1912.—The secret of the big trees, by Ellsworth Hunting- ton, p. 292-302. National geographic magazine, June 1912.— Our national parks, by L. F. Schmecke- bier, p. 531-79; Scenes among the high Cascades in central Oregon, by Ira A. Williams, p. 579-92; The great white monarch of the Pacific northwest, by A. H. Barnes, p. 593-626. National wool grower, June 1912.—Range improvement and methods of handling stock in national forests, by J. T. Jar- dine, p. 7-10. Outing, June 1912.—Windbreaks for the country home, by E. P. Powell, p. 372-6; Profit from trees on waste land, p. 377-8. Outlook, May 25, 1912—Something of a problem; forest rangers, by C. H. Shinn, p. 174-80. CURRENT LITERATURE Overland monthly, May 1912.—Conservation and the farmer, by C. B. Lipman, p. 473-8. Plant world, July 1912.—The behavior of the nectar gland in the cacti, by Fran- cis E. Lloyd and Chas, S. Ridgway, p. 145-56. Quarterly journal of economics, May 1912.— Lumber grading in the Pacific northwest, by V. Curtis, p. 538-44. Scientific American, May 11, 1912.—Zapote tree as a source of chicle, p. 528. Scientific American, May 18, 1912.—Most ex- pensive wood in the world; cabole, p. 444, Scientific American, May 25, 1912——Methed of making pulp lumber, by M. T. &S., p. 475, Scientific American, June 15, 1912—How we can utilize $250,000,000 worth of wasted timber, p, 537, 547-9. Trade journals and consular reports American lumberman, June 15, 1912—TInci- dental features of logging operations, p. 58-9. American lumberman, June 29, 1912.—Sonie construction timbers of the Philippines; tanguile, by H. N. Whitford, p. 37. American lumberman, July 6, 1912—Some construction timbers of the Philippines; apitong, by H. N. Whitford, p. 29; Dura- bility of wood, p. 29; Merits of wood blocks for street paving, p. 49. Canada lumberman, June 15, 1912.—Modern methods of timber estimating, by T. Read, p. 48-9. Canada lumberman, July 1, 1912.—Interesting facts about timber cruisers, p. 50-2. Engineering magazine, May 1912.—Refrac- tory building material; a new non-com- bustible wood substitute for building purposes, by C. L. Norton, p. 279-81. Hardwood record, June 25, 1912.—Forests as climate regulations, p. 31; Increasing kiln capacity, p. 32-3; Cell structure of oak and gum, p. 33-4; Forest fires; what they cost, how they start, how to pre- vent them, by Chas. H. Flory, p. 35; Wooden pails and shoe pegs, p. 38-9; Cherry birch for gunstocks, by S. J. R, p. 39; Burls and bird’s-eye, by S. J. R., p. 41-2. Hardwood record, July 10, 1912.—Making wood distillation history, p. 26-8; Yellow poplar and cucumber, p. 33; Splash damming on the Big Sandy, p. 34a-36. Lumber world review, June 10, 1912.—For- estry work in the state of Massachu- setts, by John M. Woods, p. 19-20; Sugi finish applied to cypress, p. 18-19, 27. Naval stores review, June 27, 1912.—The naval stores industry of France; its origin, development, acreage, annual crops, home consumption and exports, p. 3-13; The working of the French pine forests; the prices of turpentine; the values of the lands, p. 13-14; What the maritime pine has done for France, p. 16-22; The maritime pine in the United 547 States, p. 26; The naval stores industry in Spain, p. 28-31; The naval stores in- dustry in Greece, p. 33-4; Developing naval stores industry in Japan; worked in a petty way by numerous small farmers, p. 34; Rosin production in Prus- sia, p. 50. Paper, July 3, 1912—Bamboo as papermaking material, by William Raitt, p. 17-18; Forest workers in Germany, p. 19. Paper, July 10, 1912.——Mechanical pulp from Jack pine and hemlock, p. 15-16; Wood- pulp yarn; its manufacture and uses, by W. P. Dreaper, p. 17-18. St. Louis lumberman, June 15, 1912.—The Yale forest school in Arkansas, p. 79. Southern industrial and lumber review, June 1912.—Standing timber values; Texas forests and their values, by F, A. Briggs, Debits Southern lumber journal, June 15, 1912.— Wood for car wheels; timber faults pointed out by odd names to the wheel- wright, p. 35. Southern lumberman, July 13, 1912.— Methods for utilization of wood waste, by George Walker, p. 41-2. Timberman, June 1912.—Practical forestry schools have ever broadening field of usefulness, p. 20-1. United States daily consular report, June 20, 1912.—Chinese wood oil, by Roger S. Greene, p, 1226-7. United States daily consular report, June 30, 1912.—Russian state forests, by John H. Grout, p. 1231. United States daily consular report, July 12, 1912.—Chinese lackwood furniture, by George E. Anderson, p. 202-3. Wood craft, July 1912.—Varying character- istics of the same woods, by Samuel J. Record, p. 108; Various tables; their de- velopment, design and construction, by John Bovingdon, p. 110-13; Microphoto- graphs of the structure of wood, p. 114- 15; Refractory woods and some substi- tutes for them, by Chas. L. Norton, p. 116-18. Wood-worker, June 1912.—Manufacturing piano sounding boards, by E. E. D., p. 27; Relative merits of red and white oak, by George Keller, p. 35-6; The Hawaiian cabinet wood, Acacia koa, by J. S. Bailey, p. 40, Forest journals Allegemeine forst—und jagd-zeitung, May 1912.—Wald und sturm, by Vogl, p. 145- 51; Forstliche reisenotizen aus Siidi- talien, by A. Miiller, p. 151-5; Die nor- malertragstefeln im dienste der praxis, by Eberhard, p. 155-62. Allegemeine forst—und jagd-zeitung, June 1912.—Die ftrstlich Isenburgischen wal- dungen bei Birstein, by Reiss, p. 181-96. Canadian forestry journal, May-June 1912.— A forestry students’ camp, by R, B. Mil- ler, p. 59-61; Les usages du Bouleau a papier, p. 62-3; Quebec Province starts forest planting, p. 63-5; Our forest re- 548 serve problem, by J. R. Dickson, p. 66- 71; Measures for the prevention of for- est fires, by M. Kienitz, p. 74-8. Centralblatt fiir das gesamte forstwesen, May 1913.—Versuche tiber individuelle auslese bei waldbaumen, by E. Zeder- bauer, p. 201-12. Forestry quarterly, June 1912——National for- est timber sale contract clauses, by Theo- dore S. Woolsey, p. 139-83; Light burn- ing versus forest management in north- ern California, by Richard H. Boerker, p. 184-94; The effect of forest fires on trees and reproduction in southern New England, by P. L. Buttrick, p. 195-207; How the insect control problem com- pares with the fire problem on national forests in District 5, by John M. Miller, p. 208-14; A new method of constructing volume tables, by Donald Bruce, p. 215- 21; Rainfall a factor of tree increment, by Francis Davis, p. 222-8; The equip- ment and operation of a Prussian seed AMERICAN FORESTRY extracting establishment, by A. B. Reck- nagel, p, 229-34; North American species in Hungary, by Karl Petraschek, p. 235-6; Girdled trees, p. 237; Two minor wood industries, by C. S. Judd, p. 238-42. Forstwissenschaftliches centralblatt, May 1912.—Der gegenwartige stand der hu- mussaurefrage, by H. Bauer, p. 247-54; Uber das sichlichten und die behandlung alterer kiefernbestande, by C. Frombling, p. 254-62. Indian forester, May 1912.—The need of fire- protection in the tropics, by C, E. C. Fischer, p. 191-221; Peridermium cedri as a destructive fungus, by R. S. Troup, p. 222-3. Revue des eaux et foréts, June 1, 1912.— Coniféres; essais de table aux dichoto- miques pour la détermination des espéces, by L. Pardé, p. 340-1; Mouvement for- estier a l’étranger; Autriche, by G. Huf- fel, p. 342-4. E. T. ALLEN VISITS SOUTH SEA ISLANDS Completing on ocean trip of some 8,860 miles, E. T. Allen, forester of the Western Forestry and Conservation Association, has returned from Tahiti, and again taken up the great work of forest fire prevention. years ago. Mr. Allen contracted the Society Island habit some On his return to Portland after this last trip he said the South Sea Islands looked better than ever before, with crop prospects down there indicating a probable increase in the use of fir from Oregon and Washington. YALE FOREST SCHOOL NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT The course of study in the YALE FOREST SCHOOL covers a period of two years. Graduates of collegiate institutions of high standing are admitted as candidates for the degree of Master of Forestry. The Summer Term is conducted at MILFORD, PIKE COUNTY, PENNA. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ADDRESS JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director NEW HAVEN CONNECTICWHE | HARVARD UNIVERSITY BILTMORE THE DIVISION OF FORESTRY FOREST SCHOOL ee | Biltmore, N. C. Offers a two-years’ graduate course Theoretical and practical in- leading to the degree of Master of struction in all branches of ap- Forestry. plied forestry. The course comprises eighteen Phe. course includes upward of six months; viz: twelve consecutive months of lectures and field work months field instruction and practical ; ; and six months of practical experience in the annual operations on preniiecnin the Harvard Forest, Petersham, Mass. ; y Working fields in the South- ern Appalachians, in the Lake States and in central Germany. For further particulars address Catalogue upon Application RICHARD T. FISHER, Chairman, Cambridge, Mass. Dr. C. A. SCHENCK, Director In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN FORESTRY JAMES D. LACEY WOOD BEAL VICTOR THRANE ARE Interested in SOUTHERN or PACIFIC COAST Timber? We furnish detailed reports as to the QUALITY of the timber, average lengths and number of trees on each 40-acre subdivision. We submit reports covering details as to logging conditions, cost and most feasible methods of logging each 40-acre or sectional subdivision of each tract. We also furnish a TOPOGRAPHICAL map of all tracts located in mountainous districts, showing every elevation of 100 feet throughout the tract with OUR OWN engineer’s report showing locations of most feasible routes and grades for logging roads. We can furnish sufficient data regarding ANY tract of timber which we have examined to convince you whether the tract is just what you want or not. Personal inspection of any tract we may offer you will be found just as represented. We are in a position to offer some exceedingly attractive TIMBER properties in the SOUTH, in BRITISH COLUMBIA, and on the PACIFIC COAST. Also a few going mill operations with ample timber supplies in the South. We furnish detailed reports of amount of STUMPAGE on each 2 1-2- 5- or 10- acre subdivision of each forty. We employ expert PACIFIC COAST CRUISERS-to check all estimates made on Western Timber. We offer HIGH-CLASS Timber Properties only, which have been placed in our hands for sale. We can convince you that our estimates are reliable. JAMES D. LACEY & CO. (ESTABLISHED SINCE 1880) 1211 Whitney Central Bldg. 1104 Spalding Bldg. 1009 White Bldg. 1215 Old Colony New Orleans Portland, Ore. Seattle Chicago NATIONAL CAPITAL, PRESS. ‘Vol. XVII ae Formerly CONSERVATION No. 9 BIR ENED, eA ALAN NTR EIR i GE ee ON EG ERE FP ON ER NCEE one SEDER QTR CET ARE OTT RS LS TE a RT ew I — erican Sen | | | ; FROM RED LAKE TO RAINY RIVER CENTRAL PARK, NEW YORK MASSACHUSETTS FORESTRY WORK FIGHTING CHESTNUT TREE BLIGHT BOY SCOUTS OF MICHIGAN FOREST SERVICE APPROPRIATION TIMBER ESTIMATING shed by THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 1410 H Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS SPECIAL OFFER Proceedings of the American Forest Congress 1905 This important book, bound in cloth, 474 pages, will be given with each new subscription and membership in the AmericAN Forestry ASSOCIATION. Only a Limited Number Remain This book treats in special articles by leading experts on Forestry as a National Question; Import- ance of Public Forest Lands to Irrigation; The Lumber Industry and the Forests; Importance of the Public Forest Lands to Grazing; Railroads in Relation to the Forest; Importance of Public Forest Lands to Mining; and the National and State Forest Policies. Order Without Delay AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, Washington, D. C. Enclosed please find $3.00 for annual membership in American Forestry Association, annual subscription to American Forestry and Proceedings of American Forest Congress 1905. In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN FORESTRY American Forestry The Magazine of the American Forestry Association EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD HERMAN H. CHAPMAN FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL ERNEST A. STERLING JOHN E. RHODES S. T. DANA S. N. SPRING September CONTENTS 1912 PROM RED LAKE TO RAINY RIVER—By William T. Cox 1-22-2--2.--2.-_---5 ! 549 With six illustrations. CENTRAL PARK, NEW YORK: A WORK OF ART—By Harold A. Caparn____-- 557 With six illustrations. Pere Woh b bo wOmio inky WORK A... ..-- + ea 566 With twelve illustrations. Cae eee) S Se O Viney CHI @INNG FURIE S222 = ee ee Se 574 FIGHTING THE CHESTNUT TREE BLIGHT—By Oliver D. Schock-_-_-_-_------ 575 With seven illustrations. PLE OVINE TRIAS ABNEY SYAVENCGIU ET IN GE ak 580 BROWS SSCS COTE WG ANTES TYAN Sa TS ES Be ee ee Sf | RIE RRO RES I SrRVilCE: AP PROPRIA TION S222 228 RS INSTRUCTIONS IN TIMBER ESTIMATING—By Edward C. M. Richards, TEV, TBs DML DR case rece eh a er ee a Es Se em 1-1), ROU UNPAID) PAIN feel ©) EUS: STS ER Va) EES “T° [VIN] Gita ae Dee eR ee OT VAUCOUIN? TEXOURSTESTIDS TRVILIRG Be MC GPT BT eS Be ee eee eee ee 59D Peer Byar Uinta VeMOllS Ole sss a oe ee Ee oe ee ee th nas 2 eo MG ele EVVEE Sun RON eH @ Rb) Sit ehlReE) CONDMTTON S22 224h 22.05 _ 515i 3555 8) gs TE -ATRTLAY TUG CIRSIEN RUUD Gis StS ge OS OR hs A ee oy eee ee ee eee ene 2 596 Parmnnipome ar iby bac) MFONE BORE S D2 2-22. +121 4i. 1 ee OILIDTE ST TCUNAUINIES MRIS UNC Sie ete eee ee ee ee erm Ramee meee ee ST) 597 TMRUE, VADISI A RES SS eo a Se ee ee een ieee ee ie ot 598 PINE VANDS (Ob NICARAGUA =2-.- = 22. phe a 598 Oe eak@ oS AU Dm AINS VW Bee le ee ele ee 599 TOMO TRIS WRENN AS es eo sg 2 ASS ae Sea eae eee 600 TRIG AAT ROUN ANE Se Ses ee Se SR Es GB Dk Sees oe 603° STATE NEWS— NURSES AC HTISGELGIN EE = ea ee ee oe 607 Blorida. 2:4. 02 2 ee ee ee 608 IG) Gla a es ee ee ee 607 Texas 2-3)... 25079 eee Ro eee 608 WEST Gok Se a er ee ee ee 607 New. York’, 2:22 SaeSe See ee ee ee 608 ISGaibaiys (a as eS 607 Oregon, sek Se ee eee 608 NEWS AND NOTES— eres Cannon ball bréese- = 52 2 604 Japan is \Wearsy Aieade— ee en es Oe 605 iP Sasavayeeh 1Sopo Vere Cley s\ eee pe 604 seeking; German bigestee ee ee eee 605 Watching for Borest) Pires:—--U-—--_--2s- 604 Sequoia; “Sempernvirens! oo ee ea rae 605 PeeSmTole Check Eb loodSo_ 52 —-2—-=—-====<5 604 Conserving Alabama’s Forests______________ 605 Cinenlaiie Se See ee 604 Pacthem Hopping: Congress: =n ae nee 605 Renew “Surrender | Tees. 605 Railroads Reforesting ys oe ee aes 606 manoudal. Hhorest Changes. 2 605 Enforcing Plant i@uarantine -seeeee es on ee 606 emeereeatar icles Wes RAAT CR ood hl a Le eh eh ee Phe 609 AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, two dollars per year; single copies, twenty cents. — ————————— Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Post-office at Washington, under the Act of March 8, 1879. 7£ The American Forestry Association OFFICERS FOR 1912 President HON. ROBERT P. BASS, Governor of New Hampshire Vice-Presidents BK. T. ALLEN, Oregon Forester, Western Forestry and Conservation Association JOSHUA L. BAILY, Pennsylvania Merchant FREDERICK A. DELANO, Illinois President, Wabash Railroad Company DR. HENRY S. DRINKER, Pennsylvania President, Lehigh University DR. CHARLES W. ELIOT, Massachusetts DR. President Emeritus Harvard University B. E. FERNOW, Canada _ Dean of Forestry, University of Toronto W. W. FINLEY, District of Columbia HON. WAL President, Southern Railway Company TER L. FISHER, District of Colum- bia, Secretary of the Interior HON. DAVID R. FRANCIS, Missouri Ex-Governor of Missouri HENRY S. GRAVES, Washington, D. C. HON. ROBERT W. Chief of the Forest Service HON. CURTIS GUILD, Massachusetts Ambassador to Russia EVERITT G. GRIGGS, Washington President, National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association HON. HIRAM JOHNSON, California Governor of California BRYAN LATHROP, Illinois Chairman, Chicago Park Commission HON GIFFORD PINCHOT, Washington, D. C. HON. THEODORE ROOSEVELT, New York DR. J. T. ROTHROCK, Pennsylvania ecretary, Pennsylvania State Forest Reser- vation Commission DR. FILIBERT ROTH, Michigan Dean of Forestry, University of Michigan DR. CHARLES R. VAN HISE, Wisconsin President, University of Wisconsin DR. ROBERT S. WOODWARD, Washington, D. C., President, Carnegie Institution Treasurer OTTO LUEBKERT, Washington, D. C. American Audit Company Executive Secretary P. S. RIDSDALE, 1410 H Street N. W., Washington, D. C. Assistant Secretary J. A. P. FARNHAM, Washington, D. C. Directors P. BASS, New Hampshire Governor of New Hampshire R. BROWN, New Hampshire President, New Hampshire Forestry Commis- sion HERMAN H CHAPMAN, Connecticut Professor of Forestry, Yale Forest School JOHN E. JENKS, Washington, D. C Editor, Army & Navy Register CHESTER W. LYMAN, New York International Paper Company OTTO LUEBKERT, Washington, D. C. American Audit Company CHARLES LATHROP PACK, New Jersey E. mn ee 8f THOMAS NELSON PAGE, Washington, D. C. CHARLES F. QUINCY, New York ERNEST A. STERLING, Pennsylvania, Forest and Timber Engineer SAMUEL N. SPRING, Connecticut State Forester JOSEPH N. TEAL, Oregon Chairman, Oregon Conservation Commission FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL, Pennsylvania Lumber Merchant J. B. WHITE, Missouri President, National Conservation Congress JOHN L. WEAVER, Washington, D Real Estate Broker Auditors A. STERLING, Pennsylvania C. F. QUINCY, New York Advisory Board, Representing Affiliated Organizations Yellow Pine Manufacturers’ Association or L. KAUL, Birmingham, Ala. . W. McLEOD, St. Louis, Mo. H. H. WHELESS, Shreveport, La. National Wholesale Lumber Dealers’ Association ROBT. C. LIPPINCOTT, Philadelphia, Pa. ROBERT W. HIGBIE, New York City. W. L. SYKES, Buffalo, N. Y. ‘Northern Pine Manufacturers’ Association C. A. SMITH, Minneapolis, Minn. WILLIAM IRVINE, Chippewa Falls, Wis. F. EF. WEYERHAEUSER, St. Paul, Minn. Massachusetts Forestry Association NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, Milton, Mass. FREDERIC J. CAULKINS, Boston, Mass. HARRIS A. REYNOLDS, Cambridge, Mass. Lumbermen’s Exchange J. RANDALL WILLIAMS, JR., Philadelphia, Pa. FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL, Philadelphia, Pa. ROBERT C. LIPPINCOTT, Philadelphia, P? National Association of Box Manufacturers B. W. PORTER, Greenfield, Mass. S. B. ANDERSON, Memphis, Tenn. ROBT. A. JOHNSON, Minneapolis, Minn. Carriage Builders’ National Association H. C. McLEAR, Wilmington, Del. D. T. WILSON, New York Cc. D. FIRESTONE, Columbus, Ohio Boston Paper Trade Association N. M. JONES, Lincoln, Maine JOHN“E. A. HUSSEY, Boston, Mass. ARTHUR L. HOBSON, Boston, Mass. Philadelphia Wholesale Lumber Dealers’ Association R. G. KAY, Philadelphia, Pa. ye RANDALL WILLIAMS, JR., Philadelphia, Pa. B. FRANKLIN BETTS, Philadelphia, Pa. New Hampshire Timberland Qwners’ Association W. H. BUNDY, Boston, Mass. FRANK P. THOMAS, Rumford, Maine F. H. BILLARD, Berlin, New Hampshire American F orestry VOL. XVIII "SEPTEMBER, ‘Pte No. 9 FROM RED LAKE TO RAINY RIVER By WILLIAM NUMBER of people have asked me to write an account of a re- cent snow-shoe trip across the Red Lake country in Northwestern Minne- sota. Most of these people expected to elicit a tale of hardships and a descrip- tion of worthless wild country. These I cannot relate. The trip was an easy one, if mushing on Indian snow-shoes can be considered easy at best; and the country traversed, far from _ being worthless, contains great areas of as rich land as can be found in the state. It is with the hope of dispelling some of the misconceptions regarding the region in question that I have decided to write this article. There is a popular notion that the country for some distance east of Rec Lake is for the most part a sparsely timbered swamp, and that the coun- try north of the lake is one vast muskeg too wet even for travel and utterly unfit for habitation. These no- tions are absolutely wrong. The object of my trip was to find out at first hand just what the forest is like and what the land is good for so that the State Forest Service may pursue the proper policy with reference to the whole re- gion. Since there is a lack of roads and trails through the territory covered, we traveled on “webs.’’ They were of the Chippewa style and in size 14x48 inches. ‘iney were made by Forest Patrolman Albert Smith, who is an ex- pert at making snow-shoes and who tnows the Red Lake and Rapid River countries better than any other man. Mr. Smith, his dog Togo and myself constituted our party. Togo, a powerful and tireless dog, on the order of a “husky,” but larger, Cox, Minnesota State Forester hauled a toboggan with all our pro- visions, blankets, a tent and a little stove. He followed along in the trail made by our snow-shoes and would eat nothing but rabbits. Rabbits were everywhere plentiful and easy to shoot with a pistol or snare at night on their runways. ; From the Minnesota & International Railway to Red Lake there is a rich dis- trict, rather level but well drained and in most places covered with a splendid stand of hardwood, birch, elm, oak and especiality poplar, very tall and of ex- cellent quality. This is one of the very best hardwood districts of the state. There is also a good deal of white pine, cedar, tamarack and spruce. Much of the land has been logged off and set- tlers are rapidly clearing it wp. Wherever cultivated, the heavy soil produces excellent crops and there are good local markets in the nearby log- ging camps and mill towns. The settle- ments along near the southeast and east shores of Red Lake show every in- dication of being prosperous consider- ing their recent establishment. On account of the great variety of tree growth, there is upon nearly every claim some kind of timber that can be marketed at a profit during the winter. Poles, posts, ties, cordwood, pulpwood, stave bolts as well as logs are cut by the settlers and hauled out to the railroad or the like, where there is a ready market at prices which give the settler some capital for developing his land, erecting buildings and pur- chasing stock. Clearing, especially where the timber consists of poplar, is not at all ex- pensive since grubbing is uinecessary. The stumps of poplar rot in two or 549 550 AMERICAN FORESTRY STATE FORESTER COX, “TOGO” AND THE SLED ON THE ARM OF BELTRAMI PRAIRIE. three years so that they can be plowed out. Some of the settlers have fields of 40 to 100 acres under cultivation. The haul to Kelliher on the M & I. Railroad is from 5 to 12 miles, and there are several points along this shore of the lake where steamers call and prod- tice may be shipped to Redby, the terminus of the MR L & W. Railroad. This hardwood district east of Upper and Lower Red Lake would be an ex- cellent place for stave mills, box fac- tories, spool factories, excelsior plants, etc. ‘he supply of material is ample, cheap and of the best quality. Manu- facturing concerns like these would be of great benefit to the settlers and would bring about a more rapid devel- opment of farming and_ especially dairying, for which the district is ad- mirably adapted. Within five or six miles of the lake there is an entire ab- sence of summer and early fall frosts, due to the influence of such a large body of water. On this account there is a probability that fruit raising may become profitable here. The Peninsular, between Upper and Lower Red Lake, in area about seventy square miles, is a sandy and gravelly ridge, covered with a beautiful Nor- way pine forest, and should be made a national forest or park. Red Lake deserves to be much better known than it is. With the exception of Lake Michigan, it is the largest body of fresh water wholly within the United States. It covers an area of nearly 400 square miles. Red Lake is remarkable in that de- spite its immense size, it contains no islands and that its shore is practically a continuous sand beach. The deepest portions of the lake are only about thirty-five to forty feet, but the bot- ton is so uniform that a sailboat or steamer can take a straight course without danger of striking reefs or sand bars. ‘The surrounding country is even in topography and breezes on the lake are dependable so that this splen- did body of water offers perhaps the best opportunity in the world for yacht racing, ice-boat racing and similar sports. FROM RED LAKE TO RAINY RIVER FOREST PATROLMAN SMITH WHO KNOWS Red Lake has no muscallonge but is well supplied with white fish, pike and other food fishes. The fishing industry has not been developed. Perhaps this is well since it will now be possible owing to an interest in conservation, to provide for proper supervision of the fisheries when they are developed to see that favorable conditions are main- tained for the reproduction of the fish and continuance of the industry. It would be much more sensible for the government to encourage a conservative development of the fisheries of Red Lake and thus lead the 1,200 Indians living on its shores to become self- supporting through a line of work for which they are suited than to spend untold sums trying to make farmers of them. The fish of Red Lake are worth far more to the Indians, if the government only thought so, than all the pine on the reservation and all the land which may ever be allotted to them. ‘The present Reservation includes the coun- C1 | i— DEE, WPPER WAKE, COUNTRY, try on the south and west sides of the lake, together with the pine covered peninsular and embraces about 400,000 acres. At the time we were “mushing” across the broad expanse of the upper lake the snow-shoe rabbit was nigrat- ing, and hundreds of the little creatures were out on the crusted snow of the lake. Evidently during these migra- tions they are not in the habit of turn- ing aside for lakes even if, as in this case, they could not possibly see the farther shore. The distance across was more than one night’s march for rabbits and they were accordingly compelled to squat on the snow and makes themselves as inconspicuous as the conditions per- mitted with nothing to hide behind. Owls of various kinds were abundant along the north shore of the lake and there were numerous evidences of where they had made meals of the un- fortunate rabbits. No doubt that shore is an excellent hunting ground for owls DOR and foxes since they need only await their prey and catch it in the open. Small birds in their autumn migrations frequently perish in attempting to cross the lake in the face of cold winds and are found washed up on the shore in large numbers. Red Lake may eventually be used as a reservoir to control the waters of Red River, and prevent the spring flood- ing of much good land between Grand Forks and Winnipeg. Red Lake River, through which the waters of the lake find their way to the Red River of the North, is no mean stream, having been used by steamers of considerable size freighting from Grand Forks, a dis- tance of about 150 miles. ‘There are rapids furnishing important water power at Red Lake Falls and Thief River Falls. The streams entering the lake are Black Duck River and Battle River, at the east end, and Mud River, Bigstone Creek and Sandy River on the south side of the Lower Lake; Tamarack, Moose, Big and Little Deer Rivers, Mahnomen River and Shortley brook on R j q AMERICAN FORESTRY the North Lake. The Tamarack, Black Duck and Sandy drain rather large areas; the other streams are short. The Indians living on their reserva- tion, which includes the south and west sides of the lake, are not so. badly demoralized as other tribes within the state. They have come less in contact with the white man and therefore re- tain more of their old characteristics. They are a pretty trustworthy lot of Indians, showing some industry when given work at all suited to their na- ture. It is needless to say that farming does not appeal strongly to them, and I question the wisdom of the govern- ment’s costly efforts to make them till the soil. Some of them, generally the squaws, do raise gardens, but the male members of the tribe prefer the lumber woods and the log drive, some spending their summers at the fisheries on Lake of the Woods and making good wages. For this reason I want to repeat that with proper supervision of the fisheries which could be developed on Red Lake these Indians might be- THE FAITHFUL COMPANION OF MANY WINTER TRIPS THROUGH THE WILD COUNTRY. 554 AMERICAN FORESTRY BREAKING A TRACK THROUGH SPRUCE AFTER A HEAVY SNOW STORM. come self-supporting and useful citi- zens. We now come to a particularly in- teresting part of our trip, namely, the crossing of the so-called “Great Mus- keag.”’ After leaving the north shore of Up- per Red Lake we went through a nar- row belt of hardwood and_ spruce, emerging into tamarack, which gave out, and we were on what has been indicated on map after map as an expanse of open swamp. ‘This has deterred everyone from venturing into the district. As a matter of fact a large part of the country from Red Lake to the soon Rapid River was wet until the last four or five years, but a change has taken place which is exceedingly important to Minnesota, for it has resulted in giving the state another “Red River Valley.” Perhaps due to the driving of the hundreds of millions of feet of timber through the outlet of Red Lake and down the river, the channel has been deepened and the lake permanently lowered. This has reduced the water level in the former open swamp _ to the north and made of it a prairie. | now propose naming it “Beltrami Prairie.” given as to what includes forest man- “agement. The results of an inquiry reported in S 1 CO oe 9] © the second volume of the Report of the Commission of Conservation show that out of around 600 firms, representing not as much as 3% of the total privately owned acreage, hardly one-fifth in num- bers uses some conservative methods, one-quarter is held for a future crop, and only a little over one-third in acre- age reports even measures taken for protection against fires! In another inquiry, the acreage reported protected against fire rises to as much as 50 per cent of the reported ownership. If these reported conditions were at all representative, they would show, that still most owners of timberland do not even take precaution to protect their property against fire. In this respect, however, great strides for the better have been made lately, and, if a new inquiry should dev elop that really effec- tive measures are in operation on half the acreage of cut-over lands—the most important part for the future hopes for the eventual application of forestry would rise one hundred per cent. This leads us to the question: is pro- tection against fire forestry? Is the surveying and mapping, and more care- ful .e estimating and locating of timber, and systematic arrangement of logging operations, forestry? Is even, holding for a future crop forestry? Indeed, what is forestry ? It seems rather late in the day to raise this question, and yet even pro- fessional foresters have hazy notions as to how to answer the question; the incidents of forest management appear to them principal issues! Of course, 613 614 protection against fire is necessary in order to carry on forest management. So in any other business protection of the property is a first essential; it is merely a general, not a specific, meas- ure, belonging to any one business. Of course, it is wisdom to base log- ging operations on systematic plans based on accurate information, as 1n any other business. ‘This also is merely a general prerequisite of scientific, 1. e., rational management not specific to forestry except in the method of ascer- tainment. It is, to be sure, also an in- cident to forest management, but not an essential. Lumbermen have done similar things without any thought or knowl- edge of forestry, in a cruder manner, and may now find that the foresters do it better and cheaper than the old cruisers, hence may be inclined to em- ploy foresters. Lumbermen that will make plans to protect their property will map and plan the operations on their holdings sys- tematically, they will adopt measures to reduce waste in the logging, to utilize more closely, etc., merely because they find that it pays in the present. The cutting to a diameter limit, which is ad- vocated as a forestry measure, is also commendable to the lumberman only when he has figured out that his present business of exploiting the forest pays better if he delays for some years the cutting of smaller sizes until they have pee in diameter and value; it is a short time financial calculation that in- duces him which has not necessarily anything to do with forestry. Even the “holding for future crop” will, we suspect, be “found in most cases to re- duce itself to the same position, namely, a waiting for increase in size and value of the present immature crop which Nature had provided. Finally, we must declare, that leaving mature timber standing is no more for- estry than storing and keeping locked up goods in trade! Some of my professional friends will take issue with these declarations, since all these measures are incidents or may be turned into useful adjuncts to for- estry management. But I take the posi- tion that from the broad standpoint of AMERICAN FORESTRY political economy the idea of forestry involves an attitude of the owner to- wards his property, which either makes these measures a part of a forestry pro- gram or excludes them from such desig- nation. The forest can be looked upon either as a mine, the stored material of pre- ceding ages, which the lumberman ex- ploits, or else it may be conceived as a crop, which the forester harvests and reproduces. Reproduction is the key- note of forestry; it denotes the differ- ence between the exploiter, the con- verter of material into serviceable form, and the forester, the crop producer. How many of the timberland owners, even those who adopt the measures enumerated above for improving their business conduct, look at their property as a means for continuous crop produc- tion, for sustained yield? I do not mean the strict economic sustained yield, but the silviculturally sustained yield, 1. e., the deliberate, intentional devotion of the soil to the production of wood crops. I venture to assert that there are as yet not as many as can be counted on the fingers of two hands who would affirm that they had deliberately started into the business of wood pro- duction—which is forestry! F.ven those, who have started plant- ing their waste places—and we are glad to see their number growing rapidly— will be found often dubious as to their purpose. At any rate, we come back to the original statement that attempts on the part of corporations and individuals to start in the forestry business are so sporadic and few that it is worth while to inquire for the cause of the failure to follow our advice. There is one simple answer, the one condition by which forest cropping dif- fers from all other business: the time element and the many uncertainties which that involves! It takes 60 to 100 years and more to grow saw timber from the seed—as a rule, varying with locality and species, 1 inch in 5 to 10 years in diameter may be secured on the average; the sower rarely is the reaper. During all this time there is the fire risk, and the risk WHY DO LUMBER-MEN NOT APPLY FORESTRY? from wind and insects; there is the capital invested without a chance of changing the investment. Will, so long hence, wood, or this particular kind of wood be wanted in the market? Will substitutes have replaced wood? What will be the wood prices? Will our pres- ent outlay be returned to us with proper interest earnings ? We may point to Europe and show that forest property after all is on the whole not necessarily so hazardous as with us at present—with us it 1s still more hazardous than any other and for reasons must remain so for some time; that, in spite of substitutes, wood con- sumption has continuously increased; that wood prices have continuously in- creased; that excellent returns have come from persistent forest manage- ment. All this occurred under other condi- tions of civilization, and in the past, who can assure us of the future? For- estry deals in futures, and if it is haz- ardous to deal in futures in Wall Street, so the forester owner thinks it is wiser to secure the present dollar in- stead of waiting for the possible two. The disposition of all our people is to live for the present, and the timberland owner is naturally not an exception. O15 This sounds altogether pessimistic. It is not intended to be so, but 1s to bring home the fact that forestry as defined above is a business sui generis, that it can be successfully carried on only under special conditions, and that private, present interest is not likely to enter it with ardor and _ persistency. One of the important conditions for its successful conduct—we leave out of consideration the farmer’s wood lot— Is size. Some twenty years ago I was asked whether I thought that forestry could be profitably practised in the United States at that time. I did not hesitate to state the conditions under which, in my opinion, it could be practised. Give me two million acres of southern pine and three million dollars of capital, and it would not be difficult to demonstrate that a real forestry practice, i. e., de- liberate, systematic reproduction of the cut areas will pay in the long run. Altogether, forestry is a business for the long run, hence persistent corpor- ations, municipalities, States who live into the future are the proper persons to engage in it. Until we wake up to this realization much energy to induce small forest owners to go into the busi- ness will be wasted. HIS WISDOM. He didn’t know how to handle a rod, nor how to attach a fly; He didn’t know how to catch a trout in the brook that went flowing by; When he wounded a buck he didn’t know whether to run or stay and fight, And he didn’t know how to make a temporary camp at night. He didn’t know how to tell the time by looking at the sun; He didn’t know how to take the shells out of a loaded gun; He got so turned around he didn’t know what course to take, And he didn’t know what to do when he was bitten by a snake. He didn’t know what it was once when he handled poison oak; Ile didn’t know how to build a fire, nor how to conceal its smoke; 3ut he was wise of that fact there can’t be the slightest doubt. When he broke camp he knew enough to put the fire out! Pasadena, Cal. Howarp C. KEciery, NEW YORK’S LUMBER INDUSTRY. New York is credited with having 2,263 lumber and timber plants, employing an average of 27,471 people. The value of the product for the year was placed at $72,530,000. There were 674 independent planing mills, 1,389 lumber mills end 200 packing box factories. AFTER THIS IS USED. RS MAKING THE UNDERCUT. AND THE FELLEI REDWOOD LOGGING. AWAY A SAW SS CLU Mh BARI HAS BEEN DONE LOGGING ENGINEERING By Geo. M. CorNWALL, Editor The Timberman, Portland, Oregon @ HE need creates the man. The de- velopment of the lumber business of the States of California, Ore- gon, Washington, Idaho, Montana and the Province of British Columbia, has necessitated a type of rugged woods- men for the removal of the timber from the hills and valleys to the mill pond at a minimum expense. Nature grew lavishly a timber crop in the great West. Here are approximately the figures which denote Nature’s generous gift: sritish Columbia_300,000,000,000 — to 400,000,000,000. ft. Washington __--- 391,000,000,000 ft. Montanas 2-22 65,000,000,000. ft. Omnerom sees. 545,000,000,000. ft. 13299 (55 eee ne 129,100,000,000. ft. @altronmme = 5)... 381,000,000,000. ft. Lo 1] ac ape ae 1,811,100,000,000 ft. These figures indicate that the lum- ber business of the Pacific Coast States will endure for a long time, the present output being in the neighborhood of about eight and one-half billion feet annually. The timber of the West is found for the most part in comparatively inac- cessible rugged mountain ranges, thus involving difficult engineering prob- lems. In the early stages of the indus- try when the timber lined the banks of the numerous water courses, logging was rendered a comparatively simple and cheap operation. But this condi- tion has passed forever. The enormous size of the timber lying directly along the Pacific Coast, includ- ing the towering redwoods running up to 300 feet without a limb, and a di- ameter of 18 feet and over; the Douglas fir (Oregon pine), Menzies’ tideland spruce, cedar and hemlock of the Coast regions of California, Oregon and Washington; and the pine family to be found east of the Cascades and Sierra Nevadas, in Northern California, Cen- tral and Eastern Oregon, Eastern Washington, Idaho and Montana, and the interior of British Columbia, present topographical features that require a bold, daring, aggressive brain to suc- cessfully convert Nature’s forest cover to the uses of mankind. The primitive picturesque ox team has given way to the steam road. ‘There are approximately 450 logging roads in the West, with an aggregate mileage of about 3500 miles. The number is con- stantly increasing. These roads cost with equipment, from $10,000 to $15,- 000 per mile, thus indicating the enor- mous investment in logging railroad equipment, and the necessities for the future. The cost of building these roads has a most direct bearing on the profit of the operation. Here is where the practical logging engineer is invalu- able. His experience enables him to gauge with certainty the factor of safety required, yet keeping the initial cost down to a minimum. The railroad en- gineer generally fails when assigned to this task, as experience has abundantly borne out. He was trained in a differ- ent school. Hus factor of safety would spell financial ruin to many an oper- ation. He forgets to take into account the temporary character of the time he is building; for, outside of the main lines, the roads are temporary, being moved from time to time as occasion requires. These natural conditions have re- sulted in the creation of a type of log- ging engineering unknown anywhere else in the world. There are no parallels. The systems have evolved through sheer necessity. Brawn has 617 “AWANIHOVW JO HSN AHL AD GHAOWMIWNI NAAT SVH HOTHM WALNIM NI SDO’I DNIGCCINS AO GOHLAW ANO a SP « ok Wek ee ames tm U Res TF, mK eg te ee 6 me... Sate oe 6 eS ¥ Se F we = - ae: wen by? ; W GHNOIHSVA-d’IO AHL Ad LSHUOA NOLONIHSVM V NI Ula GAax DNIAGCINS NI CuSO NAXO b c ‘GOH L ‘AVMATEVO GVAHYAAO NV HLIM S9O’I DNI’IGNVH TIMBER, PINE a = - A Zz < AR SUG 622 been forced to yield to brain. Not only has the Pacific Coast developed a log- sing system indigenous to itself, with the application of steam, but it has gone a step further and has begun to employ the white coal of commerce—electric- ity—in its operations. An elimination of the fire hazard; a reduction in fuel costs, and a surcease from engine water troubles are some of the advantages to be gained through the substitution of electricity for steam. With the modernizing of equipment comes the vital need for a more tech- nical knowledge on the part of the men. It was considered quite a step from an ox team to a logging locomotive (yet a knowledge of steam was not uncom- mon) ; it was a greater step to the utili- zation of an electric motor in_ log haulage. Compressed air and hydraulic en- gines to lower logs down the steep mountain sides, for distances up to 3500 feet and over, have come into use. Here again the broader knowledge of me- ‘~hanical engineering in its varied phases, at once becomes a necessity. As an in- — ey LOG SUSPENDED EN ROUTE AMERICAN FORESTRY stance in the use of a steam lowering rig whereby logs are lowered 8600 feet on a grade approximately 77 per cent, at the plant of the Yosemite Lumber Company, Merced, California, gives a vivid and concrete idea of some of the difficulties which must be overcome in successfully handling coast logging op- erations. A knowledge of civil engineering that makes possible an accurate topographi- cal survey by which the proper location of the roads is determined before com- mencing operations, involves more than a rudimentary knowledge of surveying. We have now reached a stage where relief maps in plaster of Paris, showing the topography of the country, are now employed in definitely determining the laying out of the operation. This knowledge of mechanical and civil engineering must necessarily be combined in one individual before he can successfully lay claim to the title of a logging engineer. With the broadening of knowledge incidental to the modern complicated logging operation has been brought TO THE LANDING. LOGGING LUMBER FLUME FEET HIGH, forcibly to the front the necessity for a greater and more intelligent care for the men who bear the burden and heat of the day. It is claimed that statistics show that we are only securing about 70 per cent results in our mills and fac- tories, due almost entirely to a lack of physical efficiency. Here is a demand for a knowledge of the underlying prin- ciples producing efficiency. If better food, better housing, and adequate bath- ing facilities are the prerequisites—and they are-—why should not a portion of the time spent in executive effort to in- crease the efficiency of the machinery ENGINEERING SUPPORTED BY A BARES. CEDY, ORE. tf Botts Coy Ore TRESTLE 120 be spent to increase the efficiency of the men? Now, how shall we make it possible to provide this necessarily composite knowledge for the logging engineer? eee ‘the agricultural college as a basis, we find that the course of study was eee made by the farmers; the result has been practical education. The graduates make better farmers than their fathers. Adopting the same line of reasoning, the lumbermen should draft the courses of study in our colleges and universities where logging engineering is taught. 624 AMERICAN FORESTRY FALLING MENZIES TIDE- LAND SPRUCE. The course would ¢é¢mbrace three branches: First, a knowledge of prac- tical logging, by a preceptor who could hang an ax and fall a tree accurately, yet might not be able to conjugate the verb “amo” to save his life, nor be very proficient in the modern languages. A practical cruiser or estimator of timber is essential. A knowledge of the amount and character of timber is the basis of operations. The third in- structor should be a skilled civil and mechanical engineer, with technical and practical knowledge in equal ratio. The course of study should involve at least six months in each year in the woods, carrying forward practical log- ging operations under the guidance of the preceptors. In the winter time, courses in civil and mechanical engineer- ing would be pursued. Each man should attain proficiency in ordinary machine shop practice, coupled with a knowledge of blacksmithing. On the Pacific Coast at the Univer- sity of Washington, a practical forestry course has been pursued for several years. The Oregon Agricultural Col- lege, and the universities of Idaho and Montana have also provided such courses. In California and_ British Columbia plans are being formulated for the establishment of logging en- gineering courses. IN WOOD PRESERVING PLANT YARD. 632 the large list of preservatives which have been tried, long experience has re- duced the number which are of accepted value to two; namely, coal tar creosote and zinc chloride. In 1910 the con- sumption of creosote in the United States totalled 63,266,000 gallons, of which 38,640,000 gallons, or 69 per cent, were imported; while zinc chloride was used to the extent of 16,802,500 pounds. The latter, which is a soluble mineral salt, ieaches out of the wood in wet climates, and is of greatest value in arid regions. Creosote is the preserva- tive most generally used, present de- velopments indicating the decreasing use of zinc chloride alone; although in mixture with creosote, or with some heavy oil as a seal, it promises excellent results. The methods or processes by which preservatives are introduced into wood involve many technical details which are not of general interest. Preserva- tives are applied by pressure, open tank, znd brush application. Of these the first is of greatest value and most wide- ly used, open tank and brush treatments being superficial and of value mainly AMERICAN FORESTRY where low cost is essential and facilities for thorough treatment are not avail- able. The usual type of wood-preserving plant is equipped with from one to five heavy boiler plate cylinders, from six to seven feet in diameter and about 130 feet long. The additional equip- ment necessary to operate the plant in- cludes steam boilers, pressure and vacuum pumps, air compressor, storage tanks, etc. The cylinder has a heavy door which can be tightly closed by heavy pivoted bolts, tight-fitting gaskets preventing the escape of the preserva- tive under pressure. The ties or timber for treatment are loaded on narrow- gauge steel cylinder cars, and a whole train—usually fifteen cars—is run bod- ily into the cylinder; tracks being pro- vided inside the cylinder and the cars designed so that they just fit the avail- able space. The heavy door is then closed and the hot creosote introduced from overhead tanks. Pressure is then applied and increased up to 160 to 200 pounds per square inch, or until the desired amount of absorption is ob- tained. The oil is then dropped into Ber & ae” SO SENS CROSS SECTIONS OF BEECH TIE TREATED BY THE REUPING PROCESS AT STENDAL, GERMANY. WOOD PRESERVATION PINE TIES TAKEN STATE I SERVICE. CREOSOTE. an underground receiving tank, or forced back by compressed air, and the charge withdrawn. ‘This covers the essential steps of the so-called full cell or Bethell process. Various modifica- tions are made for special purposes, such as preliminary steaming, followed by a vacuum, to remove the saps; initial vacuum, before introducing the oil; and a final vacuum to recover surplus oil. An economical process, known as the Reuping, requires an initial air pres- sure, followed by the introduction of the oil without relieving the pressure. At the end the compressed air in the IN FOREST CONSERVATION FROM 6353 | | ; — PR 6 Py ee wee: cs " ae a, > TRACKS RAILWAY AFTER TWENTY-THREE TREATED WITH ZINC CHLORIDE OF PRUSSIAN YEARS’ AND wood forces out 40 to 60 per cent of the oil originally injected, leaving only the cell walls impregnated; hence the name “emtpy cell” process. Another process designed for a reduction in initial cost is a mixture of creosote and zine chloride in solution, the two liquids being agitated and kept in emul- sion by a rotary pump, through which the entire mixture, in the cylinder, passes every seven to ten minutes, even while under pressure. The tendency in this country, where timber is still comparatively cheap, 1s to economize in the treatment by using 654 partial doses of oil, or mixtures which are cheaper than pure creosote. In Europe much heavier treatments are given, the practice on most of the French and English railroads, for ex- ample, being to impregnate sleepers practically to refusal. The Prussian State Railways, on the other hand, have recently adopted an empty cell treatment. The amount of preserva- tive should be determined largely by the traffic and maintenance of way prac- tice. On most American roads where cut spikes are used and the tie-plates are small or eliminated entirely, it would be folly to inject enough preser- vative to protect the tie from decay for thirty years and have it wear out in a third of this time. In Europe, where screw spikes and heavy plates or chairs are standard equipment, mechanical wear is reduced to a minimum and a more expensive treatment is justified. It will be a mark of distinct progress when American roads protect their ties from wear as well as from decay. All woods do not have the same capacity for absorbing preservatives, owing to differences in the wood struc- ture. Red oak will treat readily, while white oak and chestnut absorb only a superficial coating, even under high pressure. ‘The sapwood of most species AMERICAN FORESTRY treats easily, but the heartwood of most timbers is resistant. The best results can be obtained only by thorough knowledge of the characteristics of various woods and manipulations of the treatment accordingly. Wood preservation has become a commercial necessity, and because it saves the wood consumer dollars and cents, will remain an important indus- try. The railroads and other large wood- consuming corporations incur heavy initial expenses for plants and increase their current costs on wood material in order to profit by reduced annual charges through the longer life of the material. The small wood consumers cannot take advantage of the pressure treatment unless near a commercial plant; but the brush and open tank treatments are available to farmers, fruit growers, and others who need to preserve their posts, stakes, lumber, etc. Whatever is done by corporations or individuals, the broader aspects of wood preservation should not be overlooked, since any reduction in the drain on the forests will tend to conserve the timber supply and keep prices down. Low jusmber prices, in turn, mean conserva- tion in the pocket-book of every indi- vidual citizen. PENNSYLVANIA’S TRADE. Lumber and timber industries in Pennsylvania employed on an average of 32,073. In the census of 1859 the lumber industry of Pennsylvania ranked first among the States. In 1909 the production of lumber was 1,462,771,000, which was a decrease of 36.3 per cent. from 1899. About 56 per cent. of the lumber manufactured was soft wood; oak 20 per cent. KENTUCKY'S STATE FORESTER. Ata recenl meeting of the Kentucky State Board of. Forestry, Mr. J. By, Barton, formerly connected with the U. S. Forestry Service, was elected State Forester for Kentucky. FIRE PREVENTION. The Pacific Logging Congress believes in the expenditure by the various States and Provinces of liberal and adequate appropriation for forest fire protection. To this end the Congress has indorsed the efforts being made for the creation of field military posts, near the national forests, with a view of utilizi ng the national troops where emergencies arise in the protection of the national forests from fire. METHOD OF FORESTRY CAMPAIGNING Forester T PROPOSE to discuss not needs or methods of better forest man- agement, but means of making propaganda for these things effective, or, in other words, the technique of the publicity and educational work that is almost as important as forestry itself. The Western Forestry and Conserva- tion Association has probably devoted more effort to developing this line of action than any other agency. Its suc- cess in moulding public and legislative sentiment is the reason I have been asked to describe some of its methods in the hope that they may suggest some- thing of help elsewhere. It may be well to begin by describing our organization itself, both because it might be duplicated in some localities and to show wherein its methods may not be practicable for ordinary forestry associations dependent upon small dues from a large but somewhat passive membership. It has no individual members, but is a league of over a dozen local organizations extending from Montana to California. Two are State conservation associations with miscel- laneous membership, but the rest are all working patrol associations maintained by timber owners. ‘These constituent locals are actual protective agencies, spending from $250,000 in a favorable year to $700,000 in a year like 1910 for patrol, fire-fighting and building trails and telephones. ‘They patrol nearly 20 million acres and with remarkable suc- cess, for being unhampered by politics or the economical vagaries of appro- priating legislatures or congresses, they have developed probably the most ef- ficient and perfectly-equipped systems in the United States. They are financed by pro rated assessments upon the mem- bers’ acreage, varying from 2 to 10 cents an acre, according to season and locality. Attending to local field work inde- Western Forestry and Conservation T. ALLEN Association pendently, these fire associations levy an additional acreage assessment for the Western Forestry and Conservation Association in order to have a clearing house for ideas and experience in fire matters, facilities for cheaper and more effective educational work than they could do alone, and a medium for de- veloping co-operation with State and Government. The leading State and Federal forest officials are members, ranking in its meetings and on its com- mittees with the delegates sent by the constituent private organizations. ‘The result is a triple alliance; working in the utmost harmony for the common end of forest preservation, accorded thorough public confidence, and financed chiefly by forest owners for utilizing opportunities afforded by all three. It has a voice in all official councils and measures, as well as in the press and with lumbermen and public, because it is non-partisan and particularly because it represents those who spend money and do things rather than those who merely ask others to do and spend. An illustration of our standing was afforded in 1910 when, upon the request of our president, Mr. Flewelling of Spokane, President Taft ordered out the army to fight fire. In gaining this power and in using it our first principle has been never to seek any end not of general benefit or to show discrimination for or against State, Government, lumbermen or pub- lic. We are equally without sympathy for the propagandist who locates all forest evils in the greed of lumbermen and seeks remedy by resent—breeding impracticable compulsion, or for the unreasonably individualistic lumberman who does about equal harm by his own bad methods and the retaliation he draws upon his industry. We recog- nize no difference of importance be- tween increasing the lumberman’s de- 635 iD ye x A LAK VRIN( 4 BORDI OREST IRE IN I 771A Ji 7 STRUCTIV 4 ) A VERY DI O! WORK BASTERN WASHINGTON. IN N FOREST ICAL pone aa Rent AMAR A 2920 O55 sire to protect and properly utilize the forest resources he holds in trust and increasing the public sentiment which will encourage him to do so. We be- lieve that mutual benefit lies in mutual understanding, confidence and co-oper- ation. In bringing before forest owners the actual profit of better forest manage- ment and the equal advantage to them of earning popular credit by it, we de- pend little upon the conventions, asso- ciations and publicity methods com- monly used to arouse forestry senti- ment in the general public. We break into his own trade meetings and jour- nals, where he has to listen, and take care to show that what we say is with full knowledge of his many problems. We write him letters and circulars, but do him the honor of making them as thoroughly his as would be a talk across his own desk. We ask him to make no sacrifices for posterity that we are not making ourselves, but we do try to show him that he can do much without sacri- fice or at a profit. Particularly, when we do get his money or backing, we try to give him tangible return in some- thing he really wants, like fire protec- tion, as well as in things we think he ought to want. If he wants to interest his neighbors in protection, we help him get them to- gether, draft one or two prominent men who have tried it to go along and tell how it worked, carry with us an array of practical figures on cost elsewhere, and practically bulldoze the gathering into organizing a modern co-operative patrol. After they try it, they continue, and we see that they get a copy of every new idea in fire work that is ever evolved afterward anywhere. If anew spark-arrester is invented, they get a description of it. If someone discovers that powder will throw a trench faster than shovels under certain conditions, we tell them about it. If a supreme court passes on some doubtful point of a fire law, we analyze the decision and send it around. If a law is inefficient generally, we write a new one, organize a campaign for its passage, and pay the bills. But probably you are more interested AMERICAN FORESTRY in methods of general public education. In this we follow the advertising prin- ciples of continual effort to keep the impression from fading, and of novelty to insure attention. Probably the first form of anti-fire publicity was the old- fashioned fire-warning synopsizing the law and its penalties and printed on cloth for durability. We originated de- parture from this to a poster saying little of the law but bearing catchy epi- grammatic appeals to the reader's com- mon sense and personal interest, and printed on paper so it can be replaced with a new one next year. Each year we use different text, type and color, and are now branching into pictorial signs depending little upon text of any kind. Each spring we issue immense num- bers of short circulars, with paper, colors and picture covers so attractive that they are not quickly tossed away, taking up in some new form the im- portance of forest protection to com- munity welfare. One year it may be straight narrative, another a cathecism with answers, another a parallel column device. Always different, always catchy. These are distributed in countless ways—as letter fillers by business houses, in railroad folder racks in pub- lic places, handed out or enclosed in packages by merchants, attached to documents and licenses by county of- ficials, distributed from pulpits by min- isters, dropped in rural mail boxes by riders, left at houses and on hotel tables by hundreds of fire wardens. Almost anyone will help if you give him the material and suggest how. Similar distribution is given small gummed labels bearing terse sentences or symbolic pictures and issued by hun- dreds of thousands. ‘They are placed on envelopes, advertisements and the like, also stuck on walls, signs and posts. Every spring we get out something especially designed for school children, both to get them thinking rightly and to be shown their parents, and the State school authorities instruct the teachers to distribute these. Last year it was a sort of catechism with a picture cover, this year a little story investing a tree ASTERN WASHINGTON. IN SOUTH-E OW PINE L, YEL A STAND OF T OF PAR 640 with personality and carrying it through all its forest struggles. These reach hundreds of thousands of children and the distribution of so many tons of ma- terial to the teachers by small mail and express packages is a serious under- taking. We also find a good oppor- tunity in Arbor Day ceremonies, pre- paring material to be issued by State school superintendents in a special bul- letin to teachers with instructions to make it part of the regular program. One of the most pretentious projects we have undertaken is a technical man- ual of forest management for the Pa- cific Coast. Dealing not only with for- est economics and protection, but even more with silvicultural problems and reforestation possibilities, it is practi- cally the first western book of the kind and has wide circulation. It is used as a text-book in every American forest school, is in most important libraries, and was listed by New York State among 1300 best books out of 11,000 printed in 1911. Peculiar value of such a book as a sentiment-maker lies in that it carries forestry to the lumberman who would not read it elsewhere and carries his practical problems to the technical forest school. We find both daily and technical press of value almost exactly in proportion to our systematizing its use. It is of great importance to reach the small country papers whose readers both use fire and exert much influence in legis- lation. To keep their interest we give them real news, using it as a peg on which to hang propaganda matter, and do this regularly. We send out to all our local associations and to State and Government officials blank forms ask- ing for information, as for example on the fire situation at given times, and have these returned to us simultaneously so we can compile accurate up-to-date bulletins. These are so written that they can be shortened without rewriting and go promptly to about 800 papers with a release date like Associated Press dispatches. The papers know they can depend on these bulletins and use them widely. Occasionally we ac- company them with lighter material like verse, which is very effective, or with AMERICAN FORESTRY editorials. I have yet to see a single unfavorable expression upon the West- ern Forestry and Conservation Asso- ciation in any newspaper and we get many letters and notices of approval. I attribute much of this good will to our systematic way of giving them news that they cannot get elsewhere, when it is new and in newspaper style. Another publicity method both cheap and effective is to furnish material to others who will use it at their own expense over their own name. We send copy for fire warnings to State foresters and associations, suggest no- tices to be put up by railroads in cars and stations, and devise mottoes to go on checks and stationery. Every trans- continental railroad traversing our terri- tory has our fire warning material i in its summer time-folders. Telephone com- panies print it in their directories, and tell readers that exchange operators will put them in touch with fire war- dens. Counties put guide-boards at road-crossings saying it is 10 miles to a certain town and do not start fires on the way. Many official State reports by boards and commissions present for- estry material exactly as we write it for them. Speeches and reports before women’s clubs and miscellaneous con- ventions are often supplied by us in full to the speakers or committees called upon to investigate the subject. Let any agency establish willingness to furnish such matter, and a reputation for absolute reliability and impartiality and it soon reaches audiences it could not appear before in any other way. Similarly it is often better to give a good article to a staff newspaper or magazine writer than to submit it your- self. He makes the money, but your doctrine appears without the discount of your own known special interest. I could continue the list of such sug- gestions almost indefinitely, including calendars, framed pictures teaching some fire lesson to be put up in school houses, special folders to be handed patrons of garages and livery stables, combination game and fire law cards to be given sportsmen by gun-stores and license officials, the printing of like ma- terial on guide maps, stamped plates to * mm i a a Me < 4 ae “a ve FOREST OF NOBLE FIR, HEMLOCK AND RED FIR IN OREGON. 642 be attached to logging engines, cards bearing fire wardens’ addresses to be tacked up near telephones, and many others. I think, however, that those al- ready recounted will be sufficiently sug- gestive and I want to use the time re- maining in speaking of the highly im- portant subject of getting better legis- lation. Neither my topic nor the time avail- able warrants discussion of the policies to be expressed by forest laws, but with respect to engineering their passage, I can say that our experience teaches two cardinal principles of success. Har- monize and organize your support early and thoroughly. Do not depend upon lobbying, but exert your pressure through the legislators’ constituents at home. Were I to outline a legislative campaign it would be about as follows: Complete your bill two or three months before your legislative body convenes, but not before you have asked advice of all factions it affects and made it satisfy the sane majority of each. If it doesn’t, the chances are either that it is not a good bill or that you have not learned to extol its merits con- vincingly. Then print it, with an attrac- tive cover bearing the official endorse- ment of all the influential agencies you can elist. ‘This disarms suspicion, also the human tendency to tinker with it which will keep cropping up till it is either dead or signed. Precede the bill itself by a lively argument to engage interest, follow every section with full explanation of its particular need and meaning, and finish the booklet with a dire prophecy of what will happen if it is not supported. Send this circular to everyone you can think of; lumbermen, ministers, women’s clubs, bankers, merchants, newspapers and, of course, the legisla- tors themselves; always with a special letter making an individual appeal for support based upon the recipient’s voca- tion, and asking if he has any changes to suggest. He seldom will have, so you take few chances, and the majority are pleased. Anyway, you are out in the open. No one can say later he does not understand the bill. By time the fight is really on you have discov- AMERICAN FORESTRY ered your opposition and how to meet it—a most important point. In the meantime you have been per- fecting mailing lists of two kinds. One is the widest possible, classified by voca- tions or other distinctions sugg esting special arguments, and the stationery and signatures of the letters you send are as varied as the institutions you can get to let you use their prestige in this way. These addresses are classified again by their representation in the leg- islature and each receives at least one letter containing stamped addressed en- velopes to his own representatives, with a request to write these demanding sup- port of the bill unchanged. The ma- jority will comply just because you have trusted them with a few postage stamps. The second list is of one or more people in each town whom you appoint local agitators to follow your instructions at any time without question. It is not hard to get such a list of lieutenants if you start your general letter writing campaign early enough. It develops through the replies you receive. When the bill is introduced, do not lobby—at least not much. Ask every member whether he is for or against it, give him another of your printed ex- planations of it, and leave him pleased because you do not talk him to death when he has important business on hand. ‘This is practically the sole job of your lobbyist: to advise you who is so sure to support you that he can be safely neglected, who needs pressure, and the stage of your bill every min- ute—its progress through committees, etc. With this information you marshal pressure from outside. What the re- luctant members need is not your argu- ments for the bill, but expression from their constituents. You keep on writing letters by the hundred or thousand, occasionally sending out a flurry of telegrams to indicate urgency, always telling the recipients the particular members they are to write or wire to and what is needed, even if it is only to hasten the bill through a committee. And always emphasize that the bill is to be left unchanged. If you have never tried such a cam- paign, two things will surprise you— FIRE the readiness with which people will respond to suggestions that are exceed- ingly definite and somewhat flattering in assuming their influence is valuable, and the effect of this home endorse- ment not only in passing a measure but also in keeping it unchanged. One of the greatest perils of a forest bill is that it may be modified to make the resultant system a political machine. In dealing personally with members who attempt this, you are almost helpless if they make it a condition of their sup- port. It is very different when they are obliged to offend constituents by defying their specific requests. ay here are, of course, many additional devices to be employed. Wholesale and banking houses may be induced to re- quest help for your bill as a personal favor of all their out of town connec- DAMAGE, SMALL 645 tions. Friendly newspapers may use editorials to be clipped and sent each legislator. We once successfully killed a charge that a fire appropriation would benefit timber owners at the expense of the farmer by having placed on every member's desk a cartoon of a settler’s house being destroyed by fire, sur- rounded by reproductions of dozens of actual clippings all describing loss of life or property by settlers, and bearing the legend “to vote against the fire bill is to vote for this.” I cannot review all such devices, but the summing up is this: Do not rely on eleventh-hour lob- bying with a busy legislature. Give your measure the earliest and widest explanation and systematize to the last degree getting the effectively applied en- dorsement of every man, woman and child you can reach. FIRE DAMAGE SMALL HERE has been less fire damage to timber in the Northwest this year than any previous year since the Western Forestry and Conservation Association has been organized, accord- ing to a statement by A. L. Flewelling, president of that organization. This year, he says, the fire loss has been practically nothing, in June there were a few fires on the coast, but in the Inland Empire, Montana and Oregon the damage has been almost nothing. Continuing, Mr. Flewelling said: “The fact that the summer season has been a moist one is, of course, one of the principal reasons. There are, however, three other reasons that may help to explain the condition of affairs this year. The patrol system and or- ganization of the timber protective as- sociations have been perfected to a de- gree never attained before. Most of the railroads have adopted oil fuel, do- ing away with the locomotive spark as a fire cause. ‘The campaign of educa- tion that the association has been carry- ing on for years is beginning to bear fruit. “Settlers and campers are exercising more care in leaving fires and are more ready to co-operate with the lumber- men in reporting them.” The cost of the patrol service maintained this year has ranged from 2 to 3 cents per acre in north Idaho. Mr. Flewelling said: “A year ago the average assessment was 3 cents, while in 1910, the year of the big fires, the cost ranged from 12 to 15 cents per acre. This year most of the patrol forces have been used in building telephone lines. These lines and lookout stations have been estab- lished in sections never reached be- tenes BE. €) PEGG APPOINTED: Mr. Ernest C. Pegg has been appointed instructor in forestry at the University of Mis- SOUrI. 