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Nace ie Ween cay Wem ha ATA We es) erkantetie ne city Hema Me BSR ISAN, VOW | - a at gi eeAcer ean Sa coenaN rane seaanemne ay grew. enn ‘erga now aren ce Sascha tyes + nin: wth hats ve ay ar scan Tae, wan ace = erdoronc th Se retaken een ryt 7A Goticeures Wz ete as TZ Rs ae EN " wrest gtertesMir vy ws Reta or ts B: Ror ME RaW saree eke wrn woes re Shenae Ken mn aca Ne ct enh ert . A A parigaede ried PRAY , Mae M EMEA WV A TELAT Ri le nL everNete MLAS AS oe RO ee AOA J SC Poruive Ze MS ey \ f eee co — ira AMERICAN FORESTRY THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION VOLUME XX—1914 THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION PUBLISHER WASHINGTON, D. C. CONTENTS OF VOLUME XX INDEX OF AUTHORS Page Adams, Bristow, article by,.617; poem by. 786 Allen, E. T., address by, 58; che 3S (or A iC i a ae ee eee 496-745-870 Barrus, George Latta, article by......... 287 marco, J... article by... 0266.1. ..+0.. 135 Benedict, M. A., article by.............. 281 Bigelow, Edward F., article by... . .. .669-708 Branchard, C. J., article by............. 393 Bradley, Harold C., article by.......... 406 Boardman, Mabel T., article by......... 52 moctker, KH. article by...........+:.. 22 permet. J. atticle by... .......4..... 69 Brown, Nelson C., article by............ 201 nwa). i,, avticle by... .....1...... 795 Bryant, R. C., article by.......... 81-239-881 Buhler, Ernest O., article by............ 343 Childs, Neal T., article by..........:... 788 Collingwood, G. H., article by........... 627 Collins, J. Franklin, article by........... 719 Baer tas Gs, article by... 0. eee 627 Dana, Samuel T., article by......... .769-858 Dithridge, Rachel L., poem by.......... 527 Dodge, Alexander W................ 815-893 Wollar, Robert, article by.............. 499 Drinker, Dr. H. S., address by.......... 207 Duthie, George A., article by........... 14 Fisher, W. R., article by............. 153-370 Gaskill, Alfred, article by............... 906 Gillis, Donald, article by............... 37 Graves, Henry S., address by........... 377 Guyton, Jack, article by............... 345 Hanssen, Arnold, article by............. 811 Haynes, Winthrop P., article by... . 346 Hodge, William C., article by........... 568 Hoover, M. H., article by........ 820 Hopkins, Gertrude Cornwall, poem by... 267 Houston, David F., article by Jackson, A. G., poem by Page “J. D..G.,"” poem iby coe ae 707 Johnson, Charles, articlesby,...........-. 414 Jones, Chapin, artieleinyemss 7) ane 674 Kiefer, Francis, article by............... 71 Kneipp, Lb. FP.) article byeeee eee 697 Knowlton, F. Hi, articlesbyenss eee 709 Lange, Prof. D.; article Bycn ae eee 376 Laut, Agnes C., article by +>... 4--- eee 839 Linthicum, J. Charles, article by......... 543 Long, George S., article by.............. 632 Matthes, i. Eo varticlei bya eee 646 Maxwell), Hu, articleibyae eee eee 577 Maxwell, R. Brooke, article by.......... 805 Miller, Warren H., articles by 1-101-165-261-356-448-501 Mills, Knower, article by............. .,. 679 Moon, hs Particle by eee 31-298 Mowmill: W. j.,artigle by faeeae eee oe 641 Olmsted, Frederick E., article by........ 887 Pearl, Maud DeWitt, article by......... 528 Potter, Albert F., article by............. 110 Preston; 1). Vc, article bynes ene 52 Price, Overton Westfeldt, article by... .273-420 Redington, Paul G., article by... . 182-268-511 Riley; Smnith,article by eee eee 594 Robbins, W.W., article bysea. ee eee 403 Roorbach, Eloise, article by.......... We Re Rosenbluth, :., article by 43a 118-185 Schock, Oliver D., article by. 2-2-5. seme 416 Simmons, Jick., poem by... «eee 576 Smith, P. Spoem by. 2 nueva 308 Sterling, EitAs, article’ bys]. eee 319 Strobeck, John L., article by. «.gmencs-F 142 Venemann, T. W., article by. s2ageee ee 735 Wharton, William P., article by......... 211 Wilson, Ellwood, Editar of Canadian Department... ....529-605-684-757-825 Woolsey, Jr., Theodore S., article by..... 44 CONTENTS ili GENERAL INDEX Page Acknowledgment, An...........0.-... 510 Administration, The National Forest— Davids P? Houston. +5. 82202. 2 867 Agriculture, Forest Conservation and— Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr....:..... 44 miaska Wnloeking Jo. 5246. BPP PAs 469 Alaskans, Conserving Native............ 751 America, The Switzerlands in—Agnes C. Ea ee EES ed aM Ale 52 839 American Forestry Association: Annual Meeting, Announcement of 13 Annual Meeting, Report of....... 146 RES eee eek oe cei 173-309 Announcement of Bond Issue..... 515 Annual Meeting for 1915, An- notincement ‘of 15/64. 2. OTS Annual Consumption of Wood.......... Annual Meeting of the American Forestry Association, Report of............ 146 Annual Meeting of the New York State Forestry Association... 2.0.0... 155 Annual Report on Yosemite National Park 156 Appalachian National Park, For an— Woeraid Gillis? et Sie Ley 37 Arborist-Forester—Alfred Gaskill........ 906 Agtrest Fire Law Violators: . 2.2)... 4. . 571 Association's Exhibit) Dhet.. 2... 2422. - 341 Back Numbers Wanted................. 677 Balsam Fir torePilp!. Me Tae. oes 509 Baltimore’s Shade Trees—R. Brooke Maxcwellin. ok tance ees ea AL 805 Bavarian Forester, The—G. H. Colling- WOOK sich Ae Ee Fe LIRA 626 Bequest of $5,000.00. 2... sins 606 Berks County Conservation Association... 740 Best Seed Year for Longleaf Pine........ 307 Better Forest Fire Law—W. R. Fisher... 370 Birch, "Many Uses for 4... 92549 0...) 66 Bird House, Boys Make....+.......0... 753 Bird Sanctuaries, State Forests as— William P. Wharton... /..50..... 211 Black Forest, Some Observations on the— Ee eMlOOn see ae cals inate ss 31 Blight Continues, Chestnut—Oliver D. ro 013 000) Fae ara at angie eee ae ee 416 Blighted Chestnut, Using... «........... 604 Blights of Coniferous Nursery Stock, The 65 Bond Issue of the American Forestry Asso- ciation for $50,000.00: Announcement. Gir. .2....2 00265. Book Reviews (See Reviews, Book) Boy Scouts Trail Building.............. 446 Page Boys Make Bird Housés.3..22...0024... ass: British Columbia, Progress in—Overton W eStfeldt: Price}: ': . eee hk 273 Business Management of Woodlots—R. Rosenislatin ars 2% VE sees os 185 Buying Handles by Weight............. 880 Cableway, Handling Lumber by......... 673 California, Fire Conditions in—Alexander We Dodgers eee SA ase 893 California, Fire Protection in—Knower IAT a OPIS eh ee Ee 679 California, The Redwood of—J. H. Browneshe os ache ee eee ae 795 Camp Fire- Place; A’ Safe: 2/2/2022. 3 Camps, Conservation of Life in the Lum- ber—Mabel T. Boardman........ Sy Canadian Department, The—Edited by Ellwood Wilson (Department of Magazine)..... 529-605-684-757-825-894 Canal and the Lumber Trade, The Pan- ama—-Ry Cy Bryant..s) sce. aes: 81 Canal, Lumber Trade and the—Robert Dollars sites ate Moe eerie 499 Cases Missourt Oustetee. ss oe cee tee 602 Cataipa Growth; At 0 cioc2 totam e ae 756 Chance for the Game, A—Smith Riley... 594 Chautauqua, Forestry at... its. ace. 430-591 Chestnut Blight Continues—Oliver D. Schocken oes ceases ts eects oe 416 Chestnut /Usine Blighited: fo.7 ss eee a 604 Children" Wage Wari oes swe set a es 415 City Trees: New York's 2002 Suet nen 560 City’s “Preer Worle Ata, rt oe we ae 489 Coast Gonditions™ Pacihionee nn ses eae 500 Combine Against Fires. oe e720 ee. 567 Concession, Philippine Forest............ 524 Conditions in California, Fire—Alexander WeDodges YHOU. cnt eae cee beets 893 Conditions™ Paciic Coastasess-- onset 500 Conference at Vancouver, Forestry...... 64 Conference on Irrigation. / 1.000. .6.02-s 278 Conference, White Mountain............ 525 Coniferous Nursery Stock, The Blights of 65 Conservation and Agriculture, Forest— Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr.......... 44 Conservation Association, Berks County.. 740 Conservation for Lumbermen............ 418 Conservation of Life in the Lumber Camps —Mabel T. Boardman........... 52 Conserving Native Alaskans............. 751 Consumer, Forests, Lumber and—E. T. Alenia 9858 We PERRIS, 2 ee 745 iv CONTENTS Consumption of Wood, Annual.......... 897 Conventions—See Forestry Conference at Vancouver; Annual Meeting, A. F. A.; Annual Meeting of the New York State Forestry Association; Maryland Conservation Associa- tion; Forestry at Chautauqua; Berks County Conservation Asso- ciation. Cornell’s Forestry Building ............. 432 Coulee, The Grand—Winthrop P. Haynes 346 Country Estate, Forestry on the—Warren H. Miller... . 1-101-165-261-356-448-501 Cruising in Cuba—E. V. Preston........ Sie Cuba, Cruising in—E. V. Preston........ Current Literature (Department of the Magazine). .76, 160, 234, 314, 388, 464, 539, 612, 693, 765, 834, 907 Daggett, Hallie M. (See ‘‘A Woman as a Forest Fire Lookout’’) Danger SemOuUSs Irene. 0. abceces sos 667 Dead, George W. Vanderbilt............ 303 Destroy Diseased Pines................. 498 IDireetOny,ea HOLestenS. : bene Bees ee 718 Fir for Pulp; Balsamiae eee eee eerie 509 Fire Conditions in California—Alexander W. Dodge:sceeeaer cee or ee 893 Fire Danger Serious. aeeree Geer 667 Fire Fool, The (Poem)—A. G. Jackson... 156 Fire Law, Better Forest—W. R. Fisher... 370 Biredaw, ViolatorsevAGres tare erenienet 571 Fire Line, A New Type of—M. A. Benedict 281 Fire Lookout, A Woman as a Forest.... 174 Fire Lookout on Mount Lassen, The— Wallan Cnhlodeceiaarn err 568 BiresLoss, Small. 2) nee 706 Fire-Place, A Safe’Campm uo sedaeee ee 2 Fire Protection, Example of—Jack Guyton 345 Fire Protection in California—Knower Mills, 6... .:}-ants see eee raioe 679 Fire Protection on the Ozark National Forest—Francis Kiefer........... 71 Fire Protection, West Virginia........... 731 Pires Protectivea Works nee reer are 677 Fire Season Closedt...- snmee cece aaner 230 Fires (Poem) by Bristow Adams......... 786 Fires, Caused: byslightning. 3. 2va- eee 437 Fires, Combine Against) ..22 4. . iste 567 Pires) Controlled sHorestea ieee 226 Pires s Numerous HOLestmyat nen eer: meres 516 Fires; Warnings Against... eee 371 Fires, Winter Morest snes iercie eerie 308 Fish for the Forests—L. F. Kneipp...... 697 Fish Increase, Game and—Prof. D. Lange 376 Fish, Our Vanishing Food—J. Charles Linthicum, )2)....sgeeeet eae 543 Five Thousand Dollar Bequest.......... 606 Florida, Monster An ee ene eer 683 Food Fish, Our Vanishing—J. Charles Linthicum . 2.4.2 ere 543 Fool, The Fire (Poem)—A. G. Jackson... 156 For An Appalachian National Park— Donald Gillis \ahet een eee 37 Foreman, An Honest (Poem)—Transcribed by E. M., Price eee rae 688 Forest Administration, The National— David F: Houstonene eee 867 Forest as Game Preserve, State—Ernest OQ; Buhler... ie gee eee 343 CONTENTS Page Forest Conservation and Agriculture— Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr.. 44 Forest Economics, Public ener Ra Ee eeAl Smears RINSE LAS AS 5 58 ores Paminen Russia: Ganseen oie aeteieesier 443 Forest Fire Law, Better—W. R. Fisher.. 370 Horestpeines); Controlled rei sere 226 Roresh Mires Niumenousqce saris eee eee 516 Forest Insect Problem, National Organ- WENO WO) SELON). cco ce acondcoagame lntonesis, Ibanavel, Seige (Movs, .aacccouounobuaoe Forest Notes: (Department of Magazine) 73, 157, 222, 309, 384, 460, 534, 609, 689, 762, 831, 901 Forest. of Stone, A—F. H. Knowlton..... 709 Forest Operations: Forestry on the Country Estate, III, Warren H. eR Wetec tc atic ee eta AM a 165 Forest Planting on Pike’s Peak—George NSIDC HIS epee ere A ocak OS TO 14 Forest Products Exposition, An Exhibit Phi hol pees ae tol Sb aA rein cetrtoks becca nba 141 Forest Products Exposition, The......... 375 IRORESIH PTROGHEKCHS 1edollowe.o couoovcedoueoe 431 Horesteeunchasedssisca hiner s+ sears alee 425 Forest Ranger, The (Poem)—P. C. Sinai epee eee ae stat deck oe 308 Forest Ranger, One View of the—Paul G. Redington. Asi sh. egarts s seeae208 Horest) seeds #Pestspinin- racist oe ene 588 Forest Service and Public—Paul G. IRG@INgtGDet. .c'srs so Pana Opes 511 Horest otreamsS weleroutsimiey. «spyete ais. arte - 591 Forest Supervisor in the Community, The Place of a—Paul G. Redington.... 182 Forest? What is a National—T. W. WENEIMANM oi-0. 250 248 hee a ane 735 Forest Working Plans. Reconnaissance: Its Relation to—R: H. Boerker.... 22 Forested Shore Line, Sixteen Thousand Miles of—E. A. Sterling.......... 319 Forester—Arborist—Alfred Gaskill....... 906 Forester Should Be, What a—Dr. C. A SICMEMC eran ae iey sc Coenen marae ekcy Sie 154 Forester, The Bavarian—G. H. Colling- VitOr O16 Ne aia crn Oe oc NSS a 626 FIOREStETS MEU UNO V5 16,0 es © sid aes «sos oa die 743 Foresters in the Great War—S. T. Dana.. 858 Forestry Address to Students—Dr. H. S. ID sab oles Ok sect cats bibNe nachna estat eke Bie 207 Forestry Addresses for Students. ........ 57 Forestry and Water Resources, The South’s—Henry S. Graves...::.... 377 Vv Page Forestry at the Exposition.............. 828 Forestry Building, Cornell’s............. 432 Forestry Building, Dedication of a....... 279 Forestry Committee Reports, Announce- Mentor AWNAI NH hon 145 Forestry Conference at Vancouver....... 64 Forestry Exhibit, An Effective.......... 802 Forestry, George W. Vanderbilt, Pioneer in—Overton Westfeldt Price...... 420 Forestry, Governor Glynn for........... 151 Forestry Law, A South Carolina......... 152 Forestry Law for Virginia........... TS i305 Forestry, Loblolly Pine Adapted to...... 23H Forestry on the Country Estate—Warren H. Miller: ie ihe iWoodlotaaaemene cee 1 It The StonysPasturers an ae. 101 ii BoreshiOperationsns. eee 165 IVE irceuiroublesmemaiee rere 261 V. The Private Nursery for Rais- ing Standard Tree Seedlings and How to Prepare and Manageti. “cee 356 Vi. (Gettins: Acquainted?\)./2 4.7% 448 VII. Getting Acquainted, The Maples and Birches....... 501 Forestry, Prize for an Essay on.......... 149 Forestry Progress, Pennsylvania......... 886 Forestry, Woodlot—R. Rosenbluth (For the Instruction of Owners of Farms andi Countiy States aetna 118 Forests as Bird Sanctuaries, State— Willian) Wharton eae as 211 Forests as Recreation Grounds, National SSW a Miorrillie. 30k < kee 641 Forests, Fish for the—L. F. Kneipp...... 697 Forests in the War Zone, French—S. T. LD Chit: eRe SRS See RRP Rete, tLe 769 Forests, Lumber and Consumer—E. T PUL St joints fo RL od Sa ae 745 Forests of Southern South America, Hardwood—H. G. Cutler......... 248 Forests, The Government............... 55 French Forests in the War Zone—Samuel MSAD Nate pe Are Ae tie ticle iB ER 769 Full Title Under the Weeks Act......... 153 Game, A Chance for the—Smith Riley... 594 Game and Fish Increase—Prof. D. Lange 376 Game Preserve, State Forest as—Ernest On Bubbler cance 4 Oat ene 343 German Sawmills, Utilization at—Nelson ~~ CHBILOWNE) ae yo tok eee eed - 201 Glaciers of Mt. Rainier, The—F. E. Matthesy ees en ee ee Be 646 vi CONTENTS Page Glynn for Forestry, Governor........... 151 Government Forests, The............... 55 Government Makes Largest Offering of aie DEK As, 5.2 sree ves Sister ste be Nie Bt 154 Governor Glynn for Forestry............ 151 Grand Coulee, The—Winthrop P. Haynes 346 Grazing for Eleven Million.............. 436 Greatest Woodlot, The World’s—George SW LLON Ses, pain eee tea nteeitie raat le 632 Grounds, National Forests as Recreation— Wire Mor tags At sasaki 641 Growth A Catal pa). .siuerismunseeniwe cre 756 Guard on Patrol, The Fire (Poem)— CaM IR) ars as a! Sets SANE aise Wend Sh 707 Elaltotebach (hree ost... .<)- ssi. «iL. - 438 Handles by Weight, Buying............. 880 Handling Lumber by Cableway......... 673 Hardwood Forests of Southern South America—H. G. Cutler........... 248 Hardwoods of the Spessarts, The—F. F. IMIGORE aE Pe patter etek ons ec. 5 298 Hemlock, The Story of—Hu Maxwell.... 577 Herding, New Style Sheep.............. 526 Heroes, My (Poem) by J. R. Simmons... 576 Hetch Hetchy Timber Affected.......... 150 Honest Foreman, An (Poem)—Tran- scribed byebs ME Price. .2y03../4: 688 Houses, Boys Make Bird............... 753 Howe ouldpyourDoplt?y.. a2 .2. 08. 005 !s 372 Important Forestry Legislation in Virginia 224 Improvement in Range Conditions— Neri we PPOtteiaein, 42.5 + sina - 425 Range Conditions, Improvement in— JNO NS ARO Fone CO eOPo oS 110 Viii CONTENTS Page Ranger, One View of the Forest—Paul G. REdinatonirn. tithe see oe oo dater 268 Ranger, The Forest (Poem)—P. C. Smith 308 Ranger Young Wild on the Fire Line, Or Lariat Laura's Fatal Form—E. T. PAT en: DPE ER Ole tasty 2 Ree at are 496 Rainier, The Glaciers of Mt.—F. E. Wiatthest re remit one cia a mistress 646 Reclamation, An Epitome of National— Cnje Blanoaand ..-8 2,26 «cee oe Reconnaissance: (Its Relation to Forest Working Plans)—R. H. Boerker... 22 Recreation Grounds, National Forests as Pde | VLOrrull eect tiie et ake es « _ Redwood of California, The—J. H. 393 Reforestation, Private—M. H. Hoover... Reindeer, A Trip for—Arnold Hanssen. . . Reports, Forestry Committee........... 145 Resources,, The South’s Forestry and Water—Henry S. Graves......... Reviews, Book: ‘ Logging, by R.'C. Bryant....:..: 311 Economic Woods of the United States—Samuel J. Record...... 311 A Forest Idyl—Temple Oliver..... 311 Trees in Winter—Albert F. Blake- slee and Chester D. Jarvis...... 311 The Commuter’s Garden—W. B. La yaWAl Glee: Aer pehet Ree ciate his ites Sylil The Farm Woodlot—E. G. Cheyney anda)... Wenthng) Wi). 052). 5 The Training of a Forester—Gifford 538 1PSTaYGL IYO) Ps ve we cl oy Ck oF RENCE A Ree eRe 538 Lumber and Its Uses—R. S KEIO SOME est ete s eacketae tia hes 538 The First Exposition of Conserva- tion and Its Builders—W. M. Gr OOtatls ca Mute tier ete aes 834 Elements of Forestry—Frederick Franklin Moon and Nelson Courtandt, Brows. 1c. ye. » 834 River Bottom, Logging a—Edward F. IBIQOLO Wis Seeieye eis beye ceeudut Se asiousis - 5) 669 River, The Wrath of the (Poem)—Rachel De ID sheet (alec ia oc cre © Gee Cn) ORE 527 Roadside Tree Law, A—Chapin Jones.... 674 Russia’s Forest Famine................. 443 pare Camp BireplacewAs sc bias. ce ese css, 732 Salt Lake Preserves Timbers............ 302 Sausage Casing, Wood Pulp for.......... 804 Save $100,000,000 A Year, How to....... 304 Save Primeval Pines, Trying to.......... 51 Savespnis Porest atid sen... «0. ears ser 342 Page Sawfly Larvae, Injury to the Larch by— Mad DeWittreearle eee 528 Sawmills, Utilization at German—Nelson GC. Brown...) 45 oe eee 201 Scenic Forest Preserved................ 513 Scouts Trail Building, Boy.. 222... ---ee 446 Seeding of Woodlots, Planting and— George Latta Barrus: =.) -2eesee 287 Seeding Operation, Spring.............. 355 Seeds, Pests in Forest 2.eero.s- eee 588 Service and Public, Forest—Paul G. Redington: eee ee eerie 511 Shade Trees, Baltimore’s—R. Brooke Maxwell. .i.1 neces eee 805 Shade’ Trees, ‘Care of: .2% stereo 302 Shade Tree Worth? Whatisa.......... 241 Sheep Herding, New Style.............. 526 Shore Line, 16,000 Miles of Forested— B.A Sterling paneer oe eee 319 Sierras, The Early Logger in the— Alexander W. Dodge.) .2-)-.2 = ae 815 Sierra, The Meadows of the—Neal T. Childs.:32:. 0). Cee ee 788 Sixteen Thousand Miles of Forested Shore Line—E. A. Sterling........... ye ts19 Small Fire Loss ...Js sis oop pein arate 706 Soap: Material, A New: i) 49-2 ee seria 306 Some Observations on the Black Forest— South America, Hardwood Forests of Southern—H. G. Cutler.......... South Carolina Forestry Law, A......... South Carolina, Need of a Forest Law in 228 South’s Forestry and Water Resources, The—Henry S. Graves........... Spessarts, Hardwoods of the—F. F. Moon 298 Sprag Industry of Eastern Pennsylvania, The—John L. Strobeck........... 142 Spring Seeding Operation............... 355 State Forest as Game Preserve—Ernest OF Buhlet:? 2s asa eee 343 State Forest Policy in Kentucky, Initiating a—J.. E. Barton seit ctcr-telen se 135 State Forests as Bird Sanctuaries— William! 2. Wihartontesceee ae = 211 State Forests, Massachusetts Wants..... 155 State News: (Department of Magazine) 73,159, 231, 312;/386 State Work: Galifornia! >. see 387, 679, 893 Georgia. rs ae See es an 159, 386 Kentucky.” {piacere 135, 159NSn2 Lowisiana);... | Sven e.. 02% ister 313 Maine...) S35 5e aan V3 p2o2 350 CONTENTS ix Page Massachusetts........ JAPASS N23 25313 Michaodiyit20 3,0. ey Bie 159, 233, 381 Mannesota, i saat ese oe Sin Sou INSSOUTIME Ne: Suenos ss ake aah 312 NMiontanaee apn see Ons 567 INew-Hampshire x. ty Yoeret . 387 New Jersey ceseuis ds oe ge ans 231, 314 INews VOEkiNin tae Gem ee 74, 314, 560 INonihy Carolina reas ee 74, 232, 313 ONION eS eins ee 312 Pennsylvania..... 75, 159, 233, 312, 886 Rhoderislandieeensay forte 4. Cea 233 HOUEMCATOlnaeeee s+ Ae eee ee 152, 228 SouthwDakota 1.42 ose se ope 387 WErm Ont a4. oc seen ye eke 312 Watigestobte ee ae, 28 pene MN 151, 224, 305 Wieshenptant i: seis: vealed ae. se oe 571 WiESieV acpi 2... 2. Sens eS. 731 Sireams,, Lrout int Forestiy.. 5. vielai. 2: 591 Street Tree Planting in a Western Town— Witt WiaiRobbinsHaa. ane cnic. 6) ae 403 ecko DritteMences TOPS... Laws cae ac soils « 433 Stone, A Forest of —F. H. Knowlton..... 709 Stony Pasture, The—Warren H. Miller (Forestry on the Country Estate).. 101 Story of Hemlock, The—Hu Maxwell.... 577 Students, Dr. Drinker’s Forestry Address COMI Rese oteiats cieclaai he vafo se cee sels < 207 Students, Forestry Addresses for......... 57 Studying the Lumber Industry.......... 730 Stumper of a Fence, A—Edward F. BIPalOnvite 2 tee eee eos, 2 hd oe 708 Substitutes, Wood Versus Some of its— Ee DV AGE pices 2. ene 239 Supervisor in the Community, The Place of a Forest—Paul G. Redington... 182 Surgery, Practical Tree—J. Franklin SCOUTS he eee cao areas. 719 Switzerlands in America, The—Agnes C. SU ee onset aN tess. «5 839 Sylvan Memorial, A—W. R. Fisher...... 153 Tackling Tamalpais—Frederick E. Olm- SUP Deere ay: he eae: Tee 887 sieabniga been A Det teen, are is 4. «ce ee 870 Tamalpais, Tackling—Frederick E. Olm- SHC pinta roi OCR a eR 887 The Fire Guard On Patrol (Poem)— il Pipl AH Care a 707 Thirty-Three Thousand Acres More Burehased sc 5.4 « iis ..o% Baan 523 Timber Affected, Hetch Hetchy......... 150 Timber Estimating in the Pacific North- RES els, ee ESEGNVENS Nets 2 ais) aca ences: 69 Page Timber, Government Makes Largest Offer- ING GEG er. <\5 <.<.505 a a cate a Torrey Pine, The—Eloise Roorbach..... 92 Trade and the Canal, Lumber—Robert Dollars aac. 35 epee ees 499 Trail Building sBoy Scouts. ™ aciaaseere..- 446 Tree, A Man to a (Poem)—Gertrude Cornwall Hopkins:;: 2472s 267 Ares. Billing. |, \ 5 keer Oo) Sere 718 Tree Law, A Roadside—Chapin Jones.... 674 Tree Lost, Half of Bache vee 44s tenia 438 tree Planting, Private th sissies aco 592 Tree Surgery, Practical—J. Franklin Collins: jay. ss Bere) ae 719 iirees hen World:s Oldestasa= ascertain 486 Tree Troubles—Warren H. Miller (Fores- try on the Country Estate IV.).... 261 free Work: Al@ityis:! nis. cao: Bea 489 Tree Worth? What is a Shade.......... 341 Trees, Baltimore’s Shade—R. Brooke Miaix welligse sete. ee ROA RSE ee 805 iireesiCarevo shades. ..: oanere ie acs enor 302 Mrees)Wew. Votk's Citys). S.2e.0css eae 560 Trip for Reindeer, A—Arnold Hanssen... 811 Troutin Porest SireamMs-.......s.02..- 591 fronk, World's Largest Tree... sa. : 2.2% 678 Trying to Save Primeval Pines.......... 51 WilockingrAlasiza ti 53.5 2b faa3 ahah 469 Wses-of the Porests, Many. . 2.2% 2).. se 3 365 Using Blighted Chestnut... .2.20.2.20m. 5 604 Utilization at German Sawmills—Nelson CMBro wilt. o0 ah. toe ee lee nes 201 Vancouver, Forestry Conference at...... 64 Vanderbilt Dead, George W....-.......- 303 Vanderbilt, Pioneer in Forestry, George W. —Overton Westfeldt Price........ 420 Virginia, Forestry Law for........... 151, 305 Virginia, Important Forestry Legislation LT BO cose ost eet Gots cosas mart arte 224 War and the Lumber Industry, The— BristoweNdamss-s- cee eer oe 617 War and the Lumber Trade, The European Re Cu Bryanitisarsmioctee ts ces Ske 881 415 War, Cinldreny Wage: 975) ce. stars 2 War, Foresters in the Great—S. T. Dana. 858 War Zone, French Forests in the—S. T. ALS eata cae meth aes ey Screven ctepen ss a ee are Ore 769 Warnings, Against Hires... ea... Geme - re yD NG 2s Se a ee 13 PORES LaPEAN DUNG ON elk hS PHAK==By (Geos As Duthics =e 14 With five illustrations. RECONNAISSANCE: ITS RELATION TO FOREST WORKING PLANS—By ep bOerken= sae oe eas oe ae ee 22 With eight illustrations. SOME TOBSERVALIONS ON] CHE BE ACK. FO Re Sia eee eee eee 31 With six illustrations. FOR AN APPALACHIAN NATIONAL PARK—By Donald Gillis_----.-__-_---_-__ 37 With six illustrations. FOREST CONSERVATION AND AGRICULTURE—By Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr... 44 With five illustrations. SAVING LEE PRIMEVAL, PINES OF NEW. HANEP SER pa ene 51 With one illustration. CONSERVATION OF LIFE IN THE LUMBER CAMPS—By Miss Mabel T. NES ek re itch as sa ee a 52 With one illustration. ie GOVERNMENT PORESTS.2_-< 2225 55 PUBGICKNOWLEDGE OF FOREST ECONOMICS—Byar ele Allene ene 58 BORE OLRY “CONFERENCE. AT VANCOUVER. 22:5) 22) See 64 Lin BLIGHTS OF.CONIFEROUS NURSERY STOCK. =. eta ee 65 MANY, USES FOR, BIRCH -=-2-.2..25 5:22 ee eee eee 66 MAPLE IS. HOLDING ITS OWN--2-2- 222 3o222 522 eee 67 NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS TO STUDY FOREST INSECT PROBLEMS.---_- 68 rORBSL PRODUCTS EXPOSITION BULLE DIN 252 eee eee eee 69 TIMBER ESTIMATING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST—By H. J. Brown____ 69 FIRE PROTECTION ON THE OZARK NATIONAL FOREST—By Francis Kiefer. 71 Poke PROM YELLOWSTONE PARK 22222052552 eee eres ee eee 72 BORPST NOTES: 222. -~ 2.22.25. 95. kA ee eee 73 STATE NOTEGl2-2222-) 24 oes Sa 73 GURRENT LEDBRATURE) 2 22{0202 2220 soe ee 76 AMERICAN FORESTRY is published morthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, two dollars per year; single copies, twenty cents. Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Post-office at Washington, under the P Act of March 38, 1879. 2 “Sgoes far beyond that. of handling large masses of trees, of siete Dh OF aE a | American Forestry VOL. XX JANUARY, 1914 No. 1 POREOTRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE By WarrEN H. MILLER. I. THe Wooptort. N almost every newly purchased | country place there is considerable wooded area and rocky ground, the woodlot and stony pasture of the erstwhile farm. The new owner looks them over in some perplexity. He had set out to plan his estate with an eye to aesthetic beauty, to surround himself with pleasing vistas, rolling swales of green things growing, live stock and buildings that would be a pride and pleasure to the eye; but here are some thirty or forty acres of “just woods,” with perhaps a brook, for the most part brush and thicket, and, as for the stony pasture he sees a debit of a good many hundred dollars spent on stoning it be- fore it will ever be ready for the plow. In fact an eye-sore of several acres of stony ground has often been the deter- rent to the purchaser of an abandoned farm having otherwise excellent possi- bilities. Yet the exercise of a little practical forestry, such as every country gentle- man should be reasonably conversant with, would cover the stony pasture with thriving trees at far less expense than stoning, and transform the brushy woodlot into a noble forest that will be a favorite place in your walks in the cool of the evening when the thrushes are singing. Forestry does not mean, as popularly supposed, a mere knowledge of the various tree species plus a familiarity with mensuration and log scaling. It It is the science securing their reproduction in the same species over vast areas, of protecting them from fire and insects, of seedling, nursery and planting operations done on a scale of millions of trees. Not only must the forester be familiar with the identifying characteristics of our forest tree species but he must know what soil base a given tree prefers, what its cli- matic requirements are, what rain sup- ply it thrives best under, the years a stand takes to reach maturity, the strength and value of its timber, the dis- posal of its by-products and thinnings, its autumn coloration, date and dura- tion of spring flowering, seed distribu- tion—a thousand details which act and react in the busy life of a forest of growing trees. It is a fascinating profession, and one that will appeal strongly to our youths of the future, a profession that will be a long while be- coming crowded, for our State and na- tional forest services are destined to be the greatest of all our Government en- terprises and can at present use every graduate of our forest schools. But the country gentleman requires no such formidable array of scientific attainments as does the trained forester in order to practice the simple opera- tions of making a forest of his woodlot and reclaiming his stony pasture. Let us assume at the outset that he already has all the arable land that he can man- age; that the correct balance of plant and animal life has been already seen to or planned for; that the land to be devoted to forestry will give its very best commercial yield when so treated. While it is well to combine the aesthet- 2 AMERICAN FORESTRY MAKING A NOBLE ic with the practical in running your country place, let us not lose sight of the dollar in our desire for beauty ; and do not for a moment assume that forestry is in any sense a non-paying aesthetic luxury. It is the most prac- tical thing you can do. I know of no more pleasurable art than the amelioration of the prosaic farm woodlot. By the judicious use of the axe and the planted tree it can be made a forest of surpassing beauty, an abode for birds and wild things ; a place of vistas, of cool shady ravines where the silvery sheen of balsams and the feathery fronds of hemlocks contrast with the glowing greens of oaks and maples; of clean open groves, where towering shagbarks and tulip trees and sweet gums raise their green canopy far overhead and the forest floor be- neath is cool and sweet and grassy and there are wood lilies about. A touch of the axe here and there, a restoration by replanting of the trees that nature originally grew in’ profusion, above all a fine sense of what to take GROVE OUT aa rt Ss fe OF THE ERSTWHILE WOODLOT. and what to leave, a knowledge of where to look for features which may be wrought into points of beauty—these are the brain tools that you must bring to the abandoned woodlot. A knowledge of what to leave is your first essential. Here is a pig-nut hick- ory, recognizable by its seven-leaflet leaf and its small thin-shelled, bitter hickory nut. The farmer will tell you that it is worthless and had better be marked for firewood—but not so the forester. In the autumn that tree will be a flaming shaft of pure pale yellow and if it is in a position where it can be featured (and it usually manages to grow in just such a position) you had best save it. Again: we are thinning a clump of maples in order that the dominant ones may become large and fine. Which shall be marked? Look well then to their leaves; this one’s a soft maple, its feathery leaf betrays it; away with it and give the sugar maples a chance! There is a red maple, identi- fied by its round-based, toothed leaf. Shall we mark it for the axe?. Not so FORESTRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE 3 WHITE PINE fast, for on these high dry ridges, grow- ing in company with the sugar maples, the red maple puts on the most amazing solid dark reds imaginable in the fall, and it is sure to be a landscape feature. Better take these two spindly sugar maples instead. Again: suppose you find a few ash trees in the woodlot. Why are there not more of them, and will it be safe to take any of them with- out risking their total disappearance? You will observe that a knowledge of the tree species is one of the essentials for the practice of intelligent woodlot forestry ; not merely their identification characteristics but what each species is valuable for commercially and aesthet- ically, what soils is prefers, how much moisture it needs. There are not very many species grown by nature in any one forest. I once made for my good friend, Prof. Hickel, of Versailles, France, a collection of American tree seeds from the forest of Interlaken, where I live. ‘There were thirty-two species represented, not such a very great number to become ac- quainted with if you are going to make something of your woodiot, “for. these are the materials with which you must work. You should know the five pines, four spruces, seven oaks, four maples, four hickories, four birches, ten miscel- laneous hardwoods and five miscel- laneous conifers that constitute the bulk of any forest population. The species AND RED SPRUCE ON THE LAKE ISLANDS. shift as you go East or West, North or South; some drop out and new ones come in, but the total number of species represented in your particular woodlot will remain about the same; in all some forty-five tree species. Some of these prefer swampy soils, others the borders of streams, still others rich moist bot- tom lands or high dry ridges. Some will be valuable to you for timber and fire- wood, others for their special uses in the arts, some will be fit for neither but will be most valuable to you because of their beauty and their wonderful autumn colorations. You should familiarize yourself with the identification characteristics of these tree species from some good tree book, such as Romeyn B. Hough’s “Trees of North America,” or Julia EK. Rodgers’ 300k of the Trees.” It is pleasant study in itself and surely a knowledge that you should have in mind before attempt- ing to put into practice the suggestions in these articles. I give you in addition a working table of the forty-five species representative of woodlot conditions in the Middle Atlantic States, showing in condensed form their natural climatic limits, preferred soils, sunlight require- ments, size and value of timber, dates of leafage, flowering, seed ripening, and autumn colorations. With a few sub- stitutions the table will answer as far West as the Mississippi River. The dates are based on observations during AMERICAN FORESTRY THE WHITE OAK—ONE VAST BANK OF PURPLISH CORPER TIN, MErD- OCTOBER. in the latitude of Add or subtract the last five years Asbury Park, N. J. two weeks for every rect dates in your own latitude. With this working table and a rea- sonable proficiency in ‘dentitying. trees let us visit the woodlot and take, as it were, a census of stock in hand. We are going to use the axe a whole lot, but not without knowing just what we are doing and just what effects we ex- pect to produce. You will find that your first desire will be to have a rea- sonably complete representation of the various trees occurring in your locality so that your woodlot will also be an ar- 100 miles north or south to get approximately the cor- boretum ona small scale. You will also be delighted to discover quite a number of specimens outside of the immort tal forty-five, and may tabulate, including the shrubs, some sixty-five to seventy species in getting acquainted with the fascinating tree neighbors that inhabit your woodlot. Be also at the same time on the keen lookout for ‘ ‘possibilities.” 3y that I mean those little delicious bits of land- scape that Nature has already been working over, the kind that the artist’s sensitive perception seizes upon—nat- ural groves; brook vistas; a woodsey meadow filled with riotous sumac and a magnificent scarlet oak growing in it, FORESTRY ON THE: COUNTRY ESTATE 5 CONVERTING A SWAMP INTO A LAKE BY DREDGING AND DAMMING AS WAS DONE AT WYNDYGHOUL BY MR. ERNEST SETON THOMPSON. with a colony of great crested fly- catchers perched in its top. The artist will use, in his way, the axe, just as you will do—his brush eliminates this and that feature that his feelings tell him constitute ugliness; and he may even paint in something that never was there—just as you can plant in some- thing that Nature is crying aloud for but doesn’t happen to have in this par- ticular spot. At first blush it seems perfectly hope- less to expect of the average woodlot any development into a sylvan paradise. The trees are all about the same size and seem very much alike. Many of them are dead or dying; the under- brush is so thick that one keeps to the old lumber roads, and as for the brook ravines they are grown up so thick with saplings that it is hard work to get any- where near the brook! There isn’t any grove nor anything that in the least re- sembles one; the meadow and the ra- vines we grant you, we have them—such as they are. Precisely; this is just where one starts—with the idea that this woodlot is “just trees and brush.” Later, when you have a bowing acquaintance with the forty-odd tree species you will feel differently about it and will begin to see a light. The high ground bordering ravines you will find populated with sturdy dominant trees, hemmed in on all sides by suppressed and crooked ones, under which again is a tangle of slender saplings bending every which way like a thicket of fish poles. A study of the tops of your biggest trees will show you that the branches reach far, interlacing with the suppressed tops and fighting with them for light and sunshine. If only these big fellows could be left, with their tops just touching, what a magnificent growth they would make! Well, let the axe do it and note how soon you have a grove that is an inspiration to walk in. The dominant trees will be, in general, beech, red oak, white oak, pin oak, shagbark hickory, tulip tree, red maple, rock maple, sweet gum. You want the beech because of its magnificent spreading growth and 6 AMERICAN FORESTRY WHAT SPRUCES CAN DO FOR A FOREST SCAPE IN WINTER. its winter coloration. It is one of the few trees whose leaves stay on all win- ter, giving you a big flame of brown- yellow to show against the white of the snow and the gray of the bare trees. And if you can clear the way for some thrifty young six-inch specimen that is already succeeding, it will astonish you with its subsequet rapid growth. The white oak you’ save, always time. Not only for its fine timber, beautiful bark, and stately spread of branches, but for its foliage effects. By the middle of October it will be one vast bank of purplish copper, then brown, and finally light yellow-brown, hang- ing on through the winter and helping the beech to keep the forest cheerful. If you plant enough pyramidal spruces, feathery white pines and sap-green pitch pines to paint in dashes of color contrasting with the tawny beeches and oaks, you can always be sure that your snowy forest hillsides will be beautiful in December, January and February. Look at the Adirondacks in winter if you would realize what spruces can do for a hardwood forestscape in winter. and every And do not let anyone persuade you to keep the red oak in preference to the white. It is true that it grows slightly faster, reaching maturity ten years ahead of the white, but it is a flashy tree having no lasting beauty or utility and its big glossy green leaves turn to a dull brown in autumn without giving us any color, after which they drop off and cumber the forest floor. Its wood is reddish and brashy, giving the tree its name, and in no way to be compared to the wood of the white oak. For vivid reds in autumn we must look to the scarlet oak, black oak and the pin oak, not the red. The pin oak prefers rich loamy creek bottoms and those flat tables at the bottom of ravines that are overflowed by spring freshets. If there is a pin oak in your grove, save it for its autumn colors and its pretty little round acorns. Of the hickory family the shagbark will stay and be favored because of its nut crop. ‘The mockernut is also edible, and gives you a tremendous flare of orange in the fall, while all the shag- bark can offer in that line is a dull FORESTRY ON THE COUNTRY -ESTATE re THE PLACE brown. The pignut hickory is worth- less except for its wonderful pale yel- low in autumn, so that it should not be spared unless scenic features can be gotten with it in autumn. It is particu- larly valuable on a hillside. Sweet gum is that tree with the star-shaped leaves that turn a magnificent dark-purple in autumn. It is the only purple we have that stays, as the oak and ash pass quickly through purple to brown, and the black gum goes to red. Another feature of the sweet gum is its straight columnar trunk, straight as a spruce, not a branch on it to the fork of the crown, a handsome feature in any grove. You will not get this when it borders an open space, but the compensations in increased foliage more than repay. As for the liriodendron, the tulip tree, lucky the man who finds one growing in his prospective grove! Not only its great handsome leaves turning violent yellows in the fall, not only its showy tulip flowers, but above all its towering shaft of a trunk, straight as a lance, sturdy as a factory chimney, makes it an imposing tree in either landscape or forest. TO PLANT HEMLOCKS. As to maples, save the best of your red maples for they and the black wil- lows are thevery first trees to show color in the spring. Look along the edges of a forest about the end of March and note here and there splotches of deep red. These are the flower buds of the red maple and a few weeks later the woods will be fragrant with their perfume. I have a great many of them about me in the Interlaken forest and have given considerable study to their autumn color phases. ‘The red maple may have all yellow leaves or yellow and red mixed or all red. The difference seems to lie in soil and root conditions. Where the roots have to fight for nourishment, as in wet swampy “soils or dry arid ones, the autumn leaves will be red or even one solid flame of dark purple. On the other hand with rich well-drained soils it will turn a pure pale yellow, and there are all sorts of graduations between. The sugar maples you will know at once by their smooth-edged pointed leaves with pointed base- lobes, whereas all the red maples have rounded, toothed base-lobes. ‘The sugar maple does not thrive much south of latitude 42° but 8 AMERICAN FORESTRY north of that it drives out the red maple except in the swamps where it can not grow. Its autumn colors are gorgeous reds and yellows, its timber is exceed- ing fine and valuable, and you can tap the sturdy ones for maple syrup in the spring when you hear the first blue- bird. A three-quarter-inch auger hole put in four inches with a wooden spigot driven in will yield you three pounds of maple sugar to the tree. The juice of the red maple is by no means as plenti- ful or of as fine quality as the sugar maple. To conclude the matter of the grove. Having found a fine dry locality already populated with sturdy trees bigger than the average, clean out the underbrush, and thin out all the crooked, spindling and dying trees that are obviously ham- pering the growth of the others. Aim to leave the canopy overhead in such shape that it will close up solid in a few years. You will find that your big fel- lows in doing this will have grown to really noble proportions. And I would not introduce evergreen here if I were you—a grove of Druidical oaks is your effect—but I would plant nursery sap- lings where you perceive such-and-such a tree is urgently needed. A nursery sapling has not only a more compact and vigorous root system but it grows much faster than the forest transplant. A three-inch nursery sapling will reach 12 inch diameter of trunk in twenty years in all the standard deciduous trees, whereas our forest-grown oaks and maples seldom reach 12 inches in- side of their fiftieth year. I have had such poor results in transplanting all sizes and kinds of forest trees that I have come to regard the nursery sap- ling as cheaper, quicker and better ex- cept in a few special cases. Assuming that your woodlot has a brook, let us walk the length of it from boundary to boundary. Here it comes, tumbling down through a rocky dell— what a place for hemlocks and balsams! Perhaps Nature has already put in a few or rather, man has left a few sur- vivors. There is nothing prettier than a feathery, dark-green hemlock over- hanging a brook, and you are to study your vistas with an eye to hemlocks, taking care, however, not to choose sites that will be washed out by spring freshets. And, for those little bottoms in the elbows and turns of the brook, there is no better tree than the silvery, aromatic balsam, the Christmas tree “spruce” of the city markets. Both it and the hemlock endure shade and will grow prodigiously if you but clear away the immediate saplings without attempting to disturb the larger trees overhead. At salient points along the ravine banks you will plant white pines. They also endure shade hardily and even a little State nursery transplant will become a very respectable tree, reaching in twelve years a diameter of three inches and a height of thirteen feet, and this under considerable shade from the forest trees. As you progress down the course of the brook you will note that the crowd- ing of saplings in the ravine is tremen- dous. You can not see the woods for the trees, to use an Irish bull. Nature is sure to have grown at vantage points along the bends, here a black birch, yon- der a stunning red maple, on this point a fine beech or black gum—but you pass right by these unnoticed wonders be- cause the eye is distracted by millions of tangled saplings all crowding and fighting for sunlight and room. Here is where the axe gets to work; and in planning for it aim to have each vista frame some strikingly beautiful tree bordering the brookside. You will be surprised to find how even a_ few bushes will spoil a most soul-satisfying view. Clear the way! Lay out a brook- side trail and let it cross the brook whenever you have some particularly lovely landscape to show off. Here we come to a tiny water meadow, grown up with rank lush grasses, with alders and blackberries bordering the stream. What a place for willows! And the sunny meadow was particularly de- signed for a clump of tulip trees and sycamores. If Nature has not already been there before you better hie you to the nursery and invest in salix nigra and Babylonica, Liriodendron, tulipi- fera and platanus accidentalis forthwith. Speaking of meadows. let us not for- get to be on the lookout for them in the FORESTRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE 9 uplands throughout the woodlot. Asa rule Nature provides these, as it were, breathing spaces, here and there in the forest, herself, fills them with wire grass and wild roses, golden rod and iron weed, and gives her bushes— sumacs, viburnums, thorns—a chance to spread out. Catbirds and thrashers and chewinks love these places, and nest in the low bushes. Flickers come here for worms and weed seeds, and the whole glade is surrounded by beady-eyed fly- catchers on the lookout for insects. The forest meadow is an amphitheater for sunloving trees. Around it gather the scarlet oaks, sweet gums, liriodendrons, blackberries—all of them one vast color scheme in the fall. Use the axe to favor them, for you will find the shade-endur- ing trees crowding in also; take out the red oak and leave the scarlet—what is two dollars’ worth of lumber compared te fifty autumns of gorgeous scarlets! Take out that scraggly elm and favor the sweet gum, you need his red, yellow and purple stars in the autumn, and you need his button balls in the winter to the end that a colony of goldfinches may be attracted thither. And you are likely to find a white hj A LAKE TWO FEET DEEP IS AS BEAUTIFUL AS A LAKE TWENTY FEET DEEP. ash growing somewhere around this meadow. If not, plant one, for she is the undisputed queen of the forest. No tree excels it in beauty of form, foliage or autumn coloration. It wants plenty of sunlight and rich soil, and is a gross feeder, being known to foresters as the “wolf of the forest.” Put in here also the American linden or basswood for its fragrant bee flowers, and leave a clump of persimmons in directing the activities of the axe, or else plant them in if you have none. You have also to provide for winter coloration. All the trees above men- tioned will be bare and gray in the win- ter, but you can paint in rich sap-greens with bushy sunloving pitch pines, points of green, blueberry—covered with red cedars—and feathery dark greens with your white pines. The conformation of your meadow will tell you just where to work in these effects. And do not, I beg of you, make a flat green lawn of your meadow and plant a border of rhododendrons, out in the sun where Nature never intended them to grow. If wild roses, golden rod, and purple iron- weed, with scarlet sumac and great walls of living color all about are not 10 AMERICAN FORESTRY ARTISTIC THINNING OF your idea of an American forest meadow then you and I are thinking along different lines! An old field in the forest irresistibly calls to mind the thickets with which Nature is wont to invade these places. To the layman the artistic treatment of the thicket seems the most hopeless task of all. It is just brush, and the quicker it is obliterated entirely the better, so it would seem. But, really, a great deal can be done with a thicket; in fact, a few judicious touches here and there will make you fall in love with it and ever after have a warm spot in your heart for the once despised “brush patch.” A little analysis will show you BUR GES] EUICGE as that it is almost invariably composed of trees that are wing-seeded or have sprung from bird-dropped seeds— birches, aspens, wild cherries, sour gums and the like. None of them will ever become imposing forest trees. There are two standard methods of treatment open to you; either use the thicket as a background to set off some fine specimens, or treat it frankly as a thicket and make it beautiful. Down in Southern Utah and Nevada Nature grows silver spruces and aspens_ to- gether, a hint that we may put into practice by using the thicket as a back- ground for blue spruces. They never look better than when contrasted against HORDSTRY ON THE COUNTRY HSTALE 11 LAGOON living green walls or-a tangle of gray twigs in winter. Any strikingly beauti- ful tree that does not grow over-large may be used in the same way—silver pine, scarlet oak, purple beach, green ash, ginko, sassafras, dogwood; and araucaria and deodar if you live south of the 40th parallel. Sink them well into the edge of the thicket so as to ap- pear part of it. In the second method of treatment you will get results by judicious cutting and planting. You have many fine colors available on your palette. If you live anywhere in the range of gray birch—Atlantic Coast west to Ohio and south to Virginia—you have a. wonder- ful tree to work with. With its slender white trunks and its feathery, quaking foliage it is a strikingly interesting ob- ject, and a very few of them will tone up any thicket. They will grow any- where, swamp or sand barren, and there really seems no excuse for their not oc- curring naturally farther West. MADE BY DREDGING A SWAMPY BOTTOM. Another good thicket color is the Judas tree, circis canadensis. In the early spring its abundant pink flowers are out almost as soon as the red maples and its handsome green leaves help out the feathery birch foliage. You can get it at any nursery. Thinning out is always good and salu- tatory in the thicket. In doing so, spare the sour gums, as its deep reds in the autumn are wonderful and the blue- black berries are a feast for robins, cedarbirds and flickers! Save the flow- ering dogwoods for their white blooms i the spring and red berries in the fall ; and favor the wild cherries for their fragrant blossoms and handsome fruit. The trees to go will undoubtedly be black jack, scrub oak, yellow maple, thorn and alder. If there is a mature sweet gum anywhere near, there will surely be several young ones in the thicket. Be on the lookout for them, and clear away the brush about them, 12 AMERICAN FORESTRY an advantage which they will not be slow to use. Finally—swamps. There are swampy spots and swampy creek bottoms in every woodlot and the best treatment I know is to drain the one and dam the other. A lake is just as beautiful two feet deep as twenty, and it will add im- measurably to the beauty of your forest. Before building your dam run a contour line at the lake level and see just where your backwater is going to come, also noting your high spots that will later become islands. All the trees that will have their stumps submerged within these boundaries will have to be taken out as they will surely die and will be infinitely harder to take out when sur- rounded by water than before the dam is built. The ones that will thrive on your islands and along the borders will be red maple, pin oak, swamp white oak, bitternut hickory, black willow, white pine, tamarack, white cedar, red cedar, sour gum, white oak (if not too wet), black birch, hornbeam, and black spruce. With these and innumerable waterloy- ing bushes to choose from you are in a fair way to astonish yourself with your island and lake border effects! Having transformed your wopdlot into a notable forest we will need all our knowledge backed by our bird and insect allies to defend your pet vistas against the attacks of insects, fungus, and fire. I hope to present you a paper containing some ideas along these lines in the future, but at present we must hurry on to the foresting of the stony pasture. (To be Continued.) FEDERAL POWER SUPREME ON FEDERAL LANDS HE contention of the Govern- | ment that power companies can not secure rights of way across national forests without com- plying with the regulations of the Sec- retary of Agriculture has been com- pletely sustained, according to the offi- cers of the Forest Service, by the opin- ion of the Circuit Court of Appeals filed on November 14 in the case of the United States versus the Utah Power and Light Company. In its decision, the court announces that Congress has assumed complete control of the waterpower question, so far as the public lands are affected, and that a State in the exercise of its sov- ereign authority can not interfere with or transcend this constitutional power of Congress. Since December 15, 1900, the Utah Power and Light Company has operated its hydro-electric power works on cer- tain public lands in the State of Utah now forming a part of the Cache Na- tional Forest, and the United States sought to enjoin this occupancy until the company should comply with the pro- visions of the Act of May 14, 1896. The power company alleged that its rights were secured and protected by the Act of July 26, 1866, now Section 2339 of the Revised Statutes. The decision holds that the Act of May 14, 1896, empowering the Secre- tary of the Interior to permit, under general regulations to be fixed by him, the use of, or rights of way upon, the public lands and national forest reserva- tions for the purpose of generating, manufacturing, and distributing electric energy, repeals the Act of July 26, 1866, insofar as it related to the subject of generating and distributing electric power and that the company must ac- quire its rights of way in accordance with the privisions of the later act. The court denies the company’s con- tention that it was protected in its ten- ure because that tenure was authorized by the laws of the State of Utah, exer- cising sovereign and exclusive jurisdic- tion with respect thereto. It is predicted that western yellow pine will furnish an excellent source of turpentine as the southern pine becomes exhausted. THE ANNUAL MEETING The Annual Meeting of the American Forestry As- sociation will be held at the New Willard Hotel, Washing- ton, D. C., at 11:30 a. m., Wesnesday, January 14, 1914. This will be a business meeting, and there will be no papers or addresses or discussions on forestry, as pursuant to the arrangements made last autumn, our Association cooperated with the Fifth National Conservation Con- gress in the meetings of the Congress held in November, and sessions of the Congress were set aside especially for Forestry, at which it was arranged that the President of our Association should preside; in addition to which sec- tional meetings on Forestry were held and valuable for- estry papers and reports were presented by our members, and discussions held. A large number of our members attended these meetings. Members of the Association are asked to attend the annual meeting to aid in the transaction of the business matters to be discussed at that time. PS RIDSDALE, HENRY STURGIS DRINKER, Secretary. President. FOREST PLANTING ON PIKE’S PEAK By Gro. A. Dutuir, Deputy Supervisor Pike National Forest. within the Rocky Mountains which have been rendered treeless by forest fires, none are more widely known or of greater economic importance than the Pike’s Peak water- shed within the Pike National Forest. The early history of Colorado is closely associated with the Pike’s Peak region. The peak itself rises almost abruptly from the Great Plains at an altitude of 6,000 feet to an altitude of more than 14,000 feet. It was a prominent land- mark for the first explorers and trap- pers who crossed the plains to the south- ern Rocky Mountains, and the first set- tlers who followed close behind them laid their course by the famous peak and settled in the surrounding country. Then came the discovery of gold in the Cripple Creek district at the western base of the mountain, and, as the story of fabulous wealth of the mines traveled afar, thousands of settlers rushed to the mining camps, which became small cities in a day. The region was there- fore well settled at an early date. When the first white men reached the Pike’s Peak region they found it cov- ered with an almost unbroken forest cover. With the advent of the settlers and prospectors forest fires became numerous. Early settlers have told of fires that raged for weeks unheeded, and these fires recurred year after year until thousands of acres were com- pletely denuded of tree growth and the only virgin timber remaining was in small stands in the deep, protected canons. A careful reconnaissance of the region made in 1911 showed that there are over 10,000 acres of land from which all forest cover was consumed by these fires half a century ago, and upon which there has been practically no nat- ural restocking. It is estimated that two or three centuries would elapse be- F the countless thousands of acres of important watershed 14 fore these burns would again be fully reforested if natural regeneration were depended upon to produce a satisfactory forest cover. But these burns comprise important watersheds. ‘The streams draining them furnish a domestic water supply as well as electric light and power to a number of tourist resorts, towns and cities, the chief of which is Colorado Springs, and so for economic reasons they must be restocked as soon as possible. Then, too, the fact that the Pike’s Peak region is a _ recreation ground for thousands of tourists each year adds an aesthetic reason for im- mediate reforestation, to say nothing of the loss through the unproductiveness of so large an area which should be pro- ducing timber for the market. Since the natural restocking is so slow and the need so urgent, the reforestation of these burns has resolved itself into a large job of forest planting and sowing by artificial means which, to complete, will require a liberal appropriation and extensive planting operations annually for a number of years. Already this work has been started. For several years past planting and sowing of coniferous seedlings and seeds has been done by the Forest Servy- ice on these burns in an experimental way. Various methods of reforestation have been tried with a view to solving as soon as possible the difficulties arising in the various situations, so that a sys- tematic reforestation plan could be made. A preliminary plan was devel- oped following the reconnaissance of 1911 which contemplates the reforesting of 10,594 acres at a cost of $80,111, the work to extend over a period of ten years. All of this work is to be done upon the water sheds which supply water to the cities and towns of Colo- rado Springs, Victor, Colorado City, Manitou and Cascade, Colorado. During the years 1910 to 1912, in- ‘LSHUOT IVNOLLVN HMId ‘SNVAW ‘IVIOIILYV AG GHLSHAOAHA AA LSOW SAHAOV 000‘0L AWHHM NOIOHA MVAd SAMId HHL TO VNVYONVd ° ° ‘ 16 AMERICAN FORESTRY clusive, 385 acres were planted with nursery stock and 1,280 acres were sown by various methods, at a cost of over $17,000. For five years prior to 1910 experimental work in both plant- ing and sowing on numerous areas from a quarter of an acre to several acres in extent was carried on. The experi- ments were conducted upon all of the various situations present on the water- shed. ‘The actual results of many of these plantations were total failures, but whether successful or not they all con- tributed toward the solution of the problems that must be met in the suc- cessful reforestation of this area, and the experience gained in this experi- mental work has enabled the forest officers in charge to formulate certain principles which puts the reforestation work on this and similar situations upon a definite and practical basis, so that, given a situation, they know by experi- ence the best method to pursue. There are a great variety of situa- tions represented on the watershed be- cause of the isolated position of the range. The Pike’s Peak range, some- times called the Rampart Range, of which Pike’s Peak is the highest eleva- tion, is a short, isolated range of moun- tains which rises close to the border of the plains. Pike’s Peak lies at the northernmost end, and from it the range spreads out wedge-shaped to the south and southeast, sinking rapidly to the foothills where the Arkansas Valley merges with the Great Plains of east- ern Colorado. Eastward from the peak lies the broad semi-arid plains, and to the north and west a low mountain- ous country well wooded with a cover of Western yellow pine and Douglas fir. In each of the latter directions it is 50 miles as a crow fles to the nearest mountains of equal height. Pike’s Peak is the last high barrier in the path of the prevailing westerly winds. In crossing the high Continen- tal Divide these winds are drained of their moisture and are parched and dry when they strike the western slope of the Rampart Range, where they dry out the soil and blow away the fine humus and loam, leaving the surface dry and gravelly. Nearly all of the precipita- tion is brought by easterly winds bear- ing moisture from the Gulf. The east- ern side of the range therefore receives a much heavier rainfall, and conse- quently affords better planting condi- tions. The average annual precipita- tion for the entire region increases steadily with altitude. At 6,000 feet it is 14.58 inches, and at 14,111 feet it is 29.55 inches. The average annual tem- peratures decrease with altitude from 473° F. at 6,000 feet to 36.3- Fat 10,265 feet, and 19.3° F. at 14,111 feet. Since the three factors of precipitation, temperature, and wind have an impor- tant bearing on the reforestation work, they are given careful consideration in choosing the species to be used and the methods to be followed. ‘To this list of important factors should be added a fourth, viz: aspect, since the latter de- termines very largely the humidity at the surface, the amount of direct insola- tion of the sun, the depth of snow, etc. From experience gained through the experimental work and the study of the factors which have influenced the suc- cess of the work already done, it is pos- sible to lay down certain definite rules or principles to be followed in this reforestation work. The following points are a brief summary of these principles, which may be considered as more or less general in their application to similar situations, both in the Pike’s Peak region and elsewhere. The highest elevation at which refor- estation is attempted is about 10,800 feet. Direct sowing is more apt to be successful at high altitudes than at low ones, because moisture at the surface is quite essential, but the success of seed sowing on any situation, high or low, depends so largely upon climatic condi- tions, and these vary so greatly in this particular region that the outcome of seeding operations is always uncertain On all sites, therefore, except perhaps in the most favorable, planting should be given preference over direct seeding. Whether sowing or planting is resorted to, the wind is a serious handicap to re- forestation work. It dries out the soil, blows away the fine soil and humus, re- duces the humidity of the air and blights the young plants. The western expos- FOREST’ PLANTING ON PIKE SPEAK We HEAVY FALL OF SNOW ON MAY 14 WHICH TEMPORARILY STOPPED THE PLANTING WORK. ures suffer most from drying winds, then follow the southern, eastern, and northern exposures in the order named. The northern and eastern slopes are the most faovred, for the precipitation is heavier, the drying winds less severe, they are protected from the direct sun and have greater humidity of the lower strata of the air, besides the protective covering of aspen which these slopes usually bear. Planting therefore 1s best for the less favored slopes. It is more expensive and much slower than seeding, but the results obtained usu- ally prove it to be the most economical in the end. Planted stock does not re- quire so much protective cover, because the roots extend into the soil to such a depth as to render the plant not entirely dependent upon seasonable precipita- tion. It is not affected so much by dry surface, and by placing sticks, sods or stones on the windward side of the plant when it is set, as a shelter to ward off the dry winds, much less loss from wind blight occurs among planted stock than seedlings resulting from direct seeding. ‘The extra cost of placing the shelters amounts to very little since sticks or stones are usually within easy reach of the planter as he sets the plant, and especially in the case of Douglas fir, which is most susceptible to wind blight, the saving in planted stock is well worth the additional expenditure of time. Direct sowing should be practiced only on the most favorable situations and the work should be done on pre- pared ground in the fall or broadcasted on the snow in the winter over ground which has been previously dragged or raked. The following table gives the com- parative cost of establishing successful stands by these three methods in the pe) e/a) AMERICAN FORESTRY LABORERS PLANTING WESTERN YELLOW PINE BY DEEP HOLE METHOD IN PIKE’S PEAK REGION, PIKE year 1910. It will be noted that sow- ing on prepared soil, which consisted mostly of seedspot sowing, cost nearly as much as planting, notwithstanding chat all sowing was done on the most favorable sites: Per cent Seb restocking|Total cost Method Cost ‘per of area failed | per acre successful piaces JP Fralt ii bat ger ian y eee | $14.20 100 $1. 04 $15.24 Sowing (prepared| SOU) nbasiayanis aces 7.29 46 6.05 13.34 Broadcasting on SHO Waseca. 200.0 3.05 th MN PAL Y/ 5220 Planting work should be done in the spring and as early in the season as weather conditions permit. In_ the Pike’s Peak region it is usually unwise to plant after May 20. Since this region is rather dry, the species used are mostly drought resist- ing. In altitudes of less than 9,300 feet Western yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxi- folia) are best wea The Western yellow pine endures dry winds and is therefore used on the northwestern, western and southern exposures. Doug- NATIONAL FOREST. las fir will not endure dry winds and must be used only on the protected northern and eastern exposures. Above 9,300 feet Douglas fir can be used on warmer aspects because of the better moisture conditions, and the colder situ- ations are planted to Engelmann spruce (Picea Engelmanm), Limber pine (Pinus flexilis), and Bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata). Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) takes the place of the Western yellow pine above 9,300 feet. Only stock of the best quality should be planted. It costs as much to plant a poor, sickly seedling as it does a vigor- ous, healthy plant, and since the cost of planting is the heaviest item of cost in reforestation work, it 1s economy to throw away unfit stock. The cost of planting operations may vary between certain wide limits, even when strict economy is practiced. The following is a list of the factors which affect the cost of all planting work: 1. Method of planting. 2. Spacing of the plants. 3. size of stock. 4, Soil. FOREST “PLANTING ON ‘PIKE'S 5. Size of operation. 6. Weather conditions during plant- ing operations. 7. Kind of labor used. Three methods of planting have been found applicable to the mountainous lands on the Pike National Forest. They are the dibble, deep hole, and cone methods. ‘The following table shows the comparative cost of these three methods when similar stock is used: Method of planting | Class of stock | Cost per acre Dibble==—— —2== =- 3—0 Douglas fir | $ 5.62 Deep hole__-_-- 3—0 EE es tial? Deep hole-_---- 2—2 Yellow pine | 9.83 Ones sees soe 2—-2 - = | 14.20 1 First figure gives the age of the stock in years from seed; the second gives the number of times transplanted before setting out on permanent site. The dibble method can be used only with small-sized stock, two or three- year-old seedlings, and in soil that is loose, deep, and easily worked. The deep hole method is the one most com- monly employed. It can be used with any class of stock, and since in digging and refilling the holes the soil is thor- tye) WIRE SHIPPING CRATES DESIGNED FOR SHIPPING NURSERY PERAK 19 oughly worked, this method is appli- cable to any kind of soil. The cone method is employed only on very un- favorable locations where especial care must be used in setting the plants. When, in very dry situations with coarse, stony soil, it is desirable to use large stock with a well-developed root system, the cone method is the best because it provides for a great deal of care in adjusting the roots around the cone and gives the plant every oppor- tunity for early rooting. That the size of operations affects the cost per acre of the work needs no dem- onstration. In 1911 the cost of plant- ing 67 acres on Pike’s Peak was $11.80 per acre, and in 1912 261 acres were planted at a cost of $10.04 per acre. The methods used and the stock used both years were similar, and the differ- ence in the cost is largely due to the dif- ference in the size of the job. In fact, a more marked difference would have been attained if weather conditions had been more favorable in 1912. The biggest problem in economical planting work is that of getting cheap STOCK ON THE PIKE NATIONAL FOREST. 20 AMERICAN FORESTRY and efficient labor. Planting work is always of short duration. For climatic reasons it lasts only for six weeks or two months at best, and it comes at a time of the year when all lines of work are opening up and labor is in great demand. ‘The ordinary laborer is wholly unskilled in the art of planting, and usually does not display a very lively interest in the fine points of the work. It is necessary therefore to have a constant close supervision of the men by a forest officer to insure careful work. An officer can supervise from 25 to 30 workmen after they have be- come efficient, but for the first two days during the period of instruction fifteen men will keep him very busy. Because of the cost of breaking in men to the work, it is very desirable to keep the same men throughout the season, and so far as possible to secure the same men in successive years, for it 1s a note- worthy fact wherever the same men are secured on successive years they begin to take an interest in the work, are far more efficient and require much less su- pervision. In order to eliminate the drifting tramp labor as much as possible it has been found necessary to hire the men with the understanding that no compensation will be allowed any man who does not remain more than three days, and only half pay is allowed if he does not stay one week. In 1912 the men were paid $1.70 per day with board. ‘They were housed in tents and provided with straw upon which to spread their blankets. Competent camp cooks were employed and the men re- ceived substantial board at a Govern- ment mess. ‘The cost to the Forest Service of subsistence per man per day was $0.58, making the total cost per man per eight-hour day $2.28. The number of higher salaried men required to supervise the work raised the aver- age cost to $2.48 per man per day. From forty to sixty laborers were em- ployed on the job, the number fluctuat- ing up or down with fair or stormy weather. It is one of the peculiar vagaries of laboring men that, though they may be working very contentedly, let there come a slight interruption and it becomes the signal for general quit- ting even though they have no prospects of anything better elsewhere. Much difficulty was experienced in this re- spect during last spring’s operations. Periodic storms which precipitated from five to thirty inches of snow occurred up until the latter part of May. Dur- ing these storms the temperature never dropped to freezing and the snow quickly disappeared. The occurrence of each storm was, however, the occasion for an exodus from camp. ‘This is one of the most serious problems met with in planting work, for it increases the cost very materially, and the man in charge must tax his ingenuity to keep ihe crew contented. A few measures which have been suc- cessful to some degree to keep the planting crew contented are: (1) pro- vide good food; (2) furnish plenty of straw for bedding; (3) furnish each tent with a camp heater; (4) provide reading matter, current magazines pre- ferred; (5) prohibit gambling and the bringing of liquor into camp; (6) have the cook keep a small stock of chewing and smoking tobacco, socks and canvas gloves for the accommodation of the men; (7) keep a simple shoe-repairing outfit on hand for their use; (8) pro- vide facilities for washing clothes. Some attention “to such details has proven well worth while. The economic value of this reforesta- tion work is a matter well worth con- siderataion. Is the benefit to be derived from these plantations commensurate with the cost of establishing and pro- tecting them? As foresters and con- servationists we have always maintained that reforestation work on lands which formerly bore forest and which are not better suited for other purposes is jus- tifiable. However, in the Pike’s Peak region the nature of a large part of the treeless areas is so inhospitable that it is a question whether sufficiently high returns could be realized if the stands were established solely for the produc- tion of timber. Other economic consid- erations must therefore enter into the valuation of this reforestation work if we are to show justification for the esti- mated expenditure of $80,000 on this planting: work. T PLANTING. ON PIRES. PAs 21 LABORERS PLANTING DOUGLAS FIR ON NORTHERN PIKE’S PERAK EXPOSURES IN THE REGION, PIKE NATIONAL FOREST. The primary object in making these plantations is for watershed protection, and the plantations are being made upon the watersheds of Colorado Springs and other adjoining towns. It is impossible at this time to show in actual figures just what value the effect of the establishment of a stand of tim- ber upon these watersheds will have, but since the Forest Service is working on the theory that standing timber has a very beneficial effect on the regula- tion of stream flow, and observations seem to prove this theory correct, it is reasonable to assert that these planta- tions will have a great economic value when the value of the water secured from these watersheds is considered. Recent investigations on the subject have shown that at present the water used by the city of Colorado Springs alone for municipal and domestic water supply has an annual value of $80,000. In addition there is 2,000 horsepower of electric water power developed on this watershed which has an annual value of $40,000, making a total annual value of the used water $120,000. In addition there are 40,000 horsepower still unde- veloped, which it is estimated will have an annual value when developed of at least $400,000. ‘Then add to this the in- crease in the value of the municipal water supply as the city grows and the demand for water becomes greater. With these figures on the present value of the water resources of one city in mind and the possibility of beneficial in- fluence by a new forest cover in regu- lating and increasing the flow of these streams and keeping them clear and cool, the expense must be considered reasonable and justifiable. There is small chance for appraisal of the aesthetic value of stands of tim- ber in such situations, and yet it is by no means negligible. The Pike’s Peak region is visited each year by no less than 200,000 people for the purposes of sight-seeing and recreation. It is to the wooded canons that the pleasure seekers go and not to the open burns, and it is not unusual to hear unfavorable com- ment from tourists about the great bar- ren, unsightly burns. And so there is no doubt about there being a_ real aesthetic value to forest planting on Pike’s Peak, even if the exact measure of this value in dollars and cents can not be named. RECONNAISSANCE: ITS RELATION TO FOREST WORKING PLANS By R. H. Borrker, Forest Assistant, Lassen National Forest, California. HE present-day timber recon- naissance is the basis for a working plan embracing all the various phases of national for- est administration. The old idea that reconnaissance is merely a stock-taking or a preparatory step in timber sale work has given way to the broader no- tion that reconnaissance is a preliminary step to the better handling of all forest resources. In short, reconnaissance work reveals to those of us who are working with the National Forests what our resources are, where they are, how much they amount to, and what should be done with them. This paper will at- tempt to show how reconnaisance, as carried on at the present time, fulfills this manifold purpose. For the pur- poses of this paper the results of recon- naissance may be grouped into two gen- eral classes; namely, the direct and the indirect results. The direct results of the work are: The topographic map, the type map, the estimate of the timber, the forest description and other general information. ‘The indirect results are numerous, and will be taken up under the headings: Silviculture, Protection, Grazing, and Policy. The most important direct result of reconnoissance is undoubtedly the topo- graphic map. It locates things better than they have ever been located before, especially in unsurveyed or poorly sur- veyed country, shows where the forest may be put to special uses, and locates more definitely improvements and ad- ministrative sites. Its most valuable at- tribute is its permanency; the estimate and the description change slightly, but the-configuration of the land remains the same. For the purpose of formulating working plans this map is extremely helpful. As intensive management de- velops, the need for a complete recon- naissance map of the forest will in- crease in proportion. Intensive man- agement comes in disguise. Every mile 99 of trail, or telephone, or railroad that is built in the forest is a step toward more intensive management and a greater need for better maps. The pres- ent value of this map lies, therefore, in the more efficient execution of the rough working plans we now have, in the basis which it gives for making sales, and in LASSEN BIG SUGAR PINE AND FIRS. RECONNAISSANCE, 1911. the step it furnishes in preparation for the intensive plans of the future. In general, the type map which is dis- cussed more fully under various other heads serves several purposes. It shows the relative amount and acreage of brushland, grassland, timberland, wood- land, barrens in need of a forest cover, RECONNAISSANCE: ITS RELATION TO FOREST PLANS 23 ALPINE TYPE, MT. LASSEN MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK OF LITTLE COMMERCIAL IMPORTANCE. waste lands such as lava beds, and water areas. It shows the composition of the timberlands ; in other words, what spe- cies of commercial importance are on each “forty,” and also the relations that exist between the distribution of the various species and the factors of to- pography and altitude. Furthermore, it serves as a basis for applying tables which show the yield of each forest typers The timber estimate serves a three- fold purpose. It gives us an inventory of our timber resources that is more ac- curate than any we have had. The esti- mate supersedes all former guesses, mountain-top estimates, and rough re- connaissance calculations; in itself it is an exact working plan estimate. Com- paring this with the best figures we have had heretofore, one gets an_ idea what reconnaissance estimate means. A rough reconnaissance made in 1910 for certain townships on the Lassen Na- tional Forest showed about .316 million feet of timber. An intensive reconnais- sance for the same area, made two years later, showed 808 million, or about two and one-half times as much. These fig- ures, based on the stand upon about 80,000 acres, are fairly indicative of how the total forest estimate would compare. The second purpose of the reconnais- sance estimate naturally follows from the first, for, after knowing how much we have the next question is how much can we sell? In other words, what is the sustained annual yield for the for- est? At the present time this cut is fig- ured from the best available data, namely, the “rough” reconnaissance mentioned above. ‘The intensive recon- naissance figures would mean that we had, yearly, about two and one-half times more timber for sale than we did under the old method. While very in- teresting and important in the future, these figures are not essential at present because we are at the present cutting only a fraction of one per cent of our annual yield, and there is no danger of reaching or exceeding the annual yield for many years. Naturally all methods of regulating the cut depend more or less upon accurate estimates. The third purpose of reconnaissance estimates, and probably the most im- portant from the standpoint of present value, is that they serve as a basis for making timber sales. Logging proposi- tions to attract purchasers of timber can 24 AMERICAN ie 4 a RECONNAISSANCE MEN HELP TO not be worked up until a reconnaissance of timber areas has been made. The third direct result is the forest description, This description endeavors to give in words what can not be told on the map, and it is concerned with the present conditions under which the tim- ber is growing. In future it will serve as a basis for making comparisons and determining whether the forest condi- tions have improved or not. Usually the reverse side of a special form is filled out, which includes, among other headings, amount of immature growth, its distribution and the relative per- centages of the three leading species, notes on rock, soil, ground cover, under- brush, condition of timber, average age, logging conditions, and adaptability of the land to logging. The immature growth, that is, sapling and seedlings below 6 inches in diameter at breast height (4% feet), is usually designated by some adjective, as “good,” “fair,” or ‘poor’; the manner of distribution is noted as “in groups,” “singly,” “gen- eral,” or the like. Assuming the total amount of small growth to represent 100 per cent, the percentage of the lead- ing species is given as “yellow pine 80 per cent, white fir 10 per cent, and in- DISCOVER . visions such as logging units. FORESTRY AND EXTINGUISH FOREST FIRES cense cedar 10 pe= cent.” Ji the tables of the total stand differ from these, it can be seen whether the yellow pine is increasing or decreasing as compared with the white fir, and in what propor- tion. This information would help in- dicate the predominant species in the next crop and would be helpful in mark- ing the timber. It might also lead one to suppose that, if the yellow pine is reproducing itself readily and the white fir is going back, the soil is better adapted for yellow pine, and therefore this species should be favored. Notes on the amount and distribution of the underbrush are taken the same way. In many cases notes on soil, rock, and ground cover can be taken more ad- vantageously for each forest type or sub-type rather than for each forty. The logging conditions should be de- scribed on the basis of natural subdi- Careful attention should be given to whether the forest is even-aged or uneven-aged, and, whatever the condition is, whether it applies to large areas, to small areas, or only to groups. This is an important matter in adopting a method of regula- tion. The matter of site classes, types and sub-types, and condition of the tim- TIMBER LINE, ELEVATION 9,000 FEET, HEMLOCK AND WHITE BARKED PINE. ber, should be noted, since these notes are of importance in all phases of man- agement: There is also considerable descriptive matter which must be collected inde- pendently of organized reconnaissance, but which at the same time is absolutely necessary for a reconnaissance working plan. Such information applies to large economic units, and when once collected for one of these units need only be re- vised as economic conditions change. Among the most important items are: The climate and geology of the region and their relation to tree and forage growth ; the surrounding population and its relation to the broad subject of for- est protection; the general logging con- ditions and how these affect the prices that can be secured for the stumpage ; the present population, its demand and who supplies it; the industries of the region in relation to wood-consumption and other matters. SILVICULTURE. As has been said before, the most im- portant direct result of the reconnais- sance estimates is that they serve as a basis for making timber sales. The tim- MT. LASSEN, SIERRAS, SPECIES MOUNTAIN ber sale contracts of the present time call for a statement of the amount of timber involved in the sale, which figure serves as a basis for the amount of bond, the amount of deposit, and the amount of the subsequent payments. The accuracy of this figure is of the ut- most importance in the matter of stump- age appraisal and, of course, is of great value to the man buying the timber since with the aid of them he can figure his profits. Up to the present time no better and cheaper way for working up timber sales and logging propositions has been devised. Besides furnishing the volume of tim- ber by species for both legal and natural subdivisions of land, other valuable data are secured. From the “forty” es- timate sheets the average diameter, av- erage number of logs per tree, and num- ber of logs per thousand board feet, the volume of the average tree, the number of trees per acre, the average stand per acre, and other data can easily be fig- ured. With the help of a growth table an idea of the representation of the various age classes can be secured which will give an idea of the possibilities of a second cut. The date on the number 26 AMERICAN FORESTRY RECONNAISSANCE IS A PREPARATORY of poles per acre also gives a good idea of what the next crop of timber is going to be like. Data on the physical condi- tion of the trees, such as the number of snags, broken-tops, spike-tops, fire- scarred, and insect-killed trees per acre, are of particular value in that they give the purchaser an idea of how much of this stuff he will have to cut on the sale area. The topographic and type map are of course indispensable to proper silvi- cultural management. A working plan based on annual yield is not an imme- diate necessity because, so far, the an- nual cut is such a small percentage of the annual yield and there is little dan- ger at present of overcutting. What is necessary, though, is a_ silvicultural working plan which will put the forest into a better silvicultural condition. For this working plan the maps give us de- tailed information of what we have, and immediately simplify the problem of what should be done with it. The relation of slope and aspect upon soil and atmospheric moisture and how this relation affects the distribution of the species is shown in a most striking way. Comparing these maps of the east slope of the Sierras with observations STEP TO TIMBER ‘SALES. made on the west slope it is shown con- clusively that the species range increas- ingly higher going from west to east. This information together with the data on the estimate sheets will serve as a basis for determining the silvicultural treatment, the objects of management, the rotations and other matters. In gen- eral the mixed fir types will stand a greater cut than the open yellow-pine types. In most of our mountain for- ests the rotations and objects of man- agement will be directly affected by alti- tude. Problems of utilization can not be solved until we know what we have, how much there is and where it is. It has been shown that the best use for lodgepole pine is poles and ties and that red fir and white fir make excellent paper. The next question is: Have we big enough bodies of these species to interest large capital ? Reconnaissance locates areas of tim- ber that are badly in need of cutting either because they are deteriorating rapidly, or on account of insect infes- tation, or for other reasons. This work may also locate areas in need of plant- ing; at least it shows the location of all brush areas, which class of lands furnishes a most important planting ‘VGVAUHN NI AONVA MUALNIM OL AVM AHL NO ‘VIVA HHL NI LSHUOA AHL ONIAVA'T daaHS vei pe So ‘fe JA ep ai t 28 AMERICAN problem. In cruising Government tim- ber a rough estimate and map of the private timber is often obtained. ‘This estimate is of use to give an idea of what proportion of a given watershed or other unit is privately owned and what is publicly owned. By mapping in the alienated lands a more complete and effective map is secured for the pur- poses of fire control. Reconnaissance may locate areas especially adapted to free-use purposes. It may help to dis- cover timber trespass or it may show along what section lines timber tres- passes are likely to occur when cutting on private lands takes place. Often silvicultural notes of value are obtained and problems suggested to men doing reconnaissance. It is an excel- lent opportuity to make observations on seed crops. Even the most casual ob- server can not help making some obser- vations on the silvicultural character- istics of the different species, and the composition and classification of the forest types. No better opportunity could present itself for a study and ob- servations on the altitudinal distribution of the various species. It is also an excellent opportunity to study type changes ; the struggle between the dif- ferent species in trying to occupy the same sites. Numerous © silvicultural problems have suggested themselves to men engaged in reconnaissance. While the information and notes gathered on these problems may be of little technical ralue, they at least serve as a working basis for future and more detailed studies. Dendrological observations are often made in connection with recon- naissance, and it has happened that new species and new varieties have been found by reconnaissance men. FOREST PROTECTION. Probably the most tangible and the most direct result of reconnaissance from the standpoint of fire protection is the fact that the reconnaissance crew, usually of from five to ten men, can be used in case of an emergency as a fire- fighting force. ‘The fundamental idea in locating the crews is of course to put them where there is timber in need of estimating. Whenever there is a choice, FORESTRY however, they are sent to regions of particular fire hazard. It usually fol- lows that where there is heavy timber worth estimating for future sales, there is also need for protecting this timber on account of its value. The topographic and type map are of great value in preparing a Forest Pro- tection Plan. ‘The topographical fea- tures, such as mountains, ridges, peaks, valleys, and flats are shown, and areas of young growth are located. The loca- ae % ye SSS < 1e4 ¢ A RECONNAISSANCE CAMP IN BIG YEL- LOW PINE TIMBER, LASSEN RECON- NAISSANCE IN 1911. tion of water courses, roads, trails, tele- phone lines, fire lines, railroads, saw- mills, and ranches is also of consider- able value. Such a map with its tim- ber estimate shows at a glance where the valuable property is and where the areas of greatest fire hazard are. With such data as this to work with, the mat- ter of dividing the forest into protection units, of assigning patrolmen, and of establishing lookouts is simplified con- RECONNAISSANCE? ITS SUB-ALPINE TYPE OF JEFFREY PINE IN THE siderably. The density and age of the stand, the distribution of the age classes, the species, and the topography of the country all materially affect the inflammability of a forest type. The reconnaissance map shows also the old burns that exist. By plotting these burns for the entire forest an idea of the relative fire hazard, based on past experience, is secured and the protective units can be established with this in mind. A complete map of this kind is of in- estimable value to the lookout. When he discovers a fire this map enables him to determine its exact location in regard to topography, timber, type, ownership, whether it is in a bad place or not, and how to get men to it most expeditiously. A matter of importance, also, 1s the question of how much timber we are protecting and what is the value of it? Also, how much more money can be put into fire protection? If the ‘rough” reconnaissance methods employed in the past show that a forest possesses five billion feet of timber and an intensive reconnaissance of a good portion of the forest shows approximately two and one-half times as much timber, it is very evident that the funds allotted to it AND RED FIR. DISTANCE. REBATION TO BOREST (PLANS 29 Sie YG an A MN fy ge Shae a) MT. LASSEN, 10,400 FEET ELEVATION, to protect five billion feet were actually spread out to cover two and one-half times that amount. Protection against insects and fung- ous diseases is an essential part of efh- cient forest protection. The greatest loss sustained by insects is in the sus- tained annual loss of scattered mer- chantable trees rather than by sudden serious outbreaks. Although only a few trees are killed here and there, the killed timber which accumulates year by year soon mounts to a_ surprising total. Proper control work can be in- stituted much more effectively if the centers of infestation have been located by a reconnaissance, either especially for insect control, or in connection with ordinary timber reconnaissance. How- ever, no better opportunity is afforded for the discovery and location of in- fested areas than by reconnaissance. It has been the practice to tally insect- killed trees separately from those killed by other causes. In ordinary yellow- pine stands this amounts to from 5 to 20 per cent of the merchantable stand. In connection with the regular timber reconnaissance work, the lodgepole in- festation on the Lassen was estimated and mapped without any additional cost. 30 AMERICAN FORESTRY This reconnaissance showed that 35 per cent of the 100 million feet of lodge- pole pine was either dead or dying. Within a year after this estimate was made a sale was consummated and in- dications are that the infestation will hereafter be short-lived. GRAZING. Undoubtedly the most important re- sult of timber reconnaissance from the standpoint of grazing is the topograph- ical map. This map, besides locating such topographical features as roads, trails, streams, bridges, lakes, and res- ervoirs, also locates such minor features of especial value for grazing adminis- tration as old cabins and shacks, old sheep camps, corrals, drift fences, salt licks, water holes, springs, and seeps. The contours on the map immediately suggest grazing districts and grazing units. By consulting this map it would be no difficult matter to divide a given region into individual range allotments which are bounded by natural barriers such as ridges and streams. The forest type map secured in con- nection with the topographical map mentioned above may be looked upon as the basis for a general stock-taking of the forage possibilities of a given region. ‘This map shows in colors what areas are covered by timber, by brush, by grassland, and by water. This im- mediately gives an idea of the relative amounts of grass and herbaceous plants and the amount of browse. In addition to this it gives the areas covered by the various timber types. This is also of considerable value when it is known that certain plants and shrubs occur almost entirely within certain forest types. For example, rabbit brush and bitter brush, both excellent sheep feed, are found almost entirely in the dry yellow-pine type. On forests where grazing is of great importance, a detailed grazing recon- naissance is made, differing from timber reconnaissance only in that it secures detailed information on forage rather than on timber. With an inventory of the forage of a region as a basis, the next most important matter is the means for utilizing this crop in the most eco- nomic way. Detailed studies, on the areas that need it most, can be insti- tuted concerning the different species of grass and brush, their seeding times and value as. feed, “etcy/iete) Otherlarcer problems remain yet to be solved, and these studies and investigations can be more economically carried on after a reconnaissance has been made of the region in question. FOREST POLICY. The Forest Service is in the van of the forestry movement in the United States. It is by all odds the largest corporation which practices forestry. Hence it has a powerful influence in shaping the forest policy of the coun- try as a whole. Whatever the Forest Service does now, the lumberman will do as soon as he can see that it means money in his pocket. Just so with reconnaissance. ‘The lumbermen will soon see that it will be to their advan- tage to find out what they have, where it is, and what is to be done with it. In other words, they will go about the matter of preparing working plans for their lands just as the Forest Service is doing now. Thirty different wood preservatives are in commercial use in the United States; many of them utilize creosote of one sort or another; others require chemical salts. Last year the forest service distributed 116,000 basket willow cuttings: 15,000 to forest schools, 20,000 to agricultural experiment stations, and 81,000 to individuals. More than 800,000 horsepower has been developed from streams on national forests under government regulation. This represents the output under conditions of lowest streamflow. Florida buttonwood, a tree confined largely to the keys along the south coast, is very highly prized for use in cooking on ship’s galleys. makes but little smoke or ash. It burns slowly with an even heat and SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE BLACK FOREST By F. F. Moon, M. F., New York State College of Forestry RACTICALLY everyone who has ever read German Fairy Tales as a child must have come under the spell of the Black Forest. ‘The woods were so dark, the streams so limpid, and the whole at- mosphere was so charged with the pos- sibility of adventure that to an imagin- ative child it seemed the most marvel- ous place in the world—an enchanted realm with no particular location but nevertheless very real. As we grew older we learned, to our amazement perhaps, that there was such a place as the Black Forest; that it was known in Roman History as the Silva Marciana, and really deserved a large part of its renown. At present it ranks as the most popular summer resort in the German Empire and is visited by thousands of tourists each year, at- tracted by the scenery and the climate. To an American forester also, the Black Forest has a peculiar attraction SPLENDID NATURAIL REGENERATION OF and charm. He, too, is attracted by the aesthetic features and in addition the well kept forests, so carefully managed, appeal to his professional sense. A word or two of description of this region might not be amiss. The forest is practically a dissected plateau, lying between the Neckar on the north, the Nagold on the east, and the Rhine on the west and south; two-thirds of it lies within the Grand Duchy of Baden and the remainder in the Kingdom of Wurtemburg. The total area is about 2,100 square miles. The valleys are quite steep toward the center of the region and while nu- merous areas may be found where grapes, fruit or field crops are raised, the bulk of the land, especially toward the south is far better suited to the pro- duction of timber than to agriculture. The orderly German as usual adapts his crop to the soil and situation and as a consequence we find fertile valleys Photo by F. F. Moon. SPRUCE ON CITY FOREST. ARTIFICIAL REGENERATION USED BUT LITTLE. 