1911 with higi honors. Service, with headquarters on the Jemez National Forest, Mr. Pegg was graduated from Wabash College and from the Yale Forest School in Since graduation he has been in the employ of the U. S. Forest Arizona, HENRY E. HARDTNER, PRES., LOUISIANA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. SOUTH’S TIMBER DISAPPEARING By HENRY EF. HARDTNER, President Louisiana Forestry Association T is a well known fact that the forests of the South will be com- pletely exhausted inside of fif- teen years at the present rate of cutting. [| have studied forest conditions in every Southern State and have con- versed with well informed lumber oper- ators and timber owners and am fully convinced that the present supply of virgin timber is nearing exhaustion. It is sad for one who has grown up in the forests and who saw them in their vir- gin splendor to witness their complete destruction. Yet, we must consider that the trees are ripe and full grown and should be utilized to the best advantage, and that it is not criminal to denude these magnificent forests. Where we deserve censure is in failing to enforce reforestation on lands chiefly valuable for timber culture. The present rate of cutting timber for A FOREST SAW MILL IN THE HILLS OF EASTERN TENNESSEE. 646 AMERICAN FORESTRY ERODED SLOPE, FORMERLY HEAVILY WOODED, IN WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA. the market will decrease from year to year from now on. The highest aver- age has been reached—the forests are now in the hands of actual operators who of all manufacturers are forced to purchase raw material for years in ad- vance in order to insure a safe return on the great cost of erecting mills, houses, railroads, etc. There will be few if any sawmills erected by new companies. A number of large mills will go out of commision year after year because of the exhaustion of their timber supply—the companies now op- erating will not increase their output— consequently the life of our virgin for- ests will be prolonged. Another factor in prolonging the life of virgin forests will be a reasonable price for lumber which will enable the operator to make a profit. A reasonable price for lumber will enable a mill man to cut 25% more timber from his lands. ‘There will be no more profit for the manufacturer on the actual cut when the average price f.o.b. mills is $20.00 than when the average price is $15.00 for this reason—it will be more expensive to save the extra 25% increase in stump- age which is now wasted because it can not be profitably handled. The average lumberman is a true conservationist. He does not wish to waste any product of the forest—but he can not operate his mills many years at a great loss. So when the average price of lumber is $15.00 he is forced to leave 25% of very low grade lumber in the woods. His average per cent of-upper grades is much larger on a $15.00 average than it is on $20.00. A $20.00 average for next three years—a $25.00 average for the five years thereafter and a cor- responding increase from year to year will enable a person to reforest his de- nuded lands and grow trees at profit and as a safe business investment. To sum it all up—an average price of $20.00 will enable the lumberman to get 25% more lumber from his lands, IS LUMBER thus increasing the life of the virgin forests ten years. It will also enable and encourage the land owner to grow trees for the market so that when the virgin timber is gone there will be new forests to take their place. The cost of growing timber where the State fixes a valuation of one dollar per acre for tax- ation purposes on the land for thirty or forty years and does not tax the growing timber is as follows: Assessed value $1 acre for 30 years and compound interest A CRIME? 644 at O% a ee eee $1.67 Present vz ale aye Ieyayele 2 3.00 Cost of planting trees per acre__ Compound interest for 29 years 37.94 Care of timber at 2 cents acre and compound interest_--_—~- 1.6% TPovaltcOshree 2 eae $49.28 There will be 5,000 feet per acre in 30 years’ time at a cost of about $10.00 per. M. feet. It’s a good investment— a good clean business to engage in. IS LUMBER By GEORGE NE man has made a_ national newspaper reputation by declaim- ing against the “Criminal Match.” Another has made a tour of the coun- try to exploit his catch phrase, ‘The shingle roof is not a covering, but a crime.” The Fire Insurance propaganda with its ninety-odd class-periodicals is _pro- moting mass meetings in every State and city denouncing all forms of wood structure and utility as guilty of the “National Disgrace” of fire waste, and denouncing all responsible officials as criminals who do not use their official positions and power to prohibit its use. The sensational press has heedlessly and ignorantly joined in the hue and cry, and the unenlightened portion of the “dear people” which takes its tone from head lines is hurling stones and clubs and epithets at the “Lumber Trust” —that my thological, disembodied Banshee—in blissful ignorance of the facts and of its own best interests. Our natural enemies, the purveyors and manufacturers of competing ma- terial, and novel, untried substitutes, are spending mints of easy money in advertising and promoting the sale and use of their pet fads, and are not con- science-smitten when they decorate their pronouncements with all the lurid colors which they can borrow from their evil-disposed or ignorant collab- orators. A CRIME? lel Jaleo Building ordinances and restrictions are enacted and enforced upon the false assumption that if matches and mice and shingles and lu nber and every form and use of wood were prohibited, property and life would be forever safe from the Fire Hazard, and everybody would be happier. In this hour of unrest, when any demagogue can get a hearing by pro- claiming that eee that {Saas W rong,” the likelihood is that we are on the road to destruction of much that is good, along with sore things that are bad. A wrong diagnosis leads to a fatal disaster, when a right diagnosis might prolong life and happiness. What about the criminal match? The tests ade by the Underwriters themselves disprove that charge. They show that “safe” matches share the re- sponsibility equally with “unsafe” matches. It is the careless use of matches, not the matches themselves that should bear the blame. The actual tests of “mice and matches” and “rats and matches” re- duce to ridicule the tabulations of losses from those causes, although they have become a standing scare-head in all annual reports of fire loss. What about the “Criminal Shingle There are no statistics worthy of the slightest respect which tend to justify that false alarm. ‘Think of the eleven million and odd buildings in this coun- 645 try and consider what an enormous per- centage of them are and have been roofed with shingles. How many cases have come under your observation in which the shingles were the cause of the fire? How many cases in which the shingles actually spread the fire to adjoining properties ? The great values and the great losses by fire in this country are not in shingle- roofed buildings, and never were. If shingle roofs are really the “crin- inals’ that they are painted why do not the statistics show it? Why do the insurance companies compete so stren- uously for frame residences, farm houses and barns, school houses, churches and public institutions, roofed with shingles, if shingles are “Not a covering, but a crime’? Why do they rate these properties among the lowest in the list, and then give away from 40 to 55 per cent of the premiums to get the business, if “Shingles are a crime”? Where was the ‘“Conflagration” for which shingle roofs were responsible? Doubtless some fires have been started in shingle roofs and some have been communicated in that way, but I do not know of any statistics which tend to show that shingles are a peculiarly bad hazard. ‘The analysis of thousands of fires attributed to “‘sparks,’ taken as they run, shows as many fires in build- ings not having shingle roofs as in buildings having shingle roofs. ‘This fact is noteworthy, because there are a greater number of buildings roofed with shingles than with any other material. It would be natural to expect, there- fore, that any comparison by numbers of fires would show a greater number of fires in shingle roofed buildings, but that is not the fact in this case. The appeal to experience and to sta- tistics alike acquit the shingle roof and damns it defamers. How about structural uses? Wood construction is as old as the human race. Fire proof construction may have had “a look in” in the Stone Age, but it was not a winner in the race for civilization. As for iron and steel and concrete and plaster and ce- ment, their story is a short one, and AMERICAN FORESTRY their comparative merits as all-around and economic and livable are not es- tablished. Admit that they have certain dis- tinctive merits under certain conditions and limitations, and you have given them all the credit that they are en- titled to. It is certain that iron alone is an unfit substitute. Examine any annual report of fires in a State or city and you will find abundant evidence of that fact. Concrete and iron, properly combined and proportioned, are a worthy pair for certain purposes, but, although their number is less than one per cent of the whole number of structures, they con- tribute a very large percentage to the fire waste. Fire and electrolysis and water and changing stresses are fatal to their life and usefulness. As to the safety of life and limb in unsprinklered ‘‘Fire- proof” buildings, the indictment against them is more terrible than against any other class. And yet we would not say that an unsprinklered fire proof building is a "chines Their record in every great confla- gration is a record of total loss of con- tents, and for the most part, worse than a total loss of structure. A sprinklered fire proof structure, properly constructed, is about an equiv- alent of a “mill-construction” (wood interior) building, from the fire hazard standpoint. Edward Atkinson always held that the mill construction was the better, and for many years discriminated against the fire proof sprinklered in favor of the mill sprinklered structure. The records of the New England Factory Mutuals are a monument to his sagacity in that respect, during his life time. What about timber construction ? To paraphrase Daniel Webster, “The world knows it by heart.’ Dry wood will burn. Wet wood will not. You must evaporate the water first. The Automatic Sprinkler solved that prob- lem. It wets the wood while the fire is small, and keeps it wet until the fire is IS LUMBER A CRIME? out. ‘There are some sprinkler failures, in both fire proof and timbered build- ings, due to defects of construction or to accidents which cripple the equip- ment, but the actual experience of fire loss in thousands of sprinklered tim- bered structures, carrying hundreds of millions of insurance, is below one per cent. As these buildings are mainly factory buildings, housing inflammable materials and operating machinery, all of which contribute enormously to the hazard, the record is a phenomenal one, and the case is proved in favor of the reasonable use of wood in structural work. The great majority of fires start in contents or equipment—not in the structure. If all buildings were prop- erly sprinklered, and the sprinkler equipments properly maintained, there would be no spreading fires, and conse- quently no conflagrations. The fads of wired glass and metal trim and furniture would be relegated to the scrap heap, and buildings would be livable and beautiful and economic, and life and property would be safe from fire. But that is the extreme. It is not necessary or desirable to go that limit. It is only necessary to pro- tect congested areas and values and occupancies, leaving the small and mod- erate hazards to the control of a fire- fighting force of moderate, though ainple, size to subdue it. This condition can be established in any city in a short time, and without adding any burden not already borne. It is what I have called “Normalizing” a city—that is to say, reducing its haz- 649 ards to a normal size, so that any pos- sible loss would fall within the limits of a profitable relation between cost of construction, maintenance, protection and loss without disaster. We have no quarrel with those who seek by fair means to sell competing materials. We have no quarrel with those who seek by fair means to en- lighten the public to a due sense of its responsibility for fire waste. We have no quarrel with those who seek to bring the public mind to a state of careful- ness and caution in the matter of fire hazard. We do not urge the exclusive use of wood for all purposes. We do not object to reasonable re- strictions upon unfit methods of con- struction or use of materials. We do have a right to denounce a false propaganda, which, to serve its selfish ends, defames us and our indus- try with reckless and unjustifiable mis- statement of facts, and by playing upon the prejudices of the uninformed and gullible portion of the public. We perform a service to the public and to the great number of persons who are engaged in collateral and related industries when we do so, as well as to cur own great host of citizens whom we are proud to call our “fellow lum- bermen.” What we need is an unbiased and competent investigation and report, un- der the authority of the National Goy- ernment, which will ascertain and dis- close the facts in an adequate and trust- worthy manner. QUEBEC’S LUMBER RESOURCES. The timber resources of Quebec are enormous, though greatly diminished in past years by forest fires. able to supply 500,000 to 1,000,000 cords of wood per annum for years to come. The privately owned timber lands comprise about 6,000,000 acres and are The Island of Anticosti alone is able to produce 80,000 to 100,000 cords per annum for years, a good portion of which, however, will probably be converted into pulp in the near future, as a large mill is now in process of erection there. Pulp mills are also in process of construction in other parts of this district, so that the pulp industry, especially in this district, is bound to witness a great boom in the near future. AMERICAN FORESTRY H. SHEIP Man ufacturer J EROME Philadelphia, Pa., T is particularly gratifying to note the growth in technical efficiency by which we are rapidly realizing the best ideals in tie management of our public forests. We recognize that a great field of usefulness awaits our efforts in bringing about a more eco- nomic management of private forests. The forest reserves which were cre- ated in 1891 and later more appropri- ately named “National Forests,’ have been increased in area, and now in- clude about 190,000,000 acres. Many State Forest Reservations have been created and established, so that, at the present time, about one-fifth of the forest area in America is owned by the public, To this extent, a great system of management has been es- tablished, looking toward the protec- tion, improvement and wise use of our timber supply, which has been insured for the present and future benefit of all the people—aiding private owners in reforesting waste lands and in edu- cating the public in the best methods of handling timber lands and_ provid- ing efficient fire protection. The total amount of timber cut in the United States in 1900, was thirty- five billion feet; in 1905, thirty -eight billion feet; in 1909, forty-five billion feet. These figures show an enormous increase demonstrating beyond ques- tion, the importance of extending the practice of forestry to commercial lumber operations. Business in a large measure, is now hospitable to forestry—seeking to understand its principles and find out how they may be applied, and the most cordial, thoughtful co-operation is due from the forestry profession. While it is true that some of the greatest fortunes in the country are based upon lumber, they have been made by treating lumber as a specula- tion and not as a business, by holding 650 Box JEROME H. SHEIP. and reselling, not by cutting. The writer contends that if the timber owner could afford to wait fifteen years, if he charged his investment at six per cent and compounded it annually, and sold at the end of that term, his profit would generally be greater than if he had cut his trees into lumber. ‘This practically means that the saw-mill man is giving away his manufacture for less than it has cost him, as he is not getting the appreciated price of his logs. The average way the man who owns both a mill and a forest figures his cost is this: he buys his timber at an esti- mated stumpage value of $2 per thou- sand. He puts up a saw-mill after waiting several years, and by the time he is ready to operate, the general price for stumpage is $5 per thousand; but he argues, I paid $2, and therefore AMERICAN FORESTRY G51 stumpage is put on his cost records at $2 instead of $5, because he is selling the timber to his own mill instead of to somebody else. On this miscalculated cost he makes a price that gives away the manufacture for less than it cost him above the price of the timber. Nor is this all; the lumberman is getting nothing for the risks of engag- ing in one of the most precarious and difficult of operations. In the South, which engages principally negro labor, insurance men tell us that more than ninety per cent of the lumber mills burn out every ten years, and no mat- ter how thoroughly insured the lum- berman may be, he will certainly lose in a fire. For the ability, the genius who can conduct the lumber business as a permanent concern under the pres- ent conditions has yet.to be discovered. The saw-mill as the center or focus of the business, possesses this peculiarity ; when it is placed in a locality, it im- mediately begins to cut a circular swath about it. As more capital is invested in the plant to make it more efficient, it means that the life of the plant is being shortened, as the swath in which it will pay to operate will be cut more quickly, and a move will be necessary the sooner, with all the loss incident to readjust- ment and re-establishment. ‘The ques- tion in such a case is how to charge depreciation, for as the plant has only a running value, every doubling of efficiency of daily output, by a doubling of capital invested, would mean the quadrupling of depreciation. In other ig ords, the fact that our forest policy 1s based upon a plan of depletion, has made the keynote of the business “cheap, inefficient and temporary.” Like the Nomadic Indian, we have spread our wigwam upon the fertile prairie, and when the game was hunted out, we have moved to more fertile fields. This lack of permanence, or even dis- couragement of permanence, has been the bane of the saw-mill business dur- ing recent years. The fact that saw- milling has been based upon the prem- ises of a change of locality each five or ten years has deterred the most val- uable type of conservative business man from entering it as his life work, and invited speculators who have exploited the natural resources with little thought beyond the material pleasure of the day. We shall always have the speculative element in our midst, but the men who represent it should not be permitted to manage as a private business what is a vast matter of public concern and what will be so difficult to replace when lost. It is not only that when the present crop of trees 1s cut, it will take approx- imately a century to grow a new mer- chantable stand but that it will take two or three centuries to return to the quality of our present virgin timber. Forests are not merely trees; the ag- gregation of many trees in one place creates forest conditions, and betters the timber for commercial purposes. These forest conditions have to do with such factors as soil cover, con- stant shade and constant reproduction. Once the sun is permitted to touch the soil and dry it out, we must begin from chaos again. Nor is the denudation of the soil a matter merely of taking off so tnany trees, aS we are informed» that the forests are watersheds acting as bal- ance wheels upon the inequalities of climate and that if the tree cover is re- moved, we shall be exposed to the violence of alternate freshet and drought. These are the conditions that have brought the issue of conservation to the attention of our people, and made it and Socialism the paramount and only really important political issues of the day. The conservation of forests is but a branch of the large general move- ment for the conservation of everything from child life to coal smoke; 1t means that instead of doing the most obvious thing in a tremendous hurry, we shall, in the future, calmly weigh and plan to what end we are going. The trained forester feels that in an ideal world that nation would be happy whose gov- ernment realized that the great public necessities which span more than one generation in their circle, should be placed beyond the greed of any one generation, and as the national govern- ment is the most permanent element in our civilization, it is most fitted to exer- cise this function. As this was not realized a century ago by the framers of our Constitution, the forester now asks that the same step be taken as in all other husiness—to stop and in- ventory our methods, in an attempt to remedy the evils that will no longer be glossed over. As a first step to this, we are to set aside certain lands that we can still obtain, as a temporary in- junction to further abuse. Where President Taft has erred, with all good intentions, has been that after certain lands had been closed by a free inter- pretation of an act which gave the President power to close those lands, he threatened to destroy the entire for- est policy of the nation by returning them upon a technicality. "Technically and literally, he was probably right, but no technicality could restore the land to us, once it were lost. Coincident with this movement for technical and scientific forestry has been another quite as important which has taken its initiative in the practical commercial world of affairs—conserva- tion by conversion of waste into by- products. Not all of the forest trees are considered valuable for commercial purposes and as we have weeds spring- ing up among the lower plant life of the soil, we have weed trees. Examples of this of recent date are the use of beech, and tupelo, and the treatment of discarded species of pine with preserva- tives such as creosote. Some twenty years ago, not more than half of the trees were taken down at the first cut- ting, as the rest were considered use- les ~ Of the trees that are taken from the forest, not one-half of the original volure goes into the final product. The roots and branches make up one-third or more of the woody volume, but are left in the woods, while the dust taken out by the saw, the slabs and trim- mings reduce the volume an additional fraction. Just recently, we have found that all or part of these unused pieces yielded paper pulp. alcohol, resin, tur- pentine, tannic acid, and ‘the day is doubtless very near when the sawdust burner will be considered a public dis- grace, when no saw-mill can be run profitably without working up its waste ; AMERICAN FORESTRY or we may see the day when a saw- mill will find it profitable to burn coal under the boilers in order to utilize the sawdust. From conservation it is not a great step to the exercise of forestry as a science. The final idea of forestry is to treat trees as a soil crop, as grain is treated, with this difference—the time of rotation. Ordinarily the time of rotation for a soil crop such as grain or fruit is one year, but in forestry this is increased by one hundred or more fold, or three natural generations. This, however, is counterbalanced by the sta- bility of the crop and the certainty of return, for the forest has but three ene- mies, fire, wind and vermin, reduced under scientific forestry to an absolute minimum. By certain technical and not very complicated methods, forestry keeps a continuous growth of trees of all ages from seedling to mature trees in its forest, and endeavors to cut each year only a number of large saw-log trees corresponding in volume to the amount of woody material put on by the entire stand for the year; it keeps the ground shaded, and finding out the pecularities of the soil, favors those species most fitted to it. It would prob- ably be inipossible to get a private in- dividual to engage in such an under- taking from a purely commercial view- point, as the amount of capital tied up at compound interest for a rotation of even sixty years would be very con- siderable. We must look to the gov- ernment to come forward and, if not take charge of such an undertaking. at least to encourage it by beneficent laws that will overcome the present handi- cap of unscrupulous business over pub- lic spirit. We have given protection to develop many unworthy infant indus- tries by a protective tariff, and yet here the most worthy of all industries, in the most need of protection, receives no en- couragement. ‘The least the govern- ment can do is to relieve those who have placed their forests under scientific management, of the burden of taxes during the first crop rotation. THE PRESENT STATE OF FOREST TAX LEGISLATION 3y Frep R. FArrRcHILD Dept. of Economics Yale University. tion between taxation and for- estry has been more or less gen- erally recognized for some time. The exact nature of this connection, how- ever, has never been well understood in this country. Persons interested in for- estry have seen that taxation was a serious obstacle, and legislatures have frequently been willing to give relief by means of special legislation affecting the taxation of timber lands. In the absence of an understanding of the true relation between taxation and forest growing, this legislation has until very recently all gone off on the wrong track. The good results hoped for have not been accomplished and the problem of forest taxation is still unsolved, is in fact more pressing than ever before. In what follows I shall undertake to describe briefly the present state of leg- islation in the United States affecting the taxation of forest lands and to show why the special forest tax laws enacted up to the present have not proved ef- fective. The taxation of forests is a matter of State and local revenue. There is no taxation of forests by the national gov- ernment. ‘The legislation is all State legislation. The basis of local revenue everywhere in the United States and of State revenue in very many of the States is the general property tax. Everyone is familiar with the principal features of the general property tax. As a rule all property, real and per- sonal, tangible and intangible, is sub- ject to taxation, unless specially ex- empted by law. Forest lands are sub- ject to the tax the same as any other kind of wealth. The law requires that the actual market value shall be as- sessed, which in the case of forests means the full value of land and trees. ‘OES there exists a direct connec- Of course it is a matter of common knowledge that the laws are not en- forced as regards the requirement of an assessment at full market value. The tax is collected annually at what- ever rate is required to raise the neces- sary revenue for the town, county, State, and other public bodies depend- ing upon the general property tax. This, in brief, is the normal tax sys- tem to which forests are subject in the United States. Only where there has been special legislation are forests treated differently from other kinds of wealth. Of the forty-eight States of the United States, thirty-four tax for- est lands under the general property tax in exactly the same manner as other lands. The other fourteen States have en- acted special legislation affecting the taxation of forests. These States are Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecti- cut, New York, Alabama, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Nebraska, North Da- kota, and Washington. The idea in the legislation of all of these States has been to encourage the planting and cul- tivation of trees or the general practice of forestry by offering special. induce- ments in the way of reduced taxation. These concessions take the form of en- tire or partial exemption from taxation, rebates of part of the taxes, or bounties to be deducted from the taxes. The method usually employed is that of tax exemption. The plan of a rebate is used in New Hampshire; North Da- kota uses bounties, while Wisconsin uses both exemptions and bounties. In some of the States there are two or more distinct laws, not always entirely consistent with each other. In most cases the statute is limited to planta- tions, and in five States the forest must 653 654 be established on land that is not wooded at the time. The commonest form of tax conces- sion consists of a complete exemption from taxation on both land and trees for a definite period of time, ranging from five to thirty-five years. The ex- emption begins either immediately after the land has been planted or set aside for the growth of trees, or after a cer- tain period, measured either in years or in the growth of the trees. In other States the concession is by means of a rebate of part of the taxes for a cer- tain number of years, as in New Hamp- shire, or by means of a bounty of so many dollars per acre to be deducted annually from the taxes on the land, as in North Dakota and Wisconsin. Us- ually the owner is required to manage the forest in accordance with regula- tions specified in the statute or under the direction of some State officer or board. Only two States depart materially from this general plan. These are the States of New York and Michigan, whose legislation, enacted in 1912 and 1911 respectively, will be considered in more detail below. Four States, Illinois, Kansas, Minne- sota, and Wyoming, undertake to en- courage the growth of trees by offering bounties. Since these bounties, how- ever, have no relation to taxation, I have not included them in this dis- cussion. Likewise I refrain from dis- cussing the laws of Massachusetts and Vermont, which provide for the offer- ing of annual prizes to encourage the planting and cultivation of trees; these prizes also have nothing to do with taxation. — The general type of forest tax legis- lation which has been followed by our States until very recently has failed to produce any appreciable results. Of this fact there cannot be the slightest question. It is important to determine the causes of this failure. In the tirst place the laws contain many technical defects. The common limitation io plantations, or even to land other than woodland, largely defeats the purpose of the laws at the outset. The regula- tions regarding planting, thinning, etc., AMERICAN FORESTRY are often faulty from the point of view of scientific forestry. Often the num- ber of trees required to the acre is too large. The list of species designated is not always well chosen. A more serious defect is the injustice to the locality where the exempted for- est happens to be located. The only justification for a concession to the for- est owner is the resulting advantage to the State asa whole. Yet the particular town or county where the land is located is called upon to bear the whole or the principal part of the burden of a dimin- ished revenue. ‘This tends, first, to lead certain assessors to try to get even by adding enough to the assessment of some other property of the timber owner to make up for the reduced taxes on his forest lands. . In the second place it prevents many owners from taking advantage of the law, since they dislike to arouse the hostility of their neigh- bors or of the local authorities by an ap- parent attempt to get out of paying their share of local taxes. Another vital reason for failure is that the actual financial consideration is not ordinarily very great after all. The exemption is limited to a fairly short period, after which land and trees are again subject to the general prop- erty tax. The abatement comes, of course, at the time when the trees are small, and the taxes would not be very heavy anyway. Finally the whole principle on which these laws are based is, in the writer’s opinion, a false one. The idea has been to give some concession, some special favor. This is not what is needed. There is no sound reason why the owner of forest lands should not pay his just share of taxation. And if forestry is going to be profitable at all, it can well afford to pay its just share. What is needed is simple justice, and nothing more. The general property tax acts as an obstacle to forestry, for reasons which cannot be entered into here. What we want is a new system, which shall avoid the evils of the general prop- erty tax by a change in method, but which shall still call upon the forest owner to bear his full share of the bur- den of supporting government. WITH THE BILTMORE BOYS Within the past two years two of our States have taken the first step, somewhat faulty and timid to be sure, toward a sound method of forest tax- ation. Michigan passed a law in 1911 and New York three laws in 1912. Without going into details, these laws provide for a separation of land and trees for purposes of taxation, the land 655 either exempt entirely or assessed at a low value, and the trees taxed only when cut, and then at a certain per- centage of the value of timber cut. The operation of these laws will be awaited with great interest by all those who are interested in forest tax re- form.* *For a more complete analysis of State legislation, with abstracts of all the laws in effect in October, 1908, cf. Report of the National Conservation Commission, Vol. II, pp. 581-632. State statutes are on pp. 588-589. ent time. “The Taxation of Timberlands,” by Fred Rogers Fairchild, The abstracts of All of the laws there described are in force at the pres- The following legislation has been enacted since then: Connecticut, Laws of 1911, ch. 205 (a more liberal exemption law). Maine, Laws of 1909, ch. 136 (amending Laws of 1907, ch. 169, by reducing the number of trees required per acre); Laws of 1909, ch. 193 and 230 (providing for a special tax on wild forest lands, the proceeds to be used for fire protection). Massachusetts, Laws of 1909, ch. 187 (special exemption relating to land stocked with white pine seedlings). Michigan, Laws of 1911, ch. —— (referred to in text). New York, Laws of 1912, ch. 249, 363, and 444 (referred to in text). North Dakota, Laws of 1909, ch. 50 (slightly amending the previous statute). WITH THE BILTMORE BOYS students strong—is encamped at Marshfield, Oregon, fall camps of the School, during September. Here they are in the midst of the finest stands of giant Red firs, White Cedars and Sitka Spruce. The logging operations of our hosts—the C. A. Smith Timber Co.—are in keeping with the size of the trees; gigantic, ingenious, impres- sive. Marshfield is so situated that the students can reach the various logging camps of the company readily by a short boat ride over the many sloughs emptying into Coos Bay. A huge fibre plant is in course of construction; it is intended to utlizie the waste of a saw- mill producing actually over 550,000’ b.m. per diem. The logging operations will be converted into operations by electricity. A huge electric power plant is being erected. In spite of the enormity of its holdings, the directors of the company figure on a_ second growth and are careful in leaving a Be Biltmore Forest School—51 sufficient number of seed trees on the areas logged-over. The second growth follows in the vague of the first growth with an amazing vigor; the rate of ac- cretion exceeds 800’ b.m. per annum. The Biltmore Forest School has traversed, en route from its summer camps near Cadillac, Michigan, to its fall camps on the Pacific Coast, the forests of the Inland Empire, spending a number of days in the Coeur d’ Alene Region, and has also visited the typical operations near Seattle and near Ta- coma. The gentlemen of the U. S. Forest Service and the leading lumber- men have been untiring in their efforts to make the excursions of the Bilt- more Forest School instructive. It is natural that the School is in clover particularly wheresover its own grad- uates are the guides in the forests visited. The School sails for its Ger- man winter quarters in the early days of October. THE PRICE OF FOREST PRODUCTS By Freperick S. UNDERHILL, Phila. duced,” declared a Member of Congress, “that the mechanic may build his home cheaper!” The duty on lumber was reduced by the Payne-Aldrich bill from $2.00 to $1.25, and after a year or more we find the price of lumber higher instead of lower. What is the reason? There must bea “Lumber Trust” asserts the demagogue and the Yellow Journal. The search of the Government utterly fails to find a “Lumber Trust”; and what is more, the men who are in actual competition in the sale of the product of the saw, know that there is no man or organization of men who do or can control the price of lumber. When it comes to fixing lumber values the sole arbiter and rulers are those, intangible, yet effective, autocrats: “Supply and Demand.” At a recent Economical Conference in Philadelphia, a well known Single Taxer risked the unsupported declara- tion that Frederick Weyerhaueser was the Autocrat in whom was personified “The Lumber Trust’ upon whose whims the price of lumber went up, up, up! When he wanted a little more money he just raised the price of his timber, and every manufacturer was thereby forced to raise the price of his lumber. That Frederick Weyerhaueser has been far-sighted and wide-awake enough to acquire, while others were indifferent, large forests of timber, at times when they were inaccessible and therefore cheap, is an undisputed fact, and it is further true that much of it has since become accessible, marketable and valuable. The writer does not know the man, but I see no reason why in this matter he is any different from Philadelphia’s great Philanthropist, Stephen Girard, who when certain large sections of Philadelphia were away 656 i tees the duty on Lumber re- from the business center of his day, was far-sighted enough to see that Phila- delphia would grow and bought largely of real estate which was valued lightly at the time but which has since in- creased in valuation many hundred-fold. Mr. Weyerhaueser is interested in several lumber manufacturing com- panies. He and his associates can fix the price on the lumber they saw, but there their price-fixing power ends. Every other lumber manufacturer and dealer fixes his own prices and sells at whatsoever prices he will without any regard to Mr. Weyerhaueser. If he wants to sell lumber in the markets where our firm sells lumber he must meet our competition ! The producer of one kind of lumber cannot afford to disregard the capacity of the producer of other kinds of lum- ber. Scarcity of White Pine and con- sequent advanced values affords an op- portunity for cheaper Short Leaf Yel- low Pine to secure a foothold which it never relinquishes. Scarcity of Poplar and higher prices affords an opportunity to Cypress to demonstrate its value as a substitute and once established it be- comes a competitor and not a substitute. Scarcity of Oak, Walnut, Mahogany affords similar opportunities to Birch, Chestnut and Red Gum. Well, how is it that prices are ad- vancing? Something more effectual than legislation has caused it. You cannot legislate value into a board or plank, nor out of it! First, in point of influence in affect- ing present prices, were the disastrous floods in the Mississippi Delta: destroy- ing numerous saw-mills; wiping out logging camps and destroying equip- ment; washing out main and branch railroad lines and logging roads, and effectually closing down a large number of saw-mills for many months, affecting Yellow Pine, Cypress, Oak, Ash, Gum and other lumber. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION ENDORSED At the same time, the Appalachian District and the South Atlantic Slope experienced a prolonged period of per- sistent rainfall, making operations in the woods difficult and at times impossible, as well as making the hauling of lumber that was sawed back in the woods im- possible because of bad roads. Thus, cutting down the production of North Carolina and South Carolina Pine, Ap- palachian White Pine and Hardwoods. Canadian mills are reported also to have had greater difficulty than usual in getting in their logs and thereby reduc- ing the output of Canadian lumber. The reduced demand for Tan-bark because of former overproduction and the Tanning industry affected also by the uses of Tannic Acid produced from substitutes for Bark, has resulted in a reduced cut of Hemlock, inasmuch as 657 the mills cannot afford to cut Hemlock timber if there is no sale for the Bark. On the other hand, the demand caused by increased activities in wood consuming plants, and especially by the railroads, in making extensions and in a renewed activity in car-building, has added value to the product of the Forest. Supply and Demand establish the prices of lumber. If the supply is pro- fuse and the demand light the prices fall low and no man or set of men can raise them; competition is mighty keen on a falling market. If the supply is curtailed and the demand is heavy the prices will advance and no legislation can change this fact, except destructive legislation aimed to destroy industries in general and to wreck commerce. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION ENDORSED of the Canadian Forestry Asso- ciation in Victoria, B. C., early in September, at which the American For- estry Association was represented by E. T. Allen, of Portland, Ore., the widely known forester of the Western Forestry and Conservation Association, the following were among the resolu- tions passed: “Believing that actual working co- operation between public and private forest management is essential to mu- tual understanding and complete suc- cess, we urge upon Canadian lumber- men the study and emulation of the lumber owners’ co-operative fire asso- ciations of the Pacific Northwest, which are proving of great value not only in their own fire control but also in bring- ing about closer and better relations between all agencies engaged in forest preservation. “Whereas, the proper disposal of debris resulting from lumbering oper- ations is essential to the effective pro- tection of forests from fire; resolved, that the association urges upon the Do- minion and Provincial governments the F{ the very successful convention advisability as soon as practically pos- sible of adopting measures to this end. “Resolved, this Canadian Forestry Association is of opinion that it is in the public interest that squatting or settlement should not be allowed on lands that are chiefly valuable for their timber, and that all non-agricultural lands should be reserved permanently for timber production. “Recognizing our common bond and common aims, we desire to testify to the achievements and practical assist- ance to the forest cause of the Ameri- can Forestry Association, and hope for increasing co-operation between our or- ganizations. “Resolved, that this convention en- dorses the action of the Dominion gov- ernment in setting aside forest reserves ; that it urges further reservation of suitable areas and the retention of exist- ing reserves in their entirety with the object of affording to the surrounding districts the best results for all time in regard to fuel and timber supply, graz- ing, and the production of game and the regularity of stream flow.” PUT YOUR AMP FIRE OUT! For Help, In Case of Fire, Call Upon the Wardens of the NORTHERN FOREST PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION MUNISING, MICHIGAN THE NORTHERN FOREST PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION By PRESIDENT THORNTON A. GREEN @ HIS Association was really formed in February, 1911, al- though some preliminary work had been done for several months be- fore that. It was organized shortly after the severe fire losses of 1910, and the idea of having a private patrol was favorably received by the owners of several million acres of land. It was thought possible to have an organiza- tion for all of Michigan and Wiscon- sin, but we have finally decided to limit its operations, at least as far as main- taining a patrol, to the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Few people realize the extent of this territory. We have eleven million acres of land, nearly half of it being covered with a dense growth of virgin timber, largely hemlock, with 658 a generous sprinkling of maple, birch, ash, cedar, spruce, pine, basswood, elm and balsam. Beech and red oak grow in limited areas. Our soil varies greatly, due to our having been visited by three glaciers in past ages and to part of the Peninsula having been covered at vari- ous times by three great lakes, Lake Algonquin, Lake Duluth and Lake On- tonagon. As usual, the glaciers left streaks of rather barren sand, which was covered with pine half a century ago, but are now desert wastes, or nearly that. A large part of the terri- tory is very fertile, however, and the hemlock and hardwood stands are very dense. There are numerous rivers and some inland lakes. About eight per cent of the entire district is moun- NORTHERN FOREST PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION tainous. The highest mountains in the north central states are just west of Ontonagon, and the western half of the Peninsula is traversed by ranges of hills, interspersed by very fertile val- leys. The railroads cover the entire territory pretty thoroughly, so that nearly all of it is easily reached. There are few locations more than fifteen miles from a railroad. The remaining timber is owned by many interests, but there are large enough holdings to make it possible to patrol great areas of timber belonging almost entirely to our members. In spite of this we patrol a great deal of land not listed with our organization. Our entire membership embraces about two and a half million acres and we cover in addition to that about one and a half million. acres, which is interspersed among the holdings of our members. The season of 1911 was favorable to our work, and except for a short period, this season has been. We use from 15 to 20 rangers whose duty it is to cover their allotted districts as often as possible. ‘These men were picked from the woods’ foremen previously employed in the districts they now patrol, as far as possible, so that they know their ground. They cover their fields in various ways; some on foot, some on horses and some on rail- road velocipedes. They write daily re- ports to our Chief Forester, which they mail to him once a week. These reports are very complete, as shown by the fol- lowing: “Northern Forest Protective Associa- tion, Iron River District. Iron River, Mich., June 23, 1912. Thos. B. Wyman, Secretary-Forester, Munising, Mich. Dear Sir: I hand you herewith full report for the week ending Saturday, June 22. Sunday: At Bates and Sunset Lake. Monday: Visited camping and fishing places at Hagerman Lake and vicinity. Tuesday: On roads and amongst set- tlers on east half of T. 44, R. 34. Called on supervisor of Bates Township. Wednesday: Looked after brush 659 burning on county road work, between Iron River and Beechwood. Visited fishing places along Iron River. Thursday: Visited campers on south side of Chicagon Lake. Called on set- tlers in and around Pentoga. Visited Gibb’s logging camp. Friday: Attended a meeting and pic- nic of Iron County Grange at Iron River. Saturday: Visited fishing places along Morrison Creek and Paint River in . 44, R. 35. Yours very truly, Wo. Ricstap, Warden. Note to Wardens:—Report daily trips; streams; railroads and roads trav- eled; camps, homesteads and farms visited; calls upon supervisors and other wardens; people met in the woods; fires, trespasses and general conditions found.” All fires are reported at once. Hun- dreds of fires are put out each season despite the smallness of our force of rangers. Our work is necessarily to a great extent educational as yet, and I presume always willbe. We have plac- arded every road, camping ground and berry picker’s hut in the country we patrol, with signs of our own and those issued by the State. We were astonished to find that only about two per cent of the settlers in outlying districts had ever read the State fire laws. We furnished them all a copy. Our rangers have called upon every homesteader and settler in their districts, and they have conferred with county, township and village boards in regard to protective measures. Until we took up this private patrol work, few officials would aid in fighting fires. Now, they all will. No difficulty is found in getting what help is needed. The State has made all of our men deputy State fire wardens. They have also included a number of woods super- intendents and foremen at our request. We have had fine support from the local newspapers and in these various ways have become quite a recognized force. Apparently the people believe AMERICAN FORESTRY NO FOREST FIRES THIS YEAR HELP! WILL YOU? For Help, In Case of Fire, Call Upon the Wardens of the NORTHERN FOREST PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION MUNISING, MICHIGAN PIPES CIGARS and CIGARETTES ARE “DANGEROUS _ A Fire From Your Pipe Means That You, Alone, Are Responsible BE CAREFUL! For Help, In Case of Fire, Call Upon the Warden NORTHERN FOREST PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION MUNISING, MICHIGAN NORTHERN FOREST PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION 661 |e) aeain ig 6 ie Ras Pel NS FIRE eh i Niven a Ma 9) a A Minute of Your Time May Save a Fortune For Your Neighbor Big Fires are the Results of Little Ones For Help, In Case of Fire, Call Upon the Wardens of the NORTHERN FOREST PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION MUNISING, MICHIGAN CAMPERS == BERRY PICKERS All Campers are Urged to use every care with and to Leave the Grounds in Neat and Safe Condition. You are interested in the safety of these lands or you would not be here—let your interest be shown! If you are seeking a better berry plain, trout stream, bass lake or hunting site, ask the Wardens of the NORTHERN FOREST PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION MUNISING, MICHIGAN 662 in our work and are helping us to ac- complish it. Last season about eight thousand blueberry pickers were out on the marshes. In former years they have been the cause of many fires. Our rangers called on nearly all of them, and as a result we could not trace a single fire to that source. We have the hearty support of the lumber companies, railroads and settlers. We expect to keep hammering away in the hope, which I believe will be realized, that people will learn to be careful and avoid starting fires. We have done nothing towards putting in phone lines and watch towers, but have done consider- able in the way of clearing up old log- ging roads or getting the township of- ficials to do it, as these roads make good fire lines. We have hopes of being able to in- crease our force considerably another year. There is a good chance of our acreage growing to four million acres soon. We spent five-eighths of a cent an acre in 1911, and will spend just AMERICAN FORESTRY about that amount this season, and I believe our work will be more effective each year, Through our efforts, largely, an or- ganization similar to ours has been formed in Lower Michigan. So far we have failed to sufficiently interest the Wisconsin timber owners. ‘Their holdings are now badly scattered and their problem is more difficult than ours. Nevertheless, they should do something along the lines we have been operating on. We will, in the course of time, carry our educational work into our State legislature with the idea of bet- tering our laws and eventually getting some sort of State patrol. At present we get no support from the State. Our Association is patrolling State lands now and receive nothing for it. We think we have accomplished enough to justify our expenditure of both time and labor, and will continue to use both for the preservation of our timber re- sources. THE FIRE BUG AND THE EAST WIND E. T. ALLEN “No, I’ll not burn my slash this spring,” The moss-back logger said, “T’ll trust to God and luck again; Expense is what I dread.” “Tt’?s time to hit the trail again,” The careless camper said, And left his little fire ablaze; Within its leafy bed. “Tl light another cigarette,” The idle loafer said, And chucked his old snipe in the brush One end still glowing red. “Let’s punch the screen out of the stack,” The donkey fireman said, And so he did and all the sparks Sailed blithely overhead. “Come on, we'll dump our ashes now,” The railroad trainmen said. The train soon fanned them far and wide As on its way it sped. “Good time to fire my slashing now,” The thrifty rancher said, And touched it off without a thought Of how far it might spread. “T think Tll blow an hour or two,” The restless east wind said, Then liked it so he changed his mind And blew a week instead. “Millions in lives and timber lost,” The newspapers next said. What made those fires all start at once, We wondered as we read. “Tt wasn’t us, it was that wind,” The fools in chorus said. So they’re alive and loose this year —wWe hope the wind is dead. TWO SOLUTIONS OF THE FORESTRY TAX PROBLEM By ArTHUR GOADBY NE of the most urgent needs of our growing conservation policy is a scientific method of forest tax- ation. At present the manner of as- sessment of private timber lands is un- just and arbitrary and permits the an- nual re-taxation of all the previous an- nual increment, thereby driving land- owners to hasty and wasteful lumbering as well as discouraging them from any replanting whatsoever. These facts have led several of the States in recent years to attempt some sort of remedy either by exempting forested lands or by regulating the as- sessment thereof. But hitherto such experiments have met with small suc- cess largely because of their inadequacy, and largely because any legislation of this sort is exceedingly difficult to frame and still more difficult to enact, since many divergent interests are in- volved and in one or two instances well devised measures have been nullified by limitations in the State Constitutions. Something, however, must be done and immediately, for public welfare depends primarily upon the forests. We have but to refer to such practical con- siderations as erosion, the washing of fertile soil from hillsides and slopes where it is of permanent value into river beds and harbors where it becomes a costly nuisance; to disastrous floods due to unrestrained torrents; to ex- treme climatic disturbances whereby sudden frosts and heat waves are car- ried far out of their normal zones, and whereby drought succeeds drought ; and to the increasing scarcity and high cost of timber. Then we have but to refer to the great hygienic value of forests, for since prehistoric ages they have been nurseries of vigor; and to such aesthetic considerations as_ unsightly landscapes and barren mountain slopes, muddy rivers, streams dried up or lit- tered with débris, and the thousand and one unpicturesque details which send thousands of people and millions of money abroad to Europe every year to satisfy the craving for beauty. And then again we must refer to another practical detail, that our wastefulness is compelling us to buy at high prices from abroad the timber which Nature would bestow on us almost for nothing at home. So vital are these matters to the Nation at large that scientific reforesta- tion may well be said to be the most important and immediate question be- fore us. Every effort should be made at once to secure a forest cover of at least one-fourth our total land area, a proportion now regarded as essential to every civilized community, and one actually existing this day in Germany. But since four-fifths of all the land in our country is in private hands it is obviously impossible, as well as un- necessary, to achieve this end except by encouraging forestry in some way on private lands, and it is also obvious that either the owners of these lands must be induced to engage in forestry or the different States must undertake to reforest these private lands them- selves. Today it is a question which method is the better, private or public enter- prise. We are in an age of experiment and perhaps the better solution would be the latter, but certainly we should try both. In either case it seems to me there are several cardinal principles that should be embodied in the law of every State, even though some amendment will need to be made first to their re- spective State Constitutions, namely: 1. Since immature standing trees have no financial value they should be exempted absolutely from taxation wherever existing, and 2. All private land in the State should be assessed at a value reckoned without reference to any immature 663 664 timber standing thereon, and the annual taxes should be collected therefrom, ex- cept that in the case that a private landowner shall request certain privi- leges under the law, and shall agree to certain conditions, hereinafter stated, taxes payable on his land shall be de- ferred until harvest provided his land shall bear a _ standard quality and density of immature trees. And all trees mature or immature that are har- vested from such standardized lands should be liable for the total amount of all the accrued back taxes and their proceeds should go toward discharging this liability together with a harvest tax of 2 per cent on the stumpage value, before they be removed from the ground ; provided, however, 4. That the district land revenues be not seriously impaired during the first general deferment period, before the general harvest reimbursements begin, and provided, 5. That land, timbered and not tim- bered, sufficiently valuable to tempt to tax evasion or to speculation, be denied deferment. 6. Which contingencies (4th and 5th) can be amply provided against by the following restrictions: 7. Let the State deny deferment to land situated within sixteen miles of a city of the first class, within eight miles of a city of the second class, within four miles of a town of the third class, and within two miles of a town of the fourth class, but let the State at first grant deferment to lands valued (irre- spective of timber) at the average value of farm land throughout the State; and every year thereafter admit to entry land worth two dollars more (irrespec- tive of timber) than the eligible land of the previous year, until 8. The eligibility be extended to land of such high value as (a) to begin (in the opinion of the Legislature and Gov- ernor) to tempt to speculation or evasion, or (b) until further defer- ments would far exceed harvest reim- bursements, or (c) until the wooded area should exceed one-fourth of the total area of the State. Moreover, 9. No landowner should be entitled to enter for deferment less than one AMERICAN FORESTRY acre or more than 1,000 acres in any one year, and 10. The number of trees required to secure the land deferment should be approximately not less than 700 newly planted trees, or approximately 350 newly planted and 350 old trees, to the acre. 11. The State should require its agents to inspect all plantations before granting the deferment, and 12. Owners should be required to give to the local assessors thirty days’ notice in writing of any intention to cut all or part of the crop. The assess- ment should then be made upon the stumpage value of the proposed cutting, and the owner should pay the local col- lector before cutting the timber all the accrued land taxes together with the harvest tax of 2 per cent. 13. Failure to give such notice should bear a penalty, and the proper official should bring action to recover the amount of said penalty. 14. The State Tax Commission should be required to calculate the aver- age value of farm lands throughout the State and report the same as a basis for legislation. 15. In case that any difficulty might arise to render inexpedient the defer- ring of taxes, a tax of $.002 on every dollar of the whole land value of the plantation should be laid against the harvest, in addition to the harvest tax of 2 per cent on the total stumpage value of said harvest or harvests, such value might at present in New York (1912), be estimated at $20.00 an acre. The manner of fixing this rate of .002 on every dollar of the farm value is found as follows: Land worth $1.00 an acre pays, at the rate of $.0015, in fifty years the sum of $.075, which is .0015 per cent of the gross receipts estimated as $500.00. But land doubles in value in fifty years, hence the average rate would be about $.002 on every dol- lar’s worth of the total assessed valu- ation of the farm at time of maturity. Now, while the enactment of these measures would undoubtedly encourage private forestry, it is possible that actual experience would show that few people might avail themselves of them. A TWO SOLUTIONS OF THE FORESTRY TAX PROBLEM timber crop is more or less of a hazard and perhaps few would be greatly at- tracted by remote profits especially when interest, fire insurance, mainte- nance and taxes are sure to bring the ultimate cost to ten times the original investment, not reckoning meanwhile the loss of income from the property. Forestry even under such equable taxation might be too great a luxury. It is then probable that the State will find it necessary to enter upon a more aggressive policy and perhaps after all the only solution of the problem will be found to lie in a system of State loans and management. Extensive for- ests, like liberal educations, pay the highest dividends in the world. They save expenses besides creating revenues and certainly it is much wiser to ex- pend one dollar to hold soil on the hills than to expend $5 in putting it back again. If, then, the State shall deem it wiser to at once begin a more speedy and effective policy it seems to the writer that some system like the following would be found constitutional and prac- tical. (1) Let the State first enact that all standing immature timber shall be ex- empted absolutely and forever from taxation, and, (2) That all lands shall be assessed at a value reckoned without reference to any immature timber standng there- on. (3) Then let let the State either by annual approprations or by an issue of 4 per cent 30-year bonds raise a special Forestry Fund, the proceeds of which are to he employed as follows: (4) The State shall advertise for of- fers of land in blocks of 10 to 100 acres, and shall accept always the land having the lowest average assessment value, preferably on steep hill slopes. (5) That it shall agree to pay to the owners an annual rental of 2 1-2 per cent of the assessed value of the land (irrespective of the timber thereon). (6) It shall plant this land immedi- ately with seedlings of standard den- sity and quality. (7) It shall pay annually to the local 665 tax district the tax levied on the land irrespective of the timber. (8) It shall pay all fire insurance and maintenance charges. (9) The sum total of all moneys ex- pended upon each plantation, including all rentals, costs of plantation, includ- ing trees, seedlings and labor, local land taxes, fire insurance and maintenance charges, shall be reckoned up at the time of the various harvests, and such total multiplied by 1.025 (which is an average of 1.05 per cent), shall consti- tute a preferred claim upon the estate, and said claim, together with a harvest tax of 5 per cent on the stumpage value of the harvest, shall be discharged out of the various harvests, and the re- mainder of the proceeds of said har- vests are to be the property of the owner. (10) All mature growth to be har- vested except where the Forest Com- mission should require the strategic protection against erosion and_ flood, and such excepted lands should be bought by condemnation at the price they would bring if cleared in the open market and the timber thereon bought from the owner at the prevailing stump- age value. (11) One-half of one per cent of all lands so leased by the State shall be kept available as public camp sites and recreation grounds under restrictions set by the Forestry Department. (12) This forward policy shall con- tinue until one-fourth of the State area is under forest cover. (13) All proceeds of the harvest taxes collected by the State shall be ap- plied (first) to a sinking fund to pay interest and capital on the original is- sue, if any, of Forestry Bonds; (sec- ond) to buy the forests and land on the strategic hill slopes; (third) to improve fire-prevention service; (fourth) to de- stroy insect and fungus blights; (fifth) to encourage bird life, to planting trees and bushes along streams and highways, to prosecute timber thieves and fire- bugs, to improve water-ways, to buy lands in the suburbs for parks, to cre- ating forest recreation grounds, to im- prove landscapes, to beautifying the 666 country under the supervision of the Forestry Department. Are we too optimistic about the value of these polices to the State? A sim- ple calculation, for instance, will show that in New York alone there are 4,000,000 acres available for forestry which could be made to yield an aver- age income of $3.00 a year. The an- AMERICAN FORESTRY nual harvest tax of 5 per cent there- fore would yield the State an income of half a million dollars, which would be a magnificent sum to expend as I have outlined, to the vast advantage of all concerned, for Nature is willing to shower its wealth upon us if we. will only give it a chance. THE SOCIAL SIDE OF LUMBER LIFE By P. F. Coox Assistant Editor St. URING the earlier period of American industrial history there was little opportunity for the play of the social graces of character in the industrial life of the average com- munity. There was so much work to be done of a pioneer nature that the chances for social indulgences were few and far between. As a result of this there was evident on almost every side a certain bigotry and lack of breadth in the ordinary affairs of business. 3usiness men in the conduct of their every-day affairs were as hard-headed and unsociable as men could very well be. Some of the uncouthness that is the invariable accompaniment of an un- developed state of civilization was mani-. fest in almost every phase of business activity. The result was that business lacked that warmth and geniality and the sense of brotherhood which evi- dently is becoming more and more prominent in the industrial life of the present time. It was only natural that as progress made enlightenment possible and the barriers which separated men were broken down, that prejudice, bigotry, and the unworthy hatreds one business man felt for another should gradually disappear. Railroads, telegraphs, tele- phones, newspapers and the new gospel of universal brotherhood have pretty effectually shattered the old _ hard- Louis Lumberman headed, unforgiving and barbaric ideals of even thirty years ago, and in its stead today we have more kindly feeling and broader ideals of the relationships be- tween one man and another and a readi- ness to be of assistance in helping out a comrade in business. This change is nowhere more evi- dent than in the lumber business; in fact, it is doubtful if there is any line of industry in which there is so much sociability between those engaged in its various branches, as in the lumber in- dustry. The organization of all the different branches of this business dur- ing the past twenty years is largely re- sponsible for the change. Men who hitherto were strangers to each other now know each other well. Following the old scriptural maxim, “Come, let us reason together,’ men in every branch of the lumber industry have formed clubs and associations, city, district, state and national, until there is hardly a man engaged in one division of the business in any section of the country who is not more or less familiar with his fellow working in the same line in any other section of the country. The lumber trade newspaper has been a factor in bringing this condition about. Publishing all of the news of the asso- ciations, acquainting their readers with so much of the personal and social life of the trade, they have served to open THE SOCIAL SIDE OF LUMBER LIFE up the minds of men engaged in the lumber business everywhere, helping in this way to make things pleasant for everybody and enabling their readers to become more familiar with the per- sonal characteristics and business traits of the laborers in the various phases of the industry. Next to the newspaper one of the in- fluences that has counted for much has been the lumbermen’s clubs, which are to be found in nearly all the principal centers of the industry. These organi- zations meet at least once a month and their deliberations are opened with a fine dinner in one of the club houses or hotels. One or two speakers upon vital topics are provided for and the repast is usually sweetened or rendered more delightful by a charming musical pro- gram by some leading orchestra of the town. The speeches are usually fol- lowed by a general discussion, all of which enables men to become better ac- quainted with each other’s point of view and to learn to form new estimates and revise their opinions of men with whom they have been altogether insufficiently acquainted in times past. In the past two decades lumbermen have been culti- vating the social side of their lives more and more, and during this period there sprang up what is known as the Con- catenated Order of Hoo-Hoo, a fra- ternal body without an imitation or a parallel anywhere in the world. The purpose of this organization was to break the monotony of convention pro- ceedings. These concatenations are of an unconventional character and the festivities which it fostered as a means of imparting new zest to the life of its members were quite unique in their character. ‘Thousands and thousands of men all over the United States as well as across the water have worn the emblem of this order for a good many years past, and it is still a factor in the promotion of joyousness of spirit among those engaged in the lumber in- dustry and related lines. Readers of the ‘amber trade journals of the country will find nothing new perhaps in what the writer has stated above. It is so familiar to them that it has really become trite, but in this brief 667 space sufficient has been said to make it plain that the social side of lumber life has been very largely and success- fully cultivated during the past twenty years, and that the spirit of comradery and the larger view which today obtains on all public questions among the men engaged in this great industry is largely due to the broad-gauged spirit in which the social side of their natures has been given fuller play during the period under consideration. Man is essentially a sociable being. He is not a mere human cash register, and he develops best and appears at his best when all the god-like attributes of his character are given a chance to grow and an opportunity to display them- selves in all their freshness and sim- plicity. To realize the truth of this nothing could be more convincing than to see some of the men whose names are foremost in the lumber business at one of the social sessions of Hoo-Hoo or at one of the many dinners or monthly banquets given in one of the leading cities by the Lumbermen’s Club. A boy let loose from school is never happier than some of these captains of industry when free from the cares of business and given a chance to show what they really are man to man across the social board; in fact, it is no exaggeration to say that only those who frequent these affairs of associations and clubs really know the lumbermen at their best, and it is certainly a delightful experience to find that the man whom you thought was simply a relentless pursuer of the almighty dollar is also, in many in- stances, a genuine good fellow, filled with the milk of human _ kindness, touched by the pathos of human life in its everyday happenings, and responsive to what is poetical and emotional in all that concerns the affairs of the man with whom his interests in life are so intimately identified. The social side of lumber life in the United States has certainly reached a degree of perfection that makes it well worth the imitation of those engaged in other lines who have not as yet felt the uplift and the sense of kindliness that comes from a closer contact and an intimate knowledge of those engaged in similar lines or occupations. LONG-BELL EXPERIMENTAL FARM SUBMITTED BY VicE Pres. C. B. Sweet Cy: of the most effective agencies in the development, not only of Calcasieu parish, but of the State of Louisiana and of the entire South is the Long-Bell Experiment Farm, ex- tending north along the Kansas City Southern Railroad from the mill town of Bon Ami almost to the corporate limits of DeRidder. Translated into English, “Bon Ami” means ‘Good Friend.”’ The work done on this farm and the results already achieved prove that the Long-Bell farm is one of the best of friends, not only to owners of cut-over timberland and the communi- ties to which they are adjacent, but to thousands of people who are destined to found happy and prosperous homes on land until recently looked upon as unproductive, and valueless. The work of the Long-Bell Experi- ment Farm. is by no means completed, although in seven years it has become an investment rather than an experi- ment; but it has already established the value of cut-over pine lands for the growing of fruit and vegetables. It has shown that vegetables of all de- scriptions can be produced in the open air weeks before they have matured in the populous section of the country and can be transported and sold at a fine profit. It has not only established that fruit growing is profitable, but by a series of plantings conducted with in- finite care and watched with unwearied vigilance has established the fact that some species of fruit are sure profit makers and some are not profitable, and is still weighing others in the balance. Not only have all kinds of fruit been planted, but every variety of each par- ticular fruit that promises any results, so that its records constitute an invalu- able text-book for the farming of cut- over lands. A feature of the utmost importance is that a cost system is in use on the 668 farm that is rigidly applied to every product on it. For instance, three men put two days labor each in cutting back the fig trees; that four others worked five and one-half days each on setting out orange trees; that two spent the week hauling fertilizer, and that two others worked spreading it where needed on the farm. ‘The superin- tendent’s record takes note of all this. The time spent by each man, and what he did, are charged up in the daily record. Every item of cost is charged to its proper account. Every dollar spent and every day’s labor performed in the Elberta peaches is charged against the Elberta peaches. When they are gathered in the summer, the cost of gathering and packing, hauling and transporting is charged against them, and they are duly credited when the money received from their sale comes in. By this method the superintendent knows not only how much profit the crop yielded, but the average profit per tree. Unhealthy or unproductive trees are left out. They are on the “hospital list.” So it is with all other crops. The fig trees have an additional link in the ac- counting system. Their crop is sold to the big preserving plant on the farm. When the figs are gathered, the fig ac- count is given a credit of three cents. a pound. This is charged to the preserv- ing plant account, together with the cost of sugar, steam, containers, labels, pack- ing and labor. Then when the product is marketed, the preserving plant gets its credit. This strict system of accounting is indispensable, if the Experiment Farm is to be of the highest value to the fu- ture farmer of pine lands. It is not enough to know that the land will pro- duce crops. The vital thing is to know what it will produce that can be mar- keted at a profit and how much average LONG-BELL EXPERIMENTAL FARM profit may be expected. It is this kind of definite practical information that will eventually transform these thou- sands of acres of blackened stumps and tree tops into profitable farms and or- chards. WHY THE EXPERIMENT FARM WAS NEEDED. To know what made necessary all this work of experimenting and figur- ing, this planting and re-planting of the same ground with different species and varieties of fruit trees and shrubs, . one must know the present day condi- tions as well as those who come into actual contact with them. Over fifty years ago, the denuding of the land covered with vast pine for- ests began at Lake Charles when Capt. Goos’ steam sawmill, the first in this section of Louisiana, began to eat its way into the yellow pine belt. For years, sawing was on such a small scale that little impression was made upon the tree-covered area. Thirty years ago, sawmills of greater capacity were put into commission, logs being floated to the pioneer mills by means of the numerous streams. Then came the building of railroads into the pine forests, and the extension of transportation facilities. The num- ber of mills multiplied and their capacity for sawing was greatly increased. When the Long-Bell Lumber Company began to acquire timberlands in Cal- casieu and its subsidiary organizations began to erect milling plants, the pine forests were disappearing at the rate of upwards of a hundred acres a day. At the present time fifty sawmilling plants are in operation in Calcasieu parish and ninety thousand acres a year are being turned into stump land. Roughly speaking, eighty per cent of Calcasieu’s surface was originally wooded. Nearly half of the standing pine timber has been cut since the first mill was started. About 700,000 acres of its area is classed as “denuded pine land.” Up to ten years ago, everybody agreed that no one could raise crops on denuded pine land. It might pasture a few sheep, they admitted, and raise a 669 patch of corn or cotton, here and there, but anything like making it all farm lands was out of the question. Even the millmen, the owners of the land themselves, concurred in this opinion. They would have sold their denuded lands for a song, but nobody wanted to sing. Some of them even talked of surrendering their denuded lands to the State rather than pay the few cents per acre annually demanded as taxes. This was a gloomy outlook for the hundreds of people who came to work in the mills, hoping to find a permanent home here, and for the busy, energetic, little communities that had sprung up around these centers of activity. Luck- ily the Long-Bell Lumber Company never accepts say-so and _ theoretical evidence as final. It was not willing to admit that this land was designed by Providence to grow pine trees and noth- ing else. So, after its milling plants had been set to work, it sent over to Texas for T. S. Granberry, a practical horticulturist and agriculturist, who came originally from Georgia, and vir- tually said to him, though not in those words: “You see before you, stretching from Bon Ami nearly to DeRidder, approxi- mately 460 acres of land, covered with stumps and tree tops and fallen logs. People around here say that it cannot be put into shape for fruit and vege- tables and other crops, and that if it could be cleared it wouldn't raise any- thing, anyhow. We don’t believe it. Go ahead and see what you can do with it and call upon us for the money.” That was six years ago. To give some idea of what Mr. Granberry has achieved is the purpose of this article; but it may be said in advance that there has been no more talk in Calcasieu of turning denuded pine land back to the State for taxes. All the return the Long-Bell Lumber Co. has had so far from its expenditure on the Experiment farm has been the sale of its products. It has not sold any of the denuded pine land, because the company was deter- mined first to demonstrate to its own satisfaction the agricultural value of such lands. Then it will go after in- 670 dustrious, practical farmers who will come here to be permanent residents. When Mr. Granberry tackled his piece of stump land, he began in the southeast corner, just beyond the north line of houses in Bon Ami, and worked northward. His first trees were planted there in 1907. These trees are Elberta peaches, now five years old and bearing. Each year, some new portion of the tract has been set out, but not all of it for trees or vegetables. Part of it is used for forage crops, being unsuited to the growth of fruit. Mr. Granberry has found peanuts profitable, both for forage and for enrichment of the soil. As far as practicable, the ground is kept busy all the time. If trees of a certain species or variety are set out and do not seen to thrive they are removed and a different species or variety substituted. “T use fertilizer, generally speaking, while the trees are young,” said Mr. Granberry, when the farm was recently visited, “and plant the ground between the tree rows with some sort of crop. This fertilizer helps these crops, and at the same time the trees get their share. After they are well started, the trees do not need any fertilizer. In fact, some of them never get any of any sort. For instance, these plum trees, the Japan Wonder, have never received any ar- tificial aid.” The trees to which he referred were a mass of white blossoms, and the ground beneath them looked as though it was lightly sprinkled with snow. “This plum,” he said, “is a splendid plum for shipping. It does not fall from the tree, when it is near ripe, at every breath of wind. Now those over there,” he continued, ‘“‘are the Gonzales plum. It has a fine flavor and is a pro- lific bearer, but falls easily from the limb. It takes a good, stout tug to pull a Japan Wonder from its parent stem, even when it is fully ripe. Insect enemies do not trouble it.” Between the two varieties of plums was a Strip about 60 feet wide, with rows of small shoots at regular inter- vals. “Duncan grape fruit, budded on trifoliata,’ explained the superinten- dent. “I tried them once before, but the shoots, which came from Florida, AMERICAN FORESTRY arrived in bad condition, and did not do well. I am going to give them an- other trial. That piece of ground be- yond is idle now. I am going to put it in strawberries next year, and will try the effect of tile drainage on them. No, I am not an especial advocate of tile drainage, but we give everything a ee trial. That is what we are here On FRUIT TREES EVERYWHERE. From Supt. Granberry’s comfortable home, nearly midway between Bon Ami and DeRidder, one can get a bird’s eye view of the whole farm and obtain an idea of what a transformation has been wrought in less than six years upon this one-time stretch of stumps and half decayed tree limbs. Row upon row of fruit tres, of different species and varie- ties stretch on either side and in front, standing as straight and _ regularly spaced as soldiers on parade. The fig trees are planted 15 feet apart and there are 193 trees to the acre. The peaches are 20 feet apart and run 108 to the acre. With the peaches are planted paper shell pecan trees. Every third row north and south and every other row east and west is made up of the precious nut. When the peach trees have lived beyond the age of usefulness the pecan trees will be just coming into bearing, and the peach orchard will become a beautiful pecan grove, with the trees 30 feet apart one way, and 45 feet the other. Among the attractions of the Experi- ment farm is a grove of Satsuma oranges on trifoliata stock. Approxi- mately 250 Satsuma trees are bearing, being four to five years old, and 2,000 more are a year old. “The trees are in fine condition and came through the hard winter without injury,’ said Mr. Granberry. “They are free of disease and I see no reason why cut-over land will not grow oranges as well as figs and peaches.” There are also a goodly array of Kiefer pears, four years old and budding out well. In fact, all the trees are so heavily laden with buds that Mr. Granberry expects a strenuous LONG-BELL EXPERIMENTAL FARM task trimming them out when the fruit is set, so that the branches will not break. North of the house are long rows of grapes. To be exact there are thirty rows of fifty vines each, and ten dif- ferent varieties. There are three rows of each variety, planted in the order that they ripen. There are ripe grapes on the Experiment farm from June 20 to September 10. The vines, which are trained up on wire stretched on a T- shaped trellis, are four years old this year. Last year the weather was un- favorable to grapes, but the year before, when the vines were two years old, ten thousand pounds of grapes were gather- ed and sold. “There is no reason why this land should not produce paying crops of grapes,” said Mr. Granberry. “We have experimented with many varieties and these represent our final selections. They all resemble the muscadine type, which seems to be natural to this soil and climate. I would advise the plant- ing of the thick skinned grape, rather than the thin skinned California varie- ties, which do not seem to do so well.” Just west of the grapes are long rows of fig cuttings. They number 33,000, and were all put out this spring, and, Mr. Granberry said, would begin to bear this fall. THE PRESERVING PLANT. The pride of the Experiment farm now is its preserving plant, where figs are prepared for the market and whence they go by the carload to Kansas City, Chicago, New York, Baltimore, Phila- delphia—in fact, to every large market, although most of them are marketed by the company’s own Chicago agency. In his experiments with the fig, Mr. Granberry found no variety suitable for marketing fresh, as the fruit will not stand long-distance transportation. So he sought the fig that would best answer for preserving purposes, and finally settled on the Magnolia fig, on account of its attractive natural color as well as it bearing qualities. The farm now has 8,000 fig trees four years old, and many others coming on. 671 A preserving plant was therefore a necessity, and it was constructed in the Long-Bell style. The building is com- modious and comfortable. The preserv- ing plant is equipped with six steam jacketed copper kettles, each of seventy gallons capacity. After being denuded of their stems and carefully washed, the figs are taken by a conveyor into the kettles and there boiled by steam in a 34 degree syrup made of granulated sugar for four and a half hours. Only pure granulated sugar and water are used in the preserving proc- ess, and no bleaching or coloring mat- ter is used. The figs, still retaining their natural color, are then put up in glass jars of four, ten and sixteen ounce capacity each, labeled. The utmost pains are taken to insure sanitary hand- ling and the fruit is not touched by hands after it receives its preliminary bath. The four ounce jars are put up for the railroad dining car service mostly, and are individual jars. The 10 and 16 ounce sizes are generally retailed in stores. Any fruit that becomes mashed or marred in cooking is packed and sold as second quality. Last season, an inquiry for 4,800 gallons was made for the fruit, but so much of the output was already contracted for that only 2,000 could be supplied. “The demand for our fig is always sufficient to clean up our supply,” Mr. Granberry said; “so far, we have pre- served figs only, but if the peach crop is good, we may add peaches to our list this year. We would have put up some last year, but the peach crop was short and our fruit brought two dollars a crate, which is a better price than they would have brought preserved.” “Mr. Granberry, what, in your opinion, is the most profitable fruit for the ordinary grower on a small scale to raise?’ he was asked. “Figs, undoubtedly,” was the reply. “Figs are practically without insect enemies; they grow with the minimum amount of care and attention and begin to bear from the first year, and the pre- served fruit has a large market which can hardly be oversupplied. “T can furnish a concrete example 672 of their profitable qualities. The pre- serving plant pays our fig orchards three cents a pound for figs and the trees pay an average profit of $27 an acre. On this basis, the preserving plant pays for the figs and all expenses and makes an annual profit of $1,500 to $2,000 a year. RUN JUST LIKE AN ORDINARY FARM. This story would not be complete without reference to the modern farm equipment of the experiment farm. Mr. Granberry’s comfortable home is flanked on each side at convenient dis- tances with homes for the employes. There is a big packing shed, in upper part of which crates and other packing equipment is stored; a big, commodious barn for the horses and mules and their forage, besides storage room for the fertilizer, of which on an average a carload a year is used. There is a big water tank which is kept full by a gaso- line engine and pumping outfit and an office for Supt. Granberry, where he keeps his records and shakes his head over such trees as refuse to earn their living. He also has telephone connec- tion with the mill office at Bon Ami, and the messages are delivered and re- ceived over an ordinary barb wire fence. Mr. Granberry has so much faith in the future of the cut-over lands that he is improving a fruit farm of his own, carved out of the stump land, a mile east of Bon Ami. Another strand of the same barb wire fence is reserved for a private line to his own farm. It is also proper to state that no “fancy farming” is indulged in at the Experiment farm. Things are not raised under glass or canvas, nor watered by perforated iron pipes. Every thing is out in the open, subject to the same exigencies of wind and weather, of frost and heat, of drouth and flood that the ordinary farmer would en- counter. Its purpose is to show what can be done on the land by any plain, common-sense farmer, with ordinary careful methods, and the result shows for itself. The Experiment farm is an Experiment no longer. It is an In- vestment. AMERICAN FORESTRY The number of hands employed on the Experiment farm practically all the year round, averages from 12 to 14. Besides these, extra help is used in the preserving plant. Perhaps this looks like considerable help to handle 460 acres of land, not all of which is in cultivation. It will not look so big, and it will be readily seen that none of them have much loaf- ing time, when one considers that here are 82,716 trees on the place, trying to account to Mr. Granberry for their ex- istence. The big orchard is the biggest. It contains approximately 8,000 trees four years old, 7,000 trees one year old, be- sides 33,000 cuttings just making a start in life—all of them Magnolias. In peaches, the Elberta easily leads, with 6,284 trees on the working list. The Belle of Georgia, an earlier peach, which finishes its year’s work just when the Elberta ripens, has 1,764 members in the colony. Many other varieties were tried, but these two won out in the final contests. The Gonzales leads the plum family with 4,000 trees and the others nowhere —that is, comparatively nowhere. The Japan Wonder is a strong probationer and the Abundance so-so. The Satsuma orange has 246 self- supporting trees, four and five years old; 2,000 trees a year old, and 60,000 seeds to be budded; potential but not counting in the census. . The paper shell pecans will not be earning their way for some time and will be deeply in debt by the time they do; but the 2,283 trees of this kind will soon pay the debt when they get started. There are 150 Kiefer pear trees which promise well but are looked on with deep distrust because of their liability to blight; and herds of others, few in number, but many in variety, just getting a chance to prove their trustworthiness. A new experiment in the way of dis- closing the possibilities of the cut-over pine lands is being conducted by the Long-Bell Lumber Co. on a tract of 5,000 acres adjacent to Bon Ami, which have been enclosed with a hog and sheep tight fence to be used as CATTLE TICK BURNING HURTS FORESTS a cattle ranch. The advantages of the denuded pine lands for raising sheep have been amply demonstrated by the farmers of north Calcasieu, who have been raising sheep on this class of land for years with much profit to them- selves. Indeed, so assured are the profits in this business, that the com- pany has already had a chance to sell this enclosed land for a sheep ranch. The Long-Bell Company, however, could not be induced to forego, or even delay, its cattle ranch demonstration. It desires not only to show how well adapted the cut-over lands are to stock 673 raising, but also to show the advantages to be gained by securing better breeds of cattle. To this end 600 head of native cattle have been placed on the ranch, together with three carloads of thoroughbred graded cattle, mostly Devonshires and Shorthorns. The cat- tle came through the winter in good shape and there is every prospect that the demonstration will be a success. The company this year is planting a small acreage of forage crops, and will build three large silos on the ranch this summer to provide feed for its stock. CATTLE TICK BURNING HURTS FORESTS HE desire of Missouri farmers to get rid of the cattle tick has caused thousands of dollars in loss of pine-timbered sections of the State. This has been discovered by Prof. J. A. Ferguson, head of the Missouri School of Forestry. This loss to Missouri pine forests, according to Prof. Ferguson, is due to the fires set to underbrush to kill the ticks. The fires got the ticks to a cer- tain degree, but also got all seedlings from the pine trees which were ready to begin new forests to replace those felled by the modern timberman. In regard to this discovery, Prof. Fergu- son says: “We are studying the effect of fire on the forest, especially on the younger stand and saplings. Fires run through every year. They are set by farmers to keep down the underbrush, to kill ticks and to extend the grazing area. These fires have destroyed seedlings and have prevented the Missouri pine from reproducing. “After the ground has been covered with seedlings, trees have come up from the last seed crop, but these have been and will be burned up during the win- ter when the farmers fight the under- brush and cattle tick. Had the Mis- souri forests been protected from fire, pine would be growing on every hill in the pine regions. The State would be thousands of dollars wealthier in timbered lands had the protection started many years ago. “As it is, with the cutting of the pine and the leaving no seed trees, the pine forests of the State will cease to exist, and the ground will become more than ever covered by oaks usually of little value. “I’m teaching the boys the methods for fighting fires and the best way to keep the people from being careless with fire in the timbered sections. So far, however, I have found no traces or records of raging forest fires, but the underbrush fires have curtailed Missouri’s pine forest wealth an ines- timable number of dollars.” REFORESTING CUT-OVER PINELANDS N replying to an inquiry from S. i G. Stoney, president of the Agri- cultural Society of South Caro- lina, regarding the reforestation of cut- over pine lands in that State, Assistant Forester W. R. Greeley of the Forest Service has expressed the following opinion: “Generally speaking, after the mer- chantable timber has been removed from lands within the coastal pine belt of South Carolina and adjacent States, the only practicable measure to secure their reforestation is to protect the cut- over areas from fire. Under ordinary conditions such lands will restock them- selves with a growth of pine if fires can be kept out. More than this is ordinarily not practicable for the owner. “Good forestry should begin before such areas are cut. From investiga- tions made by the Forest Service on a number of tracts in the southern piner- ies it appears practicable to adopt more conservative methods of cutting than are commonly practiced. The aim of this should be to restrict the trees re- moved to those which are mature, leav- ing on the ground the younger, thriftier trees which are still making a fair rate of growth. Ordinarily this would mean probably the leaving of a quarter or a third of the merchantable stand per acre which is usually removed. The trees so left would of course be those of the smaller size and particularly of shorter clear length and containing the most limbs and knots. Obviously they are the trees which yield inferior grades of lumber. By leaving such trees stand- ing and restricting the cut to the older growth which contains the best quality of lumber, it is my judgment that oper- ators would often find the results bene- ficial from a business and manufactur- ing standpoint. The trees so left would insure a thorough restocking of the ground which, together with the ex- clusion of fires, would result in com- plete restocking of the land. 674 “If you have any considerable acre- age still uncut I suggest that you con- sider the practicability of adopting measures of this character. Unfortu- nately the Forest Service is no longer able, on account of the demands of its other work, to make examinations of extensive private holdings and give the owners specific advice on their manage- ment. I enclose, however, a list of con- sulting foresters who are prepared to do just such work and to give the owner or operator specific recommendations on how his land should be managed with reference both to practical lum- bering operations and insuring a second growth of timber. “For the lands which you have previously cut over, however, I have just one suggestion, namely, that fires be rigidly excluded. The custom prev- alent in many parts of the South of burning over pine lands annually to se- cure a heavier growth of forage is us- ually fatal to any forest reproduction. Such fires do not kill the larger trees and often may not seriously injure saplings 15 inches in diameter or up- wards. They inevitably, however, pre- vent the starting of seedlings and hence keep the land from producing nearly as dense a growth of timber as it naturally would if fires can be eliminated. “Aside from protection from fire, the only possible step would be reforesta- tion by artificial methods. This is prac- ticable as a matter of investment in cer- tain localities, but not everywhere. The Forest Service hesitates to recommend it as a general practice because the mar- ket values of timber are not yet in the main sufficiently high to meet the cost of planting and caring for the young trees until they reach merchantable size. Our investigations have shown that in the case of loblolly pine, which makes exceptionally rapid growth, a good merchantable crop paying reason- ably fair returns upon the investment may be secured in 40 years. With long- LUMBERING IN RUSSIA leaf and shortleaf pines, however, hav- ing slower growth, planting from a commercial standpoint is hardly yet feasible. The Forest Service is now experimenting with the possibility of introducing maritime pine, the naval stores pine of the Mediterranean coun- 675 tries, which makes rapid growth and produces an excellent quality of rosin and turpentine, on cut-over pine lands in the Southeast. This work, however, is still in an experimental stage and its possibilities are not yet fully known.” LUMBERING IN RUSSIA By Consut W. F. Dory, Rica UMBERING is one of the prin- L cipal industries of the Riga con- sular district and provides em- ployment in the forests through the winter months for a large proportion of the agricultural population of these provinces. The region from which the lumber is obtained comprises a forest area of 53,473,732 acres, situated in 14 Prov- inces and yielding timber for the most part of medium-sized red and white pine. Other varieties available but of less importance to the trade are birch, alder, and aspen. Of these forests 9,- 374,310 acres are State owned, 36,891,- 245 acres are manorial woods, 2,730,113 acres are Crown lands, and the remain- ing 4,478,064 acres are peasant and other tracts. The value of forest lands in this dis- trict depends upon several conditions, the two main being locality and the amount of timber obtainable for ex- port purposes. An average price per acre can not be given, as in addition to the timber suitable for the export trade, which mainly influences the price, there is often a considerable quantity of in- ferior stuff available for local consump- tion in the shape of firewood, shingles, etc. For a forest lying near the River Dvina the value per dessiatine may range from 100 rubles for ordinary growth to 300 rubles for special growth ($19.07 to $57.22 per acre). Timber is usually sold in this district either in tracts for a stated sum, or at prices varying with the dimensions of the logs. The logs coming to Riga range from 7 to 9 inches at top; the bulk are 8 and 7 inches, the quantity over 9 inches thick being very small. Felling the trees and hauling the logs to the railroad or nearest stream is for the most part possible only during the season of snow roads in winter, and is either undertaken by the purchaser, usually a lumber dealer, or the seller agrees to deliver the logs to the con- tracted spot, whereby it often happens that a mild winter or the absence of snow roads makes it impossible to haul out the logs from the forest and penal- ties for breach of contract are incurred. The prices paid for felling and haul- ing vary according to the price of labor current in the district and the distance to be hauled. An estimate of the cost cf bringing to Riga an average log of 28 feet length, diameter at butt end 11 inches, at top 8 inches, from a forest in the Province of Vitepsk lying 10 miles from the river Dvina, gives, per fathom of 7 feet: Felling and hauling, 15 kopecks; making roads in forest, 3 kopecks; tying into rafts, 3 kopecks; rafting to Riga, 15 kopecks; making a total of 36 kopecks, or 18% cents. The cost of sawing at the railroad is stated to be $5.15 per standard of 165 cubic feet; cartage at station, $1.03 per standard; average railroad freight to Riga, $5.15 per standard. The total ex- penses—sawing, lighterage, etc.—in- surred at Riga to convert logs which have been rafted down the river into lumber for export would amount to $9.27 per standard. Sawmill charges at Riga are $6.70 per standard. LARGE SALE OF TIMBER HIEF FORESTER GRAVES Ce to San Francisco in Septem- ber to make final arrangements under which a California lumber com- pany will purchase 800 million feet of timber on the Sierra National Forest. The timber has already been awarded, after public advertisement, to the high- est bidder, but under the terms of the advertisement the final signing of the contract will not take place until the company has been shown on the ground what timber the Government will re- good forest conditions and provide for serve from cutting in order to preserve reproduction. The company will be allowed its full 800 million feet, but naturally it will not be allowed to cut clean. As a rule the Forest Service reserves something like one-third of the forest stand in applying forestry on Government hold- ings. A marking board made up of one man sent from Washington, one from the District office in San Francisco, and the local Forest Supervisor will care- fully mark a sample area, to show how the restrictions on cutting will be ap- plied. Representatives of the company will then go over this area, after which Chief Forester Graves and his assist- ants will, it is expected, make final ar- rangements with the company in San Francisco, and the contract of sale will be signed. “The Forest Service,” said Mr. Graves in speaking of this sale, “has received a number of inquiries whether in selling so much timber to a single purchaser the Government may not be opening the way to a monopolistic con- trol of local lumber markets. Other correspondents are disturbed lest the sale prove a bad bargain for the Gov- ernment through the rise in value of the timber in the twenty-two years dur- ing which the company will cut. “Such large and long-time sales of National Forest timber as that to the California company are a new develop- ment in the Forest Service. Great bodies 676 of mature but inaccessible timber can be put on the market only if sale con- tracts are let on terms which will justify a very heavy initial investment in trans- portation facilities. In entering into such contracts, however, special safe- guards to protect the public against monopoly and to prevent an undue spec- ulative profit to the purchaser are em- ployed. “The National Forests contain, in all, the equivalent of nearly 600 billion feet of timber now of merchantable size, be- sides young growth for future harvest. Because of its remoteness from market and the wild, mountainous country, without transportation facilities, in which most of it lies, only a small per- centage can now be sold on any terms. Most of it would cost more to get it out than it would bring. The sale of less than one-fifth of one per cent of our total supply to one company leaves plenty of room for competition by other companies. “The timber which has been sold to the California company lies well back in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and will require the construction of 1%0 miles of standard-gauge railroad to open up the area. Since this road will also open up other National Forest tim- ber and will be a common carrier, it creates another safeguard against mo- nopoly. The company is given a cutting period of twenty-two years to remove the timber, besides an additional two years for the construction of logging and manufacturing facilities. The sale was publicly advertised for six months in order to give an opportunity for all who wished to compete for the contract to make bids, as is done in all large Na- tional Forest sales. “No business organization would un- dertake the heavy investment necessary in such cases unless the handling of a large body of timber and a sufficient period in which to remove it under practical logging conditions are assured. The great difficulty in making such RESTORING ELK long-term sales is to establish a price which will be fair to both sides. No one can foresee future conditions well enough to know what stumpage will be worth ten, fifteen, or twenty years hence. “Consequently the terms of sale pro- vide for the readjustment of stumpage prices every five years. The basis for fixing the prices will be, in each case, the prices of manufactured lumber in the markets where the timber is sold during the preceding two years. “For several years the Forest Service has been selling in the neighborhood of a million dollars’ worth of National Forest stumpage per year, but this com- bined with what is cut for free use is RESTORING ELK ESTORATION to the forests of the Rocky mountain region of at least a portion of the great herds of elk which formerly roamed the mountain sides all the way from north- ern Canada to the Mexican line, is a project which the biological survey of the Department of Agriculture in con- junction with the United States Forest Service has taken up. Contrary te the accepted belief that the elk of the United States suffered decimation and practical extinction through slaughter by hunters, white and red, the Forest Service explains that starvation occasioned by the con- sumption of the herbage by the cattle, and, more particularly, by the sheep on the ranges, has been the chief cause of the dying out of the elk. In Yellowstone Park, however, there have been all along several fine herds of elk; also in the regions of Wyoming surrounding Jackson Hole there is a superb herd. In the summer of 1911 Supervisor Knowles obtained a shipment of elk for the Sun Dance National Forest. The Wichita Forester, in western Oklaho- TO THE FORESTS 67% only about one-eighth of what might be cut without reducing the permanent stock of the Forests. The supply will be kept up through growth. By making long-term sales it will be possible great- ly to increase the amount available for present needs of the timber consuming public, without endangering future sup- plies through overcutting. It will al- ways remain true, however, that vastly the greater part of our timber sales will be to small purchasers, who are favored wherever possible. Monopoly is im- possible as long as the door is kept open for such purchasers. Out of over 5,600 sales made in the fiscal year 1911, about forty were for over $5,000 worth of timber to a single purchaser.” TO THE FORESTS ima, besought the Washington chiefs of the allied services for a small herd. Fight were sent him in 1909, and the Wichita herd now numbers twelve. It is the present intention of the biological survey to fill out each and every request of the forest supervisors wherever favorable opportunity offers. So long as the slender money supply available lasts these transfers of elk from their present habitat to the newer sections of the distant west will be effected. The transportation of the elk is an interesting as well as an_ exciting process. The younger elk, that is, bucks and does, ranging in age from seven to eight months up to two years, are tempted into fixed corrals and trapped. After the trapping they are roped and tied. In the instance of the recent transfer from the Yellowstone region to the Sun Dance forest reserve, the journey was made for a consider- able portion of the way by sleds. The animals, in separate frame cages, were laced on the sleds and drawn by sturdy mules mile after mile across the hills and prairies to the railway. 678 The favored time for moving the elk is in the early spring. By that time the animals born the preceding spring are stout and strong enough to withstand transportation. In the first effort at transplanting elk, twenty-six animals made the journey. Four died from injuries received in the ninety-mile sled haul from Jackson’s Hole to St. Anthony, Idaho, where the transship- ment to the railway was effected. One female died a few months later from unhealed fractured ribs, evidently suf- fered on the railway journey. At Sun Dance the other twenty-one elk are now strong and hardy. The transference of the elk from the more northern latitudes to the less AMERICAN FORESTRY rigorous climates of western Oklahoma, Arizona and New Mexico, it is believed by the biological experts, will result in the rapid propagation of this valuable and desirable game animal. The elk is not subject to disease and after the fourth year the female usually bears twin elk calves annually. It is the belief of the biological sur- vey that the elk population of the United States will, through the means now taken to develop herds in many sections of the Rocky mountain region, double within the next three years. Within a decade it is the belief of Chief Palmer, of the bureau, that an approxi- mate restoration of the indigenous herds will be brought about. FIRE LOSSES IN WASHINGTON HE Washington Forest Fire As- sociation, of which George S. Long is president and J. L. Bridge chief fire warden, have sent out through their secretary, O. Bystrom, a statement to members from which the following are taken: No damage was done in Washington to timber until about the middle of May, when three very hot days came and fires swept over logged-off areas, doing considerable damage to logging equipments and in some instances to green timber. Heretofore May has been regarded as a safe month, so much so that the State law does not include it in the dry and dangerous season, which begins June 1. There have been no fires on account of the wet summer since May. Instructions were issued to rangers to keep a lookout for trespassers and report any breach of the law promptly to the office. Several reports of that kind were received, and the owner upon whose land the fire occurred was notified. The Washington Forest Fire Asso- ciation, as generally known, is a private one. It is made up of timber owners throughout the State. This year the total assessments were only 1 3-4 cents per acre, somewhat less than former years. SOME OHIO STATISTICS. Ohio had 1,390 factories assigned to the lumber and timber division. The average num- ber of employes was 13,456. The value of the products was $34,597,000. The greatest num- ber of employes in any one section were those engaged in foundry and machine shops, amounting to 64,817. years. There were 411 independent planing mills. There has been little change in the value of the lumber output in ten Sawmiliing has declined, but the output of planing mills and boxes has increased. NEWS AND NOTES. Careless Campers Caught Information was filed in United States Court at Seattle the other day by Assistant District Attorney Charles F. Riddell, charg- ing H. W. and Frank H. Herkenroth, Thomas McLaughlin and Arden Purvis with having set a fire in the Government forest reserve in Clallam county and of having left without extinguishing it. The defendants claim that the fire was set for cooking their breakfast while camping, and that they had taken care to extinguish it. Some live coals remained, and the forest ranger found it a few hours later. Prosecution was directed from the depart- ment at Washington on the grounds that there have been a number of similar infrac- tions of the law and that the effort should be made to put a stop to it. The defendants were released on their own recognizance. Black Beetle Invasion An invasion of black beetles that threatens to wipe out the hickory trees of Long Island is described by J. J. Levison, of the Brooklyn Department of Parks, and a vigorous cam- paign against the destructive bug is urged. The new pest, according to Mr. Levison, may, unless promptly checked, prove as deadly to trees as the chestnut tree fungus has already proved. The black beetle bores into the bark of hickory trees and in a very short time ef- fects their death. The insects multiply very rapidly, and are very industrious in their short but dangerous lives. Already, accord- ing to Mr. Levison, the ravages wrought by the pest are plainly to be seen in the hick- ory trees aling the north shore of Long Island. Wilson in the Forests Secretary of Agriculture Wilson left Washington a few weeks ago for his home in Iowa. After a short rest he then made a tour of some of the national forests with Chief Forester Graves to make a general study of the problem of agricultural lands within the boundaries of the forest reserves. The agricultural appropriation bill pro- vided that the Secretary should make a re- port segregating the lands which might be valuable for agriculture alone from those which would be more valuable for other purposes. New York Selling Trees The Conservation Commission of New York State has 5,136,650 trees ready for dis- tribution to the public in lots of 500 or more. They may be obtained at little cost by any person interested in reforestration. The or- ders will be filled as received while the sup- ply holds out. The trees must be used only for planting on lands within the State, and it is a violation of law to sell them or give them away directly or indirectly. Heretofore the Conservation Commission has distributed trees only in the spring, but will commence distribution for fall planting this year. No order will be filled for less than 500 trees, and an extra charge of $1 will be made for any order less than 1,000 trees. No order for more than 50,000 trees of any one species will be filled if the supply of that species is limited. The orders will be shipped from the nearest nursery, the appli- cant to pay express charges. The State will furnish the trees at the following prices, fous DY 3 White pine transplants, four years old, $4 a thousand; three years old, $3.50, and seed- lings, two years old, $1.50. Scotch pine transplants, four years old, $4.50 a thousand trees; three years old, $3.50, and two years, $1.50. Austrian pine, three years old, $3.50 a thousand; Norway spruce, three years old, $4 a thousand; basswood, $3 a thousand; white ash seedlings, $3; tulip poplars, $2.50; black locust, $2.50; Carolina poplar, $1.50, and basket willow cuttings, $1.50 a thousand trees. Plant Pests Barred Secretary of Agriculture Wilson has an- nounced his intention, under the new federal quarantine law, to declare a quarantine against Hawaii for the Mediterranean fruit fly and prohibit the importation of four spe- cies of pine from Great Britain, France, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Norway, Swe- den, Russia, Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Italy to prevent the importation of white pine blister rust. The importation of potatoes that may bring the wart disease from Newfoundland, St. Pierre, Miquelon, England, Scotland, Ireland, Germany and Austria-Hungary will also be prohibited, according to present plans. Before issuing proclamations the Secre- tary gave public hearings to persons inter- ested, and will receive arguments in writing. 679 680 He set September 16 for the white pine blister rust hearing, September 19 for the fruit fly hearing, and September 20 for the potato wart disease hearing. A Moving Forest in Wales A strange story of a moving wood near Llandaff was told at a meeting of the dis- trict council by one of the members (Mr. William Hopkins), says the London Chron- icle. The wood, he said, was situated on a steep slope and was gradually moving toward the road at the foot. The wood “is quite 400 yards long, and consists of stately elm trees. It had “left its moorings,” he said, and was moving bodily toward the Llanvithyn road. A cut had been left at the top, which was full of water. Some of the trees were coming down bod- ily, while others were leaning in all direc- tions. The wood had been moving now eight or nine days, and it was some little distance from the road, but was in danger of coming on to it. Studying Lumbering Industry E. P. Secker, the special agent of the Commerce and Labor Department who is investigating the lumber trade abroad, may make a trip around the world, touching at all important countries, in pursuit of his duty. Mr. Secker is now in England. He has been abroad since spring. He is ex- pected at present to study lumber trade con- ditions throughout Europe, see what the market there demands in the way of lumber, etc., and find openings for the American lumber exporter. If his work comes up to the hopes of the Department and of the trade, Mr. Secker is expected to be ordered to extend his work beyond Europe into other continents and the islands of the sea. In that event he will be absent from this coun- try for a year or more longer. AMERICAN FORESTRY Forest Reserve Transfer The Forest Service has begun the work of closing up the purchases of land made under the provisions of the Weeks law for the formation of the Appalachian forest reserve. The first deed to be filed was at Marion, N. C., for 8,113 acres. The Government has options on about 16,000 acres immediately adjoining this property. Although the Weeks law became effective March 1, 1911, so much preliminary work was required that the ac- tual transfers are only now beginning. Wood Distillation The United States Forest Service has re- cently issued an interesting bulletin on the distillation of resinous wood by saturated steain. The bulletin was prepared by L. F. Hawley, chemist in forest products, and R. C. Palmer, assistant chemical engineer in forest products, and describes a series of ex- periments along this line carried on at the forest products laboratory. The experiments were undertaken by the Forest Service because there has been no uniformity in the commercial distillation of pine, and no definite ideas among operators as to the proper steam pressure, size of chips or rapidity of distillation, and little or no data has been heretofore published regard- ing the differing results from changes in these readily controlled variables. Lightning Hits Ail Trees The Department of Agriculture has made public the results of an exhaustive investi- gation of lightning strokes throughout the country. The report disposes of the belief of the ancient philosophers that certain kinds of trees—the laurel, aspen and beech—were never struck by lightning with the statement that “any kind of tree is likely to be struck.” The report shows that lightning strikes in the Colorado plateau region more often than anywhere else in the country, and asserts that lightning is a prolific source of fires in the forests of the West. ILLINOIS LUMBER PLANTS. In Illinois there were 814 plants at work in lumber and timber, employing an average of 16,567 people. foundry and machine shops were 52,266; men’s clothing and shirts, to-wit, 36,152. The output was valued at $44,952,000. the next largest number being in manufacturing The great value added to forest products in that The number of men employed in State came from planing mills and other woodworking plants, even though over one-half of - the establishments were sawmills. The increase in the value of lumber products reported in the State has been very great in the former five years. STATE NEWS New Jersey Much valuable information concerning the planting and care of shade trees and the pre- vention of diseases which are fatal to them is contained in a handsome volume just issued by the Forest Park Reservation Com- misison of New Jersey and entitled the “Planting and Care of Shade Trees.” The book contains 128 pages, is handsomely illus- trated, several of the illustrations being fine colored plates of injurious tree insects; and several charts which graphically depict meth- ods of caring for diseased trees, that they may be made healthy again. The illustra- tions in the volume are well chosen to give instructions as to how trees should be planted to give the best effect, particularly in cities. The volume is for general distribution among people who are interested in shade tree culture and in the prevention or the cure of diseases in shade trees, and a copy may be obtained by addressing Alfred Gas- kill, State Forester, at the State House at Trenton. The book is made up of an article on “The Planting and Care of Shade Trees,” by the late Dr. John B. Smith, State ento- mologist, who died March 12, 1912, and an- other paper on “Diseases of Shade and For- est Trees,” by Mel. T. Cook, State plant pa- thologist. The cost of issuing the book was borne by Charles LaThrop Pack, of Lake- wood, a member of the Forest Park Reser- vation Commission. Texas. I. M. Johnson, of Houston, until recently special agent of the State Department of Agriculture, was in Dallas recently and per- fected arrangements for tackling the dis- eased trees of Dallas. It is the intention of Mr. Johnson to spend a week out of each month in Dallas, giving his personal attention in overseeing the work, which will be under the supervision of a graduate of the School of Forestry, Uni- versity of Michigan, who also has had three years’ experience in” the Forestry Service, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. This party, Z. T. Bliss, at present is superintendent of the tree work in Houston which is being done by Mr. Johnson. Massachusetts. The report of the State Forester’s office that losses this year in Massachusetts amounted to only $50,000 up to August 1 is gratifying to those who are responsible for the establishment of observation stations on high points throughout the State. Seven- teen of these lookouts are now maintained, and the justification of the system is the fact that this year’s losses are about $500,000 less than the losses during a corresponding period last year. There is still a long period of the fall sea- son when forest fires will be a menace. But it seems likely that this year may establish a new low record of losses. New York An agreement has been made between the State Conservation Commission and the Adi- rondack League to experiment in forestry on the 140,000 acres of forest lands owned by the league at Little Moose, Herkimer county, according to Governor Dix. It is proposed to permit the lumbering of the league’s tract by cutting matured trees and planting at least one tree for every tree taken. The Governor, who recently addressed the league in favor of this plan, said that sys- tematic lumbering would in no way injure the forests or interfere with wild game. The league is composed of wealthy citi- zens, who, heretofore, have always opposed the extensive cutting of lumber in the Adi- rondack forests. Minnesota The need of a city tree warden in St. Paul is acute, according to State Forester Cox, who declared recently that he approved highly the move of the Women’s Civic League toward getting such an official for this city. The number of complaints and questions that come to the office of the State Forester from women and_ householders, who ask for advice as to how to care for their trees, and which his office is unable to care for, indicates that the appointment of a city forester would answer a crying need, Mr. Cox said. Wisconsin By a purchase consummated a few days ago the State of Wisconsin added 20,000 acres of land to its forest reserve, the tim- ber tract acquired being located in Oneida and Vilas counties. It was bought from the 681 682 Land, Log and Lumber Company, of Mil- waukee. The State has been negotiating for these lands for over a year. They were cut over about twenty years ago, and the area comprises nearly two townships. Another large deal will be made soon, when the H. W. Wright Lumber Company, of Merrill, will transfer 16,000 acres of cutover land to the State. In addition to these two large purchases, the State forest reserve has been increased by the acquirement of 500 acres comprising 250 small islands donated by Con- gress and located in inland waters in the northern part of the State, giving the State a complete forest reserve of about 400,000 acres, not including the lands held by the State for sale to be used for agricultural purposes. AMERICAN FORESTRY Louisiana. Reports from the overflow section of Lou- isiana and Mississippi indicate much damage to logs and down timber by a black beetle that has flourished unusually well since the overflow set in. The beetle is a borer which goes through the wood as if it was dust. A number of lumber companies operating in overflowed sections have called off their men in the woods until all logs on hand have been put through the mills. Several concerns, especially in Northeast Louisiana, report that the beetle has caused them thou- sands of dollars of damage. The damage is greater in some sections than others, seem- ingly depending upon present ground condi- tions. CURRENT LITERATURE MONTHLY LIST FOR SEPT., 1912. (Books and periodicals indexed in the Library of the United States Forest Service.) — Forestry as a Whole Chapman, Herman H. Forestry; an elemen- tary treatise. 79 p. Chicago, American lumberman, 1912. Holmes, J. S. A forester’s notes from Europe; Germany. 4 p. Chapel Hill, N. C., 1912. (N. C.—Geological and economic survey. Press bulletin 87.) Mumford, George D. The world’s timber problem, with some conclusions. 56 p. N. Y., 1912. Proceedings and reports of Associations, Forest Offices, etc. Canadian forestry association. Report of the thirteenth annual convention and meeting held at Ottawa, Feb. 7th and 8th, 1912. 123 p. Ottawa, 1912. India—Bombay _ presidency—Forest dept. Administration report of the forest cir- cles including Sind, for the year 1910- 1911. 176 p. Bombay, India, 1912. India—Burma—Forest dept. Reports on the forest administration in Burma for the year 1910-11. 206 p. Rangoon, India, 1912. India—Central provinces—Forest dept. Re- port on the forest administration of the Central provinces for the year 1910-11. 150 p. Nagpur, India, 1912. India—Coorg—Forest dept. Progress report of forest administration for 1910-1911. _ 23 p. Bangalore, India, 1912. Minnesota—State forester. First anual re- port, 1911. 16 p. il, map. Duluth Minn., 1912. Forest Education Arbor Day. Oregon—Dept. of public instruction. Oregon arbor and bird day manual. 32 p. il. Salem, Ore., 1912. Forest schools New York state college of forestry, Syracuse university. Announcement of ranger school. 16 p. Syracuse, N. Y., 1912. University of Idaho—Dept. of forestry. An- nouncements concerning the courses to be offered in forestry, 1912-1913. 16 p. Moscow, Idaho, 1912. Forest Description Cameron, D. Roy. Report on timber con- ditions around Lesser Slave lake. 54 p. il., map. Ottawa, 1912. (Canada—Dept. of the interior —Forestry branch. Bulle- tin 29.) Forest Botany Trees, classification and description Maiden, J. H. The forest flora of New South Wales, pt. 48. 12 p. pl. Sydney, N. S. W., Gov’t printer, 1912. Woods, classification and structure Record, Samuel J. Identification of the economic woods of the United States, including a discussion of the structural and phys properties of wood. 117 p. il, pl. N., J. Wiley & Sons, 1912. _ Silvics Forest influet Eckardt, Wilh R. Der einfluss des waldes auf das ha. 8 p. Karlsruhe, G. Braun, 1909. rest Economics Statistics Baden—Forsgwaltung. Statistische nach- weisungétir das jahr 1912; jahrgang 33. 172) Karlsruhe, 1912. Macmillan, R. Forest products of Canada, 1910. 1). Ottawa, 1912. (Canada— Dept. oie interior—Forestry branch. Bulletin ) rest Utilization Wood distijon Hawley, L..& Palmer, R. C. Distillation of resiS wood by saturated steam. 31 p. th. D. C., 1912. (U. S—Dept. of agrture—Forest service. Bulletin 109.) uxiliary Subjects Hydrolog Maine—S water storage commission. 2d annugport, 1911. 267 p. maps, diagrs. Watele, 1912. United Gs—Dept. of the interior. Gey- sers, Walter Harvey Weed. 29 p. il., mapWash., D. C., 1912. United ©s—Dept. of the interior. Some lakef Glacier national park, by Mor- ton Elrod. 29 p. il, maps. Wash. D, 4912. Geology United ites—Dept. of the interior. Geo- log history of Crater lake, Oregon, by §. Diller. 31 p. il, map. Wash., D.| 1912. Unitedates—Dept. of the interior. Geo- lod history of the Yellowstone naial park, by Arnold Hague. 23 p. ilaps. Wash., D. C., 1912. Periodical Articles Misceeous periodicals Bulleiof the American geographical so- c, Aug. 1912—A geographic study of tMesa Verde, by Wallace W. Atwood, 93-8. Cornrural school leaflet, Sept. 1912.— study, by John Bentley, p. 153-65. Cour gentleman, July 6, 1912—The farm ddlot; a neglected asset, by Ernest A rling, p. 7, 28. CURRENT LITERATURE 683 Missionary review of the world, July 1912.— Call of the lumber jack, by Chas. A Bowen, p. 513-9. Outlook, July 27, 1912—Kiote, by Theodore Shoemaker, p. 679-83. Overland monthly, June 1912.—What is forestry, by A. L. Dahl, p. 571-9. Philippine agricultural review, Aug. 1912— Philippine kapok; a promising new in- dustry, by M. M. Saleeby, p. 432-7. Scientific American supplement, July 20, 1912. —Xylology, a new branch of science; identifying different woods and detecting fraudulent substitutes, p. 44. Torreya, Sept. 1912.—The determination of woods, by Chester Arthur Darling. p. 201-8. Trade journals and consular reports Engineering news, June 27, 1912.—Proving that forests benefit navigation, p. 1239. Furniture journal, Aug. 26, 1912.—Methods of finishing hardwoods, by C. J. La Valles, p. 56-8. Hardwood record, Aug. 25, 1912.—The na- tional Appalachian park, by Henry H. Gibson, p. 25-36. The true mora of British Guiana, p. 42. Lumber world review, Aug. 25, 1912.—Forest legislation and forest work in British Columbia, by W. R. Ross, p. 20-1. Lumber world review, Sept. 10, 1912.—A model forest school at home and abroad; travels of the Biltmore students, p. 17. Pacific lumber trade journal, Aug. 1912.— People of Idaho are told of their forest responsibility, by E. T. Allen, p. 46. Paper, Aug. 28, 1912.—Bamboo as a source of paper pulp, p. 15-18, 42. Paper trade journal, Aug. 22, 1912—The spruce bud moth, by Chas. D. Woods, p. 56. St. Louis lumberman, Aug. 15, 1912—Amu- guis, by H. N. Whitford, p. 30; Missouri forestry students in the Ozarks, p. 63. Southern industrial and lumber review, Aug. 1912.—Logging engineering as taught at the University of Washington, by E. T. Clark, p. 45, 64; Commercial creosotes and wood decay preventions, p. 80-1. Timber trade journal, Aug. 10, 1912.—Burrs, p. 192; Dry rot, or the dissolution of wood by vegetable agency, p. 193. Timber trade journal, Aug. 17, 1912—The mahogany trade of Central America, p. 223; Dry rot, or the mechanical disso- lution of wood, p. 227. Timber trade journal, Aug. 24, 1912.—Aus- tralian timbers; opportunities for trade, by S. de Malraison, p. 260; Forestry edu- cation at Aberdeen, p. 289. Timber trade journal, Aug. 31, 1912—A new timber drying process, p. 297-8. Timberman, Aug. 1912.—Log flumes are of economic value where conditions are favorable, by W. D. Starbird, p. 42-4; Logging by rail in Montana, by Kenneth Ross, p. 62; Practical aerial snubbing 684 device for lowering logs from high ground, by R. R. Nestos, p. 49-50; New and successful utilization of compressed air for snubbing machines, by Henry A. Kalb, p. 53-4; Burning slash is a ques- tion of increasing importance to loggers, by E. T. Allen, p. 59-60; Burning slash, by F. E. Ames, p. 61-2. United States daily consular report, Aug. 20, 1912.—Lumber and timber products abroad; England, by Augustus E. In- gram, p. 897-8; Lumber anl timber prod- ucts abroad; Russia, by W. Doty, p. 899-900; Lumber and timber products abroad; Martinique, by Thomas R. Wal- lace, p. 900-1; Lumber and timber prod- ucts abroad; Formosa, by Samuel C. Reat, p. 901-3; Lumber and timber prod- ucts abroad; China, by Samuel S. Knabenshue, p. 903; Importations of ma- hogany into Canada, by Felix S. S. John- son, p. 908. Wood craft, Sept. 1912.—Overmantels; their design and construction, by John Boving- don, p. 169-72. Forest journals Bulletin de la Société centrale forestiere de Belgique, Aug. 1912.—Expériences sur VYemploi des engrais, p. 460-5; Expéri- ences en pépiniere, p. 465-9; Les forets roumaines, by N. I. Crahay, p. 469-75; Surune théorie nouvelle de la captation de l’azote atmosphérique par les plantes, by E. Henry, p. 475-83. Centralblatt fiir das gesamte forstwesen, July 1912.—Ueber die gattung polygra- phus, by Walther Sedlaczek, p. 305-10; Zur forstlichen rentabilitatslehre, by Theodor Glaser, p. 310-21; Neuere bestrebungen auf dem gebiete der holz- konservierung, by E. F. Petritsch, p. 321-33. Forstwissenschaftliches centralblatt, June 1912.—Begriindung der mischbestande von fichten und buchen, sowie von kiefern und buchen, by Tiemann, p. 297- AMERICAN FORESTRY 309; Eine forstliche usstellung in Amerika, by F. Harrer,309-19; Ueber triiffeln und triffelzu by Vill, p. 320-8. Forstwissenschaftliches centlatt, Aug. 1912. —Das gesetz des inhalts- baumstamme und sein bedeutung ftir: massen- und sortimentstafeln, by M*kachenko, p. 397-419; Italiens neuesforstpolitik, p. 434-6. Hawaiian forester and auulturist, July 1912.—Notes on forest ects, by R. C. L. Perkins, p. 202-9. Indian forester, Aug. 1912.—inmana forest division; teak and bams in Burma, by F. A. Leete, p. 355-§Possibility of growing cork in India, p2-4. Revue des eaux et foréts, 1e 15, 1912.— Question d’amenagememy L. Pardé, p. 353-5. Revue des eaux et foréts,ly 1, 1912.— Vieux taillis, vieilles ches, by L. Pardé, p. 391-4; Le budgdes foréts en Norvége, by H. Perrin, 197-402. Revue des eaux et foréts, , 15, 1912.— La coupe a blanc étoc 1s les foréts résineuses, by C. Delah, p, 417-21; Contre le déboisement; nace de dé- forestation en Indochine, Verdaguer, p. 421-6; Les exploitati forestiéres dans la province de Quél by Coulon, p. 426-31. Revue des eaux et foreéts, A 1, 1912.— Possibilité par volume detaies jardi- nées, by L. Duhar, p. 449- De Pinflu- ence de la lumiére sur la Gté du bois de chéne, by P. Galland, p9-64. Zeitschrift fur forst- und jagesen, July 1912.—Forstwirtschaftiliche riickblicke auf das jahr 1910, by Serr, p, 399- 425; Zur nonnenbekampfuny Spletts- toesser, p. 434-9; Zusamme@eung von niederwald, by von Salis, p9-53. Zeitschrift fiir forst- und jagden, Aug. 1912.—Waldbauliche stinden, Frey, p. 463-8; Die organisation der ussischen forstbehérden, by Lehnpfuhl 468-81. JAPS SUPPLY THE CHINESE. The lumber for packing cases, etc., used by the Chinese comes chiefly frome Yalu River region, and the trade in this lumber is entirely in Japanese. hands. The imfation is in the form of squared logs, which are purchased by Chinese carpenters and sawup into boards by hand. Attempts have been made to introduce sawmills for this work, bwe price of labor is so low here that it is cheaper to cut boards by hand than by steam. MASSACHUSETTS’ SHOWING. In the State of Massachusetts, under the head of lumber and timber produce, ' estab- lishments are listed, employing on an average of 8,967. Lumbering in that State is a very insignificant factor when compared ‘h the 026,000. manufacture of cotton goods, which employs 108,914 people. The value of the output of the latter exceeds that of any othewe of In Massachusetts the number of independent planing mills was 208, h 391 There were cut in that State 361,200,00(o¢ of employ 83,063. manufacture. sawmills and 109 packing box factories. lumber. The value of the output ; $23,- The boot and shovakers AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS YALE FOREST SCHOOL NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT The course of study in the YALE FOREST SCHOOL covers a period of two years. Graduates of collegiate institutions of high standing are admitted as candidates for the degree of Master of Forestry. The Summer Term is conducted at MILFORD, PIKE COUNTY, PENNA. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ADDRESS JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director NEW HAVEN CONNECTICUT HARVARD UNIVERSITY BILTMORE THE DIVISION OF FORESTRY | | FOREST SCHOOL Biltmore, N. C. Offers a two-years’ graduate course leading to the degree of Master of Theoretical and practical in- struction in all branches of ap- Forestry. | plied forestry. The course comprises eighteen The course includes upward of six months; viz: twelve consecutive 2 : ; nonths of lectures and field work months field instruction and practical , j . : and six months of practical experience in the annual operations on the Harvard Forest, Petersham, Mass. prenticeship. Working fields in the South- ern Appalachians, in the Lake States and in central Germany. For further particulars address RICHARD T. FISHER, Chairman, Cambridge, Mass. Dr. C. A. SCHENCK, Director Catalogue upon Application JAMES D. LACEY WOOD BEAL VICTOR THRANE VOU Interested in SOUTHERN or PACIFIC COAST Timber? We furnish detailed reports as to the QUALITY of the timber, average lengths and number of trees on each 40-acre subdivision. We submit reports covering details as to logging conditions, cost and most feasible methods of logging each 40-acre or sectional subdivision of each tract. We also furnish a TOPOGRAPHICAL map of all tracts located in mountainous districts, showing every elevation of 100 feet throughout the tract with OUR OWN engineer’s report showing locations of most feasible routes and grades for logging roads. We can furnish sufficient data regarding ANY ‘tract of timber which we have examined to convince you whether the tract is just what you want or not. Personal inspection of any tract we may offer you will be found just as represented. We are in a position to offer some exceedingly attractive TIMBER properties in the SOUTH, in BRITISH COLUMBIA, and on the PACIFIC COAST. Also a few going mill operations with ample timber supplies in the South. We furnish detailed reports of amount of STUMPAGE on each 2 1-2- 5- or 10- acre subdivision of each forty. We employ expert PACIFIC COAST CRUISERS to check all estimates made on Western Timber. We offer HIGH-CLASS Timber Properties only, which have been placed in our hands for sale. We can convince you that our estimates are reliable. JAMES D. LACEY & CO. (ESTABLISHED SINCE 1880) 1211 Whitney!Central Bldg. 1104 Spalding Bldg. 1009 White Bldg. 1215 Old Colony New Orleans Portland, Ore. Seattle Chicago NATIONAL CAPITAL PRESS, Vol. XVIII Formerly CONSERVATION No. 11 LODE AAS TRIS: SE TART BE Rtas ma > NOVEMBER FOREST RESOURCES IN NEW YORK THE SALVATION OF THE ALASKAN FUR SEAL HERD NEW PROCESS FOR THE PRESERVATION OF STANDING POLES FOREST PLANTING AT CORNELL LUMBERMEN AND FORESTERS CO- OPERATING EFFECT OF ADVANCING VALUES OF LUMBER ON CONSERVATION THE PRESENT SITUATION OF FORESTRY Published by THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 1410 H Street, N. W., Washington ,D. 6. Price $2.00 per Year. Copyright 1912, by the American Forestry Association — —— Se AMERICAN YZ Actual Size St. Regis Everbearing The Raspberry for the Millionand the Millionaire. ‘‘ There’s Millions In It.”’ You can now have wonderful raspberries from June to October by setting out the plants this fall. St. Regis produces continuously from June to October—heavy crops of large, luscious, sugary berries of bright crimson. Its swmmer and autumn crops do not consist of a few scattered ber- ries, but good to heavy pickings all the time. One party who had a small patch, say % an acre, picked and shipped from it two or three pickings each week for four months and his profits were enormous. Grows successfully in any soil— endures without injury heat, drought and severest cold. Cata- logue free. Pomeroy— Actual size Hardy English Walnut Trees Rochester grown—hardier than Peach Trees. For the lawn, the ac- climated English Walnut is un- matched, with its smooth, bark, luxuriant, dark green foliage, lofty, symmetrical growth. These trees are hardier than the Peach. ENGLISH WALNUT CROPS YIELD BIG PROFITS The demand for nuts is big and prices give growers handsome profits. California crop exceeds its orange crop in money value. Culti- vation, harvesting and maintenance are easy and inexpensive. Whether you plant for decoration or for profit, investigate acclimated Eng- lish walnuts. Information and cata- log mailed free on request. light gray FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS 4 Actual Size Mantura Pecans _ Large Nuts—Paper Shell Hardy Acclimated Pecan Trees for Planting in Northern States Here are Pecan Trees which will thrive in Northern States—produc- ing as prolifically and as profitably as any Southern Pecans. Pecan Orchards pay far bigger profits per acre than wheat or corn. A shade-tree of wondrous beauty, long the pride of the South, may now adorn any Northern landscape. We control five varieties of hardy trees best suited for Northern plant- ing. These have withstood tempera- ture far below zero,—never been known to ‘“‘winter-kill.” Success- ful in almost any soil. Begin bear- ing in 3 to 5 years. Catalogue free. GLEN BROTHERS, Glenwood Nursery (Est’d 1866), 2037 Main St., Rochester, N. Y. JOHN WILEY & SONS 43 and 45 East 19th Street, NEW YORK CITY Montreal, Canada: London: CHAPMAN & HALL, Limited RENOUF PUB. CO. SOLOTA ROFF—Shade-Trees in Towns and Cities. and Care as Applied to the Art of Street Decoration; Their Diseases and Remedies; Their Municipal Control and Supervision. Cloth, $3.00 net. Their Selection, Planting, 8vo, xviili+-287 pages, Beautifully illustrated with original photographs by the author, consisting of 46 full pages and 35 figures in the text, comprising 229 half tones and 22 line illustrations. Field Book for Street-Tree Mapping. Blank Field Books, for enumerating street trees when taking a tree census, may be obtained from the publishers. 7% inches, 160 pages. Books 4% FULLER—Domestic Water Supplies for the Farm. Cloth, $1.50 net. figures. GRA VES—Forest Mensuration. GREEN—Principles of American Forestry. including many half-tones. Cloth, $1.50. 8vo, xiv-+458 pages, 47 figures. Field Price, 75c net each. 8vo, x+180 pages, 65 Cloth, $4.00. 12mo, xiii+-334 pages, 73 figures, In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN FORESTRY American Forestry The Magazine of the American Forestry Association EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD HERMAN H. CHAPMAN FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL ERNEST A. STERLING JoHN E. RHODES S. T. DANA S. N. SPRING November CONTENTS 1912 FORESTRY AND FOREST RESOURCES IN NEW YORK—By State Forester Roe oncl ae ee ee ee 2) a ee ee 685 With twelve illustrations. THE SALVATION OF THE ALASKAN FUR SEAL HERD—By Henry. W. Elliott__ 702 With four illustrations. A WORKING EROSION MODEL FOR SCHOOLS—By Don Carlos Ellis--____--__- 709 With one illustration. HIGHER PRICES WILL CONSERVE FORESTS—By N. P. Wheeler_---------_-- 710 A NEW PROCESS FOR THE PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF STANDING TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE POLES—By E. A. Sterling. ____ 711 With five illustrations. FOREST PLANTING AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY—By John Bentley, Jr.------ 716 With five illustrations. POMIR ERVIN: AND: HORES TERS CO-OPBRADR 21. 222222885 721 MRE ES LATHROP PACK (Personal Sketch) --------_----+..--_- --_- 2s 724 Deletions S OL OREGON—By, J. Albert Bakers - 222-2) 5-2 22-8 eee 726 THE EFFECT OF ADVANCING VALUES OF LUMBER AND STUMPAGE ON THE CONSERVATION OF OUR FOREST RESOURCES—By Robert Fullerton__ 728 INSECT DAMAGING SPRUCE TREES IN MAINE—By Prof. John M. Briscoe____ 731 Sec Mins GOIN bORE ST (BSERVH.2----2 2225-22 --- 3 Lee 732 SUG. 1 ELEN TUG) S oR a NEL eS eee LS 735 THE PRESENT SITUATION OF FORESTRY—By Chief Forester Henry S. Graves_. 734 BORE Sia ANAC OARGE Liv. UNGRBAS EDLs 222.222 et es 5 2 ee 736 ih HUA wen S——bynrarknya Darliemann 2-95) eee ee 737 MEW PEAN OF SEED EXTRACTION PROM PINE CONES. 2). 2..- 222 ee 738 foe MANURING OF FOREST TREES—By Arthur Smith..—.-.--- ee 739 ees) SERVICE APT ER PR ULI PR OWs 20! 3 2b eo 740 MmemELOGANY FOR CANADA.--=.=-=2---.--. Sete! ee oe a oe 741 CANT: MEETING OF DIRECTORSs. 2 u 2s 2 ee 742 ns STANDARDS. FOR STATE FORESTRY_--..-:_-) see 743 Meroe LAT TON? 22 oe ee Sa ee ee 744 (OND)! AINS WEHRS=222. 22210 25 on eS ed ee eee 745 TO) EMEINDA IN G22. 3 a ee 746 STATE NEWS North Waeeiee ext =. 