31 32 AMERICAN FORESTRY Photo by F. F. Moon. NURSERY OF CITY FOREST OF VILLINGEN IN BLACK FOREST. TRANSPLANTS GROWING UNDER HIGH SHADE. OF $1.38 PER M. surrounded by fir and_ spruce-clad slopes. Indeed it is the dark appear- ance of the fir forests which give the name Schwarzwald to the region. As can be imagined the lumber in- dustry is of great importance and like our own Adirondacks it is a moot ques- tion which constitutes the greater re- source, the crop of timber or the an- nual horde of tourists, both native and foreign. Anyone who has ever toured the Black Forest during a rainy season like last August and has seen the scores of buxom German fraus with “ruck- sack”’ on back, trudging along through rain and mud, will appreciate the charm this region holds for the native. Fash- ionable watering places can be found like Baden-Baden or Wildbad, but the extreme popularity of the Schwarzwald and its hold on the German of average means is largely due to the efforts of the Schwarzwald Verein. This enthu- siastic and patriotic society has spent much time and money in opening up the Black Forest by cutting paths, erect- ing sign posts, etc., for fhe benefit of the pedestrian. FIVE-YEAR SPRUCE TRANSPLANTS PRODUCED AT A COST The manufacture of clocks, watches and toys is another business of im- portance in this region. Traveling north from Switzerland, along the Danube, anything but impos- ing near its source, the first town one finds of interest to the forester is Villin- gen, with its justly famous Stadtwald or City Forest. Villingen is one of the oldest and most famous of the walled towns of Germany, dating back to the 9th Cen- tury. At that time it was an important trading post of the Eastern Black For- est region and later became the official residence of the Count of Ftirstenberg while during the Thirty Years War its walls were often besieged. These bat- tered walls and towers are a great at- traction to the average tourist, but the City Forest is of greater importance to the visiting forester. The land now owned and managed as the Communal Forest originally be- longed to the “Mark Forest” and is as old as the city itself. It has been under management since the beginning of the 1%th Century, and from the standpoint SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE BLACK FOREST 33 of size and yield both, is one of the most important city forests in Baden, if not in all Germany. It contains about 9,800 acres and yields about $5.75 per acre per year net. In contrast with the forests in Prus- sia and Hessen, we find that spruce and fir predominate, and instead of the pure stands of Scotch pine, etc., started from seedlings or even seed planted in drills, the forest is reproduced naturally by species, but they have not been mark- edly successful, although Douglas fir has received considerable commenda- tion on account of its rapid growth. Thuya, Balsam fir, and Colorado blue spruce have been tried with mediocre results, and white pine, instead of mak- ing good growth as it has done near Darmstadt, is ranked as a rather poor tree of inferior technical qualities, Besides it is pursued with almost fatal PoP, Photo by Moon. “SCHNEISE” OR COMPARTMENT LINE, CITY FOREST OF VILLINGEN, BADEN, GERMANY. SoIS FOREST YIELDS OVER $5.00 CLEAR PROFIT PER ACRE EACH YEAR. means of skilful cuttings. Indeed, af- ter watching the results obtained by Forstmeister Neukirch, at Villingen, and noting the splendid stands of the proper species they get naturally out of a complex mixture, the knowledge the average German forester has of the re- actions between species, light and mois- ture, seems almost uncanny. Experi- ments have been made with American Photo by F. F. Moon. OLD TOWER AND CITY WALL OF VIL- LINGEN, BLACK FOREST, GERMANY, ONE OF THE EARLY TRADING CEN- TERS OF THE BLACK FOREST. IT IS MENTIONED AS EARLY AS THE 9TH CENTURY. NOW CENTER OF CLOCK- MAKING INDUSTRY. persistence by the male deer as the Ger- man bucks show a pronounced favorit- ism for this American tree to rub the velvet off their horns, selecting it in preference to any of the native species. As a consequence the bark is rubbed to shreds and the young pine saplings soon die. Successful plantations of 34 AMERICAN FORESTRY BRUSH BURNING ON SCLUFFERSCHAFTSWALD, BLACK SITES WHERE IT COVERS BURNED ON NATURAL REGENERATION. white pine can only be made if the area is fenced; a rather expensive operation and one apt to discourage the use of this species. A certain amount of planting of na- tive species is done where natural re- generation happens to be faulty. The seedlings used in this work are raised on the nursery of the City Forester, and while their methods differ from Ameri- can nursery practice (they use high shade entirely and believe in limiting the number of seedlings per square foot of nursery bed since it costs less for seed and they maintain that close competition weakens the young plants), the young seedlings and transplants are extremely thrifty looking and the cost astonishingly cheap. (Five-year-old spruce transplants are raised by Forst- meister Neukirch at a cost of $1.38 per thousand. ) The annual cut of the forest averages about 21,000 cubic meters, about 32 cubic feet per acre per year, which brings a gross revenue of $76,000 and a net financial yield of $54,000 which adds considerably to the budget of the Photo by F, F, Moon. FOREST. THE GROUND BRUSH IS PILED AND TOO DENSELY TO PERMIT city fathers. It might be said in pass- ing that this record is far surpassed by the financial results obtained on the Communal Forest of the town of Gaul- sheim, Baden, a small village in the Black Forest, located next to Forbach in the Murg Valley. This village of 800 inhabitants has owned a communal forest of 2,000 acres for some centuries from which it gets enough revenue to pay the operating expenses of the forest, the running expenses of the village it- self and besides declares a yearly divi- dend of $4 to each inhabitant. With the above facts in mind it is not at all surprising that some of our most progressive States have passed laws enabling towns and cities to acquire land to be operated as City Forests. The growth of this idea will mean much to- ward the spread of forestry and the better use of land. Many a town in the Northeastern States could profit by the example of Villingen and Gaulsheim and get a substantial revenue from ad- joining areas now considered waste land ; incidentally the appearance of the SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE BLACK FOREST 35 FINAL APPEARANCE OF SELECTION BADEN. environs would be vastly improved in most cases. From Villingen, following the regu- lar route we pass through Triberg, a Forstamt of comparatively small im- portance but noted for possessing, in the Falls of the Gutach, the most superb cataract in western Germany. From Triberg to Rastatt there is little of interest, but at the latter place we tap the valley of the Murg, celebrated for the superb ship timbers it furnished in times past to the ship builders of the Lower Rhine and Holland. At Forbach in the Murgthal, condi- tions were met which were of especial interest on account of the close resem- blance they bore to our Adirondacks, countries, of course, excepted. The soil is thin, slopes are steep, rain fall sufficient for purposes of regeneration and the past treatment astonishingly like that of the North Woods. The original owners cut their timber and floated it down the Murg and via the Rhine to Holland, and on account of the heavy transportation costs and toll charges levied by the various prin- cipalities, etc., through which they Tea di Photo by Moon. METHOD, SCLUFFERSCHAFTSWALD FORBACH, ALL OF OLD TIMBER REMOVED. passed, only the timber most accessi- ble, and the best of that, was cut. This led to heavy overcutting of the lower slopes followed in some cases by fire and the upper slopes remaining un- touched went ahead accumulating for- est capital. From 1840-1860 various portions of the old Schifferschaftswald were pur- chased and brought under the manage- ment of a stock company of which ths Duchy of Baden holds the controlling interest ; the forester in charge, is there~ fore a state official. The part of this amalgamated forest, known as Forbach IIT containing 12,000 acres is in many respects the most interesting forest, to an American at least, in all Germany. In the first place it is composed chiefly of conifers like the forest of Maine and the Adirondacks; it had been more or less abused in the past by overcutting and some burning; the timber on the upper slopes was over ripe and deteri- orating when it was put under the con- trol of the State. Conditions having a very similar sound to those that obtain in some of the Northeastern States. Their method of attacking the prob- 36 AMERICAN lem was to apply the fundamental prin- ciples of forest management; ripe tim- ber should be cut and the yield should be regulated with regard to the amount of forest capital standing on each unit of area. By extending the road system portions of the forest previously inac- cessible were opened up and were able to do their share in furnishing the an- nual cut. As one would expect, from the silvi- cultural and economic conditions found here they have avoided a clear cutting system ; the Selection method being used on steep slopes and the Group method on benches and gentle slopes. This is not only gives Forstmeister Stephanie great freedom in locating his cuttings but also keeps the slopes under cover, which prevents erosion and does not offend the eye of any of the many tour- ists who pass through the valley of the Murg. The criticisms so often leveled against these systems viz., slow to re- generate, apt to produce inferior tim- ber, expensive, etc., carry little weight with the Forstmeister. Natural regeneration is all that could be desired, out of the 105 acres re- generated each year, about one-fifth only is reproduced artificially ; concern- ing the quality of the timber, 72 to 80 per cent is “use wood” and as far as the financial side is concerned, the enor- mous revenue of $11 per acre per year net, speaks for itself. It is only fair to state, however, that a portion of this phenomenal yield is due to their grad- ual removal of the surplus of forest capital in the older age classes. (With their rotation of 120 years, periods be- ing 20 years each, one would expect one-sixth of the forest capital in each FORESTRY age class; instead there is 55 per cent in the oldest age class. They can and should cut more than their growth.) The road system of this revier is won- derfully complete and well maintained —68 miles of splendid woods roads (which, by the way, compare most favorably with some of our State roads), and 95 miles of slide ways. The woods roads are from 4 to 6 meters in width, limited to a grade of 10 per cent, and cost from $2 to $2.50 per running meter. For the extension and mainte- nance of this system $4,500 per year is set aside from the forest budget ; a large sum to be spent annually on roads from our point of view, but absolutely neces- sary and economical on a perpetually managed forest. The interest that this revier has for the American forester is the fact that conditions of climate, site, past treat- ment, etc., are as similar to those found in the Adirondacks as the two countries will permit (timber higher and labor cheaper in Germany, of course). Under State direction they have col- lected a group of holdings previously mismanaged :.they have exploited areas previously uncut and carefully re- generated previously overcut areas. They have reforested where necessary to complete the stand; they have ex- tended the road system at a cost equal to one-sixth of the net income and have found it profitable, and as proof of the pudding they are getting more from these steep, rocky acres than many of the so-called agricultural lands in the United States will yield. All of which has been done without impairing the beauty of the Murg Valley, so that it is still a favorite recreation spot with the tourist and health seeker. There are 703 bighorns or mountain sheep in the national forests of Nevada. In 26 States there are State foresters who cooperate with private timberland owners in solving forest problems. The forest service maintains nine experiment stations for studies in reforestation and similar subjects. A national arboretum is being established in Rock Creek National Park, District of Columbia. Eventually it will contain all American tree species which will thrive there. FOR AN APPALACHIAN NATIONAL PARK By Donatp GILLIS O promote the establishment by | the United States of a great na- tional park system in the South- ern Appalachian mountains The Appalachian Park Association was formed at Asheville, N. C., a short time ago, with Governor Locke Craig of North Carolina as president and George S. Powell as sercetary. The conduct of its affairs is entrusted to a board of directors, headquarters being in Asheville. The scope of the association is not sectional, its list of vice-presidents, not yet completed, including the governors of Alabama, Georgia, Virginia, South Carolina, and Tennessee, and citizens representative of other parts of the country such as Charles Lathrop Pack, of Lakewood, N. J.; E. W. Grove, of St. Louis; Mrs. William Cummings Story, president of the D. A. R.; nor is any suggestion made as to location of a park, although it is assumed that a great mountain park would naturally be where the Appalachians culminate in their highest peaks and where climate and natural beauty would make for the most attractiveness. The association plans look to con- verting the most suitable parts of pur- chases under the Weeks law into parks, thus making them available to the peo- ple for recreation, pleasure and health, as well as serving the primary purpose of conserving the water supplies of nav- igable streams. It is therefore declared in the constitution that “Its principal purposes are to urge the National For- est Reservation Commission to acquire as rapidly as possible under the Weeks law the larger areas proposed or recom- mended by the Commission and the Forest Service for purchase in the Ap- palachian mountains, and to ask Con- gress for such additional legislation as may be necessary to carry out these purposes and to make the most suitable parts of such purchases available to the people for recreation, pleasure, and health.” It is the intention of the association to be an auxiliary to the Reservation Commission and the Forest Service, at- taining its aim by supporting these gov- ernmental agencies in securing the ex- tensive purchase areas they desire. It will therefore seek to have purchases under the Weeks law concentrated and consolidated and not made in fragmen- tary units incapable of harmonious de- velopment. The organization merely seeks results—to attain them it is en- tirely willing to efface itself. The organization believes its purpose and methods of procedure to achieve it are practicable. Certainly the men back of it are practical ; they are for the most part men of affairs, familiar with difficulties and the means of overcom- ing them, but sentimental enough to dis- interestedly work for the preservation of this mountain wonderland for pos- terity. If they day-dream it is that a comprehensive system of national roads through national parks, connecting with radiating State roads, may become a reality in the near and not distant future. The association seeks to popularize itself and make itself an agency through whom the people will act. To this end its membership dues are placed at ten cents. Most of those who have sub- scribed to its organization fund have furnished lists of names to the payment of whose dues the subscriptions were applied. The organization has already effectively interested influential agen- cies favorably to its aims and is work- ing persistently and methodically, if not swiftly. The gathering and selling of acorns is a new industry, in Arkansas, to supply eastern nursery firms with material for forest planting. 37 a ee TE RIMINES SA ws Mey, ¢ g =a 5 ae aaa » SR ON er BR : . PLS Pome : % ~ pa wr a Pee. E oF RESERV FOREST RAHAM COUNTY “RN APPALACHIAN LANDS. G SOUTHE THE N I UC FOREST REPROD PINE SHOWINC WHITE NORTH CUT-OVER OF TION r x CAROLINA. ‘CHHSTTIAVISHA MAVd NVIHOV1VddV ‘IVNOILVN vy MAVH OL AMNIT GINOM AIdOAd ANVW AYHHM AUYOLINYAL AHL NI ‘NVS’IVd SLLON AO dOL WOU SNIVINOQOW WVS'IVd ronnene Fer osteo SZ AP), Sag wesinge ately So dei ios am wostery, a “~ ‘VO “H’TTIIASUALUVO UVAN ‘SNVIHOVTVddV AHL JO GNX NYAHLAOS AHL ‘dNNONOMNOVA AHL NI S’TIONN GHCOOM"TTAM HLIM “ICIS‘TITIH GHGNONAC V NO NOISOUA AO SLOMAATU AHL ‘GNNOUOHUON LHOIY AHL NI ONIMOHS SNVIHOWIVddVY NYHHLONOS AHL NI ANHOS V FOREST CONSERVATION AND AGRICULTURE By THEoporE §. Woo.LsEy, JR. [That there can be no sustained and permanently successful agriculture without for- estry; that countries not possessing forests are decadent; tnat forests exercise a salutary effect on the health of the people; as well as protect the water supply, affect the climate, and prevent damage to crops, are some of the contentions in the following excellent article by Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr. States Agricultural Commission in London, England. This article was prepared for presentation before the United Mr. Woolsey emphasized the fact that he was expressing his personal views and was not speaking officially for the Forest Service.—EDITor. | OULD it be going too far to say there can be no sus- tained and permanently suc- cessful agriculture without forestry? I think not. You will find that those countries which have de- stroyed their forests and have not adopted a wise policy of forest manage- ment, are those countries which today are decadent, and whose agricultural resources have suffered. Perhaps M. Clementel, the Minister of Agriculture of France, was a little too pessimistic when, at the recent for- est congress, he recalled Colbert’s prophecy that, “Not only France, but the entire civilized world, will perish through lack of wood,” but it is certain, as I have already emphasized, that every progressive country must prac- tice forestry, and that “deboisement” and decadence go hand in hand. This is not a new idea, since according to Dr. Régnault such men as Leonardo da Vinci, Bernard Palissy, Columbus, Seneca, and Pliny drew attention to the disastrous effects which would follow deforestation. Look at Greece, at Assyria, at Palestine, and Arabia, to- day; possibly some members of this commission have seen the results of deforestation in the Austrian Karst, in Spain and in certain portions of the French Alps. Moreover it is pretty generally recognized that the influences of a forest go further than merely cov- ering the soil. absorbing rainfall, and protecting mountains from erosion. How closely is the health of a nation linked with so-called national parks, which furnish breathing-spaces and va- cation grounds for men suffocated by 44 the work of modern competition? A famous Frenchman has stated that “‘this need of the beautiful is deep-rooted in our very nature,’ yet forests not only give us pleasure, but in addition ex- ercise a salutary effect in our health. Examine the Landes in France, where formerly the population was _ fever stricken, and where to-day through the reforestation of maritime pine coupled with drainage, an unhealthy district has been made healthy, and besides yields a handsome revenue. I need not go into details in calling your attention to the beneficial influence of forests on springs, in preventing hail and damage to crops from wind and storms, in fa- voring precipitation, in controlling ava- lanches, and in tempering the general climate of a region. The French be- lieve that forests have an unquestion- able influence on local climate, although some scientists look for further proof before accepting this theory without re- serve. So much for general forest in- fluences. PROGRESS IN THE UNITED STATES. The opinion that the United States are backward in forestry is only too widespread. As a matter of fact, if I may be permitted to say so, we have a most efficient Forest Service, organized by Mr. Gifford Pinchot, and sow di- rected by Mr. Henry S. Graves. A number of States have appointed States Foresters, and I see no reason whv it cannot be safely predicted, that after the next ten years we shall he at least abreast, and possibly ahead. of other great powers in many lines cf forest work. But in order to accomplish what FOREST CONSERVATION AND AGRICULTURE 45 VIRGIN REDWOOD IN CALIFORNIA— KUROPE. DO NOT GROW IN THAT STRIKINGLY IM- THE KIND OF TREES THESE ARE PRESSIVE SAMPLES OF THE TREE AT ITS BEST. we should, it is absolutely essential that private owners realize the disastrous effects of deforestation, and on the other hand be made to appreciate the benefits which may result from cutting their timber on a reasonably conserva- tive basis. Even today many public men, I am sorry to say, have no clear conception of what forestry comprises. There may be members of this Commission who think that forestry. only means pre- serving trees, or planting waste land. This is too narrow a conception. They should also think of forestry as a busi- ness. As a matter of fact, the United States Forest Service today is selling timber on an organized basis, because it feels that to conserve over-mature trees would mean a loss to the public treasury, and would not be practicing forestry. It realizes that grazing, in many cases, damages ees but it feels, on account of the importance of the grazing industry in the West, that it is prefereable to have regulated graz- ing, because it is a necessary part of western industrial development. It is opening agricultural land, even if it lies within a national forest, because it sees that development in the West depends upon putting the western land to its highest use. It is protecting forests from fire most successfully, and in this one work alone the Forest Service to- day fully repays Congress, and the peo- ‘GUNIVLAY AA AVW NODLOAGONd WAAWIL AOL ANIVA SLI GNV NIVINOOW HHL 1O AONVaVad -dV HHL “AYIA WONT NOMOULOUd ALVNOUGV SI AYHHL GNV HNOdG ATANdOUd SI ONILLOO SIHL AI GNV ‘dOWO V SV IND Ad AVN YAAWIL HHL AYAH ACIS NIVINNOWN CHaAAOOWLS HWYOd “IVOIMAL V — 1 FOREST CONSERVATION AND AGRICULTURE FOREST IN THE UNITED STATES IN THE HEAVY UNDERGROWTH WHICH AND HAMPERS THE FIRE-FIGHTERS ple of the United States for the annual appropriation; and what is true of the Forest Service applies to many of those States which have organized State services. FOREST SOILS. One of the most important steps which any Government has to take is to decide what land is most valuable for agriculture, and what areas should be retained permanently under forest cover. It is hard to lay down general principles, because not even a financial criterion is a fair basis upon which to decide this question, for the proper de- cision will vary in different localities ; but I am certain that it is an error public policy to give to the agricul- turist those soils which may be culti- vated only temporarily, and which, after the humus left by the forest has been exhausted, become waste. There are examples of this class of WHICH THIS SHOWS A FIRE IS RAGING. READY FUEL TO THE. FIRE IN THEIR WORK. FURNISHES soil in the United States, which have been settied through railway or real estate speculation, and where many of our best type of citizens have been ruined, because they tried to cultivate soil which should have been retained under forest cover. Similarly, such soils as are found in the Jura must without doubt be retained under forest. They now yield a handsome revenue in forests, but if they were to be de- nuded for agriculture, they would soon become valueless. On the other hand there are many forest stands in the West of the United States on land covered with timber which must some day be cleared and devoted to agricultural use, partly be- cause the soil yield will be greater from agriculture, but also because many of these timbered valleys are not required for water-shed protection. But whether land is chiefly valuable for agriculture or not cannot be judged solely from 48 AMERICAN FORESTRY THIS SLOPE WAS FORMERLY WELL WOODED FOREST. IT WAS CUT OVER AND RE- VERTED TO CHAPARRAL. THE CHAPARRAL WAS LATER BURNED TO SUCH AN EX- TENT THAT ITS VALUE AS A WATERSHED COVER HAS BEEN DESTROYED. the financial results; the industries and welfare of States and communities must be considered where their indus- tries depend upon a sustained stream flow necessary for navigation or manu- facture. FORESTRY PRACTICE. Granted the general principles of forest influence, this Commission might well enquire, ‘““What does it cost to practice forestry?” I can state at once that to practice forestry on a rational basis costs very little, and in some cases may yield a considerable revenue. I do not go to the extreme of claiming some of the returns which you have seen claimed by foresters, because one can- not help but realize that an oak forest for example which may take two cen- turies or more to mature, will not yield more than 1 or 2 per cent under cer- tain circumstances; on the other hand, forests of maritime pine, such as you find in the Landes, or forests of silver fir, such as occur in the Jura mountains of France, may yield a net revenue of from four to eight per cent on the capi- tal invested. This revenue is in addi- tion to indirect benefits. NATURAL REGENERATION. But you might go further, and ask, “After you have once secured your for- ests, how can you regenerate them un- der present conditions in the United States, where even agricultural laborers are difficult to secure?” ‘The answer is simple. Regenerate your forests nat- urally, by practicing forestry. The French secure their second crop of maritime pine by merely cutting clear and protecting from fire, and allowing the seedlings to come up naturally. The silver fir in the Jura is cut on what is called the selection system, by the removal of single trees or groups of trees, and the young growth is found everywhere, without the slightest ex- pense for planting or sowing. ‘The beech and oak in France are first opened up to permit the young seed- FOREST CONSERVATION AND AGRICULTURE 49 ling to start, and then gradually uncoy- ered, until at the first cutting you will find the soil completely covered with regeneration, at little or no cost. These same principles can be applied in the United States. RESTRICTIVE LEGISLATION. Since, in some localities, the perma- nent welfare of the community will de- pend on conservation cutting, let us consider what steps are being taken te insure this kind of cutting. As yet, there has been no repressive legislation in America to force owners into prac- ticing forestry, and I feel sure this will seldom be necessary, because our citi- zens are too public-spirited, when once they realize that the development of the locality is at stake, to pursue methods that would ruin the prosperity of others. Yet I wish to call your atten- tion to what France has done in Al- geria to prevent the unwise destruction of forests. Article 76 of the famous Algerian Forest Code, promulgated in 1903, gives in a nutshell the conditions under which private land can be expro- priated as a measure of public utility: 1. For the maintenance of lands on mountains or slopes. 2. For protecting the soil against erosion of rivers or torrents. 3. To ensure the existence of springs and water-courses. 4. To render stable the coast dunes and those of the Sahara, and for pro- tection against the erosion of the sea, and drifting of sand. 5. For the defense of territory in the frontier zone. 6. For the sake of public health. The direct or indirect protection of agricultural soils in Algeria was one of the main justifications for this law. Such legislation as this, it is hoped, is not going to be necessary in the United States, but it shows what the Republic of France has seen fit to pro- mulgate. NEW YORK STATE NURSERY AT SALAMANCA. THESE BEDS HAVE SEEDLINGS ONE, TWO AND THREE YEARS OLD AND THESE ARE USED FOR PLANTING STATE LANDS OR ARE SOLD FOR THE REPLANTING OF PRIVATE LANDS. 50 AMERICAN How can we practice forestry locally many ask? The answer is simple. Consult the State forester, if you have one. If not, write the Forest Service at Washington or employ a reliable consulting forester just as you would consult a doctor, a lawyer, or a civil engineer. Ordinarily a forester must see local conditions before prescribing a remedy. FOREST MANAGEMENT. Practical forest-management! is ap- plied by the forester in the administra- tion of public or private forests for the same reason that the modern farmer manages his farm under scientific prin- ciples, instead of by the hit-or-miss sys- tem of a century ago. Any stand ought to yield more with forest management than without it. The application of forest management includes much that the lumberman has overlooked. In the first place, the proper rotation or age when the timber crop reaches maturity is determined not by guess-work, but by considering the amount, size and quality, of merchantable material that can be cut after a given number of years, as well as the demands of the community, business, and market. A clear understanding of the silvics and growth of a species enables the mana- ger or owner to weed or thin his stands at the proper time, and to remove the trees that are retarding the develop- ment of the final crop; to secure a suc- cession of crops by the most suitable system of natural reproduction; or if adverse local conditions prevent this achievement, to sow or plant the proper species so as to fully utilize the ground for which it is best suited. Frequently, only the crudest methods can be ap- plied, when, because of poor market conditions, the final crop has but little value; to work a forest intensively at the cost of all direct or indirect profit would not be following the correct management principles. It is apparent that without efficient fire protection, no conservative cutting can be successful ; nor should the owner cut conserva- FORESTRY tively, no matter whether public or pri- vate property is at stake, without a clear understanding of the ultimate gain which is to be secured by any sac- rifice in today’s receipts. The business manager does not change his methods without definite reasons, nor should the owner of a forest. But perhaps the gain cannot be expressed in dollars; it may be protecting the watershed of a navigable stream, safeguarding the water supply of a community, or pro- viding a playground for a common- wealth. Often the forest can be made use of as a breeding-ground for game. Hence it is vitally important that the kind of forest management adopted should conform to the object to be gained. The cultural rules, method of regen- eration, and intensiveness of manage- ment, must necessarily depend on the aims of the owner. The State or Na- tional Forests must be managed on a broader financial policy than the private owner could afford to adopt. The in- dividual must often put the financial returns first, while the State can well afford to raise the material most needed by the local industries or to maintain the cover, merely interrupted by light selection fellings. Moreover, in the case of important rivers. such as the Mississippi, which rises in the Lake States, and wherever forest lands are important for watershed protection, it may be best (even at a sacrifice in yield) to maintain a heavy cover. The individual must cut his torest crop so as to get the best returns, unless the public demands for its protection that the cover be maintained as a measure of public safety. You have seen that in Europe the policy of restraining the private owner from cutting, when it damages others is clearly established in law. I hope that I have made it clear that successful agriculture in the long run cannot be attained unless a_ nation adopts forest management in its broad- est sense. * This definition follows what I have written in a manuscript on “The Red Pine in the Lake States.” FOREST CONSERVATION AND AGRICULTURE 51 THE LAST ACCESSIBLE PRIMEVAL PINES IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. TRYING TO SAVE PRIMEVAL PINES HE Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests is en- deavoring to raise $2,500 to save a grove of twenty-five magnificent primeval pines in New Hampshire. These pines are on the road from North Sutton to Warner. In circulars which the society is sending out it asks that checks be made payable to George T. Cruft, treasurer, and sent to Montgomery Rollins, 6 Hancock avenue, Boston, Mass. This last accessible grove of primeval pines in New Hampshire is located less than a quarter of a mile from the charming village of North Sutton, on the road to Warner. This road is much used between Sunapee and Concord, and traverses a beautiful country. Twenty-one splendid primeval pine trees are standing. Seven of these form one group close to the roadside. They measure seventy feet from the ground to the first limb. The remaining four- teen, equally large, are mingled in an attractive grove of old hemlocks, 52 AMERICAN FORESTRY birches and maples, directly across the road. The total height of the pine trees is from one hundred to one hundred and twenty feet. When Professor Roth, Dean of the Michigan Forest School, visited these trees recently, he said: “They remind one of the big trees in California, and should be saved at any cost.” During the twelve years that the Forester of the Society for Protection of Forests has been at work in New Hampshire, he has seen no trees anywhere as fine. They are two hundred and fifty years old, good for another century, and among the largest white pines that any State has produced. By careful measurement each of the two largest trees contains three thou- sand feet, board measure. Everyone familiar with timber knows that a tree containing one thousand feet is unusually large. The owner will give the land for a reservation, and will sell the hardwood timber at one-half price. He has, how- ever, sold the pines and hemlocks to a lumber dealer. About twenty-five big trees have already been cut off, and it is necessary to move quickly in order to save the remaining twenty-one. CONSERVATION “OF LIFE IN SHEE isis CAMPS By Miss Mase, T. BoARDMAN HE Red Cross Societies in all | countries, though primarily or- ganized to take charge of vol- unteer aid to the sick and wound- ed in time of war, have broadened the scope of their work to include the mit- igating of suffering after great disas- ters. To fulfil their duties successfully and efficiently under both of these con- ditions necessitates the maintenance of a permanent, if skeleton, organization with a trained, skilled and experienced personnel. This means not only an ex- penditure of considerable funds, but also the creation of departments for special work. Organized and main- tained, these departments have proved not only of untold value during war or disaster relief, but have become capa- ble of rendering a constant, patriotic and humane service to the country in its every-day life. The vital statistics of our country are as yet far from perfect, and no data concerning accidents in the lumber in- dustries could be obtained from the Census Bureau. For this reason we are forced to base our statistics on those obtained from the State of Wash- ington, where 47,400 men are employed in this industry. In twenty-three months’ time we find 251 fatal acci- dents occurred, 990 persons perma- nently partially disabled, and 8,420 suf- fered from temporary total disability. To bring this down to monthly averages gives us more than ten killed, forty- three permanently partially disabled, and three hundred and sixty-six tem- porarily totally disabled in one month. I note in his address last year, Major E. T. Griggs said that 800,000 are em- ployed in the lumber industry, one- sixteenth of that number being em- ployed in the State of Washington. We have no reason that I know of to assume that lumbering is a more haz- ardous occupation in that State than in any other. Therefore, I think we are justified in multiplying the above fig- ures by sixteen for one month, then multiplying this by twelve to obtain a rough estimate for accident statistics in the entire lumber industry. This will give us 1,920 killed, 8,256 perma- nently partially disabled, and 70,272 temporarily totally disabled, annually ; or about 5 killed, 22 permanently par- tially disabled and 182 temporarily totally disabled a day. This is, of course, an estimate based on the Wash- ington statistics, and may not be ac- curate as to the rest of the country. Major Griggs, in his address, said: “With an industry affecting through- out the United States over 45,000 saw- mills and 800,000 employes, regardless of families dependent on them, you will CONSERVATION OF LIFE IN THE LUMBER CAMPS... 53 (6 PROLOG pede genre meRGe Rae any x satay GEN SPLAT RE EE, RAR Ty Rots eimed o ¥ a nn ee Cee AN ILLUSTRATION OF FIRST-AID WORK BY TRAINED CREWS OF MINE WORKERS IN THE NATIONAL MINE SAFETY NOV. 1, 1911. agree with me that we are all vitally interested in workmen’s compensation.” If we are vitally interested in com- pensation laws, should we not be still more vitally interested in the prevention of the need of such compensation ; that is, in the instructions for the prevention of accidents and in the practical appli- cation of first aid to the injured for the lessening of fatal, serious or prolonged results of accidents when they do oc- cur, interested not only for the sake of 800,000 men employed but for the fam- ilies dependent on them? There is almost no labor utilized the lumber industries that has not some danger involved in it. The sharp edge of the axe or the jagged teeth of the Saw in a moment may cause an injury where unchecked hemorrhage will re- sult in death in a brief space of time. Physicians have signed many a death certificate of men who bled to death from slight injuries and whose lives might easily have been saved by some knowledge of first aid. The applica- DEMONSTRATION, HELD AT FORBES FIELD, PITTSBURG, tion of cobwebs or some other tradi- tional remedy to an open wound or the use of soiled rags in binding it up often produce an infection with crippling or fatal results. There is danger to the sawyer from the falling tree, especially when a rot- ten heart or high wind makes the di- rection of the fall uncertain; or on steep slopes if the tree shoots suddenly downward, or if a badly strained tree breaks with great force. The handling of the logs at the skidway and the load- ing onto the trains require skill and agility on the part of the loaders to avoid being caught and crushed by these great pieces of lumber. The temporary nature of most of the railroads provide their share of acci- dents, and danger lurks even in their construction, in the blasting of stumps and rocks, and the thawing out of dyna- mite in the colder camps. Nitroglycerin may be absorbed through the hands, causing severe headaches to the men who use it. 54 AMERICAN FORESTRY Those who have never seen a lumber camp have yet had vividly impressed upon them by graphic stories the hard- ships to which the log drivers are ex- posed, the great personal danger to the river drivers in the excitement of free- ing jammed logs, when a single slip may mean the crushing out of life be- tween the heavy logs or drowning in the water below them. Nor does the danger end with the logging, for the saw-mills, with their powerful and sharp-edged machinery, add their quota to the number of yearly accidents. Recognizing, as we must, the hazards, dangers and accidents in the lumber in- dustry, our desire is naturally aroused to do something in the way of preven- tion and in extending to the lumbermen the knowledge of first aid. I note in the Washington law for workmen’s compensation, which is a sort of State insurance, the employers of labor paying the premium, that if statistics show an undue number of ac- cidents among the employes of any given company because of poor or care- less management, the rate charged that company is increased. It seems to me this law should also be made to work the other way, so that any company making a good showing in the way of fewer accidents than may be taken for the normal number, should have its rates corrrespondingly reduced. Even if this is not done, the less that has to be paid out in compensation by the State will have a tendency to reduce the general rates paid by the companies. The Red Cross will gladly cooperate with the Bureau of Forestry and the lumber companies in arranging for first aid instructions. Conditions in lumber camps differ greatly from those in mines, railroads and other industrial plants. ‘There can rarely be physicians resident in such close proximity to lum- ber camps that their services for in- struction can be easily made available. For this reason, it would be advisable to secure the entire time of a certain number of doctors for this purpose. To make an experiment—and we learn best by experience—the Red Cross makes this proposal: Towards a fund of $3,000 it will contribute $500, if a number of lumber companies in a giver locality will club together to raise the additional $2,500, each contributing ac- cording to the number of their respec- tive camps and employes. This fund will provide for the salary and expenses of a physician specially trained by the Red Cross for instruction to men en- gaged in the lumber industry both for the prevention of accidents and first aid to the injured. In connection w'th log- ging camps, there should be added cer- tain simple but important instructions in camp sanitation for the benefit of the general health of all the men. Such a doctor devoting his entire time to this work would travel from camp to camp. In cases of remote camps, he would stay long enough to give the men daily instruction for a short time. In cases where a number of camps could be reached more easily from one place, he would arrange to give one or two lessons a week at each camp. The classes are formed from volunteers who are given practical training. ‘The men soon realize the importance of such knowledge and are anxious to learn. Even those who gather about as spec- tators pick up not a little useful infor- mation. Each camp should be supplied with first aid outfits suitable to the needs of logging accidents, and these the men taught how to use. This is naturally but a tentative plan, with many details to be worked out; but may I commend it to the consideration of those inter- ested in the lumber industry and sug- gest that they appoint a committee or representative to confer with the first aid department of the Red Cross upon this matter. Again I am tempted to quote from Major Griggs’ able address. He said: “Logging is a hazardous life at the very best and calls for strong, dare- devil men and men who are willing to take chances. Danger is always pres- ent and men become so used to it that they get careless. This, however, is no excuse for needless loss of life and limb.” He commends: “the benefit of co- operative effort in conserving human CONSERVATION OF LIFE life and in protecting the bread-winners, upon whom depend the life and happi- ness of so large a population.” The American Red Cross offers to do IN THE LUMBER CAMPS 55 its share in this cooperation for the con- servation of the life of the lumber-jacks in the logging camps throughout our country. * An address at the Fifth National Conservation Congress. THE GOVERNMENT FORESTS The Annual Report of Chief Forester Graves Shows that the Past Year Resulted ‘in the Greatest Progress in the National Forests. ORE than two billion board M feet of timber, with a value of four and one-half mil- lion dollars on the stump, was sold by the Forest Service last year, according to the annual report of Henry S. Graves, forester. This is an increase of 167 per cent over the sales of the preceding year. The tim- ber sold was largely for future cutting under contracts that will run for a num- ber of years. The actual cut was a little less than 500 million board feet, an in- crease of 15 per cent over 1912. Still larger sales are in prospect. TIMBER SALE METHODS AND PROBLEMS. The timber-sale policy of the Forest Service is summarized as aiming first of all to prevent losses by fire, and sec- ondly to utilize the ripe timber which can be marketed. Other aims are: to cut so as to insure restocking and for- est permanence; to get the full market value for the timber sold; to prevent speculative acquisition and private mo- nopoly of public timber and to maintain competitive conditions in the lumber in- dustry so far as possible; to provide first for the needs of local communities and industries ; to open lands of agricul- tural value to settlement without allow- ing them to be tied up by timber specu- lators; and finally, to secure as soon as possible the cost of production and ad- ministration to the Government and a revenue to the national forest States, to which go 25 per cent of all receipts. A large number of national forests already more than pay operating ex- penses. The revenue from the Alaskan forests now exceeds the cost of admin- istration. ‘The same is true generally in the southwest. RANGE MANAGEMENT AND RECEIPTS. The forage resources of the national forests are pointed out as contributing to the maintenance of over 20 million head of livestock, which supply in part at least the demands for meat, hides, or wool of every State in the union. The receipts from grazing, during 1913, though second to those from timber, were more than a million dollars, and showed an increase over the previous year in spite of the fact that the sea- son was less favorable and the area re- duced. Over 4 per cent more stock was grazed as the result of increased for- age production and improvements in handling stock, especially sheep. The system of range management employed by the forest service is held te offer hope of relief to the average citizen concerned over the dwindling supply of meat products: and_ their alarming rise in cost. The national for- ests furnish abundant forage supplies, opportunity for the adoption of the best methods, freedom from livestock dis- eases, and protection in the enjoyment of all rights and privileges. Cattle from the Hayden national forest in Colorado took the grand championship prize at the National Live Stock Show in Den- ver, and in many cases the lambs from the forests topped the market. Losses from predatory animals are growing less as the wolves, bears, and other ani- mals are killed off by forest officers. GAME PROTECTION. In connection with the grazing work, the forests serve to protect game; and the Wichita forest, with its buffalo herd, is one of the show places of Okla- homa. During the year the service co- 56 AMERICAN FORESTRY operated with the biological survey in placing over two hundred elk on various national forests. A large number of streams were stocked with trout fry. CLAIMS ON THE NATIONAL FORESTS. A large part of the report is devoted to a discussion of various kinds of claims under which title to land within the forests is sought. Nearly a thou- sand homesteads were taken up under a special act which provides for opening to settlement land suitable for agricul- ture. The report states, however, that some old homestead claims were insti- tuted for the purpose of securing tim- ber, and the same is still true of some mining claims. “As attempted frauds under the min- ing laws are usually resorted to by in- terests in no way associated with min- ing, similarly the vast majority of home- stead frauds are not chargeable to prac- tical farming; but the appeal to popu- lar prejudice has been made in the name of the mining industry and in the name of the farmers of the country.” MINING CLAIMS. “The mining laws,” Mr. Graves says, “afford the greatest cloak for land frauds in the national forests, and fraudulent mining claims are initiated by men and interests having no connec- tion whatever with the mining indus- try.” The mining laws, for example, have been used to cover townsite and timber claims, to secure farms and ranches, to secure mineral springs, sites for saloons, water-power sites, and stock watering places. It has often been asserted that the national forests have operated as a bar to legitimate mining development. Fig- ures collected in Colorado during the past year show that, if anything, there is more activity in prospecting on the na- tional forests than outside. “As with the stock industry, the proper relation of the forest service with the mining industry should be co- operative.” CLASSIFYING LANDS FOR USE. One of the largest tasks of the serv- ice during the past year has been the classification of lands within the na- tional forests in respect to their highest future use. This work was undertaken during 1913 on a more comprehensive scale than ever before, because there was a specific appropriation for the pur- pose. Large areas are being classified where the amount of land chiefly valu- able for agriculture warrants its being taken out of the forests, and it also takes care of areas on which detailed classification will disclose small areas suitable for agricultural development within the forests. The work is being carried on with the assistance of the bureau of soils and the bureau of plant industry. One result of this work was the elimination of 340,000 acres from the Nebraska national forest, 23,000 acres from the Rainier, in Washington, and 413,770 acres from the Deschutes and Paulina, in Oregon. About 300,000 acres in small isolated tracts were listed for settlement during the year. The areas now being examined for classifi- cation have a total area of about 3 mil- lion acres. WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT. The development of water power upon the national forests increased rap- idly during the year, particularly in Cal- ifornia. It is the purpose of the service to encourage power development in every possible way, while safeguarding the interests of the public. The mini- mum output from the permits now in force is nearly 800 thousand horse- power. Regulations now in force aim to safe- guard the interests of the public, pre- vent speculative holding of power sites, provide for complete and proper devel- opment and continuous operation, se- cure a return to the Government for the privilege granted, provide a means by which States and municipalities may ac- quire power permits, and prevent un- just charges being placed on the con- sumer. IMPROVEMENTS ON THE FORESTS. The forests are being made increas- ingly accessible. More than 350 miles of road, nearly 300 miles of fire lines, nearly 4,000 miles of telephone lines, THE GOVERNMENT FORESTS 57 and 2,600 miles of trails were built. The present value of all public improve- ments on the forests is somewhat over $3,000,000, two-thirds of this amount having been put into lines of communi- cation and protection. Receipts from all sources for the year were slightly under $2,500,000, showing an increase of 14 per cent over 1912, while expenditures for adminis- tration and protection were slightly over $4,600,000, showing a decrease from 1912 of 2 per cent. It is pointed out that the work of examining and ap- praising timber prior to sale is seriously behindhand in some regions and that larger receipts from timber are contin- gent upon the funds that can be made available for this purpose. Although money for timber-sale work is neces- sarily subtracted from what is needed to protect the forests against fire, im- proved organization of the fire-protec- tive system has increased its efficiency. Owing partly to favorable weather con- ditions the total fire loss was only $67,000, less than 19 per cent of last year, which was the best to date. The resident population of the for- ests is given as nearly 200,000, and the transient population as over 1,500,000. Recreation use of the forests is in- creasing greatly, and is in some places giving rise to the need for careful sani- tary regulation in the interest of the 1,200 cities deriving their water sup- plies from streams protected by the forests. MONEY FOR THE STATES. Under existing law, 25 per cent of the gross receipts from the forests is paid over to the States by the Federal Government for the benefit of county schools and roads. An additional 10 per cent is expended in building roads and trails for the benefit of the public. About $587,000 will be available for the States during the current year from last year’s receipts, besides $235,000 pro- vided for in the road fund. Altogether, including special funds to Arizona and New Mexico, the national forests pro- vided nearly $867,000 to be expended for the benefit of the States in which ihey are situated. APPALACHIAN FORESTS. More than 700 thousand acres have been acquired for national forest pur- poses in the southern Appalachians and White mountains, of which considera- bly more than half was secured during 1913. These lands are being protected against fire, and the work of the Gov- ernment has greatly strengthened local sentiment against forest fires. Some 250 miles of trail, to help in fire control, were completed during the year. CO-OPERATION WITH STATES. Co-operation with States in protect- ing forested watersheds from fire has brought about a co-operative field or- ganization in fifteen States and the same arrangement is contemplated with three others. FORESTRY ADDRESSES FOR STUDENTS HE address on the Conservation of the Natural Resources of | the Nation by Henry Sturgis Drinker, LLD., president of Lehigh University, and president of the American Forestry Association, published in the December number of AMERICAN FORESTRY, was an address delivered at the Tome Institute, of Port Deposit, Maryland, in October at the invitation of the Institute. Its pub- lication in our December issue should have been so credited but unfortunately the footnote stating that the address was delivered at Tome was dropped through an error while the article was going through the press. It is a type of forestry address setting forth ele- mentary forestry principles in a way to reach and interest the intelligent young student. Dr. Drinker expects to follow this address with one at Oberlin College, Ohio, before the student body of that Institution on January 16th. PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE OF FOREST ECON@MIGS= By i. T. ALLEN Forester for Western Forestry and Conservation Association ID you ever go into any project Ee) requiring your money and ef- fort, together with considera- ble responsibility, without real- ly understanding it? I suppose every one of us has. Most of us have in- vested hard-earned money in some enterprise because we couldn’t find a single flaw in the argument of the pro- motor and consequently didn’t have strength of mind to resist. We didn’t really want to invest, even if it were a good thing. We hadn’t the money to spare or, even if we had, we knew some other business better and would feel safer in it. We succumbed to per- suasion and logic just because we were off our own ground and couldn’t es- cape decently, but our hearts weren’t in it. And however good that project was, it didn’t succeed as well as it would have if we had understood it, known it good because we did under- stand, followed every development with intelligent interest, and put our money and enthusiasm behind it every minute accordingly. Maybe we never actually distrusted the promoter, but we watched affairs mighty ready to criticise or sell out. We could even fail like martyrs if nec- essary, but we didn’t help as though our own honor and judgment were at stake. Now that’s just what is wrong with forestry in America. We have propa- gandists with a perfectly irrefutable assertion that forest preservation is a good investment. The public either says “too busy today,” and while not de- nying does nothing, or it says “here’s your law (or appropriation or what- ever is asked for); now make good and save the forests.” But it doesn’t know the business factors that govern the enterprise and cannot criticise or 58 help intelligently. Sometimes the prop- agandist doesn’t know either. And forest preservation, unfortunately, can- not be conducted wholly by a business manager or board of directors. It is a mutual co-operative enterprise, requir- ing daily participation and ratification by all concerned. There must be an American forest policy which exists, not because a few of us say it should, but because a majority of citizens un- derstand what is needed and why and proceed to put it into effect. True, we are making rapid progress toward such a situation. Twenty years ago we had practically nothing. Now we have a great and efficient nationai forestry administration. Most States have some forest laws, some have good ones, a few are fairly liberal with funds. We have forestry associations and congresses. Lumbermen, once re- garded as the opposition, are now show- ing the most rapid advance of all, for in less than ten years their systematic protection of private timber has grown from practically nothing to cover about 100,000,000 acres, with an increase of 3,000 per cent in five years. But why does the Forest Service still have to fight for existence in every Congress, and at best be supplied with funds much less than private owners spend to protect adjoining lands? Why do many States have no forest legis- lation and few legislation that is ade- quate? Why are there sections where lumbermen and public are so mutually suspicious that neither supports any real solution of a mutual problem? Why do we have to have forestry as- sociations and conventions ? Evidently because the average citizen does not know much about the problem himself, in spite of all we have said and done. Result depended upon PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE OF FOREST ECONOMICS 59 human action depends partly upon the extent of desire for this result but more upon the extent of knowledge how to achieve it. We are trying to do as a minority what in its very nature must be an expression of the majority. We tell the average citizen it is his problem, that we have solved it for him, and that he should support the project. We are wrong. /Ve cannot solve it or reduce it to a mere supportable project. We can give him the facts, but he must solve it by studying the relation of his conduct and the community’s to his own welfare and then acting accordingly. Then, and only then, will Congress, legislatures, lumbermen, foresters and public be able to work together as they must work together, knowing that their policies are sound and commended, that success will be rewarded, and that fail- ure will be punished. We talk and write a great deal about methods, as though all that is neces- sary is to make foresters proficient and lumbermen interested. This is all right enough, but what is most needed is permission to apply what we already know. Knowledge and interest are far ahead of opportunity. Success depends chiefly upon having conditions under which they are encouraged. With such conditions you couldn’t stop it if you tried. Let us return to our average citizen who with his fellows constitute the ma- jority of our population. Suppose that in his home town, where community re- lations are so closely under his eye that they are familiar and clear to him, a single industry employs a large pro- portion of the population, produces the chief share of all manufactured prod- ucts, and pays an essential part of the taxes. Let us say it is fruit-growing, or dairying, or furniture making. This citizen would not think twice before conceding its necessity. Anything threatening its discontinuance would be a menace to be fought vigorously ; any- thing promising to increase it would be encouraged. Town officials, chamber | of commerce, citizens—all would work and spend in earnest for its continu- ance and development just as you have seen them do often when occasion of- fered to promote enterprises of com- munity advantages. No one in public life would dare do otherwise. Moreover, they would know how. If it were a dairy community its aver- age citizen would know pretty well what production costs, what prices are nec- essary, what improvements are feasible, what the State can and should do to aid and regulate, what public demands are reasonable and what are unreasonable. The relation of forest industry to the State or nation is exactly that of our illustrative industry to our suppositious town and so is its relation to every citizen. Lumbering is one of the three or four greatest American industries— it is our greatest manufacturing indus- try—and forest products are used in almost every other besides being prac- tically life essentials. Certainly it is second in usefulness to none except agriculture, and this would fare ill with- out its aid in many ways. The only reason the average citizen does not real- ize this and give it the same active and intelligent interest that he gives home town problems is that he cannot see it so clearly. The very immensity and importance of the industry causes its several processes of growing, manufac- turing and distributing to be conducted separately and thus confuses the pub- lic mind. Different communities see different parts of the process and get no thorough grasp of forest economics. In many a little German village the whole community sees the forest grown, cut, manufactured and used. Those who do not actually participate, serve or supply those who do. All use the crop or profit by what is sold elsewhere. There forestry needs no propaganda. The people could not understand the need of it, any more than of propa- ganda for raising wheat and making bread. Yet their situation is really no different—it is only more concentrated. Here, too, forest industry is an entity. Man needs wood in various forms. To make the earth supply it, employing such labor as is required to make it suitable and available for his use, is a business. Its permanence and_ serv- ice to the community; supplying the consumer, employing labor, using sup- 60 AMERICAN FORESTRY plies, and paying taxes, requires, like other business, perpetuation of the re- source dealt with, economy in every process, and just payment by the con- sumer for service rendered. Here is where we, who should be the teachers, are at fault. We talk too much about forests, as though they were an end in themselves. We might just as well talk only of land when try- ing to improve agricultural conditions, or water when urging the protection and propagation of food fishes. How can the average citizen understand for- ests? It is the business of producing and making them useful to him that he must understand—its place in the so- ciety under which he exists, the eco- nomic laws under which it exists. He must be brought to consider all forest production and all forest use as little or no different from the production and use of any other necessary crop, obvi- ously to be encouraged and _ stabilized on a permanent basis profitable to all concerned. Whether he is a private citizen or a law maker serving private citizens, he must be fairly familiar with the factors which govern lumber prices, logging and manufacturing methods, the cost of growing and protecting the raw material. As long as he thinks an uncut forest is forestry, and that such forestry is good and all lumbering bad, there will be no real progress. Nor will he have lumber to use sometime when he needs it. We are moving in the right direction slowly. Once propagandists made for- estry an abstract problem of public or private conscience. They dwelt on the needs of posterity and urged present sacrifice as a duty. They practically said, ‘““You are partly responsible for lack of forest protection. Forest de- struction is bad for somebody’s grand- children. Badness is wicked. There- fore you are wicked. You need a ser- mon and we'll preach it.” Nowadays we realize that abstract ethics do not influence human action as quickly as does fear of immediate personal injury. It does not offend our reforming in- stinct to add to our preachments of duty more vigorous and skilful appeals to human selfishness. We say “Do you want to make more money? ‘Then stop the other fellow from destroying dol- lars you would otherwise share. For- est preservation is a bargain-price in- surance policy you can’t afford to be without. It’s cheap for a short time only. Look over our prospectus and invest.” Now forest preservation is prosperity insurance and insurance is good busi- ness. But it is a commodity that must be paid for in money and careful con- duct. The new way is better than the old, but our prospectus is still so gen- eral it only gets a certain confiding class of customers. It needs to give more information about the business; information that will both convince the critical and make every customer an- other salesman. Seek local arguments. If for the Atlantic coast, look up the pay-roll to- tal for all lumbering and woodworking industries in your State and the total selling receipts from their manufac- tured products. The size of the reve- nue thus kept at home, but which wili leave you if these industries have to move nearer some other sources of raw material, will probably amaze you as much as it will the public. Learn how much your consumers pay annually for all forest products and figure how much they would save if there were no im- port freight bills. Then learn the rate of growth of your own species and re- fute the popular belief that it is too slow to enable saving these sums to those now living. Do you know that Massa- chusetts is today manufacturing its fourth crop of white pine? Learn your area of waste land, and, with the same definite growth figures to give your statements news value and convincing business accuracy, show what it micht be earning the community by producing forest commodities. Cal- culate the tax revenues your existing forests bring, and that which forests on now waste land would pay, and show the consequent reduction of taxation on other property. On definite premises of area, growth rate, and conservative crop values show the revenue obtaina- ble by the State from forest reserves of its own, balance this against the cost PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE OF FOREST ECONOMICS 61 of such a project, and prove that you could lower all taxation just as they do in Europe. Study the effect of de- forestation on stream flow, use specific familiar examples, and convert the in- jury into dollars and cents. When you get figures in all these calculations, turn them into popular comparisons that are easily grasped. If you live on the Pacific Coast, for- get that white pine grows rapidly in Massachusetts and appeal to local pride by saying that here, undoubtedly, is the nation’s woodlot, where climate and rapid-growing species give an advan- tage over the East which it is a business crime to leave ungrasped. Show that the area denuded by fire and use will produce an equally valuable crop in, say, sixty years, and that leaving this land idle is costing our five coast for- est States about thirty million dollars a year. Add to this the loss by fire and show many millions altogether are being thrown away that might be dis- tributed through every channel of in- dustry. The lumber industry now brings about $140,000,000 a‘ year into the four northwest Pacific States. Show that this is more than they get from wheat, wool, fruit, dairying and fisheries combined. The Pacific Coast had more than half the nation’s timber. Show how many billion dollars this will bring in if saved for manufacture. Show the wreck of industries that would follow its sudden destruction and point out that partial destruction means the same thing in proportion. When a score of American citizens are endangered by an uprising in China or Mexico, no price 1s too great to pay for their protection. When a few hun- dred sailors went down in the Maine we were aroused to the supremity of national effort—war. Are the lives of hundreds of men and women who meet fearful death in forest fires through American carelessness any less pre- cious? Their sufferings any less cause for national horror? The neglect of our people to observe the same care with fire in the woods that they exer- cise at home, the refusal of Congress and legislatures to appropriate ade- quately for fire prevention, and the leniency of our courts with fire law violators, all must be due to failure by those of us who are responsible for American education in these matters to impress a true comparison of values on the public mind. As a nation we are engaged in for- estry. Our national forests comprise nearly 200 million acres. Here is a stupendous task, involving the protec- tion of existing supply, reforesting de- nuded areas, and disposing of the prod- uct so as best to serve the people and to influence conservative management of private forests. To withhold funds necessary to do the work is letting an immensely _ profitable manufacturing plant lie almost idle, as well as in danger of destruction, to save the cost of fuel and watchmen. ‘To mismanage it would be as bad or worse, for the one-fifth of our timber supply thus under public control cannot but influ- ence profoundly the permanent wise management of the four-fifths under private control upon which we are still more dependent. Clearly all of us— lumberman and consumer alike—have most to gain from stable conditions for the fullest use and perpetuation of all our forest resources, regardless of own- ership ; from making all true forest land capable of earning such an income from forest production as, without being ex- cessive, will insure its best management and consequent fullest service to com- munity and nation. And yet who can deny that we are without any accepted clear-cut, depend- able, national policy which supports and finances this immense project with competent consideration of both public and private forests and their influence on permanent industrial development ” The Forest Service can neither an- nounce nor execute such a policy so long as there is every extreme of vari- ance in the views not only of the States, whose attitude toward their own for- ests and forest industries has a pro- found influence, but also in Congress where any executive policy, to be de- pendable, must find sanction and sup- port. Every Congressional session sees the whole subject debated from a dozen viewpoints, chiefly political, with a 62 AMERICAN FORESTRY marked lack of statesman-like treat- ment based on any real knowledge of forest economics. Besides unwilling- ness to provide adequate protection for the people's property we even hear ad- vocated the turning it over to a dozen State legislatures that are doing still less with their own forest responsibili- ties. Ignorance or a desire for political effect has even urged immediate sacri- ficial cutting to break a mythical “‘lum- ber trust’”’ when it should be self-evi- dent that private competition is now at its keenest and that the government supply should be husbanded against the time when it may have some real effect on prices to the consumer. Now all this is by no means chiefly the fault of Senators or Congressmen. There is nothing in it for them, except so far as it can be made to strike a responsive chord in their constituents. With the public half as well informed on the production of the lumber it needs as it is on the getting of its parcels by mail or the price of sugar, there would be an expression on an American for- est policy that would leave no states- man uncertain. We cannot blame him if there is no such expression nor can we blame his constituents for not seeing that he gets it. It is because they have not been told the facts in convincing business language. Come now to our States. Many have done nothing. Few have com- prehensive far-seeing policies, covering their own opportunity on State-owned lands and adequate encouragement of good private management through ef- ficient fire protection and just taxation. It is not enough for the reformer to present good laws and recognize bad ones. Why is there little trouble in passing laws for protection and advance of agriculture, horticulture and dairy- ing? Not because these industries are more useful and deserving, but because people understand their governing con- ditions and see the point of such laws readily. The chief reason they do not so understand forest conditions is that the reformer himself makes forestry a creed and not a business. In my opinion forestry will never succeed in the United States until it is so closely allied with lumbering that neither forester, lumberman nor pub- lic makes any distinction. ‘This is the case in Europe and everywhere in America that there has been successful progress. So long as the lumberman suspects forestry of being antagonistic, he will not help. So long as he does not help, the forester cannot talk in- telligently to the public. After all, the private owner controls most of our for- est area. His use of it, our use of it, and the effect of our relations upon our joint use of it, largely determine our forest destinies. Were foresters in proper touch with the business end of producing forest products they would have the support of all lumbermen and jointly they would have an irresistible argument. Were forest economics understood and forest industry given its proper rating com- pared with other industries, suspicious lumberman and suspicious public would alike see a common object and make mutual cause to further it. A State with a hundred times more revenue to be expected from lumbering than from wool growing would not appropriate $500 for forest protection and $20,000 for coyote scalps. A community that applauds its chamber of commerce for getting a shoe factory and gives it a free building site would not carelessly burn up a forest capable of employing a thousand times as many men and then tax the owner so he cannot afford to hold and protect the land for a new crop. A State that is glad to see its farmers get a good price for wheat. even if it does use some flour, would not rejoice when its sawmills are forced to accept a low price for lumber. A Jumberman who prefers to let his trees stand until Americans need them. rather than cut them at a loss for foreign ex- port, would not be accused of conspir- ing to bleed the consumer any more than would a farmer who decides not to raise potatoes when they don’t pay for raising. A country that applauds fruit growers for systematizing to as- sure reliable grades and intelligent mar- keting, sends publicly paid experts to help improve their orchards, and ex- empts them specifically from the Sher- PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE, OF FOREST ECONOMICS 63 man law, would not condemn and seek to prosecute forest growers for attempt- ing similar co-operative improvement of a business still more necessary to the community. In short, the public would prefer to see all forest industry, public and pri- vate, on a sound business footing cal- culated to preserve it and its benefits to the community, and would expect to pay the cost of producing lumber from the tree to the yard plus the same fair profit that the public itself requires from its individual enterprises. Anz if this is true, the great need today 1s for teaching the principles of the bust- ness from start to finish. Every proc- ess, its cost, and its relation to other processes and to the final price of the product, should be common knowledge. Nothing can be more inconsistent, so long as most of our forests are pri- vately owned, and even the public for- ests must be manufactured for us pri- vately, than to antagonize the lumber- man whose help we must have by con- tinuing such ignorance of his problems that we even treat him as an enemy. On the whole, forest industry proba- bly surpasses any other in smallness of profit. Unusual opportunity has built some large fortunes, but for every one of these are many cases where the pub- lic has profited by failure. Nor is stumpage speculation any exception. Times are changed. Taxes, protection and interest are now compounding more rapidly than prices advance. The tend- ency is toward competitive over-pro- duction rather than toward monopolis- tic holding back of material. Few if any things are sold at so much less than their value as the trees of which lumber are made. Whatever may have been in the past, when new supplies were easily availa- ble, the lumber producer now sees his industry dependent on forest preserva- tion and his interest in this is as keen as ours. If he does not practice fores- try it is, as Forester Graves says, for one or more of three reasons: first, the risk of fire; second, burdensome taxation; third, low price of lumber. This situation will not be relieved by threats of compulsion but only by learn- ing what it costs to furnish forest crops and establishing a business-like policy accordingly. When forest economics are as well understood as the economics of fruit or wheat growing, the suspicion which always confronts mystery will no longer manifest itself in prejudice which works to the consumers disad- vantage. The private as well as pub- lic lumber producer, as a class, because he is honest and useful as a class, will be accorded the same respect and- help- ful sympathy as is accorded the farmer or engineer who develops the possi- bilities of utilizing our country and sup- plying its people. And he will be quick to respond. So we always get back to education, the line in which forestry effort is the weakest. The ingenuity of theatrical, railroad, political and advertising agen- cies is proverbial. Activities of this kind are now regarded as business ne- cessity. They are needed and legiti- mate nowhere more than in forest prop- aganda, which has nothing to conceal but everything to teach. Education is a matter of publicity and publicity is a trade. It cannot be practiced intui- tively. Foresters and lumbermen must learn this trade. * An address delivered at the Fifth National Conservation Congress, November 20, 1913. FORESTRY - CONFERENCE AT VANCOUVER N describing various movements to- ward securing better forestry con- ditions, chiefly of improved protec- tion against forest fires, EF. I. Allen, forester of the Western Forestry and Conservation Association, said at its annual meeting held in December at Vancotver, B. C.: “The National Conservation Con- gress, a yearly gathering of prominent and influential people which has possi- bilities of much power, good or bad, has in the past offered us some opportunity but not as much as we wished. This year, through co-operation suggested by us last fall to its officials and the Ameri- can Forestry Association, it not only gave forest economics a large share of its main program but also provided for a separate sectional meeting on forestry and lumbering which was a tremendous success. ‘len expert committees were appointed last spring to bring in reports on forest legislation, taxation, fire meth- ods, utilization and like practical sub- jects and $5,000 was contributed by the American Forestry Association to give them publicity. We were invited to di- rect much of this work. The result was not only to get for the first time a broad practical treatment of all these subjects before the public in a form be- yond suspicion of selfish interest, and with western conditions fully consid- ered, but also to cement an alliance with all workers along these lines in the country so as to keep up such co-opera- tion hereafter in short, our associa- tion now has national as well as western influence. Mr. Allen went on to tell of the work of his association by saying: ““We have at last arrived at a point where our or- ganization affords absolute fire protec- tion in the normal season. ‘To put it another way, we can practically insure our timber for the normal year at the present price of supporting the organ- ization we have developed. For suc- 64 cess was by no means due wholly, or even chiefly, to weather conditions. Representative private and official pro- tective agencies throughout the Pacific Northwest States were asked to submit a comparison of this season’s hazard with that of other seasons. While there is some local variation in such compari- son, the consensus is that while 1913 hazard did not tax 1913 facilities over- hard, this was because facilities were improved. ‘The season itself was of av- erage difficulty. Montana reports it ‘as great or greater than usual’; Idaho ‘av- erage, excepting the unusually dry sea- sons of 1905 and 1910.’ Washington, ‘not as bad as 1902 and 1910, or quite so bad as 1911, but worse than 1912 and averaging with other past years’; Ore- gon, ‘about an average year, taking all together.’ ” President A. L. Flewelling, in an in- cisive address and speaking from the viewpoint of a practical man, said con- siderable of particular interest to for- esters: “The subject of forestry in the last decade has engrossed the public mind more than any other of the live issues discussed. It has been heralded from the pulpit, the rostrum and through the public press of all civilized countries, and the thought that in time the world would be denuded of its forests and verdure, with all the dire calamities which would logically follow, has been scattered broadcast by impassioned ut- terance and scarehead articles until the public mind has almost reached a con- dition of panic. A class of hysterical people have been handling the subject, who never owned any trees or ever looked a payroll in the face—all good people according to their lights, but more often insane than sane in their statement of facts and conclusions of results. They have so wrought upon the public mind that the subject has become chaotic, and it has become nec- THE BLIGHTS OF CONIFEROUS NURSERY STOCK 65 essary for the people who are really interested in the subject as protectors of trees to organize their forces into an intelligent association, consisting of the owners of timber or their representa- tives, be that ownership private, State or national. These conditions supplied the primal reasons for the birth and growth of this great organization. “This association, being made up of the bulk of the intelligent, organized ef- fort for the prevention of forest fires in the territory which it covers, has been enabled to draw to itself most of the potent factors necessary to its suc- cess by the natural laws of gravitation. We began by placing attractive litera- ture on the subject in all the district schools, thereby educating the children along right lines, and they in turn edu- cated their parents. Now the first smoke that appears is instantly reported to one of our rangers by the first per- son that discovers it, over some unit of the network of telephone lines which we have constructed through the tim- bered district, and one or more of the great army of workers jumps on the fire and puts it out. Our rangers report to the country newspapers, and through this medium a live interest in the sub- ject of forest protection is steadily kept in the public mind. The careless camper and logger and the heedless far- mer is kept reminded of the duty he owes to the public and to the laws of the land regarding the unlicensed fires he sets in carrying on his operations. “We recognize as a self-evident truth that trees were created for the use of man, and that when a forest becomes ripe it should be cut without waste and used, so that nature can get to work on the new growth and perfect a new forest for future generations. We are not so much concerned in saving tim- ber for generations yet unborn as we are in saving our present crop from useless destruction, harvesting it intel- ligently and starting the new crop grow- ing and protecting the new growth. Nature will still grow new trees if we keep the fires out and just let her work. Prevent and put out the small fire and you will have no large fires.” Reports on fire conditions in their various districts were made by officials of the various fire-protective organiza- tions of Oregon, Washington, Califor- nia, Idaho, and Montana, as well as Government officials of the United States and Canada, and there were sev- eral addresses on other phases of for- estry. There was a most gratifying at- tendance both from the United States and Canada, and the conference was in every way a splendid success. fie; BLIGHTS OF CONIFEROUS NURSERY STOCK known, do considerable damage to conifers in nurseries in the United States, according to Bulletin No. 44, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. The in- creasing amount of forest planting and the danger that imported stock jwill bring in serious tree diseases make it especially important that methods of controlling these blights be found in order to encourage the growing or planting stock in this country. Sun scorch is the commonest sum- mer trouble among nursery stock. The NUMBER of different blights, concerning which little has been roots of the plants affected die before or at the same time as the tops. Death is caused by excessive water loss. It usually occurs when the air is hot and dry and the soil around the roots is dry. The disease is worse on sandy soils in crowded beds and on raised parts of beds. On sandy soils it may kill suddenly and in definite patches. Successful preventive measures that have been tested by the department are watering, shading and avoidance of crowding. In nurseries located on mineral soils the humus content should be increased. Winterkilling, another disease, causes 66 AMERICAN FORESTRY the tops of the plants to dry when the soil is frozen so that the plants cannot take up water. The preventive measures most used consist of a light straw mulch on the beds and windbreaks. The tops of plants affected by the mulch-blight die in winter. This hap- pens while the mulch is still on or oc- casionally just after it is removed. ‘The roots do not die till sometime after the tops, The immediate cause of death is unknown. The disease may be pre- vented by avoidance of heavy, close mulches. Spraying with Bordeaux mix- ture just before the beds are mulched in the fall may also be of value. There are a number of needle-de- stroying fungi, some of which are cer- MANY USES ROM furnishing material for a canoe in which to hunt whales some hundred-odd years ago to supplying New England factories of today with 11,000 cords of wood annually for shoe pegs and shanks is, according to the Department of Agri- culture, only part of the services the birch tree has rendered and is render- ing the people of America. Sir Alexander Mackenzie, the de- partment states in a bulletin on the uses of birch, hunted whales in a birch-bark canoe. The animals were found at the mouth of the Mackenzie River. He failed to strike the game, and con- cluded that it was probably for the best. While the canoes are frail, it is pointed out that the bark of which they are made resists decay longer than any other part of the tree. It would be difficult to estimate the value of the service of the birch-bark canoe in the discovery, exploration, de- velopment, and settlement of the north- ern part of this continent. From the Arctic Circle to the Great Lakes, and southward, for a century and a half, that light but exceedingly strong and serviceable vessel threaded the lakes and rivers, bearing trade and carrying civilization where no other boat could tain sooner or later to cause damage in the nurseries in the more moist parts of the United States. ‘They have so far done little damage in our nurseries, and have been little studied. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture at the proper time will presumably prevent damage from any of them. The proper times for spraying have not yet been deter- mined. ‘The importation of European stock should be discouraged in order to avoid bringing parasites which have not yet reached this country. A great deal of blight occurs in red cedar seedlings and transplants. ‘The cause and methods of prevention are unknown. Shading, watering and fre- quent spraying should be tested. FOR BIRCH go. The French explorers and mission- aries made journeys of hundreds of miles in these canoes, often carrying cargoes which would seem beyond the capacity of such frail vessels. The range of uses to which birch wood is put is surprisingly large. The articles into which it goes range from church pews to kitchen tables, and from organ pipes to newel posts. We may have our first sleep in a birch crib and our last in a birch coffin. The spools on which we get our cotton and silk thread are birch spools, and the lasts on which our shoes are made are likely to be birch lasts. The largest of the spools hold 12,000 yards, the small- est 20 yards. The wood’s beatity, strength, and rigidity make it promi- nent as a material for musical instru- ments, and the same qualities bring it into extensive use for flooring. Many people have an idea that shoe pegs have nearly passed out of use, but the amount of birch previously mentioned as made into pegs and shanks yearly in New England seems to disprove this notion. Birch. the de- partment says, is often put on the mar- ket in imitation of other woods, and we may open many a door, sit on many a chair, and write on many a desk MAPLE IS HOLDING ITS OWN 67 which we imagine to be mahogany, but which is really birch stained to re- semble the genuine article. Nine species of birch grow in the United States, but sweet, yellow, paper, and river birch are those most used. About 45,000,000 board feet of the wood finds its way to the market yearly. Paper birch is one of the few Ameri- can species with a hold on the forest stronger than it had when America was discovered. Large tracts are now covered with this birch where there was little of it a century ago. It comes in after fire, and some tracts it has taken possession of cover hundreds of square miles. MAPLE IS HOLDING ITS OWN HOUGH at one time in the early history of the country an iverage of 6,000 maple trees were destroyed in clearing the ordinary New York or Pennsylvania farm, maple is today one of the most widely used and valuable native hard- woods. A bulletin on the uses of maple, just issued by the Department of Agricul. ture, states that the wood finds place in an enormous number of articles in daily use, from rolling pins to pianos and organs. It is one of the best woods for flooring, and is always a favorite material for the floors of roller skating rinks and bowling alleys. It leads all other woods as a material for shoe lasts, the demand for which in Massa- chusetts alone exceeds 13 million board feet annually. Sugar maple stands near the top of the list of furniture woods in this country. The so-called “birds-eye” ef- fect, the department explains, is prob- ably due to buds which for some rea- son can not force their way through the bark, but which remain just beneath it year after year. The young wood is disturbed each succeeding season by the presence of the bud and grows around it in fantastic forms which are exposed when the saw cuts through the ab- normal growth. Maple is one of the chief woods used for agricultural implements and farm machinery, being so employed be- cause of its strength and hardness. All kinds of wooden ware are made of maple, which holds important rank also in the manufacture of shuttles, spools, and bobbins. It competes with black gum for first place in the manufacture of rollers of many kinds, from those employed in house moving to the less massive ones used on lawn-mowers. Athletic goods, school supplies, brush backs, pulleys, type cases, and crutches are a few of the other articles for which maple is in demand. Seven species of maple grow in the United States, of which sugar maple, sometimes called hard maple, is the most important. The total cut of maple in the United States annually amounts to about 1,150,000,000 feet. Nearly one-half is produced by Michi- gan, with Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, New York, and West Virginia follow- ing in the order named. Sugar maple, says the department, is in little danger of disappearing from the American forests, for it is a strong, vigorous, aggressive tree, and though not a fast grower is able to hold its own. In Michigan it is not unusual for maple to take possession of land from which pine or hardwoods have been cut clean, and from New England westward through the Lake States and southward to the Ohio and Potomac Rivers few other species are oftener seen in woodlots. The total amount of land purchased in the eastern States for Federal forests is nearly 800,000 acres. So far the principal work on these areas has involved their protection against forest fires. NATIONAL ORGANIZATION TO STUDY FOREST INSECT PROBLEM HE, enormous losses due to for- | est insects have led to the formation of a society for the advancement of forest en- tomology in America. ‘The members of this society hold that the work of in- sects has not received the attention which it deserves. Henry S. Graves, U. S. Forester, the newly elected president of the society, on being asked about the purposes of the organization, said that they were, in general, to call attention to the part which insects play in forest problems. “We have had,” he said, “widespread and specific interest in insect pests such as the San Jose scale and the boll wee- vil, which affect all of us as to what we eat and what we wear. Forest insects through their destruction of timber in- crease the cost of a necessity which en- ters quite as much into the daily life of the individual as do the products of the field and orchard. If the importance of the protection of our forest resources from insect depredations is generally recognized, a large part can be pre- vented or avoided. “Right now in the national forests the bureau of entomology and the For- est Service are cooperating to stop in- sect ravages by discovering their be- ginnings, and stamping them out. A few isolated trees attacked by insects may form the nucleus of a mountainside devastation quite as serious as that from a forest fire. The opportunity for com- batting insects, however, is in one re- spect better than that in the case of a fire, which runs rapidly, because it takes several years for an insect devastation tc spread until it becomes of such pro- portions as that which overspread the yellow pine forests in the Black Hills ir 1906. Watchful care on the part of forest officers, lumbermen, and pri- vate individuals will make it possible to catch these infestations before they get a good start. By cutting and burning 68 the trees, or stripping off the bark, the insects can be killed. As in all such cases, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” “Who make up the membership of the organization?” was the next ques- tion asked of Mr. Graves. “Tt is open to anyone interested in the subject,’ Mr. Graves replied. “It seems to me that the relation of forest insects to forest protection touches al- most every one. Of course, we expect that new members shall be recom- mended by the present membership, which is made up largely of persons who have studied the forest insect problem at first hand. In order, however, that the objects of the society shall be kept foremost, it is required that at least four of the seven officers must be chosen from among professional forest entomologists. It is expected that hon- orary vice presidents representing Fed- eral, State, and private interests will be elected to promote the objects of the organization in many localities through the country.” “How will these objects be attained ?” “In the first place, the objects of the society are largely educational. As in all questions of large public importance, the main idea is to give the public an opportunity to know just how important they are. In the second place, the so- ciety will form a clearing house for in- formation, and its meetings will discuss the most advantageous methods of in- sect control. ‘Take, for example, the ravages of the gypsy moth and the brown-tail moth in the Northeastern States. If we can bring about a general knowledge of these insects and of the harm they do, and are able to instill into the mind of the individual the ne- cessity for and the proper methods of their control, how much easier it will be to combat them than when the work is confined only to governmental agencies !” TIMBER ESTIMATING IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Bor ee yk ‘IMBER estimating varies from the rapid, inexpensive prelim- inary to the detailed, elaborate, costly method of the total tree count. In making a preliminary, one may run once through a 40 by either estimating the trees in a given strip or by generally sizing up the timber. In making a total tree count it is necessary to run through a 40 8 or 12 times, counting the trees on each side of the compass line for a sufficient distance to cover the entire area. In the wide range from the one-rut. preliminary to the total tree count with its 8 or 12 times through a 40, there are any number of systems, limited only by the ingenuity of the estimator, so that when one reads of a new sys- tem having been developed it is not to be taken too seriously. The first estimating on the Pacific Coast was done on a basis of one run through a 40, but as the timber in- creased in value more care was taken with the estimating until now the basis is a 2, 4 or 8 times run through a 40, at a cost of from 12 cents to $1.00 per dere: The most frequent systems used are: (1) Counting the trees either in strips or in circles and obtaining the total by multiplying the average tree by the number of trees. (2) Counting the trees either in strips or in circles and treating each tree as a unit to obtain the totals. (3) Taking a tree here and there as a base and by much criss-crossing of the area between the compass lines seeing the entire acreage. This plan is subject to a great many variations and is used mostly by men of long expe- rience in the woods. It is considered by many largely a matter of intuition. Nevertheless, its accuracy at times 1s almost startling, The strip and circle methods are BROWN fundamentally the same, as they are both based on the counting of trees. Some prefer the circle method, as they can count the trees with more accuracy while standing on one spot than while moving and counting them in a strip. This, however, is largely a matter of training. ‘The strip method is the only one used when making an entire tree count. The difference in the method of estimating lies in counting the con- trast and then multiplying by an aver. age tree in contrast to estimating each tree and adding for the total. To obtain the amount in individual trees is also largely a matter of per- sonal choice. There are two general systems: (1) Certain “rules of thumb” de- veloped by the individual cruiser and which have been found to produce sat- isfactory results. (2) The use of the volume table which is based on an ideal tree, thereby making it necessary to have the trees conform to the volume table and not the volume table to the tree. This table is based on diameters running from 12 to 90 inches, or higher, carrying a dif- ferent number of logs and a varying taper for each diameter class. In other words, adding the contents of the scale of the individual logs to get the contents of the tree. For example: 4 logs or 3 logs or 128 foot tree 96 foot tree Taner Contents Taper ron 32’ log 32’ log , Butt Cie Ga) meee eg X01 Diameter 4” 4,010 4" 3,458 36 5” 3316 5” 2994 6” 2,722 6” 2.568 To use this table one must measure down trees for taper and length and use the volume table accordingly. The diameter of standing trees can be deter- mined by the use of a diameter tape. 69 70 AMERICAN FORESTRY Whether the estimate is to be based on a 2, 4 or 8 times run through a 40 is optional with the owner or prospective buyer. A 2 times run through a 40 is made at intervals of two tallies or 660 feet, counting trees on either side of the tally line for a distance of 31% steps or 5 rods and multiplying the amount by 4 for the total. A 4 times run is made at intervals of one tally or 330 feet, doubling the amount for the total. In an 8 times run tally stakes are set by a survey crew which keeps ahead of the estimators. These stakes are set along the section line and are used to keep the compassman in alignment. The boundary of the 40 (or 1/16 square-mile lines) can be carried by the estimator and the compassman can carry the lines, and a survey crew is not used except to run the section lines where there is an indistinct survey. Invmakine acl; 2 or 4 times run, whether the trees are counted in strips or circles, there is no fundamental dif- ference in the basis of the estimate. The difference lies in using the indi- vidual multiple for the number of trees in contrast to estimating the in- dividual trees and adding for the total. The following diagram is based on an 8 times run through a 40. Estimates are run on the fractional tally lines. Ath tally 354 or 1/16 line tally line tally line 3d_ tally line tally line tally line 2d tally line 4 tally line tally line Ist tally line 34 tally line Y% tally line Boundary line of 40. In making a detailed estimate of a large tract, if a number of crews are employed, some estimating firms have a head estimator check up the work of the other estimators. In such instances it is well to have a well perfected system under which all the crews can work in order to produce similarity of data and reports. ‘The head estimator is held responsible for the work of all the estimators. As the work is done under one system, it is much easier to prevent errors or adjust any dispute that may arise. The foregoing shows that timber es- timating has developed from a loose individual idea to a closely detailed system. None of the methods evolved are obsolete or untrustworthy, as the method to be used depends upon the circumstances and object of the cruise, as well as upon the individual making the estimate. A buyer thinking of entering a certain belt of timber and wishing to obtain general information as to the kind and character of the timber does not care to spend much money, and so sends an estimator on a preliminary cruise for this informa- tion. The estimator may work alone by simply running along section lines and getting a general idea, or he may have a compassman. If his report is satisfactory a more detailed examina- tion is made. Where stumpage is $3.00 and $4.00 or higher, the buyer will probably want a detailed tree count. Bonding houses now require a care- ful, detailed cruise by well-known esti- mators in order to offer assurance to their clients as to the exact amount of timber under mortgage. In connection with the estimating, a complete contour map should be made, based on barometer readings, which will show creeks, roads, trails, etc. It will also show tthe outlet of the timber and the best location for possible rail- roads and camps. The report form on which the final estimate is made is largely a matter of choice. It varies from the simple form with the section divided into 40’s—the amount in board feet found on each 40 to be inserted—to the elaborate form giving the number of trees and their amount, the average length, size and amount per tree, and the different per- centage of grades found on each 40. These reports are worked up from the FIRE PROTECTION ON THE OZARK NATIONAL FOREST 71 cruiser’s field notes, which are copied on forms while in the field. On large tracts the specific report for a 40 or a section is supplemented by a general report covering the tract as a whole and taking up in detail the quality of the timber, the cost of logging and the general desirability of the tract. This general report is of great value and often covers the ground so thoroughly that the detailed reports are not con- sulted. With the increase in the value of timber there is a growing recognition of the fact that timber estimating must be put on a more scientific basis. Up to this time, however, efforts to make it conform to certain prescribed theories have not been entirely successful. FIRE PROTECTION ON THE OZARK NATIONAL FOREST By Francis Kierer, Forest Supervisor NDER this same title there ap- peared an article in the August, 1912, number of AMERICAN Forestry, a description of the fire protection system installed on the Ozark National Forest. It is the pur- pose of this short paper to briefly dis- cuss its results. To summarize the scheme, the forest supplied with ten towers, is divided into six ranger’s districts, which are in turn subdivided into fire-fighting units in accordance with natural and arti- ficial features such as ridges, streams and roads. In each unit a reliable set- tler is chosen who is well situated for quickly reaching any fire which may be reported to him either by the ranger or tower lookout. This fire-fighter is sup- plied with fire rakes, sprinkling buck- ets and wooden brooms, required for extinguishing. In this way the regular force, which on account of limited ap- propriations is kept small, is supple- mented in time of danger. After a year’s trial, the system has shown its value to be in the ability of the district rangers to (1) place fire- fighters at a fire in its incipiency, (2) to relieve themselves of attending every small fire, thus saving themselves for the more critical situations. In the Ozark region fires are numerous, due to incendiarism growing from an old custom of the settlers to burn annually to “improve the range,” ‘‘destroy var- ments,’ “improve health conditions,” and kindred superstitious reasons. The direct benefit of the first feature of value in the system 1s that the acre- age burned over annually is largely re- duced although the number of fires has not been diminished. ‘This is shown by the following extracts from annual re- ports: Number of | Acreage Year | " Fires * Burned Remarks 1911 145 | 85,723 Without tower system 1912 241 | 43,933 | With *Presumably the number of fires is greater in 1912 than in 1911, because all fires were discovered and -eported, while in 1911 under the ridi ng patrol system some fires were not discovered. The one great fault of the system has proven itself to be the difficulty to procure a reliable fire-fighter for each fire-fighting unit. This weakness, how- ever, is expected to be remedied in 1913 through a chief fire-fighter whose sole duty it will be to maintain a strict vigi- lance in troublesome units. The speedy action which is obtained by the towers in locating fires and sending men to them is shown by the following: . Time Fire- . Distance of ; : Time é fighters Name of Fire Discovered Beis tah at e Sylamore No. 80 11:30 a. m 10 miles | 12:15 p. m. Blue Mt. No. 1:00 p.m Pays 2:20 p. m. Pleasand Hill No. 5] 1:00 p.m 8 2:30 p. m. While setting forth the foregoing re- sults of the protective system it is op- 72 AMERICAN FORESTRY portune to mention the findings in ex- periments with various forms of fire- fighting equipment. The abundance of water in the many running streams of the Ozarks has stimulated efforts to de- vise means for its conveyance to fires. Since packing is unknown on the forest animals, metal tanks were soon aban- doned. Collapsible canvas bags de- signed to be thrown over ordinary Texas saddles and to be carried on a and impracticable through lack of pack man’s shoulders have been the object of development. Where water is plentiful there is no question as to the feasibility of conveying it in sufficient quantities on horseback to be of im- mense benefit in combating fires, but the difficulty which has not been over- come is the prevention of leakage at seams and through the fabric itself. Various weights of canvas, combina- tion of weights, water-proofing liquids, and methods of construction have all failed. It is essential that leakage be prevented because during cold weather both man and beast must be dry. The South African water bag, which has proven its merit in the Forest Service, is unsuited to the purpose since its ob- ject is to allow slow evaporation of its contents for cooling purposes as in the case of the earthen Mexican water bot- tle. The only solution is a rubber bag but the price is prohibitive as shown by the following quotations from a large manufactory of rubber goods. Large double horse pack bags, $30.00 to $40.00 per pair. Small shoulder pack bags, $15.00 to $20.00 each. The method of the application of water, however, has been solved for extinguishing burning logs, stumps, etc., safeguarding back fire line when within easy reach of a water supply. For this purpose the standard Forest Service canvas water bucket has been modified by the attachment of a can- vas hood across three-fourths of the top with perforated crescent-shaped metal plates at the joint edge. With this contrivance, which is light and can be carried in great numbers to a fire, water can be readily applied as with a garden sprinkling can. In making a fire line in hardwood leaves two implements have proven their worth, the ordinary so-called five- tined potato digger, hook or rake, which is a standard agricultural tool, and the wood broom, a specially con- structed device made from second growth hickory or white oak. The broom is formed by splitting the lower end of the handle and spreading the splits fanwise by means of wooden bars and light wire to hold them. ELK FROM YELLOWSTONE PARK LMOST 2,000 more people visited the Yellowstone Park in 1913 than during the season of 1912, according to the report of the Superintendent, recently made to Sec- retary Lane. The tourist travel has in- creased 45 per cent since 1906, and was heavier in 1913 than ever before with the exception of 1909, when the Lewis and Clarke Exposition was held in Portland. “The ‘winter conditions for wild game were again excellent,” says the Superintendent. “With plenty of grass, and the snow remaining soft so they could paw through it to get food, the elk, deer, antelope and mountain sheep wintered well and with but little loss.” “During December, January, Febru- ary, and March, 538 elk were captured in the park near the northern entrance and shipped for stocking public parks and ranges as follows: 80 to Kings County, Wash.; 50 to Yakima County, Wash.; 40 to Garfield County, Wash. ; 50 to Shasta County, Cal.; 50 to Penn- sylvania for Clinton and Clearfield counties; 50 to West Virginia; 80 to Arizona; 25 to Hot Springs, Va.; 3 to City Park, Aberdeen, S. Dak.; 4 to the City Park at Boston, Mass.; 6 to the City Park at Spokane, Wash. One hundred were captured and shipped under direction of the Department of Agriculture, of which 25 went to Sun- dance, Wyo.; 25 to Estes Park, Colo.; FOREST NOTES 73 25 to Walla Walla, Wash.; and 25 to points in Utah. The cost of capture and loading on board the cars at Gardi- ner was $5 per head, which was paid by the States and parks receiving the elk. The loss in capturing and up to the time of delivery at their destination was but 22 animals out of 538 shipped.” FOREST NOTES In spite of the fact that New York leads all the other States in the amount of its State Forests and has done more planting of idle land than any other State, New York as a whole is decidedly apathetic along Forestry lines, especially in the matter of the proper use of its forest resources. The State College of Forestry feels that the only way of im- proving the situation is to carry through an aggressive campaign of education along forestry lines beginning with the children of the State. The question of how to educate the child along forestry lines is a bit perplexing in view of the complexity of the curriculum in gram- mar grades and high schools. ‘Too often schools are burdened with too many courses or have all too little time to teach work outlined for present courses. The College of Forestry by no means urges the insertion of a sepa- rate course in Forestry. It does be- lieve, however, that the children of the State can be thoroughly acquainted with the importance of Forestry, its place in our economic life and its possibilities as a State and National industry by simply injecting the Forestry point of STATE Maine The Forest Fire Protective System of Maine, which was among the first established, has been greatly improved the past season by the addition of fifteen new lookout sta- tions. This brings the number of station; up to forty-three, and Forest Commissioner Blaine S. Viles plans to erect six or more new stations the coming year. The fire loss on the wild lands of the State for the past season amounted to only $29,212.00. As this area includes nearly ten million acres of for- ests, with an estimated value of from sev- enty-five to one hundred million dollars, it view into the various courses given in the lower grades. At the recent meeting of the Pocono Protective Fire Association of Monroe County, Pennsylvania, the keynote of the report of the board of directors was the need for a widespread education of the people of the community. The di- rectors realize that effective work in keeping down forest fires depends much more upon the active interest of the resident population than upon the con- tributions of a few owners of extensive tracts of woodland. So a movement is now under way to instruct the residents of the Pocono region as to the need and value of taking care of the woods, and in this manner to extend the limits of the activity of the association by tak- ing as many persons as possible into membership, without regard to the hold- ing of forest lands. The use of posters, the circulation of tracts, and newspaper articles are expected to influence grad- ually the adult population, while the school children are being taught the les- son of forest conservation through a systematic course of instruction, under the hearty co-operation of the County Superintendent. NEWS will be seen that this loss is comparatively nothing. While the season was not a particularly dry one, except for short periods of drought, there were no heavy rains, and a great many fires started which would have caused heavy damage had they not been promptly extin- guished. The Lookout Stations reported three hun- dred and sixty-five fires during the season, and patrolmen seventy-one. While it is realized that there may be a year of such extreme drought that even the most advanced measures may fail to protect 74 AMERICAN FORESTRY the forests from fire, the people of the State feel that the system now established is of great value. A large number of tools, ete., for fighting fire have been distributed the past season and about seventy miles of additional telephone lines constructed. North Carolina The great interest North Carolinians feel in securing the wisest use and most efficient control of all our natural resources, whether the property of the individual, of the State, or of the Nation, was shown by the large and representative delegation which attended the National Conservation Congress recently held in Washington. At the first meeting of the State delega- tion, called for the purpose of selecting offi- cers, Mr. Z. W. Whitehead, of Wilmington, was elected State Vice-President, and Mr. J. S. Holmes, of Chapel Hill, State Secretary for the ensuing year, while Col. W. A. Blair, of Winston-Salem, was elected a member of the Resolutions Committee. Of the seventeen delegates present at the Congress four had been appointed by Gov- ernor Craig to represent the State, four rep- resented the North Carolina Forestry Asso- ciation; the University of North Carolina, the State Department of Agriculure, and the National Lumber Manufacturers Association each sent one delegate, while the remainder represented their own home towns. The variety of interests represented is seen in the fact that six delegates were lumbermen or timber users, five were teachers or scientists, two were bankers, two were large land- owners, and one was a prominent club woman. The unanimous attitude of the delegation was expressed in the following resolution, adopted at their first meeting: “Resolved, That it is the sense of the North Carolina delegation and they hereby request their representative on the Resolu- tions Committee to vote for strong Govern- ment co-operation in the matter of conser- vation, believing that it is only through the Government that certain conservation poli- cies can be successfully carried out.” The newly-elected Vice-President, Mr. Whitehead, in speaking of the Congress a few days later, at the monthly meeting of the North Carolina Pine Association at Nor- folk, said that “nation-wide benefits would result not only to forestry and timber, but our water-power sites and other national re- sources would be conserved and advanced as well as protected and safeguarded.” He gave it as his opinion that this institution, 7. e., the National Conservation Congress, “should be heartily supported and that the lumberr people shall take an active interest in shap- ing its policies in the future.” The North Carolina delegation in all test votes, at which times there were always from nine to eleven delegates present, went defi- nitely on record as favoring strong govern- ment control of water powers, and only one vote was cast against endorsing the advanced and patriotic stand of Mr. Pinchot on this subject. The tone of the State press, in comment- ing on the Conservation Congress, thoroughly endorses its action; while the lumber jour- nals throughout the country are unanimous in praise of the congress, its stand and ac- complishments. New York The regular session of the New York State legislature has passed a concurrent resolu- tion amending the Forest Preserve section of the constitution. The present provision prohibits any direct use of this enormous area. The proposed change will permit the removal of mature, dead or fallen timber, or permit thinning; authorizes the leasing of camp sites; the construction of necessary roads and trails; also the sale of isolated parcels of land without the Adirondack and Catskill Parks. This provision will neces- sarily have to be adopted by a subsequent legislature and submitted to a vote of the people before it is active. Governor Glynn has already stated that he is very much interested in an extension of reforesting, better forest-fire protection, and the purchase of additional lands for Forest Preserve purposes. Massachusetts At the annual meeting of the Massachu- setts Forestry Association there was dis- cussed the advisability of obtaining State Forests in Massachusetts, and a bill will be presented to the legislature this year asking for $50,000 a year for five years, with which to purchase wild and waste land in Massa- chusetts. It is believed by the Association that this will be the means of bringing into the productive list much of the now worth- less land in the State which is yielding noth- ing for the owner or for the State through taxation. Several important addresses on State For- ests as applied to Massachusetts were given. Prof. W. D. Clark, of Amherst, talked on “State Forests in Massachusetts as a Busi- ness Proposition.” Philip T. Coolidge, in his address on “State Forests in the United States,” gave very interesting data concern- ing the lands owned and held in the various States as State Forests. William P. Whar- ton talked on “State Forests as Bird Sanc- tuaries,” giving specific examples from Ger- many. State Forester F. W. Rane sum- marized the work of his department to date, showing what had been done toward pro- curing State-owned forest lands. The meet- ing has aroused considerable enthusiasm on State Forests, and we believe that it will have direct bearing on the passage of the bill which is to be presented to the incoming legislature. The present status of the White Mountain SLATE NEWS National Forest was discussed at length, and it was shown that perhaps through some misunderstanding on the part of the National Forest Reservation Commission regarding public sentiment in New England in connec- tion with the management of this forest, that reasonable progress in the purchase of those lands has not been made. In order to dis- pel any such misunderstanding, this Associa- tion placed itself on record as favoring the management of the forests in the White Mountains along the same lines as other national forests. The outlook of the Association for the coming year is brighter than ever before. The Association now has twenty-four branch associations and a membership of 3,400, hav- ing increased its membership the past year by 1,491. An average of six foresters have been kept in the field giving advice and do- ing practical work for the past year, and this work will be continued. From the standpoint of legislation the As- sociation is proud of one bill which passed the legislature through its efforts this year. The Public Domain Act was so revised as to give towns and cities in the Commonwealth the right to own and manage municipal for- ests, and already some of our towns are tak- ing advantage of this measure. It is hoped that in the near future many other towns and cities will be persuaded to acquire lands under this law. Pennsylvania The Central Pennsylvania Forest Fire Pro- tective Association, of which J. M. Hoffman was the organizer and is the forester, has just finished its first year’s work. Natural regeneration on the 350,000 acres that now comprises the area of the association’s work, in spite of recurring fires, is now at least 60 per cent perfect. Lands which to the casual and experienced observer seem to have nothing growing on them except brush or worthless trees, one finds on close examination to be growing maple, chestnut, red and white oak, and others of the most valuable tree species. The only great hazard preventing these young trees from becoming valuable timber is fires. For the protection of the seven million acres of the State land particularly subject to the fire hazard, and about seven million additional acres of land in farmer’s wood lots or in communities more thickly settled where the damage done by fires is less, the greatest amount of money ever spent by the State was $50,000 for two years work. Mr. Hoffman says in his report :—This money until our work begun had been spent only in actual fire fighting. Last spring and again this fall we were able to induce the Commissioner of Forestry to allow us 24 patrolmen at $25.00 per month for two months’ service. There is this provision for patrol in our Fire Warden act but until our activities began this was never made operative by the Forestry Department. ~ Or I held several meetings with Jand owners and organized an association, each land owner pledging himself to pay an assessment on an average basis. My plans were thus laid to secure the aid from the Federal Government provided for through the Weeks’ law. It must be remembered that with the exception of one other association in Monroe County, whose activities cover about 60,000 acres, our work is the only systematic effort made at Forest fire protection on private lands in our State. I am omitting in this statement the very worthy effort made by several co-operations and individuals for the protection of their own lands which is very difficult, indeed, when all owners of consecutive areas of land do not join for their mutual protection. I am not including in this discussion the 900,000 acres of land owned by the State, except to remark that in many cases where the State lands adjoin or are surrounded by private holdings the protection of both private and State lands is necessary to pro- tect either. Organized forest fire protective associations adjoining State lands will greatly aid the State Forestry Department in pro- tective work. Our actual work of prevention consists briefly of looking after the railroad right away, cleaning up and burning where there is material that is a fire trap. Burning around saw-mills, utilize the telephone con- nections in our communities, in securing aid when fire does occur. Organizing fire fight- ing crews, warning those that were permit- ting anything that might cause a fire. Many different devices of prevention can be worked out that are unique to each com- munity. Much good has been accomplished by causing the owners of small farms in the mountains to realize that those owning the large holdings that surround their farms are taking an interest in the protection of their own lands. In this way we can assure men pay if they fight a fire just as soon as they see it, and confine it to as small an area as possible, and no pay if they do as their custom in the past has been, back fire from their own lands to protect themselves from the fire just as soon as the fire is anywhere within miles of their farm buildings. In this way we have secured the hearty co-operation through appealing to the set- tlers self-interest. When a group of land owners spend hundreds of dollars for the protection of their lands along practical lines, there necessarily is an uplifting in- fluence exerted over the entire community, and with a practical system whereby we can actually show results. We have certainly done much in being a living example to our State. Due to favorable weather conditions, we were very successful this fall having only one or two four or five-acre fires. In the spring we had many fires and much good work was done. Some of them were caught in their incipient stage before much damage was done. CURRENT LITERATURE MONTHLY LIST FOR DECEMBER, 1913. (Books and Periodicals Indexed in _ the Library of the United States Forest Service.) FOREST EDUCATION. National Conservation Congress—Forestry Committee. Advance copy of paper on secondary education in the United States by the sub-committee on forest school education; chairman, J. W. Toumey. 36 p. Washington, D. C., 1913. National Conservation Congress—Forestry Committee. Advance copy of paper on publicity, by the sub-committee on pub- hieitys, chairman, (ET. Allen. 16 p- Washingon, D. C., 1913. Yale Forest School. Prospectus, 1913-1914. 32 p. New Haven, Conn., 1913.. FOREST LEGISLATION. National Conservation Congress—Forestry Committee. Advance copy of paper on framing, passing and enforcing a State forest law, by the sub-committee on State forest policy; chairman, William T. Cox. 15 p. 26 cm. Washington, D. C., 1913. FOREST DESCRIPTION. Hofmann, Amerigo. Aus den waldungen des fernen Ostens; forstliche reisen und studien in Japan, Formosa, Korea und den angrenzenden gebieten Ostasiens. 225 p. pl., maps. Wien and Leipzig, W. Frick, 1913. FOREST BOTANY. Trees—Classification and Description. Hillyer, V. M. Common trees; how to know them by their leaves; illustrated with 37 leaf silhouettes. 30 p.il. Baltimore, Md., Calvert School, 1913. Shannon, C. W. The trees and shrubs of Oklahoma. 41 p. Norman, 1913. (Okla- homa-Geological Survey. Circular No. 4.) Wooten, E. O. Trees and shrubs of New Mexico. 159 p. il. Las Cruces, 1913. (New Mexico—Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 87.) SILVICS. Forest Influences. National Conservation Congress—Forestry Committee. Advance copy of paper on the relation of forests and water, by the sub-committee on forest investigations; chairman, Raphael Zon. 21 p. Washing- jqopat, ID) (Gy, ile} Studies of Species. Knapp, Frederick B. Silviculture of whtie pine (Pinus strobus). 4 p. Boston, Mass., 1913. (Massachusetts forestry association, Bulletin 106.) Shinn, Charles Howard. An economic study of acacias. 38 p. pl. Washington, D. C., 1913. (U.S. Agriculture Dept. of. Bul- letin No. 9.) SILVICULTURE. Planting. National Conservation Congress—Forestry Committee. Advance copy of paper on the conditions under which commercial planting is desirable, by the sub-commit- tee on forest planting; chairman, E. H. Clapp. 46 p. Washington, D. C., 1913. FOREST PROTECTION. Fire. National Conservation Congress—Forestry Committee. Advance copy of paper on fire prevention by States, by the Fed- eral Government and by private inter- ests, by the sub-committee on forest fires; chairman, C. §. Chapman. 56 p. Washington, D. C., 1913. National Conservation Congress—Forestry Committee. State forest organization, with special reference to fire protection, by J. Girvin Peters. 62 p. Washing- ton, Dy €:, 1913: Rhode Island—Dept. of Forestry. Warden and Woodsman, by Jesse B. Mowry, 24 p. pl: Providence, R. 1, 1913: FOREST ECONOMICS. Taxation and Tariff. National Conservation Congress—Forestry Committee. Advance copy of paper on forest taxation, by the sub-committee on forest taxation; chairman, G. Pinchot. 32 p. Washington, D. C., 1913. Forest Policy. National Conservation Congress—Forestry Committee. Advance copy of paper on Federal Forest Policy, by the sub-com- mittee on Federal forest policy; chair- man Jos. N. Teal. 36 p. Washington, DA Coens Ross, William R. Forest policy of British Columbia: 7p. nh ps L9i3: Statistics. Alsace Lorraine—Abteilung fiir finanzen, handel und domanen. _ Beitrage sur forststatistik von Elsass-Lothringen, heft 30. 98 p. Strassburg, 1913. CURRENT LITERATURE FOREST ADMINISTRATION. United States Department of Agriculture— Forest Service. Report of the forester, 1912-13. 56 p. Washington, D. C., 1913. United States, Department of Agriculture— Forest Service. The use book; a manual for users of the national forests; 1913. 88 p. Washington, D. C., 1913. FOREST UTILIZATION. National Conservation Congress—Forestry Committee. Advance copy of paper on the closer utilization of timber, by the sub-committee on forest utilization; chairman, R. S. Kellogg. 15 p. Wash- ington, D. C., 1913. Pearson, R. S. On the economic value of Shorea robusta. 70 p. pl. Calcutta, 1913. (Indian forest memoirs, v. 2, pt. 2.) Lumber Industry. National Conservation Congress—Forestry Committee. Advance copy of paper on lumbering, by the sub-committee on lum- bering; chairman, R. C. Bryant. 39 p. Washington, D. C., 1913. West Coast Lumber Manufacturers’ Asso- ciation. Rate book on forest products, compiled by F. G. Donaldson. First edition. Portland, Oreg., 1913. Wood-using Industries. Kelly, A. Ashmum. The expert wood finisher ; a complete manual of the art and prac- tice of finishing woods by staining, filling, varnishing, waxing, etc. 339 p. Malvern, Pa., Master Painter Publishing Co., 1912. Radford, William A. and others. Practical carpentry. Vol. 1-2. il. Chicago, IIl., The Radford Architectural Co., 1913. Wood Preservation. The preservative treat- Bailey, Irving W. t 16 p. pli Ithaca, N. Y,, men of wood. 1913. AUXILIARY SUBJECTS. Water Supply. United States—Congress, Senate—Committee on Public Lands. Hetch Hetchy reser- voir site; hearings on H. R. 7207, an act granting to the city and country of San Francisco certain rights of way in, over, and through certain public lands. 78 p. Washington, D. C., 1913. Camp Cookery. Oregon Agricultural College—Extension di- vision. A bulletin on camp cookery, for special use of forest rangers, campers and sportsmen, by Ava B. Milan and Ruth McNary Smith. 47 p. Corvallis, 1913. ~ -~2 PERIODICAL ARTICLES. Miscellaneous Periodicals. Annals of Botany, Oct. 1913.—Deforestation ; its effects upon the growth and struc- ture of the wood of Larix, by Alan G. Harper, p. 621-42. Beihefte zum Botanischen centralblatt, Oct. 1, 1913.—Uber den einfluss von licht und schatten auf sprosse von holzpflanzen, by Hermann Farenholtz, p. 90-118. Country Life in America, Dec. 1913.—Making over an old willow, by C. C. Page, p. 78, 96, 98. Garden Magazine, Nov. 1913—-Why the black walnut is worth growing, by A. Rutledge, p. 140-1. Gardeners’ Chronicle, Nov. 1, 1913.—The ef- fects of summer drought upon tree growth, by A. C. Forbes, p. 299-300; Kapok, p. 321. Independent, Nov. 6, 1913—Community for- ests, p. 261. Journal of the Linnean Society, Oct. 6, 1913. —The structure of the wood of East In- dian species of Pinus, by Percy Groom, p. 457-90. Popular Science Monthly, Nov. 1913.—The increase of American land values, by Scott Nearing, p. 491-505. Popular Science Monthly, Dec. 1913.—The forests and forestry of Germany, by William R. Lazenby, p. 590-8. Scientific American, Nov. 22, 1913.—Which end of a post should be up? p. 390. Scientific American, Supplement, Nov. 1, 1913.—The camphor industry in For- mosa; an important Japanese monopoly, by F. Wertheimer, p. 288. West Indian Bulletin, Sept. 1913—The Windward and Leeward Islands consid- ered in relation to forestry, by Francis Watts, p. 293-314. Trade Journals and Consular Reports. American Lumberman, Nov. 15, 1913—Kiln drying of lumber, scientifically con- sidered, by Harry D. Tiemann, p. 29; Care of oak flooring, by W. L. Claffey, p. 40; Adirondack’s ranger forest school, p. 46-7; National forests of today, by Franklin H. Smith, p. 66-7. American Lumberman, Nov. 22, 1913.—Wood, by Daniel Wells, p. 35; Fifth conserva- tion congress; forestry section meets in advance, p. 45-7, 55-9. American Lumberman, Dec. 6, 1913.—Forest service timber estimates, p. 29; Utilizing forest waste in longleaf pine. p. 29. Canada Lumberman, Nov. 15, 1913.—The purpose of the forest products labora- tories, p. 37; The endurance of railroad timbers; valuable report presented by special committee of American railway and bridge association, p. 39. Canada Lumberman, Dec. 1, 1913.—Opera- tions at a logging camp in B. C., by C. W. 78 AMERICAN FORESTRY Scarff, p. 30-2; Experience with a cable tram road, by T. P. Jones, p. 54-6. Engineering record, Oct. 25, 1913.—Reclaim- ing the Florida everglades, p. 454-7; Fires in the Rocky Mountain forest re- serve, by W. N. Miller, p. 464. Handle Trade, Dec. 1913—Use of persim- mon, p. 13; Maple in handles, p. 13-14; Insects and sap stain, p. 21-2. Hardwood Record, Nov. 25, 1913.—Measure- ment of shrinkage, p. 22; Regarding black walnut, p. 23-4; The export of oak lumber, p. 26; Fungus enemies of oak trees, p. 29-30; Reducing the working of wood by kiln-drying, p. 32. Mississippi Valley Lumberman, Nov. 21, 1913.—Federal forestry, by H. S. Graves, p. 39-40. New York Lumber Trade Journal, Nov. 15, 1913.—Sound forestry principles and con- servation keynote of Empire State forest products association annual, p. 36-40. Paper, Nov. 12, 1913.—Canada’s flew forest products laboratory, by A. Gordon Mc- Intyre, p. 20-2, 34. Paper, Nov. 19, 1913.—Forest conditions in Wisconsin, by F. B. Moody, p. 44-6; The New York State forest preserve, by Clifford R. Pettis, p. 26 B-C; The de- velopment of private forestry, by E. A. Sterling, p. 28. Paper Mill, Nov. 1, 1913.—Wood flour, by Robert P. Skinner, p. 34. Paper Trade Journal, Nov. 13, 1913.—Sul- phite liquor for wood preservation, p. 46; The pulp industry and the national forests, by Julian E. Rothery, p. 48. Paper Trade Journal, Nov. 20, 1913.—Closer utilization of forest products in New York, by Nelson C. Brown, p. 40-44. Pulp and Paper Magazine, Nov. 1, 1913.— General notes on sulphite pulp, by Leo Schlick, p. 714-15; The development of the chemical pulp industries, by A. Klein, p. 720-1. Railway and Engineering Review, Nov. 15, 1913 —Preservation of poles by Kyaniz- ing, p. 1054. St. Louis Lumberman, Nov. 15, 1913—Creo- soted wood block pavement in Duluth, Minn., p. 53; White box wood, p. 56-57. St. Louis Lumberman, Dec. 1, 1913.—Missis- sippi’s petrified forests, p. 34; Conquer- ing the chestnut tree blight, p. 59; Fifth session of conservation congress, p. 67-71. Timber Trade Journal, Nov. 22, 1913.—Baltic and Scottish red and white sleepers, p. 818; Development of British forestry, by William Schlich, p. 821-22. Timber Trade Journal, Nov. 29, 1913.—Re- claiming sanddunes in Belgium, by A. D. Webster, p. 857. Timberman, Nov. 1913.—Taxation of tim- ber lands, p. 26; Potentialities of im- mense Siberian lumber interests graph- ically shown, by W. Toritch, p. 33-4. United States Daily Consular Report, Nov. 24, 1913—Wood-working machinery in FORESTERS ATTENTION AMERICAN FORESTRY will print free of charge in this column advertisements of foresters wanting positions, or of persons having employment to offer foresters WANTED—A position as an inspector of ties, timbers and lumber, by a forest school graduate with experience in inspecting ties, timbers and lum- ber. Can furnish best of references. Address Inspector, Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. Graduate forester, with three years of practical experience in Austria, wants position. Best of references. Address Grorce RAcrEk, 6th Avenue, 2133, Seattle, Wash. Graduate of Forestry School, having studied for- estry and lumbering operations in this country_and Germany, with experience in the U. S. Forest Serv- ice, and also in state and private nursery work, would like position with forest engineering firm or lumber company. Best of references. Address XY, Care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. POSITION WANTED.—On private estate: By forester now in U. S. Forest Service. Understands all branches of tree surgery, surveying, drainage, road building, bridges and culverts. concreting and landscape. Best of references furnished. H. M. C., Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. PRACTICAL FORESTER wants position with city park commission. Understands fully nursery work, planting, trimming and tree surgery. Best references and practical experience. Care AMERI- CAN FORESTRY. WANTED-—Situation as Woods Superintendent on private estate or hunting preserve, by graduate Forest Engineer with thorough experience and train- ing, both here and abroad, in forest management and the proper care of woods and game. Well rec- ommended. Address, MANAGER, Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. perfectly temperate, Have had 12 Also ioe DIRE Young, industrious fellow, wishes position on private estate. years’ experience in care of a country estate. some college training in forestry. Address Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. FORESTER with technical training and with sev- eral years’ experience’ in administrative work and teaching, desires position along either of these lines. Address “B,’’ Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. WANTED—Having organized city forestry de- partment and having had charge of city forestry and park work, being qualified for publicity work, etc., I am open for position as secretary of State Forestry Association. Address D, Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. A forest school graduate with experience in U. S. Forest Service and with lumber company, also pos- sessing thorough business training, will consider offer of a good forestry position. Address M., Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. Graduate of Penna. State College Forestry School, with experience in U. S. Forest Service and with a big paper company, desires position with tree surgery and landscape gardening firm. Address H., Care AMERICAN ForEsSTRY. Forester with wide experience in nursery work, planting, fire protection. etc., and also in park work, desires position. Best of references. Address U,. Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. Graduated forester with one year’s practical ex- perience in U. S. Forest Service, desires to advance himself and will gladly communicate with persons desiring to employ a forester. Address D., Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. CURRENT LITERATURE 79 Germany, by Robert P. Skinner, p. 1004; West African cedar, by W. J. Yerby, p. 1006. United States Daily Consular Report, Dec. 2, 1913.—Conservation of forests in Switzerland, p. 1131. West Coast Lumberman, Nov. 15, 1913.— Problems of Douglas fir distillation, by George M. Hunt, p. 33, 50. West Coast Lumberman, Dec. 1, 1913.—Reas- ons why government should not compete in manufacture of lumber, by Joseph B. Knapp, p. 22; Big problems in lumbering and timber ownership were discussed in practical way in sessions of forestry sec- tion of National conservation congress, by L. Murray Lamm, p. 34-8. Wood Craft, Dec. 1913.—Cross-grain; its causes and possibilities, by Samuel J. Record, p. 59-61; The kiln-drying of lumber, by Harry D. Tiemann, p. 61-64; True sandalwood and its uses, by Charles Davis, p. 74; Resonance in wood, p. 83; Weights of wood, p. 84. Wood-worker, Nov. 1913—A country of wonderful forests, by T. C. James, p. 42-3. Forest Journals. Allgemeine forst- und jagd-zeitung, Sept. 1913.—Die eichenwicklerfrass in West- falen, by Herwig, p. 316-19. Allgemeine forst- und jagd-zeitung, Nov. 1913.—Zurgeschichte der waldungen der stadt Leipzig, by A. Muller, p. 365-72; Der waldzinsfuss, by Kreysern, p. 372-8. Boletin de bosques, pesca i caza, June, 1913.— La plantaciones de la hacienda Guindos, by F. Albert, p. 795-815; Clasificacion de las maderas nacionales, by F. Albert, p. 842-51; Los bosques en Argentina, p. 857-8. Boletin de bosques, pesca i caza, July, 1913.— Los bosques, su conservacion, explotacion i fomento, by F. Albert p. 4-47; Le las claras en la dasonomia moderna, p. 57-62. Canadian Forestry Journal, Noy. 1913.— Forest pests in British Columbia, by J. M. Swaine, p. 166-7. Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist, Oct. 1913.—Important additions to the Ha- walian forest reserve system, by Ralph S. Hosmer, p, 299-310, 325-34. Indian Forest Records, Sept. 1913.—Report on the investtigation of Savannah grasses as material for production of paper pulp, by W. Raitt, p. 1-44. North Woods, Nov. 1913.—The 1913 fire losses, p. 3-5. Proceedings of the Society of American for- esters, Oct. 1913—In memoriam; Fred Gordon Plummer, p. 260; Reforestation on the national forests, by William B. Greeley, p. 261-77; The use of frustum form factors in constructing volume tables, by Donald Bruce, p. 278-88; Dar- winism in forestry, by Raphael Zon, p. 289-94: Nature’s law of selection, by Patrick Matthew, p. 295-300; Is eucalyp- FOREST ENGINEER, with Forest Service training in Colorado, Wyoming, private work in California, and six years’ experience in the lumber industry on the Pacific Coast, would like field work in any part of the United States. Estimating of timber lands and topographic surveying a_ spe- cialty. Four years technical training. Address, “D,” Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. WANTED—By Forester, a position with lumber or paper company. Experience in looking after camps and forestry work. Address W., Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. FORESTER and General Manager upon Private Estate.—Position wanted by man with long and wide experience in all matters connected with the above position. For full particulars address, X, Care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. Classified Advertising 10c a Line 10c a Line TIMBER SALES in Sullivan County, New 450 ACRES York, of nice, growing TIMBER suitable for scientific forestry FOR SALE Address CHARLES J. CLARK Holland Patent New York HAVE TWO FINE TRACTS OF PINE TIMBER For Sale. Parties meaning business we will gladly pay the expenses from Norfolk to timber and return if not just as represented. No brokers considered. JOYNER TIMBER CO., Norfolk, Va. OPPORTUNITY IN OREGON Years ago—before many people realized the value of standing timber—I homesteaded 160 acres having an exceptionally fine and heavy pure stand of Douglas Fir (Oregon Pine). The claim is bounded on one side by a large tributary of the McKenzie River and in the very heart of one of the richest timber belts in Oregon. I have held this timber land intending to take advantage of the certain rise in prices following the completion of the Panama Canal, until now, in the lull preceding a storm of buying I find myself under the necessity of selling. If you are in a position to take advantage of a dull market I will gladly send copy of expert’s estimate and complete data, and assist you in conducting a rigid investigation. | Address: OREGON OWNER, Care of AMERICAN FoRESTRY EXCELLENT OPPORTUNITY FOR SALE—500,000,000 feet of White Fir in California, immediately accessible; railroad operating, elevation 3,000 feet. Abundant pure mountain water; lime-rock outcroppings and two available water-power sites. There is only one pulp mill in California and market demands are heavy for grades of pulp and paper. Will sell more or less than the above amount of timber and contract to deliver logs to a mill. Douglas Fir and Yellow Pine reproduction is abun- dant. Terms moderate. If interested Address: A. W. Dopcet, Sacramento, Calif. FOR SALE--JUNIPER TRACT in West Florida tributary to Apalachicola; 1,200 acres timber, extra fine quality; bargain; owner retiring. Fk. SuskInpD, 106 Main Street, Jacksonville, Fla. 80 AMERICAN FORESTRY tus suitable for lumber, by Harry D. Tiemann, p. 301-316; Coordination of growth studies, reconnaissance, and reg- ulation of yield on national forests, by Hermann H. Chapman, p. 317-26; Man- agement of western white pine in north- ern Idaho, by Nelson C. Brown, p. 327- 32; The Himalayan forests, by W. H. Gallaher, p. 333-9; Methods and cost of brush piling and brush burning in Cali- fornia, by J. Alfred Mitchell, p. 340-53; Combating the larvae of the June-bug in forest nurseries, by Decoppet, p. 354-61; Some financial forest problems, by W. B. Barrows, p. 362-5. Revue des eaux et foréts, Oct. 15, 1913.—Le mouvement forestier al’ étranger; Suisse; by B. Huffel, p. 609-18. Zeitschrift fiir forst- und jagdwesen, Oct. 1913.—Die neue preussische betriebsregu- lungs—answeisung, by L. Schilling, p. 617-47; Mineral- und stickstoffgehalt von zurbelnadeln und ziirbelstreu, by H. Bauer, p. 659-60; Ertragstafeln fiir Pseudotsuga douglasii, by A. Schwap- pach, p, 652-7. TIMBER SALES—continued STAFF COMPASS (K. & E.) FOR SALE Good as new, Kueffel and Esser, the standard of the U. S. F. S., original cost $25.00, combines clinometer, protractor alidade, etc. Bargain. Address FE, Care THe AMERICAN Forestry ASSOCIATION, Washington, D. C. PULPWOOD LAND 2,500 acres in one township on Lake Superior, patented (freehold land) for sale cheap. ‘This is a good opportunity for an operator or anyone wishing to go into the pulpwood business to secure a fine block of timber at a very low price and receive the highest price for their wood, viz.: $7 to $7.50 per cord for rough unpeeled over rail or boat. 5,000 acres in different townshps, cheap. For further particulars apply, MULHOLLAND & Co., McKinnon Building, Toronto, Canada. ORCHIDS ORCHIDS We are specialists in Orchids, we col- lect, import, grow, sell and export this class of plants exclusively. Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of Orchids may be had on application. Also special lists of freshly imported unestab- lished Orchids. LAGER & HURRELL SUMMIT, N. J. Orchid Growers and Importers 66 99 Kills Prairie Dogs, Woodchucks, Gophers, and Grain Insects. ‘“‘The wheels of the gods grind slow but exceedingly small.’’ So the weevil, but you can stop their grind with . ° 99 “Fuma Carbon Bisulphide as others are doing. TAYLOR CHEMICAL CO., Penn Yan, N. Y. National Forest Timber For Sale Six hundred million feet of timber in the Clearwater country of Idaho will shortly be offered for sale by the Forest Service. ‘This stumpage forms a most attractive railroad logging proposition for a twenty year opera- tion. The timber will run 27 per cent choice white pine, while the cedar poles numbering approximately 350,- 000 offer an unusually good oppor- tunity for this branch of the lumber industry. A prospectus giving detailed infor- mation on timber estimates, approxi- mate logging and manufacturing costs, appraised stumpage prices and other data will soon be ready and may be obtained by addressing either of the following offices of the FOREST SERVICE Washington, D. C. Chicago, IIl. Missoula, Mont. Orofino, Idaho a a a — eee REMOVAL NOTICE ESTABLISHED 1905 INCORPORATED 1912 FISHER & BRYANT, INc. CONSULTING FORESTERS AND TIMBERLAND EXPERTS Are now located in larger quarters at 39 Asticou Road, Forest Hills Station Boston, Mass. Two minutes from Forest Hills Railroad and ele- vated stations, directly opposite the Bussey Insti- tution and adjacent to the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University TELEPHONE, Jamaica-270 AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS Forestry Reports For Sale q Owing to the large demand for reports of the Forestry Sub-com- mittees at the National Conservation Congress, the Forestry Com- mittee has decided to place these reports on sale in pamphlet form. Full Set (12 reports) ; , P $1.00 Single Reports, each : ‘ . 10 cents q A most valuable addition to any library on forestry and lumbering. The reports are: Forestry Committee State Forest Policy Forest Utilization Organization Forest Taxation Forest School Education Forest Publicity Forest Fires Forest Investigations Federal Forest Policy Lumbering State Forest Organization Forest Planting Order from American Forestry Association, dhgume oes) D. C. FORESTRY PLANTING IS BOOMING BOOMING The forward movement in Scientific Forestry and Forestry Planting is now advancing by leaps and bounds, thanks to the educational campaigns of the various Forestry Organizations whose work is reaching the fruition stage. The demand for Forestry Planting Material will this season tax the resources of those engaged in the furnishing of Forestry Stock. WE ARE READY FOR THE DEMAND with a full supply of the finest grades of stock yet furnished comprising Deciduous and Evergreen Seedlings and Transplants such as Larch, White Spruce, Balsam Fir, Hemilocks, Norway Spruce (by the million), Austrian Pine. Red Pine, Pitch Pine, White Pine, Scotch Pine, Arbor Vitae, Silver Maple, Catalpa Speciosa, Beech, White Ash, Green Ash, Honey Locust, Black Walnut, Cottonwood, Pin Oak, Red Oak, Scarlet Oak, Black Locust, American and European Lindens, American Etm, etc., also Cuttings of Willows, Poplars, etc., in variety, and NEW CROP TREE SEEDS. WE WILL QUOTE PLANTS BY THE 1,000, 10,000, 100,000, 500,000 AS DESIRED Send Inquiries and Orders early that the stock may be reserved. Everything Worth Planting eststes**catag and Price List. free om request. F.W. KELSEY NURSERY Co. 150 BROADWAY NEW YORK =i In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN FORESTRY. | Applied Knowledge : sue on ee mm ee a I ae ee sue HH sue ee ee ON pe we Se a ee ee sre ge mw BT Ne ee ee a ee ee OO eg ee fie tt i Si i i ee ee or kor Pm Sr ee i sie sine Cl a a a en ee i ae i cm ee SO he Ue me eg ee Te ee en i ie ee ee ee en ee eet renee meee Ae | re i ee wy te Oy 3 Application of knowledge, as opposed to its |i sie tt, iii Rae a ata! Si) tera aia eee lee eee oy ee mn Mra ee a a i EG a” oy a a nai ke tie ere, tard Mee ameter yh helt cee | iT ee | oa a oi: i a ce co i. ee! Pe wet POR Sh hme tte sisi CPL gl Oe ye ee Be ee ee OR nS oe Or a ae lel eS ee 2 |] mere acquisition, is what counts in the world of |) | practical affairs. = Our knowledge of timber is practical; it has | been applied; it is being applied steadily; it is : Available for YOUR USE : Bear that fact in mind whether you desire to _| buy or to sell timber lands. : All the information gathered by a far reaching, 2] ambitious organization, all the knowledge, the fruit “1 of long experience, and the facilities we have created i] are at the service of our clients. u : We serve you, not at acost, but to your profit. |: | JAMES D. LACEY & CO. | i Timber Land Factors i a 1750 McCormick Bldg. 1107 Spalding Bldg. 1009 White Building Hi 4] CHICAGO, ILL. PORTLAND, ORE. SEATTLE, WASH. |: TT i * ie y Including American Conservation, acquired in August, 1911 Acc Aee eee CSRS CRC CEESSESCTCCEOSESSERSECSERSSSECSCSERSCSSCCESCHSSSESCCEESCERSHREHEESGRSCESCRGRRESGESCRSRERCESSESTERTESSSSSEES CECCEEEGHEETOEEEOEO TER HAEORO EEE SEOREREEESSEESORSEESEESEESEREEEESEN EEE EC HEHEHE EE EEEEEEE EERE EE THE PANAMA CANAL AND THE LUMBER TRADE moREOErRY'-ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE WOODLOT FORESTRY HETCH HETCHY TIMBER AFFECTED THE RANGE ON NATIONAL FORESTS STATES WANT FORESTRY LAWS THE TORREY PINE STATE FOREST POLICY IN KENTUCKY AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS sae Steen = ———— = ———— ——esscceacce HII M4 | “EWhore Steam SKiddors | are Use acres iO ir}. ot Une ---the mill has fresh logs at all times, insurin® hioh- arade lumber untouched by worms or Sap -rot. Steam skidders also en- able the hardwood man to reduct his skiddin® costs away below the average annual cost of skidding with animals, upon te the price of his stump was figured. Dee Dee ae a bi\ ae 1} hear = | Irarr HTL CLYDE SKIDDER Le erating in heavy ca i ndli aac annie Oak MoAce ae Only Way/to Handle Hardwood” th the January issue e OF STEAM MACH. we INERY: a copy’ sent free on request. = : dé You will interested in reading “TA tee CLYDE IRON WORKS AEAD OFFICE & FACTORY — DULUTH, MINN. NEW ORLEANS a= Se a CNET SAVANNAH — ee OR eh (Oy bf Gy 4 Coy s5 EB \ Saegegass —— = = ——————— teuseauss In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN ForESTRY American Forestry The Magazine of the American Forestry Association PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD HERMAN H. CHAPMAN FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL ERNEST A. STERLING JOHN E. RHODES S. T. Dana S. N. SPRING February CONTENTS 1914 THE PANAMA CANAL AND THE LUMBER TRADE—By R. C. Bryant_____________- 81 With ten illustrations. Sie nO RR Yt lN bby boise" ROorbathinas se ose ree noe eu ae se eene aa ace ee ke 92 With eleven illustrations. FORESTRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE—By Warren H. Miller_____._____________- 101 With eight illustrations. IMPROVEMENT IN RANGE CONDITIONS—By A. F. Potter___._____-___________-- 110 With seven illustrations. iGO DI OME ORE SM RSY=—B iva. Ivoseniboltrblas: Vis Hee eee ee ee 118 With twelve illustrations. MN CATTING A SLATE FOREST POLICY TN IS NTUG@KYS 22222 S22 eee 135 With five illustrations. DD ACEHGEIME JAP AMS ID) MOU Ash JOD OLS INsy Aap. 2 OS IMUGIN| Dk ee ee 141 THE‘SPRAG INDUSTRY OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA—By John L. Strobeck____ 142 With one illustration. HO Ma SiR COMIMtaeh bil PORMS 22524. 520) see eis ee ee 145 TEES, YAISISPORENIES N/E UNG peo ee ee ee ee ie oe ee ee ee ee 146 BRAT sh ORaANeE OS AW ONGHORE OUR VY £2222.) eee Sa See ee he 149 eee highs era ht bin ARE BC PED s 2. 22 dees eek ose ee ce 150 CE TES Sy PAN Goa TST 2 EY) OOS geo 151 nen Ciba rs VONIN YO te ORES Lie Wao =< ee eee i Ce eo ee 151 Peer rie Ol PRCA HOE lRoY LyAW 22. Stee kee ee ee ee eee 152 RES VMEVANG NI MORTAIW—By. Walliand RR. Mishers2225825 522.0022 22 25 ee 153 ee Phere UN DER DEE, WEES AC TS. a 3532s. es So cee eee 153 GOVERNMENT MAKES LARGEST OFFERING OF TIMBER.._.-_._-_----------_-_- 154 eee. Poa sib oO yl ble Se Se ere ee ease St lees tL 154 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE NEW YORK STATE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION -_-__- 155 Soe SYS OS 1 Bog Be Sea i De oo Bg OS a 6.) 22 eee oe 155 PMA. REPORT ON: YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK. —.. 2222222250022 ou. 156 Pan lRE Eb OOl—Poem—bBy A. Ji Jacksons= =. -.2 5.5252~.-.-5i5 2 See 225 ee eee ke 156 FEPEMEL SIME IN ©) j1bE! cyeecene a eae heh Ren en ene Nee SS Bees LO Dee ae See tooo wees 157 SUL ANINB, DRO OA YISIGS 2 te SENS SE a es al eee egy eg ee Eee rae eS ae ee eee ae 159 BE et Ie Te iy eee ie he Se ty AO ee Se ee SS Ce en te 160 AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, two dollars per year; single copies, twenty cents. Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Post-office at Washington, under the Act of March 8, 1879. 3f 4f Declaration of Principles and Policy of the American Forestry Association IT IS A VOLUNTARY organization for the inculcation and spread of a forest policy on a scale adequate for our economic needs, and any person is eligible for membership. IT IS INDEPENDENT, has no official connection with any Federal or State department or policy, and is devoted to a public service conducive to national prosperity. IT ASSERTS THAT forestry means the propagation and care of forests for the produc- tion of timber as a crop; protection of watersheds; utilization of non-agricultural soil; use of forests for public recreation. IT DECLARES THAT FORESTRY is of immense importance to the people; that the census of 1913 shows our forests annually supply over one and a quarter billion dollars, worth of products; employ 735,000 people; pay $367,000,000 in wages; cover 550,- 000,000 acres unsuited for agriculture; regulate the distribution of water; prevent ero- sion of lands; and are essential to the beauty of the country and the health of the nation. IT RECOGNIZES THAT forestry is an industry limited by economic conditions; that private owners should be aided and encouraged by investigations, demonstrations, and educational work, since they cannot be expected to practice forestry at a financial loss; that Federal and State governments should undertake scientific forestry upon national and State forest reserves for the benefit of the public. IT WILL DEVOTE its influence and educational facilities to the development of public thought and knowledge along these practical lines. It Will Support These Policies: FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT of national forests; adequate appropriations for their care and management; Federal cooperation with the States, especially in forest fire protection. STATE ACTIVITY by acquirement of forest lands; organization for fire protection; en- couragement of forest planting by communal and private owners; non-political depart- mentally independent forest organization, with liberal appropriations for these purposes. FOREST FIRE PROTECTION by Federal, State and fire protective agencies, and its encouragement and extension, individually and by cooperation; without adequate fire protection all other measures for forest crop production will fail. FOREST PLANTING by Federal and State governments and long-lived corporations and acquirement of waste lands for this purpose; and also planting by private owners, where profitable, and encouragement of natural regeneration. FOREST TAXATION REFORMS removing unjust burdens from owners of growing timber. CLOSER UTILIZATION in logging and manufacturing without loss to owner; aid to lumbermen in achieving this. CUTTING OF MATURE TIMBER where and as the domestic market demands it, except on areas maintained for park or scenic purposes, and compensation of forest owners for loss suffered through protection of watersheds, 01 on behalf of any public interest. EQUAL PROTECTION to the lumber industry and to public interests in legislation affecting private timberland operations, recognizing that lumbering is as legitimate and necessary as the forests themselves. CLASSIFICATION by experts of lands best suited for farming and those best suited for forestry; and liberal national and State appropriations for this work. a ae ee re American Forestry VOL. XX FEBRUARY, 1914 No. 2 THE PANAMA CANAL AND THE LUMBER TRADE By R. C. Bryant, Professor of Lumbering at Yale University HE influence the opening of the | Panama Canal will have upon certain industries in this country has furnished a fruitful topic of discussion for some time. It is probable that no class of business men have looked forward with greater hopes of increased commercial activity than have the lumber producers of the Pacific Coast, who for several years have been struggling to make ends meet in their business. There are some who feel that the lower water rate which will prevail when the Canal is open, should permit Pacific Coast operators not only to enter the eastern tidewater markets but they also foresee the possibility of delivering lumber, without rehandling, to Canal boats at Albany, New York, at the terminus of the Erie Canal from which point it may be distributed to the large consuming districts tributary to it. This would not only open a large rural market in New York state but would permit them to invade the famous stronghold of eastern white pine, namely the Tonawandas at the western end of the canal. By reloading at this point, lumber could be forwarded by an all- water route from Pacific Coast points to the large lumber consuming centers on the Great Lakes, including Chicago, the largest lumber market in the United States. That this dream of conquest will materialize in the next decade seems doubtful, although it may well come true when the supply of eastern woods is reduced. The reasons why western lumbermen are so keenly interested in the Panama Canal as a market stimulus is that the lumber industry on the western slope of the Rocky Mountains has been in a somewhat demoralized condition due to the low average price which lumber has brought to the manufacturer f.o.b. car at the mill. Competition with other woods, especially southern yellow pine, coupled with a very high freight rate for points east of the Rocky Mountains has narrowed the boundaries of their domestic market to such an extent that only the better grades of lumber could be manufactured and sold at a profit. The prosperous business conditions pre- vious to 1907 led some to make heavy investments in manufacturing plants and others in stumpage, and to-day with depressed market conditions many operators find themselves forced either to close their plants, if they can do so and avoid bankruptcy, or else manu- facture lumber at a loss and thus secure a little ready money with which to meet obligations. A somewhat unique situation exists in the territory tributary to the Colum- bia river, Puget Sound and other coast points in that the logging and manufacturing interests are usually con- ducted under separate management, even though both may be controlled directly or indirectly by the same in- terests. The logger harvests his timber and places the logs on the market often through some log-selling agency, the logs being bought on grade and manufactured by the mills. This sepa- 81 LI NE\ 60T (ha 82 AMERICAN FORESTRY Tue Docks AND LUMBER PILES OF THE PORT BLAKELY MILL. ration of woods and mill work is not common in any other forest region. Many mills have been closed or running on part time during the last few months because the operating costs often nearly equalled and sometimes exceeded the sale value of the lumber. Although the price of logs has been low the loggers have been able to keep their camps running without as great loss as that sustained by the mill men since loggers have been able to realize some profit on their stumpage even at the low price which the logs have brought. The condition of the lumber market is reflected in the statement of an official of a large plant, located on tide- water, which closed down some months ago. ‘‘Business conditions in the West, as far as lumber goes, are poorer then during the 1907-1908 panic. Our selling average since May has been from $10 to $11.25 per M. Logs cost us about $9.’ This condition prevails in the shingle trade as well as with lumber, a manufacturer recently stating that dur- ing the past year his average percentage of grades of shingles manufactured had been 95 per cent of the best and 5 per cent of the second grade, although the normal per cent of production should have been 60 per cent and 40 per cent, respectively. The company wasted material that would have made the extra 35 per cent of the second grade, and when they offered at cost the 5 per cent which they actually manufactured, they could not sell them. A recent writer on Pacific Coast con- ditions states that about 25 per cent of the lumber cut of Washington and Oregon goes by water to domestic and foreign ports, 25 per cent is consumed locally and the remainder is shipped by rail to points East and South, chiefly west of Denver, less than 2 per cent going to points East of the Missouri River. While softwood lumber is marketed all over the United States, the best territory outside of the home states 1s the great agricultural region of the Middle West which has no forest re- sources; the vast area east of Chicago and north of the Ohio river, once heavily forested but now largely cut- Doucras Fir, or WHIcH More LuMBER Is CuT IN TuIs Country THAN oF ANY OTHER SPECIES, BEING LOADED AT Tacoma, WASH. NOTE THAT THE VESSELS ARE BUILT TO CARRY A HEAVY DECK LOAD IN ADDITION TO THAT IN THEIR HOLD. DOUGLAS FIR IS NOW IN DEMAND IN THE EASTERN STATES AND IN MOST TIMBER IMPORTING COUNTRIES. 84 AMERICAN FORESTRY LUMBER MILL AT FAIRBANKS IN THE INTERIOR OF ALASKA WHICH CuTS TIMBER FOR LOCAL USE. THE FORESTS IN THIS PART OF THE COUNTRY SUFFER GREATLY FROM FIRES. THOSE ON THE COAST ARE LESS LIKELY TO BE BURNED BECAUSE OF THE MORE MOIST ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS. over and in which the demand for lumber for manufacturing and other purposes far exceeds the local production and the area west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains, including Texas, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska and the Dakotas which have only limited supplies in restricted sec- tions. The value of the eastern states as a market for outside lumber is shown by the fact that seven states tributary to New York and Philadelphia consume about six billion feet of lumber in excess of the local production, and the area within a radius of one hundred miles of New York consumes as much lumber as the territory comprised in an area within a radius of fifteen hundred miles from Seattle. The territory west of the Mississippi river is the fighting ground of the yellow pine and Douglas fir trade with some competition in the north from white pine products. West of Denver the Pacific coast products have but little competition but east to the Missouri river the competition grows more keen as the freight haul from the West increases. Beyond this point the territory is given over chiefly to southern yellow pine and to white pine. Freight rates are the dominating factor in determining the territory in which a product can be sold profitably. As illustrating this the rates for Douglas fir from Washington and on southern yellow pine from the South may be cited. The all-rail rate on fir products is 75 cents per 100 pounds from the Pacific Coast to New York, which on flooring, per thousand board feet, amounts to approximately $15, on dimension and common boards from $18. to $19.50, on timbers, not green about $22.50, and on rough green lumber and timbers about $24.75. The all-rail rate from points in Louisiana which ship yellow pine lumber to the same point as that mentioned for fir is 35 cents per 100 pounds, which is approximately $7.75 per thousand board feet for longleaf pine flooring, $9.50 on dimension and common boards, and $15.75 on heavy timbers. This gives the yellow pine manu- facturers an advantage in freight rate alone of $7.25 on flooring, from $8.50 to $10. on dimension and common boards, and $9 on timbers. This handi- cap for fir timber is so great that only a very limited amount of the better grades can now be sent by the all-rail route. Within the last year or two a very limited quantity of fir lumber has found ‘adVa I], NOIGUOY ANV ASIMISVOD HLOG YOU AAddIHS SI AAAWIY, ANIG MOTIAA HOH WOW “VD ‘HYNNVAYS Lv x90q AaaWnT 86 AMERICAN FORESTRY = 7, f Rots aa te Ye wd [ake A LUMBER MILL ON THE TONGASS NATIONAL FOREST, SOUTHEAST ALASKA. The logs are floated to the mill on the same waters on which their material is later transported as finished lumber. The Alaska National forests are now self supporting and cut material for local use to make boxes for the salmon canneries. means of the Panama canal. its way into the eastern markets via the Isthmus of Panama, due to a com- bination rail and water rate of from 40 to 50 cents per 100 pounds from Puget Sound points to New York. This rate was inaugurated by a steamship com- pany operating on the Pacific Coast. Lumber has been reshipped from the Atlantic seaboard as far west as Buffalo at a cost of $125. per car less than it could have been sent by an_all-rail route. The amount of lumber sent by the water route has been small because of the limited facilities available, so that this means of transport, has had no effect on transcontinental rail rates. The question of what water rates will apply from the West Coast to the eastern seaboard, via the Panama Canal, is yet undecided, but it has been estimated that American ships will charge from $11 to $12 per thousand board feet for this service. It is doubtful if the amount of lumber traffic through A heavy production of pulp is promised from these forests which may be marketed in the east by This forest is at Ketchikan. the Canal from West to East will assume large proportions. at least for some time after the opening of the Canal, because of the lack of suitable American bottoms in which to carry the product. While there are some new lumber carriers now under construction for the canal trade, the total carrying capacity will not be such as to make a very strong impression on eastern markets. Another important factor is the lack of adequate lumber handling facilities at many of the Atlantic coast ports. A large part of the water shipments which now come both from Canada and from the yellow pine region of the South are in comparatively small cargoes made up of parcel lots which are delivered at various docks. The lIumber is also often in mixed lots destined for interior rail trade. Large vessels carrying cargoes of from four to six million feet, which are desirable for long shipments, will find few ports where there are ‘LI OLNI ALdWa HOIHM SYAAIM AHL GNV GNNOS LU9Nd NO NOWWOD AdAL AHL AO YANVALS THAHM NUYALS V AONVLISIAG AHL NI ‘AU 1GNVE{ ATIGVAY AG AVIV SYAMWIY, YAIAVAL] ANV ONINNV7Td AI SVTONOC HOIH MA NO SYATIOY AHL HLM “HSV MA ‘VINODV], LY ANAIG AAVH\\ AAA] Y 68 SO+ 88 AMERICAN FORESTRY LUMBER MILLING AND TRANSPORTATION ON THE NORTHWEST COAST. In the: oreground is the log pond from which the material is supplied to the mill. the lumber fleet which takes the product of the mill to distant ports. Washington. sufficiently large receiving yards to permit of the rapid unloading of the vessel, and there will be little encourage- ment for the owners of lumber carriers of large capacity to engage in lumber transport until this condition is remedied. The laws of the United States regu- lating coast-wise traffic require that the products shall be carried in American bottoms and this fact alone will be deterrent to the rapid expansion of the estern trade because of the limited tonnage of vessels available and because of the greater expense of operating such vessels as compared to those of foreign registry which may carry lumber from British Columbia to our eastern sea- board. Cheaper operating labor costs are due to the employment of Asiatic labor, lower interest charges on the investment, and a lower insurance rate. According to a statement of the presi- dent of a large steamship company on the Pacific Coast, the reduced expense of foreign vessels will permit the ship- ment of lumber from western Canada, via Panama Canal, to the Atlantic seaboard for about $10 per thousand board feet, canal tolls included. If this In the background is Port Blakely, Kitsap Co., low rate is made for foreign vessels, the eastern markets will be more advan- tageous for our Canadian cousins than for the lumber manufacturers of the Northwest. An added advantage has been granted to Canadian lumbermen through the passage of the Underwood- Simmons Tariff Bill which has removed the $1.25 duty on lumber, now admitting lumber into this country free of charge. While it is admitted by all that the wood products of the western forests will supply a large part of the eastern requirements at some future time, due to the gradual exhaustion of timber near-by yet this change, even with favorable water rates from coast to coast will only come about gradually for several reasons. The eastern trade is conservative and has been held for many years by local and by southern lumber manufacturers who have estab- lished trade connections and who have carefully studied the requirements of the various classes of consumers. The Pacific Coast manufacturers will find that it will be dificult to overcome these handicaps, unless they can offer a superior article at a lower price. This will hold true so far as ordinary lumber THE PANAMA CANAL AND THE LUMBER TRADE 89 S1TKA SPRUCE LOGS IN THE SAWMILL, Box Factory AND Boat BUILDING PLANT AT PORT GRAVINA ISLAND, ALASKA. products are concerned, but even now the West is gradually taking over the trade in heavy timbers since the South, which formerly supplied a large part of this class of material, finds that its supply of stumpage suitable for this purpose is largely exhausted. The eastern market for flooring, finishing and common construction lumber will not be surrende:ed without a struggle, and it is doubtful if a large part of the trade can be wrested from the southern pine manufacturers until their supply of stumpage becomes so depleted that they, of necessity, must give up some of their more distant markets. It is not anticipated that fir lumber can influence to any degree the yellow pine trade in the great prairie states of the Middle West, which for many years received vast quantities of lumber from the Lake States, but which in recent times have relied on the South to supply their needs. The mills in Arkansas and Louisiana, for instance, now get into the Chicago market on an average rate of 24 cents per 100 pounds, while the rail rate from the coast is 55 cents. Even though a very favorable water rate were granted from the West via the Canal, Pacific Coast lumber could not get into these markets as readily as yellow pine, since the railrate from Gulf or Atlantic ports would be equal to the rate now paid from southern mills and, in addition, the western product would have to pay the water rate and handling charges at the point of transfer. From the standpoint of the yellow pine operator, in fact also from the standpoint of the Coast manufacturer as well, a most hopeful sign is that the home demand for lumber in the southern states is increasing at a very rapid rate and in another decade it is reasonably certain that a very large per cent of the lower grades produced at southern pine mills will be marketed at home on a low freight rate, thus automatically with- drawing this product from competition with Douglas fir in other sections. There is little likelihood of any im- portant movement of timber via water from the East to the West, although a new field for southern hardwoods will be open on the Pacific Coast. The very high freight rates now charged for transporting hardwoods from the Missis- sippi valley to the western part of the United States practically precludes their use except in the best class of buildings. It is now cheaper to import hardwoods from Asiatic countries than it. is to bring native hardwoods over the Rocky Mountains by rail. While the western tide-water mills will probably be benefited directly to a greater degree than the interior mills 90 AMERICAN FORESTRY LOADING EASTERN LUMBER AT TIDEWATER AND LUMBER SCHOONERS TAKING ON CARGO AT Banocor, ME. by the opening of the Canal, yet the latter also should have an increased field in which to market their products, or at least their present field should be freed from a certain amount of com- petition which it now meets from the tide-water plants. Most of the Coast mills have rail as well as water con- nections and cater to the cargo or rail trade depending on which market is the better for the time being. With an enlarged field for their cargo trade the Coast mills will to a large extent abandon their rail trade and leave it unmolested to the interior mills. It is also probable that a greater amount of cargo trade will develop for certain species, such as western white pine, which is manu- factured exclusively by the rail mills. This wood is now in demand in the East as a substitute for eastern white pine and even today the cargo trade in this wood is of considerable importance. It is probable that the rail shipments which now reach the eastern seaboard will later come largely by water and in increasing quantities. The new Canal route should open up a new export field for western lumber, especially in eastern South America and in Europe—regions which largely have been dominated by yellow pine. How- ever, western lumbermen will find pro- gress slow in both of these sections, because of the old established business connections of the manufacturers of eastern woods. Yellow pine has been an important factor in many European markets for years and has held its own in competition with lumber from Russia, Sweden and Norway, and since the Douglas fir lumber must pay for a haul several thousand miles longer than yellow pine the cost of placing it on the market will be greater. The European . markets, especially in the United King- dom, are exceedingly conservative. Some fir is now used there and the demand for large ship timbers will probably rapidly increase, but a strong campaign would be necessary before the consumer of construction and finish- ing lumber could be persuaded to buy readily a wood with which they are not thoroughly familiar. The South American trade of greatest THE PANAMA CANAL AND THE LUMBER TRADE 91 Boom or Locs AND SAWMILL AT DOUGLAS, ALASKA. THE DEEP FIORD-LIKE “‘CANALS’’ OF THE ALASKAN COAST OFFER EXCEPTIONAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR RAFTING LOGS AND FOR LOADING THEM FROM THE WHARVES TO OCEAN-GOING VESSELS. importance to the yellow pine manu- facturers is in the Argentine Republic where there is a very large demand. Southern shippers are familair with the needs of this market and would offer resistance to any incursions in their selling territory. The West Coast of South America will probably always remain largely in the hands of the western lumber producers owing to their proximity . The cheaper freight rate, coupled with the fact that fir lumber usually sells at a lower f.o.b. mill price will largely discourage yellow pine men from seeking to develop a market in that part of the world. The same is true also of the Asiatic markets whose demands for our lumber have not increased greatly during the last de- cade. Itis more than probable that out- side of the lumber shipped there from the west coast that the chief supplies will be drawn from Japan, Formosa and Siberia, all close at hand. It is not to be expected that the opening of the Panama Canal will either be a panacea for all of the troubles of the Coast lumbermen or the means of giving the people of the eastern part of the United States cheaper lumber, since it will take some years to build up a trade in western lumber and _ to develop shipping and terminal facilities so that the movement of large quantities of fir lumber will be possible. In the meantime the advancing price of stump- age and the reduction in the annual out- put of southern yellow pine, its greatest competitor, will have reduced compe- tition and the territory now controlled by the pine manufacturers will gradually be absorbed by the Coast manufac- turers without any marked reduction in lumber prices—probably at an increased price. We need not expect cheaper lumber on the eastern seaboard because of the opening of the Canal but we may reasonably hope to have a more gradual increase in lumber values than we would be warranted in expecting if the pro- ducts of the great forests of the West were not to be made available to us at a transportation cost much lower than now prevails. THE TORREY PINE By ELoisE ROoORBACH ALIFORNIA is. distinguished forestrally, for the frequency of what the botanists call Arboreal Islands—localities pre-empted by a single species of tree, surrounded by a distinctly different flora. Groups of trees of an entirely local character dot the flora of the state as an ocean is dotted with islands. Some of these tree islands occur inland, of which the Se- quoia Gigantia (or Washingtonia) is a notable example. But the greater number are strictly littoral. The Mon- terey Pine is a fine illustration of such an island, being the dominant tree of the Monterey Peninsula and confined ex- clusively to this very limited area. Monterey and Gowan cypress, Bishops and Knob-cone pine, Santa Lucia fir, Catalina Ironwood and the Torrey pine (Pinus Torreyana) form other con- spicuous examples. The Torrey pine is restricted to a small tract at the mouth of the Soledad River, just within the northerly limit of San Diego’s extensive city limits, and to a few on the Santa Rosa Island, which is one of the Santa Barbara group. These are its only known stations. The San Diego island con- tains a roughly estimated two thousand of these isolated survivors of an ancient forest that are making a last brave fight for racial continuance. Upon an arid cliff, overlooking the salt marshes of the river, buffeted by swiftly driving winds from the sea, they stand at bay. Some cling pluckily, with long bark covered roots, to the steep walls of sandstone knowls. Some have heavily buttressed their precariously leaning trunks, bracing against the inevitable as wrestlers thrust out a foot when, resisting an antagonist. Some, foiled by the winds, of their natural endeavor to reach, tall and straight to the skies, sweep the earth with prostrate crown— their reverent genuflection to a higher power. Some are recumbent, creeping along the ground as vines creep, dragging full ripened cones through the rifts of sand. A few boldly toss their stifly contorted branches into the air from the top of a cliff, staunchly braving the A Harpy, AupAcious TORREY PINE CLINGING PARALLEL WITH THE STEEP SLOPES. Photo by E. Roorbach. 92 JAPANESQUE GROWTH OF A PINE UPON A SANDY KNOLL OVERLOOKING THE SOLEDAD RIVER VALLEY. Pholo by E. Roorbach, 94 AMERICAN FORESTRY storms, doggedly submitting to the roughly modeling gales. Some grow close to the bluffs for protection and are in consequence often washed with their helpless protectors, far down a crevasses, where they may be seen clinging desperately to any possible foothold. Every tree has been shaped by the influence of the ocean winds into a beautiful individuality of form. No two are alike, each developing a dis- tinctive manner of resisting adverse conditions. Occasionally a branch that has made a bold, straight thrust into the wind has abruptiv retreated, bend- wiv buck upon itselt with serpentine grace. Or a determined branch has been forced to yield inch by inch, until - it re-curves downward, banyan fashion, and its needles become burried in the sand. This San Diego island of Torrey pines, being the more accessible and by far the largest, is the goal of many a distinguished botanist, scientist, den- drologist as well as laymen interested only in its very remarkable beauty and wild charm of setting. This rare tree was discovered by Dr. C. C. Parry when on the Mexican Boundary Survey of 1850 and by Prof. John Le Conte. It was named in honor of Dr. John Torrey a distinguished scientist and botanist, by his friend Dr. Parry. Reports of an earlier discovery is exant but it is unreliable and the pine was not classified. Dr. Jepson, author of the ‘Silva of California’”’ gives a most interesting account of the formation of these arborial islands. He says ‘‘ The arborial islands along the coast are taken to be remnants of a great Pleistocene forest. At the end of the Pliocene period there was inaugurated a tremendous series of earth movement on the California coast. Geologists are by no means agreed as to the period and duration of these oscillations but in the Tertiary and Quarternary there was at intervals, land connection between the present mainland and the Santa Barbara Is- lands. A moister climate in the Pliocene or Pleistocene periods would permit the existence of a great forest along the California coast and its extension down- ward over a large area which now rests beneath the Pacific ocean, save for the immersed peaks of the Santa Barbara Islands. Subsidence of the mountains ae = : SS A TorRREY PINE. Drawn by E. Roorbach THE TORREY PINE S fos AD #4 \. K "i xy Aen N A Ga 95 a (/ OWN WW ANN ay __ b) / v4 COMPANIONS. South Coast Range area left only vestiges of this forest on the immersed peaks or islands. Between these islands * the tides flowed through the waterways of Pacheco Pass, Ponoche Pass, Warthan Pass etc., connecting the ocean and the inland sea of the Great Valley. The final uplift of the Coast Ranges, with the species following the receeding shore downwards, accompanied by changes and diversifications in climatic con- ditions would account for the persis- tence and isolation of the present arborial islands of Monterey pine, Mon- terey Cypress and other species along the California coast line. Subsidence and uplift would also explain the presence of species on the Santa Barbara Islands and not on others by reason of the difference of altitude among the islands.” Drawn by E. Roorbach. Darwins oft-quoted statement that “The Oaks have driven the Pines to the sands.’’ comes to mind when seeing this remarkable, interesting company of pines. They have, like wise fighters, entrenched themselves from further in- vasion by retreating to a territory so bleak and forbiding, no foe would care to enter within its borders. Their arid reservation is only about a mile wide and eight miles long. To the north Del Mar can be seen through their cone fringed branches. To the south, La Jolla lies, framed by strangely twisted trees. To the east, the Los Penasquitos and McGonigle canons lead the vision far on to the deeply colored, purple and amethist Cuyamaca mountains. The outlook is wild, barbaric in color as is characteristic of southern California’s mesa lands. 96 AMERICAN FORESTRY The rains have poured heavily upon this pine encampment, as it has a way of doing in semi-arid districts and washed deep ravines toward the river and cut sharp angular paths to the sea. Some of the fissures are one hundred and fifty feet or more in depth, somewhat rounding, imitating in soft sandstone miniatures, the granite formations of Yosemite. In other places sheer walls have been gashed from flat table lands with a formation reminding forcefully of the Grand Canon. Sulphur and iron out-croppings have streaked these deeply eroded walls with yellows, reds, blues and grays. When the sky is blue and the sun shines brightly upon these mineral painted fissures topped with yellow sands, the spot rivals the fam- ously gorgeous painted desert colorings of Arizona. : The surf that continuously dashes the soft cliffs, have occasionally claimed whole points, leaving jagged, raw looking scars in the steep banks. Mesambry- amtheum, coarse grasses, opuntias, obtain a footing in the cracks of these bare walls with daring flashed of color. The trees lean away from these treacherous shores with dramatic vigor, quite as if in rushing flight from an enemy. They rush up narrow defiles, huddle together in canons, ambushing themselves behind jutting cliffs. A few lie flat upon the headlands, as if scouting, Indian fashion. The whole impression of the place where these stunted trees exist as best they may, is as if danger lurked everywhere and storm and destruction were ever immanent. The form of the trees, the gashed lands; the savage, brilliant colors, combine in making a spot of wild beauty as well as one of exceptional scientific interest. Under cultivation in inland parks and gardens the trees grow symetrically. They are straight of trunk, full of crown and much taller, with outward swinging branches of greater length and of softer curve. Here in the unprotected land of their retreat, adverse conditions have made them short, compact, tough. Their branches are held close to the trunk, the crown is small. They rarely exceed a height of thirty five feet or a diameter of fourteen inches. The bark of the older trees is of a redish brown color, about an inch in thickness, com- posed of wide flat scales broken into Its GROTESQUE ARMS STRETCHING TO THE FAR, Far WEST. Drawn by E. Roorbach. THE TORREY PINE 97 WS, eh | 2 A’ II ‘ te Boe er we GK. "EFA? S S SOS Se: Crs | z cS MW YZ A 2 NW, ee au 4 ~ THE SCATTERED GROWTH ALONG THE ROADWAY. deep, irregular ridges. The bark of the young trees is grayer and quite spongy. The wood is brittle and wide grained. The needles tough, unusually long, being from eight to twelve inches in length and in fascicles of five. They are dark grayish green, clustered in heavy looking bunches at the end of thick, knotty branches. The cones are triangularly oval, about four to five and one half inches in length, strongly attached to the branch by short, thick stems. They ripen in the early fall of the third year but persist upon the tree for four or five years. Cones of all ages of growth hang upon the tree at the same time. The seeds are dark brown with yellowish streaks and are ranked with the Digger and Big Cone pine, the Parry and One- leaf Pinon in food value. The seeds often remain within the cone several years after it has fallen to the ground. Drawn by E. Roorbach. The Torrey pine,in order to counteract excessively adverse conditions, are pro- lific bearers. The cones are dark brown with an upward turning spike on the end of each scale. The scales do not readily release the seeds while on the trees but wait for the winds to send them rolling down to the pockets of earth. Unless the seeds are washed into crevasses of the earth that are filled with mineral soil, they are not apt to ger- minate. So the tree spreads slowly, but now that this tract of land is under the care and direct supervision of a city forester, a new and hopeful growth is gaining a footing. This pine is thought to be short lived, barely reaching to a hundred years of age, as far as can be determined. Yet the strange feature of this island of pines is that there are no dead stumps to be seen and no scars in the ground from which they 98 AMERICAN FORESTRY SHOWING THE STUNTED GROWTH OF THE TORREY PINE UPON THE RIDGES. might have been removed. It is supposed that the Indians carried away the fallen logs for fire wood and that the sands burried the scars made by digging for each bit of root. The tree flowers in February and March, the pollen bearing blossoms being large, terete, light brown in color and clustered thickly at the ends of the branches. Photo by E. Roorbach. These pines are being companioned by many small shrubs and flowers which have crept in from the surrounding mesa for protection. Wherever shrubs grow, the birds congregate. So Torrey Island is developing into a most interesting resort of bird, flower and shrub. Its plant life is of unusual interest for the local species of beach and mesa have SHOWING THE ARID BLurFS AMONG WHICH THE TORREY PINES ARE LIVING. Photo by E. Roorbach. THE TORREY PINE 9 PROTECTED FROM THE WINDS BY SANDSTONE BLUFFS THE TORREY PINE GROWS TO ITS FuLLtest HeEicutT. Photo by E. Roorbach. been augmented by many an immigrant from distant habitats which find {the needle-covered sand and the shade of the trees quite to their liking. Fortunately the state has become interested in this scientifically valuable group so these kindly protectors of shrubs will not be crushed out by too vigorous upstarts. Pine and Oak insurgent history will not be repeated on this refuge island. The shrubs are now of real benefit to the trees by shielding the seedlings from the winds and by conserving the moisture to a great extent. Ceonothus fills the canons with fragrance in the spring. Toyon makes it gay in the winter. Mahogany, sumac, laurel, manzanita add their flower beauty. Yerba Santa and several sages join the buckthorn and chaparal. The tree poppies dapples the sand with petals of gold. Clematis trails long green vines over brown UNUSUALLY TALL AND SYMMETRICAL TORREY PINES GROWING IN THE LEE OF A CLIFF. Photo by E. Roorbach. needles and hangs white blossoms far down dark ravines. Nemophilia and gilia drift daintilly over sheltered slopes. Mesambryamtheums’ succulent foliage clings in many a sandy sift. Lilac sand-verbena runs gaily among tall clumps of blossoming grasses. Maraposas stand poised gracefully above opuntias barbed leaves. The Spanish bayonet rears its thousand-tapered can- delabra above velvety lichened rocks. Ferns thrive a brief season under their lea. San Diego, thanks to the generous policy of the early days, includes 47,000 acres of land within its city limits. At the present phenominal rate of growth, there actually seems to be danger of its outgrowing its tremendously large grant of land—deeded to it in the days of its infancy. This little grove of rare trees has been reserved as a permanent city park—a wild, lovely park, always to 100 fh eel = Ly Tie Me. Seo MM Gf, NJ | Pan Caro =A . awe \, iy at MN Mave Si y Was SS KeZ 1 “ag ss SS XS RSS Lily \ ~: < Ske a a s SSS ~ Gy ‘ S iy} \ 7 \ “) “Hil, Yjjif Vai \ WY iy \ ty A ToRREY PINE CONE. Drawn by E. Roorbach. be kept inviolate. To be carefully preserved from civiliaztion ruthless ad- vance. To be left unhindered of its own charming, spontaneous way. No close cropped shrubs, no stiffly bordered paths, no star and anchor beds of exotic hot-house aliens will ever disfigure its natural beauty. There is a city forester in charge who sees to it that they are let most gloriously alone, that thoughtless folk do not chop them into firewood, nor curio hunters carry away their patiently ripened cones. But nature will continue to train the vines, the winds to prune the trees, the flowers to congregate in informal tangles according to their own delightful vagaries. This little wild park sheltering the last remnants of a vanishing race, is an immense asset to the city of San Diego and is a living monument to the far- seeing city authorities who have legis- AMERICAN FORESTRY TueE Roots, IN SEARCH OF MOISTURE, SOMETIMES Drive AWAY THE CLIFFS BUT THE TREE Hotps In Mysterrous WAY TO THE Poor SOIL, AND SUCCEEDS IN RIPENING ITS CONES. Photo by E. Roorbach. lated it into permanent safety. It is beyond the despoiling reach of investors and promotors. It will never be sub- divided into home lots or leased to factory sites. Everyone in America interested in the conservation of our rapidly vanishing wild places must rejoice to know of San Diego’s con- siderate care of this accessible, beautiful wilderness of untouched growth. A rancher has applied for the rental of 320 acres on the Pike national forest, Colorado, to be used in connection with other private land, for raising elk as a commercial venture. The Government has just sold 43,000 cords of cedar wood for shingles from the Washington national forest. square miles of roof. The shingles manufactured from this wood, laid six inches to the weather, would cover 2 4 The navy department has asked the forest service to investigate guijo, a Philippine wood, for possible use in decking boats and ships. Longleaf pine, sugar maple, and beech are the domestic woods most used for decks. FORESTRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE By WaRREN H. MiLLER PART II. S I said before, forestry is nothing TAN if not practical. If you know from the farm records that the pasturage yield from your stony acreage does not exceed from one to two dollars per acre per year, rest assured that you will do better, far better, with a well-managed forest on the land. (This statement applies in general to all stony and brambly pasturage, relics of the Glacial Age, clear across the United States). The trend of modern dairying is all in the direction of rich pasturage cut and carried to the stock, and land that must be hand-cut, ruinous or im- possible to machinery, is better in trees. Suppose then that you have decided that a certain ten acres will pay you best in forest. The first question will then be what species to plant; and im- mediately the three factors of climate, soil and rainfall require your careful THE STONY PASTURE consideration. Your first and most reliable guide will be Nature herself. What trees is she growing now in your woodlot? Which are evidently the survival of the fittest? In judging this question do not overlook man’s inter- ference in the processes of nature. The chances are your woodlot has been logged long ago, of its white pine and the ancient stumps will be discovered, buried here and there in the leaf mold. Years ago the lordly white pine, the noblest of eastern conifers, stretched in unbroken forests from Maine to the Western prairies and as far south as our coastal sandy plains, the home of the yellow pines. In Southern Jersey you will find it mixed with shortleaf, pitch pine, red oak and white oak on the rich sandy loams that extend down from the limestone ribs of the State. It thrives equally well on the slates of Pennsyl- Tue StuRDY EVERGREENS STAND ERECT AGAINST THE SNOWS. 101 102 AMERICAN FORESTRY Rep PINE, PLANTED SEVEN YEARS AGO ON A TWENTY-FIVE ACRE TRACT. vania, the granitic bases of New York and Maine, and the Champlain gravels of the Lake States. Given the one requirement of moisture it is hard to find a soil that will not grow white pine. It will not however succeed in arid, non-nutritive soils that will not hold, in a reasonable fashion, the seasons’s rainfall. The red and pitch pines are better for such. Nor will it stand over- much heat. South of Masons and Dixon’s line, except in the mountains, it would be foolish to try it. Com- mercially genuine white pine, pinus strobus, stands at the top of our con- struction woods, selling for $100 a thousand board feet in the lumber yard. In cold Northern places such as the New England States, Northern New York and the Northern border of the Lake States, I would try spruce for my planted forest. The market for it is much more nearly to hand than with white pine, as the paper pulp mills are always hungry and the stumpage of spruce is steadily rising, having doubled in the last ten years. You can sell everything that you raise, including the thinnings, and all the timber in the tree down to the four-inch cull of the top. As to what spruce to plant you will find yourself in a beautiful quandary just as soon as you get well into the subject. We have in the East the the beautiful Canadian white spruce, hardly of large enough growth to be a commercial species; its sturdy brother, the Adiron- dack red spruce; and its swampy cousin, the black spruce. Then there is the familiar, imported Norway spruce, to which most of our big paper com- panies are pinning their faith. I do not like it; it’s an exotic and a foreigner and I have seldom seen one in a windbreak or anywhere else in America that grew over 60 feet high before it began to peter out. Our climate does not agree with them. I can show you Norway spruces in the forest of Gilley in France that are 150 feet high and three feet in diameter: I have been through dozens of spruce forests in Thuringia and Sax- ony and have stood on the edges of ravines with Norway spruces two hun- dred feet high rising sheer up to me from the bottom-most depths of the At 60 icre 00 an ac ancs a hectare. fr: alued at 14,000 francs or $1,5 ally 100 *RANCE att SGES cost origin are v Pe Se OO Ie Soe Le ATR ACODER AM $A Bie ta ia 5a wi stair alice cath BAPE Gz LEED A OG Ae ato ieee Vo ground THE The oday they N T we ee Firs | ildren. 000 francs per hectare. nted by sc Z Fran aan ag ee MSE rr eel a the firs were worth 5 € osges pl \ ey EE RS ie ee RE: a cB . : " fe iM ath. Sadat mas 5 ss Ce ce meh em peal aren ae ig hc hea ne ms ae gece onan eee se Z > - a ac Ae A Fir forest in the 104 AMERICAN FORESTRY PLANTATION OF SCOTCH PINE, SIX YEARS OLD, NEAR LAKE PLacip, NEw YorK. ravine. The Norway spruce cannot be made to grow like that here, except in nurseries and arboretums—not in the rough-and-tumble of a stand of growing forest. Our own red spruce will. There are lots of them in favorable localities in the Adirondacks, reaching 3 feet in dia- meter—and every place in a _ well managed forest is a “‘favorable locality.”’ The red spruce is a slower grower than the Norway and as the pulp men are after quick results they plant Norway and cut at 12 inches diameter growth. At least that is their present intention. They will eventually realize, as the European foresters have, that during those years after the twelve inch dia- meter, during the prime of its life, the tree puts on a far greater volume of wood per year, and that it is better to wait an extra twenty years thereby more than doubling the volumetric yield. ’Tis then that they will wish they had planted the tree that Nature has fitted to do that very thing, our own Adirondack red spruce. And, let me caution against attempt- ing any experiments with the various Pacific Coast spruces, the magnificent Engleman Spruce and the Douglas Fir (which tree, in reality, is a hemlock). While they have all been successfully raised in arboretums, they are entirely unsuited to our climate, and practically all the plantings that our state forest services have attempted with them have been complete or partial failures. The Western pine alone seems to thrive equally well here in the East, and to them may be added Parry’s blue spruce, which is hardy throughout the “peach belt.’”’ Do not however con- ceive the idea that if you plant a forest of blue spruce you will shortly have a collection of young specimens worth a dollar a tree. The beautiful light- blue spruce which delights the eye on every suburban lawn is the so-called Koster’s blue spruce and was got by grafting selected light blue shoots on Parry spruce roots. The seeds from it revert to the original stock, which has a dark, silvery, bluish tinge, except in the young spring shoots. The natural home of the Parry spruce is in the canyons of South- FORESTRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE 105 WHITE PINE SEEDLINGS SET OuT FIvE YEARS AGO. western Utah and Nevada where occasional ‘“‘sports’’ show the desired light-blue coloration and from these the ‘‘Koster’’ stock was originated. In poor, dry, sandy soils, such as are encountered here and there in New England and the Lake States, I should not advise either white pine or spruce. Time was when such ground was planted in imported Scotch (or sylvester) pine. We have since learned better. Time has shown that in our climate and soil the red pine will give finer and healthier trees, and will be just swinging into its prime when the sylvester begins to give up the struggle against the vicissi- tudes of our climate. The red pine, also called ‘‘Norway”’ pine, not after King Kaakon’s country but named after that noble locality, the hamlet of Norway in Main, has the same climatic range as the white pine. It grows in company with it, taking whatever soil is too poor for the white. It will not thrive where long, hot summers and droughts are to be encountered, in general not much south of Northern Pennsylvania. South of that the much- maligned pitch pine can take it splace. This species is renowned for its thick leafy verdure, its fire-resisting capacities and its everlasting wood. As it fills a special niche in the woodworking industries you will always find a market for a small planted forest of it—and the bright green bushy trees are a joy for- ever to look at. Having decided upon your species, the next problem will be where to get the trees and how to plant them. Paradoxical as it may seem the State nursery four-year ‘‘transplant’’ is the cheapest of all planting stock. Cheaper than seeding, seedlings, or transplanted forest stock. The four year state trans- plant costs $4.80 a thousand in white pine and $5.12 in Norway spruce. Two year old seedlings cost around two dollars a thousand but their percent of failure ranges 50 to 60% making the ultimate cost the same, to say nothing of the cost of replanting. As for seeding, either broadcast or in seed spots, by the time you have bought your seeds at around $1.50 a pound, prepared your ground, sown the seed and then thinned out the seedlings and rescued them from weeds your cost will run at least $10. an acre against $8. an acre for four year state transplants that are already four years ahead. In the state nurseries the seedlings are grown, 7,000 of them to a bed 4 ft. x 12 ft. and in their second year are transplanted six inches apart by twelve in the rows in the nursery fields. At the end of two more years they have grown to bushy little trees a foot high with compact, vigorous root growth. Planted in the open fields or on old burns or brush land their percent of 106 AMERICAN FORESTRY ScotcH Pine at BRETTON Woops, N. H., PLANTED BY THE BRETTON Woops Co. failure is only three to five percent. They are so hardy that I have picked up New York State transplants at Saranac, pulled up with no more ceremony than one would devote to a head of lettuce, and then after carrying them down to my place in South Jersey, they laid firm hold on the soil and next hear had two feet of crown to show me. Granite base soil of New York, sandy loam of South Jersey, it was all grist to those lusty young white pines. A Scotch pine seedling taken at the same time only barely recovered from this treatment. The transplants come to you in April or May, upon application to the State forest service made some- time during the winter. They will arrive buried in wet sphaguum moss and you are to guard them above all things from drying out, for a sun-dried root is a dead root, nor all your penitence and tears will avail to lure it back to life again. If you are not ready to plant, heel them in a shallow trench on the planting site. Your planting gang will be in units of two men and should get in 600 plants a day. The hole man goes ahead with a mattock and lays bare a shallow hole with a single stroke of the mattock. He must have a good eye for alignment on the sighting poles, and either step his paces evenly or space his holes with a stick gauge. His mate follows with a pail full of transplants with their roots buried in muddy water. He plants the trees, surrounding the roots with the topsoil lifted by the mattock man finishing off with the base soil to discourage weeds. At the end of the row they move the sighting stakes and start back. On slopes and dry ground this will be all the planting labor expended, as Nature is kind in May and the young trees will not lack for showers and moisture. In rocky soil the mattock man will have harder going and may need a helper to dis- lodge boulders in his path or dynamite to destroy them. If you run into swampy soil the trees will surely die of wet feet unless you use the mound planting method of Baron Manteuffel. The mattack man cuts two large crescents of sod, and the planter first builds a little mound of earth of the soil in the sod roots, plants the young tree with its roots in the mound and then covers the mound with the two crescents of sod, grass side in, THE Four OPERATIONS IN PLANTING A SEEDLING. 108 the north crescent always overlapping the one on the south side. This makes a firm cone of plant food surrounding the tree roots, one that will not wash away by weathering. The Baron used it even on good dry soils, and claimed that, though more expensive than ordinary hole planting, it paid because of the quicker and sturdier growth of the trees—and his extensive forests at Colditz in Saxony (just above Meissen) go far to prove it. Once having made your plantation you will not see anything very im- pressive at first. Little rows of dark green tufts that look as if they would never amount to anything. Along about the third year you will suddenly awake to the fact that you have here a potential forest for the trees are above your waist line. By the sixth year the leader shoots are taller than your head and by the twelfth year they will be thirteen feet high with trunks three inches in diameter and crowns of nine feet spread. In the twentieth year they will be six inches in diameter and twenty five feet high and you must then thin = a AMERICAN FORESTRY out and sell at least half of them. The rest will reach 8 inches in their thirtieth year and require another thinning; ten inches in the fortieth year and twelve in the fiftieth, with about two hundred trees to the acre. Such a tree will be about 60 feet high with a 24 ft. crown and they will stand on about 18 ft. centers. You can either cut them all and replant or thin still further, going up to 16, 18 and 24 inch diameter. It is good forestry to do this, for remember that each year the tree adds a quarter inch of wood all around the trunk and it means a lot of added volume per year in these larger diameters. In fact your total yield will double during the following twenty years. In giving this brief sketch of the life of a planted forest, the reader will gather that it is not well to plant the entire forest at once. Far better is it to plant a few acres each year, making successive sections of even-aged stands. Your forest will then become an in- tegral part of the estate and have its niche in the yearly claendar of farm operations. Each year there will be re aa wr ‘ 4 We ie rab’ HiT ii. eee ae ij * PLANTATION OF WHITE PINE EIGHTEEN YEARS OLD. FORESTRY ON THE planting to do, thinning on other sections and in due time a steady yearly yield of lumber to market. I have confined this dissertation to conifers, partly because the lumber situation is steadily growing more acute with them, partly because State raised conifer transplants may be had in large quantities cheaply. And in case your state has no well equipped forest service there are at least a dozen large forestry concerns which are able to furnish you millions of transplants at prices equal to or lower than the State nursery charges. A few more words as to forest arrange- ment: The spacing of the young trees has always been a matter for argument pro and con. In Germany it is very narrow, spruce, fir and sylvester pine being all planted on one meter spacing or even less. As they have a ready market for all the thinnings, poles, and faggots, the arrangement is a logical business outcome. But with us small thinnings are a source of embarrass- ment and a six-foot spacing gives the trees a change to reach fifteen years growth before a thinning becomes im- perative. And they are best palnted in quincunx, that is with each alternate COUNTRY ESTATE 109 row staggered, the reason being that a _ tree taken out then gives the maximum growth space for the surrounding sur- vivors. A thinning should be planned so as to leave the crowns of the sur- viving trees nearly touching, and always take out the suppressed and spindling trees so as to give the dominant sturdy specimens a chance to make their maximum growth. You will need fire and logging lanes between the sections. In laying out either, remember that the crown of any tree not crowded by neighbors will have a diameter in feet equal to three times its trunk diameter in inches. The trees bordering a fire lane come under this rule. A twelve year white pine with three inch trunk will then have a crown diameter of nine feet, that is, its longest branches will be four and one half feet long. Sections of this age should have a ten foot fire lane separating them wherefore the border transplants should be nineteen feet center to give you a ten foot fire lane must be widened to twenty-five feet, usually done by taking away the outside row of trees, first on one section and then on the other. In general these fire lanes should occur about four hundred feet apart throughout the forest. (To be continued.) (j , The State university lands in Arizona are to be lumbered under a cooperative agreement between he Government and the State land commission. Arizona is the first State in the southwest and one of _ ew tn the country to cut its timbered lands on forestry principles. Makers of phonographs are aiming to use wood instead of metal in all parts of the instrument where this is possible, in order to increase the mellowness of the tone. On the Pocatello forest, Idaho, 230,000 trees were planted during the past year, and almost half @ million in the past three years, fully three-fourths of which are alive and doing well. Experiments in the use of aspen for shingles show that the shingles do not check in seasoning, and that they turn water satisfactorily, but that they are too easily broken in handling. There are somewhat more than 500 recognized tree species in the United States, of which about 100 are commercially tmportant for timber. Of the 500 recognized species, 300 are represented in the Government's newly acquired Appalachian forests. All American species, except a very few sub- tropical ones on the Florida keys and in extreme southern Texas, are to be found in one or another of the national forests. D. E. Lauderburn, a forest engineer, has withdrawn as a member of the firm of Vitale and Rothery of New York City, and is now engaged in the business of timber estimating and other branches of forest engineering at 56 Worth Street, New York City. IMPROVEMENT IN RANGE CONDITIONS By A: F. Porter Associate Forestor United States Forest Service IGHT years have passed since a the Forest Service took charge of the National Forests and it seems opportune at this time to review what has been accomplished. Our job in the main is to protect this most valuable public property against destruction by natural agencies and to secure the widest possible utilization of the forest products under a plan which will preserve the permanent productive- ness of the Forests. In other words, to preserve the forests and make them add most to the public welfare. Upon our success in this regard depends the per- manence of the National Forests, be- cause to secure and hold the support of the people we must manage their property in a manner which is generally satisfactory to them. When the first National Forests, or Forest Reserves as they were then called, were created, it was with the idea only of keeping in government ownership lands having valuable stands of timber which should be held to meet the future needs of the people. No provision was made for even the util1- zation or sale of the mature timber until several years afterwards, and even then little thought was given to use of the other products and resources of the forests. While it was known that the lands were being used to some extent for the grazing of livestock, this was looked upon as only a temporary use which most likely would have to be dis- continued before any extension of the forest or improvement in its condition could be secured. Therefore, the ten- dency was to restrict grazing very closely, particularly the grazing of sheep, and either prohibit it entirely or treat it as something which must ultimately be discontinued. This was practically the situation at the time the National Forests were transferred to the Department of Agriculture and came 110 under the jurisdiction of the Forest Service. FORAGE RESOURCES A VALUABLE ASSET The outlook for the stockmen at that time was not a very bright one and naturally many felt that the mainte- nance of the National Forests was detri- mental to their interests. It was realized in the beginning by the Forest Service that the forage resources of the National Forests represented a valuable asset upon which not only the welfare of the stockmen but that of a large proportion of the people was dependent, and it set about to work out a plan which would develop this resource and pro- mote its use to the fullest extent con- sistent with good forest management. The first thing to be done was to open up for use many areas from which stock had been excluded and to author- ize grazing upon many areas which had previously been unused. The next was to substitute full use of all areas added to the Forests for the earlier policy of restriction. The result was that during the first three years, or from 1905 to 1907, the area of the average grazing unit was reduced about one-third, or in other words, the number of stock grazed upon the National Forests in proportion to the area of the range in- creased about 50 per cent. BAD EFFECTS OF OVERGRAZING Unfortunately, however, many of the areas which were added to the National Forests during this period had previously been badly overgrazed, and it was evident that a material reduction must be made in the number of stock grazed there before damage to the forest could be stopped, or before it would be possible to secure any improvement in the con- dition of the range. This made it necessary first of all to ascertain the extent to which the overcrowded con- IMPROVEMENT IN RANGE CONDITIONS 111 LARGE PARK IN WESTERN YELLOW PINE TyPE, SHOWING GRAZING POSSIBILITIES. dition of these ranges could be relieved by the transfer of stock to other ranges and also to find out to what extent the damage could be checked by better management of the stock. A splendid opportunity was thus offered for con- structive work which would be of real substantial benefit. It was a task not alone for the Forest Service, but also for the stockmen, and how well it has been done is shown by the results. COOPERATION OF STOCKMEN INVITED. Right in the beginning the Forest Service invited the cooperation of the stockmen and consulted with them regarding the practicability of the plans which were to be adopted. While it was not always possible to agree, there was generally a mutually advantageous settlement of all questions involved and most important of all, there grew up a feeling among the stockmen that the government desired to help bring about a more stable condition of their in- dustry. The greatest amount of damage on overgrazed ranges was due to the fact that prior to the inclusion of these lands within the National Forests there was no legal authority for their con- trol. This usually meant that the feed belonged to the man who got his stock on the land first. There was no way, however, except physical force, by which he could hold the feed and prevent others from sharing in its use. Under this system numbers of stock largely in excess of the capacity of the lands were grazed upon them and with little thought or care except to get what there was while it lasted. It was natural that this condition should lead to serious controversy, and out of it grew many range wars which often resulted in great loss to life and property. These de- plorable conditions have been removed on the lands which were included within the National Forests, for the simple reason that an authoritative means of control has been afforded under which right instead or might prevails. Had nothing else been accomplished, the removal of this one evil has made the work worth while. As an orderly use of the range was being brought about, an effort was made to divide the range fairly between the different kinds of stock and the different owners. The stockmen were called together in meetings and so far as possible all questions were settled by mutual agreement, the government mak- ing arbitrary decisions only in cases where the stockmen could not agree among themselves or where it appeared 112 AMERICAN: FORESTRY™, Movinc A Camp OF GRAZING EXAMINERS IN ROUGH COUNTRY. necessary to protect the public interests. Where it was clear that the ranges were being overgrazed and the surplus stock could not be taken care of by removal to other ranges, the necessary reductions were made gradually and so far as possible unnecessary loss and hardship were avoided. RANGES GRAZED AT WRONG SEASONS It was found that under the former system, or rather lack of system, many of the ranges had been used at un- seasonable times and that this had re- sulted in the loss of much forage. An economical use of the forage plants and grasses can be secured only by a con- sideration of their natural habits, and it is just as disastrous to place stock upon a range before the forage crop has reached a sufficiently mature stage of development to be ready for grazing as it is to cut a field of hay or grain before the proper time. Accordingly grazing periods were established to fit the different districts and so far as possible to meet the needs of the stockmen, due consideration being given to the neces- sity for early grazing on lambing grounds and other special conditions. On many of the ranges the destruction of forage by trampling in driving the stock about in search of feed and by placing stock upon the range too early in the season while the feed was immature, amounted to fully 30 per cent of the crop. Under a systematic use of the ranges this loss was stopped and the formerly wasted feed utilized for the grazing of additional stock or for putting the stock in better condition of flesh. The result has been that in many cases the stockmen have been able to sell beef and mutton from ranges which before were only pro- ducing feeders and often poor ones at that. FENCES RECOGNIZED AS NECESSARY One of the greatest handicaps of the stockmen using the open public range for raising cattle and horses had been the prohibition of fencing, and efforts to handle their stock through this means had often resulted in prosecutions for violation of the fence laws. That the proper handling of cattle and horses requires the construction of fences in certain localities is recognized by all. Therefore, it was with much gratifi- cation that the stockmen learned of the willingness of the Forest Service not only to allow the fencing which was so much needed, but to cooperate with them in the construction of such im- provements. This has reduced the losses from straying and theft, but most IMPROVEMENT IN RANGE CONDITIONS 113 Movinc A CAMp OF GRAZING EXAMINERS IN ACCESSIBLE AREAS. important af all has enabled the stock- men to successfully raise higher grade stock and to get larger calf crops. The construction of fences has also been an important factor in preventing the spread of disease and reducing the losses from poisonous plants. Early in the administration of the Forests it was found that pastures were needed for holding stock which was being gathered for transfer to other ranges or for shipment to market and provision was made to meet this need. The pasture privilege was afterwafd extended to include pastures for saddle horses and pure bred or graded stock and to give settlers a way of holding a limited amount of winter range adjacent to their ranches. This regulation has been taken advantage of very generally and the large number of pastures which have been built under it show in another way the advantages of a proper con- trol in the use of the range. DEVELOPMENT OF WATER FACILITIES Next to grass the most important need of livestock is water. It was found that mush could be done in the way of improving the stock watering facilities on the National Forests and right in the beginning we started clean- ing out the seeps and springs, piping the water into troughs, building reser- voirs and doing whatever else might help to increase or secure a better use of the water supply. During 1912 a report was secured from each Forest, covering the water development work done since the Forests were put under administration. The figures secured show 676 water-development projects to the close of 1912. Of these, 173 were developed exclusively by the Forest Service, and as many more in coopera- tion with permittees; and 320 solely by the stockmen. Complete figures are not available as to the new acreage of range brought into utilization by this water develop- ment. In Arizona and New Mexico alone, however, 65,000 acres of new range have been made available by water projects developed by the Forest Service in cooperation with the stock- men, and 420,000 acres made available by projects developed by permittees—a total of 485,000 acres of new range by water development in these two States alone. A great deal of water develop- ment done by the Forest Service has been to secure better management of range already in use, which accounts for the small acreage of new range brought into use by water development. While the acreage developed by the stockmen 114 AMERICAN is large, this improvement may be attributed almost wholly to the Forest Service putting the grazing on a sub- stantial basis and assisting and en- couraging permittees to develop water. There is still a great possibility for improvement along this line. On the Pecos Forest there are 90,000 acres, which would carry 5,000 cattle or 20,000 sheep, now unused, due to the lack of water, and that could be largely develop- ed by four dams costing $1,000 each. On the Tusayan Forest there are 200,000 acres not fully utilized which would carry 1,000 more cattle if properly watered. The Sundance Forest has 2,100 acres which were made available by developing four springs in 1913, and plans have been made for developing 20 springs in 1914. A great many of the Forests will show similar work in development accomplished and possible development in the future. RESEEDING THE RANGE. Let me now tell you something of what has been done in the way of reseeding the ranges. In 1907 experi- ments in seeding range to cultivated forage plants were initiated. To date something over 500 experiments, cover- ing 86 Forests, have been initiated. From these tests it has been learned that artificial reseeding can be accom- plished economically only on mountain meadow areas of good soil, and alluvial bottoms along creeks, at an altitude of FORESTRY not higher than within 500 to 1,000 feet of timber line; also that on these areas timothy is ordinarily the best species and that one year’s protection from grazing is necessary after seeding. The work under way on artificial reseeding this year and that planned, is to establish more definitely the economic possibility of improving our better soils by reseeding and possibly by irrigation. A number of observations and reports this year show that at a very small cost for diverting the water at the heads of meadows and scattering it out over the area, then seeding the area to timo- thy, the forage crop has been increased from 100 to 400 per cent, in many cases beyond the cost of the labor. PROPER USE, BEST METHOD OF IMPROVE- MENT. This method of procedure, however, is both slow and expensive and the greater part of our range lands must be improved by protection and natural reseeding—at least within the next 20 years—until we know more about artificial reseeding. Our investigations have established beyond doubt that natural reseeding can be accomplished best by a rotation system of grazing, based upon the simple principle that after the vegetation has matured its seed, approximately from August 15 to September 15, grazing aids in scattering and planting seed. A report recently received from the Supervisor of the A Mountain MEADOW SURROUNDED BY DENSE STAND OF RED FIR, AND WATERED BY A WINDING BROOK. IMPROVEMENT IN RANGE CONDITIONS 115 Many DENUDED SLOPES OCCUR IN THE JEFFREY PINE TYPE, IN THE CENTRAL SIERRA NEVADAS. Hayden Forest on the experiment started there in 1910 with one acre absolutely protected yearlong against grazing, 19 acres protected until after seed maturity and then grazed, and outside range unprotected, shows that the vegetation on the 19-acre tract grazed each fall is approximately 50 per cent better than the totally protected area and probably 200 per cent better than the range without protection. This means that the ranges can be improved faster in use than they can be in idleness. This principle is being rapidly adopted on many of the other Forests and is securing excellent results. In my estimation this system offers great encouragement in range improvement, for the reason that there is almost no waste of forage and con- sequently the stockmen suffer no loss in adopting it. It gives better results than total exclusion of the stock and it prevents the accumulation of coarse, unusable forage, and other inflamable material which is a menace to the Forests. This principle can be worked into the management of every piece of range on National Forests and will be fundamental as long as we have range management. THE NEW OPEN SYSTEM OF HANDLING SHEEP Our experimental work in methods of handling stock has been confined mainly to sheep. Byfar the most important phase of this work has been the develop- ment and practical application of what is known as the “Blanket system,” “Bedding out system,” or ‘New method” of handling sheep, which is simply open, quiet herding during the day and bedding the sheep where night overtakes them. We started a vigorous campaign for the adoption of this change in the handling of sheep in 1909, based largely upon the result of the Coyote-proof pasture experiments in the Wallowa National Forest, Oregon. At that time this method of necessity was largely employed in the Southwest and elsewhere by a few of the most successful sheep companies—such as Woods Livestock Company. Aside from these cases, most of the sheep were handled under a system of returning to the same bed ground as many times as the Forest Service would allow, which in a great many instances was more than the six nights provided by the Regu- lations. At the present time there are a number of Forests where almost without exception the sheep are never returned to one bed ground more than one or two nights, and on nearly all the grazing Forests, at least a part of the sheepmen have been persuaded to adopt this method, and the result invariably is an average increase of about 5 pounds in the weight of the lambs, and I should 116 AMERICAN FORESTRY OPEN WOODLAND TYPE. THE BARE ROCK PINNACLES IN BACKGROUND MAKE FIELD EXAMINATION OF THE GRAZING EXAM- INERS DIFFICULT. say an increase fo 10 to 25 per cent in the carrying capacity of the ranges. An increase of 5 pounds per lamb for 5,000,- 000 lambs would mean 25,000,000 pounds added to the sheepmen’s salable product and the country’s meat supply. THE CASE OF THE MADISON FOREST. The best example of what has been accomplished in the way of adopting this system is perhaps the Madison Forest. With perhaps one or two minor excep- tions the sheep on this Forest are handled without returning to one camp more than two nights. In 1912 the Supervisor submitted figures and state- ments from sheepmen showing that the advantage of this method over the old method of returning to bed grounds was from 5 to 15 pounds difference in the lambs, with a corresponding difference in the condition of the ewes. Sheepmen established this advantage to be from 20 cents to 50 cents a head on the sheep. In 1913 we planned to get an experi- mental comparison of sheep handled under the new system and sheep handled under the old system on the Madison Forest. When the test came the Supervisor could not get any permittee to return to the old system for experi- mental purposes without paying a bonus of 50 cents a head. One permittee finally consented to return to the old system provided he were allowed 100 head of sheep free of charge in addition to his permit. A total of seven bands were carefully observed during the season, the acreage of range used by each band was mapped and compared, and lambs in each band were weighed and marked at the beginning of the season and again weighed at the close of the season to determine growth. The average gain per day of the lambs under the new system was .43 pounds as compared with .38 pounds made by lambs under the old system, a net gain of .05 per day per head in favor of the new system. At 5 cents a pound this difference amounted to 221% cents per head for a period of 90 days. Ona band of sheep containing 1,000 lambs, there- fore, it would amount to $225 during the grazing season of 90 days; in addition the difference in condition of the lambs would probably result in a higher price for the better lambs raised under the new system. This change in method of handling has been, in large part, responsible for the building up of the Madison Forest and enabling us to incresae the number of sheep grazed from 90,000 head to 107,- IMPROVEMENT IN RANGE CONDITIONS 117 DEEP CANYON SHOWING ROCKY CLIFFS. AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN INCREASING COSTS OF MOVING CAMP AND OF FIELD EXAMINATION BY THE GRAZING EXAMINERS. 000 head, with a possible further in- crease of several thousand head. There has been some difficulty in getting the herders to adopt this new system for the reason that it means harder work, but experience has shown that after the sheep get used to the open system of herding they are no harder to handle than under the close herding system. All good herders take a pride in having their sheep look well and there is often the keenest kind of competition among them in getting their herd on to the best bedding ground. As such herders come to realize that it means better sheep they voluntarily adopt the open herding system out of pride in securing the best possible results. OTHER INVESTIGATIONS. The Forest Service is carrying on many other studies and experiments with a view to helping the stockmen secure a better utilization of the forage resources of the National Forests and to raise more and better stock. In 1911 a systematic range reconnaissance was begun to learn the exact proportion of the Forest land which was suitable for grazing and to find out the character of the different ranges; the kinds of grasses and plants growing in each locality ; the kind of stock to which they were best adapted; and in fact, to get all of the information which would be of value in promoting the fullest possible use of the lands. Over 5,000,000 acres have already been covered by this survey. Aside from the actual acreage covered this work has accomplished something even greater by starting systematic, intelligent study and classi- fication of the ranges on practically all of the grazing Forests. The result will be more equitable distribution of range between permittees, improvement in management of the stock, utilization of unused range and intelligent develop- ment of the range lands to their highest use. The success which we have had in all this work has been due largely to the hearty cooperation of the stockmen. [American Forestry is indebted to the Forest Club Annual of : University of Nebraska for the cuts illustrating this article. WOODLOT FORESTRY For the Instruction of Owners of Farms and Country Estates Book. ROSENBLUTH, Wiens Director of Forest Investigations New York State Conservation Commission r | \HE woodlots of the farms and country estates have, for the most part, been treated with mistreatment. Neglect and abuse have been the keynotes by which the owners have been guided in managing this valuable resource. Even the progressive farmers of the country who pride themselves on crop rotation, intensive methods, alert- ness and business on the rest of their farm, are following the old careless, if not ruinous, methods in their woodlots. While the percentage of improved land on the farms has remained about the same from 1880 to the present, the amount of unimproved land has more than doubled and the woodlots have de- creased about one-third—in other words, not only have the woodlots themselves deteriorated in condition, but a large area has been actually destroyed and made worthless, nonproductive land. To point out the importance and value of the woodlots to the nation and the individual owners; to stimulate the owners to the practice of forestry in their woodlots, securing for themselves and to the nation the many benefits and great profits which well-managed wood- lands yield; and to point out clearly and simply the principles and methods of correct forest practice—these are the aims of this bulletin. IMPORTANCE OF WOODLOTS. The woodlots of the nation represent, in the aggregate, an enormous source of natural wealth. Statistic show that of the 1,903,289,- 600 acres net land area in this country, 878,798,325 acres are in farms. Of this farm area we find: 478,451,750 acres (54.4%) improved land. 190,865,553 acres (21.7%) woodlots. 118 209,481,022 acres (23.8%) unimproved land. 878,798,325 acres (100%) in farms. Studies show a conservative estimate of the amount of unimproved land in farms, which is best suited to forest productions, to be at least 70,000,000 acres; which, in connection with the area now in woodland, makes a total of 261,000,000 acres, or 30 per cent of the land holdings in farms best adapted to forest growth. This total area is held in comparatively small holdings, on which all necessary work can be done by the permanent labor force at times when it cannot be otherwise profitably employed. Conditions thus are ideal for intensive management of this great forest area. At present it represents one of the least intelligently used assets of the nation. The total value of the forest product of farms is $195,306,283, or roughly £1.00 per year per acre of farm woodlot. Under intelligent and intensive man- agement the owners should earn from these areas a fair share of the farm revenue, where now they produce almost nothing. This profit in money value should net about $500,000,000 a year and pr duce for the industries of the nation between seventy-five and eighty billion board feet of lumber each year. To the owner, the value of this wood- land is made up of many factors. The most common products are lum- ber, poles, ties, fence posts and firewood. Besides these, many special uses may be had in different localities, such as pulpwood, implement wood, etc. There are also m ny special products which may be developed—thus, gathering seed of desirable species often will yield a good profit. The value of these pro- ducts is sufficient, under good manage- LINOMWAIG NOILVAILTND GNV UYOOd SI TIOS AHL AYAHM ‘SdOLTIIH AHL NO SLOTGOOM ANY ‘SONIGTING AHL YO SNVAUAAGNIM GALVIOT-T1IGM WAVY AHL GNV AULSAAOY 120 AMERICAN FORESTRY TypicaAaL WoopLot RESULT OF SUCCESSFUL CULLINGS OF THE BEST REMAINING TREES AT EACH CUTTING, AND GENERAL NEGLECT. ment and under average farm condi- tions, to provide a fair net return from the lands, and make the woodlot areas pay their fair share in the farm profits. Unquestionably one of the biggest problems on the farms today is to secure and keep good help. This can generally only be done where year-around work is given; and the woodlot offers one of the most satisfactory solutions of the problems. A belt of woods has proved of great value in protection against the direct mechanical effect of winds (blowing down of crops, especially fruit; shifting sands); against drying of soil; to a lesser extent in securing an even distri- bution of protective snow cover, and shelter after the snow has melted, for winter crops; and in very greatly in- creased comfort to people and stock. This spells increased profits in better and larger crops; and last, but not least, in greater comfort in the home. It is a well-established principle now in successful farming, not to have “‘all the eggs in one basket.” The wood crop is one which always has a market at a fair price; and with the price of the product constantly advancing. It can OLD TREES OF INFERIOR GRADES, AND NO VALUABLE YOUNG GROWTH COMING IN. truly be called a winter crop, as the cultivation (improvement cuttings, planting, etc. can be done at times not required by any other crop. The woodlot may be compared to a high class bond investment, and is better than such investment. Good sized thrifty material of desirable species is always marketable at a fair price, earning a fair ate (4 per cent. or more) of compound interest all the time by its growth in volume; in addition, it is growing in value, both through increas- ing prices of wood products, and because material from larger trees is more valuable than that from smaller trees. After some calamity, such as barns burning, or crop failure, it can then be utilized when most needed; or, for example, during a coal strike, when other sources of fuel cannot be had, except at exorbitant prices and with great inconvenience. Nearly every farm has some land which cannot be profitably used for farming crops. This may be stony, rocky land, wet land which cannot be drained, pure sands, steep slopes, espe- cially if subject to excessive erosion (washing away), etc. Frequently, be- WOODLOT FORESTRY 121 THE Woop.ort as It SHOULD BE GROUND FULLY OCCUPIED BY THRIFTY, VALUABLE TREES. CUTTINGS MADE TO IMPROVE THE REMAINING STAND, AND TO SECURE A NEW STAND OF THE BEST KINDS. YOUNG GROWTH ALREADY STARTED cause of irregularities in boundary lines, a considerable amount of land cannot be used without undue expense in extra fencing, etc. Again, many times, be- cause of labor conditions, a piece of land/which might otherwise be used for pasture or crops, is not needed, and could profitably be used for tree growth. The aesthetic value is a factor which cannot be accurately measured in its value to a place. Certainly it is con- siderable. For example, on a country place the difference between attractive woods and scrubby worthless brush or waste places would be enough to make a great difference in the value attached to the whole place; and for purposes of sale, an attractive place could be dis- posed of very much more easily than an unattractive one. In fact, an attractive grove of trees might often be the de- termining factor in a sale. Or, if one goes to buy a farm and sees a piece of poor brush land or waste land his estimate of the value of the whole place is mcuh lowered; if that same piece is covered with a well-set thrifty grove, even if young, his estimate of the value is raised. PROTECTION TO WATER SUPPLY. Around springs a piece of woods is one of the best means of providing against their drying up. In country places where a large and abundant sup- ply of pure water is desired, the main- tenance of woodland around the source of supply is a very valuable means of conserving it. As a special problem, the value of woods on village, town and city water- sheds is especially great. In such cases a considerable area of land must gener- ally be held anyway to protect the purity of the water supply. This pur- pose can best be advanced by the main- tenance of a good forest cover on the land, which will also prevent he silting up of the reservoirs, and irregularities in supply; at the same time yielding a profit from the use of the land. There are still other uses which are hard to classify. Thus, it is well known that in keeping insect attacks on valu- able farm crops under control, insectiv- erous birds, etc., are of great value. These always are able to thrive better when woodlots are at hand, in which to nest and seek shelter. 122 AMERICAN COSTS AND PROFITS. In casting up accounts of the woodlot, it is seen that many factors, other than mere cash profits from the products derived, must be considered. At the same time, it is well to know just what financial return can be expected. Unfortunately on this point there is lack of accurate data for the whole na- tion. The following examples will il- lustrate the possibilites: In Western New York, a woodlot was heavily culled of most of its mer- chantable material in the past two years. There was left, however, about 202 valuable trees per acre on this por- tion, besides 146 trees which would best be removed to improve the stand. Most of the valuable species were hick- ory, white oak, red oak and white pine. At the rate of growth, as determined by measurements, and at average present market prices, in twenty years from now there would be value produced sufficient to earn the equivalent of a net annual income of $3.27 per acre at 5 per cent. compound interest; figured for forty years ahead, the net return would be $3.31 per acre per year, because of the more valuable material produced from larger trees. This is disregarding the fact that at the end of these periods, timber prices are sure to be much higher than now, and also the fact that this stand is not fully stocked with valuable species. An interesting and typical condition also presented here, in the possibilities of improvement of the stand, is that if the owner were to cut the 146 trees which ought to be removed, together with some : ood material on the ground, he would secure about 31% cords of wood, worth much more than the cost of planting a sufficient number of desir- able trees, so as to secure a full stand of valuable species, and thus greatly in- crease the net profit per acre. As another example, a farmer, realiz- ing the value of his woodlot, has con- tinuously improved it for the past twelve years, and today it is one of the most valuable parts of the farm. It has supplied fuel, fence posts, lumber for farm buildings and for repairs, and some has been sold. The work con- FORESTRY nected with its management was done in the winter and at odd times. The improved woods are now worth over $150 yer acre. . These examples are based on lumber sold under present market prices of stumpage or round logs. To the farm and country estate, the chief value of the woodlot is to supply lumber, posts and fuel, at least in times of ermergency. The purchase price of these materials is generally very much greater than is re- ceived for material sold; and used as a source of home supply, the woodlot would yield much greater financial profit than indicated above. Again, it 1s worth while remembering that the direct value of products derived is but one of many benefits derived from the woodlot; and it is especially urged, in view of the common misconception of the subject, that the income from better management is not something which will be enjoyed only by our great grandchildren, who, as one wag said, ‘“‘Never did anything for us;’’ but is constant, with financial returns com- parable at least to those from a high- class bond investment. WOODLOT HISTORY. In the development of the woodlot, we must turn back and consider the con- ditions under which they developed. When the first settlers came here, hey found an almost unbroken wilderness. The forest had to be destroyed to clear land for agriculture. It had no value —in fact, it was considered an impedi- ment. With that attitude, there was no effort made either to protect the forest from fire or other damage. Sim- ilarly, in the use of wood—at first only the very best trees of the best species would be taken for any purpose. With the gradual culling of the woods, we have today woodlots consisting mostly of culls or inferior stock. Most of the hardwoods are either the third or fourth set of sprouts from the same stump, and thus of very low vitality, or are seed- lings of poorer species; the evergreens are, of course, of seedling stock, but the proportion of these is very much low- ered, and these generally also are of weakened vitality. In addition, prac- Woops A WINTER CROP. THE 124 tically all the woodlots are damaged by fire, grazing, poor conditions for growth, often by insects or disease, so that today practically no woodlot is as thrifty as it should be. When the good farm land was cleared, then the poorer lands were attacked, and this continued, until today we find thousands of acres which, being best adapted to forest growth, should never have been cleared. On the other hand, wet lands, a little difficult to handle becuase in need of draining, were mostly left uncleared, and frequently we find the best land on the farms under woods. Nor was any notice taken of the value of woods for windbreaks, etc. So there is no fixed relation between the actual location of the woodlot and the location which would give the fullest possible benefits of an equal area of woodlot on the farm. Now, all these conditions have changed. It is certain that intelligent and careful management of land, best adapted for the woodlot, will prove a profitable investment. This investment will generally consist of time and labor, which otherwise would be less profitably employed or else would lie idle (winter work); and in the foregoing of certain present cash returns when trees, which might be sold, are left to grow; and toa limited extent, in actual outlay of money, for trees to plant, in marking trees for cutting, or in other extra work in woodlot improvement. A PROGRAM OF MANAGEMENT. What is practical in forestry for the ordinary farm or estate in any given case must, of course, depend on the specific conditions involved. In gen- eral, the application of management will be in about ‘this order: (1.) Protection, principally against fire, often against grazing; and to a lessor extent, against diseases and insect attacks. Protection is closely connected with (2.) Damage cuttings of watse ma- terial on the ground, dead or dying trees, etc., which make the worst fire traps, and breeding places for diseases. This, in nearly every case, can be done at a profit, as the material yielded will pay for the labor. AMERICAN FORESTRY (3.) Avoiding Waste. In this con- nection may be mentioned the use of better and more careful methods in the woods :—cutting low stumps; working up all material in tops and limbs; work- ing everything into its most profitable form; taking care not to injure remain- ing trees when cutting or hauling in the woods, ete. All this is closely connected with (4.) Cuttings made of standing tim- ber, in such a way as to improve condi- tions. While to be discussed more in detail under the subject of management, these are broadly divided into (1) im- provement cuttings, in which the prin- cipal aim is the removal of those trees which should be cut for the benefit of the remaining stand; and (2) reproduc- tion cuttings, in which the main idea is to secure a new crop from seed of the most desirable species. (5.) Planting or sowing either on the open waste places; or in existing woodlots, where these are too open, or where they contain too great a proportion of inferior species; or for windbreak or aesthetic effects, etc. Planting is very closely related to the relocation or change in area of the wood- lot, where necessary to secure the best results from a given area of woodlot— that is, where the sum total of all the factors of value, as enumerated prev- iously, is the greatest. (6.) A plan of regulating the cut may be to secure a certain amount of material of given quality and size every year, or at regular periods. ) Q ie} % 7) Q 24 & vA Q 4 = Q 1S) Kn Q v4 < 2 Q -4 Q a H < a Q & =) a = He (e) <4 Ay vA Q Q Q 7) < ee) ie) Z S ~% =) a no < Ay Q 12) Zz a) & Q < a & ° & iq S % Q q & ie} a) WOODLOT FORESTRY 133 EFFECTS OF LIGHT GROUND FIRE These are generally injured so that their value is greatly decreased. Last comes the fire severe enough to wipe out all the stand. It is in one of four ways that fires do most of their damage in woodlot: (1.) By burning up the litter and plant food, making the soil poorer. (2.) By checking growth, and re- ducing vitality. (3.) By injuring tree, so that either loss in quality of wood is effected; or wounds produced through which rot or insects can enter the tree. (4.) By destroying new young growth, and generally of the best kinds. Thus, all evergreens seedlings may be wiped out, while the hardwoods, through their ability to produce sprouts, may survive; and the poorer species, as birch, increase at the expense of the better. The principal causes of fire are rail- roads, brush burning, and carelessness. The question of protection from fire is discussed under Management. In general, however, different species differ considerably in their ability to with- stand fire, and allowance for this should be made in the selection of species. In woodlots it is the common prac- tice to turn cattle or hogs into the wood- lot to pasture. It is generally believed that this does no harm to the woodlot. As a matter of fact, only in fairly mature woods does grazing do no dam- age; and in itself, the fact that there is any pasture there means that the woods are not in as good shape as they should be. If the woods were as dense as the best conditions demand, there would not be enough light on the ground to support a growth of grass, and the amount of pasture would not be sufficient to turn the cattle into the woods. Besides this, cattle browse off young trees and trample down others, and hogs root up many trees, while sheep are especially destructive to very young growth. Only in special cases should the woods be pastured, such as turning in hogs to root up the ground just before the seed falls in a good seed year, thus making the seed bed conditions better. As a general thing, a piece of land should be used exclusively either for woods or for pasture. Well managed for either use, the return will probably be greater than the combined use for both woods and pasture. Each year the damage by forest 134 AMERICAN insects and tree diseases is becoming a more serious problem. Especially does the damage from these sources increase with trees weakened by fires, or grazing, or other causes, or in old over-mature trees. Insects are divided into three classes as to mode of attack, namely, chewing, sucking and boring. From the forest standpoint for practical purposes, the two classes of borers and leaf feeders (chewing) are the most important. The borers generally work by bur- rowing under the bark and feeding on the living “‘cambial’’ tissue between the wood and bark. Spreading out in sec- ondary channels, these insects more or less girdle the tree, or parts of it, and either greatly weaken the vitality of the tree or kill it. The leaf feeders, as their name indi- cates, injure the trees by more or less completely eating off the foliage, thus greatly checking growth and weakening the tree; and killing it if repeated over several years. The insect enemies are so many, and so varied according to locality, that it is impossible to enumerate these here. Most states maintain entomologists from whom information concerning the insect pests of their states may be ob- tained. Of the tree diseases not so much is known. ‘Those that attack living trees generally work by feeding on the cambial layer just under the bark, and appropriating to themselves the nour- ishment which should go into the tree. Many of these diseases have two stages and more than one form; that is, they may live part of their lives on a certain tree and part on another plant, and the form on the different hosts may be entirely different and not recognized except after careful study. Thus, one of the most threatening diseases which has appeared in some FORESTRY time has been the white pine blister rust. This disease lives in one form or young white pine and at other times in another form on the currant and goose- berry. Fortunately, the disease has so far been kept in check by destroying all the currant and gooseberry bushes near ~ any infected localities—deprived of its alternate host, the disease cannot spread. The chestnut blight is perhaps the most virulent tree disease which has ever appeared. No known remedy has yet been found, and the destruction of the chestnut seems imminent. The liability of certain species to dam- age from these causes must be under- stood. Thus, the chestnut bark disease is so virulent in its attack on chestnut as to render it impracticable to favor chestnut as a tree in forest management. Similarly, in many cases the white pine weevil, hickory borer, elm leaf beetle, locust borer, and other insects make inadvisable the favoring of those species in certain localities and under certain conditions. These must necessarily modify; the forest practice, both in selection of species and especially in taking steps to see that the woods are as little liable to attack as possible. This generally means keeping the woods cleared of dead and diseased individuals, as these are the breeding places for the disease or in- sect. Another important and practicable thing is to protect and encourage the propagation of our insectiverous birds, etc., as these are very valuable in check- ing depredations. Poisonous gases, such as produced by smelter works, often will kill all the tree growth in their vicinity. This is of very limited occurence, however, and not often noted. About the only measure possible in such cases is to use the species most resistant to the poisons found. (To be continued.) WASTE LAND ON THE FARM INITIATING A STATE FOREST POLICY IN KENTUCKY By J. E. Barton, State Forester O aman who undertakes the task of organizing a forest policy in any State, I feel certain a great many situations and circum- stances which arise will come as a shock, especially if, heretofore, his earnest en- deavors have been confined to private work, teaching or work in the federal Forest Service. There is a poem en- titled, ‘‘In Kentucky,” which contains these lines ‘‘Politics are the damdest in Kentucky,’ and the force of this statement with relation to the initiation of a forest policy in the State I have felt most keenly. By no means do I desire to give the impression that politics in Kentucky are worse or more in evidence than in any other State; but since I have been myself engaged in State work my observation here and elsewhere has been that the political exigencies of the State, the party, and the individual are the “form factor”’ of the situation as far as a State forest policy is concerned. An adequate prep- aration for the office of State Forester would involve, among other important features, a course in county politics and training for the diplomatic service. Then, if the receptive individual is long on suavity, patience and tact, he will probably hold his job through one administration and accomplish some effective work. The people of the South love politics and the Southerner is a born politician, which facts should be written in large letters in the mind of such persons as seek to initiate forest policies in the Southern States. It is perfectly astonishing, when one considers the length of time during which there has been a concrete forest policy for the United States, the amount of literature that has been published in this country concerning forestry and conservation generally, the discussions, lectures and talks upon this subject that have been staged everywhere, what a wide-spread ignorance with regard to forestry there is, even among educated and well-informed people. It is against this stone wall of ignorance that a State Forester is continually butting his head and for that reason one of the chief features of any policy he may initiate must be educational exposition of what he is trying to accomplish. He must talk and write Forestry continually and must take advantage of every opportunity to arouse an interest in forestry and con- servation problems. In this connection, I have undertaken lectures at Farmers Institutes and meetings of diverse character; wherever, in fact, the oppor- tunity presented itself. I have taken the matter up through Women’s Clubs, the Boy Scouts, and through the Edu- cational Department of the State. A plan is now under way to organize Boys’ and Girls’ Forestry Clubs through- out the State on the same general lines as Boys’ Corn Clubs and Girls’ Canning Clubs are organized by the United States Department of Agriculture. It seems to me that the hope of forestry in the State and in the United States lies in an intelligent understanding of the problem by the rising generations and that through the children a sense of the importance of the problem will be brought into a large number, if not the majority, of the homes within the com- monwealth and the nation. Of course, a wide dissemination of literature on forestry is desirable and this should be as timely and helpful in a practical way as it can be made if it is to count for anything in enhancing the value of a forest policy for the State. For instance, it has been my observation that one of the important problems for Kentucky (certainly in the Blue Grass Section and Western Kentucky) is the raising of fence post material. An exhaustive study of the species which 135 136 AMERICAN FORESTRY RAFTS OF OAK, ETC., ON BEACH OF RIVER NEAR ASHLAND, BoypD County, KENTUCKY are suitable for fence posts, the results of which are published, is timely, but so far as regards black locust (one of the species which could be used) no study is complete without giving the farmer definite and practical instructions with regard to the control of the insect enemies of the black locust, notably the locust borer. Again it is unusual and striking features that stick in the mind of the average citicen and I am attempting to make use of this fact in getting together an exhibit at the State Fair this year. The idea is to present something novel and out of the ordinary which will attract attention. In this connection it may be stated that a forestry exhibit (or for that matter any kind of an exhibit) which involves action is a great deal more of a success in riveting attention than an exhibit which suggests a museum. To put it in the language of the day, where there’s something doing there you'll find the crowd and get attention, a fact which is made use of by the Salvation Army, among many notable examples. As is usual in establishing any forest policy one of the first features of the work which has received attention has been the matter of fire protection. Since the appointment of the State Forester was made September 1, 1912, there was little opportunity to get any organization under way in the fall of 1912. An effort was made, however, to get together in usable form some in- formation with regard to the extent and prevalence of fires and other essential information through the county offi- cials. The result was excéedingly negative. In no one ca ¢ was accurate information of value received. Early in the spring of 1913 the question of getting Kentucky into line under the Weeks Law was taken up. The propo- sition seemed simple enough and yet the matter was delayed from one cause INITIATING A STATE FOREST POLICY IN KENTUCKY ‘ whe / M ie a 1 ie: ass Re. 137 Locs BEING HAULED TO RAILROAD THE ONE ON THE WAGON IS WHITE OAK, 14 FEET BY 34 INCHES. It SCALES 787 FEET SCRIBNERS RULE. THE SCENE IS NEAR Kuttawa, Lyon County, KENTUCKY or other throughout the entire summer. In fact, it was the twenty-fourth of September before the Governor as Secretary of the State Board of Forestry signed the necessary agreements. With the cooperation of the Federal Govern- ment in fire protection in the State assured, it seems that a sound beginning of a fire protective policy has been made. This fall, two patrolmen at large for the State have been appointed and be- tween twenty and twenty-five county patrolmen will be provided, such ap- pointments being confined to those counties needing protection most. The details of this fire protective scheme have not as yet been fully worked out; but are in a fluid state. In connection with the plans for fire protection the active cooperation of the Fish and Game Commission through their wardens has been secured. Also the cooperation of timberland owners is a most desirable feature of the proposed plan, and in two quarters at least an organization of the interested individuals is probable. There are no public lands in Kentucky of any sort, from which State forests could be created. Undoubtedly, the value of State forests, scientifically managed, as concrete examples of the practicability of a forest policy for the State can not be over estimated. At the present time it seems that the only way the necessary land can be acquired is by gift or purchase. The former method is uncertain and vague; and the latter method is out of the question except, perhaps, in a very small way at the present time because of the limited amount available under the appro- priation for the State Baord of Forestry. Another way of obtaining the requisite land has been suggested, but does not seem feasible for a good many reasons; that is, turning tax-lands, suitable for the purpose of State forests, over to the State Board of Forestry. One of the principal objections to this is that the present squatters on the land would AMERICAN FORESTRY Toots USED IN RIvVING STAVES HEATING AX, THROE BOLTING AX AND GAUGE ON "‘THE PONY’’ BLOCK. constitute such an annoyance as to make the land untenable. Another difficulty is with regard to titles. The lands of the State, as a whole, are held in fee simple and, so far as Eastern Kentucky is concerned, are held by large companies, such as the coal companies. Eastern Kentucky is one vast coal field. It has impressed me in this connection that these companies are in excellent circumstances to practice scientific forestry with considerable profit to themselves and that here is a field which can be worked advantageously for the advancement of forestry in the State. The practice of scientific forestry has identical aims with the needs of coal operators; that is, a dependable timber supply over an indefinite period. Last year about 1614 million tons of coal were mined in Kentucky. The amount of wood used in mining a ton of coal is roughly estimated at 31% feet board measure, so that this meant a wood consumption of over 57 million feet board measure. Certainly an important matter, especially in view of the fact JACKSON COUNTY, KENTUCKY that the coal fields of Kentucky have but recently been operated to any ex- tent. Here then seems a place where efforts to promote a sentiment in favor of forestry and encourage the growth of a forest policy among private owners is likely to be most successful. In Eastern Kentucky, the Consolidation Coal Com- pany has already employed a forester, and in the Western Kentucky field the St. Bernard Mining Company have made extensive experiments in forest planting. In the meantime, with a view of en- couraging the planting of forest trees in the State, two forest nurseries have been projected, one at Frankfort and one at Louisville. The nursery at Louisville is well under way. It in- cludes twenty-five acres of ground which is a part of the land owned by the Kentucky State Fair. It is intended that the nursery shall form a permanent exhibit as a part of the State Fair and that a demonstration forest shall be established as a portion of the perma- nent exhibit. The stock from the Ante BRINGING GALAX OUT OF THE MOUNTAINS MT. MITCHELL AREA, YANCEY COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA (6) z > & Zz 2 3° 3) al g 4 ~ < Q 4 < | i Q 5 & Lond = b = a 12) = > 4 Q 7) & n a “4 fe) & o fs) Qa a % =I < a a 4 ADMINISTRATIVE SITE PURCHASED FROM Mrs. A. T. CONNNALY. AN EXHIBIT AT THE FOREST PRODUCTS EXPOSITION nursery will be furnished to the people of the State either at cost or free, a matter which has not, as yet, been fully determined. The nursery at Frankfort will be on a slightly different footing. The land on which the nursery will be established is controlled by the trustees of the Kentucky Normal and industrial School for Colored Persons. In addition to raising stock for the use of the citizens of the State, an effort will be made to teach the negro’ students such nursery practice, planting and care of trees as will enable them to qualify as care- takers of grounds, trees and groves on private estates, since there is a real demand for this character of knowledge and no supply of intelligent labor from which to draw. The work, then, in Kentucky -is shaping up along some pretty well 141 defined lines, as follows: (1) forest protection; (2) education; (3) forest ex- tension, 1. e., encouraging the planting of forest trees by supplying the material; (4) encouraging private owners to take up the scientific management of their tracts; (5) acquiring suitable tracts for State forests. It is expected that the work in the immediate future will develop largely in these directions. An effort will probably be made at the next session of the Legislature to secure a method of taxation favorable to the reforesting of suitable areas. Also it is expected that a law will be passed permitting the establishment of National Forests within the borders of the State. At any rate it now appears as if the forest policy for the State were on a sound footing. AN EXHIBIT AT THE FOREST PRODUCTS EXPOSITION ciation decided to have exhibits at the Forest Products Exposi- tion to be held at Chicago April 30 to May 9 and at New York City May 21 to May 30. According to advice received at the Chicago headquarters the exhibits of the lumber and allied associations alone will provide one of the most interesting and instructive displays ever arranged for an industrial exhibit in this country. It has practically been decided that the United States Forestry Service will display a number of most instructive T its annual meeting on January 14 The American Forestry Asso- incidentals to the service, including Fire tower, Equipment station, Tim- bersale models, Erosion models, Relief map, Mine timbers, Greenhouse bench- boards, Collection of scientific instru- ments, National forest model, Wood utilization exhibit, Wood distillation exhibit, Paper pulp exhibit, Timber testing exhibit, Wood preservation ex- hibit, Specimens of wood waste products manufactured from such waste and Bromides, transparencies, maps and charts. It is understood that some of the State forestry divisions will make exhibits. The war department is reforesting a large area near Fort Bayard, New Mexico, for use as an army hospital site. The light house reservations on the great lakes are able to grow all the white cedar needed for spar buoys in their district. The Kaibab and the Coconino national forests adjoin each other. Yet it takes from two to three days to go from one to the other across the Grand Canyon of the Colorado. THE SPRAG INDUSTRY OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA By Joun L. STROBECK Pennsylvania Department of Forestry the limit to which Nature bestows her bounty, and of the consequent conservation movement, any action which tends toward the closer utilization of Nature’s products is a boon to the conservationist. The fact that the fruits of the soil were exposed to the exploits of man in an unduiy high- handed manner, and with the dis- cussion and agitation attend-nt thereto, left the impression that anytning below a par excellence quality comprised the waste in our industries. Especially is this true in the timber industry. Business is a matter of dollars and cents, and sometimes, a few accessories thrown in. Where those dollars do not come to the surface, the business becomes defunct. In the matter of Forestry, no progress has been made with the practical man unless he is shown its results in figures. It is true that Forestry is applied in cases where other motives besides the desire to gain money value is concerned. Also, there are cases where it is practiced with no particular end in view, but a man who looks for his living comforts to come from his lumber industry will not install the practice of Forestry to his business if it does not pay any more readily than he will an unprofitable office device. But the fact that timber is being utilized as closely, in the judgment of the operator, as is permitted from a financial standpoint must be admitted. However, in many cases, he lacks some- what in judgment. In this particular it is the intention to discuss in this article an industry, though small in extent, yet serves the purpose to show the extent to which timber in certain localitits is utilized and how it may be extended to serve the purpose of closer utilization in other localities. 