2 La ee 747 Michigan) 20s5- 05 ose qa eee 749 Wiech, . ae & Cd epee ee - 7 ange 5 < 4 4°, Soh ie ore: pe f ee TALE bes ge, cig Page oe Ela be oF octy, cancels ae Xs a z etch its tt SEP See Zee iA, taba Se A hE ES Siete aa a a ES a ag aR THE DESOLATE HAULING GROUNDS OF THE FUR-SEAL AT ENGLISH BAY: ST. PAUL’S ISLAND, PRIBYLOV GROUP: BERING SEA. In 1872 this field of view was covered with tens of thousands of bachelor seals. During the breeding season of 1872 there never was a day between the 20th of June and the 20th of October in which this field did not contain from 150,000 to 350,000 bachelor seals. In 1890 never more than 5,000 bachelor seals ever were seen upon it at any one time; and during the season of 1909 there never were more than 500 young male seals. AMERICAN the islands, just as it has been so done during the last ten or twelve years, to the great and unlawful injury of that life so destroyed. It was the intention of the framer of this bill that it should be put through without any amendment of Sec. 11. A report upon it was writ- ten by the officers of the Department of Commerce and Labor for Mr. Sulzer who, on Feb. 3, 1912, presented this bill to the House and also that report, H. FR. No. 295 to accompany H. FR. 16571. Not a hint was given of any minority objection to it in that Committee’s re- port, and on Feb. 7, 1912, an attempt was made to “railroad” it through the House as an “urgent measure, unanimously reported to the House.” Only by accident did one’ of the members of the Committee learn what was being read at the Clerk’s desk in time to prevent this action and throw the bill over to the next week. On Feb. 14 it was amended so as to or- der a close time of one year, and then passed over to the Senate for final con- sideration. In the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, on March 22d, 1912, this “one year close time’? was amended so as to give the herd ten years of rest; and this bill was so reported and placed on the Calendar. The Senate Foreign Relations Committee carefully reviewed the whole history of this treaty as it had been ratified July 7-24, 1911, and found that it was the same one which I had drawn for John Hay in 1905 and that it carried a distinct order for a close time on the islands of “10 or 12 years” from the date of its acceptance. The conditions demanding a close time in 1905 were not as imperative as they were in 1911, and there was no logic in the arguments used by Nagel’s “‘scien- tists’ against it. Doctors Jordan, Stej- neger, Merriam, Lucas and Townsend BORE S DRY all declared that if these young male seals were not annually killed off to leave not more than 5% of their normal number, they would grow up to fight so savagely among themselves on _ the breeding grounds that they would greatly injure the prosperity of the herd. One advocate recorded the opinion that in fifteen years’ time the species would exterminate itself ! When this Senate Committee had finally perfected the House bill, and it was placed on the Senate Calendar, March 22, 1912, then the opponents tried to so delay the consideration of it in the Senate that it would not be brought up until the last hour of the ses- sion, with adjournment close at hand. Then the plan was to try and force the House bill on the Senate as the only one which could be agreed upon. This fail- ing, they were to let the bill die in con- ference, and rush through in lieu of it a joint resolution paying the $400,000 “advance” money ordered by the treaty, leaving the treaty in effect, and permit- ting the killing on the islands. This scheme was recognized in time by several wise Senators, and very soon it became evident that the scheme pro- posed would fail to work. It did not work. The bill was called up and put through August 15, 1912, just as the Senate Committee had reported it, with the full ten years close time amendment. In conference with the House a compro- mise was fixed at five years as a “‘close time,’ and in that form the bill passed both Houses on August 19, 1912. Thus was the fur seal industry finally fought for and saved to the nation. Now when that herd is surveyed, five years hence, by a competent authority, the condition of it will be known. If it is wise to resume killing, or not, it will be apparent, and the facts will govern action in the premises. A WORKING EROSION MODEL FOR SCHOOLS 709 A WORKING EROSION MODEL FOR SCHOOLS By Don Cartos EL.is WORKING model showing the ¢ processes of erosion on defor- ested slopes has been a feature of exhibits made by the Forest Service at recent expositions. It shows the working out of the natural phenomena so well, and is so simple and inexpen- sive to construct, that a description is here given of a similar model which might be erected in schools for the use of classes in nature study, elementary agriculture, and physical geography. The model consists of two hills slop- ing down into two valleys through which two streams wind in and out through farm land and lead into two lakes at the front of the landscape. (lie. di.) Both hills are made of the same kind of soil, that of the region in which the model is erected, but one is covered thickly with twigs, young trees, or shrubs, to simulate a forest, under- neath which is a heavy carpet of moss representing the layer of leaves and twigs which covers the ground in the real forest, while the other hill is bare of all vegetation. By means of a suitable sprinkling de- vice water in the form of rain is made to fall with equal force upon the two hills. On the forested slope its fall is broken by the foliage and it drops gently upon the moss-covered surface of the ground. The moss and the soil beneath, which is kept soft and porous by the protective cover, quickly absorb the rain and allow it to seep out as clear water farther down the slope, thus forming a mountain stream which flows through a green and fertile valley into a clear lake at the lower end of the model. On the other slope the rain beating down upon the unprotected and hard- ened surface washes deep gullies in the hillside, carries the soil into the turbid stream which drains the valley below, and thence into a muddy lake. The erosion on the slope loosens stones, which are carried down upon the valley farms; the silt deposited in the channel 710 AMERICAN of the stream diverts the water, which opens up gullies through the dry land; the main stream is made shallower and wider and often overflows into the fields; islands and silt bars rise in the stream; and deltas are built up in char- acteristic form at the entrance to the lake. The erosion processes which work themselves out in this model, the wear- ing down of the hill, the silting up of the stream bed, the gradual shifting of the course of the stream, the formation of deltas and sand bars in the lake, and the gradual opening up of watercourses through them are all typical of the proc- esses constantly going on in nature and show strikingly the close relationship between forests and surface formation. It is the same process of erosion on a larger scale which, after the destruction of our forests, causes the removal of the top soil from our slopes, cuts them up into gullies, and deposits sand and FORESTRY gravel upon the fertile alluvial soil of the bottom lands, in storage reservoirs, or in the channels of streams, where it impedes navigation and causes over- flow. While the model is not intended pri- marily to show more than the erosion processes, it can be used to show also that a forest-covered slope acts as a res- ervoir in impounding the water and al- lowing it to seep slowly into the streams, and, on the other hand, that water runs off the surface of a bare slope as soon as it falls, resulting in floods when the precipitation is heavy and in droughts during a dry season. If the sprinkler is stopped and all the water taken out of both of the streams and the lakes, the lake on the forested side will, within a few hours, receive a considerable amount of water as seep- age from the wooded hillside, while the other lake will remain practically empty. HIGHER PRICES WILL CONSERVE FORESTS By N. P. WHEELER Oe prices for standing tim- ber and its products will tend to conserve the forests. When tim- ber is cheap it is wasted; for, when cut, it is not worked up, nearly as close as when more valuable. I am confident there has been more timber burned up and destroyed in the State of Pennsyl- vania than has been manufactured. I have seen 8 or 10 acres of the finest white and red oak girdled just to kill it, so that it could be burned up to clear the land. In fact, that was the common way of clearing the land, the only way of marketing in those days was by man- ufacturing by water power and seeping down the tributaries of the Allegheny and the Allegheny and Ohio to Cincin- nati and Louisville. Only the best of the white pine was taken. The stumps cut breast high and fifteen feet of the bulk of every tree left in the woods and all the tops above the limbs. Not to ex- ceed 50% of the selected tree was taken, the rest being left to rot. No hardwoods could be floated and were therefore not considered valuable. I have seen white pine girdled to kill it to clear the land. Once when our rafts were lying by for high water in the Ohio a larger mass of fence rails brought down by the high water collected behind the rafts. To my surprise I found these fence rails were the finest of black walnut. When the tanneries first came up into Western Pennsylvania hemlock was cut just for the bark, and thousands of acres after the bark was taken off were left to rot or burn. Now that hemlock has become valuable, it is all gathered up that will make lumber. In many places the limbs, tops and branches are gathered up for pulpwood and not enough left to make a bad fire, thereby protecting and con- serving the forest. When blackened over by fire it cannot be used for pulp- wood. These are some of the reasons why I am confident higher prices will tend to conserve the forests. A NEW PROCESS FOR THE PROTECTION AND PRES- ERVATION OF STANDING TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE POLES Bye as ODERN methods of transporta- (Dic: and communication have caused such a drain on the timber resources of the country that high prices and an ultimate exhaustion of certain species grades will be the in- evitable result. The use of wood is universal everywhere, but nowhere is it more strikingly shown than in the enormous number of poles which dot the landscape everywhere, their most general use being for telegraph, tele- phone, trolley, and electric transmission lines. The pole lines in the United States approximate eight hundred thousand miles in length, and the number of poles in actual service is not less than thirty-two million. The annual con- sumption for renewals and new lines amounts to nearly four million poles, or nearly five poles per mile per an- num, the actual figures for 1910 being 3,870,694. The extent of the drain on the forests which this represents may be judged from the fact that a perfectly stocked German forest produces only 250 trees per acre, so that on this basis the poles now standing would represent all of the timber growing on over 130,- 000 acres. Actually in this country, considerably less than one hundred poles are cut per acre, so that for the poles now in use forest areas aggre- gating nearly half a million acres have been cut over, and to furnish the poles for renewals some 50,000 additional acres are cut over each year, or at the rate of over 100 acres per day. Cedar furnished the material for nearly 63% of the poles renewed in 1910; while chestnut, although avail- able only in a limited territory, ranked second with 17%. The supply of cedar is distinctly limited and will soon be STERLING exhausted, while the wide prevalence of the chestnut bark disease threatens to remove this species from the market within a few years. ‘The maintenance of a cedar pole supply by new growth is not even a remote probability, because of the slow growth of the species. A report of the National Electric Light Association states that thirty-foot cedar poles lasting 14 years have taken about 190 years to reach that size, thus it would require 13 growing cedars to continue in service one 30-foot cedar pole. To maintain one 30-foot chestnut pole, even in a healthy growth unaf- fected by the blight, would require four growing trees. These facts indicate clearly the necessity of preserving the poles now in use as well as those used for current renewals. The available statistics indicate an average life per pole of from 13 1-2 years for cedars to 6 1-2 years for pine; the general average based on present renewals being about ten years. A report of the German government shows an average life of only 7.7 years on 153,626 untreated poles under ob- servation. Until recently practically all poles in this country were used in their natural state, and great waste has been occasioned by their rapid decay where in contact with the ground. The U. S. Forest Service estimates that, for poles, 95% are destroyed by decay, 4% by insects and 1% by mechanical abrasion. In 1910, 825,000, or nearly 25%, re- ceived preservative treatment either be- fore or after purchase, and this should lengthen their life from 50 to 100 per cent. While the treatment of a pole before it is set is advantageous, it adds very materially to the initial cost and will not check the increasing consump- tion until a greater per cent are treated, yeu! Fee 7 4 SPACING RODS IN PLACE. DECAY AND SOFT SCRAPED AWAY. 4 ) 4 AROUND POLI EXCAVATION THE FORM IN PLACE. POURING THE FILLER INTO THE FORM. 714 AMERICAN or until the majority now in place have been removed. A more immediate sav- ing, and one which would save the cost of the poles as well as the expense of resetting them, would be a treatment which could be applied successfully to the millions of poles now in place. The conditions under which poles are used vary so greatly that an average cost figure for pole renewals is difficult to determine. Generally speaking, the cost may vary from $1 to $2 per pole for country telephone lines to $100 or more for the high poles in city streets. The initial cost of the pole varies from $1.80 for a 25-foot cedar pole to $16.21 for a 60-foot pole of the same, or $17.08 for a chestnut pole of the same length, to which must be added the labor of setting, restringing wires, ac- cessonies, cic sae fain average for a commercial line along railroads or through country districts, with three to five cross-arms, would be about $10 per pole, including all items. This would mean that the poles now in use in the country represent a value of $320,000,- 000, and that the annual renewals cost in the neighborhood of $40,000,000. It is obvious that any treatment which can be applied to the standing poles, and which will increase the life of those now in use even a few years, will result in an enormous saving. Practically all poles fail at the ground line because of decay, and on account of this weakening at the base have to be replaced or cut off and reset, while the top portion is still sound. This de- cay is caused by wood-destroying fungi which have a definite origin and de- velop under the same fixed laws of growth that govern the higher forms of vegetable life. Fungus growth has its origin in microscopic spores which are comparable to the seeds of plants, and as they are present nearly every- where, it merely remains for them to find favorable conditions under which to germinate and develop the micro- scopic threads which permeate the tissues of the wood and destroy its texture. The fundamental factors necessary for the growth of fungi are moisture, air, and a certain degree of warmth. FORESTRY These conditions are found in favor- able combination at the ground line of poles, where the moisture from the earth keeps the surface of the wood moist, and where, just underneath the surface, the soil maintains, except dur- ing the winter season, a sufficient de- gree of warmth for the fungi to de- velop. It follows, therefore, that the decay of poles appears from a few inches above the ground line to a dis- tance of a foot or more beneath, the air being more or less excluded at the basal portion of a pole; while above the ground line, under ordinary conditions, insufficient moisture is present for the rapid development of decay. Despite the clearly defined factors which cause the decay of poles at the ground line, and the annual renewal of millions of poles still sound at the top, no definite steps have been taken until recently to reduce or prevent this waste of timber. There has recently been de- vised by an old gentleman living in New Jersey a plan which promises to materially reduce the consumption of poles and greatly increase the life of those now standing. If it succeeds it will be another step in the reduction of the drain on our forest resources. What is now known as the Lamb pole treatment first renders innocuous the decay which has already started, and then seals the ground line portion of the pole with an impervious preser- vative coating, which prevents the evaporation of the preservative previ- ously applied and prevents further de- cay by entirely eliminating air and moisture. The whole process is simple and in- expensive, and consists of first remov- ing the dirt around the base of the pole to a depth of two to two and a half feet, and scraping or cutting off the decayed portions of the wood. A hot brush treatment of coal tar creosote is then applied liberally, which kills the living organisms of decay and pene- trates the outer tissues of the wood. A fire-proof casing is then placed around the pole, the upper portion ex- tending about six inches above the ground line and the lower portion from eighteen inches to two feet below, mak- NEW PROCESS FOR PRESERVATION OF TELEGRAPH POLES ing a total length of from two to two and one-half feet. This casing is held out from the pole by spacing rods which leave about a half inch opening between the pole and the casing at the solid portions and a greater space where decay has existed. After the casing is in place, the dirt is tamped in at the bottom up to the base of the casing, and inside of the form is poured a hot preparation of pitch which will yield a distillate of high boiling and high gravity creosote oil. The pitch, after it hardens, will form a perfect bond with the creosoted surface of the wood and entirely pre- vent the entrance of air, moisture, or other agencies favorable to decay, and at the same time prevent the evapora- tion of the creosote which was applied by brush treatment to the decayed sur- face. The creosote in the pitch acts as an additional toxic agent in destroy- ing and preventing all forms of decay. Experiments have shown that this pitch filler will not only form a perfect bond with the wood and remain in absolutely close contact in all climatic changes, but it also entirely fills all surface checks 715 and, to a slight degree, penetrates the wood. After the pitch has been poured in and has cooled, the dirt is thrown back around the pole and tamped tight and a protective fireproof covering or cap of cement is applied; or, if the filler is poured to within only about two inches of the top, the edges of the fireproof casing can be bent over and tacked to the pole, thus eliminating the use of a cement cap. The cost of the Lamb pole protective treatment is but a fraction of the cost of putting in a new pole, and under average conditions one year’s increase in the life of a pole will pay for the treatment. The average pole has a life of about ten years, and the cost of re- placement is averaged at $10, hence the annual charge on a 4 per cent com- pound interest basis amounts to about $1.25 per pole. if properly treated at the ground line a conservative estimate places the increase in life at from 5 to 10 years. ‘To double the life of poles would mean a saving of 2,000,000 poles per year, which is equivalent to the pole timber on at least 25,000 acres of heavily stocked forest. A ea aa 4) ast “44 U FINISHED POLE ON SLOPE. 716 AMERICAN FORESTRY FALL CREEK THREE MILES EAST OF ITHACA. THE PROPOSED DAM WILL BE CON- STRUCTED AT THE LOCATION INDICATED BY THE TWO ARROWS. FOREGROUND ARE THE RESULT OF NATURAL SEEDING FROM PINES IN BORING TREES. YOUNG WHITE NEIGH- FOREST PLANTING AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY By JoHN BENTLEY, JR. (Assistant Professor, Department of Forestry, New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University.) OO needs of a big University are many and far-reaching; and when that University is still growing and enlarging its sphere of usefulness year by year, it becomes necessary to look far into the future and anticipate future needs by wise and prompt action in the present. Cornell University has developed so rapidly in the last few years, and in particular, the work of the Agricultural College has increased and broadened so much, that it is al- most impossible to keep the equipment up to the demands forced upon it. Among the projects which the Univer- sity has in mind to meet the increasing demands is the building of a large reservoir, on Fall Creek, for the pur- pose of storing up water enough to supply the needs for power, light, and domestic uses. Dependence is now placed on Fall Creek, which carries enough water at certain times of the year; but there are times in the sum- mer, and especially in dry seasons, when the amount of water in the creek is inadequate. It has therefore become necessary to make provision for an in- creased supply. This, it was found upon investigation, could be done to best advantage by impounding suffi- cient water at a convenient place to make possible an increased flow in the stream at times of low water, or at any other time when the need might arise. Fortunately, a good natural reser- voir site existed on Fall Creek about three miles east of the University. At this point in its course, the stream has cut through one of the numerous ridges which are a common topographical feature of this part of the country; a dam placed at this cut would flood a large area up stream, and impound a FOREST PLANTING AT CORNELL’ UNIVERSITY large amount of water. Here, then, was a solution to the problem, “More ' water.” The land, including the reser- voir-site, together with a considerable area immediately surrounding it, has been acquired by the University during the past two or three years, and plans are now under way for the construction of a dam and the preparation of the site for a large reservoir. The dam will be constructed to a height of fifty feet and this will cause the stream to flood an area of approxi- mately 220 acres. ‘The depth of the water will vary, but over an extensive part of the area it will average 25 feet. The capacity of the reservoir, when full, will be one hundred and fifty mil- lion cubic feet. No power plant will be installed at the reservoir, nor will there be any transmission-line; the ob- ject of the development is simply to make possible an increased flow of water from time to time as necessity requires, for the proper operation of the present power-plant which is situ- ated near the University and about two miles below the reservoir-site, on Fall Creek. tly At the time the land was acquired it became necessary to purchase consider- able land which was not actually needed, either because the owners did not care to divide their property, or because the properties were so situated that division would be impracticable. It therefore happens that there is an area of approximately one hundred and eighty acres which borders the reser- voir site, and which will be above the high water line after the dam has been built and the reservoir filled. The ques- tion immediately arose: What shall be done with this land above the high water line? It was considered inad- visable for several reasons to have ten- ants occupying those portions of the farms that would be left above the high water line, and it also seemed impracti- cable to maintain the land in a state of cultivation. It was, therefore, pro- posed to reforest stich portions of it as were not already occupied by trees, and establish an unbroken forest cover which would serve a double purpose. Not only would erosion be checked, but the University would have, in process of growth, a stand of timber which will LOOKING OVER LAND THAT WILL BE FLOODED. THE FARM BUILDINGS IN THE PHO- TOGRAPH WILL BE TORN DOWN AND REMOVED BECAUSE THEY ARE BELOW THE HIGH-WATER LEVEL OF THE PROPOSED RESERVOIR. 718 AMERICAN FORESTRY GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE LAND TO BE RE-FORESTED. A GROWTH OF TREES AND SHRUBS IS ALREADY PRESENT ON STEEP BANKS AND ALONG OLD FENCE LINES, some day be of considerable value. The checking of erosion is, of course, of present and permanent value in that it will prevent to a large degree the wash- ing of soil and silt into the reservoir, and the timber will eventually have a very high value, because of the con- stantly diminishing supply and the re- sulting increase in timber values. ‘This project, therefore, is another example of the increasingly large number of forest tree plantations which are being established for the purpose of con- serving water, preventing destructive floods and erosion, and the ultimate production of timber. When the plans of the University had progressed this far, the Forestry Department of the New York State College of Agriculture offered to take over the work of establishing the tree plantations on the borders of the reser- voir; and this proposition met with such favor that the work was begun this spring. It is expected that the work of tree planting will continue in following years until those portions of the land which are not already occupied by trees will be planted with species of trees suitable to the soil and to the varying conditions which exist on the tract, The work of the present year con- sisted in planting twenty thousand trees, mostly white pine, on about eighteen acres of land... The trees were obtained from the New York State Conservation Commission, and_ fully ninety-five per cent of the trees planted were four-year-old white pines. A small plot is also planted with Scotch pine, western yellow pine and Norway pine, for the purpose of experimenta- tion. That the conditions on this tract are favorable for the growth of white pine is shown by the fact that white pine grows abundantly on the sur- rounding hills and slopes which have not been cleared in the past for agricul- tural purposes. Further evidence that the conditions are adapted to the growth of white pine is obtained from the fact that in fields which have not been plowed or cultivated for several years, an advance growth of white pine seedlings is slowly but surely occupying the ground. Figure 1 illustrates some of this advance growth which has sprung up naturally on one of the steeper slopes just at the water line. In several other places a large number of young white pine seedlings, not more than four or five years old, were discovered during the course of the FOREST PLANTING AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY pals) STUDENTS OF THE NEW YORK STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AT CORNELL UNIVER- SITY PLANTING 4-YEAR-OLD WHITE PINE ON LAND ABOVE HIGH-WATER LINE. planting, which seems to indicate that the plantation should be successful, even though the soil is in some places a rather heavy clay. The trees were shipped from the New York State nurseries in the Adirondacks, and reached Ithaca about the 25th of April,—a little late for climatic conditions as they exist in this part of the State, but the best that could be done, considering that the nurseries are situated much further to the north, where the season is at least two weeks later than at Ithaca. They were taken out and heeled in immedi- ately near the planting ground, and the actual work of planting was done dur- ing the two succeeding weeks by stu- dents in the New York State College of Agriculture, who were taking courses offered in forestry. ‘The stu- dents worked in crews of two each, as shown in figures 4 and 5, one man car- rying a bucket containing the trees and doing the planting, while the other one preceded him, digging holes for the trees with a mattock. This method was followed on a large part of the area in preference to planting in fur- rows turned up by the plow, because it extremely favorable. was found that the surface soil, im- mediately under the sod, could be utilized to best advantage when plant- ing in holes with the mattock; whereas much of the best soil was turned up and made unavailable when the plow was used. ‘The trees were spaced ap- proximately six feet apart each way, making about twelve hundred trees to the acre. It is believed that this spacing is close enough, considering the favor- able climatic conditions which prevail in this part of the country; and if it is found necessary, on account of losses, to fill up the fail-spots in subsequent years, this can be done at very little extra cost or labor. The pianting was completed on May 11, after two weeks of continuous work, during which the weather was The days were almost invariably clear and warm, while frequent showers fell at night during the period of planting; and im- mediately following the work several heavy showers occurred which were sufficient to give the newly planted trees plenty of moisture. In some places the soil was rather wet for ideal planting, but taking everything into %20 consideration, it was much better to have had the soil moist than dry, espe- ciallf{ where the soil was of a clay com- position. Counts made on June 14 showed that 99 per cent of the trees were living, and had made a good start on their current year’s growth. The photographs illustrate portions of the tract on which the planting was done. A few old farm buildings will have to be removed, and while a part of the land is good for agricultural purposes, it is of first importance that the borders of the reservoir be pro- tected from washing by rains, and that every precaution be taken to insure a AMERICAN FORESTRY sanitary, permanent ground-cover. This operation is of interest because it forms a concrete example of the value of tree planting. ‘The planting will continue under the supervision of the department of forestry, and the students for several years to come will thus have an opportunity of doing prac- tical tree planting. In future years the plantation will have an added value be- cause it can be made the subject of detailed study, and it will always serve as a “demonstration plantation” which has as its double object the conserva- tion of water and the production of timber. THE STUDENTS PLANTING WHITE PINE, IN SQUARE-HOLES MADE WITH A MATTOCK. GEOR, GREEN AT STATE. COLLEGE _Mr. George R. Green, recently Assistant Forester of Ohio, and a graduate of the University of Michigan, under Dr. Roth, of the class of 1910, has been appointed an mstructor mm the department of forestry at the Pennsylvania State College. LUMBERMEN AND FORESTERS CO-OPERATE CoMMITTEEFS OF EXPERTS TO INVESTI- GATE MATTERS OF VITAL IMPOR- TANCE TO ALL, FOREST AND TIMBER INTERESTS IN THE ENDEAVOR TO SECURE PRACTICAL RESULTS. UMBERMEN, timberland own- ers, representatives of fire protec- tion associations, State foresters and delegates of the American Forestry Association held meetings during the Fourth Conservation Baeaercss at In- dianapolis on Oct. 1, 2, 3 and 4, which resulted in developments of the utmost importance to all concerned and the interests which they represented. The outcome of the conferences will be, it is expected, the reduction, to a prac- tical working basis, of various theories, plans, experiences and proposals, re- garding matters of vital concern to cutters, owners and preservers of the forests of the United States. It was decided, following two or three sessions each day, at which the subject was discussed from all stand- points, that committees are to be ap- pointed to make a thorough investiga- tion of questions such as the timberland taxation problem, top lopping, replant- ing, reforestation, fire protection pub- licity, etc., as the main committee may select. These investigating committees, com- posed of the most ‘able experts upon the matters about which inquiries are to be made, will, by the time the next Conservation Congress is held in 1913, be able to report as their finding, it is hoped, definite conclusions which will be reported and discussed, according to present plans, at one whole day’s session of the Congress devoted to that pur- pose. In the meantime AMERICAN FORESTRY is to keep all who are interested in- formed of the progress the committees are able to report from time to time. It has for some time been evident that the handling of forestry and lum- bering matters in a practical construc- tive way by the real workers, and the crystallization of loose agitation into sound and definite policies would be of the greatest possible benefit to all who are interested in the proper cutting and the conservation of the forests, and it was with this object in view that the sessions, for the discussion of ways and means to bring it about, were held. The American Forestry Association, as the national organization for the con- servation of the forests, is to take gen- eral charge of the work. A committee consisting of Capt. J. B. White, the retiring president of the Fourth Con- servation Congress, and one of the lead- ing lumbermen of the United States, E. T. Allen, forester for the Western Forestry and Conservation Association, and one of the foremost workers for forest conservation in the country, and Chief forester Henry $. Graves of the Forest Service, are to confer with the executive committee of the American Forestry Association in the selection of the committees and the questions to be investigated. ‘This is to be done within a very short time and the important work will be well under way, it is anticipated, before the new year. Mr. E. T. Allen presided at the con- ferences, and at the outset spoke of the necessity of getting together for prac- tical work. ‘There followed several ses- sions at which plans were discussed, and at the same time many of those present gave their views on the taxation question, various plans for the protec- tion of the forests from fire, methods of fire protection, publicity as an aid to this protection, and for increasing the strength of forestry organizations, and much that was of practical value was learned. Among the speakers were FE. T. Allen, Everett G. Griggs, I. C. Williams, John M. Woods, F. W. Rane, N. P.° Wheeler, R. D. Swales, Wm. Irvine, Geo. E. Watson, T. B. Wyman, H. P. Baker, F. W. Besley, F. A. Elliott, George K. Smith, Henry E. Hardtner, Leonard Bronson, J. L. Scott, D. P. 721 722 AMERICAN Simmons, delegates Charles Lathrop Pack, E. A. Sterling, Col. W. R. Brown, Dr. H. S. Drinker and P. S. Ridsdale of the American Forestry Association, and a number of others. Following these discussions a com- mittee consisting of Messrs. Drinker, Besley, Simmons, Hardtner and Rids- dale presented resolutions to the Con- servation Congress of which the follow- ing were adopted: ‘Believing that the necessity of pre- serving our forests and forest industries is so generally realized that it calls only for constructive support along specific lines: “We recommend the work of the Federal Forest Service, and uige our constituent bodies and all citizens to insist upon more adequate appropria- tions for this work, and to combat any attempt to break down the integrity of the national forest system by reductions in area or transfer to State authority. “Since Federal cooperation under the Weeks law is stimulating better forest protection by the States, and since the appropriation for such cooperative work is nearly exhausted, we urge appropria- tion by Congress for its continuance. “We recommend that the Federal troops be made systematically available for emergency service in controlling forest fires. “Deploring the lack of uniform State activity in forest work we emphatically urge the crystallization of effort in the lagging States toward securing the crea- tion of forest departments with definite and ample appropriations, in no case of less than $10,000 per annum, to enable the organization of forest fire work, publicity propaganda, surveys of forest resources and general investigations upon which to base the earliest possible development of perfected and liberally financed forest policies. “We recommend in all States more liberal appropriation for forest fire pre- vention, especially for patrol to obviate expenditure for fighting neglected fires, and the expenditure of such effort in the closest possible cooperation with Federal and private protective agencies ; and also urge such special legislation FORESTRY and appropriation as may be necessary to stamp out insect and fungous attacks which threaten to spread to other States. We cite for emulation the ex- penditure by Pennsylvania of $275,000 to combat the chestnut blight, and the large appropriation by Massachusetts to control insect depredation, and urge greater congressional appropriation for similar work by the Bureau of Ento- mology. “Holding that conservative forest management and reforestation by pri- vate owners are very generally discour- aged or prevented by our methods of forest taxation, we recommend State legislation to secure the most moderate taxation of forest land consistent with justice and the taxation of the forest crop upon such land only when the crop is harvested and returns revenue where- with to pay the tax. “We appreciate the increasing sup- port of lumbermen of forestry reforms and suggest particularly to forest owners the study and emulation of the many cooperative patrol associations which are doing extensive and efficient forest fire work and also securing closer relations between private, State and Federal forest agencies. Believing that lumbermen and public have a common object in perpetuating the use of forests, we indorse every means of bringing them together in mutual aid and con- fidence to this end.” During the sessions a paper by Chief Forester Henry S. Graves, who was unable to be present, was read. A portion of it appears in another section of this issue. At the Friday session of the Congress Major Everett G. Griggs, president of the National Lumber Manufacturers Association, read a paper in which he criticised the manner in which choice timberlands have been exchanged and defended the association of which he is president, declaring the body is not an unlawful combination of manufac- turers. He declared the greatest de- velopment in forest conservation and fire prevention originated in such asso- ciations, and that the principal theories advocated by conservationists are upper- LUMBERMEN AND FORESTERS CO-OPERATE most in the minds of members of the associations. Major Griggs urged that consumers of lumber use odd and short lengths as one means of conservation. He said the low grades of lumber, slabs and waste from a mill must. bring enough money when sold to pay for the labor expended in saving them and that with rising values of timber and utilization of lower grades of lumber, the product of the entire tree will be saved. He also advocated workmen's compensation laws and pointed out the good and bad features of the compen- sation law which now exists in Wash- ington. 52 T. Allen, forester of the Western Forestry and Conservation Association, “Conservation Redefined.” said: spoke on Among other things he What our forests need most is more patrolmen; more trails and tele- phones; more funds and organization to marshal the fire-fighting crews when required; better fire laws and courts that will enforce them; public appreciation that forest fire depart- ments are as necessary as city fire de- partments; more consideration for life and property by the fool that is careless with match and spark; reali- zation by more lumbermen that it pays in more ways than one to do their part; State officials who will handle State laws intelligently; tax laws that will permit good private management; consumers who will take closely utilized products. A few other things need specific study and action. Do not think me lacking in ideals when I say that our greatest need is vigor and skill in appealing to human selfishness. The altruist comes to us unsought. But to reach the hand with the torch, the vote withheld, the word unspoken, we must find the man, make him listen, and show the cost of forest destruction to his par- ticular home and pocketbook. Capt. J. B. White, the president of the Congress, in his address spoke of the %23 ration to lumbermen meaning of conser and said: “We must protect our forests by preventing forest fires. Government and State appropriations must be made sufficient for this purpose. In the report of the Conservation Com- mission to the President it 1s stated that fifty million acres are burned over annually, and since 1870 there has been lost each year an average of 50 lives and $50,000,000 worth Be timber. ‘The lumbermen’s interests are to prevent fires and to stop waste ; and they are anxious to co-operate with the State and with associations for this purpose, and are already do- ing so in many places. The true, saving features of forestry are be- coming better understood, and better applied ; and we will save our forests, and will grow trees wherever neces- sary and profitable, the same as any other crop; and there will be no tim- ber famine in the near or distant future.” On Friday evening after the adjourn- ment of the Congress the Indiana Lum- bermen’s Association tendered a ban- quet to the visiting lumbermen and for- esters at which Capt. J. B. White was the guest of honor. The Congress elected as its new presi- dent Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack, of Lakewood, N. J., who is a director of the American Forestry Association. Mr. Pack is the owner of extensive timber lands and is one of the best informed men on forest conservation in the United States, and he has for many years taken a deep interest in the work of the Conservation Congress and of the American Forestry Association. It is believed that Mr. Pack and the ex- ecutive committee of the Congress will be willing to set aside one day of the next Congress for consideration of the reports which are to be made by the committees soon to be appointed to in- vestigate the matters in which the lum- bermen and foresters are so greatly interested. AMERICAN ~2 rad) ise FORESTRY CHARLES LATHROP PACK, President of the Conservation Congress, elected Oct. 4, 1912. American a director of the He is also Forestry Association. MR. CHARLES LATHROP PACK President, National Conservation Congress mR GHARLES GA THR @P PACK’S interest in affairs has been broad and constructive. He is an active and busy business man, who finds time for public usefulness. As a resident of Cleveland, Ohio, he has held various positions of trust. As president of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, he was one of the small and active group of men whose work made effective progress for a greater and better Cleveland. For many years, Mr. Pack has been a trustee of Western Reserve University of Cleveland, where in civic work as well as in business, he had as an asso- ciate Dr. H. A. Garfield, now president of Williams College. He is well known as an authority on economic forestry matters, and was one of the first Americans to study Forestry in Germany. After his return from Germany, he explored in the pine regions of Canada and in the South. It was at about this time that he was paid a fee (large in those days) by the late Jay Gould for expert forestry ad- vice; and this is the earliest record of such a fee being paid in the United States. Mr. Pack has since then devoted himself chiefly to the lumber industry, MR. CHARLES LATHROP PACK which is his first and always leading business. He now holds large tracts of standing pine timber, and is con- sidered one of the leading authorities on timber and general forestry in the United States. He has also made a distinct success in the banking business, the Cleveland Trust Company having been organized in his office and he hav- ing been always one of its directors. He is also a director of the Seaboard National Bank of New York City. His interest in sound money led him years ago to take a prominent part in the sound money movement, and he was the youngest member of the Indian- apolis National Monetary Commission. When the first Conference of the Governors of all the States took place at the White House, during Mr. Roose- velt’s administration, Mr. Pack was in- vited by President Roosevelt as one of the experts on the subject of Conser- vation. Later, the President made him one of the National Conservation Com- missioners. With Mr. Gifford Pinchot, his close friend, and Dr. Eliot, of Harvard College, and a few others, he organized the National Conservation Association. Mr. Pack is a life member and a director of the American Forestry As- sociation, and he has been very active in the movement that has during the past two years widened the field of work of the Association and increased its usefulness. He has delivered ad- dresses on Forest Conservation and Taxation before the American Civic Association and other bodies. His work for Conservation is widely and well known, and he has been closely allied with the Conservation movement from the first. His interest is constructive and economic rather than political, and 725 he has refused more than one attractive political office. But he is not only interested in the conservation of material resources, but also in those things that make for more equal opportunity, and for the conser- vation of human life. His unique gift to one of the New England colleges for the purpose of providing an annual sum for the improvement of the quality of the milk, butter and bread consumed by students is an example of the prac- tical turn of his mind in that direction. Mr. Pack was for seven years an active member of the Cleveland City Troop, later called Troop A, of Ohio, and retains as a veteran member his connection with that crack organization, which holds the record for efficiency in the Cavalry of the National Guard. As a young boy, he lived in the pine woods of Michigan, where he was born May 7, 1857, and later grew to man- hood in Cleveland, Ohio. ‘The Packs emigrated from England, and were in Colonial days a New Jersey family ; and Mr. Pack, some years since, returned to the State, making his home at Lake- wood. He is a member of New Jersey Forest Park Commission. At the recent meeting of the National Conservation Congress at Indianapolis, Mr. Pack was elected president of the Conservation Congress for the next year—a signal honor richly deserved because of his training, his prominence in the Conservation movement and his long-continued and consistent service, He has been a prominent figure at former congresses, and is keenly alive to their usefulness, principles and possi- bilities. The Fifth American Conser- vation Congress is to be congratulated upon its choice of a president. He will undoubtedly do much to increase the usefulness of the organization and to broaden the field of its endeavor. IN THE HILLS OF OREGON By J. ALBERT BAKER Cascade National Forest T is a hot day in August. Come take a trip to our friend’s home- stead in the hills, where the stren- uousness of city life is unknown. Is this not a beautiful scene to be reached by a few hours of travel? The horses are weary, so let us ride slowly and enjoy the pleasures of a summer even- ing in the woods. At our feet, the unforked wagon road winds its tortuous way along the bank of a brawling mountain stream. The gigantic mast-like firs cast long shadows opposite the rays of the set- ting sun. No sound is heard save the muffled foot-falls of our slowly mov- ing steeds, the rustle of a bird in the wayside hazel, and the drowsy murmur, coming from the creek far below, of the water as it slips into the deep, cool pool where the Dolly Vardens love to rendezvous. The evening breeze is just starting down stream bringing sweet odors of balsam and pine to our nos- trils, so long accustomed to the city’s dust. But what is that smell which brings memories of long past log-rolling days on the farm? Is some one desecrating the sabbath peace of this evening by burning brush? What causes such a cloud of smoke to meet us as we round this protruding hill? Surely a settler’s slashing fire would not create so impenetrable a mask over these sylvan beauties! The shadows of evening have given way to darkness as we enter a deeply wooded stretch of creek bottom. The smoke effectually hides all stars, in- creasing the gloom until we can no longer see our horses’ ears, and must feel to find the saddle-horn. But see that lurid patch far up the road where the timber ceases! A little nearer we come and a whole city seems to be 726 ablaze. In the foreground, the deserted buildings of an abandoned logging camp cluster near the dense timber, in its gloom, like a brood of young chicks trying to escape the unwonted light. A few more yards and we are in a logged-over area flooded with light shed by a huge forest fire, which is moving upstream. Here we see the battle- ground strewn with smoldering ruins, as though a devastating army had de- stroyed a city by the torch. Yonder hill topped with great hollow snags which are belching forth columns of blazing wrath, marks the advance of the fire, where the battle is being waged most fiercely. A huge glare lights up the heavens, disclosing immovable, dark mountains to the right and to the left of the narrow valley, while the crash of falling trees, and the dull thud of their impact with the earth, recalls the days of the logging camp, when the “fallers” were busy. But here is our homesteader’s cabin, set in the green oasis of a clover field, safely escaping the ravaging flames. Here we can rest for the night, disturbed only by the dis- tant boom of the falling tree trunks, and the glare of the receding fire. A few hours of slumber and we are aroused by the clank of shovels and mattocks being thrown to the ground. Savory odors come up from the “lean- to” at the rear of the cabin. We hurry down to find a scene similar to that common in the mess hall of a military station. Around improvised long tables men are seated, washing down hot- cakes and bacon with black coffee, while outside a cavalcade of tired, grimy men just in from an all-night of labor on the fire line, are stretching themselves on their tarpaulins, for rest. But where is the forest fire? Only an occasional thud is heard as some IN THE HILLS OF OREGON V27 unlucky monster crashes down the mountain side; no blaze can be seen save that of the sun which, with dimmed brightness, is trying to pierce the pall of cold smoke. Why is the Forest Ranger so busy instructing his subalterns—the foremen—to take their squads to certain strategic points and renew the attack on an enemy which seems dead? Let us go with the Ranger as he surveys the field, and disposes his forces where they can best wage the battle. A closer examination of the fire-line shows that the enemy is not dead but only resting and preparing to take up the fight when the time is more opportune for its successful forward march. Observe that line of smoke near the ground, creeping stealthily up the hill, eating its way through decayed vegetation, and occasionally sending a sentinel blaze up a pitchy pine tree to spy on the laborers. Let us stay and watch this wary destroyer, as it gains confidence from the heat of mid-day, hop up into a clump of manzanita brush and crackle with delight. Just in front of it, the hobo, pressed into service, wields a mattock by the side of a white-handed salesman, who had come to the wilds for a fishing trip. A little farther is the stalwart woods- man, with muscles of iron, swinging one end of a cross-cut saw, while at the other end, the bare head of a college man is in evidence. Why are these men toiling so diligently to construct a trench and clear out an alley in the underbrush? Hear that roar down the hill! The hot winds from the valley are scurry- ing to the cool deep woods; the blaze in the manzanita, with a crash through the greasewood, leaps to the canopy- like tops of the conifers and makes for the ridge in leaps and bounds. It comes with a shriek and a crash. Great walls of flame consume the undergrowth and set fire to the dead snags and green timber alike. Clouds of sparks, blown from the snags by a fierce gale, soar high into the air. On every hand new fires are springing up. The men work like demons, but to no avail. With an impetuous rush, the blazing whirlwind crosses their trench, and they must drop back. Do they give up the battle as lost? Follow them through the night, as led by the Ranger and strengthened by the night crew, they encircle the fire with a new trench after it has become quiet in the evening. Here the enemy is combatted with his own weapon, when a back-fire started from the new trench meets the main advance, leaving noth- ing for it to burn. However, the task is not yet done, the victory is not yet won, for the days are hot and the air full of smoke and cinders, emitted from smoldering wooden smoke-stacks that are watching for an opportunity to hurl their incendiary pillagers into the vir- gin timber, and start afresh the path of devastation. By day and by night the men, with vigilant eye, patrol the firing line keeping the enemy at bay, while day by day the atmosphere grows more like that of the Stygian pit, so that life becomes a horrible nightmare of heat, smoke, burns and toil. But listen! Whence comes that long, low rumble? Such a rumble as is heard when an enormous herd of cat- tle is approaching, on the plains. Note how the smoke to the southeast has given way to a dark, lowering cloud. At sight of this, the men drop their tools and make a dash for the lower, open country, hurried on by a cool, damp wind which increases to hurri- cane speed by the time they reach the clearing. Here the scattered trees groan and hiss as their umbrella tops sweep toward the ground; while from the un- cut hill sides comes a tumult as of a storm at sea, drowning all other sounds save the crash of trees, weakened by fire, dashing to the earth with a jolt. The smoke is quickly pushed down- stream followed by a sheet of rain which sounds so cool and refreshing as it falls on the shake roof of the home- steader’s cabin. Such a sound as brings joy and sleep to the exhausted, heavy- eyed men! THE EFFECT OF ADVANCING VALUES OF LUM- BER AND STUMPAGE ON THE CONSERVATION OF OUR FOREST RESOURCES By Ropert FULLERTON @e value and importance we at- tach to natural resources is based on their abundance and not on the time or labor cost required in their production or reproduction. ‘The one time supposed limitless area of virgin forest lands in the United States seeded by Mother Nature with no human aid and maturing for centuries on the un- explored, untaxed public domain, was considered of little or no value; a sort of elemental inheritance like water and sunshine, often looked upon as an ob- structing, expensive embargo in the civilizing progress of the pioneer home- steader when clearing his land for the cultivation and production of necessary food crops. Some modern industrial critics with little knowledge of early pioneer times, or lacking capacity to rightly understand conditions confront- ing the homesteader and the lumber- man in their strenuous efforts to make a living in the wilderness outposts of civilization, accuse these hard working nation builders of thoughtless predatory vandalism and wanton wastefulness of an indespensable natural resource. Go- ing back to colonial times, the abund- ance of growing timber in New Eng- land was often considered a nuisance; a troublesome hardship to be cut down and burned up to clear the land for farming purposes. A forest of giant oaks or towering pines is a beautiful sight and fills the eye with delight. But our forefathers, while appreciating the beauty and value of their forest resources, could not subsist on a diet of acorns and pine cones, and the obstructing forest trees had to surrender their first lien to the soil and the sunshine to make room for some food producing crop. The Amer- ican oak had to make way for the Irish 728 potato and the pine and the spruce were deadened and destroyed that corn and wheat might grow. Our forefathers slaughtered their forest trees that man- kind might live ; a survival of the fittest, that calls for no apology from the gen- erations that preceded us. The first settlers in this country were poor and proverbial for economy; they wasted nothing that seemed to them of value; they came from countries where timber was scarce and highly prized; to cut magnificent groves of pine and oak trees that had been maturing for cen- turies, and consign their splendid lum- ber-making trunks to the flames, must have occasioned a feeling akin to sacrilege in the minds of Puritan pioneer homesteaders. No settler at any time ever cut down valuable tim- ber from a spirit of pure rapacity, and no lumberman ever permitted a single log to rot in the woods, if there was any visible or prospective profit in haul- ing such logs to his mill and converting them into lumber. This statement does not imply that farmers have not destroyed and wasted much valuable timber, and that lumber- men have not left millions of logs in the woods to rot and burn up, but in every instance where a farmer de- stroyed obstructing timber, it was done from absolute: necessity, and the lum- berman left low grade logs to waste in the woods rather than involve himself and his associates in bankruptcy, as the market price obtainable for lumber made from such logs, was less than the labor cost of its production. Lumber- men who own and operate saw mills are more interested in saving and utiliz- ing their forest resources than any altrustic politicians demanding legisla- tion to compel the American people to THE EFFECT OF ADVANCING VALUES practice economy and avoid waste in the management of their business. When the individual becomes the owner of any resource, it requires no legislation to compel him to take care of his own. Zealous but impractical advocates of conservation, newspaper and magazine muckrakers, political demagogues and insurgent officé-seek- ers, have in late years joined in a chorus of indignation and condemnation of American lumbermen as predatory rob- ber barons, united in law-defying com- binations, branded as undesirable citi- zens, public enemies wasting and ex- ploiting the people’s inheritance of for- est resources. Consumers of forest products, childlike in their require- ments, want to eat their cake and have it too; demanding cheap lumber which means the rapid slaughter of our lum- ber-making forest trees. Any concerted limitation of the production of lumber to correspond with the demand is looked upon as a crime, a violation of the Sherman anti-conservation law. The cheapest commodity in the United States today is forest trees, suitable for saw logs, the present price of stumpage, whether it be hard wood or soft wood, is only a fraction of what it would cost if the trees had to be grown like any other soil crup. Twenty-five or thirty years ago, for- est trees in this country had only a nominal value and lumber prices were based on the cost of bringing the logs from the woods to the mill and con- verting them into lumber, the value of the raw material or stumpage being only a few cents per thousand feet. Under such conditions only the large mature trees easily accessible and of good quality were harvested by lumber- men and all inferior or defective logs were left in the woods to rot or add fuel to recurring forest fires. Good lumber was so cheap that low grades could not be sold for the cost of pro- duction and freight charges to points of consumption. The need or importance of conserv- ing our forest resources received little thought or consideration. Timber lands were cheap and abundant. The magnifi- cent forests of the Pacific Coast States 729 were just being explored, cruised and estimated, revealing a supposed limit- less supply of the finest lumber-making trees in the world. ‘The yellow pine of the Southern States was first begin- ping to attract the attention of north- ern lumbermen whose stumpage hold- ings in the white pine forests of Michi- gan, Wisconsin and Minnesota began to show signs of exhaustion, and a corresponding enhancement in stump- age values. The development of these new forest resources kept lumber cheap. Select timber lands selling at two to five dollars an acre, yielding ten to twenty thousand feet to the acre, made a choice pine or oak tree scaling one thousand feet worth less than fifty cents. Contrast the nominal value placed on this superb forest tree that had been growing and maturing for a hundred or two hundred years, surviving the hazard of devastating cyclones, insect ravages and destructive forest fires, with the cost of such a tree, if planted by the hands of human foresters, the land on which it grew progressively taxed for a hundred years, the capital invested in the forest farm doubling it- self every ten years through interest and taxes compounded. Suppose our forest resources were exhausted and the American farmer, forester or lum- berman should undertake to grow for- est trees for profit, assuming that lands suitable for forest growth could be ob- tained for $5.00 an acre and, allowing $3.00 an acre for planting and _ pro- tecting the young trees from fire, he would start with an investment of $8.00 an acre, the first year. In ten years his investment has doubled by the addition of annual taxes and interest charges compounded. At the end of ten years his investment is $16.00 an acre. Con- tinuing this calculation, at the end of seventy years, the sons or grandsons of the original planters would find their inherited holdings in growing timber representing an investment of $1,000.00 an acre; and, suppose the forest crop has now reached sufficient maturity to be manufactured into lumber, having escaped the hazard of fires and cyclones and yielding 20,000 feet of merchant- 730 AMERICAN able logs to the acre, we find a stump- age cost of $50.00 a thousand for im- mature timber grown to order in con- trast with a present average stumpage price of $5.00 per thousand now ob- tained for giant forest trees that have been seeded and nurtured in Nature’s forests since Columbus discovered America. The above figures reveal the low esti- mate we place on a natural resource that is fast being exhausted. The con- sumers of lumber complain at any ad- vance in its price and saw mill owners confronted with annually increasing taxes on their reserves of standing tim- ber, cannot limit their cperations. Their stumpage must be cut into lumber and sold at competitive prices to pay taxes, deferred interest and principal on his -Londed raw material. Not one lumber manufacturer in a hundred can afford to conserve his forest resources by cut- ting only the mature trees which would double the cost of logging operations, inaking his product thus obtained so expensive that no profit would result. Stumpage values in recent years have steadily increased in value, but even at present prices, forest trees are the cheapest crop that grows out of the ground; cheaper than cotton at two cents a pound or corn at five cents a bushel. Suppose wheat or corn were century plants like pine and oak trees; it would require an adding machine to compute the price of a loaf of bread. The American people do not realize .or fully appreciate the splendid quality and low price at which they have been buying their forest products, demand- ing clear or high grade lumber for many. purposes, when lower grades would economically have served their purpose. Extreme cheapness in any commodity always results in waste and improvidence in its use. Fifty years ago our western plains were stocked with great herds of buf- ialo, a nature product, common prop- erty, roaming the prairies unowned, costing no man anything for shelter- ing, care or pasturage, tempting the cupidity of reckless pot hunters to pro- ceed to their wholesale slaughter, the bide and tongue being the only parts FORESTRY of this valuable animal resource of suf- ficient value to be profitably transported and sold in competition and substitu- tion of domestic products for a like use. It is hardly believable by the present generation that fifty years ago a full grown buffalo, in prime condi- tion, weighing one thousand pounds, had a less market value than a single porterhouse steak served to-day in any first-class hotel or restaurant. There is no immediate danger of a serious shortage in our supply of lum- ber products, but the time has come when conservation of our forest re- sources demands thoughtful considera- tion. The National forest reserves should be withdrawn from sale and held in cold storage just as long as privately owned stumpage is cheap and abundant. The present sawmill owners are financially unable to practice ef- fective conservation of their stumpage holdings. Increasing annual taxation of forest lands, and the exceptional nature of lumbering operations, requir- ing the purchase of extensive timber holdings to provide raw material suf- ficient to keep their saw mills supplied with logs long enough to justify the in- vestment in building and equipping a modern plant to manufacture lumber, necessitating the owners of saw mills to borrow large sums of money, or bond their reserves of standing timber. The pressing interest charges, added to the increasing annual taxes on his stumpage holdings, force the continu- ous operation of the saw mill, and the sale of the product at whatever the market price may be, to furnish means to pay his imperative obligations. This is not a theory but a condition govern- ing the lumber industry, making con- servation of privately owned forests impracticable except in rare cases where ample capital enables the oper- ator to cut only the mature trees, pre- serving and protecting the younger growth, hoping that advancing prices of stumpage will repay him for present ioss through his more expensive log- ging operations. Human nature shows very little change since the days of Solomon; self interest in large measure still controls INSECT DAMAGING SPRUCE TREES IN MAINE our actions. Conservation of our pri- vately owned forest resources will never become effective until there is a present or prospective profit in practicing con- servation. Our National forest re- serves, now under legislative control and administration, should be supple- mented by the several State govern- ments, as only the Nation or the State can afford to hold forest lands in res- 731 ervation. The cost of protection and reforestation being borne by all the peo- ple, forest lands now held by the State cr the Nation should be withdrawn from sale, protected against fire and reserved for future use, following the wise providence of the rulers of Egypt, who in years of plenty stored up their corn against the time of scarcity or famine. INSECT DAMAGING SPRUCE TREES IN MAINE By Pror. Joun M. Briscor erable attention has been di- rected to an insect which is dam- aging spruce and fir trees in this State. Inquiries and specimens of the insect have been received both by the Experi- ment Station and the Forestry Depart- ment of the University of Maine. The specimens were identified as the larvae of the spruce bud-moth (‘Tortrix fumi- ferana) which injures spruce and fir, and sometimes also hemlock and larch. This insect feeds on the buds and young leaves of spruce and fir chiefly, causing a brown and withered appearance of the infested trees. About one hundred years ago the spruce trees west of the Penobscot River and along the coast of Maine were badly damaged and many of them killed by the attack of an insect be- lieved to be this same species. Some thirty to thirty-five years ago another outbreak of the spruce bud-moth oc- curred, lasting four or five years. Dur- ing this attack also many of the spruces and firs along the coast were injured, and many of these trees while not killed outright by the insects, were, owing to their weakened condition, left as an easy prey to the spruce bark beetles. Dr. A. S. Packard, in a paper written at that time, comments on the depress- ing and disfigured aspect of the country about Casco Bay, owing to the depre- dations of this insect. It was not, how- ever, till the spring of 1909 that this ly pases the past summer consid- insect again began to attract general attention, first in Pennsylvania, and later in New York and Canada. In 1910 it was much worse in the centres of infestation, and in 1911 it had spread to the coast of Maine, where its work is now attracting much attention. During the past summer the pest was widely distributed over the State, re- ports having been received from local- ities in Aroostook, Penobscot, Han- cock, and Piscataquis counties, and it very probably occurs in others also. The insect which is responsible for the destruction is a small caterpillar about three-quarters of an inch in length when full grown. Its head is blackish, the body ranging from pale brown to a rich umber brown, diffused with green, each joint with several con- spicuous whitish warts, each with a dark centre from which a single hair arises. The miller or moth is about one-half inch in length, measuring when spread out nearly an inch from tip to tip of wing. The legs, body and hind wings are a glistening umber brown, the fore wings have a ground color of bluish gray, and when freshly emerged marked with several conspic- uous blotches and dashes of dark brown to almost black. The eggs are pale green, scale-like, flat beneath and slightly convex above; and are laid soon after emergence of the moth. The ‘insect passes the winter on the trees as very small caterpillars which, as soon %32 AMERICAN as the new growth starts in the spring, begin to feed on the leaves of the ter- minal twigs, thus causing the brown and withered appearance of the trees later in the season. These caterpillars stop feeding by the middle of June and transform to the chrysalis or pupa stage in thin webs among the living and dead needles at the ends of the branches, sometimes matted in a nest-like forma- tion, and sometimes more or less sus- pended from the terminal twigs. By the first of July the adults begin to come out from the chrysalis stage and appear on the wing as small grayish moths, often appearing in vast numbers on the trees and flying toward light. They continue to: fly and to deposit their eggs in small greenish masses on the needles of the trees until about the middle of July, when the moths die and disap- pear. The eggs soon hatch and the young caterpillars become partly grown before the end of autumn, pass- ing the winter among the terminal shoots of the trees, where they remain until the next spring, when the life process is repeated. There is no practical way of protect- ing forest trees from the attack of this FORESTRY insect, but in the case of a limited num- ber of small decorative trees around a residence or in a park, the foliage could be protected by spraying with arsenical solution about the time of the opening of the buds and the appearance of the new growth in the spring. The spray should contain 24 pounds of arsenate of lead to every 50 gallons of water. The best information obtainable re- garding the seasonal history of this in- sect indicates that there is no occasion for any great alarm as to its continued presence, or any fear of extensive loss of spruce and fir as a result of its work. The spruce bud-moth has many natural enemies which multiply very rapidly as the Ichneumon and Braconid flies, both of which were, fortunately, very numerous this year in this re- gion. These may be counted on within a few years to reduce the numbers of the pest to a point where the limited amount of damage attracts no attention and does little injury. Since, however, one or more years may elapse before these parasitic enemies of the spruce bud-moth gain control, the destruction of some of the spruce and fir trees in the infested zone is inevitable. CONSUMPTIVES ON FOREST RESERVE F NOTEWORTHY plan to estab- lish camps in the State forest re- serve where persons convalescing from tuberculosis or threatened with that disease might spend the greater part of the year—spring to fall—and be provided with light work that would place them upon a self-supporting basis was outlined a few days ago before the Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis associa- tion by E. M. Griffith, the State forester of Wisconsin. Mr. Griffith, who had been asked to give his views as to how a part of the State’s forest reserve of almost a half million acres might be utilized in the fight against the white plague, suggested that the State board of forestry might set aside several thousand acres of land, including one or more lakes, for the use of those recovering from tubercu- losis and of those menaced by the disease. It would be necessary, he stated, for the legislature to make an appropriation, which need not be large. to cover the cost of building shacks for the patients and of providing medical attendance for them. The forestry board, Mr. Griffith said, might give these patients light work in its nurseries and in planting trees. This work could be so arranged that the strength of none would be overtaxed. For instance, some might work two hours in the forenoon and two hours in the afternoon, some three hours in the forenoon and three hours in the afternoon, and some four hours in the COMING MEETINGS forenoon and four hours in the after- noon, just as the physicians deemed advisable. The compensation would be something like 15 cents an hour. ‘Those working only four hours a day could earn enough to pay for their board, and those who could do a fair day’s work would earn considerably more than their board. The idea, of course, would be not to overwork anybody and to give all time and opportunity for rest and recreation. In the cases of patients who have re- covered from tuberculosis, for instance, those discharged from the State tuber- culosis sanitorium at Wales, as cured, there is a necessity for a period of out- door life. Many suffer a relapse if they return at once to close work in office or to labor in foundry or factory. These relapses are very dangerous. Then again those threatened with tuber- culosis need outdoor life at once. The camps, Mr. Griffith suggested, might be located among the pines, on dry, sandy soil, near the shores of one or two lakes that are not so densely shaded as to shut out the sunlight or to cause dampness. In this way the cures of many could be completed and many would be saved from incipient or threat- ened tuberculosis. 