142 | this day of proper realization of A sprag is a cylindrical piece of hard- wood, twenty-one inches long and is pointed at both ends. Generally, speci- fications call for a thickness of from two and one-fourth to three and one- fourth inches. In certain mines, how- ever, they require a somewhat more uniform size, namely three to three and one-quarter inch diameter. Sprags are used in coal mines for the purpose of checking the speed of the small cars used therein. When it is necessary to check the speed of a car or train of cars, a sprag is thrown between two spokes of a wheel. When the wheel has rotated so that the sprag strikes the beam of the car, rotation of that wheel ceases entirely and the sprag has served its purpose in that the momentum of the car or train of cars is reduced. Upon a sprag depends the safety of a car or train of cars when running down a grade in a mine. The cars are not equipped with ‘“‘brakes”’ as ordinarily are found on cars above the surface. However, if a sprag breaks, it ordinarily, precipates no undue excitement, for the train crew become, by experience, some- what expert in placing a sprag even when the cars are moving rapidly. However, consuming companies generally, but not always, require sprags of certain speci- fications so that no undue risk is entailed by their use. A case where unusually small sprags were used came to the notice of the writer recently when in conversation with a mine “boss” who remarked with some bitterness, born of long usage of small sized sprags, that “this much-talked of conversation has a grand basis on which to make a claim by eliminating the small sprags from usage and thus prevent the undue waste, the breaking of the small-sized sprags entails.” Also, the species to which the making THE SPRAG INDUSTRY OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA 143 SpRAG CUTTERS AND A PILE OF SPRAGS. of sprags is restricted is the result of the necessity for strong and durable sprags. The oaks and maple are the species mostly used, the chestnut being excluded entirely. No softwoods are admitted and green timber is generally specified. However, in this respect, the companies are very lenient upon in- spection and rightly so, as will be shown later. As said before, the sprag industry is not of large size, and no doubt, repre- sents a very small fraction of the entire wood product of the State. During the year 1912. the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad used 350,000 in their collieries. This represents a volume of 30,000 cubic feet, or 360,000 board feet of timber used in the collieries of one company for the purpose. It is estimated that about 6,000,000 sprags are used annually in the anthracite regions of Pennsylvania. Yet, since it is a product that may be made of what otherwise would be considered waste, it deserves attention in that such attention may be the means leading to the utili- zation of so-called waste for the purpose and not the oak and maple coppice of pole size from which almost the entire output is obtained at the present time. An instance of such action has been observed recently. That section of northeastern Pennsylvania from which the anthracite mining regions draw a large part of their mine supply timber is divided into many units of ownership. Since the region is mainly a timber region, the individual owner depends largely on his standing timber for the greater part of his earnings. In view of the instance mentioned above, the owner advanced to that stage of forest mismanagement when his merchantable timber down to mine-tie size was cut. However, a thrifty stand of oak and maple coppice of twenty years’ growth remained on the ground. The best of this growth was cut for sprag timber and thereby left a residue of poor and thriftless stuff to form the future forest. On a certain tract in Monroe County which is covered with a twenty year coppice growth of chestnut and oak in equal proportion as to density and which is being cut for the purpose of making sprags, the writer paced off three areas of one-quarter acre each. The poles of sufficient size to make sprags were counted on each area, and the following is the result: 1st area 80 poles average 4 sprags each, 320 sprags 2d area 78 poles average 4 sprags each, 312 sprags 3d area 65 poles average 4 sprags each, 260 sprags 144 By this observation it could be ascer- tained readily that 1100 to 1200 srpags per acre could be got of well stocked oak and chestnut coppice forests of the age of twenty years. The prevailing price for sprags is $12 per M. f.o.b. cars at shipping point. Dealers pay $1 per M. less. However, where sprags of the largest size are specified, as much as $14 per M. is paid. Ten years ago, sprags were made entirely with axe and drawing knife. If a man made 200 of them per day, he was considered well at his trade. A machine was then devised with a knife which moved vertically with every revolution of the wheel which governed it. The sprag stick was held in an almost vertical position and at such a slant as to allow the knife, moving vertically, to taper the end of the stick toa point. At each fall of the knife, the operator would turn the stick a few degrees, and continued turning until the uniform taper was affected. This machine gave poor results in that the process was too slow. It was not used very extensively and the sprag industry fell back into the domain of the handworker. It was necessary to depend on the handworker only a few years, and three years ago, his elimination became per- manent. A man of a mechanical turn of mind and now living at Mountain Home, Pa., devised a machine for the purpose by placing on a shaft two properly moulded wheels with planing knives set in each wheel. These wheels are so moulded that when they are placed one against the other on the shaft, the space between the two wheels in the direction of the shaft admits of a perfectly made sprag. A support on which to rest the sprag when in the process of making is built upon the base of the machine and ex- tends upwards between the wheels to an inch below the plans of the axis. This support is raised by an extra block two inches higher at the circumference of the wheels, and in fact, must be adjusted so that the minimum jar is obtained. A four-horse power gasoline engine AMERICAN FORESTRY furnishes sufficient power to turn it. However, the more power is used, the faster and better the sprags are made. The operator places a sprag_ stick between the wheels, and as the wheels revolve, the cutting knives reduce the stick at the proper place, and by con- tinually revolving the stick, it effects the desired point. This proceess is then repeated on the other end of the stick and thereafter, it is the finished product. The sprag sticks are sawed in lengths with an ordinary circular saw attached to motive power. Two men can saw from 8,000 to 9,000 per day. However, it is inadvisable to saw such a large number at a time for the reason that the pile will become very large and, therefore, will necessitate carrying a - great number of them a considerable distance to the machine. One man can make one thousand sprags per day if the sticks are piled near him. Eight hundred sprags of mixed sizes make a load for two horses. In the spring of 1911, a fire killed a stand of oak and chestnut coppice 14 years old on the Pocono division of she Minisink Forest Reserve in Pennsyl- vania on an area of about 75 acres. The timber was not merchantable because of size and the distance from market. However, the possibility of disposing of it in the form of sprags was looked into, and was found decidedly favorable. Accordingly, arrangements were made with the owner of the above mentioned machine for the use of a machine and the operation started. Almost 100,000 sprags were made from this area. A contract was made with a party to furnish motive power and make the sprags complete from the pole for $4 per M., and incidentally he made good wages. It cost approximately $4 per M. to haul them to the railroad since only one trip a day was possible. To cut the poles in the woods cost $1.30 per M. sprags, making a total cost of $9.30 per M. sprags delivered at ship- ping point. The use of the machine was obtained on condition that the output be sold to the owner of the machine who was also a dealer. Therefore, $11 per M. was received, leaving a balance of $1.70 for THE SPRAG INDUSTRY OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA timber. The Department of Forestry considered the operation a success in that it gave a return on what would have otherwise been waste material; also it removed so much dead material from the woods and thereby made the stand of dead trees less dense, and con- sequently, less of a tangle when they fall, thus assuring a fall closer to the ground and quicker decomposition. Lying adjacent to this tract is a few hundred acres of oak and chestnut growth killed by the same fire. The sprag timber was gathered on about twenty acres, but on the remaining area, which is divided into a few owner- ships and separate from the ownership of the twenty acres which were cut over, no attempt was made to utilize the timber, and the result is: a mass of wind blown trees covering the ground, an exhibition of wasted product, which, if taken in time, could have served a purpose of economic good. During the winter of 1911-1912, there was undue activity in cutting oak and maple poles for sprag timber in the region adjacent to the above referred to areas.. Undoubtedly, almost a suffi- 145 cient amount of timber could have been procured on the burned area to. supply the sprags that otherwise were supplied from this region. The dealers pre- ferred green timber in preference to dry timber for the reason that it worked with less exertion on the part of the operator. A profound regard for the literal meaning of ‘‘take no thought of the mo row, etc.,’’, reinforced by the above referred to subserviency of spirit, resulted in an economic loss to the community of both the labor, cost, and the profit of operation of the dead stand as well as the loss of the growing stock of a future stand. The sprag industry is, typically, an industry which disposes of otherwise waste product in the ordinary lumbering operation, in that the consumption of sprags is of very limited extent and can be supplied by such ‘‘waste’’; and be- sides, the very nature and dimensions of this product calls for that part of the product of the ordinary lumber- ing operation—especially where mine supplies are the chief product of such operation—which is _ considered “waste.” FORESTRY COMMITTEE REPORTS Reports of the Forestry Committee of the National Conservation Congress in pamphlet form may be secured from the American Forestry Association for $1.00 a complete set or 20 cents each. These Reports are on:— Forestry Committee Organization Forest Publicity Federal Forest Policy Lumbering State Forest Policy Forest Taxation Forest Fires Forest Utilization Forest School Education Forest Investigation State Forest Organization Forest Planting THE ANNUAL MEETING AVING cooperated with the = National Conservation Con- gress in the very successful forestry conference in Novem- ber, the annual meeting of the American Forestry Association at Washington, D. C., on January 14, 1914, was con- fined to a business session, for the elec- tion of officers, the adoption of a plat- form of principles and policy and con- sideration of routine business. Henry Sturgis Drinker, president of Lehigh University, was re-elected presi- dent of the Association; Hon. Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior; Hon. David Houston, Secretary of Ag- riculture, Hon. Thomas Nelson Page, United States Ambassador to Italy and Mr. George W. Vanderbilt were added to the list of vice presidents, the gentlemen who served in this capacity last year all being re-elected. Mr. Otto Luebkert of Washington, D. C., was re-elected treasurer. Mr. C. W. Lyman of New York, Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack of Lakewood, N. J., Mr. John L. Weaver and Mr. Otto Luebkert of Washington, D. C., were re-elected directors for a term of three yvears and Mr. Alfred Gaskill, State Forester of New Jersey, was newly elected a director for the same period. Mr. E. A. Sterling of Philadelphia was re-elected an auditor for two years. The platform of principles and policy which was unanimously adopted will be found in the front section of this magazine. It was decided to hold the 1915 con- vention at San Francisco, during the Panama-Pacific International Exposi- tion, the date to be selected shortly. The day selected is to be known as American Forestry Association Day, and it is the purpose of the Association to invite every country in the world to send representatives, and invitations will be extended to all State forestry organizations, conservation associations and commissions, fire protective bodies and lumber and paper trade associa- tions to send delegates. It is proposed 146 to make it the greatest gathering of foresters, and all interested in forestry, that the world has ever seen. The financial report was the most encouraging that the Association has heard since its organization. Not only was the work of the Association greatly extended during the year, its general activities increased and its magazine greatly improved, but it increased its membership by adding over fifteen hundred new members and earned a considerable fund which will be used in further development work during the present year. The report of the Secretary, P. S. Ridsdale, was as follows: THE SECRETARY'S REPORT The Secretary reports that the As- sociation’s work during 1913 has re- sulted in a gratifying growth of the interest in forest conservation, and a generally wider appreciation of the activities of the Association, and the value of such an organization. This is indicated in the increase in membership during the year, the greater number of requests for forestry literature and ad- vice regarding forestry development, and the broader general knowledge that the Association is working along essen- tially practical lines in furthering for- estry conservation. The Association continues to be self-sustaining and the financial difficulties which it experienced in past years are not likely to be re- newed. There is a steady increase in active membership and in demand for the magazine and this growth is general and not limited to any one section of the country. It is satisfactory to note that big timber owners, lumbermen, loggers, wood preservers and all others interested in the growth of trees and the uses of wood are acquiring, in greater number, an interest in the work of the Associa- tion: and a realization of its need. There has not been, to the knowledge of the Secretary,any adverse criticism of the work which is being done. In- THE ANNUAL MEETING stead this work and the results achieved have been from time to time heartily commended by various lumber and paper trade publications and by the newspapers and magazines, as well as by individuals. During the year the Association took an active part in approving or opposing various forestry legislation, both State and National. The effort to take 40,000 acres of the Pike National Forest from the control of the Secretary of Agri- culture and turn it over to Colorado Springs and Manitou, was successfully opposed, with the result that the two towns now have the watershed pro- tection they needed while the forest on this watershed remains under the administration of the Department; val- uable assistance was given in securing the passage of forestry legislation in Pennsylvania; in preventing the New Hampshire legislature passing unwise forestry laws which would have ham- pered the State Forestry Department; in aiding the Wisconsin State Forestry Department’s opposition to political interference with its work; and in giv- ing aid and supplying information to various forestry organizations, forest schools, forestry committees of different associations, and to individuals. The Association also opposed reduc- - tions in the Agricultural Appropriation bill for the Forest Service work; and did what it could in enlightening members of the 62nd Congress regard- ing the States Rights movement, and various forestry legislation which was presented or was proposed for presenta- tion to the Congress. Letters from the Association to various clubs of the American Federation of Women’s Clubs resulted in large numbers of letters and resolutions protesting against State con- trol of the national forests being sent to members of Congress. During the year the Board of Direc- tors and the members of the Executive Committee have been most active in looking after the business of the Asso- ciation and in directing the work. The directors held a meeting at Asheville, N. C., on March 25, 26 and 27 and there an examination was made of the forest planting on the estate of Mr. 147 George W. Vanderbilt, of the forestry conditions on Mt. Pisgah and addresses were given at a large public meeting in Asheville by President Henry Sturgis Drinker and other officials and mem- bers of the Association. In July the directors held a meeting at Lake Sun- apee, N. H., in conjunction with the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire forests and various other forestry, timberland and fire protective societies and there forestry addresses were made by its officers and members at several public meetings. The Asso- ciation was also represented by officials and members at a number of conven- tions of forestry organizations, lumber, timberland, forest fire protective and wood preservers associations and con- servation bodies during the year, both in the United States and Canada, this resulting in a wider knowledge of the Association’s activities and a deeper appreciation of what it has done, is doing and is striving to accomplish. Too much importance cannot be at- tached to the value of the Association’s cooperating with the National Con- servation Congress in securing the in- vestigation, by competent committees, of vital questions in forestry and lum- bering. Several of our members raised several thousand dollars which enabled the forestry committee and its ten sub- committees to not only thoroughly investigate various phases of forest fire protection, forest planting, State forest policy, Federal forest policy, forest taxation, forest investigations, lum- bering, forest publicity, forest school education, and forest utilization, but to have these reports printed in pamphlet form for general distribution at the Congress here in November, and now to be published in book form together with the discussions on the reports, the addresses and the resolutions of the forestry section of the Congress, as a matter of permanent record. Officials of the Association composed the For- estry Committee of the Congress and most of the members of the sub-com- mittees are members of the Association, while the office force of the Association gave much time during the fall to aiding in this work, and to the details of ar- 148 AMERICAN ranging for the forestry banquet given here during the Congress. During the year our president, Henry Sturgis Drinker, president of Lehigh University, has delivered addresses on forestry at Tome Institute, Md., Lake Sunapee, N. H., Asheville, N. C., the Wholesale Lumber Dealers Association convention at Atlantic City, Allentown, Pa., Wilkes Barre, Pa., and other places and these have been published and wide- ly distributed. The Board of Directors has arranged to hold a meeting at Cornell University on May 15, at which time a new forestry building is to be dedicated, and also to hold a meeting at Chautauqua, New York, in July, upon which occasion the five thousand people expected at Chau- tauqua at that time will be addressed on forestry subjects at six big meetings, lasting through two days. This meet- ing is expected to prove of great educa- tional value to the forestry cause. The Board has also arranged to hold the annual convention of the Associa- tion in 1915 at San Francisco, during the Panama-Pacific International Ex- position, at which time it is expected to have representation from every country in the world having any interest in forestry. The Exposition managers have offered to set aside a special day of the Exposition to be known as American Forestry Association Day, and plans are already under way for making this day the most notable in the annals of forestry in this or any other country. A membership and circulation cam- paign was conducted steadily during the year by means of letters sent to persons who are or who should be in- terested in forestry conservation, names being secured from personal nomina- tions by members, and from lists of various organizations. This sort of campaign was effective enough to se- cure 1,520 new members and _ sub- scribers. A still more effective method of securing members and subscriptions would be the placing of field agents in various sections of the country, these agents being qualified to make addresses on forestry, to aid State and local for- estry associations in perfecting their FORESTRY organizations and to generally arouse interest in the forestry conservation movement, as well as to personally solicit memberships and subscriptions. It is gratifying to state that the financial report of the treasurer shows a healthy and a steady growth, the re- ceipts from memberships, subscriptions, and advertising being more than in any year in the history of the Association. It is perhaps unnecessary to call at- tention to the improvement in the quality of the magazine AMERICAN FoRESTRY during the year. Not only has there been a marked improvement typographically, and in the quality of the paper used but the effort to secure articles of greater value and interest to the readers has been successful, while the increase in the number of illustra- tions used has materially added to the attractiveness of the magazine. These improvements have been made at con- siderable cost but they have been valuable in drawing attention to the magazine, holding the interest in it, and in inducing voluntary subscriptions. Two features, in the conduct of the magazine during the year, deserve special attention. One was the greatly enlarged November issue, devoted to forest fire protective work and profusely illustrated in colors, the cost being about twice that of the regular number; and the other being the additional spe- cial number issued during the sessions of the National Conservation Congress and summarizing, for the benefit of all our members and subscribers, as well as for general distribution at the Con- gress, the work of the forestry com- mittee and the ten sub-committees. Twenty-five hundred additional copies of the May issue were printed for distri- bution at the forest exhibition of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association in Horticultural Hall, Philadelphia, during the week of May 19, at which time the Association had an exhibition which attracted much attention. In July the Association took over the business management of the Forestry Quarterly, Dr. B. E. Fernow of Toronto remaining in editorial charge. The Association is assured by one of its members against any loss in the pub- PRIZE FOR AN ESSAY ON FORESTRY lication of the Quarterly, So far, however, there has been a small profit and this will be increased during the coming year. The Association acknowledges with thanks and appreciation contributions from Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack, The Lehigh University Forestry Fund, through Dr. H. S. Drinker, Mr. W. R. Brown, Capt. J. B. White, Robt. P. Bass to provide for the work of the forestry committees of the National 149 Conservation Congress and the publi- cation of their reports; from Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack and the Forestry Fund of Lehigh University, through Dr. H. S. Drinker, for the foresters banquet at Washington, D. C., on November 19; from Mr. Charles Lath- rop Pack and the International Paper Company of New York, for improve- ments in the magazine, and the be- quest of $5,000 from the estate of Miss Jane Smith of Pittsburg. PRIZE FOR AN ESSAY ON FORESTRY HE Indiana State Board of | Forestry, in the endeavor to get everyone interested in the preservation of forests as far as this can be done without loss to owners, and the establishment of forest plantings on all land that is not suited for agriculture, has offered prizes ag- gregating $40.00 for the best essays on Forest Influences. $12.50 is to be given for the best essay and $7.50 for the next best. Also $12.50 is to be given for the best and $7.50 for the next best essay by pupils in the graded and country schools. The essay must not be more than 2,000 words. It should be mailed to Elijah A. Gladden, secre- tary of the State Board of Forestry, Indianapolis, not later than May 1. He will be glad to send anyone the rules governing the contest. INDEX FOR 1913 The Index for Volume 19, 1913, of American Forestry is now ready and may be had on application by mail or otherwise by any subscriber or member. Requests may be sent to the main office of the American Forestry Association, 1410 H Street, Washington, D. C. There are several bands of the Persian fat-tailed sheep on the national forests of southern Utah. The large fat tail sometimes weighs as much as forty pounds, and, like the hump on the camel, is a reserve supply of nourishment when food is lacking. Dr. B. E. Fernow, dean of the forest school of the University of Toronto, and Bristow Adams, of the U. S. forest service, have just been elected president and secretary, respectively, of the society of American foresters, the only organization of professional foresters in the western hemisphere. HETCH HETCHY TIMBER AFFECTED PECIAL investigations by the experts of the Department of Agriculture have shown that as much as 95 per cent of the timber in some of the canyons and val- leys of the Toulumne River, which is to supply the water for the Hetch Hetchy project, has been killed by bark-boring insects. The areas in which practically all of the timber has been killed, some of it many years ago, are Jack Main Canyon and Matterhorn Cznyon. It was found that the forest growth of the entire watershed was more or less affected, and that the dustructive insects were killing a great amount of timber from near Tenaya Lake through the forests surrounding Toulumne Meadows to and through Virginia Canyon. This alarming condition, affecting as it did the scenic beauty of the area north of the Yosemite Valley and its consequent effect on the water supply and general economy of the Hetch Hetchy project, presented a problem of great importance. As soon as the matter was called to the attention of the Secretary of the Interior in the fall of 1912, he appealed to the Secretary of Agriculture for such advice and assistance as his Department could render through the expert who has charge of the forest insect branch of the Bureau of Entamology. The matter received the required prompt attention and arrangements were soon made for active warfare against the depredating beetle. A plan of procedure was outlined by the expert and recommended by the Secre- tary of Agriculture to the Secretary of the Interior. According to the plan, the Interior Department was to allot the required funds, the control work to be carried on under the immediate supervision of an entomological assist- ant of the Bureau of Entomology. This plan was adopted and the work was started just as soon as the weather con- ditions permitted in June, 1913. The areas near Tenaya Lake and in 150 the Cathedral Basin around Toulumne Peak to the Toulumne Meadows were carefully cruised for the location and marking of the particular trees, in the © bark of which the broods of the destruc- tive beetle had passed the winter. Two areas representing centers of infesta- tion were thus located and designated —one as the Tenaya Project, the other as the Cathedral Project. Control work was started on the Tenaya Project on July 1, and finished when the beetles began to emerge from the bark on July 24th. Work on the Cathedral Project was started on Sep- tember 8th, after the beetles coming from the overwinter broods had en- tered the bark of the living trees, and was completed on October 7th. The method recommended and fol- lowed was to fell the infested trees, lop off the limbs, pile them on the prostrate trunk, and set fire to it; thus the in- fested bark was scorched or burned to a sufficient extent to kill the broods of the insects. The trees thus treated ranged in diameter from 6 inches to 54 inches, with the average of about 22% inches. One thousand, six hundred and sev- enty-one trees were treated in the two projects, at a cost of $1,158, including all expenses except the salaries of two representatives of the Bureau of Ento- mology who directed and assisted in the work. It is claimed that this work, with an additional expenditure of about $500 next season, will be sufficient to bring the beetle under such control that very little attention will be required to pro- tect the remaining living timber from further serious injury. Both, this and an infestation in the timber around the rim of the Yosemite Valley will receive the. required attention next season. The Interior Department has expressed a determination to prosecute a warfare against the depredations of insects in the Yosemite and Glacier National Parks to the limit of the funds available for the purpose. FORESTRY LAW FOR VIRGINIA The insect which is directly respons- ible for the death of such a large per- centage of the lodgepole pine timber of the northern section of the Park is known as the mountain pine beetle, the technical name of which is Den- droctonus monticolae Hopkins. It at- tacks perfectly healthy trees and kills them by mining between the bark and wood in such a manner as to stop the movement of sap and kill the bark which results in the final death of a tree within ten to twelve months after it is attacked. This beetle is the most ite! destructive enemy of the lodgepole pine, western yellow pine, and mountain or silver pine of the entire Pacific Coast and Northern Rocky Mountain region. A vast amount of the best timber of these regions has been killed by this beetle during the past fifty years and has gone to waste through the agencies of decay and forest fires, but, thanks to the discoveries of the experts of the Bureau of Entomology, it can now be controlled and a great waste of forest resources prevented in the future. FORESTRY LAW FOR VIRGINIA NUMBER of Virginians, inter- ested in the proper management of the forests of the state are urging the members of the state legislature to pass a new forestry law at the present session. This law provides for the establishment of a permanent Forestry Board, which shall employ a technically trained forester who shall have power to carry on fire protective work and other functions of a state for- ester. An appropriation of $10,000 is to be asked for carrying on the work during the present year. The law was drafted by Dr. Howard S. Reed and his associates of the Vir- ginia Polytechnic Institute at Blacks- burg, and has already been fully ex- plained to the Executive Committee of the Board of Visitors of the college. The law provides that this Executive Committee shall serve as a State For- estry Commission without compensa- tion. Besides providing for the other reg- war duties of a state forester the proposed law provides that he shall annually deliver a course of lectures at the Institute at Blacksburg upon for- estry and silviculture; shall give instruc- tion in farm forestry to the county demonstrators and by lectures before farmers institutes and other organiza- tions. The prospects of this bill passing the legislature and being signed by the Governor are bright. GOVERNOR GLYNN FOR FORESTRY OVERNOR Martin H. Glynn of New York is an ardent believer in forest conservation, and in his message makes recommen- dations regarding forestry conditions in the state which will be heartily endorsed by every one who appreciates the value of the forests and their perpetuation. He declares that the forests are the foundation of all conservation activities as they provide water supply, forest products and a home for fish and game. He urges resumption of buying of forest lands for the extension of the Adiron- dack and Catskill parks. He calls at- tention to the fact that the reforestation of state lands is making slow progress and that instead of a few thousands, tens of thousands of acres should be planted annually. He believes that the state should go further than providing seedlings at cost for the replanting of 152 private forest lands and should plant these lands at cost, as its forestry em- ployes know the business of tree plant- ing and private owners do not. He also urges the amendment of the State Constitution as follows: (a) To permit the leasing of camp sites in the State Forest Preserves, to afford the people a freer and more satisfactory use and en- joyment of their own recreation grounds; (b) To permit the utilization of mature AMERICAN FORESTRY and dead timber in the Forest Pre- serves, under State supervision, which would not only result in a revenue of millions annually to the state, but would also improve the condition of the growing timber in several ways; (c) And, to authorize the construction of roads through the Forest Preserves for forest fire protection’ and other public pur- poses. A SOUTH CAROLINA FORESTRY LAW DETERMINED effort is to be made to have the South Carolina legislature pass a forestry law this year which will give to the state the kind of forest management best suited to the interest of its people. The proposed law provides for the appointment of a state board of forestry, comprising nine members, the Governor of the State, the director of the South Carolina State Experiment Station; the Commissioner of Agriculture; the presi- dent of the University of South Caro- lina; the President and the professor of Forestry at Clemson Agricultural Col- lege, and three persons to be appointed by the Governor. This board is to appoint a technically trained man as state forester at a salary not to exceed $2,500 a year. He is also to act as secretary of the board. The forester is to have charge of all matters pertaining to forestry in the jurisdiction of the state; to carry on an educational forestry campaign by giving lectures, preparing bulletins, advising colleges and schools regarding courses of instruction in forestry; to co-operate with towns, corporations and individuals in preparing plans for the utilization, protection, management, and replace- ment of trees, wood-lots and timber tracts, under an agreement that parties obtaining such assistance pay the field expenses of the men employed in pre- paring such plans; to have charge of all the forest wardens, employ proper means to prevent and to fight forest fires and to enforce forest and wood- land laws. The law also provides that all rural lands to which the state now has title, or may acquire title, shall if suitable for a forest, be held as a state forest. These lands are then to be used to demonstrate the practical utility of timber culture and for the purpose of forest management. Stringent provisions are made in the proposed law for fire protection on the lines approved by the Forest Service. The proposed law also provides for an appropriation of $10,000 for the salary of the state forester and the expense of carrying on his work in 1914. There are 36,500,000 young trees in the government's forest nurseries. Two tons of cascara bark have just been sold from the Siuslaw national forest, Oregon, at one cent a pound. The northernmost national forest is the Chugach in Alaska; the southernmost is the Luquilloin Porto Rico. For shingles alone, 750 million feet of timber is cut in that part of the state of Washington which lies west of the Cascades. A SYLVAN MEMORIAL By Wo. R. FIsHER HE planting of a tree, here and | there, to commemorate the visit of a distinguished person, or to mark some notable event, has been a common custom for a long time. Usually there is much ceremony and a gathering together of a crowd of on- lookers and some prominent locality is selected for these formal tree plantings— the college campus, the city park, or the site of historic doings,—memorable achievements of the peaceful arts, or the warroir’s reminder “‘of old, unhappy, far off things, and battles long ago.”’ But the planting of some thousands of seedlings, with the intention of making trees, when they grow up, serve as a memorial to the dead, instead of erecting a monument of carved stone, is certainly new and interesting to the forester. Mrs. Flavia Camp Canfield, widow of the late James Hulme Canfield, LL. D., a former president of the Ohio State University and subsequently Librarian of Columbia University, New York City, has recently devised this novel and beau- tiful tribute to her departed husband. At the family homestead at Arlington, Vt., twenty thousand white pine seedlings have been set out, and the plantation will hereafter be known as the Memorial Pines. One may hardly say of such a monu- ment what the Roman poet said of his verse—that it would outlive a monu- ment of bronze; and yet, under watchful care to exclude destructive fires, there is no limit to the continuance of such a woodland. Most people find it hard to break away from the conventional way of doing things. It is not likely that there will be many imitators of this lady, but there are some who will feel that no more dignified method could be found, of expressing love and respect for the memory of one who has gone than this sylvan monument. FULL TITLE UNDER THE WEEKS ACT The completion of the payment by the United States government, acting through the department of agriculture and the forest service, for lands in the town of Benton, New Hampshire, sold by the Pike Woodlands company and E. Bertram Pike, places the Federal Government in full title and possession of the first tract which it has acquired in the White Mountains under the Weeks act. The Moosilauke tract comprises the northerly and westerly slopes of Mount Moosilauke and will furnish a valuable example of modern forestry practice under varied conditions which are typi- cal of large areas in our mountain region. It is understood that the Forest Service will proceed at once to construct necessary trails and fire stations in order that the property may be pro- tected from injury by fire and at the same time may be accessible to the public for all reasonable uses. The mature timber on the tract will prob- - ably be sold for commercial uses, the cutting being conducted in such man- ner as to benefit rather than to injure the remaining growth. The tract is quite accessible to the public, being only a short distance from the Glencliff station on the White Mountain division. It adjoins the property owned by the state in con- nection with the sanitarium at Glen- cliff. Mr. Pike owns or controls large areas in the same vicinity which he is planning to improve on forestry lines, including the extensive tract owned by the Lake Tarleton club in the town of Piermont which overlooks the Moosi- lauke reservation. Allen Hollis, Esq., of Concord, who represented Mr. Pike and the Pike Woodlands company in the proceed- ings for condemnation, is receiving con- gratulations in being instrumental in bringing into New Hampshire the first actual payment on account of a govern- ment purchase. 153 GOVERMENT MAKES LARGEST OFFERING OF TIMBER ASHINGTON.s jan.) 9 5-— Secretary of agriculture, Houston has today ap- proved the disposal of one billion feet of western yellow pine timber from the Kaibab national forest in northern Arizona. In order to get this timber out it will be necessary to build a railroad approximately 200 miles long. Such a railroad will connect Colorado and Utah with the world- famous Grand Canyon of the Colorado, which hitherto has been accessible only from the south. For several years the construction of such a railroad has been considered by various capitalists, but it has been stated that the lack of assured im- mediate traffic was an effectual barrier. It is pointed out, however, that a con- tract for a billion feet of timber will overcome this difficulty by providing a commodity for transportation which, together with tourist and local traffic, will place the project on a paying basis practically from the outset. Chief forester Henry 5S. Graves made a personal examination on the ground, and this examination supplemented by the reports of his forest engineers, in- duced him to recommend the sale of such a large body of timber in order that the country might be developed through the supplying of this resource. Mr. Graves says, however, that the Kaibab forest is one of the most beautiful in America, and gives assurance that the marketing of the mature crop of timber will not be allowed to mar the scenic beauty of the region. In accordance with the timber sale policy of the government the stumpage will be disposed of to the highest bidder. In order to attract a sufficient invest- ment to assure the building of the rail- road and of the necessary lumber mills at least a billion feet of timber had to be offered. The investment necessary to make this timber accessible will amount to more than $3,000,000. By placing this quantity of timber before the lumbermen of the country the officials of the forest service believe that the development of extensive areas in southern Utah may be looked for, because the necessary railway will render accessible resources which have heretofore been undeveloped. The whole region is rich in agricultural land, in cattle and sheep range, and in coal and copper deposits, as well as in timber. What a Forester Should Be This definition by Dr. C. A. Schenck of what a forester should be well de- serves reproduction. He says: “A forester should stand the life in the woods like a tree; and should stand the knocks in the mill like a log; lest he go to waste with the culls.” 154 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE NEW YORK STATE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION r | \HIS active and growing organiza- tion in the Empire State held its first annual meeting on Jan- uary 22, 1914, at Albany in the new Educational Building. The at- tending foresters were welcomed by Dr. John H. Finley, President of the University of the State of New York, and Commissioner of Education. Dr. Hugh P. Baker, a member of the American Forestry Association and now head of the State Forestry School at Syracuse University, New York, was the organizer, and is the Secretary of the Association, which is already doing a great work for New York State in the promotion of the State’s forestry in- terests. There was much interesting discussion relative to the extension and care of the State’s forest reserves and particularly of the proposed amendment of the existing provision in the State’s Constitution forbidding all cutting on the State reserves. Dr. Henry S. Drinker, President of the American Forestry Association, was present by invitation, and made an address in which he touched as follows on the above question: “Foresters and the friends of forestry in your sister States are noting with great interest the discussion in New York looking to a revision of the policy adopted in the past of denying to New York the benefit in the management of the State’s woodlands of the principles of forest culture, cutting, and reproduc- tion that have been generally approved in Europe and America as conducive to the economic and profitable manage- ment of forest lands. “Local conditions may have made it necessary or advisable to deny to your State forest lands the exercise of the principles of forestry, in the interest of retaining your forests for a time in a wholly wild condition as a refuge for game and a wilderness home for the man who would for a time fly from civi- lization, but surely with forests aggre- gating over 1,600,000 acres in New York State, by far the largest State Forest Reserve of any State, the time must soon come when the State constitutional prohibition against all cutting shall be amended, and the great Forest Re- serves shall be handled as the National Forests are so admirably handled, with a view to the best care and conserva- tion of your woodlands for the benefit of the people at large of the State and of the State’s industrial interests.”’ MASSACHUSETTS WANTS STATE FORESTS ASSACHUSETTS, which has M/ only a few hundred scattered acres of state forest land now wants its legislature to pass a law creating a state forest commission to acquire land suited for forestry and create state forests. About one million acres, one fifth the area of the state is now wild and waste land, worth very little. Private owners cannot afford to reclaim this land, many of the towns are too poor to do so and the state is the only agency that can deal with the problem. If the proposed measure becomes a law, the land will be well protected against forest fires; employment may be given prison labor; the forests could be used for public recreation and could become bird and game sanctuaries; as well as serve the very practical purpose of protecting water from impurities and conserving water power. An earnest effort, in which the Massachusetts Forestry Association is aiding, is being made to have this pro- posed law passed. ali hs: ANNUAL REPORT ON YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK HIRTY-FIVE miles of new trail | have been built in Yosemite Park during the last year, ac- cording to the annual report of the superintendent, recently made to Secretary Lane. There are now in the park 578 miles of trail and 147 miles of wagon road. ‘‘TIn order to protect the big trees from fire,’ says the superintendent, “‘approxi- mately 80 acres of the upper grove of the Mariposa Big Trees have been cleared of debris, fallen timber, and jungle growth of shrubs and young yellow pines and firs. Sixty acres of this tract were cleared some years ago while the grove was under the control of the State of California. “In order to thoroughly safeguard this portion of the national park from fire the work should be continued next year and succeeding years until both groves are cleared and a fire brake con- structed on the eastern boundary. This clearing process should be extended to the Toulumne Grove of Big Trees where it is much needed. ‘On October 30, 1913, there was planted on both sides of the road extending from the Sentinel Bridge to Kenneyville on the north side of the Merced River, a row of sequoia seed- lings. The rows were placed 104 feet apart, the trees in each row 80 feet apart. Another line of sequoias was planted on the northern border of the woods which grow in the southern part of the meadow lying west of the village. “On the same date a party of en- thusiasts planted six sequoia seedlings in a semicircle around the front of the Le Conte Lodge. There has also been planted on both sides of the road between Camp Ahwahnee and Pohono Bridge, at suitable places, sugar-pine seedlings, rows and plants at suitable distance apart. Likewise have sugar- pine seedlings been planted near the river along the meadow below the mouth of the Yosemite Creek. “October 30 has been designated as “Arbor Day”’ for the Yosemite National Park, and the avenue from the Sentinel Bridge to Kennyville has been named “Sequoia Lane.” - he ° * = < ~~ ~ } ‘ J we GROVE OF HARDY CATALPA ON PLACE OF Mrs. F. W. KRUCKMAN, 14 YEARS FROM SEED. WEBSTER Co., Iowa. FENCE POSTS CAN STILL BE GROWN AT AN ECONOMIC ADVANTAGE AND WITH DECAY-RESISTING MATERIAL ARE CHEAPER AND EASIER TO HANDLE THAN ANY SUBSTITUTE. rough material in any other form. ‘The introduction of various metal substi- tutes for lath threatens to restrict the market for the wood product, causing a waste of raw material at the mill. Another field in which wood formerly reigned supreme but which is now gradually being usurped by substitutes is that of fence posts. It is almost universally recognized that the wood fence post is the most satisfactory form of fence support, because of the ease with which it can be placed in position, and the fence material attached to it, and the facility with which fence repairs may be made. The comparatively short life of posts made from some spe- cies of trees, and the increasing cost of posts made from the more desirable species has led to the introduction of substitutes both of concrete and of steel. The greatest market for the substitutes has been and probably will continue to be in the great agricultural section of the Middle West which is largely devoid of forest areas from which fence posts may be secured in large quantities. The high cost of wooden posts shipped into the region from distant points makes the prairie States a lucrative field for the concrete or metal posts. The concrete post is probably the more popular with agriculturists since it can be made on the farm at a reasonable cost. It is believed, however, that the future development of farm forestry will increase the consumption of wooden posts since each farmer may devote a limited area to the production of such fence posts as he requires from fast grow- ing species which are capable of treat- ment with chemical preservatives at a reasonable cost. For a great many years millions of feet of lumber were annually consumed in the construction and repair of side- walks in the smaller cities and in the villages of the country. The first com- petitor of wood for walks was the brick, which made a more durable structure, but which had many unsatisfactory features after it had been laid for some 246 years. Since the advent of concrete, wooden and brick walks have, to a very large extent, been replaced by struc- tures made from it, which is far more satisfactory than either. This sub- stitution of concrete for wood has been a desirable thing since it has reduced the consumption of a high grade of lumber which has since found a strong demand for other lines of construction. Another field in which wood is being largely replaced is in the construction of small bridges and culverts on public highways. Formerly these were con- structed almost exclusively of wood. Cheap transportation to market for agricultural products is one of the first requisites for the farmer and this has brought about the construction of a very large mileage of low-grade macad- amized roads of permanent character. The small bridges and culverts are being given a greater permanency than for- merly by constructing them of concrete. While more expensive than wooden structures, if properly built, they are more permanent in character and reduce the cost of road maintenance. This is in line with efficiency and is desirable from every point of view. One of the largest consumers of lum- ber is the railroad industry which has need of immense quantities of wood for crossties, bridge timbers, buildings, car construction, sign boards, and like uses. The crosstie situation has been a pressing one with railroad companies for many years due to the rapidly in- creasing price of durable woods and the greatly diminished supply. For years repeated efforts have been made to perfect a tie made from material other than wood, which would fulfil the rail- roads’ needs, but so far the results have not been satisfactory. Steel ties of various patterns have been patented and numerous forms of reinforced con- crete ones have been offered but all have so far been pronounced undesirable. The difficulty appears to be that metal or concrete ties are too rigid and unyield- ing and therefore are hard on the loco- motives; that steel ties become brittle and break under the continuous pound- ing of heavy traffic and that concrete ties disintegrate both through the action AMERICAN FORESTRY of frost and the continuous pounding of heavy traffic. There does not appear to be any sub- stitute for wooden ties which can meet the requirements. The main drawback to the wood crosstie being its non-dur- able quality. The problem is now being solved by the use of inferior species of woods and treating them with some form of chemical preservative which if properly done renders them immune to decay. The preservative treatment of a large number of species which could not be used untreated has opened up a large source of supply hitherto inaccess- ible and is going a large way towards solving the problem for the railway transportation companies of the country. The lumber industry has not been so fortunate in holding the railroad trade in large timbers for bridge construction, since steel has largely replaced wood in large structures and concrete in the smaller ones. This can not be regarded as a serious calamity, however, at least from the public point of view since a steel or concrete structure if properly constructed and cared for is more lasting than the ordinary structures of wood, and therefore is to be preferred for this purpose since in the long run it will aid in prolonging the time when the supply of large trees, from which rail- road bridge timbers must be cut, will be exhausted. Railroads still consume large quanti- ties of lumber for stations and other buildings although the railroads are coming more and more to construct such buildings of brick or concrete be- cause of the more durable character of the structure. The construction of cars for years has required a very large amount of lumber, but today the demands for wood for this purpose are decreasing, due to the increased use of steel for the construction both of passenger and freight cars. The average size box car if constructed of wood requires about 6,500 board feet of lumber, and the average size gondola, coke or ore cars, 4,000 feet. In 1911 an estimate of the number of cars exclusive of passenger, which were constructed, was about WOOD VERSUS SOME OF ITS SUBSTITUTES 180,000, of which number 60,000 were gondola, coke or ore cars, and 120,000 box cars. Had these been constructed of wood as they were formerly the total lumber requirement for these cars alone would have been in excess of one billion feet. As a matter of fact, however, practically all of the gondola, coke and ore cars were constructed of steel and 80 per cent of the box cars had a steel underframe which reduced the amount of lumber required from 6,500 board feet per car to 4,000 board feet per car, so that the actual lumber consumption was 540,000,000 board feet, about one- half of what it would have been had the entire car been of wood. This loss of a market for 1.35 per cent of the total lumber cut of the country has been felt by the lumber industry to some extent but the result was not unforseen on their part since it is admitted by all experts that a steel-frame car is superior to a wooden one. All are not yet agreed, however, that an all-steel car is a safer or better car than the steel- frame wooden car. The abandonment of the wooden frame is in line with modern progress as regards safety and as such should be encouraged, but in justice to lumber manufacturers the public should not commit itself to the all-steel passenger car and freight car until the matter has been decided by impartial experts. Another interesting example of sub- stitution of metal for wood is in the manufacture of office furniture, includ- ing{desks, filing cabinets, and chairs. These have little merit over wood, since it is doubtful if they are fireproof in character and further when injured or sprung in any part of the structure it is difficult to repair. The steel furniture trade has not yet made great inroads on the product made from wood and will probably never command more than a limited share of the furni- ture business, since a large percentage of the average furniture sells for a price below that for which steel articles of the same character could be marketed. 247 Strong efforts have been made in some cities especially in New York, to forbid the use of wood interior trim in buildings more than a specified number of stories in height. The plea on which ordinances of this character are intro- duced is the reduction of the fire danger. The passage of such an ordinance would be an act of injustice to those who handle wood, and an exhibit of favorit- ism to those concerns which now manu- facture metal interior trim. It is yet to be proved that the very limited amount of wood now used for trim in a large office building is a distinct fire menace or that it increases the fire risk. In case this is true, it is possible to so treat wood with a fire-retardant that the danger that may exist is eliminated. There has been a tendency for some time past to substitute concrete floors for wooden ones in factory construction, on the plea of greater durability and of decreased fire risk. This has appre- ciably reduced the amount of wood flooring materials demanded for this purpose. The concrete floors, how- ever, have not met all of the require- ments for a satisfactory floor, since they are harder upon the workmen who must travel continually back and forth upon them; they havea deleterious effect upon the health of employees who must stand upon the cold surface during working hours; and the dust which arises from the gradual wearing of the floor settles on the bearings of machin- ery and causes a greater wear than where wooden floors are used. The many advantages of the wooden floor will undoubtedly enable it to hold its own in the future, and it is believed in many factories which still insist on a concrete subfloor will in the future employ a top covering of wood. The public should give the lumber- men every encouragement possible to utilize to the fullest extent his forest resources and thereby eliminate the economic loss which results from a re- duced market for low grade pro- ducts. The Canadian Forestry Association, which recently met in Ottawa, has selected Halifax, Nova Scotia, for its next annual meeting place. HARDWOOD FORESTS OF SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA By H. G. CuTLER ATIONS are slower to learn by N experience than even individ- uals. Perhaps because small bodies move more rapidly than the massive ones. But isn’t it a fact, throwing the cause aside? If I shall have the privilege in the great hereafter of viewing the progress of mundane affairs, I know that I shall be curious to know how long it will be before the nations of the earth will appre- ciate the blessings which nature has showered upon them, and not, in the mere gluttony of the good things of life, scatter them to the winds with wan- ton wickedness. In spite of the warn- ings which have come to the older sinners of the earth, such as Germany, France, the United States and others who have seen the error of their ways, Argentina and Paraguay, which embrace the cream of the hardwood forests of southern South America, are allowing them to melt away before the onslaught of land, railway and manufacturing corporations. The strong soil has presented the southern republics with vast forests of quebracho, cypress, oak, cedar and lignum vitae, as well as those varieties which are her own special offspring— coigue, alerce and manu—and, in repay- ment of this generosity, the governments of men have allowed them to be ravished at will, for the payment of paltry sums and in blind forgetfulness of the future. But they say, ‘‘Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof. Why worry? We need the money to live on. The future has always taken care of itself in some way.” True. Nature has always been very good to mankind, in view of how man- kind has treated nature. When the forests commenced to thin out, Coal began to yield his treasures. Coal gets to be too cumbersome to be carried into every nook of the universe, and is altogether absent in such great lands 248 AN INDIAN OF THE CHACO HARDWOOD FORESTS. as Argentina, and petroleum flows from the bowels of the earth into the furnaces of war ships, factories and residences. Nature has been a thoughtful, tender mother to careless, ungrateful children. Is it not time that the new, undeveloped nations show their gratitude to her by refusing, from the first, to waste their lives in riotous living? Along this line is the following from a publication issued from Buenos Aires, the splendid capital of Argentina and financial center of the great companies which are especially exploiting the vast forests of quebracho in the northern and northeastern sections of the repub- lic: ‘Attention has been repeatedly called to the danger of the extinction of the quebracho, as little or no check has been placed on the reckless methods of forest exploitation in vogue for many years past. If these are still permitted, according to a very high Argentine *“KISNOILIGAdXA NO GaIMUVD SI HUOM AHL GNV ‘AHAAMOH ‘SNOOVM ‘IVILNVLISHNS AM GHOVIdSIG MON SI L4VD GATAAHM-OMIL G10 AHL ‘AAILININd AMAA SVM SDOT ONITIGNVH AO AVM GAILWN AHL ,,OOVHD FHL,, HO AYLSNAGNI YAAWIL AHL AO SAVG ATUVA AHI NI *(SOZITIOY) SNOT OHOVAEANGH ONIAVOT “WNIINGSYV GNV AVONOVAVd HO SANIT HNOUL AHL OL ADNAHL GNV TIIN AHL OL GAIMAVD AYV SOOT HOIHM NO ‘ISaxYOd AHL OLNI SAVYMTIVY TIVWS GIV1 SAVH GNV ‘LONGOUd UIAHL ONIIGNVH NI SINANWGTAOUdWI NYAGOW T1IV GADNGOULNI AAVH SAINVdWOD TVINISNGNI OHOVUEANO ‘“AVMTIVY TVIOT VY NO SDOT OHOVAEANGO ONIAGVO'T HARDWOOD FORESTS OF SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA 251 Tue EpGe oF “THE CHACO” IN ARGENTINA. THIS IS AN OUTLYING VILLAGE CELEBRATING THE NATIONAL HOLIDAY (MAY 25). WORKMEN SKILLED IN WOODCRAFT JOURNEY INTO THE WILDERNESS IN SEARCH OF QUEBRACHO. authority, few existing quebracho trees will be left standing, as no provision for future systematic planting is being made. There is a constant outcry in the native press for the passing of improved forestry laws, but as yet this very press- ing matter has not obtained its share of consideration. from Congress. Not only the quebracho, but many other valuable species of trees with which the vast forests of the republic abound, are in danger of extinction in the not very distant future as the result of inadequate forestry laws. It is a matter for wonder that the several foreign companies having large capital invested in the exploitation of the quebracho have not shown systematic regard for their own future interests. “The red quebracho furnishes a hard, close-fibred wood, which is chiefly used for railway sleepers and fencing posts and for the extraction of the tannin, in which it is very rich. Its adaptability for sleepers and posts is first class. “Tn the matter of railway sleepers the exports of quebracho logs has been con- stantly diminishing since 1900. In a FROM HERE THE much less degree there has been a shrinkage in the number of sleepers used by the Argentine railway com- panies. The chief cause of this decrease is the competition of steel sleepers. As to the comparative economical advan- tages of these latter for use in Argentine, expert opinions vary. It may be noted, however, that the provision of the law under which railway companies are permitted to import material duty free is an important factor in the rivalry of steel and quebracho sleepers. Neither Europe nor the United States has ever imported considerable quantities of sleepers from Argentina, and these over- seas imports have ceased entirely since 1903. Uruguay and Brazil have been the best customers, with a gradual decline even in their trade. Su “The general increase in the exporta- tion of logs is explained by the growing appreciation abroad of the fine qualities of the timber for fencing, building and cabinet-making. It is dense and com- pact of fibre and water-resisting, besides which its mahogany color contributes to handsome decoration and it takes a “LSdAXOA AHL OLNI SUNIT AVM IVa TIVWS XO SAVOU ALVIGVA WHHL WOU ANV ‘SLOVUL UAAWIL AO YALNAD AHL NI GALVIOI AAV SNOILVLS ASAHL “SHAILVN AHL Af GOOLSUAGNN ISAs GOHLAW AAILININd AHL NINAXO Ad TIIW YO NOILVIS LSAUVAN AHL OL GAINVH ANY OHOVUAANO AO SNOT aaT1a4i ATMAN ‘SOOT OHOVaSAING AOA INIOg ONITAWASSY NY HARDWOOD FORESTS OF SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA = 253 4 BiG QUEBRACHO LOGS GATHERED IN “THE CHACO.” It should be noticed that these logs have had the bark removed, and are serviceable either for tan- ning extract or for sleepers. be utilized for the extract. splendid polish. The Angentine rail- way companies, which now finish a considerable proportion of their really fine ordinary, dining and sleeping cars, have found quebracho to have notable advantages over other woods for both strengthening and decorative purposes. Indeed, a demand for many other kinds of native timber, hitherto scarcely con- sidered for building and cabinet-making, is spreading rapidly. It has been dis- covered that such are more suited to the climate and other conditions of the country than the foreign woods hitherto imported for these purposes.” If Argentina shall awaken to the necessity of soon protecting her splendid northern forests against the ravages of the money-mad corporations, she will place herself among the progressive nations. As the matter stands today, over $10,000,000 worth of quebracho, in logs and extract, is being exported— about $1,000,000 more of timber than of tannin. The logs are used chiefly for railway sleepers, fence posts, paving blocks and fuel, and of late years from If logs are felled close to a factory, every particle of the wood may sixty to ninety per cent. of the timber exports have gone to the United King- dom. Formerly Germany was the largest market for the extract, but the heavy import duties imposed on it have almost barred it from that country. For some years the United States has been getting about fifty per cent. of the tannin, whose exports amounted to 75,000 tons in 1912. The manufacture of the quebracho tannin is conducted in numerous little factories in the forests of the Chaco region and the adjoining provinces of Santa Fe and Santiago del Estero, and as one ton of extract represents four tons of logs, the freight profits of the railroads are considerably reduced by this transformation. ‘The factories are mostly located in the province of Santa Fe. It is estimated that the annual timber products of these three great forest districts of the north are divided as follows: Santiago, 3,600,000 railway sleepers, 1,800,000 fence posts (chiefly quebracho), and 310,000 tons of que- bracho logs; Santa Fe, 490,000 tons of “ISHUOd AHL AO ADGA AHL OL SIVWINY Ad NOILOVUL YO STIVA AVI OL dais AAISSAANOUd AYAA V LHONOHL SVM LI SNOILYOdOUd INASAUd SLI GAWASSVY GVH AULSNGNI OHOVUEANO AHL ANOKA ‘AVMTIVY YAMAN AHL GNV NOOSV(A AAGIO AHL NAAMLAG LYOdSNVA] AO AGO HARDWOOD FORESTS OF SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA — 255 LER 7 . ei) ; ast pon soe = ae = : ee, eZ ris > a Tue BARK OF THE QUEBRACHO TREE. The workman always tries the tree, if it is to be used for its tanning extract, by testing the thick- ness of the bark and sap wood. If the sap wood is too thick (114 inches or more), the tree is spared, because it involves too high a labor cost to cut down a tree having proportionately so small a trunk. As neither bark nor sap wood contain much tannin, and as these coverings are always removed before a log is shipped, it is cheaper to search for trees of greater yield. logs, and the territory of the Chaco, 45,000 tons of logs. The northernmost forests of Argen- tina have also extensive belts of lignum vitae, or Brazil wood, whose solid and ornamental qualities have been utilized in so many ways. The southern dis- tricts of the republic, covering what are often called the Patagonian savannahs, carry oak, cypress and other woods which go into wine casks, furniture and interior woodwork. But the quebracho forests of. the north and northeast remain by far the country’s most valued supply of hard- woods, and upon their conservation will rest Argentina’s future as a nation which is capable of learning from the experience of others. Within the past decade the amount of logs exported has increased from 245,000 tons to 445,000, and of extract, from 9,000 to 84,000. In this great land of forests and glades, rising from the Parana river toward the northwest, some 300 saw mills (aserraderos) and extract factories are eating out its vitals, backed by 25,000,000 gold dollars ‘of capital and $45,000,000 of sales. The largest company employs 4,000 or 5,000 workmen in getting out the timber and transporting it to the saw mills and extract factories. The greater proportion of the popula- tion of the quebracho country are Correntinos, a mixed race of the native Guarani Indians and the whites of all nations. The Chaco, or more northern part of this forestal district, is a-plain inclined toward the southeast and the Parana river, but it is also a land of forests and solemn glades—a sort of Kentucky—a dark and bloody battle- ground long contested by the Spaniards, the Argentines and the Indians, and large tracts of which are still unexplored and held by primitive owners. The Chaco Indians have been the warriors of their race in Argentina, and the Tobas, still half naked and armed with wooden ‘VAS YHAO NOILVNILSAG AWOS xoaTsTassaA SNIOD-NVHI0 OLNI NAdUNd SLI SGVOINN NIVYL AHL AYAH ‘“NOILVDIAVN UAAIN LV SI OOVHD AHL NI SAVYMTIVY ANVIN JO SONINUGL AHL ‘NOILVNILSAQ] SLI ONIHOVOUddY NIVUL OHOVAAAGH VY HARDWOOD FORESTS OF SOUTHERN SOU TE VAMiTRICAT 257 LOADING QUEBRACHO FROM A H1GH RIVER BANK TO AN OCEAN-GOING STEAMER. On the Parana River, near Rosario, anchorage is found for steamers of considerable draft, but special apparatus is employed to get the logs on board. They are first lowered to the stream by wire rigging and then hoisted to the deck. lance,and bamboo bow, are responsible for the line of forts which stretch along the northern frontier. Farther away from civilization, their costume con- sists of a few tufts of ostrich and parrot feathers, or of a white linen head-dress patterned after the ancient helmet of the Peruvian Incas. The stone axe is there in common use, and in many districts fire is still produced by friction. As the fringe of civilization is touched by the Chaco Indians, they add bag loincloths to their feather or linen head-dresses, and those who come down from the wilds to’ work in the forests or sugar plantations even don the blouse, wide trousers, broad-brimmed hat and flow- ing colored tie of the Gaucho or Italian peon. Y The cultivation of cane and the manu- facture of sugar are prosecuted over a large extent of northern and north- western Argentina, and in these indus- tries several thousand Chaco Indians and mixed Correntinos are employed every year as unskilled laborers. Many more work in the quebracho forests. At the end of the sugar season these savage workmen will return to their homes in the Chaco country, travelling sometimes four or five hundred miles over mountains and through swamps and forests. They will then fell the que- bracho trees on the banks of the rivers and streams, bind them into rafts with lighter woods beneath as floating buoys, get out fence posts and sleepers and assist in preparing the red quebracho for the manufacture of the tannin extract. Another hardwood tree which the Indians and semi-Indians help to get into commercial form is the algar- robo. It goes into street paving (as does the quebracho), its beany fruit makes good fodder, and a liquor is dis- tilled from it which is the source of many a fierce headache to the Chaco man and woman. The management of these hardwood industries is chiefly in the hands and brains of Europeans of Latin and Ger- man stock, with a threatened incursion by capitalists of the United States. The Farquhar syndicate, a powerful combi- SS ea eS ed ons ‘VNVAVd YFANY AHL NO olaavay’ OHOVAEANH AOA sluog TVv907TJ ‘SNNVd AHL LSNIVOV ONILSANX SAIMS SSOMDV GavOd NO WHHL TOVH AAWVALS AHL NO SUNIONA AHL ANY ‘AGISUALVM AHL OL WAHL SONINA AVMTIVA AHL “AONVNAOAAAd ATAMWIS AUDA V SI ODNIGVOT UAAIM WNVUVd AHL NO SINIOd ITVUYaAGS WOUA ‘adOUNY OL ONIOS) SNOT OHOVUTANGO 260 AMERICAN nation of New York moneyed men, is solidly intrenched in Paraguay and southwestern Brazil—another great Chaco, or Indian country—and is mak- ing ceaseless attempts to penetrate the quebracho region of Argentina. With the rapid extension of railroads throughout the forestal regions of this section of southern South America, the most serious drawback to the exploita- tion of their riches is being removed. When the trees to be felled are away from the water courses, cattle must haul the heavy logs through the dense forests. Both cattle and men require fresh water, or they cannot work. On the other hand, the land border- ing the streams and rivers is generally swampy and subject to overflows, and there are many rapids to be overcome in the best of the water courses. Rafting is therefore especially difficult, and the navigation companies, with their freight steamers and schooners, as well as the few railways in the territory, have taken advantage of the quebracho lumberman and extract manufacturer to charge exorbitant rates for transportation. The extension of trunk lines of railway into the forest area, and the completion of the links which have brought it into touch with Buenos Aires, the seaboard and the world’s markets, is so stimu- lating the industries of the country that the denudation of the timber lands should be, more than ever, a matter of present concern. With the fair protec- FORESTRY tion of the forests, and consequent con- servation of natural supplies of water, many sections of the country could well be devoted to live stock and the culti- vation of wheat, cotton, sugar and tobacco. But if the land is completely striped of its forests, and no provision be made for future growths, the coming generation will furnish another hard example of the cruel saddling of unneces- sary burdens on the shoulders of unborn sons and daughters of the soil. In the case of the quebracho forests of Argen- tina, this seems especially hard-hearted, since the natural stock can be replaced in twenty or thirty years—an advantage seldom offered by hardwood as valuable as this. It might even be suggested that the leather manufacturers of the United States, for the good of their sons and those who follow them in their indus- trial life, should urge upon the govern- ments of South America in whose domains lie the forests of quebracho, the desirability of the restoration of denuded tracts, knowing, as they do, that the hemlock bark of their own woods has long since proved inadequate for their tannin demands upon it. In our land, the denuded hemlock forests have been largely replaced by other native trees and given over irrevocably to farms, villages and cities. In Argen- tina and Paraguay, comparatively un- developed, the problem is simple as well as urgent. *Photographs in this article by courtesy of the Pan-American Union. Canada has 23 million acres in timber reserves, as compared with 187 million acres in the national forests of the United States. Apple wood 1s the favorite material for ordinary saw handles, and some goes into so-called brier pipes. New Jersey has a timbered area of about two million acres, on which the timber 1s worth about $8,500,000 on the stump. It 1s mainly valuable for cordwood. Many of the forest fires attributed to railroads are caused not by sparks from locomotives, but by cigar and cigarette butts thrown from smoking-car windows. Port Orford cedar of the Pacific coast, recently tried as a substitute for English willow in the manu- facture of artificial limbs, has been found unsatisfactory. brittle. While it is light enough, it is,too coarse and As an experiment, the supervisor of the Beaverhead national forest is stripping the bark from the bases of a number of lodgepole pine trees at various periods before they are to be cut for telephone poles. This girdling causes the trees to exude resin, and 1t is desired to find what effect this may have as a servative treatment for the poles. FORESTRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE By WarREN H. MILier, M. F. Editor Field and Stream IV. TREE TROUBLES N THE woodlands of a country | estate owner, forestry partakes of many of the characteristics of park culture, as opposed to lumbering, in that the individual tree will have more care bestowed upon it and more money spent to save it if it is ailing than the lumberman could ever afford to spend. To him a tree attacked by borers or caterpillars is just non-merchantable stock, to be left standing or else used for skidways or construction work. To the estate owner, however, his chest- nuts, hickories, pines, hemlocks, oaks and maples are the glories of his forest, and he will go to considerable expense to save a fine specimen, knowing well that if it dies he will not live to see it replaced by another like it. These lines are therefore written more for the man who proposes to keep every fine tree in his forest thriving and health- ful, than for the commercial forester who is mainly concerned with exploiting the timber. The usual forest remedy for most insect and fungus epidemics is to cut down and sell at once all the infected trees, also cutting down and leaving trap trees, which are forthwith burnt at the proper time to destroy the insect life they contain. Such a course would at once deprive the man owning a small tract of woodland of a large num- ber of the trees which form a noticeable part of his forest, and which could ill be spared without rendering the place unsightly and leaving many dangerous gaps in the forest cover. For him, then, the spray and tree-surgery methods, in order to save and keep standing the fine growth that he already has. In general,*the best way to reduce tree troubles is to put your forest in a condition of maximum health, with the full complement of bird, animal and insect life which nature had ordained and maintained for thousands of cen- turies before treejtroubles were ever thought of. With the approach of civilization, the settlement of country, the growth of railroads, the killing off of our song birds, and the introduction of foreign insect life for which our own forest régime had no specific remedy, the tree troubles in our forests multi- plied fast, and millions of dollars have been spent in artificial methods of restoring Nature’s balance and trying to save our native trees from utter destruction. With the passing of the birds went our great feathered army of tree cleaners; with the introduction of the railroad and the factory came vast clouds of black soot, tainting the air and clogging up the respiration of our tree leaves, so that it is almost impossible to travel along the right of way of any big commuting railroad and see any- thing but dead and dying trees, killed by the train soot. And then, in the irony of fate, while it has proven impos- sible to make imported silk worm moths and other valuable insects thrive here, the harmful sorts, such as the gypsy and browntailed moths, increase and mul- tiply here wholesale! To restore the original plan on which Mother Nature got along comfortably enough, the owner will see to it that a big, thriving bird colony is attracted to his forest, by bird houses, feeding, and rigid pro- tection; that the forest is cleaned and thinned so as to promote vigorous growth in his trees; that spraying appa- ratus is used on infected trees too valuable to be cut down, and that parasites are imported, under directions of the U. S. Bureau of Agriculture, to fight insect epidemics. He will need all these resources to insure a fine forest growth, for, while Nature had a vast amount of decayed wood to contend with, man today has constant invasions from with- out his premises of every sort of fungus and insect wave which sweeps over the country, which more than balance the advantage gained by having a clean 262 forest. Insects and fungus will not as a rule attack healthy, living trees, but, when an invasion comes, there is not enough recently killed timber to go around, so that the insects concentrate their attacks on a healthy tree and kill it, with the object of attaining more dead wood to operate in. And, with the leaf-chewing varieties, the healthier the tree is, the better victim it makes. Work OF TIMBER WORMS IN OAK. (a) OAK TIMBER WORM; (d) SAP TIMBER WORM. The part the birds play in keeping down insects is enormous. For instance, take the little green inch-worm which we are wont to regard as a harmless sort of creature, principally engaged in measuring one for a new suit. To the forester he is known by the sinister name of canker worm, for he is the dread foe of all tree life, absolutely voracious in his attacks on all foliage, and denuding a tree of every leaf it has got, if given a chance. Yet one little vireo, nesting nearby, will find and eat hundreds of him in a single day. So will the harmless little garter snake, who performs for the bush life of the forest the same ser- vice that the birds do for the tree life. Nature has always kept down our American canker worm species within the limits of furnishing food for birds, with a reasonable amount of leaves supplied for the continuation of the can- ker worm family, but, with the birds gone, this restriction is removed and there seems to be no limit to the canker worm but the blue sky! In the same way the woodpecker tribe have always kept the borers within reasonable bounds. All the sap borers work just under the bark, making big galleries through the cambium layer, and cutting all the sap fibres, so that AMERICAN FORESTRY the sap flows to their precious offspring instead of feeding the tree, and by the time they have girdled a tree com- pletely there is nothing for it but death to the latter—usually two seasons of borers will suffice to kill a perfectly healthy tree that has taken fifty years to reach its present stage of maturity. The woodpeckers, nuthatches, creepers et al. used to go over every tree carefully, listening for the borers at work and tapping the bark for hollow spots, and when they left a tree every borer on it had been found and eaten, to say noth- ing of a few million cocoons and dor- mant insects under the crevices in the bark. Nowadays, with one woodpecker to a hundred acres of forest, man has to do the principal fighting, and his only remedy is to cut down the tree or else make a woodpecker of himself and go over the infected tree with an oil can and a hatchet, squirting kerosene oil into the borer galleries under the bark. One remedy is worse than the disease, except that it may save the remaining trees, and the other is pretty expensive, but worth trying in the case of a fine, large tree, which used to send down a bushel of hickory nuts every season. Do not get the idea from the above Work OF PINE BORERS. (a) ROUNDHEADED BORER, (c) FLATHEADED BORER, LARVAE AND ADULT BEETLE. that all our forests are necessarily going to the bow-wows; far from it. Unless you are located near large cities or along heavily travelled railroads, the bulk of your forest will be healthy if properly managed. In the forest of Interlaken, where the writer lives, we have about three hundred acres of woodland, mostly white oaks, red maples, sweet and sour gums, chestnut oaks and some pine, FORESTRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE chestnut and hickory. We did not have the blight, nor have we had any special insect epidemics, and we have more than our share of birds, for there seem to be as many here every summer as there used to be twenty years ago in the suburban towns much nearer New York than we are. Every Appalachian species is well represented, and one can hear the quail whistling in the woods 4 AMBROSIA BEETLES IN OAK. (a) MONARTHRUM MALE AND HIS WORK; (b) PLATYPUS : COMPOSITUS AND GALLERIES. any summer morning, before the day noises have begun to drown out all the sweet, quiet woods sounds. But insect, fungus, fire and light prob- lems will occur, and are continually coming up in any forest estate, and the only way to avoid suffering from them is to have the equipment and fight them vigorously until you have the mastery. Beginning with the first two, anything that chews leaves can be combated with a poison spray, of which arsenate of lead is the best, as it sticks to the foliage in spite of showers that would wash off Paris Green. For forest work, where there is no lumbering or logging road, nor fire lane down which a barrel spray wagon can be moved, the knap- sack or bucket spray apparatus will answer. The cost runs from five to fifteen dollars, and a large barrel spray pump, with barrel and agitator attach- ment, will cost thirteen dollars. The standard solution will make fifty gallons of spray to the gallon of chemical, and the latter is all that need be carried, replenishing the water supply at the nearest brook. All sort of nozzle length- ening attachments, in the form of light pipes with a nozzle at one end and a hose connection at the other, for treat- 263 ing tall trees, can be had, as can also all the standard spray chemicals, all made up and only needing the addi- tion of water, at any of the big seed houses. Several special nozzles for various types of spraying should also be provided, since such sprays as Bor- deaux mixture require occasional de- gorging. Certain caterpillars of the European species our native birds will not touch, and for these spraying is the only remedy (but it is effective), and for all the fungus diseases the Bordeaux mixture spray is essential. For scales and lice the whale oil and kerosene emulsion sprays will be needed, such as for the April spraying of your silver maples for cottony maple scale, and oyster shell scale on poplars and hard maples. Bordeaux mixture is the best remedy yet discovered for blight on chestnuts, slime flux on all large gaping wounds in the cambium layer of any tree, and anthracnose in sycamores and oaks. In these latter trees the affected twigs had better be pruned off and burnt in the early spring, which brings us to another much-needed tool, the pruning hook and tree saw, both of AMBROSIA BEETLES IN HIcKoRY. a, b, and c, Hickory borer, larvae, pupa and adult. The remedy is to cut off and burn dead all in- fected branches and inject kerosene oil into the galleries on the tree trunk. which come with twelve foot or longer handles for forest tree work, the cost being about a dollar for each tool, or they can be bought combined in one tool for $1.75. A couple of good extension ladders will also be needed, the thirty- foot size, costing around twelve dollars, being ample for nearly all forest work. In the fall there will be some cocoon cleaning to do, and the implement for AMERICAN FORESTRY vi Ann Rie 4 eed WINDTHROWN FIRS IN THE SIHLWALD, ZURICH. this is a wire tree brush, costing two dollars, which is attached to a long pole and manipulated from ground or exten- sion ladder, depending upon the height of the tree infested with the little white cocoons, which will mean so much trouble for you the following spring if not brushed off and burnt. Another weapon to fight forest ene- mies is the tar band. Many species, such as the canker worm and the elm leaf beetle have a