733 Another suggestion that Mr. Griffith made was that those who, after spend- ing the summer in the State forest re- serve, found that it was so beneficial to their health that they wished to stay longer, could lease small tracts in the State reserve and raise garden truck, chickens, and the like, which would find a ready market at the public resorts and private homes round about. Physicians who have made a special study of tuberculosis have expressed themselves as strongly in favor of Mr. Griffith’s plan. It is not necessary, they state, for persons afflicted or threatened with tuberculosis to leave the State, but they must live out of doors and any opportunity for outdoor life in upper Wisconsin, amid the sand and the pines, would be a great help in curing tubercular patients. Mr. Griffith’s plan to shelter them, feed them and give them medical care, and at the same time provide light work that will permit them to be self-supporting, so that they will not be subjected to any real expense and at the same time will not be charity patients, is regarded as a long step for- ward in the State’s fight against tuber- culosis. COMING MEETINGS Officials of forestry, lumber, timberland and fire protection associations are invited to send to AMERICAN ForkEstTRyY notices of their meetings to be published in this column. October 29—Third quarterly meeting of Directors of the American Forestry Asso- ciation, at the Railroad Club, New York City. November 5—Georgia-Florida Saw Mill Association, Tifton, Ga. November 13—Lumber Manufacturers’ As- sociation of Southern New England, Hart- ford, Conn. November 14—Empire State Forest Prod- ucts Association, Watertown, N. Y. November 19-21—National Federation of via Merchants, Planters Hotel, St. Louis, 0. December 2-3—Western Forestry & Con- servation Association, Seattle, Wash. December 4-6—National Rivers & Harbors Congress, New Willard Hotel, Washington, Kor December 7—North Central Missouri Re- tail Lumber Dealers’ Association, Moberly, Mo. January 21-23—Ohio Association of Retail Lumber Dealers, Cleveland, Ohio. January 22-24—Southwestern Lumbermen’s Association, Kansas City. Mo. THE PRESENT SITUATION OF FORESTRY* By Cuter Forester Henry S. GRAVES a REVIEW of the work of for- estry in this country during the past year shows that, in many di- rections, there has been substantial progress and positive achievements. On the other hand, the continued organized attacks on the National Forest system, and the efforts to break it down or crip- ple it, present a situation of real danger which the country should realize and vigorously meet. We have before us a task of constructive activity in practical work, extending and building on foun- dations already laid; we have also the task of preventing a destructive attack upon National forestry. During the past few years public in- terest in forestry has been rapidly changing from a mere inquiry in regard to its purpose to a vigorous demand for practical results. This more intelligent public sentiment is now finding its ex- pression in a growing appreciation of the need of better forest laws, greater State appropriation for fire control, and increasing interest in forest protection by private timberland owners. It often happens that public attention is caught only by the most striking new de- partures and developments, such as a change in public policy or important leg- islation, while but little is known of the steady advance in applied forestry. The past year has been signalized not so much by new undertakings as by marked accomplishment in the effective carrying out of work previously inaugu- rated. PROGRESS IN NATIONAL FORESTRY Every year shows increased efficiency in the administration of the National Forests. The most conspicuous advance has been in organized fire protection. The disastrous year of 1910 taught many lessons. While that disaster could not have been avoided in the ab- 734 sence of better transportation and com- munication facilities and without a larger patrol force than the Forest Service could put into the field, it never- theless showed how, even under the present conditions, the work of protec- tion could be made more effective. Full use was made of the experience gained in that year, and during the past two seasons the loss by fire has been kept down to a comparatively small amount through the efficient system now in force. The problem, however, of fire protection on the National Forests is far from being solved. There still re- main to be built some 80,000 miles of trails, 45,000 miles of telephone lines, many miles of roads, many lookout sta- tions, and other improvements, before even the primary system of control will have been established. The funds at the disposal of the Forest Service are still inadequate to employ the patrolmen needed to meet more than an ordinary emergency. There is even yet danger, therefore, that in the case of a great drought, like that of 1910, some fires might gain the mastery and a similar disaster follow. An account of the progress of the work of the Forest Service in the ad- ministration of the National Forests would be an enumeration of the differ- ent activities in which the work is going on with constantly growing effective- ness. Many of the local difficulties of administration are rapidly disappearing. This is due to the steadily closer co- ordination of the interests of the Gov- ernment with those of the people living in and using the Forests. More and more these people are coming to appre- ciate that their interests and those of the National Forests are one. With a better understanding of the aims and methods of the Forest Service, local difficulties are disappearing and local support of the Service is largely replac- THE PRESENT SITUATION OF FORESTRY ing opposition. Those who are aiming to destroy the National Forest system are not the settlers and others who use the Forest, but rather men who seek for their own advantage special privileges to which they are not entitled, and who wish to acquire, for little or nothing, valuable resources for speculation and personal gain. During the past year the Weeks Law, authorizing the purchase of lands on navigable streams, has been put into ef- fect, and the Government has already entered into contracts for the purchase of 230,000 acres in the Southern Ap- palachian Mountains, and about 72,000 acres in the White Mountains. These lands are being secured on the most de- sirable areas, and it has been possible to obtain them for reasonable prices. A special feature of the Weeks Law is the co-operation between the Government and the States in fire protection on wa- tersheds of navigable streams. The law provides $200,000, until expended, for such co-operation; but this money can be used only in States which have al- ready inaugurated a system of fire pro- tection under public direction. During the year ending 1911 there were 11 States which qualified under this law, receiving in the aggregate about $40,- 000. During the current year sums varying from $1,500 to $10,000 have been allotted to the States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecti- cut, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Oregon, and Washington. There is still sufficient money left from the original appropria- tion for substantial co-operation during another year. It has been the aim of the Forest Service to spread the money over three years in order that there may be a full demonstration of what can be accomplished and at what cost. It will then be possible to present to Congress a satisfactory basis upon which to con- sider whether Federal aid to the States should be continued. The most urgent need of the National Forest work is more ample provision of the funds necessary for adequate pro- tection of the Forests against fire. It is especially urgent that the work of con- structing roads, trails, telephone lines, 735 and other improvements needed for fire protection be extended much more rap- idly than at present. PROGRESS IN STATE FORESTRY A very great obligation rests upon the State governments in working out the problem of forestry. Organized fire protection under State direction, the es- tablishment of a reasonable system of taxation of growing timber, honest and conservative management of State for- est laws, education of woodland own- ers to better methods of forestry, and such practical regulation of handling private forests as may be required for the protection of the public, are prob- lems which require the immediate action of all States. While no State is as yet accomplish- ing all that it should, a number of them are making very rapid progress, and are giving as liberal money support as perhaps could be expected under the present conditions. The feature of State forestry which stands out most strongly is that a number of States have gone beyond merely passing forest laws, and have begun to provide the funds necessary to achieve practical results. At last it is beginning to be recognized that the prevention of fire is the funda- mental necessity, and that this can be accomplished only through an organized public service. In order to make laws effective, there must be adequate ma- chinery to carry them out. The funda- mental principle of fire protection is preparation. A forest region must be watched for fires, both to prevent their being started and to reach quickly and put out such as from one cause or an- other may get under way. The new State legislation recognizes this need, and already there has been inaugurated a measure of watchfulness in the season of greatest danger, through patrol or lookouts under State direction. Dur- ing 1911, which was a banner year in the enactment of State legislation, laws related chiefly to fire protection were passed by Connecticut, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jer- sey, Oregon, Washington, and Wiscon- sin; while Colorado created the office of 736 AMERICAN State Forester. Since the beginning of 1912 Maryland and New York have amended their forest laws, and Ken- tucky has passed its first complete law It is exceedingly gratifying that sub- stantial progress is now being made in the South. Unfortunately, however, none of the Southern States, except Maryland, has hitherto been able to FORESTRY qualify to receive Federal aid and fire protection under the Weeks Law. It is hoped that during the coming year ‘progress will be made in those Southern States in which practically nothing has yet been done. *From a paper read to lumbermen and foresters at the National Conservation Con- gress, Oct. 3. FOREST AREA LARGELY INCREASED mation making alterations in the Superior Naitonal Forests boun- daries, the net result of which is to in- crease the gross area of the Forests from 910,000 to 1,276,100 acres. ‘The corrected boundary includes 380,555 acres of new land, while it eliminates 14,455 acres previously included. The Superior National Forest lies in the northeastern corner of Minnesota, between Lake Superior and the Cana- dian line. At present it contains little timber of merchantable size, practically all of the original stand having been removed or destroyed by fire before the National Forest was created. The Government is, however, holding and protecting the land for the sake of the future yield of timber which it will pro- duce under forestry methods. Practically none of the land has any agricultural value, and unless used to grow trees it must remain a mere waste. To grow timber it must be protected from fire. The areas now added are in general character similar to those previously embraced within the Forest, and will be protected and administered along the same lines. The eliminated portions are made up Co. President has issued a procla- principally of private holdings and con- tain too small an amount of land suit- able for forest purposes to make it worth while for the Government to re- tain the areas in the Forest. Through- out the Superior Forest the percentage of alienated land is heavy, and the same is true of the portions newly included, so that the amount of Government- owned land added to the Forest is much less than the gross area figures would indicate. Under the proclamation the elimi- nated lands are withdrawn for classifi- cation, following which they will be re- stored to settlement and entry by the Secretary of the Interior after such notice as he may deem advisable and as he may determine this course to be compatible with the public interest. There is one other National Forest in Minnesota, called the Minnesota and situated at the headwaters of the Mis- sissippi, about Lake Winnibigoshish. It contains about 295,000 acres, and was created from Chippewa Indian lands after the virgin timber had been cut off under forestry regulations. In con- sequence it has a much more promising growth of young pine and Norway pine than has the Superior at the present time. THE EUCALYPTUS By Harry D. TIEMANN proposition worthy of hearty en- dorsement, but it should stand proposition for California is a upon its own merits and not upon some fictitious attributes. Otherwise vast disappointment and losses to the hundreds of small investors who are counting upon the Eucalyptus as a timber producing tree are in store. In your July number appears an interesting article upon San Diego's Municipal Forest. The statement 1s there made that “Eucalyptus is an ac- ceptable substitute for almost any of our American hardwoods.” In the same issue there appears a news note entitled Fast Growing Eucalyptus, to which has been subjoined apparently by the editor a comment that “it is almost unbeliev- able that trees growing so rapidly pro- duce a timber as hard and tough as hickory.” Unquestionably these state- ments have been made in all good faith, but evidently without a first-hand knowledge of the kind of lumber which these quickly growing trees less than half a century old will produce. As this lack of understanding is very gen- eral and is likely to lead to serious con- sequences, I would like, Mr. Editor, with your assistance, to sound a note of warning, since I have had considerable experience in drying the wood from these trees. While much that has been claimed as to the marvelous growth of this tree is indeed true, the rapid growing species, particularly the blue gum, FE. globulus, which is the one of most consequence is not to be considered a timber produc- ing tree during its early life of thirty or forty years, for reasons about to be given. It is true that the old trees of Australia which are of great age and size produce lumber of good quality which can be seasoned and utilized as other hardwood lumber, but not so with the young trees such as are growing in California, less than forty years old. This is just where the fallacy in the ar- guments of the eucalyptus promoters comes in. ‘The trees actually produce in volume of green wood what is claimed, but only a very small portion of this is convertible into useful lumber. The main troubles with the wood are first, that the trees themselves while liv- ing contain internal stresses, which cause the logs to check as soon as the tree is cut, and the boards to warp di- rectly from the saw. Then in drying the shrinkage is not only very unequal, but it is three or four times as great as hickory, and unlike other hardwoods, it begins to shrink with the first loss of moisture as high as eighty per cent of the dry weight. Moreover the dry wood will not hold its shape well. In air drying the wood either checks badly, honeycombs, or warps, generally all three. Small specimens and occasion- ally a larger piece of lumber, and very carefully selected material have dried successfully, but this represents so small a proportion of the standing timber that the profit is gone. In some experiments in drying this lumber in a special kiln of my own invention I have succeeded in turning out some really fine boards which will compare favorably with oak and other hardwoods, but it must be remembered that this represents se- lected material, and probably from less than one per cent of the standing trees, and even so less than half of the scale measure of the logs from which cut. For small articles such as tool handles good material can be had by selection, and some concerns in California are now manufacturing these, but the mar- ket for this material is necessarily lim- ited and such small stock does not re- quire a very great stumpage. Mr. Watson in his article does not state what species he is planting at San Diego. It is possible that some of the slower growing eucalypts, the value of 737 738 AMERICAN which for lumber has not been tried, such as E. resinifera, might prove good, but then on the other hand their rates of growth are so slow as to be of little or no advantage over other hardwoods. This matter should be made very plain for the benefit of the great num- ber of people who are investing in eucalyptus planting. For fuel, wind- FORESTRY breaks, and soil protection, as well as for many other purposes, the value of Eucalyptus trees for California can hardly be over-estimated, but the ficti- tious claims which are sometimes made for the blue gum and other species as a lumber producing tree in less than half a century of growth should be re- futed so clearly that “he that runs may read.” NEW PLAN OF SEED EXTRACTION FROM PINE CONES ing with new ways of extracting the seed from the pine cones cheaply and efficiently. The policy is to collect seed in good seasons and in localities where an abundant crop has been produced. Thousands of bushels are gathered in one place and from these the seed has in the past been ex- tracted by the slow process of heating the cones artificially to make them ex- pand, when the seed is shaken out, collected, and cleaned. When con- ducted in the winter on a large scale the work is greatly delayed by the diffi- culty of securing plenty of hot air, and at the same time keeping it dry. The cones give off their moisture and soon surcharge the air to saturation and the admittance of fresh air lowers the temperature below the point of effcetive- ness. For these reasons the capacity of even large plants is usually limited to turning out from one hundred to one hundred and fifty bushels per day. Cos Forest Service is experiment- During the last season the Service. has been experimenting with modifications of a grain threshing machine and has been successful in District 1 this sum- mer in threshing white pine seed from the cones when the latter were partially dry. Itis thought that by further modi- fying an arrangement of the teeth in the cylinder seeds may be successfully threshed from cones like yellow pine, Douglas fir, and even lodgepole pine. If this proves possible the capacity of a seed extracting plant can be increased to ten times its former output. ‘The chief difficulty to overcome is the crack- ing and spoiling of the seeds during the process of threshing. A small ex- perimental plant on the Kaniksu Na- tional Forest was installed this spring and produced results which are greatly encouraging. Very little harm was done to the seed and the cones were handled at the rate of one thousand bushels per day where formerly one hundred and fifty bushels was a good day’s work. JAMAICA’S FOREST WEALTH Recently the first cargo of hardwood timber shipped from Jamaica to the United States was forwarded from Port Antonio. This timber was bought by an agent from New York and consisted of mahogany and cedar trees. Two shipments have thus far been made and) other shipments are said to be contemplated. Although lumber does not comprise any con- siderable part of Jamaican exports, some shipments of hardwood timber have been made from Kingston for a number of years, chiefly to European ports. A body of something like 35,000 acres of forest land is in the parish in which Port Antonio is situated, and the govern- ment is building roads for the development of this timber. The land is part of a purchase made by the government from an improvement company which originally received the land as ey of a railway grant. The entire island is said to contain 400,000 to 500,000 acres of orests, THE MANURING OF FOREST TREES By ArtTHUR SMITH tury the question of manuring forest trees has been given con- siderable attention in Europe, and, among other experiments, that of using sewage effluent has been tried. Near Berlin irrigating a forest of trees having considerable size by a monthly application of sewage water during two growing seasons was a de- cided failure and it caused the death of many of the trees. A similar irrigation at Gerlitz gave better results. In this case, however, the growth was consid- erably younger. The city of Berlin has obtained encouraging results by top dressing the soil of coniferous woods with city refuse. In view of the long period between the planting and the cutting of a forest the direct application of manure in any form is not likely in a general way to prove remunerative. At the same time the question of helping along a planta- tion of young trees, especially conifers, is worth considering and in the earlier stages in the life of forest trees growing in poor soil the value of some form of manuring may possibly become an acknowledged fact in practical forestry. For instance on poor sandy soils where the nitrogen content is very small the problem of supplying this neces- sary plant food in a slowly available form is worthy of consideration. The idea of applying nitrates or other com- mercial forms of nitrogenous fertilizers may be put aside as impracticable both on account of cost and because they are too rapid in action, besides causing an excessive growth of weeds. Making use, however, of atmospheric nitrogen by growing on the land some form of the Leguminosz appears to be feasible an dworthy of trial. Upon some sandy soils in Europe lupins have been used for this purpose and good results are reported. Lupins would scarcely be so Q iny «i the past quarter of a cen- suitable for this country as some of the clovers, such as the White Clover, Trifolium repens and Alsyke, Trifolium hybridum. An ideal method would be to plow in a crop of clover the season previous to planting, then sow clover again and plant the trees in the young clover. Failing, this clover could be broadcasted over he ground in the spring. ‘To obtain a stand of clover upon the more sandy soils the applica- tion of some form of line would be ob- viously necessary. It is of course well known that the amount of mineral matter retained in limber is comparatively small, and, by the fall of their leaves, trees during their growth return to the soil the greater part of the mineral matter taken trom it; this applies, however, more to deciduous species than to conifers. But the main point to be considered is that of giving young newly planted trees a good start and helping them along dur- ing the first few years of their life, when they have the greatest struggle for existence. It is in this connection that the value of giving the soil some previous preparation upon the lines sug- gested above comes in—of course where it is practicable—as not only is plant food added to the soil in a slowly avail- able form but, what is of the greatest importance, the early growth is ac- celerated, being measured by feet in- stead of inches. Another means which works to the same end and which is more applicable to the heavier classes of soils is that of keeping the ground in clean cultivation during the first two or three years of the trees’ growth. During the past sea- son the writer has. kept about 8,000 two- year-old conifers under clean cultiva- tion and another block of 5,000 has only had the weeds out and left lying. The soil of the latter is, if anything, better than the former, but the growth 739 740 AMERICAN of the block cultivated has been more than double as much as that unculti- vated. At the end of July, one more cultivation was given and Crimson Clover sown at the same time. Of course it goes without saying that this more intensive syste mof forestry is impossible everywhere or upon a large scale of forest planting involving many thousands of acres of mountain land, and, at the best, planting is gen- erally done upon land that is more or less uncultivatable. At the same time I believe that new plantings should have generally more care given to them than is usually the case, especially upon private estates and farmers’ wood lots. FORESTRY ‘here are many situations where some methods of assisting young trees to get a good start are practicable and there- fore desirable, and which would, I believe, be in the long run profitable. The conditions connected with the first few years of a tree’s life have a tre- mendous influence upon the subsequent results, both in the period when it is fit to be turned into lumber and money, and in the number of board feet which will be produced in a given time. If a comparatively small expenditure along the lines suggested will accelerate the one and increase the other in the same time, as I feel sure it would, then surely it is worth while. FOREST SERVICE AFTER FRUIT PEST tions of Congress embodied in the bill recently passed by both houses providing an appropriation of $35,000 to enable the Federal Gov- ernment to assist the fruit inter- ests of California to prevent the im- portation of the Mediterranean fly into that State, the Department of Agri- culture has sent Charles Lester Marlatt, assistant chief entomologist for the de- partment, to Hawaii to inspect condi- tions there. While in the islands Mar- latt will make arrangements to take over the Hawaiian inspection service to prevent the importation of the pest to California, or perfect the organization of a Federal inspection service to co- operate with the Territorial authorities. Marlatt said before starting that the Department of Agriculture was anxious and determined to establish an inspec- tion service over all fruits leaving the islands, to guard against the exporta- tion of the dreaded Mediterranean fly ae quickly on the instruc- or any other fruit pests, and that this service would be made as effective and thorough as the funds allowed for the purpose by Congress would permit. Marlatt thinks that he will be able to hit upon a feasible plan of uniting the efforts of the National Government with the fruit inspection service al- ready in operation, and which is pro- vided at the expense of the California fruit-growers. If this tentative pro- posal proves unacceptable, he will or- ganize a separate Federal bureau. The selection of Marlatt for this work has given general satisfaction among the California fruit-growers, as he is acknowledged to be one of the highest authorities on entomology in the Gov- ernment service. He has been with the Department of Agriculture since 1889, and in 1901-02 made an entomological trip for the department to Japan, China and Java and other islands in the Malay Archipelago. MAHOGANY FOR CANADA HE enormous increase in build- © ing operations throughout Can- ada has been instrumental in increasing imports into that country in products which some 15 or 20 years ago would hardly be noticed in commercial statistics, says Consul Felix S. S. Johnson, of Kingston, Ont. Mahogany, for instance, is an article which Canada half a generation ago had very little use for, one reason being that in the early growth of the country office buildings, houses and hotels were erected rather on a cheap scale. Mahog- any in Canada has always been consid- ered somewhat of a luxury, particularly for office fittings and decoration pur- poses. Today this feeling has some- what changed. Mahogany is very gen- erally used; in fact in almost every large banking house or commercial of- fice one generally looks for the finely polished desk and comfortably uphol- stered mahogany chair. That Canada is now commencing to build her own railway cars in another factor in the importation of mahogany. Although this is the greatest timber country in the world, the fact remains that no wood grown here can be used for manufacturing good cars. Hard wood in Canada is short grained and it is difficult to get anything that will equal mahogany for durability and fin- ish. Automobiles also require mahog- any to be properly finished, and in the last five years large amounts of this wood have been imported by automobile manufacturers who have opened fac- tories in Canada. The wealth of Canada, which has in- creased tremendously per capita, nat- urally calls for more luxurious living. In the old days the best of furniture in the house might be made of any hard wood or even pine, with a veneer finish, while now nearly everything must be mahogany. The wood in the rough brings sufficiently high prices, selling in large lots at $110 to $115 per thousand feet. Although this wood has always been looked upon as more or less of a luxury its use now is becoming general, because at last people are beginning more and more to feel the advantages which it has over other woods; but the supply has been decreasing during re- cent years, causing corresponding in- crease in the price. Tabasco mahogany comes from the southeastern part of Mexico and there is much competition between New York and Boston firms and large dealers in England for the shipments of the few companies operating in the ‘Tabasco wood. One of the largest shipments from the territory received lately into New Orleans approximated 4,000 tons. Canada imported during the fiscal year ended March 31, 1912, a total of 2,696,455 feet of mahogany, invoiced at $314,409. Of this 301,316 feet came from England (evidently South Afri- can mahogany) and 2,364,309 feet from the United States (evidently Mexican and Central American mahogany). This came in free of duty. There were also considerable imports of mahogany veneering, which is classed in imports with veneers of oak, rosewood, cedar, and walnut, which pay 7% per cent ad valorem under the general tariff, and of which imports in the last fiscal year were $251,522, all from the United States. GERMANY’S FOREST AREA Germany has about 35,000,000 acres of forests. This is about one-quarter of the total area of the country. Forty-six per cent of this area belongs to private individuals, 32 per cent to the State and 16 per cent to communities. Half of the remainder belongs to the Crown and the rest to corporations. This area gives three-fifths of anacre to each citizen, 741 IMPORTANT MEETING OF DIRECTORS ings of the directors of the Ameri- can Forestry Association in some years, was held at the Railroad Club, 30 Church St., New York, on Tuesday, Oct. 29, there being present Chester W. Lyman, who presided; Col. W. R. Brown, of Berlin, N. H.; Prof. H. H. Chapman, of Yale; John E. Jenks, of Washington, D. C.; Otto Luebkert, of Washington, D. C.; Charles Lathrop Pack, of Lakewood, N. J.; Thomas Nel- son Page, of Washington, D. C.; C. F. Quincy, of New York City; E. A. Ster- ling, of Philadelphia; Frederick 5S. Un- derhill, of Philadelphia; Capt. J. B. White, of Kansas City, Mo.; John L. Weaver, of Washington, D. C., and P. S. Ridsdale, executive secretary of the Association. The chief matter discussed was a ten- tative plan for co-operative work by the American Forestry Association and the committee appointed by the forestry. section of the Fourth Conservation Con- gress held Oct. 1-4 at Indianapolis. The delegates of the Association who at- tended the Conservation Congress, re- _ported in chief, as follows: “An unusual opportunity has come to the American Forestry Association to do constructive work which will not only further the general cause but strengthen the Association and make it a power and influence in academic and practical forest work. It is a chance to continue the general forest propaganda more effectively and at the same time work definitely towards the solution of the more important specific problems. “At the several informal meetings of the lumbermen and foresters in attend- ance at the Fourth Conservation Con- gress at Indianapolis, October 1 to 4, the question of more definite work throughout the year was thoroughly dis- cussed. ‘I'wo distinct lines of activity seem advisable: The first is arranging the program of the Conservation Con- gress sessions, so as to give more promi- Cr. of the most important meet- 742 nence and publicity to forest problems. The second involves the appointment and guidance of standing committees, which shall report to a forestry section of the Congress on definite problems re- lating to forestry and lumbering. “The representatives of the American Forestry Association present volun- teered the services of their organization in furthering this work in co-operation with a committee made up of E. T. Al- len, Captain J. B. White and Walaa: Graves, which was appointed to repre- sent the private and government timber interests. This latter committee repre- sents the organized timberland owners and Forest Service, and it was not until the Indianapolis meeting that they came to realize the strong influence the re- juvenated American Forestry Associa- tion, as a national body, could and will exert in the solution of problems of mu- tual interest. “The most important feature of the proposed organization is the appoint- ment of standing committees for the in- vestigation of matters of vital impor- tance to the lumbermen, timberland owners and foresters. “Tn the choice of men to serve on the committees and on the plan of follow- ing up their work and securing definite action will depend the success of the plan. It is the thought to appoint men best qualified to handle the various sub- jects, regardless of their affiliations. “Following the practice of other or- ganizations which work with standing committees, it is suggested that at least one complete report on one of the defi- nite subjects assigned be submitted each year, and the other subjects covered by progress reports. It would be optional with the committee which subject to place the most emphasis on. New sub- jects would be assigned from time to time. “A committee appointed at the Con- servation Congress, comprised of E. T. Allen, J. B. White and H. S. Graves, is UNIFORM STANDARDS FOR STATE FORESTRY 743 already in existence. Another committee, representing the American Forestry As- sociation and made up preferably of members of the Executive Committee, should be appointed. This committee should have a secretary or chairman to assist the Secretary of the Association in the technical work relating to the standing committees, or to work di- rectly with the chairman of the other committees.” The delegates suggested a tentative list of subjects for investigation, and some names of committeemen, and the subjects, and the committees having them in charge will be announced after the two committees meet. Following a long discussion of the proposed work, and a hearty endorse- ment of the plan by all the directors, Chairman Lyman appointed a commit- tee of three members of the executive committee to take charge of the investi- gative work for the Association, arid confer with the committee appointed at the Conservation Congress. ‘This com- mittee comprises Charles Lathrop Pack, Col. W. R. Brown and E. A. Sterling. The opinion was generally expressed that the work should lead to securing definite results of a practical nature and will materially aid in securing the closer co-operation of lumbermen and forest- ers, and a decided extension of the work of the Association. It was decided that Executive Secretary Ridsdale shall at- tend the annual meeting of the Empire State Forest Products Association at Watertown, N. Y., on Nov. 14; and that Governor Robt. P. Bass, E. A. Sterling and P. S. Ridsdale attend the annual meeting of the Western Forestry and Conservation Association at Seattle on Dec. 2 and 3. ; It was also decided to hold the annual meeting in Washington, D. C., in Jan- uary at some date to be decided later. UNIFORM STANDARDS FOR STATE FORESTRY the May number of AMERICAN ForESTRY mention was made in these columns of the Conference of New York State Departments inter- ested in Forestry, which was held at Al- bany on April 10th. The Conference appointed a Committee on Standards to consider uniform standards which should be employed in connection with State work in forestry in New York. The object of this was to secure uni- form methods in all forestry work which might be done within the State, in order that the results might be read- ily co-ordinated, even though they might be secured by different departments. The personnel of the Committee on Standards is as follows: Dean Hugh P. Baker, State College of Forestry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, N. Y., Chairman. Prof. Walter Mulford, Cornell Uni- versity, Ithaca, N. Y. Wm. G. Howard, Asst. Superin- ent of State Forests, Conservation Commission, Albany, N. Y. The Committee held meetings in May and June, and also one on October 26th, at which the questions pertaining to the standardization of forest mapping were considered. The Committee held it de- sirable to retain the forms and symbols employed by the Forest Service, insofar as these forms and symbols might be ap- plicable to conditions in New York State. It was deemed advisable to use the following standards for all forest mapping work within the State. The following specifications were made up: Forest Maps. ‘Types to be indicated by colors. Eight forest types have been outlined to include all the forests within the State. In cases where it is not feas- ible to indicate types by colors, a system of hatchure may be employed. The stand of timber to be designated by the alpha-numerical system, placing within each type a circle, inside of which the 744 AMERICAN name of the species will be indicated by letters, and the quantity of forest prod- ucts of that species by numbers. It is expected that considerable bene- fit will be secured and that duplicatign FORESTRY of work will be avoided by the introduc- tion of the standard methods in map- ping within the State. The Committee intends, at an early date, to consider the questions of standard forms to be used in forestry work. AN APPRECIATION The Lumber World Review of Chicago in an article headed “A Remarkable Number for Lumbermen” says of the October issue of AMERICAN FORESTRY : “The October issue of the magazine, AMER- ICAN Forestry, formerly named CONSERVA- TION, and published by the American Forestry Association, Washington, D. C., is one of the most remarkable issues of any periodical for the perusal of lumbermen that has come to hand for many years. Space will not permit more than a brief reference to these inter- esting articles, but lumbermen who devote any attention to these subjects, and nearly all lumbermen do, should purchase this number before the edition is exhausted, in order to secure the benefit of the splendid articles contained therein. One of the most impor- tant of these interesting writings is the first article in the magazine entitled, ‘Why Do Lumbermen Not Apply Forestry?’ This is written by Dr. B. E. Fernow, formerly For- ester of the United States and now a member of the faculty of the University of Toronto, Ont. The next article is by George M. Corn- wall, editor of the Timberman, Portland, Oregon, on ‘Logging Engineering.’ This ex- cellent article has been printed in the Lumber World Review within recent time. E. A. Sterling, President of the American Wood Preservers’ Association, whose writings have frequently adorned these columns, has an interesting discussion on the subject, “Wood Preservation as a Factor in Forest Conserva- tion.’ E. T. Allen, Forester of the Western Forestry & Conservation Association, of Portland, Oregon, some of whose articles have already appeared in this journal, treats on ‘Method of Forestry Campaigning.’ Mr. Allen also contributes a poem entitled ‘The Fire Bug and the East Wind.’ Henry E. Hardtner, President of the Louisiana For- estry Association, writes on the subject, ‘South’s Timber Disappearing.’ George H Holt, of Chicago, head of the Holt Lumber Co. and American Lumber Co., discusses the subject, ‘Is Lumber a Crime?’ and devotes special attention to the discrimination made lately in some quarters against wooden shingles. Jerome H. Sheip, a prominent lum- berman and box manufacturer of Philadel- phia, Pa., has an interesting article on ‘Amer- ican Forestry.’ Fred R. Fairchild, of Yale University, treats on ‘Forest Tax Legislation.’ Frederick S. Underhill, of Wistar, Underhill & Nixon, leading lumbermen of Philadelphia, Pa., takes as his text ‘The Price of Forest Products,’ and quotes a member of Congress as stating: ‘I want the duty on lumber re- duced that the mechanic may build his home cheaper.’ Mr. Underhill says that the Payne- Aldrich bill reduced the duty on lumber from $2 to $1.25, and the price of lumber is much higher instead of lower. Thornton A. Green, of Munising, Mich., President of the North- ern Forest Protective Association and promi- nent in lumber manufacture, contributes an article on ‘Put Your Camp Fire Out,’ and gives samples of the advertising undertaken by the association to prevent damage to the forests through fires. P. F. Cook, associate editor of the St. Louis Lumberman, writes an unusually interesting article on the ‘Social Side of Lumber Life.” C. B. Sweet, of Kan- sas City, Vice President of the Long-Bell Lumber Co., describes the ‘Long-Bell Experi- mental Farm,’ located near Bon Ami, La. Other shorter articles, containing important information for lumbermen and timber own- ers, abound in this issue.” A NEWLY FOUND TIMBER AREA Away up in the northern part of Canada, somewhere around what is known as Spirit Lake, the Canadian Government reports an area of 2,400 square miles on which timber three to four inches in diameter is growing. The rangers report that this area has beew covered several times with forests which have been burned off. The present stand of timber has grown up since the last fire. If this area can be protected from flames a large popula- tion and an immense lumber industry will spring up in that country after the forests now growing have become large enough for manufacturing. Some of the area has merchantable timber growing in protected places, the soil is deep and can always be counted upon to grow another crop of trees if the fires are kept out. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS New Rochelle, N. Y. Eprror AMERICAN Forestry.—I am contem- plating the purchase of a ten-acre eucalyptus grove in the vicinity of Clay, Sacramento County, California. The price is $200 per acre, 10 per cent down and the remainder in monthly instalments of $20. The company plants the trees and takes care of them for ten years, when they are to be marketed. Five hundred trees to the acre; and no in- terest on deferred payments nor taxes to be paid by purchaser. The company estimates that ten acres will produce 100,000 feet of timber in ten years. Is this correct? Is there a good market for eucalyptus at the present time, and at what price does it sell per M? Kindly give me your opinion as to the desirability Of this purchase as an invest- ment for a person of moderate means. Wintuiam C. Crossy Your letter to the Editor of AMERICAN Forestry has been referred by him to the Forest Service for reply. For your informa- tion on eucalyptus, I take pleasure in re- questing the Division of Publications to send you the following Forest Service publica.- itons: Circular 59, a planting leaflet on eucalyptus; Circular 179, “The Utilization of California Eucalyptus,” and Bulletin 87, “Eucalypts in Florida.” Detailed information on the more im- portant species which have been introduced into this country can also be found in Forest Service Bulletin 35, “Eucalypts Cul- tivated in the United States,” a copy of which may be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C., for $1 (stamps not accepted). There has also been prepared by the Forest Service in co-oper- ation with the California State Board of Forestry a bulletin entitled “Yield from Eucalyptus Plantations in California,” which can be obtained through Mr. G. M. Homans, State Forester, Sacramento, Cal. I believe these various publications will give you the information you desire. I would call your particular attention to the discussion on pages 31 to 33 of Bulletin 87, concerning the eucalyptus in Florida. Whether the eucalyptus is planted in Florida, California, or elsewhere in the United States, our present knowledge of the timber pro- duced by plantations in this country does not justify a too sanguine estimate of returns where it is proposed to produce material other than fuel woods, which requires a much longer period to reach marketable size. While it is believed that a eucalyptus planta- tion will yield under favorable conditions a revenue equal to any forest plantation, it remains to be proven whether in the produc- tion of large material it will yield the phenomenal returns generally claimed for it. I regret to inform you that no provision is made for the free distribution by the For- est Service of forest tree seeds or seedlings. I take pleasure, however, in inclosing a list of dealers from whom the stock which you desire can be obtained. Louis S. Murpny, Acting in Charge of Forest Management in the East. Charleston, West Va. Epitor AMERICAN ForEstry.—Can you give me the following information, viz.: Have you any record which shows how many mil- lion feet of standing timber (board or cubic measure) is computed to now be contained within the limits of West Virginia? Also what cut of timber ought to be annually made in order to preserve these forests from year to year, taking into consideration the felling of timber and new growth? Wo. SEYMour EDWARDS. Dear Sir: Your letter of October 5 to the American Forestry Association has been re- ferred to the Forest Service for reply. I take pleasure in informing you that the only avail- able records, as far as I know, of the standing timber in West Virginia are to be found in the report of the West Virginia Geological Survey, Volume 5, 1911. According to this re- port, the total area of virgin forest in West Virginia is 1,574,295 acres. Of this area, 190,- 000 acres contain from 20 to 90 per cent of spruce in Randolph, Pocahontas, Webster, Pendleton, Greenbrier, and Tucker Counties, with a few outlying patches in Grant and Preston Counties. The quantity of standing timber in these 190,000 acres is estimated at 1,500,000,000 feet of spruce, 1,000,000,000 feet of hemlock and 1,500,000,000 feet of beech, birch and maple. The forests of virgin hard- wood contain about 12,000,000,000 feet of timber, something as follows: White oak, 30 per cent; other oaks, 15 per cent; yellow poplar, 18 per cent; chestnut, 12 per cent; maple, 5 per cent; beech, 5 per cent; bass- wood, 5 per cent; other hardwoods, 10 per cent, In addition to the 1,574,295 acres of virgin forest, there are 2,882,030 acres of cut-over forest and 5,087,013 acres of farmers’ wood- lots. On these areas the stand of timber is not definitely known. In some cases, many woodlots have from 1,000 to 5,000 feet of merchantable timber per acre. As the area occupied by growing timber is not definitely known, the growth that takes place over this area can not be ascer- tained. From the report of the West Vir- 745 746 ginia Conservation Commission it appears that on the basis of 8,000,000 acres of land permanently devoted to productive forest, al- lowing an annual growth of only 25 cubic feet for each acre, the possible yearly harvest from the whole state would be 1,600,000 feet, board measure. Twenty-five cubic feet of annual growth per acre is a very conservative estimate, and if an area of 8,000,000 acres in the state can be protected from fire and be kept in a productive state, the estimated yearly increment for the whole state is none too great. You can undoubtedly secure a copy of the report of the Geological Survey from I. C. White, State Geologist, Morgantown, W. Va., and will be able to find more detailed infor- mation concerning the timber resources of West Virginia as each county is taken up separately in that report. RAPHAEL ZON, Chief of Silvics. Boston, Mass. Eprtor AMERICAN Forestry.—Please de- scribe to me a method for determining the height of trees and estimating the amount of standing timber? ABNER H. BARKER. Mr. ABNER H. BARKER, 146 Summer St., Boston, Mass.: Dear Sir.—Your letter of September 18, ad- dressed to the American Forestry Associa- tion, was forwarded to the Forest Service for reply. I take pleasure in sending you, under separate cover, Bulletin 36, “The Woodsman’s Handbook,” which describes the methods of determining the height of trees AMERICAN FORESTRY and estimating the amount of standing tim- ber. I am also sending you Bulletin 76, “How to Grow and Plant Conifers in the Northeastern States,” which will give you information in regard to raising and plant- ing forest trees. I am sorry to say that the Forest Service has no publications dealing with the grafting and spraying of trees. This information can undoubtedly be ob- tained by writing directly to the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. RAPHAEL ZON, Chief of Silvics. Epitor AMERICAN Forestgy.—Being in a charcoal business, I would like to know if you could secure me bulletins or books on the subject. I am just starting a company in Quebec, and I would be obliged to you if I could get good hints and information on the subject. H. Krerer, C. E. Dear Sir.—Your letter of October 9 to the American Forestry Association has been for- warded to this laboratory for reply. The Office of Publication has been requested to send you Forest Service Circular 114, which is the only Forest Service publication deal- ing with the production of charcoal. The literature on this subject is very meager, and there is practically nothing dealing with char- coal production without the recovery of by- products. It would be a pleasure to give you any further information possible on spe- cific points not mentioned in the above pub- lication. McGarvey CLINE, Director. TO STUDY FLOODS ECRETARY WILSON of the United States Department of Agriculture has decided to estab- lish an experiment station on the Manti National Forest near Ephraim, Utah, for the study of grazing and water protection problems. Bids for the con- struction of the necessary buildings have been received and it is expected to have the station in working order before winter. Already the gathering of observations on the relations of erosion and run-off to the forest cover have begun. The Manti Naitonal forest was cho- sen as the site for this experiment sta- tion because it offers exceptionally good opportunities for investigating problems of practical value in connection with regulated grazing. Ephraim and other towns in its neighborhood have suffered severely from floods following violent rainstorms in the mountains, and it has already been proved conclusively that the over-grazed condition of areas on which the natural vegetative cover has been seriously altered is responsible for the formation of torrents and the rapid discharge of debris-laden flood waters. In a recent destructive storm the water ran clear from a part of the watershed which was within the National Forest, and in good condition as a result of well regulated grazing, while from other areas it swept down sand and boulders. STATE NEWS North Carolina Another important step in the campaign for better forest laws for North Carolina was taken at North Wilkesboro on Tues- day evening, October 8. At the call of Mr. Cc. C. Smoot III, Vice-President of the North Carolina Forestry Association for that district, a meeting was held for the purpose of organizing the forces in Wilkes County which are favorable to forest pro- tection, so that something definite might be accomplished in this direction at the coming session of the Legislature next January. Mr. J. S. Holmes, Secretary-Treasurer of the North Carolina Forestry Association, was present and explained the objects for which the State Association had been organ- ized and what could be accomplished by a local club. A permanent organization was unanimously agreed upon, and the Wilkes County Forest Protective Association was formed, the twenty men present all agreeing to become members. Mr. A. A. Finley was elected President and Mr. W. E. Pharr, Editor of the North Wilkesboro Hustler, Secretary. Mr. C. C. Smoot, of the C. C. Smoot & Sons Tannery, was elected Vice- President for North Wilkesboro Township. These three officers were appointed as a temporary executive committee, to draw up by-laws and put the Association in thorough working order. One vice-president for every township in the county was appointed. A strong resolution was passed calling on the Wilkes representatives in the next Leg- islature to do all in their power to secure adequate laws for the protection of the forests of the state from fire. This is the third County Association or- ganized since the forming of the North Car- olina Forestry Association some two years ago. It is composed of the most live and progressive men of the county, and they mean business. They are determined that men favoring state forest protection shall be elected this fall to represent Wilkes County in the next General Assembly. Vermont State Forester A. F. Hawes of Vermont has recently returned from Brandon, where with an assistant he has been marking trees for this winter’s cutting on the land of Newton-Thompson Manufacturing Company. This concern is taking a very progressive stand in the management of its extensive forest areas, having become interested in better management through some work done under the state forester two years ago in Brandon on land belonging to Miss Julia A. C. Jackson. Mr. Bump, the president of the company, told the state forester that when the forestry work was started in Vermont he thought that the doom of the lumber busi- ness was at hand. He has now become sat- isfied that the lumber industry can only be perpetuated through forestry. The Newton & Thompson Manufacturing Company is one of the most interesting wood- working establishments in the state, making all kinds of novelties, pill boxes, toys, etc., that are made from wood. Their machinery, which is nearly all automatic, turns out an immense amount of work a day, and about eighty men are constantly employed in the sawmill, machine shop, and turning mill. Practically every kind of native lumber is used, from white pine down to soft maple. It is this opportunity to use inferior woods, and even small pieces, which gives this com- pany such a splendid chance to practice for- estry. The company owns about 6,000 acres in the region, and has now begun a systematic thinning of its more accessible areas so as to insure more rapid growth and a _ per- manent supply of lumber. The areas marked by the state forester this year are mostly of pine growth in the vicinity of Forestdale. The smaller and poorer pines were marked to be cut as well as the inferior hardwoods, such as soft maple and beech. In no case were there any large openings made since an undesirable growth of underbrush is almost sure to follow such a course, especially in that region. In some of the lots the ground was covered with little pine seedlings which have started within a year or so. Wherever these occurred light was admitted by a heavier cutting so as to allow the young seedlings an opportunity to grow. This is a vood illus- tration that pine may easily succeed itself if properly treated, despite the common belief to the contrary. The state forester estimates that much of this land after thinning will grow from 500 to 800 board feet per acre per annum. Not only is the Newton & Thompson Man- ufacturing Company practicing forestry on its own lands, but it is persuading some of the other woodland owners in the neighbor- hood to do likewise. Since their supply comes partially from these neighbors, their interest in the welfare of these wood lots is not altogether unselfish, but it furnishes an excellent illustration of a most advanced forest policy. In the industrial future of Vermont there will probably be fewer and fewer companies 747 748 AMERICAN engaged simply in lumbering. The tendency is toward a closer utilization near the forests. It is such concerns as Newton & Thompson and the International Paper Company, that are dependent upon a permanent wood sun- ply, that will save the forests of Vermont. The state forester is constantly having more demands for advice and for marking. This marking is done for any land owner in the state on areas up to 50 acres a year simply for the traveling expenses and board of the men while doing the marking. In most classes of timber two men can blaze the trees to be cut on 50 acres in two or three days. Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Department of Forestry has had four of its foresters assisting the Federal Forest Service in the collection of data concerning the wood-utilizing industries within the state. The field work has been completed. During the spring planting season there were set out on the state reserves two and a quarter million seedlings. Since the planting operations the foresters have been busy open- ing, cleaning, and improving roads, building fire towers and telephone lines. During the last two months fourteen new telephones were installed and about fifty miles of new tele- phone line built, or newly acquired lines re- paired. The state has recently acquired a tract of land at $4 per acre which has a grove of tulip poplar covering about fifty acres. Eighty-five per cent of the trees on the area are tulip trees ranging from 4 to 8 inches in diameter and average 80 feet in height. There is also a grove of almost pure black walnut covering twenty acres. The walnuts are straight, tall, and thrifty. The soil is moist and sandy. The recent Legislature yielded to a large number of petitioners in northeastern Penn- sylvania and appropriated $1,000 for the re- building of a dam on the state reserve in Pike County. The appropriation was given to the Department of Forestry to carry out the provisions of the act. The department built the dam on the site of an old sawmill dam, and built it considerably higher. The new dam is bedded on solid slate rock, with a concrete toe and proper iron dowels. It is six feet higher than the spillway of the old dam and forms a pond covering about 800 acres, The forest reserves are to be made recre- ation grounds for the people as well as to be used for growing timber. This artificial lake makes one of the largest in the state and will afford a splendid opportunity to many to hunt and fish. At the same time, under the protection of the forestry officials, game birds and fish will no doubt multiply in the locality. FORESTRY Connecticut Former State Forester Samuel N. Spring of Connecticut has taken up his duties at Ithaca, as professor of forestry in the New York State College of Agriculture. W. O. Filley, who was Mr. Spring’s assistant for the past three years, and who since October 1, 1911, has held the appointment as assistant state forester, has succeeded him. A. E. Moss, recently of the Forest Service, is to be For- ester Filley’s assistant, although no assistant state forester will be appointed at present. Alabama John Wallace, Jr., game and fish commis- sioner of Alabama, is advocating a move- ment looking to converting all state lands, whether held in fee or in trust, into state game refuges and forest preserves. Alabama owns hundreds of thousands of acres of swamp and overflowed lands, Six- teenth Section school lands and tax redemp- tion lands. It is Commissioner Wallace’s pur- pose, by an Act of the Legislature, to set aside these lands as nesting, resting and breeding places for birds and game, to be held forever sacred for that purpose, also for forest preserves. The Department of Game and Fish would employ wardens to patrol the lands and see to it that the birds and game are not disturbed, that the growing timber is not cut down and destroyed and that no fire is set to the forests. This movement has gained great impetus in Alabama, and the people seem to be a unit in demanding that the scheme be enacted into a law. In addition to this specific plan, Wallace is endeavoring to work out a gen- eral conservation movement which contem- plates the creation of a state conservation commission to have charge of the manage- ment, control and development of all of the state’s natural resources. Maryland The Maryland State Board of Forestry is making extensive preparations for the fire season this autumn. Additional patrolmen have been engaged and several lookout sta- tions are being provided for in the mountain section. Mr. Chapin Jones, who came to Maryland as assistant state forester on August 1, will have charge of the fire protection work. Mr. Jones graduated from the Yale Forest School in 1909 and has since been in the employ of the United States Forest Service, forestry department of the Pennsylvania ae and in State work in New Hamp- shire. Maryland is co-operating with the Forest Service under the Weeks Law and, with the increased appropriations for fire protection STATE secured last winter, the state is in good shape to handle the forest fire situation. New York The New York Conservation Commission has adopted the policy of fall shipments of trees, and a large number of orders have been filled and many plantations made during this present fall season. Three hearings have been held, and a field investigation will be commenced within the next week in order to determine the efficiency of the top-lopping law. Bulletin No. 8 on the three new forest tax- ation laws has been issued, and various mat- ters in connection with the enforcement of these laws are now under consideration by C. R. Pettis. The Commission has also issued Bulletin No. 1 on general forestry and Bulletin No. 7 on shade trees, by Forester Gaylord. A new nursery of five acres has been established at Lake Clear, and about three- quarter million trees have been transplanted, and an equal number of trees have been set out on state land near Paul Smith’s. Forester Rosenbluth is engaged in pre- paring a working plan for the state prison lands at Dannemora, in the Adirondacks. An exhibit of the forestry work of the Commission was made, not only at the State Fair, but at about fifteen county fairs. The reports of forest fires will approxi- mate about 5,000 acres for the entire season up to the present time. Last year nearly 40,000 acres were burned. The decreased loss is due largely to the increase in the num- ber of mountain stations and greater eff- ciency in the fire protective work as indicated by the fact that the number of fires this year were as great as last year, and the drought during June and July was as severe as in former years. Massachusetts No state in the union has made more rapid progress in building up a constructive forest policy than has Massachusetts during the past five years. The recommendations of State Forester Rane made to the Legislature from year to year have been received with favor, and all of the important ones have been enacted into legislation. Perhaps the most gratifying accomplishment of the de- partment has been the development of the forest fire service, which has now been brought up to the highest point of efficiency. Eighteen lookout stations have been in oper- ation throughout the season, from which over 2,000 fires have been reported. The prompt- ness with which these fires have been dis- covered and reported by the observers has made possible in most cases their extinguish- ment before serious damage had resulted. In addition to the above system of reporting fires, arrangements have been made with the NEWS 749 United States Post Office Department to have all rural and star route mail carriers report to the forest wardens or deputies any fires which may occur on lands bordering their routes. Early last April the Massachusetts Division of the Boy Scouts of America gen- erously volunteered to co-operate with the state in its efforts to reduce the forest fire evil, and by reporting fires and aiding in their extinguishment have been a valuable factor in making the work a success. Each scout master has been furnished a copy of the fire laws and book of instructions pub- lished by the forestry department, containing the names of all forest wardens and deputy wardens in the state. Recognizing the importance of a change in the present methods of taxing forest lands if the encouragement is to be given forest land owners, which is necessary to con- structive forestry, the Legislatures of 1911 and 1912 passed a resolve providing for an amendment to the Constitution, empowering the General Court to prescribe the method of taxing such lands. This proposed amend- ment will be submitted to the voters of the state at the coming election for their accept- ance or rejection. If it is accepted, and it is the general belief it will be, a committee appointed by the Mas- sachusetts Forestry Association and the Bos- ton Chamber of Commerce, working jointly, will begin immediately the preparation of a bill to be introduced into the incoming Leg- islatures, designed to eliminate some of the objectionable features of the present method of taxing wild or forest lands. Michigan Professor Tyler, of the Michigan Agricul- tural College, announces the formation of local organizations in several counties to prevent the useless waste of trees. Besides preventing the waste, the organizations will also attempt to teach the farmers and others interested how to utilize their waste ground in the interest of reforestation. Mr. Tyler says: “Unless we do something for the trees there will soon be no forests in the northern part of Michigan on account of the great forest fires, and in the southern part we are tree destroyers instead of tree plant- ers. Only 1 or 2 per cent of the number of trees cut down are replanted in southern Michigan,” Under the plan which Mr. Tyler has worked out an experimental woodlot of five acres will be provided in the community where each organization is affected. The farmer who gives up five acres of his land to this work will have to contract with the college not to cut a tree during the first twelve years nor make any radical move without first obtaining the permission of the extension service of the college. Seedlings will be furnished by the college and set out 750 AMERICAN under the direction of Mr. Tyler. If he says plow the land and sow oats in August, the farmer will have to do so, but all the profits of the experimental work will be his and the trees will be his at the end of the twelve years. If any question arises which he can not answer, he has back of him the forestry department. Should the forestry department be unable to answer it, then it can go to the National Government. Indiana An experiment with the culture of Jersey pine trees in Indiana will be made by the State Board of Forestry as a part of its work for the coming year. The trees will be planted on the forest reservation in southern Indiana. Charles C. Deam, secretary of the board, asserts that the Jersey pines are not grown extensively in Indiana at this time, and that the board is desirous of introducing them, particularly to test their productiveness in this state. Mr. Deam says pine trees are pe- culiar in that they thrive in poor soil. There are some on the reservation now measuring two feet in diameter. At a meeting of the board recently the year’s work at the reservation was mapped out. Fifty acres of various sorts of trees will be planted during the year. The list includes hickory, sycamore, arlanthus and locusts. In addition to these there will be three kinds of oak planted, the red, white and burr oaks. Tennessee The Nashville Board of Trade has ap- pointed a committee of prominent members to consider measures for the preservation of the forests of Tennessee. Charles M. Mor- ford, a lumber manufacturer and shipper, is chairman of the committee, and most of the members are lumbermen who belong to the board of trade. The object of the board of trade is to co-operate with the Nashville Lumbermen’s Club in taking such steps as can be taken to conserve the forestry re- sources of the state. It is probable that the next Legislature will be asked for an appro- priation to aid in the enforcement of the forestry laws of the state. Kentucky The new forest policy of Kentucky was outlined recently by J. E. Barton, state for- ester, who was the guest of the Louisville Hardwood Club. Mr. Barton took the first opportunity to convince the lumbermen that the work of the forester and the practical timberman are mutually beneficial, and made so favorable an impression that he was elect- ed an honorary member. The plans of the new state forestry board, of which he is the active representative, in- clude the following: FORESTRY The establishment of nurseries, both for demonstration purposes and as a business proposition, including the sale of seedlings to private concerns which are engaging in forestry work. The purchase of lands and the acquirement of others by gift where forest reserves may be established and timber raised in commer- cial quantities. The study of the possibilities of preventing waste in timber logging and manufacturing, and the utilization of by-products, involving the establishment of a laboratory for the use of lumbermen and wood users. The protection of the forests by the enact- ment of adequate laws looking to proper fire protection and the prevention of grazing on forest lands, which would result in young trees being killed or seeds destroyed. The study of streams and stream flow, and regulating them by the planting of forest at their headwaters, thus preventing floods. Study of water power possibilities is also to be included in this provision. Co-operation with individuals in examining timber tracts, laying out a plan of scientific management and aiding in the operation of the property. This work will be begun early in 1913, when the forestry work will have been fully organized. Montana President Taft has issued proclamations changing the boundaries of the Missoula and Madison National Forests, Montana. From the former 4,960 acres are eliminated and from the latter 68,140 acres. These elimina- tions are the result of field examinations which the Department of Agriculture has been making in pursuance of a general plan iS correct the National Forest boundary ines, The areas eliminated from the Missoula National Forest are along the borders of the Flint Creek and Rock Creek exclusion of the Southern Division. They consist of small areas along the foothills, chiefly valuable for grazing purposes. The greater part of the Madison elimina- tion embraces what is locally known as the Lower Madison Basin and lies in two main bodies, one in Tps. 9 and 10 S., R. 1 W., and the other in Tps. 11, 12 and 13 S., Rgs. 1 and 2 E. Another rather large exclusion occurs in Tps. 9 and 10 S., R.4 W. The re maining areas are small tracts at various points along the borders of the forest. Most of the lands excluded are grazing lands, although some areas in the Lower Madison Valley are susceptible of cultivation. The public lands within the areas were by the same proclamation withdrawn for classi- fication under the Act of June 25, 1910, to be restored to settlement and entry at the dis- cretion of the Secretary of the Interior. STATE NEWS New Jersey The New Jersey Forest Commission an- nounces that the Forest Fire Patrol main- tained in North Jersey in co-operation with the United States Forest Service is being reorganized for the fall work. Instead of emphasizing particularly the railroad expo- sure, as has been done during the spring and summer, attention will be centered more on the danger in the woods. During the summer there have been 93 fires reported by patrolmen, none of which were allowed to assume any size, and most of which were put out by the patrolmen themselves, thereby preventing possible forest fires, with their consequent damage and costs. Whether it be primarily due to the patrol, to increased activity and efficiency of the local wardens, or to a growing public interest in forest protection, there is no doubt that fires are markedly fewer and less serious in this section than heretofore. The fall work is planned with especial ref- erence to automobile and nutting parties and the sportsmen. A small number of men went on duty on October 1 at places particularly exposed, and the full force will be available from October 15 to the end of the season. The patrol this year will differ from that of last season in that the patrolmen will be less restricted to the roads and are expected to pick up those responsible for fires in the woods. Though their first duty is to watch for and notify the fire wardens of fires, they are particularly instructed and are empow- ered to arrest all violators of the law, in the woods or along the roads, whether build- ing fires without permits or dropping lighted matches, tobacco, etc. In this way the Forest Commission expects to put a stop to the care- lessness with fire so prevalent among those in the woods for an outing or hunting trip. These officers, with the rural mailmen, who also are serving as patrol under an order of the Postmaster General issued last spring, are expected to minimize the fire danger this season. State Fire WarRDEN. Prof. Ferguson Returns to Penn State After an absence of one year, during which time he has been head of the Department of Forestry at the University of Missouri, Prof. John A. Ferguson returns to the Department of Forestry at the Pennsylvania State Col- lege as its head. Before going to Missouri Professor Ferguson was connected with this school for three years and was in charge for nearly two years in the absence of the head of the department. 