continuous cycle of reproduction going on all summer, and a colony of them will camp out on a tree and ravage it of all its leaves if not eaded off. After losing its first crop the poor tree tries to put out another, and usually does, but by the time they are grown a new generation of cater- pillars will be on hand and this crop goes also. Another crop of leaves will sometimes put forth in September, but usually the tree is through for the year, and if the experience is repeated the next year, the tree dies from suffoca- tion, for the leaves are what it breathes with. Spraying is, of course, one remedy; and the other is to prevent the ascent of the female moth full of eggs. Luckily she cannot fly in this state but must crawl up the trunk to the branches, in the crevices of which she deposits her eggs. With plenty of birds about, these are cheerfully eaten and there’s an end; but nowadays most of them hatch, and the voracious little larvae begin right off on the tender spring foliage. In two weeks they are full grown and let themselves down to the ground by spinning a long silk thread, which you have often seen them do, many of them being carried by the wind to infest other trees. After burying themselves in the ground they enter the pupa state, some species remaining dormant until next spring, some emerging as a moth in a month or so, when they immediately crawl up the tree again and start a new colony of worms. Most seed houses keep sticky band preparations already prepared, so that the forest estate owner with only a small patch of woodland need not bother with tar pre- paration on a large scale. I have seen forests in Germany where for miles every tree was banded, all along the borders and into the forest about fifty or a hundred feet, the idea being to keep out these crawlers by catching them on the border trees. These bands should FORESTRY ON THE, COUNTRY ESTATE go on during the first warm days of early spring. Any tree attacked by canker worms, elm beetles, pine and spruce beetles; gypsy, browntail and tussock moths, and ants, should be so banded. One more mechanical weapon, the tree torch, for tent caterpillars and cocoons. The iron basket with asbestos filler costs twenty-five cents and can be attached to any sort of pole cut in the forest. Saturate with kerosene oil and pass quickly along twigs and branches where there are cocoons or webs of the tent caterpillar. A heat of 140 degrees Fahrenheit reached in the cambium layer of any twig or green branch will ruin it, but, as the specific heat of sap is nearly as large as that of water, the flame can hover for nearly a minute if need be in any one locality without raising the sap temperature to that point. Bark injury, with its attendant fungus troubles, is more to be guarded against in the use of the torch than sap injury, and on thin bark, as a rule, ten seconds of flame will kill any pupa or burn up the cocoon, and is long enough for the torch to remain. Lichens, mushrooms, toadstools and fungi will attack any dead or decaying tree, and any exposed wood or wound on a live one. As soon as the fungus has effected a lodgement, the mycelium or, as it were, root fibres of the fungus, fight their way down into the wood, rotting it as they go, and what was at first a minor injury soon becomes a bad wound. The remedy for all this is clean cutting the wound, disinfecting with one of the standard formaldehyde solutions sold at any seed store, and painting with tar or white lead paint, the latter of course being colorable to any shade desired, as in house painting. The living part of the tree is the sap layer only; one should get to regard the heart wood as a carpentered structure and treat it accordingly. How would you go about stopping rot in your house trim, your barn timbers or your fence posts? By cutting down to fresh wood and repainting, of course—and that is really all there is to tree surgery. Be sure and go deep enough to get out all infected wood, or you might 265 as well not start at all, and if the result- ing work will leave a rain pocket, fill with Portland cement mortar, two parts sand to one cement, and cap it off with neat cement or one-and-one mixture. In a big forest much of this sort of work is entirely unnecessary, for nature is doing it very well herself. All the shade-killed branches are self- pruned by the fact that the rot begins CotroNwoops INFECTED WITH Borers. right close to the trunk, and the wind soon breaks off the dead branch. Year by year the cambium layer closes over on the decayed stub, until finally the closure is complete. After that the sap layer flows completely over the spot, and we get the well-known bark knob, so common on maple, elm, dogwood, cherry and gum trees. With large limbs, however, which from one cause or another have been shade-killed and later break off, the fungus attack is likely to get a firm foothold, and as the closure cannot be made by the bark growth on account of the size of the hole, 266 the rot continues from year to year until the whole heart wood may be rotted. In such cases the tree surgeon gets to work and saves the tree for many years of usefulness and vigor, for, while a tree rotten at the heart will be as healthy and vigorous as ever in its growth, it is mechanically weak, subject to insect and fungus attack and likely to be windthrown any time. Fire is an enemy that will not bother the owner of a hardwood forest to any great extent, except in the matter of ground and brush fires, but as soon as he plants or assembles a forest of ever- greens he is in danger of fatal crown fires from almost the first year. During the early years of a plantation the danger is of a brushor field fire, which of course would kill the young transplants; and after the sixth year the crowns get to such a size as to easily communi- cate a fire even on six foot spacing. Fire and logging lanes should be left every four hundred feet in such a forest, and these should be twenty-five or thirty feet wide during the first twenty years of the life of the forest, and later widened to 50 and 100 feet. In planting for a twenty-five-foot fire lane, leave forty- five feet between the border transplants to allow for side growth into the lane from both sides, or branches, which will easily attain ten feet in length in the first fifteen years. A fifty-foot European larch border around each section is a good thing, not only because it is the best way to grow such an intolerant tree as larch, but because it aids materially in the effectiveness of a fire lane in a forest of spruce or pine, the larches being less vulnerable to crown fires. In the hardwood woodlot the fire most often met with is the ordinary leaf or brush fire. These seem harmless enough, and might even be suggested as a means of cleaning out underbrush cheaply, but as a matter of fact they are extremely harmful. At first nothing unusual is apparent but some blackened bark at the stumps of the trees. If the bark is thick and the tree old, no particular harm has been done, but the saplings of three to six inches diameter of all species will have been found to be AMERICAN FORESTRY badly scalded. In a year or so the bark spalls off, showing bare heart wood underneath; the tree has only about half the original number of sap fibres avail- able to feed it and therefore cannot circulate its sap from roots to crown freely, and soon*becomes peaked and diseased. In time it may heal up the scar, grow bark over it and put down some roots on this side again; more often a set of coppice shoots will start from the root collet, and instead of one tree you have a spindly sapling and a lot of outlaw shoots, which fight with it for light and moisture. We have one patch of forest in Interlaken, burnt over by one of these “‘harmless’”’ ground fires, in which every single sapling shows a scar as big as a saucer, and on the big trees some of them exhibit a scald the size of a dinner plate. They will all be taken out in time; at present we have planted some three-inch nur- sery white ashes and liriodendrons here and there in the patch, which will be the dominant trees in a few years, and then the burnt growth will be taken out entirely as none of it will ever make good, sound trees. Wherefore, prohibit brush fires in your woodlands, and be keen to put out any accidental ones. Very good apparatus for the purpose, consisting of asbestos fire shields, pack- sack fire extinguishers, etc., are now being made commercially so there is no necessity to go to the trouble of home- made equipment. I have already pub- lished what can be done with dynamite in fire fighting, and would advise resery- ing a set of tree-planting cartridges, all wired up for use in emergency brush fires, as they often occur when sufficient help cannot be gotten to the scene of the brush fire quickly enough to save many valuable saplings. I knew one leaf fire that covered half an acre of ground in ten minutes. The problem of light in the forest is a fascinating one, and any forest owner can get a good deal of pleasure out of the study, using an ordinary photo- graphic actinometer to make his own measurements. My goodfriend, Raphael Zon, of the U. S. Forest Service, has published an excellent bulletin on the subject, which everyone should read to PORBSIRY ON PHESCOUNTRY ESTATE get posted in the matter (Bulletin 92, Forest Service). His measurements are all in Weisner’s ‘“‘Isolator’’ standards, but a good enough practical substitute can be made by measuring full daylight in your locality on bright summer days with the photographer’s actinometer, and then taking the average per cent. of full daylight with this instrument in any locality you propose to under plant. A table of our more common eastern species, with their tolerance expressed in terms of full daylight, would be valu- able. The subject is of importance, for many species will thrive when young in a light which they would die in after middle age, and it is well to take light values in different localities before finally deciding on the species of tree to plant there, after due consideration has been had of water, soil, and sur- rounding general conditions. With us 267 in Southern Jersey, the light intensity problem is not so very serious, for the general diffused daylight is so strong that white pine will grow directly under a big chestnut oak and seemingly get to maturity without any particular trouble—we have several of them 35 years and over growing under such con- ditions. But in more northern localities, where the winters are severe and the total yearly daylight much less, light measurements should be taken. In the brief limits of this article the subject can be barely mentioned; I believe that with a thorough comprehension of all that is said in Zon’s bulletin, a wood- lot owner could make with an ordi- nary pocket actinometer, costing fifty cents, measurements sufficiently accurate enough for planting purposes. (To be Continued.) A MAN TO A TREE By GERTRUDE CORNWELL HopkKINs Stripped clean to meet the blast you stand, No tender leaves to shred; Your thousand fingers grip the earth And all the rest seems dead. Your life drawn back and hid beneath The cool, thick, silent crust— No blithe joys now of upper air, Your spirit dwells in dust. I’m like you, Tree; this is the time I’m stript to bare life’s needs, For when a branch is full 0’ sap, And bent or broke—it bleeds. I have to see some grim days past, To play this game straight through; It’s time for endurance, not for mirth With me, the same as you. But I’m not set to stay like this, So stiff and stark and numb: A man should be as sure as you; His good green time will come When he can spread in the warm air, Stick small, new leaflets out, And add a grace or two to life— He doesn’t have to doubt. Yet—I need more than you do, Tree; I can’t stand still and wait, Secure that all the good that’s mine Will come to me like fate: I have to stir around a bit, Find what belongs to me— O, I’m. gnarled and roughed and strained and hard But—just you wait, Old Tree! Lumbermen and others have shown recently that only 40% of the trees cut in the forests of this country are used for lumber. The remaining 60% represents pure waste as high stumps and tops either left to rot in the woods or as slabs consumed in the burner or slash piles at the mill. In Germany about 95% of every tree grown in the forests is used. Practically nothing from the forest is allowed to go to waste; even the stumps are grubbed out and the twigs and branches tied up into faggots for fuel. ONE VIEW OF THE FOREST RANGER By Paut G. REDINGTON Forest Supervisor, Sierra National Forest LREADY much has been written mas about the forest ranger—some good poetry—more bad; some true-to-life fiction, more that widely misses the mark. To those people who have never come in contact with the forest ranger—easterners and those of the west who do not frequent his habitat—his life is one of romance, adventure, danger. To them he is a mighty man of brawn, clad in the stage habilaments of a frontiersman or cow- boy, superbly mounted, travelling in a country where heretofore “the hand of man has never set foot;’’ classes in the same category as a member of the Northwest Mounted Police of Canada; an officer of a great government, clothed with the stern and unyielding authority of the law as he does his business with the grazer, the miner, the lumberman and the settler. This poorly drawn pic- ture of a forest ranger has been displayed before the eyes of many people by noted authors and writers of fiction and one cannot blame the uninitiated if he fails utterly to comprehend that com- monplace and hard, grinding work also are to be found in the daily life of a ranger; that this government officer seldom has to resort to force to carry out the law under which he works; that he is the friend and not the enemy of the men with whom he transacts business; that he is a respected member of a community; in most cases a man with a family, with the cares in this respect of the average American citizen on his shoulders; that he does his work from a sense of duty and because he wants to see it well done rather than because of arbitrary instructions of a _ superior officer. These people fail to appreciate —because they do not know—that a large part of the work of the ranger is of his own initiating; that within cer- tain limits he plans the greater part of the work which is to keep him busy, unhampered by dictation from any 268 higher authority. There will always be romance in the ranger’s life, and it is safe to say that his work and his life will furnish the basis for many of the really readable novels of the future. I have often thought of what a chance any man in the field force of the Service, blessed with the knack of throwing together a good novel, has of putting the forest ranger into a story that would deal with the romantic and the hum- drum, the humorous and the pathetic; a story that would give to the public a clearer idea of the real work of the average ranger than has been conveyed in the writings hitherto. How many little anecdotes each one of us knows, which, if put into properly embellished English, would make one of the most interesting. groups of short stories in existence. But I am going to side- track this phase of a many-sided sub- ject, and try to tell just what I think of the forest ranger and his future as viewed from a few short but pleasant years of contact with him and from the angle of a good many different positions. The forest ranger is, though he may not fully appreciate it, the foundation of the Forest Service, on which the vast establishment absolutely depends for support. He is the real forester in this great government machine. If not, in technical parlance, now, he will be not many years in the future. The practice of the profession of forestry must natur- ally be based on, first, a chance for the largest possible amount of field work, and, second, on observation; assuming, of course, that the man practising it has had sufficient of the theory of forestry to allow him to do proper and accurate work in the woods. As I say, the work must be done in the field where results can be watched for and studied. This cannot be done by an administrative officer of the Service, who necessarily has to devote a great bulk of his time to office work in connection with proper “HIMOUD LSAXYOA YOA NVHL AANLTININMOV AoA a Id UALLAAG SI LI GANINUALAG AAVH ASDIAAAS AHL AO STV AIO UALAV AAUASAU ISANOA AHI WOUd GALYNIWITA NADA SVH GNW1SIHL ‘AdadVALSHWOH V Ad GHIdNDDO A OL SI HOIHM NOILOAS UALUVNO V AO SAINYVGNNOT AHL ONINNNY AAXV NAW ASAHL ‘ISAUOJ IVNOILVN VUUNAIS ‘LOVA] AVALSAWOP{ ISHAOY ONIATAUNG SUFONVA 270 organization, and also because such an administrative officer, even though in the field for quite a portion of his time, has generally a large territory to cover, and his work cannot be intensive. It now happens that the greater number of the higher administrative offices in the Service are filled by men who have had, considering the chances in this country, a good technical education, but this is no criterion by which the future should be judged. These men of whom I speak may be classed as the mission- aries of the forestry profession in the United States. Their work has been one of education and of organization and the work they have done in the past five years along these lines will, I think, always stand out as a distinct and a remarkable achievement; but these results could not have been as successful as they assuredly have been unless these missionaries had found men willing to be educated in the funda- mentals of forestry and also willing to sacrifice a larger gain for the satisfac- tion of accomplishing something for the general public service. The rangers constitute this latter class of men to whom I refer, and it would be difficult to frame a tribute which would convey the credit due these men. They have worked under exasperating difficulties, and they do not, in most instances, appreciate what they have accomplished. More and more it becomes apparent to me that to the man who wants to accomplish those things which are going to count in the organization and manage- ment of forest work, a position in the field is an absolute necessity. There will be no denial of my statement that the trend now is out of the office and into the woods, but some of the men who are taking this step now are a long way behind the rangers who have been in the woods for some time. As Inspector and later Associate District Forester in another district of the Service, I thought very often with envy of the Supervisor, since from that point of view it seemed to me that he was the man who was accomplishing things: visor, the same feeling comes to me when I think about the rangers. As Supervisor, perhaps my judgment in Now, as Super;. AMERICAN FORESTRY differing with a ranger on a piece of work must as a matter of organization be final, but unless I have been on the ground and know the conditions thor- oughly, I never feel satisfied with the decision that has to reverse a ranger. To successfully conduct the work of a national forest, the Supervisor must depend almost to the last degree on his men in the field, for they are the men who are on the firing line and who are doing things. Not many years from now our ranger districts, smaller in area considerably, will be in the charge of a forest ranger, who to successfully conduct the work within his district, is going to need a fundamental knowledge of technical forestry. The forest stations will be equipped with tree nurseries whence a supply of young trees can be transported quickly and safely to an area in need of trees, when natural reproduction has failed to seed up a logged or burned country; these stations will be equipped in many instances with instruments for recording all those climatic features that have such an influence on the growth of the forest trees. The stations will be dotted with experimental plots from which the technically educated ranger in charge will draw his conclu- sions on which to base his field work. This change I think the men have all seen coming, slowly perhaps but surely, but I do not believe any of them, who think they lack opportunities for obtain- ing knowledge for technical forestry, should become alarmed lest their posi- tions are shortly going to be preempted by others. The rangers do not appre- ciate that they know a great deal about technical forestry, neither do they, I think, realize how tremendous an oppor- tunity each one of them has to widely extend this knowledge of technical forestry ‘by study, by reading, and, perhaps most important of all, by observation. Though it is hard for some to read and assimilate readily, it is possible for everyone, whether the opportunity of a higher education has been his or not, to benefit an hundred- fold by observation. Rangers are seeing those things in the woods that are necessary to the forester if he is going “SLSHYOH AHL HONOUHL SANIT ASHHL AO ONINIVINIVW CNV SONIC HHL SI MYOM SSUAONVA AHL HO LUVd INVLYOdWI NV GUNV SUALUVNOGVAH ,SSUAONVA AHL HLIM NOILVLIS LNONOOT AYIA V SLOANNOD ANI SINT ‘ “LSHYOY TIVWNOILVN) VaddIS ‘aNI'] ANOHdATAL V ONINIVdaY AAONVY LSAAOY 202 to endeavor to satisfactorily solve the forest problems to be found in this country. They have the best chance to study by observation the effects of fire on soil and reproduction. It is up to them to tell us how our methods of fire protection can be bettered; how we can bring about economy in the man- agement of timber sales; how brush burning can best be done and why; what steps are necessary to bring about a better condition of the range. If the rangers can only appreciate it and keep the realization before them constantly, every one of the men has it within his power to advance to an appreciable degree the work to which he is devoting his time and thought. As a field man, a ranger has considerable advantage over the men who have been coached in theoretical methods of forestry at the school, where field work does not occupy a period proportionate with text books. It is up to the ranger to try his very best to get the theory to go along with the practice and experience that is his. The chances for obtaining a forestry education are so much better for the average man now than they were five years ago that we can scarcely prophesy what is going to happen in the next decade, while most of the men are still in the prime cf life and able to take (partially at least) advantage of such opportunities. As I have said, most of the rangers have the funda- mental principles of the field end of practical forestry well in hand. If those who have not had the opportunity before, can round this out by a short, comprehensive course in technical fores- try, one of these days they can return to their districts secure in the knowledge that they are in the position to do the most valuable kind of work for the profession. ! As time goes on, our substantial cabins will have been built, our tele- phone and trail systems completed; our grazing so adjusted as to run almost automatically each year; our current timber sale work well in hand, and then more time will be devoted by the rangers to the thousand and one forest AMERICAN FORESTRY problems that the American forester has to solve. They will tell us how best we can check the erosion of our moun- tain parks; what grasses are going to best restore a depleted range; what body of timber needs to be marketed, and all the facts about how much can be cut each year; how much of the area should be reforested as it is cut; how much can be cut fifty years in the future; under what regulations the cutting should be done; what by-products can be obtained from the heretofore wasted portions of trees, and how are incipient insect attacks to be combated. They will be able to say whether or not our methods of forest mensuration are archaic, and just how they can be improved. They will be in charge of reconnaissance crews and will con- struct a working plan to the last detail for the territory within their districts. I am, of course, speaking for myself when I forecast this future. I know that the majority of experienced men in the Service agree in general with my views. I know that they will tell the men, as I have tried to, if government control of the forests of the western country is to continue, that there can be no great success or large accomplish- ment unless there is always at the front the forest ranger, conscientious, self- sacrificing, observing, doing things as the forest ranger of today is doing things. He must remember, when the work drags and discouragements come, that without him and men like him, the Forest Service could not progress. His reward may not come in large remu- neration or rapid advancement in rank, or in results actually seen by him, but it will most surely and quickly come in his own realization that he is a cognate part of a movement that touches the very foundations of human prosperity; of a movement that is altruistic, and one that has no tolerance for graft or meanness or selfishness, individual or corporate; his reward will come when he fully appreciates that he has done his best to help along the conservation movement, classed by many as the greatest of modern times. PROGRESS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA By OvERTON WESTFELDT PRICE RITISH Columbia has already B travelled, surely and very rapid- ly, far along the road which leads to forest conservation. That is important, since in British Columbia’s forests is estimated to be over one-half the total timber stand of all Canada. To what is British Columbia’s progress in forestry due? To these three things as I see it. First, a very remarkable opportunity to make the provincial forests serve the provincial welfare; for while British Columbia possesses large agricultural and rich mineral resources, vast water powers and great fisheries, it is primarily a forest country. Second, after opportunity comes the man in William R. Ross, the Provincial Minister of Lands, who, with the strong support of the Premier, Sir Richard McBride, is carrying forward wisely and vigor- ously a remarkably progressive, clean- cut policy of land, forest and water conservation. Third in the list of pre- disposing causes for forestry in British Columbia, and also an absolutely essen- tial one, comes a group of men lke H. R. MacMillan, M. A. Grainger, R. E. Benedict and J. H. Lafon; men who have great zeal and great efficiency in forest work, and who are building up a forest branch which is like themselves. This new forest branch is a distinctly vigorous infant. The toys with which it is playing happily and usefully are the forests of British Columbia. That makes quite an extensive puzzle picture, for British Columbia’s forests cover one hundred and fifty million acres. This infant organization spent last year about $350,000 and took in from rentals on timber held by lumbermen under lease from the government, “‘royalties”’ which means payments for stumpage, and from miscellaneous sources, about $3,000,000, or a revenue of $6.93 per capita for the entire population of the province. Nor is this somewhat precocious youngster interested merely in present returns. It also goes in quite extensively for forest fire protection and last year held, with a force of 320 men, the total forest fire damage in the entire province down to $18,354, which, to put it mildly, is distinctly creditable to those 320 men. During the year also the forest branch completed its organization of twelve forest districts, each with a district forester in charge. It made an admirable beginning on logging inspec- tion of 794 operations whose product aggregated one and one-third billion feet board measure, as well as great quantities of shingle bolts, piling, posts, mine props and poles. It made a notable beginning too, on permanent forest improvements, in the construction of nearly twelve hundred miles of trail and 360 miles of telephone line. To complete the tale merely of its more notable achievements, the forest branch has also developed a thriving little tim- ber sale business, which last year com- prised $238,000 worth of timber sold, and a further $147,000 worth advertised for sale. When the fact is recalled that the forest branch is not yet three years old, this progress is notable in forest history anywhere. The next task before the branch is to put forestry into effect on all timber limits with fairness to the forests and to the lumbermen. That, as Mr. Ross, the Minister of Lands, announced in a recent speech, is the most important task of all; and he and his forest branch are facing it. The recent act introduced by Mr. Ross for the adjustment of timber royalties is a great accomplishment. Without going into detail (for the act is available from the forest branch to any one who asks for it), I want merely to indicate what it accomplishes in fundamentals. This act provides that royalties, now fifty cents, shall go up by fifty per cent on January 1, 1915, and there remain for five years. Then, in 1920, comes a readjustment, under which the govern- ment first determines the average mill 273 WIAIWATOD HSILRIG NI NOY LON SAVE] SAXTY LSaNOy AMAA, ‘VIAWOATOZ HSILING NYYHLYON NI ‘AAAI SYVN AHL NO ‘WIHWOATOD) HSILIMG NI ASNYSSIVNNOOAY LSAAOY AO INAGION]T NY BRITISH COLUMBIA HAS UNNUMBERED LAKES LIKE THIS. 278 run price of lumber for the last three years, and adds to the royalty for the next five-year period one-fourth of the excess above $18.00 per thousand feet. At the end of. every five ‘years for six five-year periods the same process is renewed, the percentage of the price increment above a price of $18.00 taken by the government in royalty rising gradually from twenty-five to forty per cent. This means straight profit sharing between the public and the lumbermen. In revenue it means from forestry several times the present returns before the period of the act is ended. As a precedent it means to British Columbia true conservation, if the precedent be followed, as I firmly believe it will. It is precisely one of the great conserva- tion principles for which Gifford Pin- chot has been fighting and has been winning and goes on doing both, in the United States; and it is very gratifying to Americans that in his speech endors- ing the Royalty Bill of Mr. Ross, the Premier referred to Gifford Pinchot as “that great conservation leader who possesses the rare combination of vision, leadership and common sense.” The application of that principle to the other vast resources of British Columbia, such as water powers and minerals, will AMERICAN FORESTRY make it, more nearly than any other government of which I know, the epit- ome of conservation principles, with the possible exception of Australia. I do not mean, of course, to imply that the situation is absolutely roseate Conservation confronts difficulties in British Columbia as it does elsewhere. But there is in that province an admi- rable combination of opportunity—for British Columbia owns nearly all the natural resources of British Columbia and the special interests do not—and of patriotic, farsighted men like Sir Richard McBride, Mr. Ross and Mr. Bowser, the Attorney General, in position of high trust. Such a combination is sure to get great results. The way in which the United States Forest Service has, by friendly coopera- tion, lent its help to the new forest branch, is an exceedingly praiseworthy and productive thing. The forest branch cannot be a replica of the Forest Service, because it deals with different conditions under different laws; but the purpose of both organizations is to get the highest good for the greatest num- ber from publicly owned forest resources, and there is and is always bound to be a constant and fruitful spirit of mutual help between them. That spirit is already active and at work. CONFERENCE ON IRRIGATION a conference on the general sub- ject of the irrigation of the arid West to meet in Denver on the 9th of April, and has requested the governors of Arizona, California, Colo- rado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming, to send to this conference those who are interested in the further extension of irrigation in the West. This conference will be de- voted especially to the consideration of Se conten LANE has called methods of cooperation between the States and the Federal Government, the building and managing of irrigation projects and in considering the ways and means of financing such work. secretary Lane will be represented by several members of his staff, including those most familiar with irrigation matters, and invitations have also been extended to the representatives of financial interests interested in the flotation of irrigation bonds and to the representatives of Carey Act projects. DEDICATION OF A FORESTRY BUILDING HE dedication of the forestry | building of the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University on May 15 promises to be an occasion of great interest. The address of dedication is to be given by L. H. Bailey, former director of the College of Agriculture, at the opening of the program. Morning, afternoon and evening sessions have been arranged. In the morning and afternoon the following additional speakers will be heard: J. S. Whipple, President of the New York State Forestry Association; C. M. Dow, Chairman of the Forestry Committee of the New York State Bankers’ Association; F. L. Moore, President of the Empire State Forest Products Association; C. L. Pack, Presi- dent of the National Conservation Con- gress; H. S. Drinker, President of the American Forestry Association; J. W. Toumey, Director of the Yale Forest School. The evening session will be held in the assembly hall of the Main Agricultural Building, at which Henry S. Graves and Gifford Pinchot will be the speakers. On Saturday morning, May 16, the Society of American Foresters will hold a meeting at which Alfred Gaskill, State Forester of New Jersey, Filibert Roth, Director of the Department of Forestry at the University of Michi- gan, and B. E. Fernow, President of the Society, will speak. The directors of the American For- estry Association will also attend during the two days’ exercises and at the same time will hold their spring meeting. The program throughout follows one main topic, of interest to all, ‘“‘ The Lines of Principal Effort in American For- estry for the Next Decade.” The speakers will develop this subject from various standpoints, including the train- ing of foresters, lumbering, making public opinion effective, national forest work, the national movement for forest conservation, state forestry in the east and in the middle west. ‘+ The Cornell Forestry Club has planned an excursion by boat to Taughannock Falls on Saturday afternoon and an informal dinner there. Between the sessions of the dedica- tion meeting, visitors will have an opportunity to visit buildings of the university and to inspect the new for- estry building. This building is located on the east side of the university campus, opposite Beebe Lake and Fall Creek Road. Its cost, including equipment, is $120,000, which was appropriated by the State. It is one hundred and forty-two feet long and fifty-four feet wide. The dis- tribution of principal rooms is as follows: Ground floor: Wood technology labor- atories, timber testing laboratory, locker room, freight room. First floor: Offices, reading room, lecture and class room, mensuration and utilization laboratory. Second floor: Silvicultural and den- drology laboratory, museum, herbarium, class rooms, draughting room. Third floor: Laboratories for ad- vanced students, forestry club room, camera and dark rooms. Much interest has been shown in the dedication and a large attendance both from within and without the State is assured. Sawdust is now becoming of sufficient value to ship it to points where it can be used for ice packing, stable bedding, stuffing for upholstery, packing glassware, for shipment of metals, crockery, etc. Saw- dust is even used for the manufacture of gunpowder. and in Europe it is compressed into briquettes and sold for fuel. A few plants have already been organized in this country for utilizing sawdust for briquettes. Slabs, edgings and tops are now being profitably converted into cooperage stock, broom and other handles, wood turnery, wooden dishes and novelties, dowels, furniture rounds, etc. The stringent requirement of the Forest Service that all sheep be dipped before entering the national forests has practically eradicated scabtes.on those areas. 279 “ST AVJY NO GHLVOIGaAd AH OL “K ‘N ‘VOIHL] ‘ALISUAAINA) TIANNOD LV AANLINDINOY AO ANATIOD ALVLS WAOR MAN AHL AO ONIATING AUXLSAAOY A NEW TYPE OF FIRE LINE By M. A. BENEDICT Deputy Supervisor, Sierra National Forest TIMBER famine in the next WAN generation or two is a strong probability. The rapid deple- tion of the timber stand on private holdings is a clear prognosis of the grave situation which will con- front this country a few decades hence. To partially meet the demands of the future, millions of acres of public land were set aside some years ago as Na- tional Forests, to be devoted primarily to the protection of mature timber and the young growing stock which furnish the basis of the future crops. Fire is the greatest menace to this growing stock. The Forest Service has been paying particular attention to this phase of forest protection for several years, and each year sees the methods of protec- tion brought to a higher state of effec- tiveness. In fact, the point has almost been reached when the American people —the owners of these vast timberlands —can be assured that the great bulk of the growing stock on the National Forests will be in good shape for harvest at the proper time. There are, however, several obstacles that still stand in the way of complete insurance of the free- dom from serious damage to timber from fire. The chief of these in many parts of California is the proximity to the timber producing lands, of large areas of brush lands, which are not potentially valuable for timber production. Im- mense tracts of this type of land are either included within the forest in order to conserve the water supply, or lie just without the boundaries, where, because of their high degree of inflam- mability, they are a constant menace to the timber producing areas. The average fire, starting in this type of country, is only controlled through vigi- lant effort and the expenditure of much money. The line between the brush and the timber producing areas, on the west slope of the Sierra Nevadas, is generally a most clearly defined one, and in order to reduce the chance of serious damage to the timber, the idea of placing a cleared line between the two types was conceived in the fall of 1913, and this line was constructed along the proposed new western boundary of the Sierra National Forest (which coincides closely FELLING A SNAG BY A SAw. NOTE HOW BADLY IT HAS BEEN BURNED. ‘with the lower timber line) in January and February, 1914. The purpose of this fire line is to afford cheaper and more effective protection to areas which should be devoted to the continued pro- duction of timber. The conditions which had to be met were extraordinary, and it was found to 281 L AVM V DONINVI19 NI XYOM NOING AO GOHLAW ONIMOHS ‘AAGMOY ADT GATIAY OVNS VY FOREST RANGERS CLEARING OUT THE Back Fire L 284 be impractical, from the point of view of both cost and effectiveness, to con- struct a wide, clean line of the German type. Fires originating in the brush country burn with fearful rapidity, and if left alone would sometimes sweep over a line half a mile in width. The cost of the construction of a line of this width would obviously be prohibitive. It was therefore decided to construct a line from which an organized fight could be directed. The usual method of com- bating fires in this type of country is to get well in advance of the approaching fire and clear the ground of all inflam- mable material for a few feet in width. Then the country between the cleared strip and the approaching fire is fired. The two fires burn together and go out for lack of inflammable material to burn. This method of fire control is in com- mon use all over the State of California, but there are several serious difficulties in combating a fire in this way. A back fire line has to be run hurriedly through very rough country; oftentimes it is not rightly placed and frequently it is not possible for a crew of reasonable size to prevent the back fire, set out along the hastily improvised line, from jumping the slight barrier interposed. To offset these difficulties, the follow- ing principles were outlined to govern the construction of the new type of line. It was to consist of three parts: (1) The back fire line, which is a narrow cut through the ground cover to mineral soil—in all respects similar to a line which a fire fighting crew would cut out to combat a fire in any given type. (2. and 3) To insure the successful handling of any fire, this back fire line was supplemented by the removal of the more inflammable material, such as down limbs, snags or clumps of heavy brush, for an average width of 100 feet in front and back of the cleared back fire line, in order to reduce the extra hazard. These two strips were to be known as the front and back protection strips. With this dangerous material out of the way, a ranger in charge of an efficient fire fighting crew could get well in advance of an approaching fire and back fire without fear of the back fire getting away from him. Special AMERICAN FORESTRY emphasis was laid on the removal of old snags in front of the line. These snags very often are the means of throw- ing sparks across the back fire line and cause the loss of control. HoLes witH AUGERS FOR THE CHARGES oF POWDER WITH WHICH THE TREE IS TO BE BLown Down. BORING The detailed location of the line was determined on in advance by rangers who had had a long experience in back firing work. Advantage was always taken of topography that would render the fighting of a fire less difficult. Roads, trails, open plowed fields, were used where they occurred as a part of the back fire line. Wherever possible the line was also made so that it could be used as the basis for a patrolman’s beat. Tool boxes and telephone instruments will be placed at frequent intervals along the line to facilitate the control of an approaching fire. Signs will be placed at living springs so that no time will be Drab TREE BEING BLOWN DoWN BY A CHARGE OF POWDER. THE SMOKE FROM THE EXPLOSION OBSCURES THE LOWER PORTION OF THE FALLING TREE. AMERICAN FORESTRY METHOD OF PLOWING THE BACK FIRE LINE. THIS WORK MAY ALSO BE SATISFACTORILY DONE BY DYNAMITING, THE EXPLOSION MAKING A DEEP AND WIDE TRENCH. lost by the fighting force in locating available sources of water supply. To do this work, twenty-four regular rangers were picked from the different forests 1n California, assigned to the Sierra Forest, and were there divided into two crews of twelve each. These crews were in charge of a foreman who was chosen from their number. The foreman subdivided his crew into groups that worked on different parts of the construction. Usually there were two snag crews, one equipped with falling saw, and the other equipped with augers and powder. In this connection, very interesting and valuable data in regard to the cost and effectiveness of these two methods of snag disposal was obtained. From four to six men were equipped with axes and it was their duty to brush out the back fire line for a width of ten to twelve feet and also remove such inflammable material as was necessary 1n front and behind this strip. After the line was brushed out, two men came behind with a side-hill plow and plowed two furrows, one on each side of the back fire line, as close as the horses could go to the brush. The space between these furrows was then burned, leaving a back fire line free from any inflammable material. The progress of the crews varied according to the type of the country, but each crew easily averaged a mile and a half of finished line per day. By February 20 the line had been built along the western boundary of the Sierra Forest, an approximate distance of one hundred and ten miles, at a cost of $52 per mile. While the full value of this type of line cannot as yet be determined, there can be no doubt but that such a line will prove to be a big help in protect- ing the timber areas, simply because it will relieve the local organization from the necessity of constructing a line of less efficiency on very short notice and in the face of an approaching fire. Plans for the Forest Products Exposition of Chicago, April 30th, are progressing satisfactorily. The preparations of exhibits by the affiliated associations is under way. to induce attendance, will be undertaken in the near future. A campaign of advertising, The manufacturers generally are requested to exert their utmost efforts toward creating interest in the expositions, which bid fair to be the most interesting and comprehensive ever held in this country. PLANTING AND SEEDING OF WOODLOTS By Geo. Latta Barrus, NEw YorK STATE FORESTER HE establishment of tree growth | in the woodlot, or on large forest areas may be brought about by two methods, namely, natural reproduction and artificial reproduction. I wish to give some advice to woodlot owners on planting and seeding, and to draw their attention at this time to the planning of such work for the spring season. In another issue of this maga- zine there will be discussed the different systems to be followed in securing natural reproduction of forest growth. It will be learned from such discussion that, while natural reproduction is the ideal to be hoped for, there are certain fundamental requirements, at the start, necessary in order to make the adoption of that system possible, the most impor- tant factor being the presence of good seed trees of desirable species. On vast areas of land in the United States not only are desirable seed trees lacking, but there are often no signs of any tree growth, leaving artificial reproduction as the only choice. Even in the small areas of woodlots there are _ often open spaces where planting or seeding is advisable to secure satisfac- tory conditions. Thus, in any opening where grass is found, and where it would be difficult to secure reproduction of the best species, it would be wise to resort to planting. Only too often all the trees of the best species have been cut out from a woodlot, so that it would be impossible to secure their natural reproduction. Also it might be desirable to introduce species which had never grown there before. Again, in such spaces where the land is now occupied by large spreading trees of poor quality, it would be better to cut these out and plant. There are very few woodlots which could not be very greatly improved by planting from one hundred to four hundred trees per acre. Like all other forest planting, the work can generally be done before the ordinary farm work is taken up, so that it will not interfere with that work. In case the market conditions warrant cutting of the poor material, generally the value received from such cuttings will be enough to pay for the cost of planting the woodlot with new stock, as this latter cost is very low. Photo by C. J. Ayres. THE LAND Gives EvIDENCE OF BEING OCCUPIED IMMEDIATELY AFTER PLANTING. SCOTCH PINE ON ADIRONDACK SAND. ci) wa ~ Cand) CO CO The first thought which occurs to the land owner ordinarily is that he can secure a forest growth much more cheaply and satisfactorily by sowing the seed directly on the ground instead of planting the trees. Where it is desired to start a growth of hardwood trees this is sometimes true, especially in the case of black walnut, red oak, hickory and some of the heavy seeded hard- woods. In such cases seed can be gathered from the trees and set out immediately or kept over winter and planted in the spring. Where squirrels and field mice are especially numerous, the spring planting is preferable. In such work it is necessary to have the mineral soil exposed, and also to have leaves and grass removed from the spot where the seed is planted, or if the seed is to be sown, the ground should be dragged with a light drag or an old stub of a tree which will tear up the ground surface. Experience in planting trees and sow- ing seeds in the field under varying con- ditions clearly indicates that planting is a successful method, while broadcast sowing is too expensive and uncertain to be used generally. WHEN TO PLANT, Most of reforesting work has been done inithe spring as soon as the frost is out of the ground, so the trees could be shipped. This means from the early part of April to the latter part of May, depending upon local climatic condi- tions. It is also possible to do such planting work in the early fall as soon as the long summer drought ceases and the fall rains begin. Coniferous trees in some cases can be planted as early as the latter part of August, but for fall planting of hardwoods it is better to,wait until later when the leaves begin to fall. WHAT TO PLANT. In answer to this question the first requirement is to learn what are the native species making the best growth on the kinds of soil where your planting is to be done, and then decide which species will give the product desired for your use or marketable in your locality. AMERICAN FORESTRY Of the trees adapted for planting in the Eastern States, perhaps the follow- ing named are some of those most likely to be chosen for a special product: White ash and red oak, for hardwood lumber; black locust, European larch, arbor vitae and catalpa (in restricted range), for fence posts, grape stakes or hop poles; white and red pine, Norway and red spruce and tulip poplar, for a supply of softwood lumber; Norway or red spruce and Carolina poplar, for pulpwood. Photo by G. L. Barrus. PitcH PINE SEED Spot S1tx YEARS AFTER PLANTING SEED. In order to have the plantation suc- cessful and prove a profitable invest- ment, there are certain factors, such as light, soil moisture, soil fertility, climatic conditions, fungus diseases and insect pests, which must be considered. The pines are best adapted to light, sandy soils with but little fertility, while the spruce, tulip poplar and catalpa are quite exacting as to soil requirements. The amount of moisture required by trees depends upon their root systems. ‘AUUSUNN AHL NI SONITGHAS AVAA OMT 290 Such trees as Scotch, Austrian and red pine, black locust and red oak, make satisfactory growth on dry soil because their long tap roots are able to take up moisture from the lower sub-soil. There are no trees, however, which make a satisfactory growth on cold soils thor- oughly saturated with water, because air in the soil is necessary. All trees, in order to make a profit- able growth, require light, but the maxi- mum and minimum requirements vary considerably according to species. Light shade is beneficial to nearly all species when they are first planted, but some kinds, such as spruce, have the ability to withstand considerable shade. Often times there will be existing growth, such as grass, brambles, brush or brakes on the land to be planted. In such cases a liberal sized space should be cleared before planting the trees, so as to allow a fairly good opening to prevent the ground cover from choking out the trees or matting them down after the rank growth of the summer has been weighted down by the winter snow. Of course it is hard to select any species which is not afflicted with insect pests or fungus diseases to a more or less extent. There are some species, however, which are especially undesir- able for this reason. For instance, the chestnut should not be planted in the Atlantic States because of the chestnut blight, and in certain localities the locust borer works such havoc with plantations as to discourage the planting of this tree. Ordinarily, however, the locust will reach a size suitable for grape stakes or fence posts before the plantation is destroyed, and when sprout growth comes up after cutting, 1t gets a very good start before another attack is likely to occur. Where there is a ground cover of sweet fern the Scotch pine is apt to develop a fungus disease which requires the sweet fern as a host in order to carry out its life cycle. In some localities the white pine weevil causes considerable damage to plantations periodically and, in such cases, it might be best to consider the substitution of red pine. SIZE OF TREES TO BE USED. Ordinarily a land owner expects to receive trees three or four feet high, so AMERICAN FORESTRY as to make an immediate showing, but the folly of using such stock is easily seen when we consider the cost of trans- portation, the increased cost of labor in setting them out, and finally the large percentage of loss where this large stock is used. Under most conditions the largest tree advisable for reforesting work is the four-year-old transplant and the use of this tree is not to be advised ordinarily unless there is filling in to be done where former planting has already made a fairly good start, or in Photo by G. L. Barrus. No. 1—FiveE YEAR OLp ScotrcH PINE SEEDLING FROM SEED Sport. No. 2—Four YEAR OLp ScotcH PINE TRANSPLANT FROM NURSERY. NOTE BETTER ROOTS ON NO. 2. planting on very dry and exposed situa- tions where the smaller transplants or seedlings could not survive. The best proportioned tree for ordinary planting is the three-year-old transplant which has a very well developed root system, even though the top does not make as much of a showing as that of the four- year transplant. The transportation of such trees is considerably less than the four-year transplant, and they are ‘SLOOU AHL GNNOUV TIOS AHL ONINWINL “Ff ‘AAAL AHL ONILLAS “¢ “A IOH AHL ONIDDIA ‘T “YHAAOD GNNOUD ONIAOWAA *] “ONIINVTId NI SdaLG ano AHL Be Tey ie 292 much easier for the men to handle in planting. In some cases, where there is not a dense ground cover, the two-year-old seedling will give satisfactory results, and when this stock is used, closer spacing could be adopted, assuring a sufficient number of trees for the final stand, even though a larger percentage of loss was encountered. In taking up such small trees from the nursery, we are bound to get a more complete root system with the small fibrous roots which are so essential to the growth of the tree. HOW TO PLANT. If the planting is to be done on a large scale, it will be necessary to organ- ize the men in crews and to have trees purchased from a commercial or State nursery. When the trees arrive they should be taken to the planting field and un- packed immediately. The roots should be dipped in water and the plants “heeled, in,’ i: e:, placed upright in a trench and the dirt packed tight around the roots. They can be kept in this manner while the planting is in progress. The working unit is two men, one of them equipped with a grub hoe and the other with a pail for carrying the little plants. Two men working thus as a pair—one making the hole and the other planting the tree—will, after a little experience, set out about 1,000 transplants or 1,200 seedlings per day. If only a few thousand trees are to be planted, two men can do the work within the required time; but if many thousand, several pairs of men will be necessary. In making a hole, it is well to cut off and remove a thin slice of sod, as this gives the plant a better opportunity to grow. The hole should be large enough to give room for the roots with- out crowding; but on a light soil the least dirt that is moved in order to set the plants properly the better it will be. The plant should usually be placed in the ground at the same depth that it was before; but on light, sandy soil it may be set slightly deeper. The earth should be packed about the roots thoroughly, so that the plant will be AMERICAN FORESTRY able to get all the moisture possible from the surrounding earth. Care should be taken also to place the roots in their natural position. Special pains should be taken to prevent any exposure of the roots to the sun. Once they become dry the plants are very likely to die. The trees “heeled in” should be kept moist at roots. | Ae i 7 : aie } Jota POSSIBILITY OF SCOTCH PINE AS A CHRISTMAS TREE. % pagaet. Ree SAS yok | 6 In planting spruce spectal care must be taken to get. the tree in the ground the same depth as it has been growing. The roots should also be placed in as near a normal position as possible. Cultivation is not necessary before planting, but it will improve the growth of the plantation and is necessary for catalpa. NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE. It is absolutely necessary that a much larger number of trees be planted on an acre than would be expected in a mature forest. It is not necessary, however, to crowd the trees the way they are found ‘AUASUNN AHL NI GuvOg ONILINVIdSNVAL ONIS() 294 AMERICAN FORESTRY BEFORE PLANTING. This land is not fitted for agriculture. It is an evidence that the real cost of neglected waste areas on a farm is a general lowering of the whole farm value. sometimes in nature, especially in natural seeding of white cedar or white pine. A close, dense stand is essential at the start in order to produce a proper development in the future growth, but it is wise to consider at the same time the initial cost of your planting, as this will affect the final profits. The close planting produces crowded and-.shaded conditions which kill off the side branches when the trees are small, reduce the number and size of the knots, and finally make a higher grade of lumber. Such valuable results are easily seen when we compare the difference between trees which have grown naturally in a dense forest and those which have grown in the open. On the other hand, if too many trees are planted per acre, the cost is rapidly increased and tends to discourage the land owner from mak- ing the initial investment. Then too, the denser the stand, the sooner will thinning be necessary in order to get the best growth. Such early thinning ordinarily would not bring a profit in this country. In foreign countries where the fagot is in demand, closer planting and such early thinnings can be carried on with some degree of profit. It is also possible that, if the right species could be grown on the soil in question, the early thinnings could be made with the idea of a supply of Christmas trees which would bring a profit in this country. The advisability of growing such a crop, however, would be governed largely by the proximity to available markets as well as the adaptability of balsam, Norway spruce or other Christ- mas trees to the soil where the planting is to be done. In consideration of these factors, it is found that a spacing of six by six feet, requiring 1,200 trees per acre, is best adapted for most plantations. The fast growing and light demanding trees, such as Carolina poplar and black locust, may be set at a wider spacing, for example, eight feet apart each way, requiring 680 trees per acre. In some cases a mixed plantation might also be desired where fast growing species would be alternated with slower grow- ing and shade enduring species, with the idea that the faster growing tree would be taken out in the early thinnings. In such a case the trees might be planted PLANTATION RESULTS. WuHiItE PINE 8 YEARS OLD; 24,000 BOARD FEET BOX BOARD LUMBER PER ACRE, ? 296 AMERICAN FORESTRY Four YEARS AFTER PLANTING. NOTE NOT ONLY THE MUCH BETTER APPEARANCE BUT ALSO THE VERY APPARENT INCREASE IN VALUE PER ACRE, five feet apart, requiring about 1,740 per acre. Planting in the farmers’ woodlots shouldibe done where necessary to fill up openings in the woodlots, which would take too long to seed up naturally, thus immediately putting all the land to productive use; to introduce new species to make the stand more valuable; or to ensure reproduction of most desired species, difficult to secure otherwise. In underplanting in the woods, care must be taken not to plant where the light conditions or soil conditions are unsuitable to the species used; thus, white pine should have a moderate amount of light, Norway spruce could stand a considerable amount of shade and white oak would require much light. Several States maintain nurseries where trees can be purchased at cost or at least at very reasonable rates. If there are no State nurseries, the State Forestry Department can refer you to reliable commercial nurseries and give you special advice for planting in your particular locality. Therefore the first thing to do is to communicate with the State Forestry Department. If there is no State Forest Service, then communi- cate with the U. S. Forest Service at Washington, D. C. Lumber companies or owners of large tracts remote from railroad lines can often avoid} heavy transportation and hauling charges by establishing a small nursery near the planting site. The owner of a woodlot can perhaps even more easily start a small nursery in his garden patch. The growing of hardwoods in a private nursery is perhaps even more a practical suggestion, especially for the owner of the woodlot. Seeds of the different hardwoods can often be col- lected in the vicinity of the woodlot and either sown in the fall or stored over winter and sown in the spring. If suit- able precautions can be taken to prevent loss from squirrels or mice, better results usually are obtained from fall sowing from heavy seed of hardwoods, such as oaks, hickory, etc. The seed could be sown in long rows spaced the same as transplants, so as to permit the use of a hand cultivator. The seeds should not be covered too deeply, ordinarily two to three times the diameter of the seed itself. It is also possible and advisable in PLANTING AND SEEDING OF WOODLOTS some localities to gather small seedlings if they have come up naturally in a place where they are not desired, or too thick for a permanent stand. If trans- planted in nursery rows for a year or two, they would develop much better roots and be better adapted for planting in permanent sites. The cost of reforesting depends on many factors which go to determine the cost of the planting stock and the work of planting in the field. First of all the cost of stock will depend on where the same has to be purchased. There was a time, not many years back, when reforesting could not be advocated tc any extent because trees could not be secured at a price reasonable enough to show results from a business stand- point. No one can expect land owners to undertake reforesting if they have to pay $10 to $30 per thousand for trees at the nursery. Since some of the States have started nurseries in recent years, commercial nurseries have come to realize this fact and they have been led to offer a smaller grade of stock suitable for reforesting at a more reasonable price. In the majority of cases the public have not yet come to realize the fact that the best trees can be secured for reforesting at prices ranging from $1.50 to $6.00 per thousand. Of course such prices generally are quoted f. o. b. nur- sery so that the final cost of stock will depend upon the proximity of the plant- ing site to the nursery. If you are for- tunate enough to have your land located near a nursery where trees can be shipped by freight or hauled direct from the nursery by teams, the cost of stock will be at a minimum. If, on the other hand, the trees have to be shipped by express and then perhaps hauled twenty miles from express office to planting site, the cost is greatly increased. The cost of planting is a still more variable quantity. The condition of land to be planted, the distance at which trees are spaced, the cost of provisions (depending on the season of the year or the distance toted), the amount of lost time due to bad weather, the experience of the men, the supply of labor, and the size of operation, are allfactorsinfluencing the cost of planting. 297 The reports from private plantings show variation of cost per acre from $3.00 for underplanting with 400 trees, to $16.00 for a maximum where trees are spaced six by six feet, requiring about 1,200 per acre. Probably an average cost per acre for trees and labor would be about $8 to $12. Photo by G. L. Barrus. PopLaR WHIPPING Top OF RED PINE AND RETARD- ING Its GROWTH. IN CASE OF UNDER PLANTING REMOVE POORER SPECIES WHEN THEY INTERFERE WITH THE BEST GROWTH. For planting in the woodlot, the work can often be done at such times as not to interfere with other work and with permanently employed labor, so that the only actual investment is the cost of trees, about $3 to $6 per acre. Returns come within a short time. The trees in from three to five years cover the unsightly parcels, thereby increasing the value of the entire tract. Careful studies of growth made in plantations show good yields and money returns from reforesting. Planting is not a matter of sentiment, but a sound business investment. 298 AMERICAN FORESTRY CHARCOAL KILN IN THE SPESSART MOUNTAINS. THEY RECEIVE ABOUT ONE AND A QUARTER CENTS PER CUBIC FOOT FOR THEIR LOPWOOD. THE HARDWOODS OF THE SPESSARTS By F. F. Moon, M. F. r | \HE statement was made a short time ago by no less an authority than Mr. Pinchot, that up to the present time, in comparatively few instances has timber ever brought a price in the United States equal to the cost of production. A trip to the great hardwood region of Germany, the Spessart Mountains of Hessen, proves this statement beyond cavil. The Spessart Mountains are located in the bend of the Main River, are sterile as to soil, inclement as to weather, and unsuited for agriculture, but at present constitute a resource of enormous value, since they produce the bulk of the fine hardwoods for the German Empire. One-third of this region is devoted to timber production, and forestry and mining are the chief sources of employ- ment for the inhabitants. The development of this region as a broad commercial forestry proposition is of comparatively recent date as measured by their standards, regular silvicultural methods having been intro- duced about 1813. Previous to this time it had been used chiefly for a hunting preserve by the archbishops of Mainz. Even now portions of 1t furnish superior boar shooting, the Prince Regent of Bavaria owning a large tract, completely fenced, near Rothenbuch. When the church property passed into the hands of the state, the desultory methods were replaced by more scien- tific forms of management so that at present we find them handling these non- agricultural lands in an up-to-date manner instead of using methods that had their chief sanction from custom. Even now they realize that the rotations used in the past are entirely too long when the financial returns are taken into consideration, and that the mature stands of oaks and beeches, ranging in age from 800-1,000 years, while picturesque in the extreme, are not financially profitable, in spite of the high stumpage prices that prevail. The revier at Rothenbuch gives a good idea of conditions and practices prevailing in this region. Mature forests are being rapidly cut off and replaced by seedling stands of oak and beech. Direct seeding is the chief method used in getting the stands started. The rows, approximately 1.5 meters apart, are hacked with a grub hoe at an average cost of about 30 marks per hectare ($3 per acre), then the acorns are put in with a dibble at an additional cost of ’ Bi EX, 9 ‘Ss if ee Photo by F. F. Moon. STAND OF OAK AND BEECH NEAR ROTHENBUCK IN THE SPESSART. THE OAKS ARE 800 YEARS OLD, SOME OF THEM HAVING 38 FEET CLEAR LENGTH WORTH $750 EACH. ‘LHOIN AHL NO ANId ALIHM NVOIMAWNV JO NOILVINV1d GNV YAINAD NI NO ONIOD MON ONILLOD AVAID “LAAT NO ADIddOD AVO GNV HOAAE . “MONANAHLOY OL OYNANAAAVHOSY WOUA AVvOY AHL NO “u0opy “yf “Yt XQ 0704 THE HARDWOODS OF THE SPESSARTS 8-20 marks per hectare. As a result they may get as high as 20,000 seedlings per hectare. (8,000 per acre.) At present they are doing little in the way of artificial regeneration of beech, since in the words of Forst- meister Endres, ‘Beech is a weed in this locality, both as to germination and growth, and comes in the oak plan- tations of its own accord.” Frequent thinnings are made and if, as in some instances, the stand has come up ragged, they will cut it clean and get a coppice stand of greater regularity and vigor. In the past hogs were often pastured in the woods at mast time to force the nuts and acorns into the ground. At present, while a good deal of grazing is permitted, no dependence is placed on way of getting a forest started; artificial regeneration being the rule. The care which is exercised in the proper utilization of their material and their efforts to keep up the value and reputation of their products is abun- dantly justified, since the prices they receive are enormous and Spessart oak is widely known for its quality and in great demand. The very best sticks of clear oak are sold for veneer, the lower grades are used for planks and staves, and the tops and defective portions are made into charcoal on the ground, thus mak- ing their utilization practically complete. The age of their largest trees (small annual growth), of course insures the fine texture and uniform quality needed for the veneer industry. One reason that was given here for the close planting method and is found to prevail in other parts of Germany, is that this close competition during the first decade or two of the trees, prevents rapid spongy growth in the core. We have hardly reached the point in the United States where we care to sacrifice early volume growth for later quality. That these efforts at price and quality maintenance are not lost, the value of 301 the logs bear witness. In 1911 the aver- age price they received per stem of oak was $142 (stems averaged a little less than 2,000 board feet apiece, making the price about $75 per thousand on the stump). They have received as high as 470 marks per cubic meter of oak or an equivalent of about $375 per thou- sand board feet. For their veterans that are free from branches for some distance above the ground, there is great demand; a butt log that will run six meters free from branches, is worth $250, and one that is eleven meters in clear length brings $750, on the stump. It is needless to say that this class of material is most economically used, being cut into the finest veneers. | For the stave material they receive 42 marks per stare (7-10 of a cubic meter), or about 40 cents per cubic foot, while for their lop wood, etc., they get about 1 1-4 cents per cubic foot. Regarding the financial success of their methods, it has been found that the - compound interest charges very largely eat up the profits on long rotations in spite of the enormous returns per acre. They are now planning to reduce the rotation to 250-300 years for the oaks and to introduce the faster growing spruce and pine. We have in our Southern Appala- chians some of the finest natural hard- wood land in the world; land far better suited for the raising of trees than for agriculture; land which in the memory of middle aged men, has been cleared, tilled for a few years, and then allowed to grow up to brush. It is eminently fitting that we profit by the example of the Bavarian and Hessian foresters and turn this vast area, now producing nothing but a fraction of its capacity, into a magnificent hardwood producing region so that in the United States, Appalachian oak, like Spessart oak in Germany, may be a term with which to conjure. With the vigorous extension of the Weeks Act it is not at all improbable. A California firm 1s selling eucalyptus charcoal at $24 a ton, as against $20 a ton for oak char- coal, of the tree are being sought. Since most of the California-grown eucalyptus do not make good lumber, uses for other products SALT LAKE PRESERVES TIMBERS recently burned, along the north shore of Great Salt Lake, engineers have just found that the piles are still perfectly sound after forty-three years of service. Looking for the cause, since these were only of local pine and fir, they found the timbers were impreg- nated throughout with salt from the lake. b,At another point on the lake, eighteen inch piles, set twenty-nine years, are similarly preserved with salt, which has penetrated to their very center. Tim- bers in the Southern Pacific trestles across Salt Lake, placed in 1902, appear to be as good as on the day when the piles were driven. They have been pre- served well above water line by the salt dashed on to them by the waves, a fact apparently anticipated by the engineers who built the trestles. The first transcontinental telegraph line, built before the railroad, extended west from Salt Lake City through the prosperous mining camps of Eureka, Austin and Virginia City. When the railroad was built, the telegraph line was transferred to follow its right of way and the old poles sawed off at the ground. An engineer who recently examined the butts left in the ground in the salt desert near Fish Springs, found |: REPLACING a railroad trestle that, although fifty years had passed since the poles were cut off, the old butts were perfectly sound. Telephone and electric companies in the Salt Lake valley have used the local salt for preserving poles. When set up, about 75 pounds of salt is placed around the pole on the ground. This method cannot be used, however, when the pole is on or near a lawn, or in any place where vegetation is desired. It is pointed out that the reason why the waters of Salt Lake act as a strong preservative. as distinguished from ocean waters, is because the lake water is so much saltier, being practically a saturate solution. Preservation with salt is of no use in ocean piling against the attack of teredos and other marine borers. Experts in the Forest Service who have been investigating the preservative treatment of timber, offer the suggestion that ties and poles which have been immersed for some time in the waters of the lake ought to be impervious to decay, if the salt is not leached out by the action of the elements. It has been suggested that this can be guarded against, for example, by painting the butt of the pole with a coat of creosote, which will keep out the moisture and keep in the salt. CARE OF SHADE TREES r | \HE Tree Committee of the Laurel Hill Association, Stockbridge, Mass., has evolved a plan for arousing interest in the systematic care of the village shade trees which commends itself to other communities. The plan is outlined for the guidance of others: In order to plan more intelligently for tree planting and tree removal, the town of Stockbridge has had a chart of its village trees plotted to scale. The work has been done with the approval and authority of the selectmen and the tree warden by the committee on trees of the Laurel Hill Association, 302 a village improvement society which prides itself on being the pioneer of such societies. The village main street is 100 feet wide and flanked on either side by a row of trees. Elms predominate, sup- plemented by maple, ash, linden and pine. The largest of the elms is 17% feet in circumference at a height of three feet above the ground and is probably about 160 years old. In addition to the chart, the com- mittee has issued a pamphlet for local distribution outlining briefly the num- ber and varieties of the village trees MARYLAND CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION and showing the need of a comprehen- sive plan for the whole street in the matter of tree removals and replanting. The charts and the pamphlet together make it easily apparent that the usual aversion to any sort of thinning of trees in public highways or parks is a mistaken attitude. The committee have as yet charted only those trees on the roadway side of the property lines, but it is expected that property owners along the street, which is widely known for its perspective of arching trees and its well kept lawns, 303 will conform in their tree planting activities to the general plan indicated by the committee. In addition to this landscape study, the committee supplements the town and private activities in the nature of spraying, trimming, and general care of the trees and expects to systematically call the attention of the residents of the town to any State or Federal bulletins on these general subjects as may be from time to time available for general distribution. MARYLAND CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION HE first annual conference of the | Maryland Conservation Asso- ciation at John Hopkins Univer- sity, proved to be a very success- ful and encouraging gathering of Mary- landers in the good cause. The preamble to the by-laws of the association contains the statement that this association has been formed through the interest aroused by the Fifth National Conservation Congress, which was largely attended by Marylanders. That those attending the Congress felt desirous of advancing the cause of conservation in Maryland, and of reviving the organization formed some years ago for that purpose. The addresses at the conference were as follows: Conservation in the Nation and in the State, Senator Moses E. Clapp, of Minnesota. The Smith-Lever-A gricultural Demonstration Bill, Congressman A. F. Lever, of South Carolina. Relation of Farm Co-operative Dem- onstration Work to Soil Fertility, Brad- ford Knapp, Esq., United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. Bird Refuges and Game Propagation, John B. Burnham, Esq., New York, President, American Game Protective & Propagation Association. The Shellfish Industry, Dr. H. F. Moore, Chief, Division of Fisheries. The Bearing of Pollution of Tidal Water on Health, and the Necessity of Control of Pollution, Surgeon H. S. Cumming, United States Public Health Service. The Value to Maryland of the Con- trol of Water Carried Diseases in Town and County, and Measures Necessary to Accomplish It, Surgeon L. L. Lums- den, United States Public Health Ser- vice. Patapsco Forest Reserve, Miss Kath- arine Liurman. Old Fort Frederick, Judge Henry Stockbridge. Forestry, Dr. Henry S. Drinker, President, American Forestry Associa- tionand President, Lehigh University, Pa. GEORGE W. VANDERBILT DEAD members of the American Forestry Association heard of the death re- cently of Mr. George W. Vanderbilt, of Washington, D. C., a vice president of the association and a man who has done much for the cause of forestry. The success of the forest planting on the |: WAS with the deepest regret that estate of Mr. Vanderbilt at Biltmore has long been known to students of forestry and has been an object lesson and an inspiration for similar work in other parts of the country. What Mr. Vanderbilt has done for forestry will be the theme of an article in an early issue of AMERICAN FORESTRY. HOW TO SAVE $100,000,000 A YEAR O GREAT are the possibilities and so urgent the need of wider use of preserved timbers that it is estimated that $100,000,000 a year would not cover the saving which could be made by the universal treat- ment of woods in commercial use, which are exposed to decay. A Forest Service bulletin issued five years ago made the estimate then that about $72,000,000 a year would be saved if proper preserva- tive treatment was given to all kinds of structural timber which can be treated with profit. In order to show the wood using pub- lic just what may be done in wood pre- serving, the American Wood Preservers’ Association has decided to have an elaborate exhibit at the Forest Products Exposition in Chicago, from April 30 to May 9, and in New York from May 21 to May 30. This exhibit will show the development of an industry which has trebled in the number of plants and quadrupled in the capacity of output during the past 10 years. By charts and graphic representations will be indicated the wonderful saving of treated over untreated material on both a cost and physical basis. All of the commer- cial woods of the country will be shown as to their adaptability for treatment, and the preservatives and processes best suited for various woods in differ- ent conditions will be exhibited. Rail- road cross ties, which are treated to the extent of over 32,000,000 annually, repre- sent the most important phase of the industry; but wood in a hundred other forms can be chemically preserved, and the more important of these miscella- neous uses, will be shown by actual wood specimens. The list of miscellaneous material suitable for treatment, includes piling, poles, paving blocks, construc- tion timbers, cross-arms, fence posts, mine timbers and lumber of all kinds. As irrefutable proof of the efficiency of proper treatment, many actual speci- mens of treated material, which has had long service, will be shown. There will 304 be creosoted piling from Galveston, which is still sound after 37 years in teredo infested waters; there will be wood blocks which have served as flooring for over 30 years; creosoted ties with a record of a quarter of a century in situations where untreated ties of the same character will rot in six years. There will be shown the possibilities of treating wood such as gum, sap pine, beech and other hardwoods, which rot quickly, so that they will resist decay almost indefinitely. This one development has opened an enormous field in the utilization of timber for which there was little or no market untreated. The exhibit will demonstrate, for example, the advantages of framing timber before treatment, the boring and adzing of cross-ties before treatment, the distribution of preservatives in various woods, and the application of established principles in the preservative processes and ultimate use of the material. The more general educational features will be fully covered. In the center of the space will be a model of a typical plant and yard showing the equipment and general layout of a modern plant, also a model of a creosoted silo. Supple- menting this will be transparencies and bromides of both general and special features in plant construction and operation, and the use and character of treated material. Fundamentally the exhibit is being planned with the hope of bringing home to the lumberman, the architect, the engineer, and the general public, a realization which they have never had before of the magnitude and economic importance of the wood preserving industry. A lesson in conservation will also be taught through the obvious reduction of waste and the fuller ser- vice from wood in many forms. If the lessons which the exhibit will teach were fully applied, the economy expended would duplicate the annual expendi- ture on our army or navy in times of peace. FORESTRY LAW FOR VIRGINIA UCCESS has crowned the efforts of the friends of forestry in Vir- ginia, who were inspired and vigorously aided by the Ameri- can Forestry Association, to secure the passage of a forestry law in that State, ably directed by Senator R.S. B. Smith, the father of the bill, the campaign which secured its passage not only was successful but it has resulted in arous- ing state wide interest in forestry. The bill described in the AMERICAN Forestry for March, passed the Senate unanimously, and the House by a vote of 86 to 3, and has been signed by Gov- ernor Stuart. Virginia will now have such forest protection as it has so badly needed for many years past, and it is earnestly hoped that the operation of the law for the next two years will arouse the entire State to demand from the next Assembly, in 1916, a more complete forestry law and one which will provide for a liberal appropriation for the thorough development of the forests of the State. The forests of Virginia supply the raw materials for an industry which is exceeded in the value of its production only by agriculture. Over 3,500 saw- mills operate in the State. The total amount of wood contributed annually by the forests exclusive of that for domestic use has a value of about $25,000,000. Probably but one-third of this sum went to the owners of the timber, the remainder going principally to the wage earner. Protection of the forests which supply the timber for these products is of fundamental importance. Fire is the forest’s greatest enemy. The damage from fire in Virginia has been enormous. Probably as much timber has been killed by fire or burned up as has been utilized. Thousands of acres are burned over annually and the normal loss each year by the injury to and destruction of mature timber is at least $350,000. To this must be added the losses from the destruction of young growth, deter- ioration of the soil, slower growth of the timber, injurious effect on water re- sources, interruption of business, and depreciation of other property. Virginia has a productive forest area of about 15,000,000 acres. On this area as a whole it is safe to say that the average annual production per acre does not amount to more than 150 board feet of log material. The total annual growth is, therefore, about 2,500,000,000 feet, which is less than the annual cut. Through the application of forestry, including first of all protection from fire, this annual growth should be more than doubled. If, however, it were increased by only 10 board feet an acre, the annual timber growth of the State would be greater by 150,000,000 board feet. At the low rate of $15 per thousand, this amount, if manufactured, would be equivalent to an increased annual income from timber products of $2,250,- 000, to be distributed not only among the land owners, but mainly among those who furnish the labor and mater- ials for marketing these products. To obtain this increased income the State could well afford to invest an appro- priation of $10,000, $20,000, or even $30,000. Sums such as these would moreover be very cheap insurance for the protection of standing timber esti- mated at upwards of 30,000,000,000 board feet, worth over $60,000,000 to the owners, and many times that to the people of the State if saved for manu- facture. The Twelfth Annual Meeting of: the National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association will be held in Chicago in connection with the Forest Products Exposition May 5th and 6th, 1914. A program dealing principally with the merchandising of lumber is being prepared, to include addresses by representative architects, contractors, salesmen, fire insurance interests, retatlers, etc. 305 A NEW SOAP MATERIAL ETTLERS in western Kansas are cutting and marketing soap weed, or Spanish bayonet, to supply the demands of soap manufacturers, according to a report recently received from officers of the Kansas national forest. There are vari- ous plants in the southwest locally known: as soap weed, called amole by the Mexicans, but the one gathered by the Kansas farmers, technically known as Yucca bacata, a species with exceptionally large fruits, is the most used. The soap manufacturers, how- ever, utilize the tops or the roots. Manufacturers are paying $8 a ton for the plant at the railway stations, while the estimated cost of cutting, drying, baling, and hauling ranges from $5 to $6, depending upon the distance to the railroad. Since a man can ordinarily get out a ton a day, the gathering of the soap weed affords an opportunity to secure a fair day’s wages at atime when other ranch activities are not pressing. After cutting, the soap weed is allowed to dry from 60 to 90 days and then is baled up in the ordinary broom- corn baling machine. For a long time this weed has been made into a soapy decoction which the Indian and Mexican women have used, particularly for washing their hair, for which purpose it is considered especially suited, since it contains no alkali. Present day soap manufacturers use it for toilet and wool soaps. Its qualities have been known for a long time but the harvesting of soap weed is just now becoming commercially important. The industry is now operating on lands adjacent to the Kansas national forest and it is expected that the de- mand will soon spread to that forest, some portions of which bear an abund- ant supply of the plant. There is a plentiful supply of it throughout south- ern Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. Forest officers have considered this weed a nuisance since it is the nature of the plant to spread over entensive areas and kill off other vegetation. It is particularly a pest on stock ranges. In line with its policy of range improve- ment, the Government is anxious to rid the forage areas of all such injurfous plants, and it is the hope of the forest officers that the commercial demand for soap weed will soon reach such propor- tions that it will not only take an other- wise useless product, but also will eradicate it from areas which could be utilized to better advantage for the supplying of forage to cattle and sheep. WHITE PINE GROWING PROFITABLE HE growing of white pine, says | the Department of Agriculture in a bulletin recently issued on the subject, is a_ profitable undertaking at 6 per cent compound interest. To bring in these returns, the trees may be cut when not more than from 35 to 70 years old. The original white pine forests are ap- proaching exhaustion, according to the department, and with the growing scarcity of large-sized, high-grade white pine lumber, lower grades now find a ready market. Besides this, the tree 306 grows rapidly, has a heavy yield, and is easy to manage. Second growth white pine, 50 years old, on good soil, may yield as much as 49,000 feet of lumber per acre.. On medium soil, stands of the same age 36,000 board feet, and even on poor soil, 24,000 feet. White pine boxboard lumber, one of the chief products of such stands, sells for from $12 to $18 a thousand board feet. Material for making matches, another product, sells for from $17 to $18 a thousand. Even larger material, suitable for sashes and BEST SEED YEAR FOR LONGLEAF PINE blinds, some of which may be cut from a 50-year-old stand, brings from $30 to $35 a thousand feet. Second-growth white pine, the kind that is found on thousands of abandoned fields and pastures in New England, and that which has sprung up after lumbering in many places where the original white pine forests stood, has a value today, says the department, that makes it well worth the attention of the owner. Too often, caution the forest officers, the farmer or other land owner sells second-growth white pine stumpage for less than it is worth because he does not know how much lumber the stand is actually capable of yielding, or else is ignorant of the price the lumber and other products will bring. Too often, also, the foresters say, the owner of second-growth fails to realize that per- haps by holding his pine trees for a few 307 years longer, or by thinning it properly at the right time, he can obtain a great deal more and better timber, and consequently a much larger relative re- turn in money, than if he allows it to be cut clear when the first opportunity offers. The best second-growth white pine, 45 years old, will yield about 42,000 board feet per acre, but the same stand, when 55 years old, will yield 55,000 feet, an increase of 13,000 feet per acre in 10 years. And this is not all, for along with the increase in quantity comes an increase in quality. Not only more, but better timber is to be had. Count- ing in this factor of quality, the lumber from an acre of best white pine, 55 years old, is worth about $1,000 against a value of $750 when* the stand is 45 years old. BEST SEED YEAR FOR LONGLEAF PINE OREST officers who have just returned from the southern states say that 1913 was the best seed year for longleaf pine for a long period of years, and that through- out its range the tree produced a full crop of seed. This is said to be par- ticularly noteworthy because the species matures seed no oftener than from six to eight years, and often at longer intervals. In many sections the seed last year was so abundant that it col- lected in little heaps in ruts and other depressions. Not only was the seed crop abundant, but weather conditions were unusually favorable, and by early December most of the seed had germinated and little seedlings 2 or 3 inches high are now growing in great numbers. In some cases, however, there was insufficient moisture during the fall, and the seed lying over the winter will germinate early this spring. Throughout Louisiana, Mississippi, and eastern Texas many thousands of acres of longleaf pine forests are now carpeted with these seedlings. Counts made in December by the State Con- servation Commission of Louisiana showed groups of seedlings as far as 300 feet from the nearest seed tree. Long- leaf pine seed is relatively large, but it bears a filmy wing which causes it to revolve spirally when it is dropped from the cone, so that if winds prevail at the time the seeds are released they may be carried for considerable dis- tances. The reason forest officers are calling attention to the abundant seedling growth is that they may bring home to the owners of longleaf pine woodlands the peculiar need at this time for pro- tecting these woodlands from fire. They point out that it would cost from five to ten dollars an acre to restock by artificial means what nature has done gratuitously this last fall, and emphasize the fact that the owners of longleaf pine lands, where natural reproduction has taken place in this way, should not fail to fight fires vigorously this season, and as many seasons thereafter as possible. It is a common belief in many parts of the south that longleaf pine will not reproduce itself. This belief has arisen, 308 the foresters say, through a combina- tion of the relatively rare seed periods and the annual recurrence of fires which run over the ground and destroy both the seed and such little trees as may start. The thick bark of the mature AMERICAN FORESTRY longleaf pine makes it comparatively fire-resistant, but tender young trees are readily killed, and consequently the necessity for protecting them in a critical year like the present is particularly urgent. WINTER FOREST FIRES EPORTS for the winter fire IR season in the southern Appala- chians covering the months of January and February, recently received by the Forest Service, show that the winter has been dry and that fires have occurred on land which the government is acquiring under the pro- visions of the Weeks Law. While these two months are normally not so dry as the fall or the spring fire season, serious fires may occur in an open winter, though they are not usual. During January there were nine fires, five of which covered more than ten acres each. In February there were ten, of which only two spread over more than ten acres. All of these fires occurred during the latter part of Jan- uary and the first of February, when the weather was unusually dry. The fact that the fires were reported from southern Virginia to northern Georgia, shows that the danger from fire was widespread. However, they occurred on only four of the twelve areas within which land is being pur- chased. At least three-fourths of the fires were due to railroads. Forest officers say that until the southern states adopt and enforce laws requiring the use of adequate spark arresters on railroad locomotives, losses from forest fires can scarcely be prevented. THE FOREST RANGER. Up through the high lands, the low lands, the snow lands; Covered with dust and decay of dead trees; Mushing the mire lands; facing scorched fire lands— The ranger’s the man who is there, if you please! Fording swift furies of wild mountain torrents; Bound by the weight of his fifty-pound pack; Over forest-choked passes; through torn jungle masses— The ranger—it’s him you should pat on the back! Twelve-month or eight-month, the long or short-term man; The man who puts seedlings in dead seedless slopes; Roustabout, ax-man, college man, pack-man— Your hat to them all, to their aims and their hopes! Out in the wilderness, stripped of all mildness; Blood pulsing strong like the full sap of fall; Hearts full of gentleness; memories the tenderest— It’s the ranger—here’s health to them all! P. C. Smith, 713 East Olive Street, Seattle, Wash. AMERICAN FORESTRY N EXHIBIT of the work of the Aszesen Forestry Association will be made at the Forest Prod- ucts Exposition at the Coliseum in Chicago, from April 30 to May 9, and at the Grand Central Palace, New York City, from May 21 to May 30. This exhibit will be in charge of repre- sentatives of the association and will be one which should attract a great deal of attention. Progress being made in the work of securing proper forestry laws in the various States, the organizing and encouragement of various State and local associations for the care and protection of forests, and the general ASSOCIATION EXHIBIT activity of the association in securing the wise conservation of forests and forest products will be explained to visitors. Members of the association are urged to attend the exposition and to take their friends to the association’s exhibit. The Forest Service will also partici- pate and have perhaps the most com- plete exhibit it has ever displayed. Con- gress has appropriated $10,000 for this exhibit. Scores of lumber associations and various industries connected with the lumber and wood working business will also be represented. FOREST NOTES Members of the Tri-Counties Refor- estation Committee of San Bernardino, Riverside and Orange counties, Cali- fornia, are much interested in conserving the flood waters of the Santa Ana River, and are giving their active aid in the endeavor to satisfactorily settle the problem which the difficulty presents. Francis Cuttle is chairman of the com- mittee. Sixty million feet of timber and 42,000 poles are offered by the government on the Kaniksu National Forest, near Priest Lake, Idaho. The timber is said to be of exceptional quality and all of it lies within four miles of Priest Lake, so that it is readily accessible and can be easily examined by prospective pur- chasers before the date on which bids are closed, June 1. Except for the pole material, which is cedar, the principal species are white pine and yellow pine. The timber now occupies some 5,000 acres. One hundred and seven fires were reported during the last fire season to the Northern Forest Protective Asso- ciation, with headquarters at Munising, Mich., according to the report of Secre- tary-Forester T. B. Wyman at the annual meeting recently. Of these, 45 were caused by settlers clearing land, and 22 by locomotives. The loss amounted to $1,900. The fire loss on abutting lands not listed with the asso- ciation was $12,600. Mr. Wyman reported plans for making the associa- tion’s work still more effective, and addresses were made by State Forester Marcus Schaaf, R. S. Kellogg, secretary of the Northern Hardwood and Hem- lock Association, and others. The area patrolled by the fire wardens during the fire season was 2,139,081 acres, and 22 wardens were used. Secretary Wyman emphasized the value of publicity work in educating the people to the necessity of taking proper precautions to prevent fires. The directors elected are: Thorn- ton A. Green, timber lands, Ontonagon, Mich.; C. V. R. Townsend, Cleveland- Cliffs Iron Co., Negaunee, Mich.; W. H. Johnston, Oliver Iron Mining Co., Ishpeming, Mich.; James E. Sherman, Michigan Iron & Land Co., Marquette, Mich.; A. E. Miller, J. C. Ayer Estate, Marquette, Mich.; C. H. Worcester, Worcester Lumber Co., Chicago, IIl., and Chassell, Mich.; F. H. Smith, Oval Wood Dish Co., Traverse City, Mich. Members of the Kennebec Valley 309 310 Protective Association held their second annual meeting at Augusta, Me., on March 3rd, and reported that the fire protective work done during the year was most satisfactory. The expenses for the year were so small that it was not necessary to make an annual assess- ment. The efficiency of the State work for the prevention of fire, a favorable summer and no protracted dry periods, all relieved the association of much expense for fire patrol or fire fighting. E. P. Viles of Skowhegan was elected president; W. J. Lanigan of Waterville, vice president, and F. H. Colby of Bingham, secretary-treasurer. FF. H. Billard of New Hampshire spoke on the necessity of collecting accurate data to aid timberland owners to ascertain the cost of proper fire protection and the value of the work. President Viles also made an address on forestry con- ditions in Maine. Among the many plans proposed for - aiding in the prevention of floods, now that the flood season is near, is one for artificially increasing the absorbent qual- ities of subsoil on farm areas, slopes stripped of forests, and vegetation, by the use of dynamite. The plan appears to have merit as applied to farm lands for more reasons than its value in flood prevention, as by increasing the absor- bent area of the soil it permits the reten- tion of moisture to a greater degree than under normal conditions and this has a decidedly good effect in increasing the yield of crops. It is calculated that dynamite cartridges in holes three feet below the surface and 15 feet apart, exploded when the soil is dry, shatters the subsoil without creating any sur- face disturbance, and the water-holding capacity of the soil is greatly increased thereby. Experts declare it is particu- larly valuable in preventing erosion of side hill farms. The cost is estimated to be about $15 an acre, and the treat- ment necessary once in 10 years. An executive order just promulgated has resulted in an elimination of lands from national forest areas in Oregon. This readjustment of boundaries has resulted in a total reduction of gross AMERICAN FORESTRY area on the Paulina and Deschutes national forests of about 400,000 acres. The lands eliminated are located in the east-central part of the State, a con- siderable portion being on pumice lands of low fertility and little value for present or future forest purposes. A portion is located near the Deschutes River and already comprises a large percentage of private lands, and includes two towns. These eliminations are a part of the work of boundary examinations ini- tiated five or six years ago, which is resulting in fixing, after careful survey, the definite boundaries of those lands which should remain permanently in forests. The present eliminations are made because the land is not required for forest purposes or for the protection of watersheds. The lands have considerable grazing value, but only a small portion are suitable for agriculture under present conditions. Secretary Lane of the Interior Depart- ment has recently given direction that an unnamed lake of great beauty in Glacier National Park be called Lake Ellen Wilson, in honor of the wife of the President. At the time of his visit last summer to Glacier National Park in Montana, Secretary Lane and his party were much impressed with the beauty of this lake which lies along the trail from Lake McDonald to Upper St. Mary Lake. This lake is about a mile long and half a mile wide. Lying more than a mile above sea level, the forests and cliffs which surround it are reflected from its surface as in a mirror. The comprehensive report on the wood-using industries of New York, just issued by The New York State Col- lege of Forestry at Syracuse, shows results of first attempt to take stock of the use of forest products in the State. In line with suggestions above, it shows that such small and seemingly unimportant things as shoe lasts, dowels, spools and bobbins, wooden toys, wooden turnery, handles, brushes, small furni- ture parts, etc., are now being manufac- tured out of slabs, edgings, short BOOK REVIEWS 311 ienyths, trimmings, defective tops and butts. L. G. Johnson, formerly Deputy State Forester of California, has accepted the position as yard manager with the Frazer Lumber Company of Sacramento, Cali- fornia. Johnson is from Michigan Agri- cultural College, where he received his forestry training. G. M. Homans, State Forester, has appointed Alex W. Dodge to take the office made vacant by John- son’s resignation. Dodge is a Californian and graduated from the Yale Forest School in 1912. It was most gratifying to President George E. Rex and the other officials of the American Wood Preservers Associa- tion to find that over 20 committee mem- bers answered the call to meet at Chicago during the recent convention of the American Railway Engineers’ Asso- ciation. There was a time, not long ago, when less than 20 attended the annual meetings. The growth of the wood preserving industry and the rapidly growing realization of the value of treating wood for commercial use is now concentrating interest on the wood preservers’ association and the important work it is doing. At the Chicago meet- ing committee reports were heard and arrangements completed for the exhibit at the Forest Products Exposition and for the plan ot the next annual meeting. BOOK REVIEWS Logging, by Ralph Clement Bryant (John Wiley & Sons, $3.50). Mr. Bryant’s series of articles in AMERICAN FORESTRY have attract- ed so much attention that it is idle to state that his book on the principles and general methods of logging in the United States is also heartily praised. It supplies a demand which for years has been apparent. The volume was prepared as a text book for use in the forest schools, but has had a much wider sale and is of interest and undoubted value to every one connected with the logging industry. Economic Woods of the United States, by Prof. Samuel J. Record (John Wiley & Sons, $1.25). The need of foresters, timber inspectors and wood users to be able to distinguish the woods with which they deal inspired this book. The number of such woods is so large and the difference between many of them so slight that mere familiarity with their general appearance is not always sufficient for their proper identification. This book supplies infor- mation and illustrations which largely solve the problem of identification. A Forest Idyl, by Temple Oliver (Sherman, French & Co., Boston, $1.20). A story of the poetry of rural life, the value of getting back to Mother Nature and at the same time a cleverly woven romance, make this book enter- taining, instructive and restful, and a strong plea for the back-to-the-land movement. Trees in Winter, by Albert F. Blakeslee and Chester D. Jarvis (Blakeslee and Jarvis, Storrs, Conn., $2.00). Many people desire to know what trees to select for various purposes, where, how and when to plant them, and how to care for and protect them. This book aims to give such general knowledge of trees and tree conditions. It is well illustrated. The Commuter’s Garden, by W. B. Hayward (Crowell Co., New York, $1.00). This is a book for those who love gardens and take care of them. In an interesting manner is given information about care of lawns, flowers, plants, vines, shrubbery, hedges, and in fact .about everything in relation to a garden which may prove of value. There are also hints about care of hens, cows and bees. It is good reading. Fifteen small sawmills are cutting timber from the Powell national forest in southern Utah, more than 100 miles from the nearest railroad. They are run by settlers during time that can be spared from the crops, and supply local needs, since there is no opportunity to ship timber in or out. That a serious decline in the carrying capacity of vast areas of western grazing lands, due largely to the fact that stockmen fail to give the range plants a chance to keep growing, can be remedied without closing these areas to cattle and sheep, is the statement made by the Department of Agriculture in a bulletin recently issued on range improvement. Excessive grazing in the spring before the forage crop 1s mature, and such grazing continued year after year, says the department, are the main causes of range deterioration. STATE NEWS Missouri The Board of Curators of the University of Missouri at its regular meeting February 18, 1914, delegated the administration of the College Lands to the Department of Forestry of the College of Agriculture. The College Lands comprise more than 50,000 acres in the Ozark Region of Missouri. They are the remnant of the land grant received by the University from the United States under the terms of the Morrill Act of 1862. These lands are chiefly valuable for forestry and _ the Department of Forestry has formulated plans for their administration and utilization. On vesting the management of these lands in the Department of Forestry, the Board of Curators has provided the funds necessary for meeting the expenses of administration, includ- ing the employment of forest wardens for local patrol work. Four forests will be organized this spring, a field force built up, and bound- aries established and posted. Sales of stump- age will be made where advantageous. Special funds were also provided for a reconnaissance survey and the Department of Forestry expects to cover the whole area this summer. Work will start June 15, directly after the close of class work at Columbia, and will continue for three months. Two parties will be maintained in the field. The Depart- ment of Forestry will give its whole attention to this field work and to a study of the wood using industries of the state during the coming summer; no Summer Forest Camp will be opened this summer, since with the change in the curriculum the Camp has been advanced from the end of the sophomore to the end of the junior year. Ohio The Ohio Forester, the organ of the Ohio State Forestry Society, will hereafter have a certain portion of each number edited by the faculty and students of the Forestry Depart- ment of the Ohio State University. By this means the department of the University will have a publication and at the same time the Forester will be strengthened and increased in its scope. Mr. Edmund Secrest, chief of the Depart- ment of Forestry of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, has just returned from Europe, where he spent the past autumn and winter studying forest conditions in several European states. Vermont At the last session of the Vermont Legis- lature, the State appropriated $10,000 to the Agricultural College for agricultural extension work. An Extension Department of the College has been formed, and numerous short courses have been given in the rural com- munities of the State. One of the faculty of 312 this School, is a trained forester, Mr. B. A. Chandler, who is a graduate of the Yale Forest School. In his connection with the Forestry Department of the State Mr. Chand- ler has become well acquainted with the loca] conditions and is, therefore, well able to give the farmers and the timber land owners the kind of information which they must have in dealing with their woodlands. Particular interest is manifested in the matter of timber estimating. The farmers are beginning to realize that they have, in many cases, sold their timber for much less than it was worth. Now that the Lever Bill has passed Congress, a much larger sum will be available for the Agricultural College for extension work, and it is hoped that forestry will receive its fair proportion of this sum, since the Congressional allotment is on the basis of similar allotments by the states, and Vermont is spending as much for forestry work as for any other branch cf agriculture. Kentucky The fire situation had already assumed serious aspect in certain parts of the State when rains and snows came along and put a stop to the fire danger for a brief period. Approxi- mately March 15 about thirty patrolmen will be appointed in the Eastern part of the State in as many counties, and an additional district patrolman will be appointed. In addition to these appointments, two county forest pro- tective associations in Bell and Harlan Counties, respectively, are in the process of organization. A similar cooperative association among the timber land owners of Rowan County is doing effective work. The County Forest Pro- tective Association of Harlan County is con- templating an assessment of one cent per acre on its members for fire protective work. In view of this cooperation on the part of private timber holding companies with the office of the State Forester, it seems probable that the fire hazard will be greatly reduced during the year of 1914. At the Louisville Nursery the spring planting is under way and it is expected very materially to increase the capacity of this nursery. The State Forester has been giving a series of six lectures on History of Forestry and For- est Policies at the State University at Lexing- ton. This is the beginning of an effort to make forestry a live issue at the State Uni- versity. Pennsylvania At the meeting of the Reservation Commis- sion for March 15 new permanent camp sites were leased, bringing the total number of permanent camps leased upon State lands close to one hundred. A new house for the forester of the Rothrock Forest in Mifflin County, and a new house for STATE one of our rangers on the Seven Mountain Forest in Centre County, were authorized. During the months of January and February the receipts from the sale of material from the State Forests have amounted to almost $3,900. Louisiana The Conservation Commission of Louisiana is making a special effort to prevent forest fires and is calling attention to the laws making it a misdemeanor, punishable by fine and imprisonment, negligently or wilfully to set on fire or cause to be set on fire any forest, brush or grass lands. The Commission urges the sheriffs and other parish officials and the officers of railroads and lumber companies to cooperate with the conservation agents through- out the State in preventing, and, if necessary, in punishing violators of the law. The Commission considers the application of laws on this subject a matter of vital impor- tance, and is using every means possible of acquainting the public with the laws on the subject and securing their enforcement. Massachusetts The Massachusetts Forestry Association has been working several years to obtain a slash law which would be workable in Massachusetts and at last, with the cooperation of other organizations, it has succeeded. This law is not all that might be desired in this section but it is a long step in the right direction. The law provides as follows: Section 1. Every owner, tenant or occupant of land, and every owner of stumpage, who cuts or permits the cutting of wood or timber on woodland owned or occupied by him or on which he has acquired stumpage by purchase or otherwise, and which borders upon the woodland of another or upon a highway or railroad location, shall clear the land of the slash and brush wood then and there resulting from such cutting for such distance, not exceed- ing forty feet, from the woodland of such other person, highway or railroad location as the local forest warden shall determine, and within such time and in such manner as he shall determine. Section 2. Any person who cuts or causes to be cut trees or bushes or undergrowth within the limits of any highway or public road, shall dispose of the slash and brush wood then and there resulting from such cutting within such time and in such manner as the forest warden of the city or town wherein such cutting is done shall determine. Section 3. Whoever neglects to comply with the directions of the forest warden with regard to the disposal of slash and brush, as provided in Sections one and two of this act, may be punished by a fine of not less than five dollars nor more than fifty dollars. Section 4. This act shall take effect on the first day of January in the year nineteen hun- a ‘oa fifteen. (Approved February 25, NEWS 313 It will be noticed that the local fire warden is the officer named to enforce this law. It would seem that in some cases this may not be very effective, but with our present State fire protective system, with a State fire warden and several efficient deputies who are constantly travelling over the State, that these wardens will be instructed and requested to do their duty. With this fact in view, it is felt that the law will bring very satisfactory results in this State. North Carolina The Forestry Club of Tryon, Polk County, North Carolina, was organized last fall and is now in very active operation. This association arose out of the very pressing need of fire pro- tection in that county. Forest fires during November in western Polk County were the worst ever recorded. It was estimated that in four townships, 28,000 acres of hardwood land were burned over, causing a loss of $3,000 to $4,000 to property exclusive of the injury to timber and young growth. This latter damage was estimated by one man on the ground at $60,000, which certainly is a very conservative estimate. The people of the county were so stirred up over the necessity of taking some action to prevent a recurrence of such destructive fires that the Forestry Club was organized. Mr. E. R. Rankin was elected president, and G. B. Cobb, secretary, while C. M. Howes was appointed fire warden. The club has already offered a reward of $50 through the county commissioners for the arrest and conviction of any person who sets fires in the woods contrary to law. It has also prepared and distributed handbills on which are printed the State laws against setting fires. The annual meeting of the State Forestry Association, which is to be held in Asheville April 8th, 9th and 10th, promises to be the most interesting and largely attended of any similar meeting held in the State. The Ameri- can Forestry Association will be represented and several men of national reputation are amongst the speakers. Governor Locke Craig, Mr. Overton W. Price, Vice-President of the National Conservation Association, and Mr. W. B. Townsend, Townsend, Tenn., have all promised to make addresses, while Mr. H. S. Graves, U. S. Forester, and Congressman John H. Small, have also signified their intention of being present and taking part in the proceed- ings. An extra day has been added in order to provide for a trip into Pisgah Forest where logging is now going on in mountain hard- woods under strict and yet reasonable forestry regulations. An alternative trip for this day (April 10) has been arranged to the large pulp factory of the Champion Fibre Company at Canton, N. C. These, with the trips to the forest plantations of the Biltmore Estate, and the spruce forests on the slopes of Mt. Mitchell, make this an unexampled opportunity to become thoroughly acquainted with the southern Appalachian forests and with the practical methods for their management. 314 New York In 1908 the New York Central Railroad caused fires which burned over some State land in Adirondacks and destroyed a quantity of forest area. Two actions were brought to recover damages. In each case an award for the full value of all of the material, injury to soil, etc., was awarded the State. The railroad company demurred on the ground that timber upon State land was with- out value because the Constitution prohibited its removal. They also further argued that the measure of damage was ascertained by the value of the property before the fire, less what- ever salvage might be derived, the State claim- ing that the Constitution prohibited removal of timber, there could be no salvage and, therefore, the loss was entire. The Appellate Division Court of New York State has just handed down a decision confirming the judg- ment of the Supreme Court in the previous case. The Railroad Company will doubtless make an appeal to the Court of Appeals. In 1908, at the time these injuries were caused, the State did not prescribe any penalty, nor more than actual damage. Since that time a law has been enacted which prescribes a penalty oi ten dollars for trees killed upon State land, and a penalty of one dollar for trees killed upon private land, together with damages. AMERICAN FORESTRY New Jersey Good advice relative to Arbor Day obser- vances is given in a circular issued by the Forest Commission and the Department of Public Instruction of New Jersey. Arbor Day is to be April 10. The circular says: ‘Tree planting, though important, has been some- what overdone in connection with Arbor Day observances. If there is room for more trees on the grounds of any school, or in nearby parks, let the occasion be used for planting with appropriate ceremonies, but it often will be better to organize a squad of pupils to culti- vate and fertilize the ground about trees already established, to provide and maintain suitable guards, to conduct a campaign against insects, or in some other way to awaken a continuing interest on behalf of trees. It is well to keep in touch with the town or city shade tree commission. “In this State there is no dearth of forests; in some places we have too much woodland. The exercises in country schools, therefore, may serve to give emphasis to local needs and interests, especially to the control of forest fires by which so much property is lost. There is a forest fire warden in every part of the State where there is danger of forest fires. He may be asked to take part in the exercises and point out how the pupils can help in this work. They can do much.” CURRENT LITERATURE MONTHLY LIST FOR MARCH, 1914 (Books and Periodicals Indexed in the Library of the United States Forest Service.) Forestry as a Whole. Dictionaries. Reinhardt, Wm. A. A., comp. Vocabulary of forest terms; silviculture, forest protec- tion, forest utilization, found in Schwap- pach’s Forstwissenschaft. 24 p. Mont Alto, Pa., State forest academy, 1909. Proceedings and Reports of Associations, Forest officers, etc. British Columbia—Dept. of lands. Report of the minister of lands for the year ending 31st December, 1913. 508 p. pl., maps. Victoria, 1914. Oregon—State board of forestry. Third annual report of the state forester, 1913. 46 p. Salem, Ore., 1914. Royal English arboricultural society. Transac- tions, v. 8, pt. 2. 73 p. Haydon Bridge, Northumberland, 1913. Vermont—State forester. Fifth annual report, 1913. 43 p. pl, maps. Burlington, Vt., 1913. Forest Education. Victoria—Education dept. Forestry. 16 p. il. Melbourne, 1913. (Circular_of informa- tion no. 17.) Forest Schools. Bailey, Liberty Hyde Statement on the forestry situation to the governors of the Cornell club of Rochester. 12 p. Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell univ., 1913. Forest Legislation. British Columbia—Legislative assembly. An act to amend the “forest act.” 8p. Vic- toria, B. C., 1914. British Columbia—Legislative assembly. An act respecting the royalty on timber. 7 p. Victoria, B. C., 1914. Ross, Wm. R. Speech on the timber royalty bill in the British Columbia legislature. Feb. 13, 1914. 4 p. Victoria, B. C. Dept. of lands, 1914. Forest Botany. Gregson, Margaret M. The story of our trees, in twenty-four lessons. 160 p. il. Cam- bridge, University press, 1912. Silvics. Arzhanov, S. P. Iz zhizni rastenii (Piant life). pt. 1-2. il. S.-Peterburgh, 1912-13. Studies of Species. Ashe, W. W. Yellow poplar in Tennessee. 56 p. il. Nashville, Tenn., 1913. (Ten- nessee—Geological survey. Bulletin 10-C) CURRENT LITERATURE Silviculture. Pruning. Foster, J. H. Pruning the pine woodlot. Durham, N. H., 1913. Agricultural experiment station. bulletin 37.) Forest Protection. ip: (New Hampshire— Press Insects. American association of park superintendents. Insects injurious to shade and ornamental tress. 21 p. pl. Brooklyn, N. Y., 1914. (Bulletin 11.) Barbey, A. ‘Traité d’entomologie forestiére a l’usage des forestiers des reboiseurs et des propriétaires de bois. 624 p. il, pl. Paris, Berger-Levrault, 1913. Diseases. Meinecke, E. P. Forest tree diseases common in California and Nevada; a manual for field use. 67 p. pl. Wash., D. C., Forest service, 1914. Fire. California forest protective association. Bulle- fin no: 4, 12 p: San Francisco, Cal:; 1914. ; Maine—Dept. of state lands and forestry. Forest fire protection in Maine forestry district, 1913. 11p. Augusta, Me., 1914. (Bulletin No. 1.) Forest Management. Frothingham, Earl H. White pine under forest management. pl. Wash., D. C., 1914. (U.S. Dept. of agriculture. Bulle- ual 154) Sazonov, G. P. Lyesnoe ghosudarstvennoe khozyaistvo (Management of national forest lands.) 218 p. S. Peterburgh, 1912. Forest Utilization. Lumber Industry. Mitchell Brothers Co. Mitchell’s products. rev. ed. Cadillac, Mich., 1913. Wood Technology. Kempfer, Wm. H. The air-seasoning of tim- ber. 231 p. il. Chicago, Ill., American railway engineering association, 1913. Michigan tress and 24. p. fale Auxiliary Subjects. Botany. Frye, Theodore C., and Rigg, George B. Northwest flora. 453 p. Seattle, Wash., Univ. of Washington, n. d. Plant Introduction. United States—Dept. of agriculture—Bureau of plant industry. Inventory of seeds and plants imported during the period from April 1 to June 30, 1912. Wash., D. C., 1914. Plant Breeding. Sapyeghin, A. A. Osnovui teorii i metodiki selektzii sel’sko-khozyaistvennuikh ras- * Palmer, A. de Forest. 315 tenii. (Principles of the theory and methods of selection of agricultural plants.) 90 p. il. Odessa, 1913. Mathematics. Barlow’s tables of squares, cubes, square roots, cube roots, reciprocals of all integer num- bers up to 10,000. 200 p. London, E. & F. N., Spon, 1912. The theory of measure- ments. 248 p. N. Y., McGraw-Hill book co., 1912. Periodical Articles. Miscellaneous Periodicals. American City, Feb. 1914—How to promote the planting and care of shade trees, by J. J. Levison, p. 157-60; How the Raker act affects Hetch Hetchy, San Francisco, and the rest of California, by Martin S. Vilas, p. 175-81. Botanical Gazette, Feb. 1914—-The male gametophyte of Abies, by A. H. Hutchin- son, p. 148-53. Country Gentleman, Feb. 7, 1914—Watch for white pine blister, by Walter C. O’Kane, p. 251; Soil waste by erosion, by H. L. Walster, p. 269-71. Country Gentleman, Feb. 14, 1914—Trans- planting forest trees, by S. J. Record, p. 328-9; Pine for waste land, by S. J. Record, p. 333. Craftsman, Feb. 1914—Threshold of spring, by A. Lounsberry, p. 407-15; Care of the roadside, by A. Athol, p. 423-8. Garden Magazine, Feb. 1914—Four interesting old trees, by E. H. Wilson, p. 48-50; The oriental spruce, by John F. Johnston, p. 50. Gardeners’ Chronicle, Feb. 7, 1914—The edu- cation of German foresters, by J. G. W., p. 86-7. Harvard Alumni Bulletin, Feb. 4, 1914—The trees in the college yard, by Thos. P. Ivy, p. 314-15. Journal of the Washington Academy of Science, Feb. 19, 1914—Injury by smelter smoke in southeastern Tennessee, by George Grant Hedgcock, p. 70-1. Outlook, Jan. 3, 1914—Practical conservation, p. 13-15. Philippine Journal of Science, Sec. D, Aug. 1913—Notes on the termites of Japan with description of one new species, by Masa- mitsu Oshima, p. 271-81; Two new species of termites from Singapore, by Masamitsu Oshima, p. 283-6. Scientific American, Feb. 7, 1914—Oil and wool from pine needles, p. 116. Scientific American, Feb. 14, 1914—The rela- tion of the ant, leaf roller and spider with bark diseases, by Arthur Laver, p. 142. Scientific American Supplement, Jan. 17, 1914 —Electrical injury to street trees, by G. A. Cromie, p. 36-7. Technical World, Jan. 1914—Three thousand men fight mountain fire, by L. R. Perry, p. 740-2. 316 Tree Talk, Feb. 1914—Plant the tree carefully, p. 3-4; Cedars of Lebanon, p. 5; Prepare now to spray, p. 6-8; Spraying of shade trees a necessity, by George F. Cromie, p. 9; Winter injury, by A. J. Mix, p. 10-13; Protection and care of young planted forests, by Samuel N. Spring, p. 14-15. United States—Weather Bureau. Monthly weather review. Oct. 1913—A meteoro- , logical study of parks and timbered areas in the western yellow pine forests of Ari- zona and New Mexico, by G. A. Pearson, p. 1615-29. Trade Journals and Consular Reports. American Lumberman, Feb. 14, 1914—Grain and texture in wood, p. 55; Allowance for defects in log scaling, p. 55; Commercial possibilities of sawdust briquettes, p. 55; Washington forest fire association, p. 56. American Lumberman, Feb. 21, 1914—Past and future of hardwood distillation, by R. C. Palmer, p. 34-5. American Lumberman, Feb. 28, 1914—New attitude of the lumber industry toward closer utilization, p. 27-8; British Columbia timber royalty, p. 32; Utilization of hickory, p. 56. American Lumberman, March 7, 1914—Hem- lock placed in proper light, p. 34; Methods and results of forest protection in Ger- many, by Wm. B. Mershon, p. 51. Barrel and Box, Feb. 1914—Average life of tight barrels, p. 35-6. Canadian Lumberman, Feb. 15, 1914—The commercial importance of poplar, by R. G. Lewis, p. 36-8. Canadian Lumberman, March 1, 1914—Aerial skidding, by John A. McDougall, p. 54-6. Engineering News, Nov. 27, 1913—An early objection to wood-block pavements and an early argument for timber preserva- tion, by W. A. Kentish, p. 1076; Condi- tion of experimental telegraph poles, treated and untreated, after eight years’ service, by C. H. Teesdale, p. 1084-6. Engineering News, Dec. 4, 1913—Heaving of wood-block pavement under extreme climatic conditions, p. 1134-7. Engineering News, Dec. 11, 1913—Hardwood ties on the Panama railroad, p. 1166. Engineering News, Feb. 26, 1914—Building a 115-ft. fire lookout and triangulation tower under difficulties, by Bristow Adams, p. 462-3. Engineering Record, Dec. 13, 1913—Preserva- tive treatment of timber in framing, p. 678. Engineering Record, Dec. 20, 1913—Logging engineering, by L. W. Duffee, p. 706. Engineering Record, Jan. 24, 1914—Various phases in the details of timber preserva- tion; Abstracts of five papers presented at recent convention of wood preservers at New Orleans, by F. J. Angier and others, p. 99-100. Hardwood Record, Feb. 10, 1914—Spanish AMERICAN FORESTRY cedar for cigar boxes, p. 29; Protection of ties from mechanical destruction, by Howard F. Weiss, p. 31-2; Lumber out- jolbas aioe IMI), To), SIS). Hardwood Record, Feb. 25, 1914—Red gum for interior finish, p. 17; Wood manu- factures in the United States, p. 18-19; A question in veneer trimming, p. 21-2; Timber trade in West Scotland, p. 22; Methods of forest protection, by Nelson C. Brown, p. 30-2; Imports and exports in 1913, p. 32-3; Bullet wood of British Guiana, p. 33. Hardwood Record, March 10, 1914—Walnut is coming back, p. 19; Olive wood of com- merce, p. 19; The wood that goes into aeroplanes, p. 34. Lumber Trade Journal, Feb. 15, 1914—Pine beetle appears in Gulf coastal states, p. 11, 14; Exports of wood and its manufactures during year 1913 show prosperous busi- ness, p. 35-42. Municipal Journal, Feb. 26, 1914—Water shed forestry, by Water bureau of Syracuse, N. Y., and College of forestry of Syracuse university, by N. C. Brown, p. 274-5. Paper, Feb. 18, 1914—Practical tests of new woodpulp papers used successfully on regular press run of New York Herald, p. 15-16; Chemical utilization of southern waste, by John S. Bates, p. 19-21, 34. Paper, Feb. 25, 1914—The future of the pulp and paper industry, by O. L. E. Weber, p. 40-42; Forestry and the manufacture of paper, by Raphael Zon, p. 148-54. Paper Mill, Jan. 17, 1914—Resinous wood waste, p. 35. Paper Trade Journal, Feb. 19, 1914—The year in Canada in the pulp and paper industry, p. 53-61; Newfoundland’s paper industry, by T. P. McGrath, p. 63-79; British paper trade, 1913, p. 81-90; The German paper trade in 1913, p. 90-3; The pulp market in Scandinavia during 1913, by H. Bjérn- strom Steffanson, p. 95-9; The paper industry of Finland, by E. R. Barker, p. 101-5; Experimenting plant of Arthur D. Little, Inc., by A. Price Dillont, p. 209-13; Use of saw mill waste, p. 217-25; Work of the conservation commission, by H. M. Hoover, p. 225-7; Pulp and paper course at Maine University, by John P. Flanagan, p. 229-33; Progress in paper machinery, p. 235-7; Norway spruce for paper pulp, by Nelson C. Brown, p. 239-43; Cellulose for paper-making, by Burdett Loomis, p. 253-7; Economic survey of national reclamation, by C. J. Blanchard, p. 257-63. Paper Trade Journal, Feb. 26, 1914—The training of young men for the manufac- ture of pulp and paper, by Ralph H. McKee, p. 42-4; The forests of Siberia, by Richardson Wright and Digby Bassett, p. 48-52. Pioneer Western Lumberman, Feb. 15, 1914— Forests of California, p. 11; Test track CURRENT LITERATURE at laid with blue gum ties, p. 21; By-products of the Washington forests, p. 23; Turpen- tine experiments in California, p. 24. Pulp and Paper Magazine, Jan. 15, 1914— The length of some paper making fibres, by E. Sutermeister, p. 43-4; The paper and pulp industries in Russia, by C. E. Bande- lin, p. 48. St. Louis Lumberman, Feb. 15, 1914—Some comments on Mr. Hoxie’s pamphlet on “Dry rot in factory timbers,” by F. H. Farwell, p. 61-2; Fire retardant paints for shingles, by Henry A. Gardner, p. 68-70; Dry rot in factory timber, by F. J. Hoxie, p. 74-5. Southern Industrial and Lumber Review, Feb. 1914—Timber storehouse of the orient, p. 32; Enormous waste of lumber trade, p. 63. Southern Lumber Journal, Feb. 15, 1914— Treatment of piling and timber according to conditions of use and exposure, by E. L. Powell, p. 36. Southern Lumberman, Feb. 14, 1914—Bilt- more forest school discontinued, p. 60. Timber Trade Journal, Feb. 21, 1914—A submerged oak forest in Russia, p. 293; Midland reforesting association, p. 297. Timber Trade Journal, Feb. 28, 1914—Notes on timber preservation, with special refer- ence to the Aczol process, p. 336; Irish woods and trees, by Augustine Henry, p. 367. Timberman, Feb. 1914—Testing structural material, by William Hood, p. 50. United States Daily Consular Report, Feb. 17, 1914—Millions for Christmas trees, by George Nicolas Ifft, p. 637. United States Daily Consular Report, March 12, 1914—Woodblock pavements in Ber- lin, by Robert P. Skinner, p. 956-7. Veneers, March 1914—Advocating plain oak panels, by J. C. Eastman, p. 9-10; The care of veneered furniture, by G. D. Crain, p. 11-12. West Coast Lumberman, Feb. 15, 1914—Six billion feet of timber logged in Washing- ton and one billion seven hundred and sixty million logged in Oregon during year 1913, by H. B. Oakleaf, p. 32-34. Woodcraft, March 1914—Waste wood utiliza- tion; raw materials, marketable products and manufacturing processes, by John E. Teeple, p. 145-7; The practical character of wood stains, by Charles Harrison, p. 154-5; Hardwoods and the effects of forest fires, by W. H. Long, p. 156; Making large calipers for timber measurement, p. 163; Some practical points on varnish and varnishing, by A. Ashmun Kelly, p. 165-6. td Forest Journals. Bulletin de la Société Centrale Forestiére de Belgique, Feb. 1914—Impressions d’un voyage dans les foréts de la Bulgarie, by J. P., p. 88-92; Les anciens empires des plantes, by D’Astarac, p. 93-8; La forét des Ardennes, p. 112-14. Forest Leaves, Feb. 1914—The status of the chestnut tree in Pennsylvania, by S. B. Elliott, p. 99-100; The profitable utiliza- tion of dead and defective timber on Pennsylvania state forests, by Wm. F. Dague, p. 100-1; Temperature and humid- ity at Eberswalde in the open and in a beech stand, by Johannes Schubert, p. 102-3. Forestry Quarterly, Dec. 1913—A new den- drometer or timber scale, by Judson F. Clark, p. 467-9; Effect of source of seed upon the growth of Douglas fir by Raphael Zon, p. 499-502; A comparison of yields in the White Mts. and Southern Appalachians, by K. W. Woodward, p. 503-8; Notes on the distribution of lodge- pole and yellow pine in the Walker basin, by H. S. Kerr, p. 509-15; Winter recon- naissance in the Rocky Mts., by George Z. Mason, p. 516-18; Some suggestions on brush disposal, by Elers Koch, p. 519-24; A Norwegian forest fire insurance asso- ciation, by J. A. Larsen, p. 525-6; Spe- cific gravity and weight of the most important American woods, by Alfred Gaskill, p. 527-30; Second growth yellow pine, by W. H. Gallaher, p. 531-6. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt, Jan. 1914 —Gross-oder kleinflachenwirtschaft, by C. Wagner, p. 3-26; Beitrage zur physio- logie des bodens, by Bernbeck, p. 26-44. Forstwissenschaftliche Centralblatt, Feb. 1914 —Ertragsregelung und freie bestand- swirtschaft, by P. Frey, p. 69-74; Die grundlagen naturgemasser bestandesbe- grindung, by J. Eberhard, p. 75-87. North Woods, Feb. 1914—Conservation of life in the lumber camps, by Mabel T. Boardman, p. 9-13; Plans for reforestation in Wisconsin; p. 17-22; Division of respon- sibility in protective work, by Henry S. Graves, p. 23-7. Revue des eaux et foréts, Dec. 15, 1913— Le mouvement forestier a l’estranger; Russie et Finlande, by G. Huffel, p. 737-41; La situation forestiére en Corée, p. 741-5. Revue des eaux et foréts, Jan. 15, 1914— Les races de pin sylvestre, by R. Hickel, p. 49-56. Revue des eaux et foréts, Feb. 1, 1914— Bulletin forestier l’estranger; Turkestan Russe, p. 105-9. Tharandter Forstliches Jahrbuch, 1914—Die fichte im Elbsandsteingebirge, by Augst, p. 26-82. | | AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS X% ~ Towerman E, F. Heide of the Rock Island Lines, for 10 years has carried a Where Accurate Hamilton Watch that Time is Vital is highly satisfactory. Over one-half (almost 56%) of the men on American Railroads main- taining Official TimeInspectioncarry The ~ , amilfon 11 atch “The Railroad Timekeeper of America’’ If you would take pride in owning a watch as accurate as the watches railroad men carry, look at the illustration of the Hamil- ton 12 size, shown here, Itis the thinnest 19 or 23 jewel] 12-size watch made in America. Your jeweler can fit your present watch case witb a Hamilton movement if you desire. Prices of Hamilton watches timed and adjusted in the cases at the factory, $38.50 to $125.00. 12-size sold com- plete only. Write for ‘‘ The Timekeeper’’ a book about watches containing advice about how to buy a watch that everyone interested in the pur- chase of a fine watch can profitably read. It con- talns pictures, descriptions and price list of various Hamilton models. . dah, Hamilton mat Lancaster Pennsylvania 1b | Pe oe ¥ 0 oh (| FORESTERS ATTENTION AMERICAN FORESTRY will print free of charge in this column advertisements of foresters wanting positions, or of persons having employment to offer foresters 1 WANTED—A position as an inspector of ties, timbers and lumber, by a forest school graduate with experience in inspecting ties, timbers and lum- ber. Can furnish best of references. Address Inspector, Care AMERICAN FoRESTRY. Graduate forester, with three years of practical experience in Austria, wants position. Best of references. Address Grorck RAcEK, 6th Avenue, 2133, Seattle, Wash. Graduate of Forestry School, having studied for- estry and lumbering operations in this country and Germany, with experience in the U. S. Forest Serv- ice, and also in state and private nursery work, would like position with forest engineering firm or lumber company. Best of references. Address XY, Care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. ENERGETIC Post Graduate Forester desires posi- tion aS an assistant in park or city forestry work. Subordinate duties preferred. Best of references. Address M. M. J., Care AMERICAN ForEsTRY. WANTED—By young man intending to study forestry, position with lumber company, surveying party, or other position by which he can gain prac- tical knowledge. Address IL. L., Care AMERICAN ForESTRY. FORESTER of technical training, six years’ teach- ing and practical experience in different parts of the United States, wishes to better position. Best refer- ences from university and employers, and others. Address G. O. T., Care AMERICAN Forestry. FORESTER with technical training and with sev- eral years’ experience in administrative work and teaching, desires position along either of these lines. Address ‘‘B,’”? Care AMERICAN ForESTRY. FOREST ENGINEER—Best of American and European training. Five years of practical work along lines of organization, administration, protec- tion, cruising and appraising. Would like position with some large timber holding company, railroad, or municipal watershed. Best of references. Address “CRUISER,” Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. A forest school graduate with experience in U. S. Forest Service and with lumber company, also pos- sessing thorough business training, will consider offer of a good forestry position. Address M., Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. Graduate of Penna. State College Forestry School, with experience in U. S. Forest Service and with a big paper company, desires position with tree surgery and landscape gardening firm. Address H., Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. Forester with wide experience in nursery work, planting, fire protection, etc., and also in_ park work, desires position. Best of references. Address U, Care AMERICAN ForEstTRY. FORESTER with 15 years experience Estimating, Surveying, Mapping, and in the care of private hold- ings desires position. Perfectly reliable in every way, and with executive ability. Address “A,” care AMERICAN FORESTRY. AMERICAN FORESTRY‘S ADVERTISERS —i—— 1 =z — ttf — ——— 1 ff | Hl i) 1 tt 8 i i 0) 9] 8) 2 0 9 0 —— tt —— 8 1 tv oo 9) 8 ts —— 2 — 0 — es — 1 — 1 —— en > J. H. BERKSHIRE, Pres’t O. W. FISHER, Vice-Pres’t J. B. WHITE, Sec.-Treas. and Gen’! Mgr. Missouri Lumber and Land Exchange Co. Manufacturers of YELLOW PINE ‘‘The Wood of a Thousand Uses” Offices: 1111 Long Building, KANSAS CITY, MO. Capacity of Mills, 200,000,000 Feet Annually HILL’S SEEDLINGS AND TRANSPLANTS Also Tree Seeds FOR REFORESTING Best for over half a century. All leading hardy sorts, grown in immense quantities. Prices lowest. Quality highest. Forest Planter’s Guide, also price list are free. Write today and mention this magazine. THE D. HILL NURSERY CO. Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in America BOX 305 DUNDEE, ILL. Seeds for Forestry Purposes We offer a most complete list of both Deciduous and Evergreen Tree and Shrub seeds for forestry purposes. Seeds that are cf best germinating quality. Our catalogue contains a full list of the varieties we offer, which include the best and most rare species. Send for a copy, it will interest you. THOMAS MEEHAN & SONS Wholesale Nurserymen and Tree Seedmen DRESHER, PENN., U. S.A. hh hh me me 1h me 1h Fh me £m AF 1 LF Bh EL fH ee fh ef | 8 8 tt i tt The North-Eastern Forestry Co. “We Raise Our Own Trees” Strong, Well Rooted Seedlings and Transplants WHITE PINE 2-year seedlings___-__- $ 2.25 per 1000 3.00 per 1000 6.00 per 1000 10.00 per 1000 3-year seedlings______ 3-year transplants___- RED PINE 2-year seedlings______ $ 2.25 per 1000 3-year seedlings______ 3.00 per 1000 SCOTCH PINE 3-year transplants___-$ 6.00 per 1000 4-year transplants____ 10.00 per 1000 NORWAY SPRUCE 2-year seedlings______ $ 2.25 per 1000 3.00 per 1000 9.00 per 1000 3-year seedlings______ 4-year transplants___- Catalog Listing Other Species on Request. The North-Eastern Forestry Company CHESHIRE, - CONNECTICUT — 1 I ET ll In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN FORESTRY 10b AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS —e OAK AND PINE SEEDLINGS _, CROWBAR for SPADE for PINES 5 feet apart Do Not Delay Planting Your Oaks and Pines HEY take care of themselves and grow rapidly. Nothing is gained by delay, and for extensive landscape or forestry planting, but little is gained by planting larger sizes. The small trees establish themselves quickly and soon begin to make the maximum annual er th. The oaks will keep right on growing during a drought. Do not despise them because of their reputation for slowness. They are the quickest permanent trees on soil that is too dry for poplars. They will often grow two and three feet per year. For important situations where you cannot afford to wait, we offer several thousand large pines and other ever- greens that save you ten years. They can be safely shipped with large balls of earth, held by canvas and platform of our invention. The best evergreen hedge for the northeastern part of America is the white spruce. This is native from Maine to Alaska and has a cheerful blue-green foliage. Our trees have been grown in squares three feet apart and frequently root-pruned or transplanted. Every tree is a perfect cone with a dense ball of fibrous roots. They are sure to grow. They are grown economically and offered at a low price. There has not been heretofore an opportunity to secure an abundant supply of such stock. Send for catalog brimful of accurate information on trees and fitting them to soil and climate. HICKS NURSERIES I. HICKS & SON WESTBURY, L. I., N. Y. a ff ee fe ff hi | lS I I LL LL HH | | Hf HH | HH TREE SEEDS We have never looked | Se eteng: ols e ee S , — || ef | fl | | eH YL lH Hh | A HT | HE Ht HH —— 1 OH | | FOREST TREES BY THE MILLION he fF ee fH fh fH LH | SH fff ff] Ef) SL BF Lud Sal upon Tree Seeds as a = Ss side issue. Instead, we 7 Rn have devoted a large -o portion of our time to ey > them. Lad =e = s The assortment we rr ae carry more than doubles = = that of any house— = o- American or Foreign. We = n stock even the rarest as =, © species. Send your list to us for prices. J. HEINS’ SONS Halstenbek 155 Near Hamburg (Germany) Nk M. THORBURN & C0 American Representative OTTO HEINECKEN Whitehall Building, 17 Battery Place, New York City Established 1802 53 Barclay St. New York City ora, 11b In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN ForESTRY | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ee 6h 1 AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS i SPECIAL LOW, PRICES FOR Northern Grown White Pine Transplants FOR NURSERY AND FORESTRY PLANTING | | | | | | | | | 3 in. to 6 in. 2 year transplants, $10.00 per M, $40.00 per 5 M | 6 in. to 10 in. 2 year transplants, $20.00 per M, $75.00 per 5 M 7 12 in. to 18 in. 2 year transplants, $40.00 per M, $175.00 per 5 M ] | | | | | | | | | | 500 at the thousand rate. No order for | Terms 60 days net to firms of known credit. less than 1000 accepted. 5% discount for cash with order. ever lots. 1% discount fer cash in 30 days. Orders will be filled at the above prices so Unknown customers wil! please send cash long as stock lasts. | with order. Shipping facilities, New York All vigorous healthy stock with dark glau- Central Lines and American Express. cous foliage—grown from virgin cork pine : : Address all orders 2 seed—no disease—no fungus—no insects—all dress 6 ders and remittances to | | carefully sized, tied in bunches and packedin | well ventilated cases which are charged at | net cost. | CHARLES W. WARD, Trustee | | | | | | | Write for special quotations on 10,000 and | 2% discount for cash in 10 days. | | | | | | : Lovells : Crawford County : Michigan YOUR OPPORTUNITY F2°.FORESzA70N | COST REDUCED TO A MINIMUM From Four to Five Millions Seedlings and Transplants, fine stock, Domestic, Northern Grown, of hardy constitution, suit- able for May Planting, are to be disposed of this spring as the ground must be cleared. Inquire quick on what stock you can use as the SPECIAL QUICK SELLING PRICES will promptly exhaust the supply -:- -:- --- FOR INSTANCE: NORWAY SPRUCE, 3-year Transplants - - - $6.50, 1000; $55.00, 10,000; $485.00, 100,000 NORWAY SPRUCE, 2-year Seedlings - - - $3.00, 1000; $21.00, 10,000; $195.00, 100,000 NORWAY SPRUCE, 1-year Seedlings - - - $2.00, 1000: $12.50, 10,000; $110.00, 100,000 Write us what you want and we will give you prices on other kinds F. W. KELSEY NURSERY CO., '\280s2%3» = = LH HH ff YT | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | White Pine, Norway Spruce, and Other Varieties | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Tn “writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN ForRESTRY __ | PROVIDE FOR N OW He! Pie Ud URE ° In every lumber manufacturing section of ij North America are to be found the crumb- il ling ruins of mills whose owners elected it I wise to depend on the open market for II their log supply, who refused to invest I their good money in standing timber. iI In practically every case the ‘Open II Market”? has proven an unreliable source I of log supply. Farseeing operators have I! come in, sized up the supply of timber tributary to certain points and bought up il the bulk of it. Many of the mill owners il who had the first and the best opportunity II to purchase, because of their neglect, have I been forced out of business and have seen I! their investment in plant and equipment depreciate to the extreme low limit of its i| value as junk. I! Does that possibility confront you? il If it does, please bear in mind these facts: Il Now is the time to provide for your future supply. II We can give you exactly what you need. II Your copy of ‘WASHINGTON RED il CEDAR, AMERICA’S OVERCOAT A WOOD,” Lumber Users’ Guide No. bz 12, awaits your request. Send for it. | JAMES D. LACEY & CO. Timber Land F'actors Ah 1750 McCormick Building 1107 Spalding Building 1009 White Building CHICAGO, ILLINOIS PORTLAND, ORE. SEATTLE, WASH. NATIONAL CAPITAL PRESS. pls Including American Conservation, acquired in August, 1911 Vol. 20 MAY, 1914. No. 5 ENS SET MRE ATEN A RPA AL ADSI TET SONEIAT WLOTITS Published by THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 1410 H Street, N. W., Washington, D. C, Price $2.00 per Year. Copyright 1913, by the American Forestry Association AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS HORSEIESS SKIDDING IG) kidding with mechan- =tieal rehauls to return lines to the woods is be- coming more and more pop: ular. Greater speed and independence from weath- er conditions constitute the principal reasons for this :- YOU WILL BE INTERESTED IN HEARING & SEEING WHAT OTHERS ARE DOING WITH CLYDE MECHANICAL REHAUL SKIDDERS. Wrire us and we will arrange to Show you CLYDE IRON WORKS DULUTH, UV. S.A. In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN ForESTRY 7 & 4NE EG American Forestry The Magazine of the American Forestry Association PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD HERMAN H. CHAPMAN FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL ERNEST A. STERLING JOHN E. RHODES S. T. DANA S. N. SPRING May CONTENTS 1914 THO Lo SvOP FORESTED SHORE, LENE Byiah, An sterling.) f. 206. f.cewek an ONG With nineteen illustrations. INES: ASSOC AM MOINES ROP. Gall vel hoemton at.ae, Poe oda An bt co corso to oH eOeOe OTe RAS Sanne 341 WATBLAMIE” ISSN, aout Wa] Dd Deeg Bel bal EMI Shama YAY @ ned cs Galen aad Ate ss 4 ttre thks or Pein iC oan ariel Ree Or eCR RTCA poate 341 See EDS Ole ST LANDS ch ccs eee ee eine ey rie ee iOk ee rode STATE FOREST AS A GAME PRESERVE—By Ernest O. Buhler................. 343 With two illustrations. EXxaAviPeb, OF FIRE PROTECTION—By- Jack’ Guyton... sh0-<.ores.- ce theese 344 ipa) COULEER—By Winthrop BP. HayieS-...0-o+- ie we ees eee ae vets 346 With five illustrations. SRRUNGwS EE DING; OPERATION. 6 ccc sone oe eee nti eC NA ee tee evanac these 355 FORESTRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE—By Warren’ Ho. Miller./.5.-.52....>-. 356 With nine illustrations. NAN AUISh Sa@r EK CRORE ST Sig chance. aac eee Aen eee aa ret enn te LSB Va O\Wesl Or Ak PROBL TAB Resco nian cis eaten eee 366 With six illustrations. Ba ERP RetORENS BIRE LAW—ByaWillianeRebishers. cee cease. setae see ae see. -- 370 Dy ee ee GA LNGS TES LRES o/. a'od)aascctt Wardanaiet te eee eee tk ts leg we etn tees Sk ed 371 LION — yy OO AED) AGO) Ss BY O ea I ir torts nian po na ceA co GA bern Gti ces 0 thse Bek aOR! With three illustrations. EEO miIS bal RODUCTS -bxX-P@ SIdp ON pee eet ee eer ene eS 5 CAME SAND EeISE! INCREASH——By seco nalyan cereale ae sit era. Se ence 376 THE SOUTH’S FORESTRY AND WATER RESOURCES—By Henry S. Graves.... 377 VaR sae VO ICUNE AUN “WL NIS EUR Vi @ IR Siena rere epee mer erate to) 2 PEP S80) LODGE LOGE PINE BOR: POLE Sc tasccntt cca cient omer ir eh cciricis toe tte e OBE TRIDIMIE GUS VAN] C95 Ange eee Rs ote Dee oc Sts ak 6 6 ots Say Ach eNO eRe oe eee 382 EL @RIE) Sal OMENS 5 cf Gc, 3. 0h 5 pyaar ee GE OI TOR ORES Po tan secu ee BBS SHARAN IN USS SS ye EES OS hes 'olls 2 A theucRe ig Oh ar ahi SoCo cI CGR SI ce ee Re aera aes to 2 Re OCruny Mime lo EC AVD QIRE v2. tht. ere ieee ener rote ek sitive ths ot ccc-ciatestaterare's@ aa's a ESOS AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, two dollars per year; single copies, twenty cents. Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Post-office at Washington, under the Act of March 8, 1879. 5f Declaration of Principles and Policy of the American Forestry Association IT IS A VOLUNTARY organization for the inculcation and spread of a forest policy on a scale adequate for our economic needs, and any person is eligible for membership. IT IS INDEPENDENT, has no official connection with any Federal or State department .or policy, and is devoted to a public service conducive to national prosperity. IT ASSERTS THAT forestry means the propagation and care of forests for the produc- tion of timber as a crop; protection of watersheds; utilization of non-agricultural soil; use of forests for public recreation. IT DECLARES THAT FORESTRY is of immense importance to the people; that the census of 1913 shows our forests annually supply over one and a quarter billion dollars’ worth of products; employ 735,000 people; pay $367,000,000 in wages; cover 550,- 000,000 acres unsuited for agriculture; regulate the distribution of water; prevent ero- sion of lands; and are essential to the beauty of the country and the health of the nation. IT RECOGNIZES THAT forestry is an industry limited by economic conditions; that private owners should be aided and encouraged by investigations, demonstrations, and educational work, since they cannot be expected to practice forestry at a financial loss; that Federal and State governments should undertake scientific forestry upon national and State forest reserves for the benefit of the public. IT WILL DEVOTE its influence and educational facilities to the development of public thought and knowledge along these practical lines. It Will Support These Policies: FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT of national forests; adequate appropriations for their care and management; Federal cooperation with the States, especially in forest fire protection. STATE ACTIVITY by acquirement of forest lands; organization for fire protection; en- couragement of forest planting by communal and private owners; non-political depart- mentally independent forest organization, with liberal appropriations for these purposes. FOREST FIRE PROTECTION by Federal, State and fire protective agencies, and its encouragement and extension, individually and by cooperation; without adequate fire protection all other measures for forest crop production will fail. FOREST PLANTING by Federal and State governments and long-lived corporations and acquirement of waste lands for this purpose; and also planting by private owners, where profitable, and encouragement of natural regeneration. FOREST TAXATION REFORMS removing unjust burdens from owners of growing timber. CLOSER UTILIZATION in logging and manufacturing without loss to owner; aid to lumbermen in achieving this. CUTTING OF MATURE TIMBER where and as the domestic market demands it, except on areas maintained for park or scenic purposes, and compensation of forest owners for loss suffered through protection of watersheds, o1 on behalf of any public interest. EQUAL PROTECTION to the lumber industry and to public interests in legislation affecting private timberland operations, recognizing that lumbering is as legitimate and necessary as the forests themselves. CLASSIFICATION by experts of lands best suited for farming and those best suited for forestry; and liberal national and State appropriations for this work. American Forestry VOL XX MAY, 1914 No. 5 P0000 MILES OR FeRrolED SHORE EINE By Haw Se HE steamer on the Vancouver- | Prince Rupert run covers about 550 miles. Jn this same distance there are about 16,000 miles of forested coast line on the two shores and around the islands of the inside channels. This is a distance appreciable only by comparison. If connected and straightened out it would give a shore line of magnificient forests and moun- tains two-thirds of the way around the world, or from New York via Cape Horn, past New Zealand and Australia and almost to the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. The passenger from the deck of an Alaska or Prince Rupert steamer on the inside route sees on this coast line a panorama of mountains and forests un- equalled on any regular water course in the whole world. From the time the steamer swings out through the narrow entrance of Vancouver Harbor and on past Point Atkinson into the Strait of Georgia, a sky line of mountains and indented shores breaks the view on every side. A hundred miles north of Vancouver the wide sweep of water narrows into tide swept channels, and for 120 miles until Queen Charlotte Sound is reached, the ship is navigated through passages which might be enor- mous salt water rivers, except that now and then the channels widen or a Sound or Inlet gives a vista of miles of con- necting water running back into the west slopes of the Cascade Mountains. On one side the shore of Vancouver Island rises abruptly to a mountain chain of 3,000 to 5,000 feet, along the foot of which the boat passes; while STERLING on the east is a broken shore line with thousands of large and small islands, and an intricate system of protected channels extending far back into the mainland. The far background is a wilderness of jagged mountains with ever-present snow-capped peaks and here and there the green hue of glacial ice. In the middle foreground of the shores the forests uniformly cover the lower slopes, save where the logging camps have taken their commercial toll. Evidences of man or civilization exist only in the occasional camps of loggers, salmon canneries and the Indian vil- lages. If the tourist from an ocean-going steamer on the regular course sees all this, and more, what is revealed to the cruising launch which threads the nar- row channels and inside passages off the regular route? The steamer view shows an unparalleled view of moun- tains and glaciers, with the pointed, overhanging of Mt. Stephens peak a striking landmark; the independent cruising party sails at will through the unfrequented waters, and back fifty to one hundred miles up deep water inlets into the very heart of the mountains, and along the foot of the peaks and glaciers, as on Kingcome Inlet, which comprise the units of the distant view. The tourist compares the west coast of British Columbia with the fjords of Norway; but anyone who gets the inti- mate view, attempts no comparisons, since the knowledge is given that no such magnificent combination of water and shore exists anywhere. To com- plete the picture, imagine a region 319 (¢) wy4avas VIMOAIIA 40 ABYSMANOG SITIM Bs IVLAVIS wnt eee gh | ee eer 4 rf ( Nyon ants sie * Nk : dy, pa \ SU = f Ag oe No Yc et ff f ) skia/i Vpn Pad ra ~~ me {ke | | H = Lf oO! ) ). LONb0AWID ds xowos ‘SOM ONY SONY 40 HZNOISSINNOD 431K dO NOIMOGYIG Ad NMVHd GNY Ga TIdWOo | dO LYVd NUALSAMHLIOS FHL JO Yo , y' Nye vn Lael ped | at wee aad Y Sor q To A a 4 | apa oar elie \ \= aeaaf AM D6 ¥ oS ye Sy oF j a vel f ea waean a pee Shes ee Sy |= LON eee S10) \ , pf Ava] hex, ¥ Laie ts. De’ \uaeny | ee ee ere TRY AN ee BS ie Ue = . LOIN 16,000 MILES OF FORESTED SHORE LINE Bp eS) co — detest hee SESS ane iT CHIEF Klakwagila, -——-9-79\ Broke a Correr valjte of kingcom Intet BC 1500 Photo by E. A. Sterling. Home or A PrRoup NIMKISH CHIEF. NOTE THE SIGN OVER THE DOOR OF THIS CHIEF'S HOUSE, ALSO THE TOTEM PAINTED ON THE SIGN. ANOTHER CHIEF IN THE SAME VILLAGE HAD A SIGN READING: CHIEF JOHN CLARK oF Trawsis GAVE A FEAST. 1,130 Sacks or FLlour—Cost $2,260.00 SEPTEMBER 18TH, 1911 where your cruising launch can nose its way half a dozen times a day into Sounds and Inlets where you have a water setting comparable to the Lake of Lucerne with a Riga above every headland. And if you miss the art and history developed by the people of the Swiss Mountains, remember that you can go ashore in colonnades of trees which were fully mature when the old bridge at Lucerne was built, and more beautiful than any cathedral; and in the Indian Villages find traits and cus- toms unchanged from the time of the Lake dwellers of Como. The Indians of the British Columbia coast are known generally as Siwash. Actually the term Siwash is not a tribal name, but a‘ term of derision in the Chinook jargon. The traits which give rise to the name probably resulted in part from contact with the whites, although most of the tribes were never highly developed. There are 188 bands or tribes of Indians in British Columbia, with a total population of about 25,000, of which a large per cent live on or adjacent to the coast. These various bands are under the charge of regional government agencies, and under each agency are several bands. For example the Kwawkewlth Agency at Alert Bay has charge of Kwashela, Nimkish, Tsawataineuk and Mamalillikulla and various other bands, all belonging to the Kwawkewlth or Lachwiltach Nations. The population of these various bands varies from a dozen or two up to two or three hun- dred individuals. While some of the old Indian tradi- tions and customs are dying out, most of the tribes keep up some form of the potlach, which in the native tongue “Palth-piah” means the distribution of gifts. For example, “potlach conway sun nisika muck-a-muck,” is a Chinook version of ‘Give us this day our daily bread,” in the Lord’s prayer. At the same time like most Chinook words it has a host of meanings which cover carnivals, feasts, meetings for trade and 322 AMERICAN FORESTRY Photo by D. C. A. Galarneau. SUPPLIES For A POTLACH. ON THE LEFT ARE. DOZENS OF BOXES OF SEA BISCUIT AND ON THE RIGHT SCORES OF BAGS OF FLOUR. THESE WERE ALL DISTRIBUTED AMONG THE INDIANS AT A POTLACH GIVEN AT ALERT BAY, BRITISH COLUMBIA. barter, and the various ramifications of the potlach. The gifts at these “potlachs” consist of money, blankets, dishes, calicos and other articles and the amount of ma- terial given away at some of these carni- vals is enormous. According to the lettered sign of Chief John Clark of Tiawsis a feast occurred at which 1,130 sacks of flour costing $2,260 were used. Naturally the Indians will travel long distances to attend a potlach, and enjoy the dancing and singing as well as the gifts. The Kwawkewlth tribes probably rank first in the frequency and the ex- tent of these festivals. The “potlach” houses, which are large, barnlike structures built of cedar, may best be described as community affairs where the Indians trade, feast, frolic and entertain their friends. The houses are usually occupied between the ceremonies by poor Indian families who appropriate space wherever they can find it, making them free hotels in which they build open fires for warmth and for cooking, and to which they bring their food, blankets and fleas. The latter are permanent inhabitants of all these places. The principal art of the Indians is wood working, and a high degree of imaginative skill is shown in their totem poles. These poles are emblems or tokens of clans or of families and have no particular religious significance. While the Indians are proud of them it is the same sort of pride and rever- ence a family might have for its coat of arms, or family crest. The poles are colored and often very cleverly, the predominant colors being red, yellow, green and black. Their size and form depend entirely upon the caprice of the man who makes them. The native boats are really works of art, and from the war canoes 30 feet or more long, to the delicately carved lighter canoes, which seat only two or three, a balance and symmetry unattain- able by white men is the rule. All these boats are dugouts that are carved from a single cedar log, but so well 1s it done that many of the canoes are light and fast, and beautifully embel- lished at bow and stern. The burial customs are unique, the chiefs and leading men being buried usually on little islands with quaintly carved totems and headboards; while t= acetiae a FS Cas wegen bo ce Pick h.: Re “ins stital U Ra Tax Pholo by E. A. Sterling. A TypicaL SIwasH TOTEM. the top the work Note the great care given to detail in the carving of the large and small figures and in the decorat of the pole. These totems made by the Nimkish band of the Kwawkewlth nation excel in 1 of the Alaska Indians. ic 8 | 4 “a & i a b c nce Pn. Photo by E. A. Sterling. AN ELABORATE TOTEM. The variety expressed in these figures is worthy of particular attention. Note the head at the foot of the nearest pole and the hooded head at the top surmounted by the fantastic bird. All these poles are made of cedar. Photo by C. A. Lyford. A FuLt LENGTH TOTEM. This is a quite unusual full length totem of a human figure, the usua totem being a series of figures. It is about eighteen feet high and a good idea of the size may be gained from the six-foot man standing beside the left leg. The lines on the forehead, cheeks, ears, eyes, mouth and finger tips are white, giving a strikingly grotesque appearance. This totem, the only one of the kind seenin B. C., is inthe Tsawataineuk village of Gwayasdums. 326 AMERICAN FORESTRY en cae Photo by E. A. Sterling. A SrwasH Duc Out. Some of the British Columbia Indians are very skillful in the making of these “dug out’ The canoes are light and graceful as may be seen. white men. can travel fast. the lesser lights are laid to rest in a rude box tied fast to a limb high in the top of a nearby tree. In an isolated winter village of about 350 inhabitants on a little island near Fife Sound the trees back of the village are. thickly laden with the rude burial cairns. Fish of various kinds largely constitute the Indians’ diet, and at the same village the strip of beach is strewn with shells of clams which have been brought in until it looks like a natural shell beach. As government wards, the Siwash are a race on which either pity or ad- miration would be wasted. ‘They are well suited to their environment, and the British Columbia coast is something of a Paradise for the Indian temper- ament. ‘They can hunt and fish in any season of the year, work in the can- neries or logging camps if they feel like it and do not have to plan for any radical change in seasons. ‘Their attire reflects the prosperity, age and tastes of the wearer, ranging down through various stages of overalls, calicos and blankets, to the old squaw with a dirty single garment, blanket, and bare feet. The young Indians are often seen * canoes, far excelling the This one is manned by two Indian boys and proudly and uncomfortably attired in the latest styles of ready-made clothes, with the accompaniment of shiny yellow shoes, white collars and other adjuncts of civilized man. Some of the Indians are at times really very prosperous, their cash assets being derived from high pay as guides, or the more nominal wages of the sal- mon. canneries; while a_ particularly energetic individual will sometimes ap- pear in town with $1,000 to $3,000 in cash as the result of having sold a boom of hand logged timber. As a rule, how- ever, they are poor more hours than they are rich. Naturally they do not know how to make the best use of their money when they get it, but they spend it according to the best light they have, W hich usuz ally means that it goes for “Sim-cracks” or a lot of first class ma- terial which they really do not need. A well-known forest engineer in Van- couver relates his experience in spend- ing an evening at one of the Indian homes at Thunder Bay. Apparently the family had recently passed through a temporary period of prosperity, for the visitor was interested to see stacked up AY ON ; ‘HSYM A‘IINV: IOH LON S800 LAHAT AHL LY ANIT SAHLO” HL “HSNOH HOVILOd AWVAA AHL SI LAY T ‘AHL NO 2 NOIS V NO GHAVTdSIG ININOUd § IN & A AHIHD ‘IVAINL Vv: TSQOH AHL AO LNOMA NI GALOANA ANV SWALOL ASAHI *)) sie cA DAO ed “OUuIpA IS “PA «q O04 \ 7 : : x | Photo by D. C. A. Galarneau. AMERICAN FORESTRY Duc Out MADE BY WHITE MEN. TIMBER CRUISERS USING A RED CEDAR “‘DUG OUT’’ MADE BY WHITE MEN. IT IS HEAVY AND CLUMSY COMPARED WITH THE DUG OUTS MADE BY THE INDIANS, WHO ARE ADEPTS IN WOOD CARVING, EVEN WITH THEIR CRUDE TOOLS. at one end of the room 40 pairs of trousers and as many coats, shirts and other articles of wearing apparel, and miscellaneous clothing without end. The collection also included dozens of crates of oranges, canned fruits and vegetables, several phonographs and a fine $85 steel range which they used for a sideboard. Yet with all this luxury they cooked their food over an open fire inside the house and slept in quilts and blankets wherever they could find an odd place to lay them down at one end of the room. The forests flanking the 16,000 miles of coast line are the most valuable re- source of the region. ‘The fish, game, minerals and scenery are resources of great interest and value; but the timber, under present developments, is a greater asset than all the others combined. The salmon canneries represent a well-estab- lished industry ; mining is carried on in the region, but is not a ranking industry on the coast; while the game and scen- ery are not sought for themselves alone. Some day a steamship company may make capital of this scenic coast line, and Bute Inlet and Wakeman Sound be- come as well known as Lake Louise or Banff, while with the increase in pop- ulation in the Northwest, the inside channels of British Columbia may be- come a mecca for motor boat cruising, with summer houses on the coast and islands. Whatever the ultimate develop- ments, the next decade at least will be a period of timber exploitation on an enormous scale and under funda- mentally favorable conditions. The west coast of British Columbia is an enormous natural forest region where the favorable conditions for growth have produced dense forests of valuable species at once protected from the winds of the Pacific, and immedi- ately accessible to tide water. The heavy rainfall of from 60 to 120 inches annually is a decided factor in produc- ing the large individual trees in heavy stands, and at the same time has pre- vented wide destruction by fire. An- other factor which has favored timber growth and prevented fire is the prox- imity of the warm Japan current, which causes heavy fog during parts of the year. This “Queen Charlotte fog belt”? extends over a large section of 16,000 MILES OF FORESTED SHORE LINE the coast timber country, and keeps some of the best timber protected in a blanket of moisture, as are the red- woods on the California coast. The coast region is almost entirely non- agricultural, and should be kept under forest cover. This is fortunately a future likely to be realized under the Provincial policy of fire protection, aided by the heavy rainfall and the tendency of valuable species to repro- duce naturally on cut over land. The predominating commercial spe- cies of the coast forest are Douglas fir, red cedar, hemlock, balsam and spruce. The estimate of the timber in British Columbia is 250 to 300 billion feet, of which a large percentage of the best and most accessible is on or adjacent to the coast. The Province of British Co- lumbia derives a large part of its reve- nue from its forests; the amount col- lected in 1913 from royalties, license fees and other sources amounting to nearly $3,000,000, or an average of ap- proximately $7 for every inhabitant of the Province. Of this about $245,000 was used during the same year by the Forest Branch for the management and protection of the forests, the heaviest Ss) raw) expenditures for fire protection being, in the mountain districts. Government, launches and their crews maintain a fire prevention and police patrol on the 16,- 000 miles of forested shore lines. | While these shores appear to be heav- ily forested, an entirely wrong impres- sion of the uniform value and similar character of the forests is derived from casual observation by travelers, or even by timbermen who draw. their con- clusions from a boat trip. ‘The forest cover is practically complete and fairly uniform, but a large amount of the tim- ber is not of merchantable value under present market conditions, nor likely to be, until the better timber equally ac- cessible is exhausted. The timber of value for present logging, or to hold as an investment, does not cover the whole shore line, but lies in the protected “draws” or valley bottoms where little streams break into the “salt chuck,” or on moist slopes. The investor who buys timber limits just because they have trees on them is in for a long wait or an unhappy awakening. It is very unsafe to “cruise” British Columbia timber from a boat. Startling as it may seem, probably not Photo by E. A. Sterling. British COLUMBIA COAST SCENE. THIS IS A TYPICAL VIEW IN ONE OF THE NUMEROUS INSIDE CHANNELS AMONG THE ISLANDS ALONG THE COAST OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 330 AMERICAN FORESTRY Photo by E. A. Sterling. Wuat A FORESTER NEEDS HERE. IN CRUISING TIMBER IN THE COAST DISTRICT OF BRITISH COLUMBIA A LAUNCH IS ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL AND IT MUST BE SEAWORTHY. over 10 billion feet of British Colum- bia’s 300 billion feet of timber is of high grade and immediately accessible to tide water. Since timber of this character, available for cheap logging and water transportation is in greatest demand, it is also of highest value. By the same token, such timber so long as available becomes a basis of values, and since it can be logged cheaply keeps the price of manufactured lumber at low levels. This condition, however, cannot last long, since the quantity of such timber is so distinctly limited. Part of it is being cut each year and part held for better prices. Gradually the supply of logs has to come from farther north, or far- ther inland, and from land not quite so cheaply logged, so that while the quan- tity may be as good, the costs of produc- tion generally are rising, and thereby in- creasing the stumpage value of the high- grade tide-water timber still uncut. The kind and character of the timber varies considerably in the coast region. Douglas spruce for about 100 miles north of Vancouver is the most abun- dant species, and in greatest demand and of highest value. It reaches mag- nificent proportions in individual trees, HERE IS SHOWN A FORESTER’S LAUNCH AT ANCHOR IN THE PROTECTED WATERS OF A LAGOON. the larger specimens often measuring 8 to 10 feet in diameter, with a volume of 15,000 feet or over per tree. North of the region where Douglas spruce is predominant is an enormous stretch of inside water and shore lines known as the “cedar country.” Here occurs red cedar in its optimum develop- ment. In favorable locations are found stands of cedar made up of trees from 4 to 10 feet in diameter, of the finest quality, and in quantity occasionally running over 100,000 feet to the acre on considerable areas. Over many square miles cedar will comprise 50 to 80% of the stand. Red cedar ranks with southern cy- press as the “wood eternal.” Perfectly sound logs are taken from fallen trees, which are known by the age of trees growing over them to have “lain in the wood for a hundred years and more. Since the wood is very resistant to de- cay, cedar is widely used for poles and shingles. It is also an excellent building material where great strength is not re- quired, and in texture and firmness of grain is almost unequalled. Alone or associated with other spe- cies on the whole west coast is found we % ae PAF, "y aRs mex 7 i : A | 4 5a | be am 2168 a i = a ST el >. ix Photo by C. A. Lyford. THE WRITER OF THIS ARTICLE AT THE Foor or A RED CEDAR. Photographs give inadequate conception of the character of the forests. The actual ground level in was se feet below the apparent base of the tr and the thick undergrowth made it difficult 1 zea view. So dense is the forest cover that itis necessary to give one to one and one-half minutes’ exposure for a picture. 