751 California. A great deal of interest has been displayed of late by the various women’s clubs through- out the State concerning forestry, especially that phase of it dealing with forest fire pro- tection. Ata recent meeting of the Northern District of the Federation of Women’s Clubs, Forestry in California was the main issue of discussion. During this meeting, many resolutions concerning forestry were adopted, chief of these being to assist in a real publicity campaign against forest fires. Forestry in California is still in its infancy and such cooperation as exists, at present, between the various Women’s Clubs and this department, concerning the educational fea- ture of the work, is very encouraging indeed. So far, the work of the department has necessarily been of an educational nature, due to a lack of funds to carry on any other work. However, with the small amount that was available—an investigation of cut-over and timbered land, with special attention paid to slash conditions and waste in logging, was made during the summer months. The results of these investigations will be fully discussed in the biennial report of the State Forester which will be available about Jan- taty 1, 1913; California is badly in need of a forest fire system and legislation looking toward that end is being drawn up with a view of pre- senting it at the next legislature. Much valuable information concerning the kinds and amounts of wood produced in the State and demanded by the industries manu- facturing finished products, as well as a directory of such manufacturers, is contained in a volume recently issued by the State Board of Forestry, in cooperation with the U. S. Forest Service, and entitled “Wood Using Industries of California.” The volume is for general distribution among people who are interested and a copy may be obtained by addressing the State Forester, Sacramento, California. _Mr. R. H. Boynton has resigned his posi- tion as Assistant State Forester to go into private business. Mr. Ralph W. Sloss, who has been a field assistant in the department for the past year, has been appointed to fill the position vacated by Mr. Boynton. Early Conservation Ideas In the provincial charter of 1691, under which the Plymouth colony and the province of Maine were united with Massachusetts, it was provided that all trees of the diameter of twenty-four inches and upward, twelve inches from the ground, growing upon land not heretofore granted to any private person, should be reserved to the crown for the fur- nishing of masts for the royal navy. 752 AMERICAN A surveyor-general of woods was ap- pointed to see that this provision of the char- ter was carried into effect. Near the coast all white pines of suitable dimensions were marked with the “broad arrow’—three cuts across the bark with an ax, like the track of a crow. This was the King’s mark. Long after the Revolution had obliterated the royal authority men who had been taught in boyhood to respect the King’s mark hesi- tated to cut such trees. In felling a tree it was necessary to “bed FORESTRY it” to prevent its breaking. This was done by cutting the small growth and placing the small trees across the hollow, so that there ~ should be no strain upon one section more than upon another when the monster pine struck the ground. The mast was hauled out of the woods on one strong sled, whether in winter or sum- mer, and so many oxen were required that the hind pair were often choked in crossing a hollow, being hung up in their yoke by the pulling of those ahead of them. FIRE NOTICES TO TEACHERS The State Forestry Department of Minnesota has mailed 15,000 circulars to superin- tendents of high schools and public school teachers of the State, calling attention to Fire Prevention Day. Approximately seven circulars will be given each teacher, and observation of the day is asked in the public schools of the State. The circulars sent out by the State Forester call attention to the danger of fires, and ask an observance of rules for the prevention of serious conflagrations. “Minnesota has suffered more than any other \State through forest fires,” the circular reads. 4 worth of property has been consumed.” “Hundreds of our people have been burned to death. Untold millions of dollars CURRENT LITERATURE MONTHLY LIST FOR OCTOBER, 1912. (Books and periodicals indexed in the Library of the United States Forest Service.) Forestry as a Whole Gaylord, F. A. Forestry and forest resources in New York. 58 p. pl. Albany, N. Y., 1912. (New York—Conservation com- mission—Division of lands and forests. Bulletin 1.) : Hay, R. D. General principles of forestry. 2p. Sydney, 1912. (New South Wales —Department of forestry. Bulletin 1.) Proceedings and reports of associations, forest departments, etc. India—Bengal—Forest dept. Annual prog- ress report on forest administration in the lower provinces of Bengal for the year 1910-1911. 51 p. Calcutta, 1911. India—Eastern Bengal and Assam—Forest dept. Progress report of forest admin- istration for the year 1910-1911. 91 p. Shillong, 1912. Russia—Lyesnoi department (Forest dept.) Ezheghodnik (Yearbook), 1910, v. 1-2. St. Petersburg, 1912. Forest Aesthetics Hurst, Charles. The book of the English oak. 196 p. pl. London, Lynwood & Co., 1911. Street and park trees St. Louis—City forester. Annual report for the fiscal year ending April 11, 1912. 8 p. St. Louis, Mo., 1910. Forest Education Graves, Henry Solon. The profession of forestry: 17 pi Wash. DUC; 19125 Gu: S.—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Circular 207.) Forest Legislation British Columbia—Legislative assembly. An act respecting forests and crown timber lands, and the conservation and preser- vation of standing timber, and the regu- lation of commerce in timber and prod- ucts of the forest. 52 p. Victoria, BG 902: Forest Description Maryland — Geological survey. Prince George’s county. 251 p. pl. .and atlas. Baltimore, 1911. CURRENT LITERATURE Forest Botany Trees; classification and description Perez, Georges V. Le Juniperus cedrus. 3 p. il. Paris, Société nationale d’horti- culture de France, 1912. Silvics Studies of species Harper, Roland M. The diverse habitats of the eastern red cedar and their interpre- tation. 10 p. N. Y., Torrey botanical club, 1912. United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Broadleaf maple; Acer macro- phylum: 74) p. Wash. D: C. 1912) CU. S.—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Silvical leaflet 51.) United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Oregon oak; Quercus garryana. Aa RON Ashe Di.) 19125, CU. S:——Denpt, of agriculture—Forest service. Silvical leaflet 52.) United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Red alder; Alnus oregona. 4 p. Wash., D. C., 1912. (CU. S—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Silvical leaflet 53.) United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Western hemlock; Tsuga hetero- Onyila, 6p: Wash. Ds C2) 1912. GU.'S: —Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Silvical leaflet 45.) Zederbauer, Emil. Versuche wber indivi- duelle auslese bei waldbaumen; 1. Pinus silvestris. 12 p. il, pl. Wien, W. Frick, 1912. Silviculture Planting Gollan, A. A. Afforestation. 5 p. Sydney, 1912. (New South Wales—Dept. of for- estry. Bulletin 2.) Hay, R. D. Re-afforestation. 4p. Sydney, 1912. (New South Wales—Dept. of for- estry. Bulletin 4.) Forest Protection Insects Forbes, Stephen A. Some important insects of Illinois shade trees and shrubs. 67 p. il. Urbana, Ill., 1911. (Illinois—Agri- cultural experiment station. Bulletin 151.) Diseases Forbes, Stephen A. What is the matter with the elms in Illinois? 22 p. il. Urbana, Ill., 1912. (Illinois—Agricultural experi- ment station. Bulletin 154.) Fire Plummer, Fred G. Lightning in relation to forest fires. 39 p. il., p. Wash., D. C.,, 1912. (U.. S—Dept. of agriculture— Forest service. Bulletin 111.) Forest Management Forest mensuration Maw, P. Trentham. Complete yield tables for British woodlands and the finance of British forestry. 108 p. London, C. Lockwood & Son, 1912. Tkachenko, M. Das gesetz des inhalts der baumstamme und seine bedeutung fur die massen—und sortimentstafeln. 23 p. Berlin, P. Parey, 1912. Range management United States — House — Congress — Com- mittee on public lands. Improvement and regulation of grazing on the public lands of the United States; hearings on H. R. 19857, May 3, 4, 7, 10 and 29, and July 29, 1912. 127 p. Wash., D. C., 1912. Forest Economics Statistics Lewis, R. G., comp. Forest products of Canada, 1911; tight and slack cooperage. 13 p. Ottawa, 1912. (Canada—Dept. of ae interior—Forestry branch. Bulletin Bile Switzerland—L/inspection fédérale des foréts. Produktion und verbrauch von nutzholz. —A. Ejinleitung: Einige statische angaben uber die forstlichen verhaltnisse der Schweiz. 77 p. maps. Zurich, 1912. (Schweizerische forstatistik, 3. lfg.) Forest Administration National and state forests Gibson, Henry H. Appalachian national for- est. 12 p. Chicago, Ill. Hardwood record, 1912. United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. The national forest manual; general administration and_ protection. Si pall) Wash Dai Ces1912) United States—Congress—House—Commit- tee on public lands. Consolidation of certain forest lands; hearings on senate bill 4745, Feb. 28 and PA MW LO Bop. MME IDE Oe eine Forest Engineering United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Instructions for the building and maintenance of telephone lines on the national forests. 54 p. il. Wash., IDE Cr uaiehiey Forest Utilization Wood technology Cline, McGarvey, and Heim, A. L. Tests of structural timbers. 123 p. il., pl., map. Wash., D. 'C, 1912. (U.S. Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Bulletin 108.) 754 AMERICAN Dunlap, Frederick. The specific heat of wood... 28sp.1l pk | Washs D(C 912; (U. S—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Bulletin 110.) Knapp, Joseph Burke. Fire-killed Douglas fir; a study of its rate of deterioration, usability and strength. 18 p. il. diagrs. Wash., D. C., 1912. (U. S—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Bulletin 112.) Wood preservation Powell wood-process syndicate. The Powell wood-process, for rapidly seasoning, pre- serving and improving wood, security against dry rot, protection against white ants and wood-destroying insects. 79 p. il. London, 1912. Teesdale, Clyde H. The absorption of creo- sote by the cell walls of wood. 7 p. il. Wash., D. C., 1912. (U. S—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Circular 200.) Winslow, Carlile P. Condition of experi- mental chestnut poles in the Warren- Buffalo and Poughkeepsie-Newton Square lines after five and eight years’ service. 1S al OV Sie 1s aie. oe GS —- Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Circular 198.) Auxiliary Subjects Conservation and natural resources Canada—Commission of conservation. Re- port of the third annual meeting held at Ottawa, Jan. 16, 1912. 154 p. pl., map. Ottawa, 1912. Michigan—Public domain commission. Joint conference of those interested in the conservation and development of the natural resources of Michigan, held June 12, 1912. 121 p. maps. Lansing, Mich., 1912. National parks United States—Congress—H ouse—Commit- tee on public lands. Western boundary of Yosemite national park; hearings, March 20, 1912, on H. R. 21954. 13 p. Wash, oC 1912: United States—Department of the interior— Office of the secretary. Sketch of Yosem- ite national park and an account of the origin of the Yosemite and Hetch Hetchy valleys. 47 p. il. Wash., D. C., 1912. United States—National park conference. Proceedings held at the Yellowstone national park, Sept. 11 and 12, 1911. 209 p. Wash., D. C., Gov’t printing office, 1912. Game protection Palmer, T. S. National reservations for the protection of wild life. 32 p. il. Wash., D. C., 1912. (U. S.—Dept. of agriculture —Biological survey. Circular 87.) FORESTRY Periodical Articles Miscellaneous periodicals Continental magazine, April, 1912.—The con- servation idea, by G. Grosvenor Dawe, p. 8-10; The forests of Minnesota, by Wm. T. Cox, p. 44-6. Country life in America, Sept. 1, 1912.— White pine conservation on the farm, by Phil M. Riley, p. 33-5. Country life in America, Oct. 1, 1912.— Caring for a farm woodlot, by Phil M. Riley, p. 35-6. Gardener’s chronicle, Aug. 24, 1912.—Mistle- toe in Shensi, by F. Kingdon Ward, p. 147-8. Hearst’s magazine, Aug. 1912.—Our doomed chestnut trees, by H. S. Williams, p. 102-3. Journal of the Association of engineering societies, Aug., 1912.—The value of saw- mill refuse as fuel in gas producers, by Chas. E. Snypp, p. 35-41. Philippine agricultural review, Sept., 1912— Shade trees for the Philinnines, by P. J. Wester, p. 480-7; Trees for street plant- ing, by Wm. S. Lyon, p. 496-501. Review of reviews, Oct., 1912—The Ever- glades of Florida, by Thomas E. Will, p. 451-6. Science, Aug, 30, 1912—Resins and _ their chemical relations to the terpenes, by G. B. Frankforter, p. 257-63. Scientific American, Sept. 21, 1912.—The mahagua tree as a source of fiber, p. 240; Cultivation of the true cinnamon, p. 242. Scientific American supplement, Sent. 7, 1912. —The conservation of snow; its depen- dence on forests and mountains, by J. E. Church, p. 152-5. Technical world magazine, Sept., 1912—To stop the waste of forest products, by Robert H. Moulton, p. 49-52. Trade journals and consular retorts American lumberman, Sept. 14, 1912—Guar- dianship of the public forests of British Columbia, by W. R. Ross, p. 41-2; Closer utilization of Pacific coast timber, by J. B. Knapp, p. 43-4; Methods of fores- try campaigning, by E. T. Allen, p. 44-5. American lumberman, Sept. 28, 1912—An analysis of observations at an Arkansas logging operation, by R. C. Bryant, p. 38-9; Relation of wire rope to the lumber business, p. 48; Doweled doors; an Eng- lish aspect, by W. J. Blackmur, p. 71. American lumberman, Oct. 5, 1912.—Forestry conditions in China, p. 30-1. American lumberman, Oct. 12, 1912.—Taxa- tion of timberland holdings, by W. H. Shippen, p. 39; The present situation of forestry, by Henry Solon Graves, p. 45-6; CURRENT LITERATURE 755 Development and status of wood preser- vation, by E. A. Sterling, p. 47-8. Barrel and box, Sept., 1912.—Various types of bread boxes, p. 51-2. Canada lumberman, Sept. 1, 1912.—Sorting and rafting on the Restigouche, p. 60-1; Nova Scotia’s domestic use of wood, by J. B. Whitman, p. 62; Forestry methods in province of Quebec, p. 67-8; The pulp and pulp-wood trade of Quebec, p. 69-70; Newfoundland’s timber and pulp trade, by M. S. Sullivan, p. 78-9; Typical small B. C. logging operation, by G. H. Prince, p. 90-2. Canada lumberman, Sept. 15, 1912.—Sacri- ficing pulpwood for Christmas trees, p. 28; Quebec’s timber and pulp resources, by Gebhard Willrich, p. 32; How to make hardwood business pay, by H. E. Miles, p. 36-8; Piano case wood, p. 53. Canada lumberman, Oct. 1, 1912—New Brunswick logging conditions, p. 32-5. Engineering news, Aug. 1, 1912—Wood in compression; bearing values for inclined cuts, by Malverd A. Howe, p. 90-1. Engineering record, Aug. 10, 1912.—The new Port Reading creosoting plant, n. 148-50. Furniture journal, Sept. 10, 1912—Best methods of laying floors, by Arthur Clausen, p. 51; Cork making an inter- esting process, p. 51. Furniture journal, Sept. 25, 1912.—Fashion’s favor in furniture; how fine cabinet woods are chosen, p. 62-3. Hardwood record, Sept. 10, 1912.—Red haw, p. 25-6; Natural durability of wood, by S. J. Record, p. 28-9; Crabwood and its uses, by C. D. Mell, p. 29; Use of blight- killed chestnut, by S. J. Record, p. 30-2; American white oak of quality, p. 35-47; Evolution in lumber seasoning, n. 49-50; Forest school, Michigan college, p. 51-2. Hardwood record, Sept. 25, 1912.—The principal shuttlewoods, p. 24-5; Manu- facture of meat blocks, p. 26; Prima vera and its uses, by C. D. Mell, p. 27; Save your sawdust, p. 27-8; Woods used in saw handles, by S. J. Record, p. 28; Dagame of commerce, by C. D. Mell, p. 29; In far-off Alaska, by Felix J. Koch, p. 29; Important Brazilian woods, by CG D. Mell, p. 31. Hardwood record, Oct. 10, 1912.—The manu- facture of wooden pipe, p. 23-4; Spring and summer wood, p. 25-6; What is padouk? by L. L. D., p. 27; The com- mercial spruces, p. 28-31; Japanese oak abroad, p. 31; The fuel value of wood, by S.J. Record, p. 32-3. Lumber trade journal, Sept. 15, 1912.— Methods of preparing wood block paving in France, by P. Labordere, p. 19. Lumber trade journal, Oct. 1, 1912.—The southern logger and forest fire protec- tion, by Henry Solon Graves, p. 20; Log- ging as an engineering science, by George M. Cornwall, p. 24-5; Recent develop- ment of the electric logging engine, by J. M. Matthews, p. 25; Comparative com- bative qualities of various preserving oils, by H. Lynn Beach, p. 26-7. Lumber world review, Sept. 25, 1912.—For- est surveys in timber land operations, by E. A. Sterling, p. 24-5. Pacific lumber trade journal, Sept. 1912.— How Philippine forests are being de- veloped and what they offer, by Charles Kirkwood, p. 41-2. Paper, Sept. 11, 1912.—The scientific manu- facture of sulphite pulp, by Chas. M. Bullard, p. 15-16. Paper, Sept. 18, 1912—Bamboo cellulose, by William Raitt, p. 22-5. Paper, Sept. 25, 1912.—The soda process for cellulose manufacture, by Edwin Suter- meister, p. 15-16; Grinding conditions affecting mechanical pulp. by McGarvey Cline and J. H. Thickens, p. 20-5. Paper, Oct. 9, 1912.—Water powers and for- ests of Wisconsin, by Chas. R. Van Hise and FE. M. Griffith, p. 20-3. St. Louis lumberman, Sept. 15, 1912—Timber resources of Arkansas, by Robert M. Hutchins, p. 22-3; Evolution in lumber seasoning, p. 57-8. Spokesman, Sept. 1912.—Cottonwood lumber and its progress, by J. W. Darling, p. 575-7. Timberman, Sept. 1912——Canadian forestry association holds 14th annual convention, p. 24-40. United States daily consular report, Sept. 16, 1912—Lumber market in Smyrna, by George Horton, p. 1403. United States daily consular report, Sept. 18, 1912. Shipping Jamaican hardwoods to the United States, by Julius D. Dreher, p. 1422-3. United States daily consular report, Sept. 23. 1912—New method of working timber in India, p. 1515. United States daily consular report, Oct. 9, 1912.—Growing use of Australian woods, p. 172. Wood craft, Oct. 1912.—Clock cases; their design and construction, by John Boving- don, p. 10-14; The olive wood of West Africa, by Charles Davis, p. 28. Forest journals Allgemeine forst-un jagd-zeitung, Aug, 1912. —Neuere erfahrungen tiber die anzucht einiger Juglandeen, by Rebman, p. 257-74. Allgemeine forst-und jagd-zeitung, Sept. 1912.—Plenterwald, by Martin Wernick, p. 293-310. 756 Boletin de bosques, pesca i caza, July, 1912. —Cortezas i taninos, p. 14-16; Las lec- ciones que se deducen de las inundaciones del Sena en Francia, p. 54-58. Boletin de bosques, pesca i caza, Aug., 1912. —El cipres de Monterey, o Cupressus macrocarpa, by Federico Albert, p. 73-87; Algunas definiciones silvicolas, by Ernes- to Maldonado, p. 87-93; El] servico for- estal en Rumania, by Federico Albert, p. 106-9. Bulletin de la Société centrale forestiére de Belgique, Sept. 1912.—Le boisement et le défrichement des terrains incultes dans la province d’Anvers, p. 524-32; L’ex- ploitation forestiére au Congo belge, p. 532-9; Expériences sur les essences ex- otiques en Prusse, by A. Schwappach, p. 539-48; Les arbres fétiches, by H. Frick, p. 566-8; Le bois de hétre, by Louis Testart, p. 568-72; Le sucre d’érable au Canada, by H. M. Nagant, p. 574-5. Forestry quarterly, Sept. 1912.—Standardiza- tion of instruction in forestry, p. 341-94; Ranger schools, by Henry Solon Graves, p. 395-8; Forest assistants in the Forest service, by Theodore S. Woolsey, p. 399- 401; Teaching students how to conserve energy, by S. B. Detwiler, p. 402-6; The application of scientific management to AMERICAN FORESTRY forestry, by Karl W. Woodward, p. 407- 16; European study for foresters, by A. B. Recknagel and Theodore S. Woolsey, p. 417-39; Forest types of Baden, by E. C. V. Gilman, p. 440-57; A method of investigating yields per acre in many- aged stands, by Herman H. Chapman, p. 458-69; Forestry on Indian reservations, by J. P. Kinney, p. 471-7; Utilization at the Menominee Indian ’ mills, Neopit, Wis., by Nelson C. Brown, p. 478-83; A working plan for western yellow pine lands in Central Colorado, by P. T. Coolidge, p. 484-94. Indian forest records, 1912—Report on the investigation of bamboo as material for production of paper-pulp, by W. Raitt, p. 1-37. Indian forester, Sept., 1912.—Silvicultural research from a financial standpoint, by R. S. Troup, p. 429-36; Fire protection in the tropics, by H. C. Walker, p. 436- 52; Forest fires, by R. S. Pearson, p. 452-5; Some facts about camphor, by Ambrose Warner, p. 485-9. Revue des eaux et foréts, Sept. 1, 1912.— Cylindrage mécanique des routes fores- tiéres de la Joux, by J. Thiollier, p. 513- 16; Le mouvement forestier a l’étranger; Finlande, by G. Huffel, p. 518-9. INDIA’S GREAT FORESTS The hill forests of the United Provinces and the Punjab in India hold very extensive stores of spruce with which is associated the well-known silver fir. Both these species yield timber somewhat similar to the European deal, which is used for planking, tea boxes, packing cases, and shingles. If creosoted the timber should be suitable for railway sleepers. It would yield enormous quantities of cheap planking, and there is little doubt that the wood both of the Himalayan spruce and silver fir would be excellent for the manufacture of matches and for paper pulp. The trees grow to a very large size, with a girth of 20 feet, and a height of 200 feet is by no means uncommon. AUSTRALIA’S IMPORTATIONS During 1911 Australia imported from the United States timber valued at $13,850,000, compared with $10,470,000 during 1910. During the earlier year that country exported tim- ber valued at $4,840,000, compared with $5,105,000 during 1911. Of the forest products im- ported during 1911 wood and manufacturers of wood imported from the United States amounted to $9,658,282, compared with $8,786,580 in 1910. AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS YALE FOREST SCHOOL NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT The course of study in the YALE FOREST SCHOOL covers a period of two years. Graduates of collegiate institutions of high standing are admitted as candidates for the degree of Master of Forestry. The Summer Term is conducted at MILFORD, PIKE COUNTY, PENNA. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ADDRESS JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director NEW HAVEN CONNECTICUE HARVARD UNIVERSITY | BILTMORE SCHOOL OF FORESTRY | | FOREST SCHOOL Biltmore, N. C. Offers a two-years’ graduate course Theoretical and practical in- leading to the degree of Master of struction in all branches of ap- Forestry. plied forestry. ™he course comprises eighteen The course includes upward of six months; viz: twelve consecutive f : . months of lectures and field work months field instruction and practical : § ; ; ; and six months of practical experience in the annual operations on preuticeahay: the Harvard Forest, Petersham, Mass. ‘ ; Working fields in the South- ern Appalachians, in the Lake States and in central Germany. For further particulars address | | Catalogue upon Application RICHARD T. FISHER, Chairman, Cambridge, Mass. Dr. C. A. SCHENCK, Director In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN FORESTRY JAMES D. LACEY WOOD BEAL VICTOR THRANE ARE Interested in SOUTHERN or PACIFIC COAST Timber? We furnish detailed reports as to the QUALITY of the timber, average lengths and number of trees on each 40-acre subdivision. We submit reports covering details as to logging conditions, cost and most feasible methods of logging each 40-acre or sectional subdivision of each tract. We alse furnish a TOPOGRAPHICAL map of all tracts located in mountainous districts, showing every elevation of 100 feet throughout the tract with OUR OWN engineer’s report showing locations of most feasible routes and grades for logging roads. We can furnish sufficient data regarding ANY tract of timber which we have examined to convince you whether the tract is just what you want or not. Personal inspection of any tract we may offer you will be found just as represented. We are in a position to offer some exceedingly attractive TIMBER properties in the SOUTH, in BRITISH COLUMBIA, and on the PACIFIC COAST. Also a few going mill operations with ample timber supplies in the South, We furnish detailed reports of amount of STUMPAGE on each 2 1-2- 5- or 10- acre subdivision of each forty. We employ expert PACIFIC COAST CRUISERS to check all estimates made on Western Timber. We offer HIGH-CLASS Timber Properties only, which have been placed in our hands for sale. We can convince you that our estimates are reliable. JAMES D. LACEY & CO. (ESTABLISHED SINCE 1880) 1211 Whitney/Central Bldg. 1104 Spalding Bldg. 1009 White Bldg. 1215 Old Colony New Orleans Portland, Ore. Seattle Chicago NATIONAL CAPITAL PRESS, eg pS eee 2 Oe 8 eed ——— —- St es eee - ee —— ew ae ye) tent Tyg ee ~~“ AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS PRICE, $3.00, INCLUDING DELIVERY ; Both Hemispheres are on — /\ the disc—opposite sides—in © Hangs flat on the wall E or side of your desk, out of [+ the way until wanted *% evenshowing steamship lines and distances ro LES Sa 28 inches in Diameter The National Geographic Magazine Readers and the Geographic Flat Globe E The Geographic Flat Globe is the most useful and complete globe ever produced and is endorsed by every one. It has one complete hemisphere on each side of the disc, 28 inches _ in diameter, showing the co-relation of the earth’s surface with the latitude and longitude Ng exactly preserved; in fact, it is exactly what you have always needed in your home and office. A ball globe of this size would cost about $200.00 and take up as much room as a el) | piano, whereas the Geographic Flat Globe hangs on the wall or on the side of the desk, can © be rolled and kept in its tube or in a drawer, ready for instant reference. It is splendidly — executed in colors, produced on a tough, flexible composition board, and will last a lifetime. — The price, carriage paid, is $3.00, and satisfaction is guaranteed or money refunded. iv RO THE GEOGRAPHIC FLAT GLOBE CO., Room 216 Maryland Building, WASHINGTON, D. C. — i 1) Lies JOHN WILEY & SONS _ London: CHAPMAN & HALL, Limited | 43 and 45 East 19th Street, NEW YORK CITY — Montreal, Canada: RENOUF PUB. CO. | SECOND EDITION, REWRITTEN AND ENLARGED ELLIOTT—Engineering for Land Drainage. A manual for the Reclamation | of Lands Injured by Water. By Cuartes GLEASON Exniort, C. E., Chief | of Drainage Investigations, U. S. Department of Agriculture; Member American Society of Civil Engineers; Author of “Practical Farm Drainage.” 12mo, xvi+339 pages, 60 figures. Cloth, $2.00 net. HAWLEY—HAWES—Forestry in New England. A Handbook of Eastern | Forest Management. By RaypH CuHipmMaAN Haw rey, M.F., Assistant | Professor of Forestry, Yale University, and Austin Foster Hawes, M.F., | State Forester of Vermont and Professor of Forestry, University of Ver- | mont. 8vo, xv-+479 pages, 140 figures, principally half tones, and 2 colored © maps. Cloth, $3.50 net. | RECORD-—ldentification of the Economic Woods of the United States. | Including a Discussion of the Structural and Physical Properties of Wood. | By SAMuEL J. Recorp, M.A., M.F., Assistant Professor of Forest Products, |_ Yale University. 8vo, vii+117 pages, illustrated with figures in the text, | _ and 7 full-page half-tone plates. Cloth, $1.25 net. ie sl) BOWMAN-—Forestry Physiography. Physiography of the United States and | Principles of Soils in Relation to Forestry. By Isatan Bowman, Ph.D., | _ Assistant Professor of Geography in Yale University. 8vo, xxii+-759 pages. — 292 figures (many full.pages) and 6 plates (3 printed in color, including a — 2 | | New Geologic Map of North America). Cloth, $5.00 net. — rae be < American Forestry The Magazine of the American Forestry Association PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD HeRMAN H. CHAPMAN FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL ERNEstT A. STERLING JoHN E. RHODES S. T. DANA S. N. SPRING December CONTENTS 1912 Re DIN EN G=—bBye VWeadk. Browm—.+-_.-. 12-22-2220 s2_ 2 eee 757 With nine illustrations. FASS IES Se Mon, ale ecn Eh A\Wieos oa ee ee eee 768 PAPER MILLS AND FORESTRY IN CANADA—By Elwood Wilson_---_--__-=--__ 769 With four illustrations. MUMICh2 Aly HORE S LDRY=<—By Prot. Nelson’ ©. Brownzs-____---_=--2-22-__ 22 2 ee U7 With five illustrations. THE FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE FORESTER OF MINNE- SOMPA—IB 7. LPR OMES BS MC S(O) 0 ea a ee ea eo aD 783 With eleven illustrations. EV ebes eAcnh sAS SO ClAUITON: MRE TING=22 2-2-9 oe ee 794 With one illustration. PAPE Se GE R=—by AG. Jacksomis.2.- <-224.5-) a ec ee 797 With three illustrations. CONSERVATION REALIZED IN MASSACHUSETTS—By Harris A. Reynolds_--_ 800 WESTERN FORESTRY AND CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION MEETING_--- 802 NATIONAL FOREST RESERVE IN WEST VIRGINIA—By J. A. Viquesney__---- 803 DANGER TO THE NATIONAL FOREST POLICY—By Henry S. Graves________-__ 805 LACE OE? CIDR RIN WARS Beal Ps] DS pe Se SE ee eT Te ek 807 CORE SHO IN Sh AUN Dio AINIS WU Ris is eee ee eee 809 COD IVINTPIN Come eo eT aIN SG ee We CU ee es Ae 809 STATE NEWS— Rhode. island ease os = a eS 810 Oregon 221 3*2.) 2-0 ss eee 812 Wight) 2s See eee ee, eee eee 810 Maryland 2.222242.) $3. 3 eee 812 IBGNNSULVATIIA ype n> ee oe oe ee ee ee 810 Michigan: if: 52202205 2oh2 323 eee 812 EROTIC) oes Se = eee ee ee ee ee st 810 Wisconsin (a0 22" 22S ee 813 HVIESSACHTISCLUG tenes ee ee er 810 Ohio. 2222-25 222- 3) SS eee 813 AUR ae: See ee eee ae et ee 811 Venmont,/ 22.2522. 253 ee 813 Warne Carolina = 32S). ee Se A ee 811 California=2- 2.222" = > eee 814 PER UN OSS. ee ee ce ee le eo ek a ee 815 (CIRRUS Neila RAT CURBS 2 ae ee ee Ss $16 AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, two dollars per year; single copies, twenty cents. Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Post-office at Washington, under the Act of March 38, 1879. 7f of The American Forestry Association OFFICERS FOR 1912 President HON. ROBERT P. BASS, Governor of New Hampshire Vice-Presidents KE. T. ALLEN, Oregon Forester, Western Forestry and Conservation Association JOSHUA L. BAILY, Pennsylvania Merchant FREDERICK A. DELANO, Illinois President, Wabash Railroad Company DR. HENRY S. DRINKER, Pennsylvania President, Lehigh University DR. CHARLES W. ELIOT, Massachusetts President Emeritus Harvard University DR. B. E. FERNOW, Canada Dean of Forestry University of Toronto W. W. FINLEY, District of Columbia President, Southern Railway Company HON. WALTER L. FISHER, District of Colum- bia, Secretary of the Interior HON. DAVID R. FRANCIS, Missouri Ex-Governor of Missouri HENRY S. GRAVES, Washington D. C. Chief of the Forest Service HON. CURTIS GUILD, Massachusetts Ambassador to Russia EVERITT G. GRIGGS, Washington President, National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association HON. HIRAM JOHNSON, California Governor of California BRYAN LATHROP, Illinois Chairman, Chicago Park Commission HON. GIFFORD PINCHOT, Washington, D. C. HON. THEODORE ROOSEVELT, New York DR. J. T. ROTHROCK, Pennsylvania Secretary, Pennsylvania State Forest Reser- vation Commission DR. FILIBERT ROTH, Michigan Dean of Forestry, University of Michigan DR. CHARLES R. VAN HISE, Wisconsin President, University of Wisconsin DR. ROBERT S. WOODWARD, Washington, D. C., President, Carnegie Institution Treasurer OTTO LUEBKERT, Washington, D. C., American Audit Company Executive Secretary P. S. RIDSDALE, 1410 H Street N. W., Washington, D. C. Assistant Secretary J. A. P. FARNHAM, Washington, D. C. Directors HON. ROBERT P. BASS, New Hampshire Governor of New Hampshire W. R. BROWN, New Hampshire President, New Hampshire Forestry Commis- sion HERMAN H. CHAPMAN, Connecticut Professor of Forestry, Yale Forest School JOHN FE. JENKS, Washington, D. C. Editor, Army & Navy Register CHESTER W.-_LYMAN, New York International Paper Company ; OTTO LUEBKERT, Washington, D. C. American Audit Company CHARLES LATHROP PACK, New Jersey THOMAS NELSON PAGE, Washington, D. C. CHARLES F. QUINCY, New York ERNEST A. STERLING, Pennsylvania, Forest and Timber Engineer SAMUEL N. SPRING, Connecticut. State Forester JOSEPH N. TEAL, Oregon Chairman, Oregon Conservation Commission FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL, Pennsylvania Lumber Merchant J. B. WHITE, Missouri President, National Conservation Congress JOHN L. W EAVER, Washington, D. C. Real Estate Broker Auditors E. A. STERLING, Pennsylvania Cc. F. OUINCY, New York Advisory Board, Representing Affiliated Organizations Yellow Pine Manufacturers’ Association JOHN L. KAUL, Birmingham, Ala. N. W. McLEOD, St. Louis, Mo. H. H. WHELESS, Shreveport, La. National Wholesale Lumber Dealers’ Association ROBT. C. LIPPINCOTT, Philadelphia, Pa. Bee W. HIGBIFE, New York City. Ow eS: Buffalo, INS Northern Pine Manufacturers’ Association SMITH, Minneapolis, Minn. WILLIAM IRVINE, Chippewa Falls, Wis. . E. WEYERHAEUSER, St. Paul, Minn. Massachusetts Forestry Association NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, Milton, Mass. FREDERIC J. CAULKINS, Boston, Mass. HARRIS A. REYNOLDS, Cambridge, Mass. Lumbermen’s Exchange J. RANDALL WILLIAMS, JR., Philadelphia, Pa. oe ee S. UNDERHILL, Philadelphia, Pa. ROBERT C. LIPPINCOTT, Philadelphia, Pa. National Association of Box Manufacturers B. W. PORTER, Greenfield, Mass. S. B. ANDERSON, Memphis, Tenn. _ ROBT. A. JOHNSON, Minneapolis, Minn. Carriage Builders’ National Association H. C. McLEAR, Wilmington, Del. D. T. WILSON, New York Cc. D. FIRESTONE, Columbus, Ohio Boston Paper Trade Association. N. M. JONES, Lincoln, Maine JOHN FE. A. HUSSEY, Boston, Mass. ARTHUR L. HOBSON, Boston, Mass. Philadelphia Wholesale Lumber Dealers’ eels ee e G. KAY, Philadelphia, P.: RANDALL WILLIAMS. TR., Philadelphia, Pa. b. FRANKLIN BETTS, Philadelphia, Pa. New Hampshire Timberland Owners’ Association W. H. BUNDY, Boston, Mass. FRANK P. THOMAS, Rumford, Maine ¥. H. BILLARD, Berlin, New Hampshire American Forestry VOL. XVIII DECEMBER, 1912 ; . No. 12 RIVER DRIVING By W. R. Brown HE latter part of April is a time of suppressed excitement from the general manager down to the last “river hog.” At almost any mo- ment over the ‘phone may come a call from some camp watch far up in the wilderness that the ice is going out, the streams are opening up and there is a good “driving pitch’ or “head of water” bank full, which means that the logs can be floated and men should be rushed to take advantage of the freshet. Word is quickly passed to walking bosses, clerks, toters and wangin men, and the various foremen start their straw bosses on a hustle through the boarding houses and saloons known as “blind pigs,’ to gather up the “white water’ men for their particular “wangin,’ and straighten out many a timber jack, who for the last two or three weeks, since returning from the winter camps, has been industriously liquifying his roll. As rolls are by this time scarce, and borrowing precarious, it is now only a question with “Jack” whether to go with the short drive as a “river hog” or “joker,’ and so return in the minimum time to the Elyseum Fields, or hire out as a crackerjack “white water” man on the “long route.” Meanwhile a warm April drizzle falls from under a leaden sky, and the news spreads like “pay day” that there is good driving on Kennebago. All the previous winter the silent flakes had been piling up a deep blanket of purest white under the thickly shaded hillsides, and solid floors of ice had been ®—accumulating back in the dismal swamps © as reservoirs for the coming flood. During the bright, sunny days of March ~_the warm breath of Spring came to DEC touch and invisibly dissipate the great drifts, and later a series of hot days and warm nights in April breathed deep upon the still white carpet in the green woods, which could almost be seen to settle into a litter-strewn yel- lowish mass through which roots and stones pushed their heads and the wet branches of fallen trees glistened in the sun. Each complaining, imprisoned stream burst from its wintry sleep in a torrent that rose and fell as the frost of night succeeded the warmth of day, and dashed away to the lakes or rivers below, piling up sparkling walls of ice along each bank. The logs piled in deep tiers on the banks, or across the icy back of the brook, tremble with fet- tered energy, needing only a touch to send them rolling downstream on the breast of the rising torrent. From the little stream they float to the larger river, possibly across sveral lakes, and finally, joined by many thousand more from other tributaries, form one large body in the still waters above some mill. To gather them all safely in fills two exciting months of the river driver’s life, and the moment for departure is eagerly awaited. The expert driver is an interesting but disappearing type of American fron- tiersman. He first is seen as he sallies forth from the company’s store, where he has been trusted for an outfit, sport- ing a pair of laced shoes with long caulks or spikes in the soles, to give a footing on the rolling logs; heavy pants not yet “staggered’—that is, torn off below the knee to afford greater ease in running about over the logs—and held up by a brass-studded belt; a red flan- nel shirt and felt hat, a meal sack 757 LIBRA! NEW YO BOTANIC GARDE 758 AMERICAN FORESTRY MEMBERS OF A FRENCH thrown over one shoulder with a change of “dunnage,” and a copious pipe to complete the outfit. The meal sack, known as a “Kennebecker,” because first used on that river, contains two small potatoes, one in each corner, around each of which and the mouth ropes are tied to form a knapsack. This is filled with what is known as “wangin,’ a change of clothes, and those a Johnny Cananel are soon sur- reptitiously ovrehauled by the cook to confiscate the offensive and evil-smell- ing tobacco, which the native Canadian delights to raise and smoke and which, it is said, will locate him for miles. The drive finally takes its start from the front of the company’s store in a long farm wagon, across the sides of which boards serve for seats and which is soon crowded to overflowing with forty or fifty river drivers. With a great crack of the toter’s long whip, the six heavy horses start with it up river, a tardy candidate appearing at the eleventh hour and racing wildly after the disappearing van, helped on by the AND INDIAN CAMP CREW. efficacy of many waving bottles. Hilarious and pugnacious, the crew rolls along for a day or more, by farm land and settlement, until at last at the “Jumping off” place, a sobering walk of fifteen miles through the melting snow knee deep, brings them to the “landing” or scene of ode where is either a deserted winter logging camp, or a few white tents pitched in ‘the snow around a roaring fire. Here what is known as the is started. Many tiers of logs, rolled ten deep, have been piled, end for end, down the bed of the brook, through and under which the rising water eurgles and roars, and it takes but little loosening to send glut after glut quickly on its way down “the stream. This is comparatively easy, and the qualities which go to make up the real river driver do not appear until a clear chan- nel is effected and work upon the open water begins. ‘Then latent forces come into action; each man’s skill and expe- rience is at the test in contention with the might of nature ; courage is opposed “rear - RIVER DRIVING 59 to chance, and the ever-hovering sable wings of death. A day with the river drivers at this time may be full of inci- dent, and we have chosen as character- istic, and the cause of much comment, a race between the Swift and Dead Diamond drives in the year of 1900. It was betimes that gray morning that we rolled over in our warm spreads to the prolonged and artistic ‘“’T-U-R-N O-U-T” of the “cookee,” that omni- present assistant to the cook, which would have shamed the Angel Gabriel, as it swelled out into a high-pitched scream. Outside the big open fire was crack- ling loudly, and the gruff comments and yawns of the men mingled with the rat- tle of tin dishes. Although assured of the lateness of the hour by the tin clock in the cook’s tent, we could just see a thin, white streak of dawn growing visible in the starry heavens above the black cathedral spires fretting the ridge of the eastern hills. This incident of the clock, set ahead quietly by the cook the previous evening, although time- J SSIS MOF IDES (OND WATER honored and well known to all, evinced on the part of the boss the evident desire to avoid the appearance of crowding, but did not prevent a thin, gray, crescent moon from throwing her frosty light over a scene not lacking in the elements of the picturesque. Our tents had been pitched in a _ gorge between two hills which rose above us, silent and mystical in their primeval forest vastness. ‘The little river, in dim outline beneath us, flowed through a now disused dam, whose posts and piers were faintly visible in the silvery mist between the cliff walls, where the water gurgled and boiled. Our tents, four in number, stood around an open fire, each shining white and faintly luminous, like some spectral thing, by the dim rays of a single lantern. In sharp relief, and ruddy against the fire, the various pots and kettles of that autocrat, the cook, boiled and simmered on many jointed “S” hooks at various heights above the blaze, while at each side tin bakers filled with browning pans of warm biscuit caught the full glow of the ruddy logs, DAM. FROM THE 760 AMERICAN FORESTRY SLUICING LOGS AT A DAM. and crackling sparks peppered the soft tops with a steady bombardment. At last,. with a final shift or two of the pans, to even up each one’s share of sparks, that “stomach burglar,’ com- monly known as a cook, with a deft twist, turned each pan upside-down on the board table, and offered for our delectation that steaming creation tech- nically called ‘“sinkers.” At this signal to ‘fall to,” the dim forms of the river drivers moved, tin plate in hand, around the fire, seeking their turn at the various pails and pans, a cookee stand- ing meanwhile at each side with steam- ing kettles of tea to fill their proffered cups, each calling out the while the exceeding great merit of his own decoc- tion over that of his comrade, and embellishing his claim for attention by serving up in fancy all kinds of favorite drinks, both to show their whereabouts in the dark mass of fig- ures and to relieve the tense gloom of the men. Beyond their frequent calls, like guiding bells in a fog, nothing but low murmurs were heard, for the river driver commonly arises stiff and sore and eats his mince pie with his “hat on.’ Neither is he given to joking until his sore feet have become accustomed to the stiffened and cold driving shoes in the softening influence of the water, and the boss is at such times some- times referred to as “Bruin,” on account of the growl which he hands out to some would-be deserter in pointed ref- ~ erence to their past, present and future characters and possible condition. That they are stiff and sore is not to be won- dered at, for all the previous day they had been waist deep in icy water from early dawn to twilight, and had tramped through the snow and slush in the gloaming back to camp, and, after a hasty change of wet for dry nether gar- ments, had crawled in between the _ spreads to rest, dry out and sleep all that was possible; which to the tender- foot was not a large item, due to the tuneful notes emanating from the more hardened. As the river mists lift to the hill tops like a gauzy veil, one by one, the men disappear down the dark road where it wound cavernous beneath the roof of RIVER DRIVING 761 “BOOMING OUT” AT A DAM. firs, the sparks fly far up above the trees to mingle with the few remaining stars, and we sit by the fire in privilege alone, save for the now silent cookees, who steal about collecting the scattered plates and dishes, and for a few mo- ments we linger to drink in the wild- ness of the solitude and the splendid breath of the new day crimsoning the east. The stream we were driving was called the Diamond, which separates near its mouth into two branches, the Swift and the Dead, the first of which it was our duty to clear, and our en- deavor was to drive our rear past the point of juncture before a rival crew on the other branch could arrive. Telephone lines which met at a com- mon central below and ran on trees along each stream, kept us in constant information as to the progress of the other crew, and on the day in question, owing to their equal nearness, a close race was promised. The natural rivalry of the two bosses during many previous seasons brought each of them a fair share of victories; enough to create the liveliest interest in the success of this drive, and their eagerness spread to the other men in a desire for the first place this year. Our boss, his beard grey in the woods service, was a short, wiry little man of dynamic energy, and tireless and fiery in disposition and in his treatment of the men. Knowing every rock and eddy in his particular stream, he was like it, quick and impetuous in action, and when stirred to a high pitch, capable of great things but liable to unforeseen rocks and jagged corners. His rival, on the other hand, was immense of stature and ponderous, of equal age, will and experience, but careful and circumspect in disposition, relying more on well- laid plans than on the opportunity of the moment, and well suited to his stream, which flowed deep and still for many miles in a flat and alder country and, when not overcharged with floods, carried the logs evenly and smoothly to its mouth. It was jokingly said of him “that he could run logs on a heavy dew,” but should the rising floods swell above the low banks, the logs would, in every direction and in the most perverse way, twist as if alive and “gill-poke” into every “logan” and estuary. Both men had a small coterie of old hands who followed their fortunes year by year and upon whom they put the most important work, who tended dam or telephone, watched gorge or eddy, ready to blow up with rend-rock a quick-forming jam, or were to be relied upon wherever especial diligence and alacrity was demanded. With such a nucleus, a various and motley crew had been gathered together, composed of every nationality and color, the body of whom possessed a certain swing and balance that bespoke the woodsman, but inevitably containing some specimens of the “farmer” and “gill-poke” variety, soon to be weeded out by a process of “white water’ isolation. ‘The retribu- tion of such incompetents, taken along on their sole statement of ability, was swift and certain when the logs, being all rolled in from the landings on the banks, began to run in quick water and their awkwardness became apparent, or CT eee ee is Po TET PRLF2 Ps, AMERICAN FORESTRY they were found hugging the shore, not being able to “cuff them out” with the others. Immediately they would be spotted by the irate boss, followed by an invitation to see the clerk about “time,” and started with little due them on a long walk back to the settlements from which they had so lately come in teams as “white water,” ‘‘crack-a-jack” drivers. We had but four miles to drive to reach the mouth of our stream, and conflicting rumors had reached us over the telephone of the whereabouts of the other rear, sent out apparently to avoid disclosure and lull the immediate activ- ity of our division. But after a careful estimate of the situation, held in front of the fire in the evening, it was decided that to be at all safe, a special effort must be made to reach the conflux of the brooks the following day. It was given out among the crew that the rival crew would surely be there and that their only hope rested on a few hours. Immediately a messenger was sent off into the darkness to carry LOGS GOING OVER A DAM ON THE WAY TO THE MILL. RIVER DRIVING 763 A “WING” the word many miles above to the great pond dam to lift all the gates at mid- night and allow the imprisoned body of water stored there to rush down in a flood that would reach us by dawn and furnish the power to raise and loosen the tightly snarled “jams” and ‘“‘wings.” One day alone could be drawn from this reservoir, and that exhausted, the golden opportunity would be lost, so all the hostages possible having been given to fortune and the dim twinkle of the messenger’s lantern having danced to nothing among the trees, we at length follow the tired crew and await the events of the coming momentous day. Not many minutes had we reached the banks that gray morning and the men scarcely taken their first cold plunge, when far above came a long, low rumble on the wind, accompanied by a faint intonation of the booming of logs, and the word was passed around that the “head” was coming. Little by little, the roar of the surging water seeking an outlet increased in volume, and the deeper notes of the great butts resounded like cannon. Up a clear stretch of stream from our vantage point a thin, silvery line of water glis- tened first and rapidly grew into a dark flood wall, upon the face of which a seething mass of sticks tumbled over and over and swept everything before them. Loose logs, caught up by the rapidly hurrying water, ran continu- ously where the current was swiftest and were soon borne to the front as the shores retarded the side water, causing them to outrun the flood itself and charge again and again to the shal- lows as if taking a fortress. Instinctively we drew back as this pounding mass rushed by, and then all hands to work with a will on the now floating and impatient “wings,” trem- bling with vibrant energy. -Here the men ran, unloading a log or twisting one there, until, of a sudden, the front of the “wing” gave way, and a quick scramble for shore ensued from off the moving pile as it slowly unrolled in the quickening water. Often there was not even time to reach the shore, and a few were seen performing to the best of their ability a lively sample of footwork on the largest stick obtainable, their cant-dog used for a balancing pole and 764 carried rapidly perforce downstream, until some favoring eddy offered a quick jump to the shore. Or often a “center’ being loosened from off a sunken boulder, a man or two would be left, knee deep, on a pedestal of rock, unable even to turn around, and obliged to stand there for long minutes like dis- consolate cranes, waiting with what pa- tience he possessed the arrival of the bateaux and rescue. A great shout and laughter goes up from the men on shore as some unlucky fellow rides by, his log rolling quietly back and forth as it runs through the curling waves, and many sallies enliven his interest to keep uppermost, such as requests for dry matches, to close the door after him when he goes in, or carry their respects to the muskrats, etc. One man who persisted in wearing a derby hat, because he claimed it shed water better than the usual felt, was soon called ‘Beaver’ from the spec- tacle he presented when, having lost his balance and gone in off a breaking glut, nothing was visible of him but the crown of his hat bobbing along on the waves toward the bank. Many a narrow chance is taken by such men when, clinging to some log, they are drawn swiftly sideways upon a “wing” and, taught by experience or observa- tion, extend full length upon the top of the water to avoid the under-tow, which would draw them in, as it often does some poor fellow, never to emerge again until the “wing” is rolled away. In such a case they shoot out over the top before the oncoming logs crush them as ina vise. In a predicament of this kind.a certain wag of the camp, being in a condition of equal unstability and jollity, came up beneath a floating log so that his head and feet protruded on each side. As the men hastened in the bateau to extricate him from his dan- gerous position, he sung out to them: “Never ye mind me, but ketch that poor devil standing on his head there be- yont.”’ In the stiller water downstream, where loose sticks float during the night and form in gluts, deer have been found strangled by the oncoming logs while attempting to swim across. It is the danger that gives zest to the AMERICAN FORESTRY work, the fascination of meeting and conquering Nature in her wildest form, a comradeship with the tree on its last long journey to oblivion, that calls to the woodsman each spring with an in- explicable power, once felt, never wholly to leave, like the thrill of the Alpine climber or the control of great speed. Many an expression betrays this as the loneliness of the river after the logs are gone or the cheers and excite- ment in the running. This tenseness of interest carries men along without fatigue for many hours, unconscious of their exposure in the interest of the advance, and end being always in view, while constant opportunities for for- warding the whole body in brilliant in- dividual work appeals to their personal pride. It is this tendency to do some- thing brilliant that has constantly to be checked in operation for the surety of combined effort over spasmodic, unor- ganized work is nowhere so evident. A good illustration of this was going on before us. From bank to bank the stream was full for some hundred yards back with a tight tangle, and near the shore, to one side, a crew of ten men were quietly working as one man under the experienced leadership of a sub- boss. Arduously they worked a chan- nel along the shore, although here the logs lay dry and hard. Out in the cen- ter, where the whole mass was a-trem- ble and gave every appearance of break- ing apart in a moment, two men were trying first one log and then another, seeking the key which held. For a moment they seemed successful as the jam settled, only to come up hard again on the selfsame obstruction, till, ° of a sudden, a cheer broke the air from the men at the side, and, sighting over the top of the pile, it was seen to be slowly moving downstream, and the heaping logs, wedged together in a “nose hole” until now, flattened out to the sides in the channel, and shouting to “keep her going,” all together the men pushed with might and main and used their cantdogs for bunters between shore and the edges of the squeezing and groaning raft, till at length, due to the gathering momentum, all uncer- tainty was over, and onto the broad RIVER DRIVING 765 LOGS ON THE ICE back of the jam, some of the men, to celebrate their victory, like their Indian ancestry of old, danced up and down with yells of triumph before running for the shore. Our force was divided into two equal crews to take the rear on each bank, and a shout would be exchanged across the water as one crew passed the other and obtained temporary advan- tage. Behind all, in a bateau, the “rear” boss, with a long pole over his arm, caught any straggling logs and rescued any stranded men and was relied on to leave the shore clean as he passed. About eight o’clock, on a_ small promontory which commanded _ the river, a thin column of smoke was seen ahead, showing where the “first lunch” was pitched, and the clarion tones of the cookee, in a prolonged tone, echoed, first up and then down stream, for “Tunch-o-o-o-n,” and at once, from far and near, his cry was carried along the turns until the farthest man “tending out” received the welcome news. Won- derfully quick over logs and through swamps, the men made their way to where the steaming kettle of beans and the buckets of biscuits and sweet- JUST BEFORE THE SPRING FRESHET. stuffs formed an inviting circle to their hungry gaze, and, with hands and tin plates heaped high and a cup full of tea from the kettle of the ever-circulating cookee, they throw themselves on the ground and enjoy to the full a few minutes of rest and the satisfaction of a ravenous appetite. Then, when a pipe was lighted and well going, the boss first and the most ambitions second, shoulder their cantdogs and file off again to work. We had come two miles since early dawn. Below was Ellingwood Falls, a long, narrow gorge for a quarter of a mile or more, whose ragged cliffs rose sheer from where the water ran swift as a sluice, and ragged boulders and sharp turns, made famous for jams, ended in a flat shallow at the foot. Upon this, up-ended and bunched, logs hung and gathered and refused to be floated. Years before, “abutment sheers” had lined the way and an “apron dam” or two across some ugly pools had served to mitigate the worse places, but most of these had long since rotted or worn away, and, all together, it was an ill-omened and treacherous place. ‘T'radition had it that one drive, 766 AMERICAN FORESTRY before the days of telephones, had been “hung” upon a jam at the foot, while a messenger was on his way above, fill- ing the whole length with a tangled mass, and before it could be picked apart a good week had slipped by, to- gether w ith the best of the spring water, and the bleaching logs had to be “hung up” to await the return of another year. A few, only, of the men were chosen to “rear” this difficult part, while the rest went below. This was a fine place to. watch the more expert and adven- turous. A quick and, for the moment, exciting incident occurred before us which was the means of saving one unlucky man’s life, but otherwise unno- ticed by the principals. A driver was out alone in some particularly rapid water upon a “center” putting down a charge of dynamite tied to a long pole. He had lighted the fuse, about a foot long, and estimated to give him time to retreat, and had jammed the sputtering stick to its full length beneath the tan- gle and turned to run for the shore, when, by some mischance, his foot slipped and he sprawled full length upon the quivering timbers. We ex- pected each moment to see him go sky- ward above the heavy charge, when, like a flash, a short Irishman, named Crowley, made a desperate leap to the jam, caught him as he ran by the collar, jerking him to his feet, and together they barely reached the shore when off went the charge, throwing up great junks to the tree tops and raising a per- fect geyser of water. The jam lifted as if live and rushed pell mell down- stream, while unconcernedly, as if nothing happened, the two men turned to the woods and sought a crossing below. If thanks were ever extended, it was probably in the settlements later, when the little Irishman himself, strapped, might live for days or weeks on the good- Sill of his comrades, for Jack is commonly altogether free- SAGAN ) LOGS ARRIVING AT A SAWMILL AFTER THE RIVER TRIP. RIVER DRIVING 767 handed when off duty and believes in a short life and a merry one. Our advance guard had done their work well, and the thin walls left at the front, where the wings had Jain, crumble at a touch and vanish down- stream, so that, after an hour’s hard work, this difficult part of the river was clean and the forward march taken up again with new vim. Hardly from this point could we follow the winding shore or detour around some intercept- ing bayou fast enough to keep abreast of the moving “rear,’ and after an unusually long advance, would come out upon some point where a long view was to be had of the river, only to see far above us a thin line of forms filing along the shore like Indian warriors, partially hidden in the intercepting foliage, or again, on nearer approach, like their enemies, the stern Puritan musketeers, marching with matchlocks over the shoulders, as the cantdogs shone in the sun. The long shadows of the pointed firs were creeping fast up the eastern bank of the stream when the rattle and clamp of the camp outfit 1s heard ap- proaching through the stillness of the evening wood. ‘Soon it drew in sight, piled high and well corded upon a large dray, sounding along the road to the merry tinkle of the pails and pans and passes us drawn by four straining horses. The men exchange shouts with the “toter’ and a retinue of camp fol- lowers, whose appearance augured well for the advance, nor could “they now turn back, for was it not to be set up at the very mouth of our stream and goal of victory? Following it ahead to the forks, no immediate sign was seen of the other drive but a messenger who had been sent ahead secretly as a scout reported them at great endeavor not far away. ‘Thither we turned to estimate chances. Their progress had been slow but sure. Each winding turn and “pole logan” had been sy stematically searched and the logs therein gathered into rafts, towed out and sent adrift in the main channel. Their certainty of arriving that night had-been figured out to a nicety and no possible chance was sup- posed to have enabled our division so to do. But now that we were known ate = iabattid ed, Hh a seer een eee! tty ’ , le - SHEER LOGS. to be approaching, the inert logs moved all too slowly in the meandering water, and the alders held back stray sticks with pernicious obstinacy, trying to the patience and spirit of the men. Near the mouth, a widening of the stream at the turn of a bend formed an im- mense eddy where the logs swing round and round in a circle, and six boats were feverishly engaged at this time in trying to sweep this maelstrom. Every time the great mass swung around two men jumped from each boat onto the logs at the outer edge and gathered as many together as could be reached and bound with the long pick-poles, while the crew in the boat waited expectantly on their oars until all together, at the command “head boat,” they churned the water to foam to tow out their small glut from the vortex and guide it down stream. For a critical moment, each boat, as it came around in suc- cession, hung in a balance against the might of the current and the slightest turn of a stroke determined their sepa- ration. High up on the bank at one 768 side the boss was standing to direct the movements of all six boats and to facilitate their co-operation with shouts of encouragement and fierce denuncia- tions of failures. His customary re- serve had deserted him, and minus coat and hat, he was intent on every move- ment, waiving his arms and occasionally enlarging the English language in a rich and poignant manner. Returning to the forks we watched the small encampment rise as if by magic, the six-foot fire logs drawn to- gether and lighted, the rolls of spreads untied and stretched out inside the tents and the many small kitchen uten- sils unpacked and made ready for 1m- mediate use, while the neighing of hungry horses, the barking of dogs and the rattle of dishes woke the evening echoes to a lively scene. Turning from the blazing fire we now heard the sharp click of the striking cantdogs above on our stream and the lusty shouts of the men who were soon abreast of us as they rolled in the last logs by the faint light of the evening glow and the fire’s uncertain gleam, and at last, wet and thoroughly tired but exultant, they swarmed about the fire for their last supper on the drive, nor did the crew AMERICAN FORESTRY above on the rival drive care to de- scend until we had well moved away in the morning. The gathering dark- ness had made further work on the eddy impracticable and it must needs be left to soak itself clear during the night. For this meal extra rations had been set out by the cook, to which was added great basins of milk from a neighboring farm and all else in abundance that ingenuity could suggest, and upon the arrival of the “rear” ‘boats, racing at top speed to the landing, for the last time the clear notes of the cookee sounded the invitation to “turn to” which was immediately and unanimous- ly accepted. For a time all was in confusion as each man prepared his gunny sack for an early start in the morning or exchanged congratulations or plans with his comrades, but as we smoked far into the night with the boss, one by one the men crept to their tents, until the last form to break the stillness of the scene after all others had turned in, was the bent form of the clerk, painfully writing on the top of a soap box by the dim light of a dripping candle, upon which rested a table of wages and a small bottle of ink. FIRE LINES DESPITE. THE LAW junction issued by the Court of Chancery last spring restraining the New Jersey State Forest Commis- sion from enforcing the so-called “Rail- road Fire Line Law” the three rail- roads having the greatest exposure in the State have voluntarily undertaken to extend their lines during the coming winter. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company will make new lines on the Freehold and Jamesburg Branch, on the Long Branch Railroad, and on por- tions of the West Jersey and Seashore System. The New Jersey Central Rail- road Company will make lines along the New Jersey Southern Division south of Lakewood. The Atlantic City Rail- road Company will extend its lines in Gloucester, Atlantic and Cape May counties. All three roads will also do considerable work in cleaning up and eee a the in- making effective the lines that have been constructed heretofore. The length of fire lines now in service on all railroads approximates 250 miles. The increase this year will probably raise the total to at least 300 miles. It is rather remarkable that this law which has been declared unconstitu- tional should still be so effectively sup- ported by the very parties against whom it was directed; that is, the rail- roads which endanger the forests of the State. The Forest Commission ex- pects that the decision of the Court of Chancery will be reversed by the Court of Errors and Appeals. Such a decision is earnestly hoped for as a means of enforcing the provisions of the Act where less liberal minded or less far sighted railroad companies are con- cerned. PAPER MILLS AND FORESTRY IN CANADA By ExLwoop WILSON O little is known of Canada in GC) Europe and the United States, and so vague are the ideas re- garding this wonderful country, that it may not be amiss to give in a few words some description of it. While far larger than the United States, its habitable portion is comparatively small, although this, through modern engineer- ing enterprise, is rapidly growing, the hardy pioneer pushing forward his rail- way lines and establishing himself where civilized life seems hardly pos- sible. As one passes from East to West the habitable zone rapidly widens from a narrow strip on the inhospitable Lab- rador coast, fifty to a hundred miles north of the St. lawrence in Quebec, gradually growing through the prairie regions until in British Columbia it stretches 1,000 miles, almost to the Arc- tic circle. Stunted, almost worthless timber in Labrador, immense forests of medium-sized conifers mixed with hard- woods in Quebec. Large spruce and great forests of white pine in Ontario, treeless prairies and forests of poplar through Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Al- berta, and, finally, the magnificent for- ests of British Columbia to the Pacific. Of all the provinces which form the Dominion, Quebec is in many respects the most interesting, representing as it does one of the oldest civilizations on the American Continent, differing from its sister provinces in language and re- ligion, and retaining traces of the old French tongue and medieval customs. Three-quarters of the population are French, and the majority of these farm- ers, “habitants,” who earn their living in the winter by working in the woods. Along in late August and early Sep- tember, when the crops are all gathered in, they go to some one of the big lum- ber or pulp companies and make a con- tract to cut and haul so many thousand logs 131-2 feet long. This is called jobbing and the man a jobber. ‘The jobber takes his sons, if he has any over fifteen—if not he hires a man or two—takes his horse and sleighs and, sometimes, even his whole family, and goes off into the woods, frequently a hundred or more miles from home. Here he gets provisions from the nearest Company depot, and, building a log camp, walls, roof and floor all of logs, he settles himself for the winter. The camp has one room for the people and one for the horses, sometimes all are in the one room. Bunks of poles are built along the wall, two or three windows about 2 feet by one, are cut in the walls, a rough table and a couple of benches are hewed out and a big iron stove set up. Here the jobber spends the winter, cutting and piling logs until Xmas, going home then for his “devoir,’ as commanded by the Church, having a jolly time with friends until “Little Xmas’ and then back to: haul his logs on one-horse sleighs to the nearest lake or river, and going home in March. In the days of the lumberman this. was all, but now have come, dotted here and there like islands throughout the province, the pulp and paper mills, of- fering indoor labor, bringing in new ideas, founding towns and_ bringing modern “civilization,” which, while not an unmixed blessing, is progress and is. bringing light into a darkness almost medieval. The first requisites of a pulp mill are water power—no other can grind wood profitably—a plentiful sup- ply of clean water and a river to carry the logs on their long journey from the forest to the mill, covering, in some cases, two years. So the mill must locate beside a waterfall, and as these occur in most out-of-the-way places, towns of one to five thousand souls have sprung up in the heart of the wilderness. As the entire personnel of such companies must be brought in from other places, it is necessary to 769 Z ~2 S GRAND MERE ViLLAGE provide enough of the comforts and conveniences of modern life to keep them. Some of the mills have given just enough, but the wiser ones have gone much further. As wood of coniferous trees is the raw material of pulp and paper, these must be an abundant, accessible and sufficiently cheap supply. All of the larger mills, therefore, own their own forests, but not absolutely, and here it is necessary to explain the wonderfully advantageous position of Canada from the standpoint of conservation. All lands in Canada, as originally in the United States, belonged to the Crown and while in the latter the Government after the War of Independence, in the effort to encourage colonization, parted with them carelessly and recklessly, by wise foresight, Canada acted differently. Here the ‘land is divided into three broad classes: farming land, forest and mining land, over which the Govern- ment retains all rights, as well as over water powers, hunting and fishing. An ideal situation were it carefully carried out, and it is, as a general rule. Land fit for settlement is sold on very low terms and easy payments to the settler, who must, however, clear a _ certain amount of land each year and build a AMERICAN FORESTRY IN 1908. house. Licenses to mine, to cut timber and to hunt and fish are sold to the highest bidder at auction, and so long as he pays his annual rental and com- plies with the Government regulations, he is left in undisturbed possession and may sell his rights or will them to his children. ‘he Government demands an annual rental of $5.00 per square mile per year, the protection of the forest from fire and a tax of $1.30 per thou- sand feet, board measure, when the tim- ber is cut. At first the Government protected the forests from fire itself, charging a fire tax, but this protection was so poor, owing to inefficient organ- ization and too much politics, that the licensees petitioned to be allowed to protect their own lands at their own expense, and this request was acceded to. The licensees choose their own rangers, who are commissioned by the Government. ‘This system has worked well, but has been further improved by all the owners of licenses forming an association, which protects the limits. The association is the largest on this continent, representing over 7,000,000 acres of timber lands. Rangers on gas- oline speeders patrol the railway lines, following all trains, and crews of two men each, with tent, canoe and camp- norte x + Seen Sal ta ae GRAND MERE FALLS. LAURENTIDE COMPANY’S MILL. G72 ing outht, patrol the rivers, which are the only highways through the wilder- ness. One lookout station has been built, and the coming season will see several more finished and a number of miles of telephone lines also. The cost for the season has been a little more than one-quarter of a cent per acre, and it is hoped that a more liberal appro- priation can be secured. The Quebec government, through its Minister of Crown Lands, Mr. Allard, has been most sympathetic with this work and has agreed to contribute $3,000 toward its cost for the current year. The forestry policy of this province has been an advanced one. For many years there has been a diameter limit below which no one was allowed to cut, and a law has been on the statute books giving anyone who plants an acre of land in trees the right to choose Gov- ernment lands which may be for sale to the value of $12.00. About eight years ago the Premier chose two young French Canadians and sent them to the Yale Forest School, and then to study in Europe. After completing their AMERICAN FORESTRY studies, he established a Department of Forestry, placing them in control, and they have organized this work and made considerable progress along forestry lines. As there was a great lack of trained men, especially those who could speak French, a Forestry School was established as a branch of the great University of Laval in Quebec, and the students are given their practical expe- rience as Government rangers and in- spectors during their course and after graduation are given higher positions. A forest nursery has also been started, where the students have prac- tical training in planting work. In some sections of the province, there are considerable areas of sand dunes, and these will be planted up as radidly as possible. The great need is for men with some training in forestry who can travel in the woods. There are few sections on this continent where travel- ing is so difficult. The only avenues are the rivers, with the lakes which empty into them, and the former are filled with rapids which make the descents dangerous and the swiftness of THE LAURENTIDE COMPANY’S OFFICE AND STORE 1903. GRAND MERE IN 1903, t74 the current makes the ascents most toilsome. In running rapids much ex- perience is necessary, and many lives are lost each year in trying them. As the old trappers die out, few men go into the woods very much, and it is almost impossible to get enough woods- men to act as fire-guards and forest rangers. The present generation of natives are going to the towns and into the factories, and the forest no longer calls to them as to their forbears. So the only hope of building up a corps of men to care for the forest lies in estab- lishing ranger schools for natives, which will fit the men for their work, giving them training in woodcraft and incul- cating an esprit de corps, paying suffi- cient wages to make the work attractive. This will cost money, but the Govern- ment can well afford it, and it has cer- tainly been proved in every industry that men who are satisfied with their pay and well cared for will turn out much more work than dissatisfied un- der-paid hirelings whose only object in life is to loaf on the job. All the problems mentioned above which confront the Government. must also be solved by the licensees of timber lands, and of these the only ones who can possibly solve them satisfactorily are the large companies who have suffi- cient investment at stake in large plants to make it worth their while. The holder of a small territory who sells his cut or who owns a small temporary sawmill cannot afford to do anything but exploit his lands and get his return from them as soon as possible. But with the large companies, with millions of dollars invested in plants which are entirely dependent on their holdings for their raw material, the situation is en- tirely different. They must take care for the future. Here in Canada, as elsewhere on the American continent, this is just beginning to be realized, and, up to eight years ago, everyone acted as if the supply of timber was inexhausti- ble. You heard of the “inexhaustible timber supply,” “our rich resources” on every hand. The most accessible timber was cut, the waste was prodigal, and fire was allowed to run _ unchecked. “Why, we have always had fires.” “We can’t afford to fill the woods with men.” AMERICAN FORESTRY “\Ve have timber enough to last for- ever.’ All this in spite of the fact that the country is dotted with the evidence of past conflagrations. One fire about thirty-five years ago completely de- stroyed the timber on over three hun- dred square miles in one section. The situation was indeed a difficult one. Owing to the vast areas and the diff- culty and expense of travel and the rigors of the climate, no maps had been made. The main rivers and large lakes and some of the timber holdings had been mapped, but only in the roughest way, and no holders knew about their lands. The only people who knew any- thing were a few old foremen and woods bosses who had traveled the country and knew their way around and had a vague idea about what par- ticular sections would yield. About 1895 a small pulp company was formed to operate a fine water power on the St. Maurice River called the “Grand Mere,” from the fact that right in the middle of the fall there is a rocky island which shows very dis- tinctly the profile of an old woman. There is an Indian tradition of a maiden who waited for her lover until she became old and grey and then was turned into this rock. This company built a small village in the forest and commenced operations. The town was a long way from civilization, commun- ication with Montreal and Quebec, the nearest cities, was difficult, as the rail- roads were in shocking condition, and in winter one never knew how long it might take to cover the eight-six miles to Montreal. It took three days once, and it was always wise to take snow shoes, so as to be able to get to the nearest farm house for food. The em- ployees of the company lived in little frame shacks and had no conveniences and mighty few comforts. Things also went very badly financially, and about 1903 the company was reorganized. The new manager realized that the first necessity was the comfort and well- being of the employees, and, as soon as he had gotten the company a little on its feet, began to build up a model vil- lage. When one realizes how much in advance of the time such an idea was and what it meant to change over and PAPER MILLS AND FORESTRY IN CANADA 7 build up a whole community, most of whom were of the most primitive type and who spoke a different language and were naturally distrustful of strangers and strange ideas, it seems a_ large undertaking, and it showed broad- mindedness, idealism and courage of the highest type. The first step was to put the village in sanitary condition ; sewers were built, a plentiful supply of pure spring water was obtained, and a hospital was built. The town had been a hotbed of typhoid fever, but in a year this was stamped out. It was necessary to discharge laborers occasionally because they would persist in drinking the polluted water. ‘Then housing and office and mill conditions were improved and opportunities for recreation were provided, bowling al- leys, tennis courts and a skating rink. The younger men were encouraged to form hockey and baseball teams, and the success of the hockey and tennis teams in winning championships has done much to rouse local pride and to bring the people to united effort for the good of the place. Probably the most important improvement was a_ school. This is open to all the citizens and is fully equal to the best public schools in the United States, with an excellent kindergarten, and a manual training course for the boys and sewing classes for the girls. Then the improvement of the village was begun. A landscape architect was engaged and a plan for a “village beautiful” prepared. Old and unsightly buildings were torn down, roads were laid out and macadamized, concrete sidewalks were built and beau- tiful elms planted along the roads, and masses of shrubbery placed where they would add to the general effect. Vines were planted on the buildings, and many buildings which were inharmonious were remodeled. The social and spiritual sides of life were not neglected, aid was given to the struggling mission churches, and _ the people were encouraged to get together for the mutual good. One of the most helpful things was a founding of a branch of the Victorian Order of Nurses. There are two great events of the year when all gather for a general good time—the “Christmas Tree’ in the ~z Or winter and the “Clam Bake” on Labor Day. A beautiful park was laid out in the center of the village, and here on sum- mer afternoons and Saturday half holi- days everyone gathers to watch the ten- nis matches. ‘The park is not only good to look at, but gives the children a safe and healthful playground. A_ club with reading and assembly rooms, gym- nasium and billiard rooms, is open to all and during the long winters is used for dances, amateur theatricals and con- re ee a certs. ‘hen labor conditions were im- mensely improved, working hours were shortened, guards were installed to prevent accidents from the machin- ery, wash room and sanitary lockers were provided, sanitary drinking foun- tains placed at convenient points and lighting and ventilation much improved. In summer the daylight saving plan is in operation, and the employees are free at four o’clock and have the long summer afternoons for healthy outdoor sports. In 1905 the forestry question was taken up, and the immense holdings of the company, over 2,000 square miles of timber lands, were investigated with a view to introducing practical forestry methods. Accurate surveys of all the company’s holdings were commenced and have now been completed. The maps show all topographical details, the location of all burns, swamps and tim- ber, and the areas in the different types of the latter, and all lumbered areas. Stock has also been taken over a large part of the forest lands, so that the amounts and kinds of timber which may be cut are known. Volume tables have been prepared, the first for Canadian trees, and growth studies made of the different species. In 1908 the company began to plant, beginning with 5,000 trees, and plantations have been con- tinued. Last year a small nursery was started, and this has been enlarged this year and will be still further developed. Experiments are under way with dif- ferent species, in the hope of finding a tree which will be suitable for pulp and will grow faster than the native ones. Norway spruce is naturally the first to be tried. When this problem is settled 776 all the company’s waste lands will be planted. In 1908 the company started the first efficient fire-protection system and in 1909 persuaded the licensees to unite for the protection of the timber lands along the right-of-way of the new Na- tional Transcontinental Railway. This was the beginning of the Protective As- sociation mentioned previously. In addition to engaging a forester, the company put a forest engineer, Mr. M. C. Small, in charge of its logging operations, and under his efficient man- agement an enormous amount of waste in the woods has been eliminated in the way of high stumps and large tops, burnt timber has been utilized, young growth better protected, better condi- tions for scalers and more careful methods of measurement. Roads have been opened up, telephone lines have been built, gasoline launches placed on the large rivers and comfortable quar- ters built for the men in charge of depots and for the inspectors and scalers. The logging department has instituted the first system of competent AMERICAN FORESTRY logging inspection ever tried here, and this season is trying the experiment of marking trees and lopping tops under competent supervision. “Scientific Man- agement” has been in use for years, and the cost-keeping system of this depart- ment is a model. The employees have also been given an opportunity to subscribe to the stock of the company and have taken advan- tage of it, and each one feels that he has a deep personal interest in its success. The influence of all this work has been felt in the surrounding towns and country, and other companies have been encouraged by it to make a beginning along the same lines. The work of this one man, with a big idea, the infection of which has spread to all whom he has associated with him, has borne most abundant fruit, not only in social betterment, better living conditions and higher standards, but in greater financial prosperity for the company, which has made a record in earning capacity and values. MR. JOHN E. RHODES’ NEW POSITION John E. Rhodes, of Tacoma, Wash., a member of the editorial advisory board of, American Forestry, will, in January, become the manager-secretary of the National Lumber Mnuufacturers Association with headquarters at Chicago, It was recently decided by the Association to combine these two offices and Mr. Rhodes succeeds Manager Leonard Bronson and Secretary George K. Smith, who have so ably filled the positions for some time. Mr. Rhodes, who is thoroughly conversant with the lumber business, having been in it for a number of years, is at the present time visiting the chief lumber trade centers, of the country, ascertaining the sentiment of the lumbermen and the nature of the work which they desire the association to do in their interests. Having thoroughly sounded them he willbe in a position, when he takes charge of the work, to develop a comprehensive campaign, which with his great energy to direct it will certainly be carried to a successful conclusion. TEACHING FORESTRY TO CHILDREN The New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, designated and estab- lished by the Legislature for educational work in Forestry in New York, has sent a letter to the principals of all the high and preparatory schools of the State offering to give illustrated lectures and demonstrations upon Forestry before the schools so that every child in the State may understand what Forestry is and may learn to love the trees and forests. CLEVERLY ADVERTISING BIRCH The Northern Hemlock and Hardwood Manufacturers Association is sending out a very attractive book on the value, uses and beauty of birch together with a sample of birch wood, the two making a decidedly good advertising feature. The book comprises sixteen pages, handsomely illustrated, and showing plans, exteriors and interiors of buildings in which birch is used as well as a number of styles of birch finish. MUNICIPAL FORESTRY By NELSON C. Photographs by H. P. ONSERVATION has become im- mensely popular in this country. From the initial subject of for- estry it has been broadened out to cover nearly every conceivable resource —not only the forests, minerals, soils, c., but health, human energy, and al- most everything else which we can asso- ciate with the term conservation. Real conservation is beginning to be prac- tised with our forest resources. Not only has the Government taken up the practice of forestry on the timbered re- gions of the public domain now called National Forests in the West, but many of our states, realizing the impending HEADQUARTERS OF THE SYRACUSE BATELES LAKE AND THE MEANS OF TRANSPORTING THE CITY HIGHWAY, PRODUCTS OF BROWN Baker and the Writer scarcity of the lumber and wood sup- plies, have taken steps to set aside for- est reserves. Lumber companies are following these examples and are aban- doning their short-sighted policy of stripping timber without regard to the future. It will not be a great while be- fore our more progressive cities will gradually take up the practice of for- estry on extensive parks, reservoir wa- tersheds and on nearby waste lands. Already a number of cities have ap- pointed city foresters to look after the care of ornamental shade trees along the streets and in the parks. Some of these positions include the management SKAN- SHOWING A PORTION OF WHICH WILL BE UTILIZED THE FOREST TO MARKET. FOREST, BOTH OF AS 777 OLD ) 4 Le a oy an , FOREGROUND ARI 4 4 vy AU FOREST, 1S IN MUNICIPAL SYRACUSE THE FROM 7 1S LAKE SKANEATEL iR 4 OVI LOOKING THE LARGE TREI MLOCKS., VIRGIN HE > ‘i 7 o = WATER SU PPLY FOR SYRACUSE. IN THE FOREGROUND ARE PINE, SCOTCH PINE AND NORWAY PINE. LOOKING FROM THE FOREST OVER SKANEATELES OPEN AREAS WHICH WILL BE Y SOURCE TO W HITE 780 A VIRGIN ST TAND OF HEMLOCK THAT THE TALL STRAIGHT TREES WHICH THE TREES HAVE of extensive forest parks—remnants of the original virgin stand of primeval forest for both aesthetic and commer- cial purposes. Municipal forests are common in Eu- rope. ‘They are common and popular because long ago it was found that by developing waste lands or those of lit- tle value in the vicinity of the cities for growing timber, good profits could be made in forest rotations of from thirty to sixty years. In this way material as- sistance was given in meeting the city budgets, and, consequently, in decreas- ing the property tax rate. Ina few in- stances municipal forests under skillful silvicultural management have yielded a return sufficient to meet all the ex- pense of the city and in addition have provided a sinking fund for future emergency, or, in some cases, a dividend to the stockholders of the city, who, in other words, are the property owners. Besides the commercial aspect of these city forests, they have contributed immeasurably to the health and pleasure of the people by furnishing an enjoyable HAS BEEN PROPERLY THINN FOR INCREASE aD GROWTH. NATUR: ALLY PRUN AMERICAN FORESTRY JED OUT, LEAVING NOTE THE MANNER IN {ED OFF THE LOWER LIMBS. breathing spot and place for recreation. In addition, European cities are some- times wholly dependent upon _ their municipal forests for their fuel and lum- ber supply. Thus in many ways they enter into the municipal and domestic economy. It is only a question of time before American cities will realize the desir- ability of acquiring waste forest lands within or near their limits, that are un- fitted for agricultural development or undesirable for building or other more valuable purposes with the view of placing them under scientific forest manangement. Several municipalities and private water companies have recognized the advisability of develop- ing their forest lands on the drainage basins of reservoirs both as a source of revenue from the yield of wood prod- ucts and to maintain the best sanitary conditions. Municipalities and corpora- tions permanent in their nature are bet- ter fitted to practice forestry because they can borrow money at such low MUNICIPAL rates of interest. Forestry is not a busi- ness of quick returns. Consistent with its progressive atti- tude on many municipal problems, the city of Syracuse has recently taken up the practice of forestry on a tract of timber land on the watershed of Skaneateles Lake, the source of the city’s water supply. The forest was purchased primarily to avoid the possi- bility of contamination. With this ob- ject accomplished, it has sought to develop the timber along commercial lines, while still maintaining a contin- uous forest cover to protect the water- shed. A good forest growth is con- ducive to clear pure water, whereas a denuded or barren watershed is often responsible for floods and the washing down of silt with a consequent muddy water supply. With this in view, the city has placed the management of the tract in the hands of the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, to serve not only as a demonstration of the possibilities of practical forestry, but also as a business proposition for the city. FORESTRY 781 The tract consists of approximately 150 acres along the shores of Skaneat- eles Lake, one of the chain of the so- called “finger lakes,” including Cayuga, Seneca, etc., in Central New York. The timber is middle-aged, second growth, mixed hardwoods of practically every known species of the region, with some hemlock. ‘The principal trees repre- sented in order are the basswood, hem- lock, chestnut, oak, hard maple, and some scattering beech, hickory, ash, yel- low birch, cherry, elm and yellow pop- lar. Many of the trees are still in the young “pole” stage of development. An estimate of the tract shows that there are approximately 6,000 feet, board measure, per acre. In terms of cord- wood there are about 35 cords per acre. This is an excelient yield of timber con- sidering the age and the past neglected condition of the tract. The object in forest management will be to favor the chestnut, provided it continues to be free from the blight at- tack, which has spread with such dis- astrous effects over Long Island, Con- necticut, and eastern Pennsylvania. A VIRGIN STAND OF HEMLOCK, BEECH AN AND EXCELLENT FOREST CONDITIONS TREES HAVE NEARLY REACHED MATU D BIRCH. FIRES A I HAVE BEEN KEPT OUT RE ESTABLISHED. SEVERAL OF THESE ITY AND SHOULD SOON BE CUT. 782 Oak, basswood and cherry will also be favored. ‘These are the most valuable and rapidly growing species, and all will find a ready market in the near vicinity. There is an especially good market in the neighboring cities for poles, posts, ties, cordwood, and box-boards. ‘The soil and site conditions, moreover, are very favorable for forest growth. The species that will be discriminated against are the hemlock, soft maple, aspen, beech, and ironwood, owing to their slow rate of growth, difficulty of silvicultural treatment and relatively in- ferior quality of wood produced. In putting the tract under scientific forest management the first operation was to make a topographic map of the area to ascertain the boundaries and the configuration of the land. Along with this, an estimate was made to determine the character of the forest and to take stock of the amount of cordwood and lumber that is now standing on the tract. For the purposes of fire protection, trails three feet wide were cut down to mineral soil on the boundaries, where no protection such as the lake and roads were afforded, to prevent destructive surface fires either from coming over from adjacent timber land or from spreading from the city forest. An im- provement cutting was next made to clean out all the dead, diseased and insect-infested trees and to discriminate against the inferior in favor of the more desirable species. In this operation, an excellent opportunity was given to dis- play the fine points of the forester’s knowledge of the proper handling and improvement of woodlands. In connec- tion with this work four permanent ex- perimental plots were laid out for the purpose of studying the rate of growth of the different species and the effects of different methods of silvicultural treatment. Based upon evidences of a rapid rate of growth as a result of unusually fa- vorable soil conditions, the growth is estimated to be at least one cord of wood per acre per annum. With care- ful treatment this rate of increment laid on each year should be materially in- creased. Thinnings made about every AMERICAN FORESTRY tenth year should easily pay for them- selves. It is planned, also, to plant up some open waste areas and part of the tract where the forest cover is not suf- ficiently dense with white pine, Norway pine and Scotch pine. ‘The city forest is especially well favored in its location and soil conditions for successful forest plantations, and there is every evidence that these species can be brought to merchantable size in from thirty to fifty years, depending upon the kind of product that is desired on the markets. The portion of the tract to be planted consists largely of stony old pastures and fields once covered with apple orchards. Already young seedlings of~ oak, ash, elm and poplar are appearing in them. It will be more desirable and profitable, however, to plant these areas to white, Scotch or Norway pines on account of their rapid growth and high technical quality of the wood product, particularly with the white and Nor- way pines. For permanent forest man- agement, it will undoubtedly be more profitable, in the long run, to introduce these rapidly growing conifers rather than to continue with pure hardwoods. Generally speaking, hardwoods are comparatively slow in growth and do not grow so densely in the forest. This consequently means a greater yield with the conifers in a shorter length of time. In Europe the most splendid exam- ple of successful forestry is found in the Sihlwald, the city forest of Zurich, in northeastern Switzerland. This has yielded an annual income per acre of $7.57. Many municipal forests in Ger- many have yielded a net income of over $5.00 per acre annually, after all ex- penses of administration and protection have been deducted. In comparison with agricultural yields, these figures are not proportionately high. However, when we consider that these forests are occupying soils wholly unsuited and unfit for tillage or more valuable pur- poses, it is an excellent return on the capital invested. In addition, these forests are serving a real purpose in putting otherwise waste lands to profit- able use, in equalizing the stream flow to prevent floods and in providing a cheap and abundant fuel and lumber supply. THE FIRST ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE FORESTER OF MINNESOTA By Pror. FE. G. CHEYNEY Director of the Forest School, University of Minnesota E always look forward with inter- est to the first report of any new undertaking to see what it prom- ises for the future. This is especially true in the case of the establishment of a new department in the State Service. Will it simply assume the titles given it by law and proceed to spend the ap- propriation allotted to it in the easiest and least disturbing way? Will it be- come a part of the political machine,—a roosting place for lame ducks—using its appointive power to secure the votes of otherwise useless employees? Or will it really be an efficient organization, grasping the problems presented to it with a broad comprehension of its pos- sibilities, striving for the welfare of the State and seeking to get value received for every penny expended? That is the most important question and it is answered in the first annual report of the State Forester of Minne- sota in no uncertain tone. ‘The whole report rings true to the note of efficiency and service. All the men in the new service are technically trained men or experienced woodsmen holding their po- sitions through efficiency. A mere glance at the nature of the contents of the report shows the broad conception which the furester has of his duties; fire prevention and fire fighting in all its phases, including the education of its citizens, the disposal of slash, the protection of frontier towns, the build- ing of watch towers, the improvement of trails and portages, the construction of telephone lines, the surveying and mapping of tracts of absolute forest CLEARING RIGHT OF WAY FOR RAILROAD THROUGH DENSE TIMBER—SLASH BURNED CLEAN UNDER DIRECTION OF RANGER—PULP WOOD WILL BE HAULED OFF. 783 VLOSHNNIN NYHHLOOS “YHAIM OUAWNZ AHL ONO’IV LSHYOT GOOMANVH ALIHM “IVAXHWINd HNId IWUOLINDIADV-NON AMOOU NO ‘AdNV’'T HONS AO SHUOV “T10$S ANOdG #& AVW LVHM DNIMOHS HO SNOTTIIN HLIM em 786 AMERICAN FORESTRY THIS WAS A WAGON ROAD BEFORE THE FIRE WENT THROUGH. land, a study of the extent and distribu- tion of the State’s forests, the forest’s share in the wealth and welfare of the State, the education of the people at large in the value and benefits of per- manent forests. That outlines a far-reaching and com- prehensive program. Whether it can be carried to completion in all its branches in the future depends largely on the people of the State, but it shows that the forester has a true conception of his enormous responsibilities. But let us vent our criticisms first and be through with it. The worst, practi- cally the really bad, feature of the report is the lack of an index. The reference value of the book is greatly crippled by the lack of this simple con- trivance, and its omission seems inex- cusable Naturally the bulk of the report deals with the fire problen—the first that the forester must meet in any field. The organization consists of the State Forester with the Assistant State For- ester working through a force of fifteen permanent District Rangers, who in turn have under them a force of tem- porary patrolmen. The first object. is fire prevention ; the second to extin- guish existing fires as quickly as possi- ble. Every effort is directed first to- ward prevention. To those familiar with the former attitude of all those interested in for- est fires in Minnesota the most remark- able feature of the whole report is the truly wonderful degree to which all these diverse interests have been 1in- duced to co-operate with the new Forest Service in the protection of the forests. The United States Forest Service under the Weeks Law gave $10,000 for the employment of patrolmen to work under the district rangers on the watersheds of the navigable streams. The railroad kept reserves to act as patrolmen along their rights of way at the call of the rangers in the danger season, and extended many courtesies to aid the new service. Some of the timber owners hired patrolmen of their own to work under the rangers. A large number of organized towns taxed themselves to add their patrol- men to the State force. The number of patrolmen, and hence the working efficiency of the service, was more than doubled through co- operation. One of the most interesting features brought out, especially interesting be- ANNUAL REPORT STATE FORESTER OF MINNESOTA SLASHINGS PROPERLY PILED cause it is a new idea, is the protection of the towns in the forest areas by the construction of firebreaks around them. Such breaks were built only at the in- stigation and with the co-operation of the State Forest Service. Such a break would have saved any one of the numerous towns which have been wiped out by forest fires in the past 787 FOR BURNING. years. ‘The method and cost of con- struction makes interesting reading. But even more interesting is the de- scription of the great firebreak in the great burnt-over district devastated by the tremendous fires which destroyed the towns of Baudette and Spooner two years ago. This work, made possible by a contribution from the Red Cross or: SI + ‘ 7 >] _. Siay all og | “3 > PEAT BOG FIRES BURN WINTER AS WELL AS SUMMER—THEY MUST BE DUG OUT. AMERICAN FORESTRY MINNESOTA FOREST 19) : GULL LAKE, fund for the aid of the fire sufferers in that district, is the most comprehensive system of firebreaks in the country that have ever been constructed for the pro- tection of such an extensive area. Would not such systems of breaks pay in every forested area? Quite as interesting, and probably the most valuable, data in this report is the detailed description and accurate cost data on the extinction of an extensive bog fire in southeast Polk County, cov- ering an area of 236 acres, by means of a power ditcher and constant con- trol, at a cost of $1,800. It shows how serious these fires can really be. The moral drawn is that they are very cheaply handled when small and very expensive when allowed to grow. They are usually totally neglected. Although this work of fire preven- tion and fire fighting naturally occu- SERVICE O STEEL RECTED AUGUST 25, 1911. AO Wiky RE se AcTs COST $36.30. pies most of the State Forester’s time at present and a large proportion of his report, he makes it distinctly under- stood that he considers it only as the preliminary step which will make his proper work, the scientific management of the State’s forests, possible. Among the interesting facts con- tained in the report is the statement of Minnesota’s forest resources. In spite of the ravages of legitimate lumbering and inexcusable fire loss, she still has the greatest forests of any State east of the Rocky Mountains. They are spread over 28,000,000 acres and con- tain approximately 75,000,000,000 feet of merchantable timber, with a value to the people of the State equivalent to $975,000,000. Quite a considerable por- tion of this is made up of hard woods located in the southern portion of the State. J Diosauurpy DAO +, INAAIS 4S: 010Ud “LV.LS »LIGH NOLLVIDOSSV ‘IVIMC LISIA SAVd )dao’l SVI9NOd OL a NI IWVd VOSVLI = be ° — 6 —wweweewe eC a4 } 5 a : th ae set oy are ees, Se 790 AMERICAN FORESTRY WHERE TRAILS GIVE OUT FOREST OFFICERS MU RAFTS TO CROSS THE NAMELESS LAKES, NO COOK COUNTY. This report as a whole is a very good record of the year’s work of the State Forest Service—a virile record of the achievement of things worth while— and contains most valuable informa- tion. Its honest striving for the wel- fare of the State and its pointed calls for the needs of the future should en- list the sympathy and support of every true patriot. It is a true, manly ap- peal which every one should heed. If the forester can attain the goal he sets up for himself in this first report, the conservation of Minnesota’s forest wealth is assured. There are a number of good photo- graphs illustrating the text very well. It is to be regretted that more space in the report cannot be given to the “State Forests.” That, however, is not the fault of the report, but due to the lack of “forests.” Out of more than two million acres of forested land actually owned by the State, only three pitifully small tracts are under the con- trol of the forester. Millions of acres are wasting away in idleness, either in the possession of the State itself or of private parties. Moreover, large areas of non-agricultural lands are constantly reverting to the State for non-payment of taxes, to be bought up by the specu- lator, who alone profits in the subse- quent sales and re-sales to unsuspecting purchasers. ‘These lands should be pro- ducing valuable timber crops. It is to be hoped that the great State of Min- nesota will soon turn over some of them to the State Forester, so that they can be cared for in a businesslike man- ANNUAL REPORT STATE FOR MOOSE EATING LILY ROOTS FROM BED. OF LAKE RESTER OF MINNESOTA “91 ——— —— — ——— a NEAR ELY, IN NORTH- EKASTERN MINNESOTA ner, thus adding, with their productive- ness, to the wealth of the State. Among the most interesting para- graphs of the report are the following: MUNICIPAL FORESTS WOULD PAY. The value of a woodlot or convenient grove to a farm is not fully realized by a man accustomed to living in tim- bered country until he has lived on the prairie. There he is dependent upon distant coal mines for his fuel, and as shown by recent railroad tie-ups and car shortages, he is by no means as- sured of enough coal. Every farm and every town, with a woodlot of sufficient extent, is assured of independence from one form of monopoly. That prairie dwellers realize the value of a woodlot, as a wind break, and as a fuel supply, is made evident by the fact, that the farmers of the prairie region have planted groves which amount in the aggregate to several hun- dred thousand acres. This fact should give pause to any farmer, who is rapidly reducing his woodlot, without thought to the future. Although a bounty has been offered as an induce- ment to plant trees on the prairie, it has amounted to very little to the indi- vidual. Even when the labor of plant- ing is done, he must wait a number of years for his timber to grow to usable size. In the meantime he is dependent upon outside sources for his fuel, and his buildings are exposed to the force of the wind. In how much better cir- cumstances is the man whose farm is situated in the timber, and who has been thoughtful enough to retain a good- sized woodlot? Such a man, if he has kept enough timber, is independent of any rise in fuel prices, and by careful use, this independence may be made permanent. FOREST INFLUENCE ON FARMERS. Aside from taxes, the economic im- portance of this “raw-material,” or in- dustrial, side of the forests is more far-reaching in Minnesota than is ordi- narily understood. ‘They are not of value only to the parts of the State where merchantable timber is found. They are of gerat importance to the farming regions; thus: ‘The great tim- ber industries in woods and town and city require large numbers of draft horses; in fact, are principal buyers in the horse markets. Horses are be- coming one of the great sources of profit to Minnesota farmers, more and more attention being devoted to that 192 branch every year. As the forest in- dustries decrease in extent every year, the market for horses decreases and new markets have to be sought out. With the rapid increase in the cities and elsewhere of the use of automobiles where formerly horses were used, the markets for horses are becoming re- stricted. The farmer, therefore, should do all in his power to perpetuate that lumbering industry, in the logging end of which, at least, horses cannot be displaced by autos. Horses require feed—oats, corn, bran, hay. Immense quantities of these farm products are purchased every year to feed the log- ging teams of Minnesota. Further- more, the camps in the woods, of which there are 1,500 in Minnesota this year, require immense quantities of beans, beef, pork, potatoes, cabbage, onions, and almost every variety of farm prod- ucts, to feed the great army of woods- workmen. ‘Therefore, a decrease in the logging industry directly affects the farmers of Minnesota to a really large extent. The latter, therefore, should wish to see this industry prolonged, and perpetuated, wherever forest can grow most profitably, and they should co-operate in this work of fire preven- tion. HOW RECEDING FORESTS HAVE AFFECTED MOISTURE IN THE GROUND. Formerly timber on the hillsides and bottom lands protected the heavy snow from too rapid melting, permitting the water therefrom to soak into the soil, and so gradually to reach the river. Raging spring floods were then not so common; power projects could depend upon an equable amount of water all summer, until the fall rains renewed the ground supply, and reservoirs were not filled up with mud. Now, however, the snow in the spring, unprotected by forests on these particular watersheds, goes so rapidly that only a very small part of it, with the rains, has time to soak into the ground. Most of the melting snow and the rain water there- fore runs off swiftly over the surface, all of it being poured into a stream practically at once. This causes a tor- rent. Immediately when the snow is gone, the flood subsides through lack AMERICAN FORESTRY of supply and the stream shrinks to normal stage. The latter is maintained for a time by seepage from what little moisture the ground has retained. This exhausted, the stream becomes a creek, and log drives are “hung up,’ causing the shutting down of sawmills and lack of employment for many men. Flour mills, run by water power, must keep their head-gates closed days at a time, in order that they may get “head” enough to run for one day. Normal rainfall does not reach the streams, being absorbed and retained by the dry earth. With heavy rains or cloudbursts, the surface runoff not being retarded by forest cover, great floods again occur, with like ensuing conditions, often leaving a trail of death and de- vastation behind them. ‘The flood of Johnstown, Pa., and more recently that of Austin, Pa., and Black River Falls, Wis., are cases in point ‘These and similar calamities have repeatedly oc- curred in the United States and in this State, where no active consideration has been given to retaining forests to regulate water run-off. WHY EVERYONE SHOULD CO-OPERATE IN PRESERVING THE FORESTS. The forests of Minnesota are of di- rect value to every citizen; their loss would be in equal proportion a direct loss to every citizen. Consistenly, therefore, there is no person in Minne- sota who should not be eager to co- operate with the service in its initial undertaking toward perpetuating those forests, namely, in protecting them from ruin by fire. Nor should the peo- ple stop there. They should further co-operate with the service in retaining, upbuilding and scientifically developing the forests so that they may be a permanent source of income to the peo- ple. They should co-operate thus be- cause of the great and undeniable economic value of the forests to the people as a whole. ‘True, this may be said of almost any great industry, such as farming. But farming is on the in- crease. Scientific methods of farming have been and are being rapidly evolved and generally adopted. So widespread is the interest in this upward move- ment, so much private and public money ANNUAL REPORT STATE FORESTER OF MINNESOTA is being devoted to it, that farming is on a firmer footing in this country than ever before. ‘The same may be said of other industries. The reverse has been true of the forests. This should not be so. ‘There is as great need for practicing scientific forestry as there is for practicing scientific farming on the agricultural lands. For years, the forests of Minnesota, so long regarded as an inexhaustible resource, have been diminishing in ex- tent. ‘This has been going on with no attempt until recent years to check it; has been going on for years in face of the fact that the trwe economic value of the forests is second only in im- portance to that of the farms. ‘The downward movement is to be observed not only in the decrease in annual in- come directly from the forests, but in its harmful effect upon so many in- dustries which touch upon them. Fur- 793 thermore, it is apparent in the increased cost of forest products to the consumer. The time is at hand when that down- ward movement must be stopped, or the gradual loss will soon become a perma- nent state calamity. ‘To this end, there- fore, not only should the lumber com- panies, railroads, settlers and others, observe the laws for forest preserva- tion, and give organized assistance in that work, but every one should, for his own benefit, co-operate to the utmost extent that he may in the work of preserving and perpetuating the forests. Without the combined individual and organized aid of every one, the work of the service for the forest welfare must, proportionately as that aid is lacking, be hindered and lack in effi- ciency. Only with that aid can the forests be brought to the point where they will be productive of the greatest benefit to the people. VIEW FROM ONE OF THE MOUNTAIN LAKES OF COOK COUNTY, MINN. BREEDING FUR-BEARING ANIMALS The Fur News Publishing Company of 71 West 23rd St., New York, has issued a very interesting book entitled “Fur Farming for Profit.” It is designed as a practical text book on breeding fur-bearing animals either as a distinct industry, or in connection with special- ized or general farming and treats of the subject in twenty-nine well-written chapters which are refuel illustrated. A NEW BOOK BY DR. C. A. SCHENCK The third and revised edition of “The Art of the Second Growth or American Sylvicul- ture’ by C. A. Schenck, Ph. D., director of the Biltmore Forest School, is just out. It was originally published in 1905, and is now in its present form enlarged and brought up to date. It will be found an excellent text book for students and will be also of much value tof lumbermen and foresters. EMPIRE STATE ASSOCIATION MEETING © more successful meeting has [ Dever been held by the Empire State Forest Products Associa- tion than the one at Watertown, N. Y.. on November 14, which was attended by about a hundredmen interested in forest conservation and water power preser- vation. They heard many excellent ad- dresses, were delightfully entertained and derived much benefit from the meeting, which resulted in decisions for closer co-operation between the As- sociation, the American Forestry Asso- ciation, the Camp Fire Club of America and the Society for the Preservation of the Adirondacks. The tenor of the addresses showed that there was keen realization of the fact that these organ- izations, working together, could accom- plish much that is desired in forest and water conservation in New York State. President Frank L. Moore in his opening address said: “There has been in the past too much theory and too little practical know- ledge of the vast forest areas that are the. property of the people. This prop- erty, which has been purchased by levying laws, of which you and I have paid our proportion is of inestimable value, but under the constitution of the state we are prevented from deriving any revenue from a matured and de- caying crop. ‘That same constitution says that we must not use any of the people’s property to create storage reservoirs for the benefit of the people of the State. I say this advisedly be- cause wherever power can be created, manufacturing industries spring up, population of towns increases, and the ever alert assessor places your prop- erty on the assessment roll of the State and then taxes from which death alone can separate you. If you and I man- aged our business this way we would be classed unsuccessful. “Tt is evident that the people, the real owners of the vast estate, had rather pay a direct tax and allow a maturing 794 ae WATERTOWN, THE THIRD TERM AS Ni, Yes Se ENT EMPIRE ODUCTS ASSOCIA TION. STATE FOR- and ripe crop to rot, than to say that we will amend the constitution, pick out someone to manage this property and put it upon a revenue-producing and self-sustaining basis. When this is done, a direct tax will be unheard of. “Another phase of our forest man- agement that is causing serious thought by those directly responsible is: shall we continue to make annual appropri- ations for further purposes under our present constitution, or shall a way be found where this money: may be ex- pended for the perpetuation of our forests and at the same time produce a EMPIRE, STATE ASSOCIATION MEETING 795 revenue to the State? I do not believe in investments that will not produce some return. The people of the State should arise en masse and demand an income from their investment which should be applied to lessen their taxes. Until our constitution can be amended we should ask the Legislature to pass a law permitting the people to acquire larger interests in forest lands. | believe a law could be drawn that would be constitutional and that would permit the State to reforest private lands under the following conditions: “An individual or corporation to make application to the conservation department to reforest certain lands, the growing crop to be free from tax- ation. ‘The trees, when matured, to be cut under State supervision and a stumpage paid to the State, the stum- page to be a lien against growing crop. The amount of stumpage to be agreed upon by the owners and the commis- sion in charge, the trees to be consid- ered matured when they reach a diam- eter of 12 inches. “T believe a law framed as the above would promote continuous reforesting along our rivers and streams. “T believe also that the constitution should be so amended as to permit the cutting of matured trees upon State lands under control of the State de- partment, and the proceeds of the sale of the stumpage be applied to further purchases or to help defray the ex- penses of government. “The Bird amendment so-called was the result of initiative taken by your officers, and to-day we can point with pride to the loyal support it has from all associations interested in permanent growth. “T believe in enlarging forest fire service. Reforestation will accomplish but little with inadequate fire protec- tion.” Prof. Nelson C. Brown, of the New York State College of Forestry at Syr- acuse, read an excellent paper on the development of forest utilization in this country and said he believed the practice of forestry in this country in the future would be devoted as much to complete utilization of the timber re- sources as to the growing of timber. He advocated a more liberal policy in the management of the State-owned timber land. An address on the work of the American Forestry Association, and the important investigative work to be undertaken next year in co-operation with the lumbermen and _ timber- land owners, State foresters and fire protective associations, was given by P. S. Ridsdale, the executive sec- retary; Ac -S. Houghton, of =the Camp Fire Club of America, spoke on the growth of forest conservation in New York State and the increasing in- terest of the lumbermen in the work. Dr. Edward H. Hall, of New York City, the secretary of the Society for the Protection of the Adirondacks, urged, in a witty and impressive talk, an open discussion of any differences of opinion between his association and other organization regarding differences in policy in efforts to preserve the Adirondacks. W. L. Sykes, of Buffalo, who had driven forty miles through the rain and over muddy roads in an automobile from Cranberry Lake to get to the meeting, made an interesting report for the forestry committee, of which he is chairman, and this was followed by a general discussion of conditions in the forests. Mr. Sykes urged that the State adopt a more liberal policy in permitting private owners to build roads across State lands in order to market their timber. Prof. Samuel N. Spring, of the for- estry department of Cornell, who is a member of the State board, which is investigating the question of forest taxation, lucidly described different methods of taxation reforms which have been proposed and in which those present were greatly interested. This talk, too, was followed by a general discussion, during which Prof. Spring answered a number of questions about various features of forest taxation laws. At the banquet in the evening there were addresses by M. H. Hoover, of the State Conservation Commission; State Senator T. Harvey Ferris, of Utica; James L. Hutchins, of Roches- ter, and an illustrated talk on State forestry by Dean Hugh P. Baker, of 796 the New York State College of Forestry. The resolutions adopted at the meet- ing denounced the Canadian reciprocity treaty, approved the Jones bill relating to the taxation of forest lands, and went on record as favoring the placing of fire wardens under the civil service laws. The first of the resolutions follows: Resolved, That the Empire State Forest Products Association reaffirms its desire to confer with the Camp Fire Association, the Association for the Protection of the Adirondacks, the New York Board of Trade and ‘Trans- portation and any other association or individuals for the purpose of harmon- izing the several interests in the Adi- rondacks ; and we hereby pledge our co- operation in support of any reasonable improvement in establishing rational scientific forest management, with due consideration to vested rights, to the end that the forests in the State of New York may be operated and maintained for the greatest good to the greatest number. The association, by resolution, com- mends the Burd-Merritt amendment for an adequate system of water storage in the Adirondacks to regulate the flow of streams. The following resolution was adopt- ed on the State College of Forestry: Resolved, That we commend the effi- cient educational work of the New York State College of Forestry in training professional foresters and practical woodsmen in its Ranger School, and the study which the col- AMERICAN FORESTRY lege is making of the wood-using in- dustries of the State in co-operation with the national forest service, to the end that the proper use of our forest lands will be more generally and better known. It commends especially the State-wide work which the college is doing in taking forestry to the high schools, granges and other organiza- tions as well as its work along experi- mental lines. Frank L. Moore was re-elected presi- dent for a third term. F. J. Jones, of Buffalo, was chosen as vice-president, and H. J. Cadwell was re-elected secre- tary and treasurer. The following com- mittees were named: Joard of Directors—Rufus Sisson, Potsdam, chairman ; G..H. Po Geuld Lyon Falls @hares F. Moore, New York; pees Meigs, New York; E. K. Harroun, Watertown; E. J. Jones, Buf- falo; Maurice Hoops, Glens Falls. Legislative — Ferris Meigs, New York: George Ostrander, Glens Falls ; George ole Sherman, Watertown; Charles Moore, New York; E. J. Jones, Buffalo; V. K. Kelloff, Water- town; Charles Sisson, Potsdam, and J. G. Hoffman. ‘Transportation — John D. White, Utica, chairman; J. N. McDonald, Utica; Charles Griffin, New York; Fred Cleveland, Albany, and C. H. Tif- fany, New York. Forestry—W. L. Sykes, Buffalo, chairman; George A. McCoy, Tupper Lake; R. W. Higby, New York; F. P: Wilder, Watertown; Isaac Kenwell and Prof. Nelson C. Brown, Syracuse. A REPORT ON FOREST FIRE LOSSES Forest resources having a valuation of more than $25,000,000 are lost annually through fire, according to Fred G. Plummer, Besides this great loss of timber, geographer there has been an average loss of seventy human lives a year in the forest fires of the last half century. of the United States Forest Service. In a study which he has just completed, Mr. Plummer has drawn upon all the forest fire statistics known to exist, and has worked out for the government a system of standard- ized reports which will give to future generations data of the causes, extent and effects of forest fires which will be far more complete and accurate than the records which have been kept heretofore. forest fire losses from the destruction of young tree growth, Mr. Plummer makes a point of the fact that there are enormous deterioration of the soil, damage to watercourses, interruption of business and the depreciation of property which are important, but which cannot be estimated accurately. THE FOREST RANGER %~ ‘ id a % % Py co ‘ A RANGER TRACING LINES IN WINTER UNDER DIFFICULTIES, MINNESOTA NATIONAL FOREST. THE FOREST RANGER A. G. JAcKson Who is this forest ranger man we hear so much about? What does he do, how live his life, where is his daily route? The forest ranger is the man who guards the nation’s wood, Performs his Uncle Sam’s odd jobs and does his duty good. His life is lived away from town, and often quite alone He rides the trail or climbs the ridge wherever trees are grown. He gathers seed in autumn from the sturdy forest trees, And scatters them where barrenness exists by fire’s decrees. The snow-clad peaks, the mountain lakes, the river’s rushing brim, The cabin and the jungle dark alike are known to him. By their first names he calls the trees and counts each one his friend. He knows the furtive wood folk too, and how their lives they spend. He finds the way and builds the trail where few have been before; And to a beauty spot long closed he leaves an open door. In August’s heat he makes his beat from lowlands to the higher, And oftimes mid deep smoke and flames he battles forest fire. 798 AMERICAN FORESTRY A RANGER TRACING LINES IN WINTER UNDER DIFFICULTIES, MINNESOTA NATIONAL FIREST. With compass, aneroid and book he rakes the forest maps, And carries quilt and frypan with his surveying traps. Each day you'll find him on the job in charge of timber sales, And every log or bolt that comes with diligence he scales. And nursery rhymes he croons at night to baby firs and spruce That soon will grow to take the place of old trees put to use. The ranger’s works are legion: he cooks, he packs, he rides. He’s carpenter and mason, he paints and drafts besides. He’s sometimes building cabins and installing telephones, And sometimes cruising timber, and sometimes hauling stones. For any work that’s needed on his unc’les forest land, The ranger’s ever ready with a willing skilful hand. On what he sees, and what he does, wherever he resorts, He must embody all the facts in various reports. The forest ranger sometimes wears a Service uniform; More often khaki overalls keep his strong figure warm. The ranger likes his T-bone steaks and strawberries and cream; His frequent food is “mulligan’” beside some mountain stream. The forest ranger sometimes works but eight hours for a day, And days when he puts in sixteen, they don’t increase his pay. The forest ranger on his trips as he goes down or up, Oft takes along for company a well bred Airdale pup. THE FOREST RANGER 799 The forest ranger likes his job: he has no time to knock, And when at length promotion comes it strikes him with a shock. Thus the ranger’s life is lived with nature wild and free, His soul uncaged by city walls—His is the life for me. Berlin, Wash., Oct. 27, 1911. A RANGER PILING AND BURNING BRUSH IN THE WINTER. THE PULURE SUPPLY OF HICKORY America must soon begin to plant hickory or this country will face a serious shortage in one of its most useful hard woods, according to Raphael Zon, expert in charge of the office of silvics in the United States Forest Service. America is now supplying the hickory which is used over the entire world. A fact not known to the average person ts that hickory is distinctively an American tree, growing only in the eastern part of the United States. It is usually scattered among other hard woods, and up until the present time sufficient quantities have been found to supply the demand at reasonable prices, but experts in the United States Forest Service now realize that the timber must be planted if the future supply is to be guaranteed. CONSERVATION REALIZED IN MASSACHUSETTS By Harris A. REYNOLDS Secretary, Massachusetts Forestry Association ASSACHUSETTS is not blessed (D with coal or copper mines, nor oil and gas wells. Consequently, it has none of those natural re- sources to conserve. It has a prob- lem, however—the preservation of its forests, and the reclamation of its waste lands. It may surprise those who are not familiar with Massa- chusetts to learn that as one of the States first settled, it is still nearly one- fifth wild or waste land. About 1,000,- 000 acres of the State are covered with scrub growth, or deserted farms where the soil is either too wet or too rocky to produce profitably without the appli- cation of scientific farming methods. On the other hand, this land is ideal for the growth of white pine, which thrives like a weed all over the State. It is evident that permitting this land to lie idle is a great economic waste to the State and community at large amount- ing to millions of dollars annually. Conservation was practiced in this State, however, long before the Con- servation Commission produced its voluminous report. In 1898, the Mas- sachusetts Forestry Association was organized and incorporated. It is a pri- vate organization and consisted at that time of only a few far-sighted citizens who saw the need of preserving our shade trees and protecting our forests. Until the past year, its energy was directed mainly toward procuring forest legislation. The Tree Warden Law was passed in 1899, requiring every town to select a citizen whose duty it is to protect the trees and see that the shade tree laws are obeyed. To create the office of State Forester was more difficult. It took several years to convince the Legislature that such a State Department was needed. This was done only after the Association had employed a forester and gave his services gratis to the people of the 800 State for one year. The following year the office of State Forester was created and the State Forestry Depart- ment organized. ‘This department last year spent $355,000, including the Gypsy Moth Funds, which were $315,- 000. In bringing the Weeks Bill into life as an Act of Congress, this asso- ciation took a leading part. ‘The pur- pose of this act is to create national forests on the headwaters of navigable streams, especially in the White and the Southern Appalachian Mountains, the forests to be so located as to protect the watersheds against erosion and to regulate the flow of the streams. Last year, largely through the instru- mentality of this association, the State Forest Fire Warden Act was passed, creating the office of State Forest Fire Warden under the direction of the State Forester. Mr. M. C. Hutchins, formerly of the New York State Fire Service, took charge of this work, and for the past year he has been perfecting our fire protection system. Lookout stations have been established on the high points in the State, from which men who are stationed there during the dry seasons can observe every part of the State. These men are connected by telephone with the fire wardens in the respective towns surrounding them, and immediate alarm is given at the first sign of smoke. The damage done by forest fires this year has been only about one-twentieth of that of the pre- vious year, before the system was in- stalled, and the system itself is not yet perfected. This assures owners of woodlands that their timber will be protected, and reforestation is begin- ning in earnest. The present tax system in this State is not favorable to woodland owners and this year a resolution to amend the State constitution was passed whereby the Legislature is given the right to CONSERVATION REALIZED IN MASSACHUSETTS revise the system of taxing wild and forest land. Now that the fire hazard and taxation difficulties are coming under control, the great problem of afforesting the fifth of the State is being solved in this way by the association. Branches of the Association are being formed in the towns and cities of the State. These local organizations serve as vil- lage improvement societies, except that their energies are devoted almost ex- clusively to forestry and_ shade-tree work. ‘The branches are independent locally, having their own by-laws, which conform with the by-laws of the main association. Their membership con- sists only of members of the Massachu- setts Forestry Association. Their sec- retaries send copies of the minutes of all meetings of the branches and their executive committees to the main office, where records of all branches are kept. In this way, the main association 1s in direct touch with the work of the branches and by constant vigilance, they are kept from becoming delinquent. Local improvement is brought about in this way, and, consequently, the whole State is benefited. ‘The organization as a whole, becomes a body of workers, and local public spirit prompts the members to help in this organized effort to improve our forest and shade-tree conditions. Unlike the average village improve- ment society which starts from a local impetus, these branch associations are not permitted to die out after one or two important objects have been accom- plished. When a branch is organized it is at once set to work. A committee is appointed to draw up by-laws for the guidance of the branch. Another com- mittee is appointed to study the local problems and present resolutions at the next meeting as to what the branch shall work for in the future. A date for that meeting is usually set before the organ- ization meeting adjourns. ‘This starts the branch to work, and the resolutions adopted at the second meeting are re- corded with the main association, which keeps bringing these resolutions up before the branch continually, and urging it to carry them out. In that way, a branch is never totally idle, and 801 the very fact that it has something to do will keep it alive and self-respecting. A retired or moribund organization of this sort is worse than a dead one. This work is being pushed as rapidly as funds will permit. The State has been divided into five districts and an assistant secretary is placed in each district, whose duty it is to do the pre- liminary work of organizing these branches by arousing local interest and by giving advice in forestry matters. \Ve aim to keep these positions filled with trained foresters who do much good by advising individuals concern- ing their forests and _ shade-trees. These men are in line for positions as city foresters, which positions we are creating through the means of these branch associations. In turn, the city foresters are educating the people to the advantages of afforesting the water- sheds from which the drinking water of the town or city is obtained. In a few instances this work has led to the con- sideration of having town forests, something on the order of the German Municipal Forests. This is the point we were coming to. Just as soon as the benefits of having such a forest is recognized, our wild and waste land will soon be put under cultivation. Our people are fast awakening to this fact through the educational influence of the Branch Association work and we feel safe in predicting that within a very few years most of these million acres of wild and waste land will be planted to trees. When each town plants a few acres yearly, and scores of individuals take up the work as they have already begun to do, in addition to what the State Department reforests annually, we shali soon change the face of Massa- chusetts. Already these Branch Associations have done excellent work for their own communities. The Fitchburg Branch alone was the means of procuring over $4,200 extra appropriations this year for forest, shade-trees, and park and playground work. Some have brought suit against offenders of the shade-tree laws. Plans have been laid by all for important future work and on the whole, the start made by these Branch Associations has been very satisfactory. 802 The idea is spreading rapidly and hun- dreds of people are becoming members of the Association in order to forward the good movement now under way. The membership of the Association has been more than doubled this year by AMERICAN FORESTRY this means and people who have never heard of the organization are now among its enthusiastic workers. We believe that we are on the right track, and our theories of conservation are fast becoming realities. WESTERN: FORESTRY AND CONSERVATION ASSO- CIATION MEETING N excellent program has been ( arranged for the annual forest fire conference of the Western Forestry and Conservation Association at Seattle, Wash., on Dec. 2 and 3, which will be attended, as delegates of the American Forestry Association, by director E. A. Sterling and executive secretary P. S. Ridsdale. Besides members of the forest pro- tective organizations of the Pacific Coast there will also be present repre- sentatives of the State, Federal and British Columbia Forest Agencies. Following the opening address by President A. L. Flewelling and the re- port of Secretary-Treasurer G. M. Cornwall, Forester E. T. Allen will re- port on the work of the Association in regard to fire effort and losses, and there will be short reviews of 1912 ex- periences of private owners, by W. E. Wells, vice president of the Northern Montana Forestry Association; A. W. Laird, president Northern Idaho For- estry Association; Geo. S. Long, presi- dent Washington Forest Fire Associa- tion; Charles S. Briggs, vice president of the Oregon Fire Association; and R. D. Swales, manager of the Redwood Fire and Protective Associations. These will be followed by reviews of State and Government experiences by United States District foresters F. A. Silcox, for Montana and Idaho; Coert DuBois for California; state foresters C. W. Jungberg, for Mantana; J. R. Welty, for Washington; F. A. Elliott, for Oregon, and Chief Forester H. R. Mc- Millan, for British Coumbia. In the afternoon there will be dis- cussions on safeguarding logging operations by J. J. Donovan and Doug- las Rodman; on slash disposal, by F. A. Elliott and J. L. Bridge; on railroad co-operation, by M. J. Buckley, of the QO. W..R. R.& N.. Go.,.and- Tee bird, president of the Clearwater Fire Protective Association. A banquet by the Seattle Lumbermen will be given in the evening. On Tuesday there will be addresses on trail and telephone building, by W. F.. Herring, Engineer of the U. S. For- est Service and Carl Bush, of the Western Electric Co.; on possibilities of wireless in fire work, by R. H. Sawler, of the Marconi Co.; on men, tools and supplies in fire fighting, by Coert DuBois and F. J. Davies; on fire fighting and patrol, by D. P. Simons, of the California Forest Protective As- sociation, and R. E. Benedict, of the British Columbia Forest Service; on forest legislation, by C. S. Chapman, of the Oregon Forest Fire Association, and FE. G. Ames, of the Washington Forest Fire Association, and on pub- licity work, by F. C. Knapp, president of the Portland Chamber of Commerce. These will be followed by addresses by Geo. S. Long and Prof. C. H. Shat- tuck, the latter of the University of Idaho. MR. OLMSTED WITHDRAWS FROM FIRM Fisher, Bryant & Olmsted, consulting foresters, of 141 Milk Street, Boston, Mass., announce that Mr. Frederick Erskine Olmsted has withdrawn from the firm and the business has been incorporated and will be continued under the corporate name of Fisher & Bryant, Inc. Mr. Olmsted leaves to practice consulting forestry independently and along special lines, but will maintain close relations with the new corporation. Street, Boston, Mass. His address will be 21 Lime NATIONAL FOREST RESERVE IN WEST VIRGINIA lose lle A. VIQUESNEY, Forest, Game and Fish Warden. N account of the peculiar location of the State of West Virginia, perhaps no State in the Union needs a larger forest reserve, but no action has yet been taken by the State to purchase or control any forest lands, neither has any law been passed con- trolling the cutting of timber so that our cut-over lands may again be re- forested. This is a deplorable condition, but nevertheless true, and the effects may be seen by traveling over many railroads of the State and looking at the cut- over areas, that are almost depleted of vegetation and practically useless for all time to come. However, the National Government, having made a careful study of these conditions and realizing, especially, the great danger that we are facing on ac- count of the drying up of the fountain heads of our great commercial streams, sometime ago, under the Weeks Law, made an appropriation for the purpose of making investigations looking to the purchase of large areas of wooded lands in several States. Among the States that have properly qualified or passed laws, allowing the United States Government to purchase land for the purpose mentioned, are Maine, New Hampshire, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Caro- lina, Tennessee, South Carolina and Georgia, and naming the counties in West Virginia in which this land will be purchased as parts of Pendleton, Hardy, Randolph and Pocahontas. For many years the United States Congress has been endeavoring to have a law enacted and appropriations made for the purpose of purchasing sufficient forest reserves to insure an even supply of water to our navigable rivers, were only successful in having such bill be- come a law until a recent session of Congress. Anticipating the passage of such a law by the United States Government, the West Virginia Legislature of 1909, in conformity with the suggestions of Governor Dawson, in his biennial message, passed a bill which gives the United States Government the right to acquire such property. This bill com- prises Chapter 61 of the Acts of 1909, and is as follows: “An act to empower the United States of America to acquire lands in West Virginia, by condemnation or otherwise, for a national forest reserve, and granting to the United States all rights necessary for the proper control and regulation of such reserve. Section 1. That the consent of the Legislature of West Virginia be and is hereby given to the acquisition by the United States, by purchase or by con- demnation with adequate compensation of such lands in West Virginia as in the opinion of the Federal Govern- ment may be needed for the establish- ment of such a national forest reserve in that region; provided, that the State of West Virginia shall retain a con- current jurisdiction with the United States in and over such lands so far that civil process in all cases, and such criminal process as may issue under the authority of the State of West Vir- ginia against any person charged with the commission of any crime without or within said jurisdiction may be exe- cuted thereon in like manner as if this act had not been passed. Sec. 2. The power is hereby con- ferred upon Congress to pass such laws as it may deem necessary to the acquisition, as hereinbefore provided, for incorporation in said national forest reserve of such forest-covered lands in West Virginia as in the opinion of the Federal Government may be needed for this purpose. sec. &. Ihe is hereby power con- 803 804 ferred upon Congress to pass such laws and to make or provide for the making of such rules and regulations, of both civil and criminal nature, and provide punishment therefor, as in its judgment may be necessary for the management, protection and control of such lands as may be from time to time acquired by the United States under the provisions of this act.” The question of forests with their manifold benefits to the continued ex- istence of mankind on earth, would fill volumes and cannot be properly dis- cussed in an article of this character, but the benefits to be derived by our State and Nation by establishing a na- tional forest reserve in the territory mentioned is so apparent that it de- serves at least some passing comment. The basic idea of the Federal Gov- ernment in acquiring these reserves is to regulate the flow of water in the streams. originating in these forest areas, which eventually form the navi- gable streams of our nation. But the control of such forests by the Federal Government would be of benefit in other matters, such as helping protect our forests from fire; maintaining an even flow of our streams, thus making them better for fish culture and furnish- ing better protection to our game and birds. While these lands will not be game preserves in a strict sense, yet with the protection from fire and under the patrol and care of the United States Government, it will, at least, make a refuge where game and birds can be protected from the pot hunter. The public will have the right to hunt and fish upon these lands, in accordance with the State laws, where they are located. One has to but take a glance at the map of the portion of the United States which comprises this adventure. to be impressed with the wisdom of the gov- ernment in acquiring same. Along these two great ranges of mountains the water sheds are formed that con- trol the supply of water for all the Eastern part of the United States. The position that West Virginia oc- cupies in this undertaking is unique and more important than that of any other State affected, for the reason that two AMERICAN FORESTRY of the greatest navigable streams in the United States take their rise in the Appalachian Mountain ranges, in the counties that are covered by this propo- sition. While there are 282 navigable streams in the United States, it is shown by statistics that two West Vir- ginia rivers, the Monongahela and Ohio, carry almost 25,000,000 tons of freight each year, or about one-fifth of the whole tonnage carried on navigable streams in the United States. For this reason, the protection of forests in West Virginia is of immense importance to the nation’s inland commerce, for without this protection the time must come when these great navigable streams of commerce will fail on account of the drying up of the foun- tain heads of these streams. The Government’s aid in creating forest reserves in West Virginia will mean even more to us than maintain- ing a water supply for commercial purposes, and should not only be en- couraged by State aid in every way possible, but corporations, firms and in- dividuals should be reasonable in quoting prices on land which they have for sale in these designated regions. It is the purpose of the commission to obtain lands that can be purchased for a low or reasonable price, and not pay any fancy price for land for this pur- pose. There are thousands of acres of such lands in the mountain ranges men- tioned that are scarcely valuable enough to justify the owners in paying taxes on same, which can be used to great ad- vantage in this work and should be turned over to the Federal Government at a nominal price. By establishing these forest reserves an even supply of water will be main- tained for all time, and the great freshets and floods that have been in- creasing in the last few years will be held in check; the soil that is now held in place by these forest tracts will be retained and used in reforesting the cut-over areas, and the care that is taken of the tracts of the Federal Gov- ernment will inspire others to take sim- ilar care of their forests, and in numer- ous ways the State will be benefited. Thousands of acres of land in West DANGER TO NATIONAL FOREST POLICY Virginia that have been cleared would be worth more in its primitive condi- tion, and every available acre of forest land in the State, unless it is very val- uable for agricultural purposes, should be retained as a forest reserve. The United States forest service of- ficials are doing a great work in edu- cating the people to see the great good to be accomplished by protecting the forests. This is now regarded as one of the most helpful branches of the Department of Agriculture. This de- partment undertakes the study and so- 805 lution of forestry problems, that can- not be handled by the States and indi- viduals, and by sending out literature is creating an influence among all classes that will aid in protecting and conserving these great gifts of nature. Many States have spent large sums of money to build up their forests that have been recklessly and needlessly de- stroyed. We have in West Virginia several millions of acres of forest lands, and if properly cared for, either by State or Government’s aid, it will be of untold benefit to future genefations. DANGER TO THE NATIONAL FOREST POLICY By Henry S. GRAVES Chief Forester two or three years a steadily growing movement to turn over the National Forests to the individual States. During the past session of Con- gress a rider to the Agricultural Ap- propriation Bill was offered in the Senate providing for the grant of the National Forests to the several States, together with all other public lands, including “all coal, mineral, timber, grazing, agricultural and other lands, and all water and power rights and claims, and all rights upon lands of any character whatsoever.” While the amendment was ruled out on a point of order, it received a surprisingly large amount of support. The proposition so far as the Na- tional Forests are concerned is to turn over to the individual States property owned by the Nation covering a net area of over 160 million acres. This property has an actual measurable value of at least two billion dollars, while from the standpoint of its indi- rect value to the public no estimate on a money basis could possibly be made. These are public resources which should be handled in the interests of the public. Moreover, the problems involved are such that they should definitely remain in the hands of the National rather than be turned over to the State Gov- cos. has been during the past ernments. The property belongs to the Nation as a whole, and every citi- zen has an interest in it. The Govern- ment has already made enormous grants to the individual States, but al- ways to further specific objects of National importance. There should not be a moment’s consideration of the proposal to turn the Forests over to the States unless it can be clearly shown that the interests both of the States and of the Nation are consistent with such action. In the case of the Na- tional Forests, public interests both of the Nation and of the States require their continued retention and manage- ment by the National Government. The scope of this article does not permit a full discussion of this problem. It must suffice to mention a few cogent reasons for Government ownership. 1. The property is now owned by the Nation, and should be administered from the standpoint of National as well as of local needs. 2. The problem of protection from fire and of timber production on the National Forests is one of National scope and can be properly handled only by the Government; its solution is a National duty. 3. The problem on water control is no less a National duty. Nearly all of the National Forests lie on head- 806 waters of navigable rivers or interstate streams. The Government is now purchasing lands in the East on head- waters of navigable rivers because of the disastrous results to the public which are following abuse under private ownership. It certainly should not part with title to the same class of lands which it now owns in the West. Every interstate stream presents prob- lems which can be properly handled only through the Federal Government. The Government can not permit the citizens of one State to be damaged by the action or failure to act of citizens of another State. It is of vital im- portance for this reason alone that property at the headwaters of inter- state streams be retained under Govy- ernment administration. 4. Not only are the interests of the individual States and communities now fully protected, but in many ways far more is being done for local communi- ties than would be possible under State ownership. In the long run, as the timber and other resources are brought into use with improving markets, the States will receive from the 25 per cent of the gross receipts now allowed them and the additional 10 per cent appro- priated for road improvements a larger amount than would come in from local taxes under private ownership. 5. The States are not as well pre- pared, financially or otherwise, to handle the National Forests as is the Federal Government. If the Forests were owned by the States and handled in the real interests of the public, there would be substantially the same system of administration as today, at a greater aggregate cost for supervision by a considerable number of independent State staffs of technical men. The financial burden would be far too great for the individual States to assume. The result would be either poor ad- ministration and lack of protection, or a sacrifice of the public interests in order to secure revenue to meet the financial needs. 6. The successful application of for- estry demands a stable administrative policy for long periods. This can be secured far better under National than under State control. AMERICAN FORESTRY %. A much higher standard of con- structive and technical efficiency is possible under National than under State administration. The value of the Forests to the public depends directly on the skill with which scientific knowl- edge is applied to the task of develop- ing their highest productiveness. Both in ability to carry on the research work required for practical ends and in ability to command professional services of the first order the Government possesses a striking advantage. 8. As largely undeveloped property the Forests need heavy investments of capital for their improvement. Their full productiveness can be secured in no other way. The Government is now investing yearly in the Forests a con- siderable part of the appropriation made for them. Even if the States did not seek to make them sources of im- mediate revenue, at whatever sacrifice of their future possibilities, they would be reluctant to expend much for their development. 9. The States both lack the civil service system and standards of the National Government and are exposed to greater danger of being swayed by private interests. In the hands of spoilsmen demoralization would quickly succeed the present high standards of the Forest Service, while the intimate relation of the Forests to the welfare of greater numbers of individuals would tend to make their administrative control a highly coveted political prize. At the same time the value of their resources would certainly arouse a cupidity which would be exceedingly difficult to control. Scandalous malad- ministration might easily follow. ‘The Federal Government is better watched, farther removed from local influence, more stable, and better equipped with a non-political system and machinery. The underlying purpose of the pro- posed transfer of the National Forests to the States is really not to substitute State for Federal control but rather to substitute individual for public control. Its most earnest advocates are the very interests which wish to secure such control. The object of the whole States Rights movement as it affects the Na- tional Forests is to transfer to private LACK OF CHRISTMAS TREES owners for speculative or monopolistic purposes public resources of enormous value. Retention of these resources under public ownership is needed to protect the people from abuses which are every day being demonstrated on lands over which the public has already lost control. The proposition is one which the people as a whole would re- pudiate in an instant if they understood what is proposed. The only danger lies 807 in the fact that some legislation adverse to the National Forest system may be passed when the public as a whole is ignorant that it is planned or does not understand the meaning. Vigilance in the defense of its interests and intelli- gence in the perception of the true character of masked attacks upon those interests are of fundamental necessity if the public is to protect itself. LACK OF CHRISTMAS TREES RICES of Christmas trees in New York, Philadelphia, Balti- more, Washington and most of the cities and towns of the eastern and middle states will likely be higher this year than ever before owing to the great reduction in the regular supply due to a quarantine order of the De- partment of Agriculture. This went into effect on November 25 and pre- vents Christmas trees and greens from nearly all of New England being shipped out of the quarantine zone. This is due to the prevalence of the gypsy moth and the brown tail moth in New England and the fear of the Forest Service that they might be spread throughout the east by the indiscrimi- nate shipping of conifers such as spruce, fir, hemlock, pine juniper and arbor vitae used generally, as they are, for Christmas trees and greens. The gypsy moth is prevalent in Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, while the brown tail moth is in Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecti- cut and Rhode Island. The quarantine also applies to all forest plant products in the specified area. Of course, if officials of the De- partment of Agriculture examine pro- posed shipments of Christmas trees, greens or other forest products and pronounce them free from either of the destructive moths the shipments out- side the quarantined area may be made, but there is little prospect that the thou- sands of dealers in Christmas trees will take the chances of buying these trees for shipment out of New England, when the danger of the trees being condemned is so great. For many years the shipment of Christmas trees and greens from New England has been a profitable industry and most of the supply to the larger cities of the middle states came from that section. Consequently the quaran- tine will greatly reduce the supply, and prices will naturally advance consider- ably. The Forest Service upholds the Christmas tree custom, but recognizes at the same time, that the indiscrimi- nate cutting of evergreens to supply the holiday trade has produced a bad effect upon many stands of merchantable kinds of trees in different sections of the country. Waste and destruction usually result when woodlands are not under a proper system of forest man- agement. Foresters say that it is not by denying ourselves the wholesome pleasure of having a bit of nature in the home at Christmas that the prob- lem of conserving the forests will be solved, but by learning how to use the forests wisely and properly. The rav- ages through forest fires must be checked, the many avenues of waste of timber in its travel from the woods to the mill and thence to the market must be closed, and almost numberless im- portant problems demand attention be- fore the Christmas tree. Germany is conceded to have the highest developed system of forest man- agement of any country, yet its per capita use of Christmas trees is great- est. The cutting of small trees for Christmas is not there considered in the 808 least as a menace to the forest, but, on the contrary, as a means of improving the forest by thinning and as a source of revenue. It is therefore constantly encouraged. There is little doubt but that the time will come when the Christmas tree business will become a recognized in- dustry in this country, and that as much attention will be given to it as will be given to the growing of crops of timber for other uses. This time may not be far off, for it is already un- derstood that only through the practice of forestry, which means both the con- servation of the timber which remains and carefully planned systems of re- forestation, will it be possible to supply the country with its forty billion feet of lumber needed each year, as well as the few million little trees used at Christmas time. AMERICAN FORESTRY Practically all conifers can be and are used as Christmas trees in this country, but the most popular ones are the firs, spruces, pines and the cedars. The pines are in great demand for Christmas trees when fir and spruce are not available, or are only to be had at a high price. Throughout Maryland and Virginia, and in Washington, the Virginia pine and, to a lesser extent, the cedar supply the demand. The fir is abundant in Colorado, but it grows in high, inaccessible places, and there- fore the Douglas spruce and the lodge- pole pine are more often used. The lodgepole pine is also popular in Wyom- ing and other Rocky Mountain states. In California it is not uncommon to find the incense cedar and young coast redwoods used as Christmas trees. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Many of our readers frequently desire to secure some expert advice regarding various features of forestry work, and do not know to whom to apply for the information. The Editor has accordingly decided to establish this column in which he will be glad to publish such questions as may be sent to him, and give the answers, when- ever the questions relate to any detail of the work which this Association is doing or such information as it can give. The Editor requests that communications be written on one side of the paper only and if possible, be typewritten. Asheville, N. C. Epitor AMERICAN Forestry.—Will you kindly recommend some book describing the trees and shrubs of North Carolina? ALLEN G. MILLER, Dr. J. K. Small’s “Flora of the Southern States” describes all of the trees and shrubs which Mr. Miller is likely to meet with in North Carolina, but this work is not illustrated. The only work I know of containing illustrations is one entitled Brit- ton and Brown’s “Illustrated Flora of Northern United States.” This, however, is a rather expensive work. I do not know of any sufficiently exhaustive publication with illustrations and _ descriptions of shrubs in the region referred to. Dr. C. S. Sargent’s “Manual of Trees of North America” and Dr. N. L. Britton’s “Forest Trees of North America” are both compact illustrated works which would serve Mr. Miller. Dr. Sargent’s work would probably meet his needs best for trees, as it contains all of the information he desires on these plants. Very truly yours, Gro. B. Supwortu, U. S. Forest Service. COMING MEETINGS Officials of forestry, lumber, timberland and fire protection associations are invited to send to AMERICAN Forestry notices of their meetings to be published in this column. December 2-3—Western Forestry & Con- servation Association, Seattle, Wash. December 3—Northwestern Hardwood Lumbermen’s _ Association, Minneapolis, Minn. Annual meeting. December 4-6—National Rivers & Har- bors Congress, New Willard Hotel, Wash- ington, D. C. December 7—North Central Missouri Re- tail Lumber Dealers’ Association, Moberly, Mo. December 18—Lumber Manufacturers’ As- sociation of Southern New England, Willi- mantic, Conn. Monthly meeting. January 6-7—Meeting of Eastern Foresters’ Association, at Lakewood, N. J. January 8—Annual Meeting, American Forestry Association, at Washington, D. C. January 9-10—Conference of State For- esters under auspices of the Forest Service, at Washington, D. C. January 14-16—Nebraska Lumber Dealers’ Association, Rome Hotel, Omaha, Nebr. Annual meeting. January 14-16— Northwestern Lumber- men’s Association, Minneapolis, Minn. Annual meeting. January 15—Third annual _ convention, North Carolina Forestry Association, at Ra- leigh, N. C. January 21-23—Ninth annual convention American Wood Preservers Association, Hotel Sherman, Chicago. January 21-23—Ohio Association of Retail Lumber Dealers, Cleveland, Ohio. January 21-23—Union Association of Lum- ber and Sash and Door Salesmen, Cleveland, Ohio. Annual meeting. January 21-23—Colorado & Wyoming Lum- ber Dealers’ Association, Denver, Colo, Annual meeting. January 22-24—Southwestern Lumbermen’s Association, Kansas City, Mo. Annual meet- ing. January 29-30—Retail Lumber Dealers’ Association of the State of New York, Hotel Utica, Utica, N. Y. Annual meeting. January 29-30—Pennsylvania Lumbermen’s Association, Hotel Walton, Philadelphia, Pa. Annual meeting. February 4—Canadian Lumbermen’s Asso- ciation, Ottawa, Ont. Annual meeting. February 5—Canadian Forestry Associa- tion, Ottawa, Ont. Annual business meet- ing. February 13-15—Western Retail Lumber- men’s Association, Masonic Temple, Spo- kane, Wash. Annual meeting. 809 STATE NEWS Rhode Island Arrangements have been perfected to se- cure the co-operation of the rural mail car- riers in reporting forest fires to the wardens in Rhode Island. Several towns have just appointed committees and appropriated money for the establishment of fire lookout stations. Over 160,000 trees, representing about 75 species, have been planted this year in Warwick, Cranston, East Green- wich and Pawtucket. A survey of the natural resources of the State is in prog- ress by Professor C. W. Brown, under the general direction of the State Conservation Commission, of which the Commissioner of Forestry is a member. In the town of Glocester a gigantic seed- ling chestnut of great age was felled, when out jumped a menagerie including a rac- coon, gray squirrel, flying squirrel, screech owl and insects. Maine There is a movement on foot to reorgan- ize and revive the Maine Forestry Associa- tion, which has been practically defunct for the past four or five years. It is the inten- tion to have this organization take an active part in having the present appropri- ation for forestry in Maine increased by the next Legislature, so as to put the work on a more substantial basis. Pennsylvania Aside from the general reserve and de- partment work, there is nothing of special importance taking place in the forestry work in Pennsylvania at the present time. The department has under contract and will have turned over to the State in a month or so enough land to bring the re- serve area to the million-acre mark. Recently a number of small forest fires have occurred within the State, and it is very likely, now that hunting season has opened, that we may expect quite a few fires. With our protection of reserves we have reason to expect that these fires will not reach large size, and with the interest which sportsmen themselves are taking, and with the assistance of the fire wardens all over the State, as well as the boy scouts, there is no reason why fires outside of the reserves should reach large size. Thus far the State has been comparatively free of any serious fires this year. Kentucky Kentucky joins the front ranks of the States interested in the Forestry move- 810 ments. A movement which has been under way for the last ten years in Kentucky for the establishment of a forest policy within the State was crystallized into Law at a meeting of the Legislature during the win- ter 1910 and 1911, when a State Board of Forestry and the office of a State Forester were created. The Law which was enacted is a very far-reaching and intelligent law, and credit for this must be given to the Kentucky Federation of Women’s Clubs. Governor James B. McCreary has inter- ested himself very extensively in this movement for the creation of the State Board of Forestry, and also for other progressive conservation measures which were enacted in the Law last winter. In ac- cordance with this law, a State Board of Forestry was appointed by the Governor, and at a meeting in the latter part of August, a State Forester was appointed. This appointee was Mr. J. E. Barton, who has been con- nected with the U. S. Forest Service for the last seven years and who for the last four years has been Supervisor of the Pend Oreille National Forest in Northern Idaho. Mr. Barton took charge of the work on the first of September, and the work of organ- ization under the law is going steadily for- ward. The people of Kentucky are mani- festing a deep interest in the forest move- ment within their State, and it is expected within a comparativly short time that forest reserves will be created as demonstrations of forestry as a business and a science, and that nurseries will be furnished to provide stock for planting on the forest reserves and for the people of the State. One nursery will be started on the State Fair grounds at Louisville. As an evidence of the interest of the people of the Commonwealth in forestry was the enthusiasm shown in connection with the planting of the Arboretum on November 13, on the grounds back of the State Capitol at Frankfort, Ky., which is the first arboretum on public grounds to be established in the United States. Eventually each county will be represented by a tree. Arbor Day was. celebrated at the same time as the planting of the arboretum, and a large number of the State officials took an active part in the work. Massachusetts As was stated in the November number of AMERICAN Forestry, the Massachusetts Leg- islatures of 1911 and 1912 passed a resolve submitting to the people a proposed amend- ment to the Constitution giving to the Gen- eral Court authority to prescribe the methods of taxing wild or forest lands. Through the efforts of a committee appointed by the Bos- STATE ton Chamber of Commerce and Massachu- setts Forestry Association, working jointly in urging upon the voters of the State the importance of the proposed amendment as a means of encouraging forestry in Massachu- setts, it was adopted at the recent election by an overwhelming majority. The personnel of the committee referred to is: Chairman, Har- old Parker, ex-chairman of the Massachu- setts Highway Commission; F. W. Rane, Massachusetts State Forester; Prof. Spen- cer Baldwin, professor of economics, Bos- ton University; F. E. Olmstead, of the for- estry firm of Fisher, Bryant & Olmstead; Allen Chamberlain, president of the Appa- lachian Mountain Club, and Mr, Harris A. Reynolds, secretary of the Massachusetts Forestry Association. This committee meets semi-monthly, and is now engaged in the rather difficult task of preparing a bill to present to the next session of the Legislature, which if enacted into law, it is hoped will eliminate many of the objectionable features of the present methods of taxing wild and forest lands, and become an important factor in stimulating the reforestation work in Massachusetts, as well as conserving the present wooded areas. In order to obtain definite information with regard to the general practice of Mas- sachusetts assessors in appraising values on such lands, as well as to determine, if pos- sible, what effect any change in the present methods of taxation would have upon the revenues of cities and towns of the State, Mr. Harold O. Cook and Mr. Harry F, Gould, of the State Forester’s office, have, at the request of the committee, selected five towns located in widely separated parts of the State in which they will make very care- ful estimates of the true values of the wooded areas, as compared with the val- uation placed upon them by the assessors, and get such other information as may aid the committee in their work. The United States Bureau of Plant Indus- try is co-operating with the State of Mas- sachusetts in its efforts to check the chest- nut bark disease. At present a bulletin is being prepared, which, it is hoped, will lead to increased demands for assistance on the part of the Massachusetts public. A number of examinations have been made during the past year for owners of chestnut woodland who suspect the presence of the disease. Up to date, while the State Forester has paid the salary of the examiner, his traveling ex- penses have been charged to the applicant. Through the co-operative agreement now entered into, these expenses will also be paid, and the owner will thus obtain his advice absolutely free. It is intended to undertake certain experiments with respect to the dis- ease, some scouting will be done independent of applications for inspection, and steps may be taken toward the eradicating of the dis- ease in some localities. The general outlook with regard to the disease is more hopeful than at this time last year. It is true that it has spread during the past summer, but NEWS 811 by no means to the extent that was expected. It seems reasonable to suppose that vigorous efforts on the part of woodland owners may be able to preserve their chestnut almost in- definitely, at least in the eastern portion of the State, where the attack is least severe. Alabama At the next session of the Alabama Legis- lature Game and Fish Commissioner John H. Wallace, Jr., will present a bill looking to converting all State lands, whether held in fee or in trust, by the State of Alabama, into game refuges and forest preserves. In- cluded in these lands are the Sixteenth Sec- tion School Lands, the Tax Redemption Lands and the Swamp and Overflowed Lands, amounting to hundreds of thousands of acres. Since these lands belong to the State they have been regarded generally as being public property, the depredation on them in the way of the stealing of timber, firing of forests and slaughtering of game has been horrible in the past. Mr. Wallace contemplated having a paid game and forest warden service to guard these lands. The movement has met with universal approval in Alabama, and the plan will undoubtedly be enacted into a law as soon as the Legislature shall meet. North Carolina. The third annual convention of the North Carolina Forestry Association will meet in Raleigh on January 15, 1913. Its discussions will be largely devoted to showing the imme- diate need for the passage of legislation for the protection of the forests of the State. There is a strong and growing feeling throughout the State that the time has ar- rived for action, and this Legislature is ex- pected to make at least a small appropriation for inaugurating such protective work. At the last meeting of the North Carolina Forestry Association a legislation committee was appointed to draw up a forest law for the State, to be presented to, and if possible passed by, the next Legislature, which con- venes early in January. This committee is called to meet some time in December to put the bill which they have been working upon in final shape so that it may be introduced during the early days of the session. This law will probably provide for some kind of firewarden system, and will also attempt to assist the railroads in the prevention of rail- road fires. At a recent meeting of the Southern Fur- niture Manufacturers’ Association, held in High Point, N. C., an appeal was made by the Secretary of the North Carolina For- estry Association, who was present by invita- tion, for the co-operation and assistance of the furniture manufacturers in the campaign to procure adequate forest protective laws for the State. A resolution was passed com- mending the work of the Forestry Associa- 812 AMERICAN FORESTRY tion and calling upon the Legislature to enact laws which will better control the individ- ual who starts forest fires; which will enforce stricter regulations controlling rail- roads and other companies or individuals using spark-producing engines; which will empower some already existing state organ- ization, or create some new state system, to enforce such laws; and which will provide an adequate appropriation to carry them into effect. Similar resolutions have been already passed by several of the chambers of com- merce and other commercial bodies of the State. Oregon Oregon has just passed through the most successful fire season of which there is record. Aside from three crown fires which occurred in May before the fire season had really opened, and before the field force employed by the State and private timber owners was in the field, practically no timber was destroyed. These early fires were caused by carelessness in burning slashings located adjacent to standing timber, and could easily have been avoided if proper precautions had been taken by the people during the burning. The damage to timber in 1912 was less than the loss of 87,622 feet B.M. in 1911, and 1,978,841 feet B.M. in 1910. This result is due chiefly to the effectiveness of the work of the Forest Service, the Wardens employed by the State and the Patrolmen in the em- ploy of the private timber owners. Con- siderable credit must also be given to a marked change in the attitude of campers, hunters and others relative to care with fire when in woods. One of the decidedly en- couraging features in our work during the past season was the organization of addi- tional county fire patrol associations. Five associations were formed during the year, bringing the total number of such organiza- tions up to ten. The area covered by them totalled approximately 6,300,000 acres. In seven of the counties covered by fire patrol associations, the County Supervising Warden employed by the State Forester also acted as manager and directed the work of the association. This arrangement gave the State Forester immediate supervision of the fire protection work over a relatively large portion of the timber section of the State. The need of a map of Oregon showing the cover of lands in the State which should be protected from fire, has long been felt by the State Forester. The work of obtain- ing data for such a map was started during the fall by placing eleven men in the field in the Northwestern section of the State. These men were instructed to prepare a map of the district assigned to them, showing the following information: 1. Location of land bearing merchantable timber, whether old or second growth. 2. Location of land covered with brush. 3. Location of cut-over land bearing un- merchantable second growth. 4. Location of all other cut-over land. 5. Location of old burns bearing unmer- chantable second growth. 6. Location of burned areas not included under class 5. 7. Location of land used primarily for agricultural and grazing purposes. It is expected that this data covering ap- proximately the Northwest quarter of the State will be available about January 1, and just as soon as possible thereafter a lithograph forest cover map, on a scale of 1%” to the township, will be published. The remainder of the State will be worked over during the coming year and a complete cover map will be issued just as soon as possible. The in- formation that will be shown on a map of this kind will be of immense value to the State Forester in connection with the fire protection work and especially in locating fire patrol districts. Maryland An effort is being made in Maryland to promote the planting and care of road-side trees. The State has expended several mil- lions of dollars in the last few years for improved roads and the work is being con- tinued, with the prospect that the whole State will, in a few years, be traversed by a system of improved highways. The great- est interest in tree planting has been shown by small towns, and their good influence is extending out into the rural sections. Illus- trated talks are being given, showing the greater attractiveness of highways outlined by rows of trees, as contrasted with roads along which there are no trees. The State also proposes to establish a forest nursery, a portion of which can be devoted to the growing of trees suitable for planting along road sides. An effort is being made to secure a suitable law which will be admin- istered by some central head, and not left entirely to local authorities, in order that there may be uniformity in the methods to be pursued, proper trees selected for planting and their arrangement made harmonious. The plan is meeting with general approval wherever presented and the prospect is ex- ceedingly good for securing a model road side tree law from the next Legislature, in January, 1914. Michigan Negotiations between the Forest Service and the Public Domain Commission of the State of Michigan are under way for the exchange of certain National and State for- est lands. Such exchange is made possible by a law recently enacted by Congress, the object of which is to enable the Government to more completely solidify its holdings within the boundaries of the National Forests in Michigan, A State law, of similar pur- port, giving the State of Michigan authority to exchange lands with the Federal Govern- STATE NEWS ment, as well as with individuals, has been in force for more than a year. The lands involved comprise some 25,000 or 30,000 acres, located principally in the counties of Luce, Crawford, Roscommon, Gosco and Oscoda. Wisconsin The Wisconsin State Board of Forestry now has about 2,500,000 seedlings and trans- plants in the main forest nursery at Trout Lake, which is in the heart of the State Forest Reserves. As will be noted from the following table, the cost of raising the plant- ing material has been kept down to a very reasonable figure. 1 YEAR SEEDLING, Cost to é ' Number raise per M. Winite® pine yo 2 632,000 $ .46 Broken pine 22 190,000 45 Western yellow pine_-- 60,000 55 Norway spruce ------~-- 11,000 1.06 Colorado blue spruce-- 40,000 40 European larch ~------ 400 .88 2 YEAR SEEDLINGS. Cost to Number raise per M. Meer apere: 222. 436,000 $ .47 Norway pine __.--..._- 576,000 AT Saatchpine = —- =. -22._= 145,000 46 Western yellow pine_--_ 13,000 56 Norway spruce ------- 20,000 1.07 2 YEAR TRANSPLANTS. Cost to Number raise per M. White pme 2-......__- 21,000 $1.25 meotch *pite- =. 20,000 1.24 Western yellow pine --- 68,000 1:33 Ohio The city of Cincinnati during the past few years has come into possession of about fifteen hundred acres of land either within the city limits or contiguous thereto. State Forester Secrest was consulted re- cently regarding its use, and made the sug- gestion that a portion or all be devoted to a forest park, modelled somewhat after the city forest parks of Germany. This plan met with the unanimous approval of the Board of Park Commissioners. A co-opera- tive agreement was entered into, whereby the State Forestry Department is to draw up plans, and supervise the planting and improvement work. Arrangements have been made for establishing a nursery on one of the tracts, where about 200,000 trees will be placed the coming spring. The proposed work at Cincinnati offers a most excellent apportunity for the establish- ment of demonstration forests, and especially for initiating the scheme of city forest parks. The areas contain some native woodlots in 813 culled conditions, but there are some fine specimens of original forest trees including oaks, beech, maples, tulip, poplars, gums, basswood, walnut, etc. The work will be along the line of practi- cal forestry. In the planting operations as many different kinds of tree species will be used as seem adaptable to conditions. The ornamental features will not be con- sidered, but the plantings will be so placed as to enhance the aesthetic value. It is in- tended to reserve open park areas, especially where groups of the original oaks and beech stand. The topography and general aspect of the land offers splendid opportunity for visitors, and this feature will not be over- looked. The woodlots will be reconstructed whenever possible, but it is proposed to reserve as many of the old trees as may seem practical. This undertaking is probably the first of its kind in this country, and it is hoped that other cities will soon follow the Cincinnati plan. Vermont The University of Vermont has decided definitely that it can best subserve the inter- ests of the State by teaching forestry as a branch of modern farming, rather than in training up a small group of highly special- ized foresters, most of whom would have to seek positions outside the State. Fores- try conditions in this country are such that it will be impossible for a forester to earn a salary that will repav him for a four years’ college course, on a forest tract of less than 10,000 acres. There are at present very few private tracts of this kind upon which foresters are employed; and the num- ber does not bid fair to increase in propor- tion to the number of technically trained foresters. In fact, with the present tendency on the part of Congress to scrimp in its ap- propriation for the National forests, and other constructive work, in favor of in- creased pensions and other vote-getting measures, there seems to be an imminent danger of lack of employment for newly trained foresters. On the other hand, there is an ever- increasing demand on the part of large land- owners for trained farm managers. More and more these men will be required to have a working knowledge of timber estimating and such silvicultural measures as thinning and planting. In connection with intensive agriculture a graduate of an agricultural college can find remunerative employment on a few hundred acres, and the student with some forestry knowledge will find that he has a decided advantage in obtaining such positions over one who has no knowledge of forestry. Many of the graduates of an agricultural college go back to their own farms, and in the long run the knowledge which they have acquired along forestry lines will help them to prosperity. When lumber has greatly in- creased in value over its present value, the 814 farmer who has conserved his woodlot will look back gratefully to his college course in forestry. Many of these men later become members of the State Legislatures, and their influence for sound forestry principles, in- culcated while at college, will go far toward counteracting the hasty, ill-considered for- estry legislation, which is a most threatening feature of the present forestry situation. The State University cannot confine its work to teaching within its walls, and ex- tension work among the people of the State is most important. There is at present a bill before the Legislature of Vermont to provide for agricultural extension on the part of the State University. It is very much to be desired that this bill shall pass and that forestry extension may be carried on as a part of the new work. For the sake of students desiring to spe- cialize in forestry, and in other scientific professions, a science course has _ been adopted in the University of Vermont which will enable a student to take all the work required for admission in any professional forest school. Any student who can com- plete this work in three years with one-half of his marks of (B) grade, and none below (C) grade, may obtain his degree of bache- lor of science after the satisfactory comple- tion of his first year in a forest school of recognized standing. California The State of California depends upon a voluntary firewarden system for the protec- tion of its vast timber resources. The fire- wardens are public-spirited citizens who have the conservation of our forests at heart. They have the powers of a peace officer to arrest without warrant for viola- tions of the forest laws. They rendered very efficient assistance during the calendar year of 1912, and up to November 1 made 39 arrests. The cases were prosecuted by Justices of the Peace and the District At- torneys, Convictions were secured in 29 cases; in 1 case the offender was acquitted; 3 were released; 2 dismissed; in 2 cases the fines were suspended, and in another case, because of extenuating circumstances, the offender was placed on probation for six months in lieu of a fine. AMERICAN FORESTRY A favorable public sentiment against for- est fires has grown steadily. It has been shown, however, that the maximum effi- ciency has been obtained through the efforts of the voluntary firewardens. It is apparent that the fire situation can be successfully handled only through the maintenance of a paid State patrol, and toward that end an effort will be made to secure the necessary appropriation at the coming Legislature. A Forestry Club has been organized at the University of California for the purpose of securing an appropriation from the Legis- lature for the creation of a forestry depart- ment. There is a membership of about forty earnest students from the botany and agricultural departments. They hold regu- lar bi-weekly meetings and secure such speakers as they can to address them upon forestry and allied subjects. ‘They have succeeded in interesting members of the Faculty in their undertaking. All of these students wish to follow forestry as a pro- fession, but many of them feel that they prefer to receive their training in the West rather than in Eastern universities. The field for practical work and observa- tion in California is unsurpassed by other States. Conservative forestry is being con- ducted on 20 national forests where the stu- dents can work during the summer months. Their milling, logging and other practical work can be obtained upon the large hold- ings of the timber companies within a com- paratively short distance of the University campus. The conservation of our natural resources can here be assured by the practice of for- estry principles on private holdings which comprise three-fourths of the entire tim- bered area. By training California men here on the ground it is probable that, through their connection with timber inter- ests, they wiil eventually apply their knowl- edge of forestry principles in the manage- ment of the forests of our State. Every assistance should be given the members of the Forestry Club in their endeavor to se- cure an appropriation to establish a Depart- ment of Forestry at the University of Cali- fornia. TO HEAD A RANGER SCHOOL F. B. Moody, assistant State Forester of Wisconsin, visited the New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse University, recently. Mr. Moody ts a graduate of the Forestry School of the University of Michigan and has been connected with the State work in Wisconsin for the last six years. On January 1, Mr. Moody will take up his duties as head of the Ranger School to be established by the \State Forest Service and the University of Wisconsin, The Ranger School is similar in scope to that conducted by the New York State College of Forestry at Wanakena. NEWS NOTES At Cornell University The faculty of the Department of For- estry at Cornell has just been increased by the appointment of Mr. Arthur B. Reck- nagel as professor. Mr. Recknagel grad- uated from Yale College in 1904, and from the Yale Forest School in 1906. He has been engaged in many kinds of work in the U. S. Forest Service, and is at present an Assistant District Forester in District 3. The plan of the forestry course at Cor- nell is that each student is to devote the fifth year of his college work to advanced study or research along the lines in which he wishes to specialize. Accordingly, each member of the faculty is expected to offer advanced work in one line. Mr. Recknagel will develop forest management as his spe- cialty. As a part of the work in forest management, he will have charge of the eight weeks of work in camp which will be given the graduate students in the spring term. For the present, Mr. Recknagel will also teach lumbering and wood technology. It is expected that ground will be broken very soon for the forestry building at Cor- nell, as the contract has just been let. The building will include three laboratories for wood technology and timber testing; lab- oratories for silviculture, mensuration, dendrology and utilization; a lecture room with an automatic window-darkening ap- paratus to facilitate the use of lantern slides; class-rooms, a reading room, semi- nar, forestry club room, museum, drafting room and a series of offices. There will also be a locker room, freight room, in- strument room and tool room. The build- ing is to be ready for occupancy sometime during the college year 1913-14. At present the Department of Forestry is occupying a laboratory, class room and offices in one of the recently finished buildings of the Col- lege of Agriculture. The Department has just issued an an- nouncement of its work, containing full de- tails as to the plan of the course. Dr. Hamilton’s New Position Dr. Frederick W. Hamilton, recently President of Tufts and Jackson Colleges, has re-entered the business field, from which he withdrew several years ago for profes- sional work as an educator, and has taken the position of General Manager of the American Forestry Company. As a young man, Dr. Hamilton’s success- ful business career, combined with his broad education, early brought him to the front. For many years he was a trustee of Tufts College and later became its President, keep- ing at the same time other high positions in the educational world, including membership of the Massachusetts State Board of Educa- tion. The success and rapid growth of the American Forestry Company, with its “Lit- tle Tree Farms,” open a field of unusual op- portunity to a man of Dr. Hamilton’s caliber, in the combination which forestry offers of the commercial and the aesthetic, and it is, therefore, with much enthusiasm that Dr. Hamilton has associated himself with the Company, and taken up his new duties. This affiliation will allow Mr. Theodore F. Borst, Forest Engineer of the Company, to devote his energies more exclusively to the professional side of the prosperous in- dustry of which he was the founder. Dr. Hamilton will from now on make his headquarters at the offices of the American Forestry Company at 15 Beacon Street, Bos- ton, Mass. The American Forestry Company is to be congratulated upon obtaining the services of a man who has made a marked success in the fields both of business and education. New Forest Reserves. Following investigations which have been made by officers of the Canadian Forestry Department, it is proposed to set aside a number of new forest reserves. The largest is on the shores of Lesser Slave Lake, and comprises 4,788 square miles. About 350,- 000,000 feet of lumber is available there, and the reservation is recommended because of the unsuitability of the land for agricultural purposes and the necessity of conserving a timber supply for the future. North of Lake la Biche, Alberta, another reserve is suggested. In Saskatchewan a reserve has been recommended at Fort a la Corne, while one in Manitoba is likely to be established. It is intended to extend con- siderably this year the pine forest reserve north of Prince Albert, and also those in British Columbia. 815 CURRENT LITERATURE MONTHLY LIST FOR NOVEMBER, 1912 and periodicals indexed Library of the United States Forest Service) (Books in the Forestry as a Whole Weber, Heinrich, editor. Jahresbericht uber die fortschritte, verOflentlichungen und wichtigeren ereignisse im gebiete des forst—jagd—vund_ fischereiwesens fiir das jahr 1911; supplement zur Allgemeinen forst—und jagd-zeitung, 186 p. Frankfurt am Main, J. D. Sauer- liinder’s verlag, 1912. Bibliographies Cockrill, Elizabeth. Bibliography of Ten- nessee geology, soils, drainage, forestry, etc. 119 p. Nashville, 1911. (Tennes- see Geological Survey. Bulletin 1 B.) Proceedings and reports of associations, forest officers, etc. Great Britain—Commissioners forests and land revenues. 119 p. London, 1912. St. Petersburgh—Lyesnoi institut (Forest in- of woods, 90th report. stitute). Izvyestiya (Contributions), vol. 23. 163 p. pl. St. Petersburgh, 1912. Société dendrologique de France. Bulletins. no. 21-24. Paris, 1911-12. Société forestiére de Franche-Comté et Bel- fort. Bulletin trimestriel, v. 11, no. 7. 132 p. Besancon, 1912. Straits Settlements—Conservator of forests. Annual report on forest administration for the year 1911. 23 p. Singapore, shat Forest Aesthetics Street and park trees Gaylord, F. A. Shade trees. 69 p. il. pl. Albany, N. Y., 1912. (N. Naat pastes tion commission—Division of lands and forests. Bulletin 7.) New Jersey—Forest park reservation com- mission. The planting and care of shade trees, by Alfred Gaskill, including papers on Insects injurious to shade trees, by John B. Smith, and Diseases of shade and forest trees, by Mel. T. Cook. 128 p. il, pl. Trenton, N. J., 1912. Newark—Shade tree commission. Eighth annual report, 1911. 68 p. il. Newark, N. J., 1912. North Carolina—Geological and economic survey. Planting street trees. 4 p. Chapel Hill, 1912. (Press bulletin no. 57.) 816 Forest Description Foster, J. H. Forest conditions in Louisiana. 39 p. il, pl. Washington, D. C., 1912. (U. S—Dept. of agriculture, Forest service. Bulletin 114.) Holmes, J. S. A forester’s notes from Eu- rope; Switzerland. 3 p. Chapel Hill, N. C.,, 1912. (N. C—Geological and economic survey. Press bulletin no. 85.) Moon, F. Frank. Forest conditions of War- ren county. 31 p. pl, map. Albany, N. Y., 1911. (N. Y.—Conservation com- mission—Division of lands and forests. Bulletin 6.) Stephen, John Wallace. Forest conditions of Oneida county. 20 p. pl. map. Albany, N. Y., 1911. (N. Y.—Conservation com- mission—Division of lands and forests. Bulletin 4.) Forest Botany Trees; classification and description Arnold arboretum. Bulletins of popular in- formation, nos. 29-31. Jamaica Plain, Mass., 1912. Clements, Frederic E. and others. Minne- sota trees and shrubs; an _ illustrated manual of the native and cultivated woody plants of the state. 314 p. il. pl. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota, 1912. Japan-Dept. of agriculture and commerce— Bureau of forestry. Icones of the bam- boos of Japan, with 15 plates. 73 p. and portfolio of plates. Tokyo, 1912. West Laurel Hill cemetery. List of trees and shrubs in West Laurel Hill ceme- tery. 48 p. il. Philadelphia, Pa., 1911. Silvics Studies of species Woodbury, T. D. Yield and returns of blue gum (Eucalyptus) in California. 8 p. Wash., D. C., 1912. (U. S—Dept. of agriculture — Forest -service. Circular 210.) Silviculture Planting United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Extracting and cleaning forest tree seed. 23 p. Wash., 1912. (Circular 208.) CURRENT LITERATURE Forest Protection Insects Mason, E. B. The southern pine beetle and its control. 4 p. Chapel Hill, 1912. (N. C.—Geological and economic survey. Press bulletin 60.) Diseases Giddings, N. J. The chestnut bark disease. 19 p. il. Morgantown, 1912. (W. Va.— Agricultural experiment station. Bulle- tin 137.) Pennsylvania chestnut tree blight commis- sion, The chestnut blight disease; means of identification, remedies sug- gested, and need of co-operation to con- trol and eradicate the blight. 9 p. pl. Harrisburg, 1912. (Bulletin 1.) Pennsylvania chestnut tree blight commis- sion. Treatment of ornamental chestnut trees affected with the blight disease. 7p. pl. Harrisburg, 1912. (Bulletin 2.) Animals MacRae, Hugh. The stock law and forest protection. 5 p. Chapel Hill, 1912. (N. C.—Geological and economic survey. Press bulletin 61.) Fire Adams, Daniel W. Methods and apparatus for the prevention and control of forest fires, as exemplified on the Arkansas national forest. 27 p. il. pl. Wash., D. C., 1912. (U. S—Dept. of agriculture —Forest service. Bulletin 113.) California—State board of forestry. Forest fire report and voluntary firewardens. 43 p. Sacramento, 1912. Plummer, Fred G. Forest fires; their causes, extent and effects, with a summary of recorded destruction and loss. 39 p. il. pl Wash., D. C., 1912. (U. S.—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Bulle- tin 117.) Forest Management Forest mensuration Baughman, H. R. A. _Baughman’s buyer and seller. 12th edition. 300 p. Indianap- olis, 1912. Forest Economics Taxation and tariff Pettis, Clifford R. Forest taxation. 19 p. Albany, N. Y., 1912. (New York—Con- servation commission—Division of lands and forests. Bulletin 8.) Statistics United States—Dept. of agriculture—Bureau of statistics. Exports of farm and for- est products, 1909-1911, by countries to which consigned. 100 p. Wash., D. C., 1912. (Bulletin 96.) United States—Dept. of agriculture—Bureau of statistics. Imports of farm and forest products, 1909-1911, by countries 817 from which consigned. 83 p. Wash., D. C., 1912. (Bulletin 95.) Forest Administration United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. October field program, 1912. 31 Do VWashy Es CL. ToT 2: Forest Utilization Lumber industry Northern hemlock and hardwood manufac- turers association. Birch, America’s finest wood. 16 p. il. Wausau, Wis., 1912. Pacific logging congress. Fourth annual ses- sion, Tacoma, Wash. 44 p. Chicago, American lumberman, 1912. Southern logging association. Proceedings, 2d annual meeting. 54 p. il. New Or- learns, Lumber trade journal, 1912. Stailey, S. C., comp. Lumber inspection rules; containing rules governing the manufacture and inspection of different kinds of lumber, government tests of the comparative strength of building timbers, and other useful information for everyday use. 356 p. il. N. Y., A. D. Beeken, 1912. Forest by-products Betts, Harold Scofield. Possibilities of west- ern pines as a source of naval stores. 23 p. pl. Wash., D. C., 1912. (U. S— Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Bulletin 116.) Wood technology Heim, A. L. Mechanical properties of red- wood. 32 p. il. Wash. D. C., 1912. (U. S—Dept. of agricutlure—Forest service. Circular 193.) Wood preservation Weiss, Howard F. Prolonging the life of crossties. 51 p. pl. Wash., D. C., 1912. (U.. S—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Bulletin 118.) Auxiliary Subjects Botany Correa, M. Pio. Flora do Brazil; algumas plantas uteis, suas applicagoes e distrib- uigao geographica. 154 p. Rio de Ja- neiro Typographia da Estatistica, 1909. Japan—Dept. of agriculture and commerce— Bureau of forestry. Illustrations of Japanese fungi. 12 p. pl. Tokyo, 1912. Periodical Articles Miscellaneous periodicals Agricultural gazette of Tasmania, Aug., 1912. —Western afforestation, by LL. A. Evans, p. 313-16. Agricultural journal of the Union of South Africa, Sept., 1912—White ants in Natal; their nature and treatment, by Claude Fuller, p. 345-69; The willow tree caterpillar, Angelica tyrrhea, by C. B. Hardenberg, p. 397-418. 818 American city, Aug., 1912.—Renourishing _ trees, by’ J. HY) Prost, p.0id%-. Arizona, Oct., 1912—Sheep industry in Arizona; its profits, losses and annual migration of the flocks, by Bert Haskett, p. 9-10. Botanical gazette, Oct., 1912.—Comparative anatomy of dune plants, by Anna M. Starr, p. 265-305. Breeder’s gazette, Oct. 16, 1912—Shade trees for farm homes, by D. C. W., p. 781-2. Breeder’s gazette, Nov. 6, 1912—The cypress trees in Washington, by Joseph E. Wing, pa IO Country gentleman, Aug. 31, 1912.—Forestry, a farm problem, p. 1; Making the most from pine orchards, by Charles Davis, p. 4; The emergency silo; stave types that can be built quickly, by Charles Dillon, p. 21. Country gentleman, Sept. 28, 1912.—Asphalt as a wood preserver, by N. E. Thatcher, Dp: 19: Country gentleman, Oct. 12, 1912—The in- fluence of the forest on the land, by Enos T. Mills, p. 3-4, 24. Country life in America, Sept. 1, 1912.— Sound, sick and crippled trees, p. 36. Country life in America, Oct. 15, 1912.—In- terior wood treatments, the best woods for interior trim, how to finish them, and what it costs, by Phil M. Riley, p. 55-7. Craftsman, Oct., 1912—Cypress; its pic- turesque qualities and how to finish it, p. 114-5. Gardeners’ chronicle, Sept. 14, 1912.—Forests and rainfall, p. 214. Gardeners’ chronicle, Sept. 28, 1912.—Re- clamiing sand dunes in Belgium, by A. D. Webster, p. 243. Gardener’s chronicle, Oct. 5, 1912.—Forest surveys, by G. W., p. 261; Afforestation in the Black country, p. 290-2. Independent, Oct. 10, 1912.—Celebrated and historic trees, by J. G. Wilson, p. 828-36. Journal of the association of engineering so- cieties, Sept., 1912—Forestation and its relation to flood waters of the lower Mississippi river, by W. B. Gregory. Nature, Aug. 29, 1912.—Forests and rainfall, p. 662-4. Pine cone, Oct., 1912—Products of the northern pine forests, p. 3-7. Plant world, Nov., 1912.—The phylogeny of grasses, by William H. Lamb, p. 264-9. Quarterly journal of economics, Aug., 1912. Group of trusts and combinations, in- cluding the lumber trust, by W. S. Stevens, p. 630-41. Scientific American, Oct. 19, 1912.—Source of commercial divi divi, p. 325. Scientific American supplement, Sept. 14, 1912.—Some experiments on the hydrol- ysis of sawdust; sugar and alcohol from wood, by Wallace P. Cohoe, p. 166-7. Technical world magazine, Nov., 1912.—Log driving in the desert, by Nelson L. Le Grand, p. 311-22. AMERICAN FORESTRY Torreya, Oct., 1912.—On the origin and present distribution of the pine-barrens of New Jersey, by Norman Taylor, p. 229-42. Trade journals and consular reports American lumberman, Oct. 19, 1912.—Uses of tupelo gum or bay poplar, p. 25; Black walnut defended, p. 43; Poplar conserva- tion; the people’s co-operation with lum- bermen an essential, p. 45; The electric log haul, by C. D. Cole, p. 50-1; Diseases of wood, p. 64. American lumberman, Nov. 2, 1912,—Dis- posing of slash, by E. T. Allen, p. 44. American lumberman, Nov. 9, 1912.—Cigar box wood, p. 40. Barrel and box, Oct., 1912.—Identification of trees, p. 45; Packing house cooperage woods, p. 46; White oak in tight cooper- age, p. 47. Canada lumberman, Oct. 15, 1912.—Forest conditions in Quebec province, by G. C. Piche, p. 34-35; A forestry students’ camp, by R. B. Miller, p. 38-9; Prevent- ing waste in forest products, by E. De Palmer, p. 39-40; Cost of manufacturing wooden boxes, p. 42-4. Canada lumberman, Nov. 1, 1912—The economy of artificial drying of lumber, p. 28-9; New Brunswick timberland sit- uation, p. 30-2. Engineering news, Oct. 31, 1912.—Correction tables for strengths of commercial size timbers, by R. C. Hardman, p. 826; Con- trolling the Mississippi river, by C. McD. Townsend, p. 832-5. Engineering Record, Sept. 7, 1912.—Bending tests with wood executed at the Danish state testing laboratory, Copenhagen, p. 269. Hardwood record, Oct. 25, 1912.—Silver or soft maple, p. 23-4; Uses and supply of kauri pine, by L. L. D., p. 24; A remark- able logging railroad, by H. H. G,, p. 25-8; Satinwoods of commerce, p. 32-3; Crosstie evolution, by G. D. C., p. 38-9; Fancy woods for floors, p. 39. Hardwood record, Nov. 10, 1912.—Lodge- pole pine, p. 23-4; New system of quar- ter-sawing, p. 24-5; River birch for cooperage, by S. J. Record, p. 25; Bird peck in hickory, by S. J. Record, p. 27; The wood of the ashes, by S. J. Record, p. 28-9; Hardwoods used for matches, p. 29; Uses for blight killed chestnut, by S. J. Record, p. 32-3; Willow, a new sub- stitute wood, p. 35-6. Lumber world review, Oct. 10, 1912—Paper on creosote oil, by Hermann von Schrenk, p. 24-5. Lumber world review, October 25, 1912.— Overhead system of rough ground logging, by Fred R. Olin, p. 18-19; The Port Reading creosoting plant, p. 28-30. Lumber world review, Nov. 10, 1912.—Hard- woods that are largely used in treated railroad ties, by Bruce Odell, p. 19; Electric hauling in logging operations, by C. O. Cole, p. 20-1; Treatise on the CURRENT LITERATURE structure of wood, by R. S. Kellogg, p. 22-3; Historical developments of wood preserving in the United States, by E. A. Sterling, p. 24-6. Mississippi Valley lumberman, Nov. 1, 1912. —Louisiana timber conservation tax, p. 30-1. Paper, Oct. 16, 1912.—What the government is doing in forestry, by Henry Solon Graves, p. 15-16, 38; From tree to pulp and paper; story of the wood-pulp in- dustry; forms of pulp and modes of preparing it for news print, p. 17-19, 38. Paper, Oct. 23, 1912.—Lectures on cellulose, by C. F. Cross, p. 23-4, Paper, Oct. 30, 1912.—Laces, yarns and textiles from wood-pulp, p. 15; The pop- lar in the Ticino valley, by Enrico Pirola, p. 19-22. Paper, Nov. 13, 1912—Modern pulp and paper mills in Norway, p. 17-20, 41; Aspects of the resin and wood-pulp in- dustries, by J. F. Briggs, p. 21-2. Pioneer western lumberman, Nov. 1, 1912.— The California redwood lumber indus- try, by J. R. Newsom, p. 11-13. Pulp and paper magazine, Oct., 1912.—De- velopment of chemical wood-pulp indus- try in Sweden and reclaiming of by- products, by C. E. Bandelin, tr., p. 314-20. St. Louis lumberman, Oct. 15, 1912—The lumberman’s viewpoint, by E. G. Griggs, p. 55-6; Michigan agricultural college forestry summer term, p. 62-3. St. Louis lumberman, Nov. 1, 1912.—The silo, the high cost of living, and the lumber- man, by J. F. Goodman, p. 54 B-C; The stone trees of Arizona; a forest gone to sleep, by Charles F. Lummis, p. 54 G; Dwarf larch and spruce, p. 54 G; Some Philippine woods, by H. N. Whit- ford, p. 63. Southern Lumber journal, Oct. 15, 1912.— Forest taxation and the preservation and perpetuation of our wood lands, by Leonard Bronson, p. 42. Southern lumber journal, Nov. 1, 1912—The taxation of timber holdings, p. 25-6. Southern lumberman, Oct. 19, 1912—The present status of forestry in Tennessee, by Henry W. Lewis, p. 29-30. Southern lumberman, Nov. 2, 1912.—For clearing land; novel stump burner manu- factured in Washington state, p. 42. Timber trade journal, Oct. 5, 1912—Circula- tion of sap and growth of trees, by S. M., p. 471-2. Timberman, Oct., 1912—Oregon agricultural college to add logging engineering to curriculum, p. 25-6; Cableway system 1s successfully utilized in interior British Columbia, p. 27; The University of Montana offers full and short courses in forestry, p. 40; Successful 20th annual session of National irrigation congress, p. 48 F; The nation and the states in forestry, by Henry Solon Graves, p. 48 G-H. 819 United States daily consular report, Nov. 6, 1912.—Greenheart piling and Guiana timber, by Rea Hanna, p. 672-3. United States daily consular report, Nov. 7, 1912.—Scandinavian pulp-mill stones, by Henry Bordewich and others, p. 689-92; Sawmill refuse to heat and light city, by G. C. Woodward, p. 695. Wood craft, Nov., 1912—Preparation and hauling of lumber for woodworkers, p. 49-50; Circulation of sap and growth of trees, p. 61-2. Forest journals Boletin de bosques, pesca i caza, Sept., 1912. El progresso forestal de Bosnia i Herz- egovina, by Federico Albert, p. 145-53; El primer ensayo de una estadistica forestal de Chile, by Federico Albert, p. 154-9; Los eucaliptos que deben plantarse, by Federico Albert, p. 164-82. Bulletin de la Société centrale forestiére de Belgique, Oct., 1912.—Le blanc du chene, by G. Quéritet, p. 577-88; La feuillaison et le développement des plants élevés a lombre ou a la lumiére chez le hétre et quelques autres essences feuillues, by A. Poskin, p. 597-604; La République Ar- gentine au point de vue phvsique, by Francisco Latzina, p. 604-12. Canadian forestry journal, July-Aug., 1912.— The British Columbia forest act, p. 88-91; Experiment needed in pulp-making, by H. R. MacMillan, p. 92-7; Government forests in Saxony, by W. G. Wright, p. 105-8; The aspen tree in the northwest, by A. Knechtel, p. 109; Export of Christ- mas trees, p. 110. Forest leaves, Oct., 1912—Some benefits of the chestnut blight, by S. B. Detwiler, p. 162-5; How private forestry can be brought about, by S. B. Elliott, p. 165-8; Planting operations in the Bear Meadows division of the Center co. reserve, Pa., by Walter D. Ludwig, p. 168-70; Plant- ing timber trees, by J. Linn Harris, p. 170-1; Public or private forestry, by E. A. Zeigler, p. 173-5. Forstwissenschaftliches centralblatt, Sept.- Oct., 1912.—Forstliche wirtschaftbezw. bestandesiibersichtskarten, by Knauth, p. 480-90; Forstliches aus Baden, by Fieser, p. 490-505. Hawaiian forester and agriculturist, Sept., 1912.—Forest reserves; reports of the Supt. of forestry making recommenda- tions with regard to three forest reserves, by Ralph S. Hosmer, p. 263-81. Indian forester, Oct., 1912—List of the trees, shrubs and economic herbs of the southern forest circle of the C. P., by H. H. Haines, p. 495-509. Ohio forester, July, 1912.—Propagating shade and forest trees in the nursery, by E. W. Mendenhall, p. 7-8; The hickory, by J. J. Crumley, p. 8-10. Quarterly journal of forestry, Oct., 1912— The forests of Formosa, by H. J. Elwes, p. 267-79; Forty years’ management of woods, by D. Tait, p. 279-98; The for- 820 estry exhibition at the Doncaster show of the Royal agricultural society of Eng- land, by J. C. Blofield, p, 329-33. Revue des eaux et foréts, Sept. 15, 1912.— Notes forestiéres d’Amérique; Répub- lique Argentine, by G. Lapie, p. 545-50; Coniféres; essais de tableaux dichot- omiques pour la détermination des espéces, by L. Pardé, p. 550-2. Revue des eaux et foréts, Oct. 1, 1912.— Traitement du pin sylvestre dans la région de Paris, p. 577-86; Notes forestiéres d’Amériques; Chile, Para- guay, Venezuela, Amérique centrale, by G. Lapie, p. 586-93. Revue des eaux et foréts, Oct. 15, 1912.— Notes forestiéres d’Amérique; Mexique, p. 619-24. AMERICAN FORESTRY Tharandter forstliches jahrbuch, 1912.— Ueber die anstellung waldbaulicher versuche und uber dei klassen der forst- lichen ertragstafeln, by Vater, ». 252-63; Die ausbildung der forstreferendare, by Martin, p. 293-308; Zwingen bedenken gegen die fichtenkahlschlagwirtschaft in Sachsen zu einem fruchtwechsel, by Deicke, p. 309-35; Ueber die anwendung graphischer rechnungsmethoden in der forstwissenschaft, by Hugershoff, p. 340-72. Zeitschrift fiir forst-und jagdwesen, Sept., 1912.—FEin neues vegetationshaus und seine praktische erprobung, by A. Moller, p. 527-38; Uber den einfluss. der streuentnahme, by A. Schwappach, p. 538-58; Die wiilder Australiens, p. 637-41, THE ANNUAL MEETING can Forestry Association will be held in Washington, D. C., on Wednesday, January 8th, and notifica- tion will be sent to members in the course of a few days. As many im- portant plans for work of vital interest for the new year are to be arranged, it is desired that there shall be a much larger attendance than usual, and it is hoped there will be. The date having been selected just as this edition goes to press it is impos- sible, at this time, to announce the de- © HE annual meeting of the Ameri- tails of the gathering, these having not yet been decided. A meeting of the Eastern Foresters will be held at Lakewood, N. J., on Tuesday and Wednesday, January 6 and 7, and most of them are expected to attend the American Forestry Asso- ciation meeting. This is to be followed on January 9 and 10 by a conference of state foresters and others under the auspices of the Forest Service, so that the week, all told, will be a most im- portant one for forestry. TIMBER CONSERVATION In a bulletin recently issued, Secretary Wilson, of the Department of Agriculture, calls attention to the fact that the State of Louisiana, ranking second in its wealth of timber only to the Pacific Coast States, will have cut all of its 199 billion feet of lumber in thirty years at the present rate of consumption unless it begins a plan of conservation and re- forestation. He says: “With efficient protection of this young growth, and better utilization of the present commercial stands, the forests of Louisiana, even in the face of a much greater agricultural development than now, should remain an important source of wealth.” AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS YALE FOREST SCHOOL NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT The course of study in the YALE FOREST SCHOOL covers a period of two years. Graduates of collegiate institutions of high standing are admitted as candidates for the degree of Master of Forestry. The Summer Term is conducted at MILFORD, PIKE COUNTY, PENNA. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ADDRESS JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director NEW HAVEN CONNECTICUT HARVARD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF FORESTRY Offers a two-years’ graduate course leading to the degree of Master of Forestry. The course includes upward of six months field instruction and practical experience in the annual operations on the Harvard Forest, Petersham, Mass. For further particulars address RICHARD T. FISHER, Chairman, Cambridge, Mass. BILTMORE FOREST SCHOOL Biltmore, N. C. Theoretical and practical in- struction in all branches of ap- plied forestry. ™@he course comprises eighteen months; viz: twelve consecutive months of lectures and field work six months and of practical prenticeship. Working fields in the South- ern Appalachians, in the Lake States and in central Germany. Catalogue upon Application Dr. C. A. SCHENCK, Director In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN FORESTRY Hardwood Record announces the issue on January ale 1913, of an Authoritative Commercial and Scientific Book By Henry H. Gibson, Editor Hardwood Record Edited by Hu Maxwell, Wood Utilization Expert The Work FIRST: A botanical description of the more than 300 species of American forest tree growth. SECOND: A physical description of the wood of these species. THIRD: A recital of the chief uses of all important American woods, to- gether with suggestions of advan- tageously broadening their uses. FOURTH: Complete information con- cerning the range of growth of all va- rieties. FIFTH: Related trees are logically strength, Involves: grouped according to families and spe- cies; important species covered in sub- stantial detail, and brief mention of the woods of minor importance. SIXTH: Scientific name of each tree is recited, as well as the various com- ~ mon names by which it is recognized in ‘different parts of its range of growth. SEVENTH: The properties of the various woods are carefully analyzed, particularly weight, hardness, stiffness, elasticity, toughness, color, | gure, and seasoning and lasting prop- erties. The book will contain between 650 and 750 pages, will be printed on the aN best quality of enameled paper, and handsomely bound in half leather, dark greet roan back and corners, with basket cloth sides, silk head-bands, gold stampi: s on the back, and gilt top. The work will be illustrated with more than 100 full -page pictures on plate | paper in sepia, outlined in orange, from photographs, covering all the chief com-— mercial varieties of virgin forest timber growing in the United States; and also with numerous engravings, from drawings and photographs, showing leaf a flower forms, etc. The price of the work is $6.00, delivered by express or mail, and is sc only on subscription. _ An order blank, and a prospectus, showing the character of the paper, size eof 4 “page and style of printing will be forwarded on application. ie Fr ey isk Bi y "Address Book Department, HARDWOOD RECORD Orders should he placed at once NAIL, CAPITAL PRESS, INC., WASHINGTON, D.C. a ‘ 5 vert ian ihe aye * i pare - ca hha a, nis New York tanica' rden i 2 mM == i othe Can y “a ews ear wie i Were ras 2) Se Ne , er Ws NN Ae ‘s Lae Ms Ww tte 3 me. uy AJA Awe eek a he AOE ems btw Oe $3434 Mca eseres aserurare q a my ‘ ee Ae * Wee a wy tas Moarararhee aus vaso: wos ae verity RA on Yt te +; Rite beats eetetse ote ee Foetececeterete ene i oD Res, es Soni 42 et year’ iw elotaatares ’ ina rr tay ¢. + eo 4 de 4% ia y wh acintee ie wor WU se WLR rate Atutiny eRe e LA ee otetc hare Tistyits peSotoneereses 317,472 BES e344 a3 ae eee e eHstitets epesee: eer etete $ + 37 ie BEES { ; See ae Scam SS : ce : — rl =“ Nesehes pee repre wate oon reat Patchon acy mt " AN Meacueee er were becee ware aru Gare’ PY wwaten . ee . vecwthces” or OA wots se . © ; , SOCIO sergscetucnirercanentmeca th oes bee fate atone: iy Nona rt meee Wiewelcwe. " waiireuteten ata) Nchrus Mei cng eect ee nity @ rt eae starts erp eral he 9 Vary Mtaritas si, seta Wag ese ‘wauere erry te OA , Bry ust) he ae wary thy oe prt th 4 * Ly ° ve oak Mor tr he as 7. , a mel wk, ae ry " rer y raha ly y “ rot " ‘ brant Soke ty hota ratte . x : Roar Cor st BOA ry ay et Mahe us wneued ee erent ome Kt [*) ) Y CE ee ON a MAC wont tatan i = Wnt & aA 8 obey ata hr at eee he yterh taal? bo ees ea Rrarele tral: mae e oy co : my " wet Sacral Was webs be fv } bao ttanaan wr & ee ae + ne * we Sete vy, a) hy Gre tert. te wie hh DY cS hare SAC OTN pate sers a : Ve Pte ee MOS Moe wth Wher iva ane a « Deke © act a tate rhs es cots 2 « Wkly qe. a thee : Aanewlge Non’ a Steele aaah Aye a ali ec ¥ tate arte by Mw VA a ee eu hwy ne - tr He as eer Nt Ma Mae Ws ts Wy A ae We Uae ed NWO e arth ite Wreck ee baw oh ae Tags Years fechas