332 AMERICAN Photo by E. A. Sterling. FORESTRY OveR 20,000 Boarp FEET IN THIS. THIS MAGNIFICENT PRODUCT OF THE FOREST, WHOSE DIAMETER IS ABOUT NINE FEET, IS A DOUGLAS FIR. MANY SUCH TREES WILL CuT 10,000 To 20,000 BOARD FEET. THE TREE. spruce, hemlock and balsam. Spruce is the least abundant, but of the highest value of the three. The other two are woods of the future, the present market absorbing only limited quantities of the lumber. This, however, is only because of the abundance of other woods which received earlier recognition. The west- ern hemlock is far superior to the east- ern species and suitable for many pur- poses as construction material, while balsam, although less strong, is equal in other respects and has the advantage of lighter color and more uniform tex- ture. Both balsam and hemlock are ex- tensively utilized in making paper pulp, and while their present lumber value is THE ROUGH ROOT-LIKE GROWTH IN THE TRUNK IS NOT PART OF not great, their low stumpage value makes them an attractive and promising investment. A $5,000,000 paper mill at Powell River, with a capacity of 225 tons of paper per day, uses spruce and hemlock almost exclusively for pulp. They also use considerable balsam and like it. Logging on this entire stretch of coast line is naturally one of the largest and most interesting phases of the timber exploitation in the region. Its begin- ning was near the early centers of set- tlement, and it is now developed and extended far up the coast. In advance of the present operations were the “hand loggers,” a peculiar development R. A. Sterling. Photo by F IR. COLUMBIA DOUGLAS BRITISH IF A MIXED FOREST THIS STAND IS IN COLUMBIA. AND BALSAM. D - % i) Z a wn oa -~ = S 6) «| a) < 2) | < > yn a = P< DOUGLAS FIR IS ONE OF HEMLOCK FIR, 304 of local land laws and markets. In a word, under the earlier laws any citizen of the Province could take out a license for hand logging, which gave permission to log on a stated area which was al- ways immediately adjacent to tidewater. The provisions of the permit were that no steam machinery should be used. The payment for this permit was only a few dollars, and the result was that many men in pairs or small camps ope- rated close to the shore line, felling the larger and better trees, and by an amount of labor and skill almost incred- ible, slowly worked the logs down into the “salt chuck.” These would ulti- mately be assembled into booms and towed to the mill. The result is that the shore line is scarred for miles by the work of these hand loggers, but under present market conditions the land can be logged over again, while the strip operated on is so narrow that it really has little effect on the value of a timber limit. Present logging operations on tide- water limits are conducted almost en- tirely with heavy equipment which con- sists of a “bull” donkey located on the shore line with a skid road running back a convenient gully or ravine for 1,200 to 3,000 feet or more. Smaller skidding donkeys mounted on heavy frames pull themselves through the woods and after the trees are felled, skid the logs to the main road where they are hauled by steel cables to tidewater by the larger donkey at the shore. The size of the logs and the rough nature of the ground prevents the use of draft animals or the lighter equipment seen in the south and east. ‘The logs are assembled in pro- tected coves or bays and made up into booms which are then towed by large tugs to the sawmills at Vancouver, New Westminister and other points. The charges for towing vary with the dis- tance. The present logging rates range from 75 cents a thousand to as high as $2.50 from Seymour Inlet, which is 250 miles from Vancouver. ‘The towing charge for most of the inside channel country is from $1.00 to $1.50 per thou- sand. In the coast district logging and towing can be carried on the year round, although usually most of the camps shut AMERICAN FORESTRY down during the winter season, which is the period when it rains a little harder, if possible, than during the spring and summer. ‘There is, however, little or no snow. The booming of logs in the coast dis- trict of British Columbia is an in- tensively interesting phase of the lum- ber industry. The usual type of boom is made up of 8 to 12 sections or “swifters,’ each section being made of boom sticks 64 feet long and a top di- ameter of 12 to 16 inches fastened to- gether with heavy chains. Having se- cured the boom sticks together, they are placed in two parallel lines and the logs floated in and arranged endwise, pack- ing them as closely as possible to the de- sired width of the boom, which varies from 60 to 100 feet. Care is taken to place comparatively long logs next to the boom sticks where they are joined together. After filling the boom with logs, the boom sticks are drawn to- gether by a winch or small donkey en- gine, and the binding poles or “swifters” to hold the boom from spreading, are placed in position and chained at each end to the boom sticks. A single sec- tion or “swifter” of a boom usually con- tains from 40 to 80 thousand feet log scale, and while 8 to 12 sections is the usual number, as high as 20 sections or over a million feet are sometimes made into one boom. Booms of this charac- ter are known as water section booms and their towing speed is from 2 to 2% miles per hour, and frequently the larger tugs tow several booms. ‘There is comparatively little loss to logs thus towed when navigating the waters be- tween Vancouver Island and the main- land, but since a gale is a source of danger, it is usual for the captain to seek shelter upon indication of a storm. There is no particular period of gales or hurricanes, however. Another form of boom which has come into favor is known as the Davis patent. Its essential features consist of arranging a sufficient numberof long logs to made a width of 80 to 100 feet. These logs are then firmly bound together by a wire cable at each end. Other logs are then piled on top and as the weight in- creases, the raft forming the bottom Photo by E. A. Slerling. Heavy STAND OF HEMLOCK AND BALSAM. Trees with clear le feet, and stands of ove 0,000 board feet per acre, are not uncon of hemlc . The undergrowth is often luxurious as in a tropical forest. This par on a slope immediately adjacent to tide water. AMERICAN FORESTRY PREPARING A Boom. HERE |THE BIG LOSS ARE BEING ASSEMBLED AND WILL LATER BE MADE INTO A BOOM AND TOWED DOWN THE COAST TO THE SAW MILLS. sinks. "This process is continued until ‘the logs form a rounded pile extending ‘10 or 12. feet above the water-line and ‘for ‘a considerable distance below. Cables are then passed over at each end from the outside log of the original raft to the corresponding log on the other side and’ firmly secured. The raft when finished resembles a great sheath of grain, except itis bound at both ends in- stead of the middle. From 400 to 800 thousand board feet can be towed in a single section of this kind and without danger of loss from storm. ‘This form of rafting is especially valuable for hemlock, which shows a tendency to sink. If the front end of a hemlock log in a water section boom dips down ever so slightly when in motion, the down- ward thrust of the water will force it out of place, and after turning a somer- sault under the boom, it simply rolls out and is free. The future of this great tidewater timber country, and, in fact, of all the British Columbia forest lands, is of par- ticular interest to the forester and con- servationist. Since so much of the ' kets of the world. { country is non-agricultural, it 1s funda- mentally suited for continual forest pro-' duction. Natural growth and controlla- ble fire risk encourage this end. Such; use of the territory assures not only a! permanent asset to the Province, but a: reserve timber supply which, because of its availability to water transporta- tion, will be distributed among the mar- The first step is the utilization of the existing forests since the trees are now over mature. The cutting will be incomplete and wasteful because the market permits utilization of only the best. Following this era of lumbering will come a long regeneration period, when the cut-over land, either naturally or with the help of man, will come back into forest. The second and successive forests will never equal the first because the market by then will not have the heritage of the trees cen- turies old to draw on, and will be con-. tent with smaller sizes and lower grades. It is not without regret that these in- comparable tidewater forests are con- signed to the commercial needs of ad- Photo by E. A. Sterling. BrRitIsH COLUMBIA RED CEDAR. THE TRUNKS OF TI RED CEDARS ARE COVERED CHARACTERISTICALLY WITH MOSS. DESPITE THE ROUGH OUTSIDE APPEARANCE OF MANY OF THE CEDAR TREES, THEY PRODUCE LUMBER OF THE FINEST GRAIN AND TEXTURE, Photo by E. A. Sterling. AMERICAN FORESTRY LT] 4 WP Sr as = v4 — Now TIMBER—SOON TO BE PAPER. A NINETY-FOOT HEMLOCK STICK ON ITS START THROUGH THE POWELL RIVER PULP AND PAPER MILL WHERE IT WILL BE CONVERTED INTO PAPER IN ROLLS FIFTEEN FEET WIDE. vancing civilization from the new China and other countries of the Orient to the settlers of the Canadian West. Senti- ment, however, will play little part and the greatest regret of foresters and lum- bermen will be that the utilization can- not be more complete. It is inevitable, since the consumers demand only the best at the lowest price, that the pro- ducers can manufacture and market only the material on which there is a profit. On the British Columbia coast this means that the smaller and poorer timber is not used, and the lumbering methods are apparently wasteful while in reality that is only in keeping with economic conditions. The forested coast district of West- ern British Columbia presents condi- tions in the way of land ownership and lumbering methods which practically preclude any possibility of long time forest management by private owners. There are essentially three separate di- visions of the lumber business into stumpage ownership and logging, manu- facturing by sawmills, and the sale of lumber. In British Columbia the title to most of the forest land is vested in the Government, the exceptions being certain grants which include both land and timber. Since forestry practice is absolutely contingent on the ownership of the land, it follows that the responsi- bility for the future forest production in the region rests with the Government. The individual or corporation acquires title to stumpage through timber licenses and the payment of an annual license fee. The stumpage owner may or may not be the logger, although the two, ex- cept in case of stumpage investment, usually go together. The manufacturer or sawmill man may have no interest whatever in the stumpage or the log- ging, and, in turn, may shunt the sales end of the business to separate organiza- tions, although naturally the larger saw- mill concerns have their own sales or- and in ganization, some cases own stumpage. ‘The essential point, how- ever, is that the Government is the land owner, and, as such, has a tremendous responsibility in the development of a policy and practice which will eventu- ally devote these lands to their best use a4} Aq so9oUapIsel se pasn osje ait ide se ynq ‘ssurisyye3 yor Si eIpuy 1e100d Ieps9 pel 318 ; > ‘sjoyoy [PUNUIUIOD 9a1J SulwOdaq ‘su Avy] °049 ‘UPAIS sqsvaj ‘auOp SI Surpes} o19YM SIeye AjUNUTUIOD are sasnoy asey Ty, *8[qe}e[suerjunN Al[eorjoesid sSasnoy yorijod ay} 03 jo uonqry4stp 344 ‘OAId,, SUBS UOSIef YoouryD 94} UI ,,YoOR[JOg,, PIOM 9YyT, ‘spreoq Iepa: oq [TM < 1 ay} jo ‘ASNOF HOVILOG V 1 ANVAY Ses ee ra 340 —the production of- successive forest crops. The temporary or permanent inhab- itants of these thousands of miles of forested shore line are almost ex- clusively interested in commercial de- velopments. The region, however, can- not fail to make a deep impression; while the conditions are so varied, and the aspects so constantly changing, that even familiarity does not dull the at- tractions. The forest engineer, who was an entire stranger to the region less than ten years ago, has a variety of unique experiences entirely different from forest workers in any other sec- tion of the country. Since there are practically no means of transportation except by water, the forester depends on his cruising launch for transportation, and as a camp in much of the survey and exploration work on tidewater limits. As part of the day’s. work, he may find himself in the long northern twilight cruising down an inside channel over quiet water which reflects the dark forested shore line in an endless variety of shades and colors, while in the far distance the snow-capped peaks may still reflect the full sunlight or the saffron tints of the Alpine glow. At night he may anchor in a sheltered cove, dark and silent, save for the many sounds of the sea and wil- derness, or cruise on under the decep- tive light of stars or moon which makes familiar landmarks like strange and un- known sights. Most wonderful of all is a night run in a heavy fog when the moon above the fog bank lights the re- stricted view of water with a weird and ghostly radiance, giving the constant impression that the boat is turning in a narrow circle. While these inside channels are usually calm and peaceful, the launch may run out of the sunshine into a AMERICAN FORESTRY driving squall or from some protected passage into a veritable maelstrom of “white water,” caused by a “tide rip” or the equalizing flow of the tides through some narrow channel. ‘The wind draws through some of the larger channels as through a chimney, and even moderate gales kick up a sea which means lashing everything fast and a round of pitching and rolling which is more spectacular than pleasant. On such occasions the quiet, protected cove may not be within reach, and as night shuts down, the launch is glad to creep into partial protection along the shore or behind a boom of logs where the back wash makes the anchor chain a creak- ing, grinding nightmare and the night a mystery of strange sounds through long hours of anxious watching. The forester’s launch on one particu- lar night, when a gale of rain was drivy- ing up Clatham Channel, had found snug refuge in a little cove protected by a boom of logs. Sharing the same shel- ter was a small, low-powered launch owned by a couple of loggers, who came aboard late in the evening loaded with a strong nerve tonic in the form of “Canadian red rye.” Despite warning of the danger they started their engine, and after a half hour’s loud talking and maneuvering to get through the opening of the boom, put out into the driving gale and heavy sea of the main channel, with the brag that they would make their camp across Knight Inlet or drown. For a few minutes their. light could be seen bobbing up and down, and then was gone in the rain and darkness. Whether they arrived or not the writer does not know, but probably they did, for something of their spirit, whether shown in wild recklessness or cool, sober judgment, has been a dominant factor in the development of this fron- tier coast. No More Barbed Wire Forest officers in Washington and Oregon plan to discontinue the use of barbed wire on their forests. This will affect their own pastures and ‘public drift fences. They say barbed wire has no advantage over smooth wire, that it injures stock, and that it is more likely to be borne down by soft snow. Stockmen on the Ochoco forest, in Oregon, recently con- structed drift fences of smooth wire, though with some misgivings; now they say they will never use barbed wire again. Til ASSOC TATIONS EXHIBIT EMBERS of the American Forestry Association, their friends, and all who are inter- ested in forestry, all who love trees whether in great forest areas, woodlands, country ‘estates, the garden or the street, are invited to visit the exhibit of the Association at the Grand Central Palace, New York City, May 20 to 30, during which period the For- est Products Exposition will be held. This will be the same exhibit which the Association had at the Exposition in Chicago from May 1 to May 10 and which thousands of Chicagoans and others visited. Attendants will explain the work of the Association and dis- tribute literature as well as tell of the value of the great educational work the Association is doing. The chief feature is the display of photographs showing different phases of forestry, the cutting, logging, and marketing of mature trees, the protection of the forests from fire, insect and disease; the replanting of forest land; the instruction of forest students, with examples of the losses due to lack of scientific forest manage- ment—in short, every condition in the use, the development, the protection and the growing of trees. A souvenir given to each visitor is a circular containing forest scenes in colors and this was eagerly sought and highly commended at Chicago. Copies of the magazine AMERICAN FORESTRY are also given away. It is especially desired that school teachers and children should visit the exhibit. It is to be on the second floor of the Grand Central Palace, near the middle of the hall. WHAT IS A SHADE TREE WORTH? OW many people know what a shade tree is worth? How many ever give a thought to its value? Its grateful shade is enjoyed, its beauty is appreciated, both in a general sense, but few perhaps ever stop to think of its actual cash value. Perhaps this is never brought home more forcibly to a man than when a shade tree in front of his residence, a tree of which he is proud, is damaged or destroyed. Then ask him its cash value. He is likely to measure it by his own sense of what the tree has meant to him. Not unnaturally he may declare the tree worth hundreds of dol- lars to him. He will tell you what is only too apparent, that it cannot be re- placed at once for thousands of dollars. It will take years to grow a similar tree on the same spot. It was somewhat startling to the peo- ple of Ann Arbor, Michigan, to learn from the recent report of their city en- gineer that the shade trees of the city are valued at $290,000. ‘This is over a quarter of a million dollars’ worth of property which the average man might never consider in giving an estimate of the city’s wealth. Prof. Filibert Roth, of the Forestry Department of the University of Michi- gan, was asked to give the valuation, and his report names this modest sum. For the purpose of estimating the value of the trees and shrubs owned by the city, it was assumed that trees stand two rods apart throughout the residence sections of the city. According to Professor Roth, a tree is worth $10 when it is nicely established and is four inches in diameter at a point breast high. Figur- ing the compound interest at five per cent, this $10 has grown into $20 in only 18 years. All trees are figured on this basis, since hundreds of them might be rated at more than $100 apiece. It is estimated that there are in Ann Arbor 341 342 at the present time, about 12,000 shade trees which measure six inches in diam- eter, besides over 2,000 smaller trees set out in the last fifteen years. In discussing his report Professor Roth says: “Why, as a matter of business, it may be said that these trees could not be re- placed for this sum of money. A shade tree grows in value up to a certain time, then remains stationary in value for many years, and after that declines. But until it is a good tree and really does the AMERICAN FORESTRY service expected, it is fair to charge cost and interest to the tree. Generally a tree is over twenty-five years-old bfore it is a serviceable shade tree and ‘pays its way. If it is worth $10 when it is five years old it is worth $20 at the end of twenty-five years. From the standpoint of city beautification and considering the enjoyment people get out of them, good shade trees are worth $100 apiece. This is the valuation placed on trees by the city of Springfield, Massachusetts.” SAVE THIS FORES® aan GREAT deal of enthusiasm was manifested at the recent meet- ing of the Minnesota State For- estry Association at St. Paul in the plans for a campaign to be con- ducted all summer for an amendment which will come before the people next November at the general election. The State of Minnesota at the present time owns about three million acres of land and under the provisions of the Consti- tution this land is to be sold. The for- estry amendment provides that all such land which is better suited for tree growth than for farming shall be set aside to be used as State Forests. This would give the State perhaps one mil- lion acres of forest land, to be managed according to forestry principles, and this would be the beginning of a real for- estry policy for Minnesota. It is naturally of great interest to alt concerned that this amendment pass. !t would really be a corner-stone, as it were, in the forestry development of Minnesota. If these one million acres will be retained as State Forests, the State Forest Service can go ahead and show lumber corporations that forestry really is practical, and if the State Serv- ice is given the opportunity to show what really can be done with reforesta- tion and forest management, the time will not be far off when the State will branch out on a large forest policy. The time has come when Minnesota has to recognize the necessity of the management of its forests. Although there are still approximately seventy- five billion feet of merchantable timber standing in the woods, the people at large appreciate the fact that the proper management of timber lands is of vital concern. The annual value of the tim- ber crop of Minnesota is fifty million dollars. It takes forty thousand horses to move this crop and three hundred thousand men to log, haul and manufac- ture it. The lumber industry is the sec- ond largest in the State, and one-third of the total output of Muinnesota’s farm produce is consumed by those in the lumber industry. Minnesota is the largest lumber producing State east of the Rockies, and with proper forest management, could increase its timber production four times, which would mean millions of dollars to the State annually. The forestry amendment will be the entering wedge toward the proper man- agement of the forest soils of Minne- sota, and every endeavor will be made to make the people realize its impor- tance. Loss By Mistletoe Mistletoe thrives on the western coasts to an extent not approached in the east. In many places this parasitic growth is responsible, directly or indirectly, for a considerable loss of timber. SLATE, FOREST As GAME, PRESERVE 343 ELK ARRIVING AT ITASCA STATE PARK. THIS CARLOAD OF ELK WAS SHIPPED FROM JACKSON HOLE, WYOMING, TO ITASCA PARK IN MINNESOTA AND WILL BE USED TO STOCK THE PARK. Slat hoPOREST AS GAME PRESERVE By Ernest O. BUHLER HE arrival at Itasca Park, Min- nesota, of a carload of elk from Jackson Hole, Wyoming, marks the beginning of a plan under which, it is hoped, these magnificent ani- mals will be restored to the Minnesota forests in something like their former numbers. Once they roamed over Min- nesota’s wilds by thousands. But the hunter’s rifle reduced them year after year, until there was danger that they would soon be added to the list of ex- tinct animals. Then the Yellowstone Park came to the rescue. To it the remaining elk gathered from the mountain ranges around, and there—amid just such an environment of forest, lake, meadow, swamp and snow-capped mountains as was most favorable for their multipli- cation—they have bred in such num- bers that the Government has recently deemed the time ripe for their distribu- tion among such States as would pro- vide for them the necessary protection in a forest refuge. State Forester W. T. Cox, of Minne- sota, saw the value of the opportunity, and Itasca Park offered an ideal spot for a refuge. It was only necessary to surround with an eight-foot wire fence an area about a mile square, timber land, meadow and lake, and the refuge was ready. The elk were very wild and difficult to catch, but a deep snow, while hinder- ing their rapid flight, made it possible to tire them out by a persistent pursuit on snowshoes, and capture them by the use of the lasso. From Jackson Hole, where Howard Eaton obtained them, they were hauled over the rugged Teton Mountains to Victor, Idaho; thence they were taken by rail to Butte, to Wadena, to Park Rapids and Itasca State Park. While being driven through Teton Pass, <~ <2 Ne S t 1 ‘| ‘ “AMERICAN FORESTRY INSIDE THE PARK. ' THE ELK TOOK TO THEIR NEW SURROUNDINGS AS IF TO THE MANNER BORN AND ARE NOW THRIVING AND CONTENTED. one of the bulls became infuriated and, charging a helpless female, pushed her over a precipice into a canyon, hundreds of feet below. This was the only tragedy of the journey. As the herd at Itasca Park grows larger—and the Government’s experi- ence shows that the animals multiply very rapidly—the plan is to distribute them among different State Forests in various parts of Minnesota. “But where are those forests?’ the reader . practically none as yet.” The answer is, “There are Whether such forests shall be created, and whether the beautiful creatures of the wild shall in- habit them, depends on the action to be taken on the forestry amendment to the State Constitution, next November, the adoption of which amendment will per- mit the use of waste and non-agricul- tural land for the growing of timber and the harboring of game. may ask. EXAMPLE -OF TARE PROTECTION By Jack GuyTon HE actual saving of timber from destruction by fire which may be effected by a local organiza- tion is well illustrated by the work of the Coos County Fire Patrol Association of Oregon. ‘This was the first county fire-fighting body in the State and since its organization and successful operdtion timber owners of twelve or fifteen other counties in the State have copied the plan and formed county ‘associations along the same lines. EUs ese The Coos County Association was organized in 1910. W. J. Conrad is the secretary, and he devotes his time to arranging and carrying into execution plans for saving the timber. Before this organization existed sometimes as high as 10,000,000 feet of timber would be burned in the county in a season. In- dividual owners fought fires but in an unsystematic manner. Last year there was no loss of timber by fire, due to the work of the county association. © This” is on the theory of ‘reducing the fire EXAMPLE OF FIRE PROTECTION hazard to the minimum and immediately fighting any fires that start. In 1912 the membership included 41 big timber owners. Now the member- ship numbers 209 timber owners repre- senting 383,392 acres of timber land, making up the richest natural resource in the county. Those owning small tracts of timber have found it to their advantage to join the association as well as the owners of the big tracts. The State law now provides that owners of timber must maintain a patrol during the danger season. If they do not, the State patrols the timber and charges five cents an acre, which is collected like any other tax. When a timber owner joins the association he meets the. requirements of the law and the cost is much less than where he at- tempts a patrol himself, and the work is much more thorough when done by the association. Last season an assess- ment of one cent an acre was made and most of this money was used in pre- ventive steps. The association has built and main- tains about 90 miles of telephone lines which connect with the farmers’ com- panies and with the regular lines. Sec- retary Conrad has his headquarters in Marshfield and can keep in constant touch with the wardens located in dii- ferent parts of the county. Trails have been built to the isolated localities and make it easier to reach danger points when fires start. The telephones have done much to send warnings to head- quarters and allow prompt work in sending assistance to wardens when it is needed. oN) ut Gor The field work is in charge of a chief warden and during the past season about twenty-five deputy wardens were kept in the field while extra men were in readiness to fight fires should they be needed. Slashing is done by the association and fire traps burned out so that when the danger season comes ach year there is not much chance for fires to get a start. The association has done much to educate the farmers as to fire danger. The farmers in the timber districts are allowed to use the association telephones for their own purposes and in consid- eration of this favor are asked to report promptly any forest fires they may see Secretary Conrad has conducted edu- cational work in the country schools and has otherwise taught the people of the rural districts that it is to their interest to help the timber owners to protect against fire. The county organization works in conjunction with the State Forestry Board in the protection work. The cost of fire protection through membership in the county association has been at a lower cost than any of the timber own- ers could have individually done the same work, and, moreover, it has been more effective. Hundreds of thousands of dollars’ worth of timber has been saved from destruction by fire during the four years that the organization has existed. The work planned for the coming season will make the danger of loss of timber by fire in Coos County still less. Large Sale of Alaskan Timber Arrangements have just been made for the sale of 40 million feet of timber on the Tongass national forest in Alaska. This forest is cut up by bays and inlets, some of which give an opportunity for taking the timber from the mill to the decks of ocean- going steamers. The Tongass forest is now self-supporting, its lumber product being used largely in local industries, much going into boxes for canned salmon. Chestnut Trees Again Affected California State inspectors at San Francisco have found a new canker disease on chestnut trees recently imported from Japan. According to Dr. Haven Metcalf, the Govern- ment’s expert on such diseases, this appears to be of the same type as the chestnut blight which is ravaging the forests of the eastern United States, and it is possible that the new disease would be equally as destructive if it became established in this country. THE GRAND COULEE. By WintTHRopP P. HAYNES which occupy a large part of the States of Washington, Idaho and Oregon,, lies the Grand Coulee, an unsurpassed natural feature of grandeur and wild beauty, which is well worthy of a place among the wonder sights of America, but which is practt- cally unknown and unvisited at the pres- ent time. The Grand Coulee is a great dry gorge or canyon cut by the Columbia river when it was diverted from its course ages ago in the glacial period, by an obstruction of ice, and made this channel across the lava plains in central Washington, in a general southwest di- rection. It extends nearly one hundred miles across a part of the so-called “Big send’ region of the Columbia River, where the river turns west, then south and east, before making its final swing to the west which it holds to the sea. ‘The Big Bend region is bounded on the north and west by mountainous areas. The name “Coulee” is frequently ap- plied all through this part of the coun- try to any dry gully or canyon where water may flow during a small part of the year. In the Big Bend district there are many coulees, but the largest and most interesting is the Grand Coulee. The northern part of the Grand Coulee extends for about thirty miles from the Columbia River to just south of Coulee City. This portion may be called the Upper Coulee, since it lies at a higher level than any of the coulees farther south. This Upper Coulee is a flat-bottomed, vertical-walled canyon, with several small lakes, some alkaline, along the western margin, which is pre- vailingly low and marshy. The depth of the floor below the level of the plains is from 400 to 500 feet, and the average width is about one and a half miles, but the coulee is very much wider in the vicinity of Steamboat Rock, a flat- topped meca ten miles south of the Co- Jumbia River, which rises about 400 feet 346 | N the heart of the vast lava plains above the floor of the Coulee. The east- ern wall dies out about five miles north of Coulee City, and the level floor rises and merges with the slightly undulating plain which extends eastward for many miles. The western wall, although somewhat broken and eroded back about three miles southwest of the town, continues for about twenty miles to the south in the Lower Coulee. There is a precipitous drop of about 400 feet in the floor of the Coulee four miles southwest of the town, and the top of the east wall in the Lower Coulee is continuous with the floor of the Up- per Coulee. The floor of the Lower Coulee is uneven, and most of the de- pressions are occupied by lakes which are fresh in the northern part and strongly alkaline in the southern part of the Coulee. The walls of the Lower Coulee south of Moses Lake become less distinct, but the course of the former drainage channel is still clearly visible as it swings to the west and finally joins the Columbia River. The length of the Lower Coulee is about seventy miles. GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF THE REGION Many ages ago there was great vol- canic activity in this region, and ex- tensive flows of basaltic lava were poured forth and covered the rather subdued old land surface of the Big Bend to a varying depth. In the north- ern part the cover is relatively thin, and the granite of the old land surface is often exposed, but to the south it be- comes increasingly thicker. Following the volcanic activity the region was irregularly uplifted, caus- ing dislocations of the lava flows and a warping of the surface. After a long period of erosion in which the region was nearly reduced to a plain, the land was again uplifted and the main streams had cut deep channels before the Glacial Period commenced. In the Glacial Period an ice sheet advanced down the ‘AAS OL GHLOATNIG SI UOLISIA AHL HOIHM SLHOIS LSXld AHL AO ANO SI LI “AAINOD YAMOT AHL WOUA UAddN AHL SALVAVdAS MON AAITO SIHNL ‘HOIH LAAA GAYGNNH ANOA AAAO SI HOIHM AATTO AHL YAAO GAUNNOd LOVAVLVO LYAUD V OOV SUVA AO SGAAXGNOH FATA “TIVSAALVM INZIONY NV dO ALIS 348 valley of the Okanogan River and ex- tended across the gorge of the Columbia River. This ice dam caused the waters of the Columbia to flood the tributary valleys, and they rose until a low place in the divide was reached, south a the present site of Coulee City.. Here they overflowed into the headwaters of a southwestward flowing tributary, and thus reached the channel of the Colum- bia River again. The divide was cut back and a great: waterfall was devel- oped, which must have been the equal of our grandest waterfalls now in exist- ence. As the ice barrier melted away the waters of the Columbia were al- lowed to resume their former course, leaving the Grand Coulee, with its numerous lakes and springs as evidence of the temporary, pre-historic, cross- country water channel. This enormous dry canyon with its numerous beautiful lakes, and its of a great prehistoric waterfall, which was as high as the Victoria Falls of the Zambesi1 River in Africa, and of much greater extent, may be easily visited by any tourists traveling over the Northern Pacific Railway, by leaving the main line at Spokane, and traveling over the branch line for 125 miles to Coulee City, which is a small town with good accom- modations for guests, situated on the level floor of the Upper Coulee at a most advantageous spot to take in most of the interesting and grand views. The trip westward from Spokane is interest- ing and gives one a chance to see how this section of the country is being de- veloped. Soon after leaving Spokane we passed through cuts in gravel terraces and crossed a deep, flat-floored valley in which a very small stream is now flow- ing. This is evidently a channel cut by a large river in the Glacial Period, but now ‘abandoned. The flat floor of the valley is now covered with small farms. After passing through pine-covered. hilly country, and traversing a gorge in the basaltic lava we reached the prosperous town of Cheney, situated in a farming district in low rolling country. Contin- uing westward we saw many fields of oats on the flats, while pine-covered hills interrupt the general level of the coun- site AMERICAN FORESTRY try. We Be through a belt of pines between Medical Lake and Deep Creek, and then abruptly left them for a roll- ing, treeless country covered with wheat fields that stretch to the horizon on either side of the track. Most of the farms depend on windmills to pump their water, which is generally obtained froma slight depth by driven wells. We passed through Davenport and Rocklyn and were still in a rich wheat section. The country here began to flatten out, and we saw the lava outcropping, and forming small mesas, and entered a level region of sage brush and bunch grass, with a few nearly dry lakes, with little grazing for cattle and horses and no agricultural development. After a few miles of this we got into more hilly country with scattered pines, and an occasional granite knob projecting through the basalt. Then we entered rolling open country, another great wheat-raising section. Shortly beyond the town of Creston we got a view of the mountains north of the Columbia River. Near Wilbur we entered level country again and saw a small coulee, which runs parallel with the track for some distance. Near Govan a small stream flows in the coulee, and a fringe of trees grow along its banks, the first trees seen for some time. We passed through some more good wheat land about Almira and Hartline, and saw a combination harvester at work, drawn by about thirty horses. From Hartline we swung to the south and descended in a gentle grade ahout 350 feet to the town of Coulee City, situated at about 1,600 feet above sea level. As we ap- proached the town we got a fine view of the great western wall, which stretches far to the north and south, and also saw how the east wall, about five miles north of the town, bends down and merges with the plain. From Coulee City as a headquarters we traveled by automobile, carriage, horseback or foot to the various points of interest about the Grand Coulee. The first place we wanted to see was the site of the ancient cataract and wa- terfall, with its 400-440 foot wall which separates the Upper from the Lower Coulee. By driving or riding about "ANG MON SI ASUNOD UALVM INAIONV SIHL ‘SaaITID AO SANIT OML AHL NAAMLAG YALVM AO HOLAUNLS V AM AVMYV SATIN OMI ANO HIIM daLDANNOD SVM ANVT AHL ODV SUVAA ANVW MOH SMOHS MAIA SIHI INDUVddY SJ] NOLLOY S,ATLV\ AHL FATH AM 350 four miles to the southwest of the town, over the nearly level floor of the Coulee, which is dotted with sage brush and basalt hummocks, past several farms with small orchards, the brink was reached and its western margin fol- lowed until a wonderful panorama was disclosed. Stretching to the eastward for about three miles was the serrate headwall of the Lower Coulee, with a large and small plunge pool lake lying at its foot, occupying hollows in the rock carved out by the falling waters which gradually wore the cliff back sev- eral miles up the Lower Coulee to this point during the time in the Glacial Period that the waters of the Columbia River with water from the melting ice were flowing in this high level channel. Different parts of the cliff have receded at different rates, and the plunge lakes lie in the deepest embayments, separated by a flat-topped remnant of the cliffs, which is partly fallen to pieces. The larger of these lakes is called Castle Lake, and is a beautiful sight as viewed from the top of the cliff. The basalt rock of the cliffs turns a rusty brown under the effects of the weather, and 1s frequently covered with orange or greenish-yellow lichens in great patches, so that the cliffs are generally bright colored. We continued along the road for about two miles more to the southwest and obtained a fine view down the Lower Coulee for several miles, and saw nearly the whole floor occupied by a chain of lakes, which are nearly con- tinuous. The nearest lake was Blue Lake, and the next, partly hidden by a bend in the Coulee, is Alkali Lake. The west wall here has a height of nearly 900 feet, but the long talus slope which extends about half way up, makes the height seem less. The east wall is about half the height of the west wall. The fringe of vegetation about the shore of Blue Lake, and the farm with a fine or- chard at the northern end of the lake added a touch of green, which made the scene one of great beauty and grandeur. AMERICAN FORESTRY The road descends to the floor of the Lower Coulee from this lookout point, and if in a light wagon, or on horse- back, or foot, it is possible to make the descent. The road is so very steep and has such sharp turns that it is not ad- visable to descend in an automobile. On reaching the bottom we went through the farm and fruit orchard to the shores of Blue Lake, and out on the lake in a boat and landed on some of the small islands. Later we went up to Castle Lake and the other small lakes near the foot of the fall, and traveled up a road to the east which leads past another small farm and into an eastern branch of the Lower Coulee. This eastern branch of the Lower Coulee is in many respects the most in- teresting and beautiful, because it is comparatively narrow, and a large part of it is occupied by a long, narrow lake, which is bordered by vertical cliffs. The lake is called Deep Lake, and from the vertical walls and the absence of any beaches it must be very deep, although no measurements of its depth have been made so far as could be ascertained. It is possible to get out of this east branch at one place only, and that is on the south side, where a road has been made which rises through a notch in the wail and reaches the upper level, and then swings to the north past the head of the east branch around to Coulee City. The Deep Lake branch of the Lower Coulee may be reached most easily by a walk or drive of about two miles to the south of Coulee City. This branch falls away gradually in a series of steps, with drops of from 15-50 feet, which must have caused beautiful cataracts when the water was flowing through here. A few small pools remain in the deeper hollows of the upper part of this chan- nel. We swung to the east past the head of this branch, and then fellowing along the southern brim soon came to a lookoff point from which we looked down upon Deep Lake, the surface of whose waters is about 425 feet below. The walls rise from the water in a ver- tical cliff for about 100 feet, and then Deep LAKE. THE SURFACE OF THE WATER IS 425 FEET BELOW THE ROCK ON WHICH THE MAN IS STANDING. THE LAKE IS SO DEEP THAT SOUNDINGS COULD NOT BE TAKEN. ANOTHER VIEW OF DEEP LAKE. IN THE DISTANCE LOOMS THE GREAT WEST WALL BARRIER. THE COLORS OF THIS LAKE RANGE FROM A PECULIAR EMERALD GREEN TO A DEEP BLUISH GREEN. THE GRAND COULEE By ap) recede in a series of great platforms, formed by the stccessive lava flows, to the upper level which forms the floor of the Upper Coulee, upon which the town is situated. The walls of this east branch of the Lower Coulee show columnar jointing particularly well. Looking westward down the east branch we saw Deep Lake far below, like a winding river in a deep canyon. In the distance looms the great west wall barrier. The colors of Deep Lake vary greatly with the time of day, rang- ing from a peculiar emerald-green to a deep bluish-green, but the lz ke is alws rays wonderful, and flanked by the vart- colored basalt rock 1t forms a scene that should be preserved in color by some artist. We decided to take a day trip north, in the Upper Coulee, to Steamboat Rock, a distance of about 20 miles. On starting north from the town we saw perched on the top of the west wall a short distance back from the edge a great basalt block as large as a house, which was evidently transported a short distance and left by the ice sheet which spread over the western part of the Big Bend region. This was Pilot Rock, a landmark easily seen for many miles to the east. Five miles to the north the inclined lava beds of the east wall rise out of the plain and flatten out, form- ing the eastern wall, which has an aver- age height of about 450 feet. We noted that the edges of the inclined lava beds are truncated by the present surface of the plain. This shows that after the warping and irregular uplift, the region was greatly eroded and worn down nearly to a plain before the final uplift to the present elevation. Going north on the flat floor of the Upper Coulee we passed a few long, narrow lakes lying in swampy depressions near the foot of the west wall. The lakes have a dense growth of rushes about their shores, and usually a fringe of white alkaline deposits, where the water has evap- orated and left the salts held in solution. About ten miles to the north of the town the Upper Coulee makes a bend ond we got our first view of Steamboat Rock, which looks like the hull of creat battleship floating toward us. The Coulee narrows to a width of about a mile a short distance below the rock, and then widens out until in the vicinity of the rock it is between three and four miles across. Steamboat Rock is a mesa or table mountain of horizontal lava beds about 450 feet high and one and a half miles long by one mile wide. On the floor of the Coulee about a half mile north of the rock is a fine ranch, with an orchard and garden, where a stop for lunch was made. While rest- ing in the shade of the numerous trees about this ranch we enjoyed a splendid view of the great mass of Steamboat Rock. ‘Time permitting, we extended our trip ten miles, to the northern end of the Grand Coulee, where we looked down on the mighty Columbia River flowing in its deep g gorge, which is now cut several hundred feet below the level of the floor of the Coulee. The Coulee north of Steamboat Rock narrows again and the floor becomes very uneven as the lava cover becomes thinner, and the old granite surface with its hollows and knobs 1s exposed. By ascending to the top of the east wall of the Coulee we had a very grand and comprehensive view of the northern part of the Coulee, and looked down over 1,000 feet to the waters of the Columbia River. ‘To the northwest we saw through the blue haze the mouth of the Okanogan valley, bor- dered by low mountains on the west. To the north of the river rises a granite range of low mountains, and eastward the slightly rolling lava plains stretch to the horizon. The drainage of the Grand Coulee is for the most part underground. ‘The chain of lakes occupying the western border of the Upper Coulee are of vary- ing degrees of salinity. In most cases there is no visible connection between the lakes, and they have no visible drainage outlet. The lakes of the Lower Coulee are fresh at the north and strongly saline at the south. Some of the northern lakes overflow in the rainy season and drain south into the more saline. Soap Lake is the most saline of the chain, and the waters have been analyzed and found to be rich in sodium salts, chiefly the carbonate and sulphate. Moses Lake, farther south, is compara- ‘SNAHOIT MOTVIAA-HSINGAUD YO ADNVUAO AO SAHOLVd HLIM GAAAAOD NALAO ‘NMOUT ALSNU V SI SHAITD AHL AO MODOU LIVSVA AHL “SMAIA TOAILNVAR LSOW AHL AO ANO SWHOA ANVT SIHL ‘AATNOD GNVAD AHL AO SINAWAVAWA ISHdaad AHL AO ANO NI ONIAT ‘aAV] ATILSVD 7 . sa 3s SPRING SEEDING OPERATION tively fresh, and drains southward into Crab Creek which, after flowing for a while at the surface, sinks into the soil and disappears. In the Grand Coulee near Coulee City are several fruit farms of young trees which are doing nicely. Water for irri- gation is obtained either from springs, which are often tapped within a few feet of the surface, or pumped from some of the fresh lakes which are suit- ably situated. In the oldest orchard the trees are about six years old and are just beginning to bear. This orchard is situated about a mile and a half north of the town and is well worth a visit. Here apple and peach trees alternate in the rows, but the peach trees will eventually be cut down, when the apple trees become large enough. In between the trees the owner raises great quanti- ties of fine watermelons which are shared and greatly appreciated by the inhabitants of the Couiee. He is also raising corn-fed hogs fer market in Spokane and for shipment farther east. All of the farms about the Coulee have small vegetable gardens where suff- cient for home consumption is pro- duced. The interest of most of the peo- ple living near Coulee City is in wheat, and the future of this section seems to rest upon the successful cultivation of that staple product, which can be grown over most of the plains to the east of the Grand Coulee. The higher parts have a good soil cover of decomposed lava and more or less rain throughout the year, so that this region is now producing a considerable quantity of wheat raised by dry farming methods. A crop of 20-25 bushels per acre is about the aver- age yield, but 40 bushels per acre is occasionally reached. The production of fruit and other special crops upon the small areas that are favorably situated for irrigation will undoubtedly increase, but will always be of minor importance. SPRING. SEEDING OPERATION CTIVE preparations for further reseeding of the Roubaix burn in South Dakota are being made by Forest Supervisor Kelleter. Approximately 1,000 acres will be re- seeded this spring and to properly handle this work a Forest Service camp will be established on the ground. Dur- ing past seasons the work was handled from Roubaix and the laborers em- ployed were for the most part such as lived at Roubaix, but this season’s work will be a considerable distance east of Roubaix and the establishment of a camp therefore becomes necessary. A total of 6,000 acres have already been reseeded at Roubaix and a good stand of trees are to be found over the entire area. This work was inaugu- rated in 1905 and has been continued each year since. Except for the dry seasons of 1910 and 1911, the work has each year been successful. Native yel- low pine seed is used. Experiments have shown that the best results are ob- tained by using this species. An ex- tensive experiment was made with Aus- trian pine, but the results did not seem to justify further use. What is known as the “seed spot” method is used in all this work. This consists in the removal, by use of a mat- tock, of the top grass, or sod, for the space of about 12 inches square to ex- pose the miieral soil, and the dropping of a few seeds into the spot and then gently covering the seed with some of the loose soil. By clearing away the sod the young seedling, on sprouting, has a fair chance of pulling through as there is no competition for light and moisture with the grass, as would be the case were the same not removed. Under normal conditions a seed will germinate or sprout and show signs of life in about three weeks after being placed in the soil. FORESTRYWOW THE. COUNT iy Irs B's 6 Ble. By WarreN H. MILLER V. THE PRIVATE PREPARE HILE State transplants may be had at $4 a thousand or thereabouts, and nearly every species of tree used in forestry can be bought in either seedling or transplant from any of the big for- estry companies which make a specialty of planting wholesale, it is nevertheless a fact that many tree lovers would like to own and run a small nursery in which they not only can raise all the standard seedlings they need for forest improve- ment but also can experiment with species that have not so far received any attention except in ornamental tree nurseries, and which therefore would prove an exceedingly expensive pur- chase on a large scale. My good friend and tutor, Prof. Hickel, of Versailles, has for his special hobby an experi- mental nursery which occupies the whole of what would be otherwise a French gentleman’s garden, and, if you wish to win your way right to his heart, send him some fertile seeds of any species of tree in any part of the world outside of the tropic zone, and they will be received with purrs of thanksgiving, duly analyzed, weighed, measured and sketched ; after which all that are left will be planted and the forthcoming seedlings looked for with the intense interest of the true scientist and raised with all the loving care of the tree enthusiast. His book “Seeds and Seed- lings” is the standard French work on the subject. The writer has been fortunate in hav- ing seen in practical operation the lar- gest and most advanced nurseries in France, Germany and our own country. I have watched the force under friend Pettis, State Forester of New York, planting beds of seedlings, digging up those that were ready for transplanting, 356 NURSERY FOR RAISING STANDARD TREE SEEDLINGS AND HOW TO AND MANAGE IT. setting them out in the transplant beds with Prof. Toumey’s wonderful semi- automatic transplanting jig which sets out thousands of them in an hour; have watched the handling of the lattice-and- wire cages which Pettis devised to pro- tect the seedlings beds against sun and birds, and compared it with the primi- tive moss and brush nursery protection of Europe, with their mat screens and rustic frames; have seen plantings of all ages, spacings and forms, from the common hole method to the mound sys- tem of Baron Manteuffel; and I have planted and raised some thirty-seven varieties of forest trees myself. For the owner of a country estate who wants to do his own planting I would say, go ahead slowly at first and accumulate some experience in a small way, more with the idea of making an interesting experiment than anything else. If you need quantities of small transplants at once, you had far better buy them from a State nursery or a forestry company than wait four years to learn whether you have succeeded or failed with your nursery operations. But, while there are a lot of little prac- tical kinks which have to be learned to make a success of your plantings, there is no reason why one should not start right in on a small scale and learn the art, for there is nothing in it that any sensible man can not easily manage. To begin with location, there are two sites available, of which you can take your choice, depending upon labor and local ‘conditions. [he first is the pepiniere volante or temporary forest nursery located out in the forest itself, a clearing in the forest soil with a northeasterly exposure, and the second is in the home vegetable garden, with artificial means for shading, etc. The FORESTRY ON “THE; COUNTRY Bo APE ao A FRENCH PEPINIERE VOLANTE OR TEMPORARY FOREST NURSERY. first is less expensive and does not re- quire as much personal care, but the growth is slower and damage from surrounding forest conditions quite ex- tensive ; the second produces large quantities of seedlings and transplants in a small space, but requires a lot of looking after, and some expenditure for apparatus. The principal expense of the forest nursery is that of digging a two- foot trench with perpendicular walls clear around it, to keep out rodents, cut- worms and underground fungi; the principal expense of the home nursery is building the wire and lath cages which are put over the beds to keep out birds and produce artificial shade. Here is Baron Manteuffel’s own description of the formation of his forest nurseries at Colditz, Saxony, which produced and planted some 2'%4 million trees: “It is a good idea to divide the pepiniere (nur- sery) into numerous small parcels scat- tered throughout the forest. In the gen- eral run of the soil we select the best obtainable, that is to say fresh, loamy, permeable, presenting a thick couch of dead mould over a reasonably fertile mineral soil. It is not easy to fulfil these conditions, but we earnestly beg our brother foresters to give this selec- tion all the care possible ; otherwise they will never succeed in producing strong, healthy plants with the desired spread of roots. We have already said that we have no admiration for plants raised, so to speak, under hothouse conditions. In Saxony most of our plantations are in a mountainous country under a sky inclement and stormy, and for this rea- son we locate our pepinieres in similar weather conditions. The forester should select his location only reasonably pro- tected from weather damage, even though he may have to wait three years for the: plants to acquire dimensions reached in two years in milder climates. “As regards the preparation of the soil in the pepiniere: ‘The growth of weeds ceases habitually in the month of October, and it is then that we chose by preference to clear the spaces des- tined for our pepinieres. We scythe 358 AMERICAN FORESTRY A BiG GERMAN TRANSPLANT NURSERY. down over the space the weeds and brush and give it a light cultivation about the depth of a spade. Having carefully picked out stones and roots and knocked the rich earth from roots of weeds and grass, we then level off the spot as much as possible and collect in piles all the brush, weeds and roots, and burn them, here and there, over the plot. The ashes of these are scat- tered broadcast and raked into the soil. Finally we surround the plot with a trench two feet deep to keep out small rodents, mice, etc. At the return of spring, when the last frosts are no longer to be feared, we give the plot a light culture with the rake and then proceed with the layout of the beds and walks. “We lay out the plant beds in long, narrow five-foot ribbons, running east and west across the pepiniere. The seedings grooves are next creased in the soft earth by means of Bavarian planks, which are laid across the bed alternately, and one has only to walk on them to obtain two double grooves 7 centimeters (2% in.) wide spaced 19 centimeters (about 8 in.). For large pepinieres we use a harrow of which the teeth are the proper width to cut suitable seeding grooves and run it lengthwise of the beds. “As to quantity of seeds required, we find that for spruce half a pound of good seed suffices for 19 square meters of pepiniere. For sylvester pine we use practically the same amount of seed as we find that to avoid the roussi, a fun- gus disease that attacks the young pines in their second year, it is necessary to mix the spruce and sylvester pines in the proportion seven-eighths spruce to one-eighth pine. We do not advise the culture of fir in temporary pepinieres at all, as to give the young plants the thick mat of roots they should have it is nec- essary to clip the pivot root and trans- plant, and this should only be done in large permanent pepinieres.” This, in brief, gives an outline of a tried method of raising seedlings that will make good forest growth without the usual transplanting. The seeds are FORESTRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE sown in rows instead of broadcast as in the garden nursery beds, and are so spaced as to allow the seedlings room enough to become vigorous plants on their original planting site. Moss is kept over the seed rows until the sprouts appear and then placed between the rows to keep down weeds. Owing to the northeast exposure, the growing conditions imitate Nature very closely, having only the morning sun direct, and the rest of the sunlight is filtered through the trees along the south wall of the nursery after noon. In this way the young plants make a hardy, if slow, growth, without the necessity for han- if YounG Oak TRANSPLANT IN ITS First YEAR. NOTE Root Spreap Dur to CuttinGc Tap Root. dling shade crates daily, and, as they grow in the same soil they are trans- planted to in the main forest, they have no unaccustomed soil conditions to re- adjust themselves to later. It is a well- known fact that domestic vegetables and trees will not succeed at all in forest soil, because it is too sour and too lack- ing in the bacterial growth that these plants require to thrive, and the reverse is undoubtedly true as far as my own observation goes. Nursery forest trees raised in rich vegetable soil have been so modified in their root habits that they have a lot of adjusting to do and lose several years doing it before they take hold of raw forest soil. The matter of cutting the pivot root 359 is of such importance that the writer would be in favor of root pruning in the soil sooner than omit it entirely. Left to themselves all forest tree seed- lings follow their natural instincts and send down a deep tap root, not for food but for protection against being pulled up by the roots by the first rabbit that nibbles their tops. A young fir will send down a root twelve times as long as its trunk above ground, and all the other species from four to six times as long. These roots get a firm hold on the mineral soil but contribute little to the nutriment of the young tree, for all the feeder roots must seek their food in YouNG Oak SEEDLING WITH Tap Root Cut, READY FOR TRANSPLANTING. vaporous form in the humus under the mat of dead leaves, where the warmth of the sun and air above can produce vapors suitable to enter the litttle root buds. Now we know well that our seedlings will never need their tap roots for protection, so, upon transplanting, we snip this root, thus forcing the plant to put out its feeder roots forthwith. The result upon the growth of the plant is inconceivable to one who has not actually seen it done. Our illustrations show the contrast between young oak, ash, fir, pine and spruce seedlings with and without their tap roots cut. Note the far greater growth and vigor of those with the tap root removed. In commercial nurseries this is done with- out digging up the tree by what is known as root pruning, 1. e., the spade is driven into the ground all about the 360 plant, cutting its long, rambling roots and forcing it to put out a set of thick feeders close around the stem. When transplanted it then has a large propor- tion of its roots already grown and in the ball of earth, and, when once in its nucleus of and final site, these form the feeders which stretch far through the humus. wide YOUNG OAK SEEDLING JUST OUT OF SEED BED American practice has tended towards raising large quantities of seedlings in as compact beds and as rich soil as possible, transplanting them to beds on larger spacing, and then settting them out in the field as four-year transplants, that is, plants which have had two years’ growth as seedlings and two years as transplants. Such specimens are husky little trees, standing about a foot high above the root collet, and tak- ing a hole a foot in diameter by nine inches deep to accommodate the root spread. C. R. Pettis, of the New York AMERICAN FORESTRY State Forest Service, has gone about as far as any man in the public service towards the development of the system- atic raising of millions of young trees, and Prof. J. W. Toumey has made the greatest advances in developing the com- mercial raising of young trees for for- estry purposes. The methods of both are similar; the unit bed is 4’x12’, rais- 77] vee \ . sai <. = YouNG Fir SEEDLING TAp Root TWELVE TIMES AS Lonc As STALK ABOVE GROUND ing about 7,500 seedlings, a rich, well- fertilized soil is selected and cultivated, the seeds are sown broadcast and very thickly, tamped in with a flat rammer, and over them is sprinkled a quarter inch of sand. The wooden crate, which is used so much throughout the younger days of the seedling, now comes into use and is put over the freshly seeded bed and closed in with loose laths between the shade laths with paper tacked around the sides. After a period of some three weeks’ germination the paper and loose laths are removed, as FORESTRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE 361 REFORESTING A DENUDED HILLSIDE, MERDARE, FRENCH ALPS. all the seedlings have sprouted and re- quire air and sunlight. On mild days the lath crate is also removed, leaving nothing but the wire cage over the bed, which keeps out birds and prevents them from picking off the tender young shoots of conifers, of which they are very fond. If the sun gets hot enough to wilt the young plants the lath crate goes on again, producing the artificial shade that is gotten by a north exposure in the forest nursery. The principal enemy to be feared is, however, “damp- ing off,’ a fungus disease which attacks the young conifers when conditions 2 cold and dampness are maintained 1 the seed bed for any length of fine During the second year the seed bed requires not much attention beyond weeding, although, during the first year, the lath cage has to be on most of the time. At the third spring the seedlings are dug up, put in a trans- planting jig, a sort of spring clip four feet long with grooves spaced four to six inches for the seedling stems. ‘The pivot roots are clipped with a single sweep of the knife and the young seed- lings set out in the transplant beds to remain there two years more. The cost is about $3.90 a thousand to produce four-year transplants of pine or spruce by this method, and it is a practical way of handling large quantities—millions— of forest trees, with very few losses and not much area per tree of nursery space. It is particularly adapted to conifers, but by no means so handy for the broad- leaved species because of the much greater room that the latter require. We have now an outline of the two principal nursery methods in use today in Europe and at home; how do they apply to the owner of the country es- tate? In the first place, he will not be particularly interested in raising great quantities of any one species but will rather want a nursery that will have versatility enough to prepare quite a number of different species of tree seed- lings in batches of a thousand or so, with the idea of avoiding the expense of paying the commercial nursery prices for young trees, which run into a great deal of money that might just as well be saved. Our nursery should have a few crates of the 4’x6’ size, that can be handled by one man, for raising coni- 362 AMERICAN FORESTRY A SEED BED NuRSERY AT LAKE CLEAR JUNCTION, New YORK, CONTAINING THREE MILLION SEEDLINGS IN Two ACRES fers to reforest abandoned and stony pastures; and the beds for this crate work, with its intensive planting, should be enriched with well rotted leaf mold compost, but not with commercial fer- tilizers, as many of these are extremely unsuited to wild forest seedlings. The balance of the nursery space should be devoted to the broadleaved species, oaks, maples, ashes, tulips, hickories and any other specialties that you intend to raise. ‘This soil should be cleared forest loam with northeast exposure, a cleared forest meadow in the woodlot, and the seeding done much as in European practice with the seeds in rows, spaced some three inches in the row and trans- planted and clipped in their second spring. ‘They are ready to set out in the forest in the third year, that is the fourth spring, and should be set on about nine-inch spacing with this end in view. ‘The ground in between is covered with a couch of dead leaves with the object of keeping in the moisture of the soil, keeping down the germination of weeds and adding to the nutriment of the young plants by the gradual decomposition of the dead leaves—in effect Nature’s own way of caring for her little ones in the forest. A reasonable amount of dead twigs and limbs should be scattered over this couch of dead leaves in between the rows, for the amount of leaves that the wind can steal in a single season is almost incredible to one who has _ be- lieved that his work ended with carting the leaves and spreading them over the bed. As to the depth to plant seeds and the time, an inch deep is plenty for acorns and nuts, much deeper for black walnut, half an inch for maple and ash. Almost all of the them are planted as early as possible in the fall and usually sprout and get to about four inches high before going into that win- ter. Red maple seeds in the spring, in May, and its young ones have all sum- mer to grow in. The conifers all sprout in the spring, and are best seeded in April and May after the frosts are well out. If put in earlier they are quite apt to rot, for Nature’s way of planting them consists in giving the seed blown from the cone in the fall a whole winter to work its way down to the quickening combination of humus and mineral soil, and if put in this soil without the heat to start germ growth the seed quickly rots. Ash seeds should be gathered in the fall as soon as ripe and piled with sand and leaf compost in beds not over ten inches deep. ‘They are to be turned over several times during the winter FORESTRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE 363 STATE FORESTERS VISITING THE NEW YORK STATE NURSERY AT LAKE CLEAR. YORK ON THE EXTREME LEFT. and sown in the nursery beds broad- cast on about inch spacing where they will do for the first season. The win- ter rotting clears them of the samara wings and prepares the seed for germi- nation. They are ready for transplant- ing in the second spring, and for the forest in the third spring. Sugar and silver maple samaras ripen in October and fall to the ground. The seeds can be kept through the winter in mod- erately damp sand, or else sown at once in their beds, in which case a larger percentage of them will fail to germinate. In either case, they will come up the first spring, are trans- planted the second spring and are ready for the forest in the third. For lirioden- dron, the seeds should be sown the autumn they ripen, being picked from the sheath and sown in beds of fine, rich sandy loam in a moist, shady location. They will come up the following spring, or, if sown in the spring, will come up the following year. With the acorns of the dozen species of oaks which you will have to deal with in your forest, an STATE FORESTER PETTIS OF NEW immediate fall planting is the best course. ‘They are apt to either germi- nate or dry out if kept through the winter in sand, and once germinated your troubles come on apace. In my own neighborhood the white oaks suc- ceed in starting a number of seedlings in the same fall the acorns come down, while the red, blackjack, and chestnut oaks usually hold over until spring and we get a fine germination where there is the least sun on the forest floor. The first acorns down are always wormy, so be chary about gathering them, but the second big storm will fill the forest with large, heavy, meaty acorns which will sprout in a few weeks if planted at once, and by mid-October the seed- ling is three inches high and has two to four small leaves on it. In colder localities the acorns will not sprout at all until the folowing spring. In one part of your nursery there should be space reserved for saplings. While four-year conifers are about right for forest underplanting, a good many of the broadleaved species will 364 AMERICAN reach a tree six feet high in five years and are in better shape to set out than if put in the forest on their third spring. If at that time, instead of taking to the forest you make a second trans- planting to the sapling bed, you will add to the vigor of the succeeding root growth and push the young tree “along faster than if you had set it out. Speci- mens for particular localities where they are wanted for their scenic value as soon as possible had best be forced here in the sapling bed, being set out on eighteen-inch centers with the usual dead leaf couch in between rows. At their fifth spring they are ready for use and far ahead of the three-year tree already out in the forest two years. As a lot of the root system will neces- sarily be lost in digging them up, they should be pruned somewhat in the crown so that the tree can occupy itself exclusively with root growth during its first year in the forest. And this must not be done severely as with fruit trees ; neither oak, ash, maple or beech can be pruned to a whip, as is done with a young peach, and to cut it off short as is done with a one-year apple would be simply killing the tree with excess of sap, for the bark of an oak is so tough that it by no means can push forth new branch buds with the ease of the fruit trees, while a beech must have shade on its trunk when young or the bark will be scalded. The only pruning required while in the sapling nursery will be a clipping of the outer twigs to a pyramidal head and the re- moval of the second branch in case the tree seems inclined to fork. In all planting of broadleaved species provide for a good many more than you propose to set out, so that you will have a chance to reject all crooked seedlings and re- turn all the spindly ones to the nursery. Having decided upon an area that will raise all the conifers, broadleaves and saplings you require on the above spacings, see that it has access to run- ning water for irrigation or sprinkling in time of drought, make its boundaries rectangular for. economy in bed space, trench around it to keep out rodents and put a two-foot chicken wire fence along the inside edge of the trench to keep out rabbits which would otherwise FORESTRY. kill off all your young broadleaves by nibbling the tender young buds. You will then have a practical working nur- sery that well repays its cost in saving seedling and sapling expense. The subject of underplanting the for- est, of planting abandoned pastures in conifers and of planting both conifers and broadleaves at advantageous points in the forest has been pretty well gone into in previous articles in this series. I show an example herewith of reclama- tion work in Merdare, French Alps, which applies to reforestation work on our own hillsides where the slope is very steep. In the case shown the slopes had been entirely denuded and not even heather could get a foothold ; the brook in the ravine had gone dry, and scouring of the mineral sub-base had begun. The first thing to do was to arrest this scouring, and this was done by digging shallow trenches, par- allel, six feet apart, with the mound of earth excavated always piled in a low, rampart on the downhill face of the ledge. ‘This formed a pocket, in which the rows of young transplants were planted forthwith. The scouring action of the rains immediately began to fill in the hollows behind the ramparts and reduce the slope to a sharp angle again, but long before this could be accom- plished the young trees had taken firm root in the soil of the ramparts and ledges and had made _ considerable growth. They at once stopped the scouring and soon formed a forest mold of their leaf-fall, and in a few years that hillside was covered with a dense forest and the springs began to flow once more. France spent over 260 mil- lion dollars in reclaiming such denuded slopes in the French Alps and_ the Pyrenees, and brought over 10,000 tor- rential streams under control in this way. ‘The forests were cut down and sold by the extravagant and ignorant Directory of 1790; for fifty years the country endured the droughts and floods occasioned by this denudation of the mountain slopes, and finally decided to restore the forests at any cost. The resulting increase in land values alone has more than paid the Republic for its expenditures. MANY USES On bare MORES LS LMOST every conceivable use to which land may be put is repre- sented in the permits reported by the Forest Service for special projects on the national forests. Some of the uses shown range, alphabetically, from apiary through brickyard, cannery, cemetery, church, cranberry marsh, fox ranch, marine railway, rifle range, and turpentine still, to wharf and whaling station. There are 15,000 permits in force for such special uses, which are distributed geographically from Alaska to the Mex- ican line, and east to Florida. This fig- ure does not include any of the 27,000 permits in force for grazing cattle and sheep on the forests; nor the 6,000 transactions for the sale of timber, and the more than 38,000 permits issued last year for the free use of timber by set- tlers, miners, and others in developing their homesteads and claims; nor the nearly 300 permits for water-power de- velopment. California led all the national forest states in the number of these special use permits, followed by Arizona, Colo- rada, Montana, and New Mexico in the order named. ‘The largest single class of permits was for special pastures, or corrals, to be used for lambing grounds, shearing pens, and the like. Next came rights of way for conduits, ditches, and flumes, practically all of these being free. Various agricultural permits come third, telephone lines fourth, with more than a thousand permits for 6,500 miles of line, and drift fences for the control of grazing animals, fifth. In both of these latter classes, too, practically all of the permits are free. Reservoirs for which more than 600 free permits were issued for the occupation of more than 100,000 acres, come sixth. ‘The rest of the uses are not classified, though there are a large number of apiaries, camps, summer hotels, and schools. The use of the government’s lands for schools is given free; for hotels a charge is made. The principle which governs the charge is based, according to the Forest Service, on whether or not the use of land is sought by the permittee for a commercial purpose. If it is the intent of the user to make money from a re- source which belongs to the whole peo- ple, the Service holds that he should give a reasonable return for that use. If, on the other hand, farmers want to use government land for their own tele- phone lines, irrigation works, and schools, the government gives them that use without cost. Railroads and Forest Fires New Jersey is said to have the greatest proportion of railroad mileage of any State in the country, or one mile of railroad to every three square miles of territory. This makes an unusual risk of forest fires set by railroads. Building Forest Trails The heavy storms in southern California during the past rainy season wiped out many miles of trails in the national forests of that part of the State. for the coming summer, for use in fire protection. campers, and prospectors. They are now being rebuilt They are also of great use to tourists, Perhaps a Bad Fire Season In many parts of the West snow is leaving the mountains earlier than usual. Foresters Say that this may mean a bad fire season, and they are making plans for a hard campaign. 365 366 AMERICAN FORESTRY TULIP TREE - LEAVES UNFOLDING FROM THE BUD YELLOW POPLAR PROFITABLE ELLOW poplar, one of the finest and the largest of Amer- ican broadleaf trees, can be grown profitably in the timber tracts of the southern Appalachians. This conclusion is set forth in a report written by W. W. Ashe, of the Forest Service, and recently published by the Geological Survey of Tennessee. An investment in young yellow pop- lar stands will yield 4 per cent com- pound interest. In addition to this, there is a probable, though indeterm1- nate, return due to the natural increase in stumpage prices. This increase, based on average-sized yellow poplar trees, has amounted during the past 20 years to 13 per cent compounded annually. There is more lumber produced from yellow poplar than from any other southern hardwood except oak. The commercial range of the tree is re- stricted mainly to the southern Appa- lachian Mountains of the Virginias, Carolinas, Kentucky, and Tennessee, where it grows to be more than 100 feet high and over 5 feet in diameter. Some specimens have been found in Virginia nearly 200 feet high and 10 feet through. The wood itself has the same gen- eral characteristics as that of white pine, and its range of uses is about the same. Each is utilized for almost anything not requiring great strength or toughness. The qualities which favor the exten- sive use of poplar are its straight grain, its lack of odor, the readiness with which it takes paint, and the ease with which it can be worked. Doors, panel- ing, packing boxes, type cases, drawers, kitchen woodenware, and toys are made largely of yellow poplar. In Tennessee wooden mixing bowls are turned out in sizes up to 4 feet in diameter from one piece of wood. Yellow poplar stands well in situations exposed to the weather, as in pumps, outside steps, shingles, and fencing. It is not durable in contact with the soil, though it can be readily treated with preservatives. YELLOW POPLAR PROFITABLE 367 From the earliest times poplar has been used in making dug-out canoes, for which it is specially suited since it is easily worked and is light. In this capacity the tree did yeoman service in the early Indian wars of the South. In 1779, an attack upon the Carolina IN WINTER. THE TREE A TULIP TREE IN ROCK CREEK PARK, WASHINGTON, D. C., SHOWING FLOWER CUPS. frontier was threatened by Indians who assembled near Chattanooga. Isaac Shelby, one of the pioneer leaders, had 5-foot trunks of yellow poplar hewed into canoes, in which he took his 750 men down the Holston River to attack the tribes. The wood lacks odor, and this quality permits of its extensive use for con- tainers for butter, cheese, and other food stuffs, and for refrigerators. Its straight grain adapts it to the making of matches, and the ease with which it takes glue makes it useful as a core wood upon which more expensive veneers can be placed. It makes a very good paper pulp. A Tuite TREE. THIS TREE IS IN PIKE COUNTY, OHIO. NOTE THE MANNER IN WHICH THE BRANCHES SPREAD. The tree grows best on a good, moist soil; when grown on dry soil the wood is likely to be harder and to consist largely of light-colored sapwood. It will not pay, however, to grow it on rich agricultural bottom lands, which will bring higher returns from the cul- tivation of farm crops. For timber pro- duction, therefore, it should be grown upon the slopes and coves between the bottom a and the dry heights. The days of the old trees are num- bered, and, for this reason, it is desira- ble to pay more attention to the second growth. ‘The second growth, though not to be compared with the old giant trees, which are practically all heart- A MAGNIFICENT TREE. THIS TULIP POPLAR IS IN CENTRAL MARYLAND AND IS A SPLENDID SPECIMEN. NOTE THE EXTENT OF ITS BRANCHES AND ITS GREAT VALUE IN ITS PARTICULAR LOCATION AS A SHADE TREE. YELLOW POPLAR:PROFITABLE YELLOW POPLAR. THIS IS WHAT THE TREE IS CALLED IN MANY SEC-~ TIONS. THE PHOTOGRAPH WAS TAKEN IN LEE COUNTY, VIRGINIA. wood, still makes valuable lumber. So far as known, the tree is not subject to severe injury either from disease or insects. Its chief enemy is the one Bic Tutte Poplar. NOTE THE STRAIGHTNESS OF THE TRUNK AND COM- PARE SIZE WITH FIGURE OF MAN AT THE BASE OF ADJOINING TREE. common to all forest growth in the Southeastern States—fire. One important point particularly ac- cented in the report is that poplar stands should be properly thinned. Such thin- nings should yield a money return and at the same time increase the value of the stand when it matures. In thin- ning the aim should be to give the tree 370 plenty of room for light and growth, and this will mean fewer trees, each one with a large value, rather than many small trees of less value. This is shown strikingly in the report, which says that it will be far more profitable to have 70 trees on an acre with average diameters AMERICAN FORESTRY of 20 inches than 160 trees with diam- eters of 15 inches. The 20-inch trees have a stumpage value of $3.61 each, while the 15-inch trees have a stumpage value of only 83 cents apiece. The acre of larger trees, therefore, will be worth about $120 more than the other. BETTER FOREST FIRESCAW, By WituiaM R. FISHER WO supplementary acts were | passed by the last General Assem- bly of Pennsylvania, which are expected to add materially to the efficiency of the forest fire protective service of the State. Act No. 432 provides for a system of fire patrols under the joint co-opera- tion of the Department of Forestry and private fire protective associations. The cost of maintenance is to be equally divided between the two parties to the agreement, and the private organiza- tions which avail themselves of the benefits of the law are required to make an annual report upon their activities to the Department. This official recog- nition of the private fire protective associations under the law will give them higher standing in the estimation of the public and increase their importance and their influence. Another Act (No. 414) tends in the same direction, and its effects will surely bring into closer relation the private associations and the State Department of Forestry. The act authorizes the Commissioner of Forestry to assign foresters to duty as district foresters in such counties as, in his judgment, “‘the demands of forestry warrant.” It then becomes the busi- ness of the district forester to bring the uses and purposes of practical forestry to the attention of the people, to collect data and to assist owners of forests and woodlots; to conduct experiments, to assist in Arbor Day work, to inspect and report to the Forestry Department upon the work of the fire wardens, and “to promote and advance any other activity in local forestry that may be designated by the Department of Fores- try.”’ This comprehensive phrase will enable the Department to give a wide range to the functions of the district forester. Under the act the Pocono Protective Fire Association asked for the ap- pointment of a district forester for Monroe County, and the Commissioner promptly responded to the request. The need of local State officials to look after the work of fire wardens has been plainly urgent for a long time, but hitherto there has been no provision under the law for supplying the want. This act furnishes an effective agency for the desired object. Before these important additions to the machinery of forest fire protection were brought about, the people of the State were, in some respects, not so well protected against forest fires, under the existing law of 1909, as they had been under the old law. In former times each county bore the expense of whatever forest fires broke out within its borders. The township constables were the fire wardens and the County Commissioners paid the bills. So in this way, the burden of the cost for fire-fighting fell upon the county which was immediately concerned in the fire losses. Under the present law, however, the State Commissioner of Forestry is the Chief Fire Warden and has charge of the suppression of forest fires all over the State. Every two years the General Assembly makes an appropriation to cover the estimated expenses of taking WARINGS AGAINST FIRES care of forest fires until it meets again, guessing at the amount that will be needed. Here is one of the weak points in the system. No one can tell before- hand about the extent of forest fires. Sometimes the guess is too high, and sometimes it is too low; and when the appropriation is exhausted before the timeJarrives for which it was set apart, the, whole State must needs go without fire protection until the Assembly meets again, and a new appropriation is made. And, again, if one part of the State suffers extensively from fires, the money appropriated for the benefit of the whole body politic may have to be spent in that particular section, to the detri- ment of the remainder. While there is no remedy at present for this awkward and dangerous situation, a condition which has actually existed and on one occasion has placed the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania without forest fire protection for a period of eleven months, yet we may take much comfort and satis- faction from these two supplementary acts which were passed by the last Legislature, and look forward with confidence to further improvement in the laws, later on. It is a gain for the private associations to have recognition 371 by the State and to be able to co-operate with State authorities in patrolling places of danger, but the great step in advance is the privilege which each county now has to provide itself with a competent State official to take charge of the fire wardens and to regulate their actions. Fire fighting, like everything else that is worth while, requires knowl- edge and experience. A trained man will do much more than ten greenhorns: a section gang from a railroad, who are used to working together and have been taught to obey the orders of the fore- man, will put out a fire much quicker than fifty farmers who turn out in response to an emergency call. Where there is no discipline a great many stand around and do little or nothing except to turn in their time of loafing and draw their pay. - We really need trained fire fighters as well as trained fire wardens to direct them, but it is too much to expect such perfection at the present time. We are content with the good prospect of having competent men of intelligence and experience to act as wardens throughout the heavily wooded por- tions of the State. WARNINGS AGAINST FIRES OST cards cautioning forest users Pp in the Appalachian region against setting fires in the woods have recently been sent by the Federal Forest Service to residents in the vicinity of the forest areas which have been pur- chased by the government. These post cards state that burning of the woods does not improve the graz- ing, and does not exterminate poisonous insects or animals. On the other hand, the cards say such burning injures the grazing value of the land by killing off the better grasses, by decreasing the fertility of the soil and by increasing the possible damage to the ground, and its covering of vegetation, from frost, sun, wind and rain. Furthermore, they state that burning injures the timber, impairs its merchantability, and lowers its sell- ing price; that it increases insect damage by weakening the vitality of the trees and affording an entrance for insects through the fire scars, and, in addition, that it kills out the young trees which are just getting started. For the reasons enumerated, it is announced that no grazing will be allowed on the government lands which have been recently burnt; the rule being enforced in order to give the range a chance to recuperate from the effects of the burning. The effect of this pro- hibition will be to close certain areas against grazing; therefore fires set through a mistaken notion that they will improve grazing, will curtail the forage resources. The cards further ask cooperation of all forest users in the prevention and control of forest fires. HOW WOULD YOU Do IT:? UPPOSING you were seventy- five miles from the base of sup- plies and having but four pieces of. rope, the longest-100 feet, two double and one single 6-inch sheave blocks, axes, two-man saws, hatchets, crowbars, lineman’s climbers and a brace and bit, it became nec- essary to imediately erect a fire lookout tower 100 feet high, what would you do? That is the problem which confronted some Forest Service men in the Sitgreaves National Forest of Arizona a short time ago. This forest, covered with tall timber, has no good nat- ural lookout points. It therefore is necessary to build towers tall enough to overtop the high trees. Mr. Bristow Adams, of the Forest Service, tells of how the problem outlined in the first paragraph was solved. He says: “A triangulation sta- tion was needed on the Chevalon District, and having in mind several points upon which the timber was only 35 to 40 ft. in height, it was planned to build where a 40 to 50 ft. tower would be sufficient. Ac- cordingly, such tools and rigging as were at hand were thought to be adequate, and they would have been for the construction of a tower of the size we expected to build. “Tt was found, however, that there was only one point from which a satis- factory view over the forest in all direc- tions could be obtained. Unfortunately, the timber was so tall there that it was 372 FIGURE~1. evident that a tower must be over 100 ft. in height to be of any use. “The dangerous fire season was near at hand, and we were 75 miles from any base of supplies, so it was decided to build the tower with what tools and rig- PROMONTORY ButreE Lookout TOWER, SI TGREAVES NATIONA Forest, ARIZONA. ging we had. We had only 300 ft. of 34-1n. rope in four pieces, the longest being 100 ft. in length; two double blocks 6 in. long and one single-sheave block of the same size. “Our tools consisted of axes, two- man saws, hatchets, crowbars, two pairs of lineman’s climbers and belts, and a HOW WOULD YOU DO IT? 373 Brace “and: bit. used for guys. “The crew was made up of tempo- rary employees and two rangers, under the direction of one of the forest rangers. At the start there were eight men, including one cook, one teamster, and the man in charge. By the time the tower was half built the crew was cut down to four men. “The first task was to cut and peel the tim- bers and skid them to the spot where the tower was to be erected. Much care was necessary in selecting the main poles, some of which were skidded out of dense thickets. Al- together, over 2,600 lin. ft. of poles was used. The dimensions of the tower are as follows: pase, 30 it. square; platform top, 6 ft. square ; height, 115 ft. “The main corner poles averaged 16 in. in diameter at the butts and 4 in. at the tops. They are spliced at heights of 45 ft. and 100 ft. Each splice is bolted and then bound with bands of tele- phone wire (see Fig. 3). The timbers are fastened together with %4-in. lagscrews. The floor is constructed of 2x6-in. lumber and the rail is of 2x4-in. and 1x4-in. lumber. With these exceptions, no sawed lumber was used -TN > Telephone wire was derrick boom could have been rigged, which would have simplified the work to a great extent; but it must be remem- bered that we had only three pulley blocks, and they had to be used in hoisting each pole or brace. We were so short of rope that when we raised the second length of the main poles, it was necessary to hoist until the blocks came together, lash the pole so that it eS . “ENG.NEWS in the tower. FIGURE 2. Lookout TowER SHOWING METHOD “In raising the poles eas yaa a tree nearly 100 ft. in height was used as a derrick mast; could not fall, and then stretch the but since the top of this tree was not stout enough above a height of 75 to 80 ft. to carry much weight, some diff- culty was experienced in placing the 55-ft. poles upon the tops of the 45-ft. ones below. “With an abundance of rigging, a tackle for another pull. “The men of the crew had no pre- vious experience in building towers and were byno means expert climbers at first, but they improved rapidly, so that before the tower was completed, several of them were excellent men for high work. 374 “The first poles were cut on May 21, and the tower was completed and in use on June 20. The time spent in cut- ting and peeling logs and constructing the tower amounted to less than 24 working days of 8 hours each, for a crew which averaged five in number. In ad- dition,atwo-horse team was used 9 days. “Four galvanized- wire cables %4 in. in diameter will be added aS) setlysen Ay “Copper cable reaching up and over the center of the tower will follow one leg to the ground and serve as a_ lightning arrester:, Apache Forest News During 1913, 28,570 head of cattle and horses were grazed on the Apache Forest under permit. The av- erage number for each stockman was only 138 head. The Forest has a greater number of trout streams than any other National Forest in either Arizona or New Mexico. AMERICAN FORESTRY ' 4 Main poles are spliced .. here by lapping them toge et ore aistar of /O#. between the 90#. /00#-- belt braces and fastening them is lag screws Band of !2 strands of == N29 telephone = wire | hae Fy Way =] Ocrew me ce Wik gk ‘| Detail of | Frame for | Floor | (Enlarged) “Short Braces “Ladder \ \V.- Brace across Corner Splice K Alltimbers fastened together with 2 lag screws and ae bolts of 4'iron at all points of contact with 4 Seach other 4 Detail of Splice FIGURE 3. "Ene NEWS STRUCTURAL ‘DETAILS OF THE PROMONTORY BUTTE LOOKOUT TOWER AND TRIANGULATION STATION. Pictures in this article by courtesy of the Engineering News, New York City. Reforestation for $7.50 An Acre; Nearly 4,000 acres were reforested in Montana and northern Idaho during 1913, at an average cost of 7.50 an acre. China’s Best Forest The best forested area of China is in Manchuria. The principal tree varieties are pine, cedar, larch, fir, yew, oak, ash, elm, walnut, and birch. Valuable Instruction Two forest officers, in Washington and Oregon, are writing popular descriptions of the trees on the Crater and Mt. Rainier national parks, for the use of visitors to the parks. Wyoming’s Highest Mountain Gannett Peak, Wyoming, nearly 14,000 feet in elevation, and the highest mountain in the State, is on the divide between the Bonneville and Bridger national forests. THE FOREST PRODUCTS EXPOSITION PENING on April 30 at the Coliseum, Chicago, the Forest Products Exposition is now well on its way to the success which the careful plans of the pro- moters and the enthusiasm of the ex- hibitors assured. There was to be seen not only every wood in commercial use inthe United States but exhibitsof every branch of the forest products industry, and in addition, and of particular importance, were the exhibits of the United States Forest Service, the Amer- ican Forestry Association, the American Wood Preservers’ Association and the Western Forestry and Conservation As- sociation, showing as they did the value of the best utilization of the forests, of the preservation of wood and of the conservation of forest lands and the protection of timber. The thousands of daily visitors not only had enter- tainment, for the exhibits were a delight to the eye, but they had brought home to them what perhaps many did not realize before, the great economic im- portance of the forests, the need of their care and development and the very many uses to which wood may be put. The educational and the industrial value of the Exposition, it soon became apparent, was even greater than had been anticipated. Teachers and school children from all the schools of Chicago flocked to the display; the general pub- lic found unusual interest in the various features, while the contractors, archi- tects, builders, and the men of numerous vocations directly or indirectly con- cerned in wood and its uses found much of practical benefit to them. It is early to speak of the business-getting value of the Exposition, but as advertising gets business, and as there could be no better advertising than the exhibits with their many very attractive features, it is apparent that the exhibitors will be amply repaid for their expenditure in cash and in effort. The Exposition will open at the Grand Central Palace, New York, on May 20 and continue there for ten days. ~~ \a Se \\ \ Crow: SAY, DON’T YOU KNOW IF YOU CUT DOWN ALL THE TREES BY AND BY YOU WILL HAVE NO WATER FOR YOUR HOMES? Published by courtesy of Life. 26,000,000 Trees Planted Norway has 144 tree-planting societies. The first was founded in 1900, and since then 26 million trees have been planted, more than 2 million having been set out last year. GAME AND: FISH INCREASE By Pror. D. LANGE, Superintendent of Schools, St. Paul, Minn. HERE is no region in the world where the hunter or camper, or the general lover of outdoor life may find such absolute freedom as in our own North Woods, and if the resources of this great country, which equals about the whole of Great Britain, were better known, the people of St. Louis, Kansas City and Omaha, in fact all the inhabitants of the Mississippi Valley, would resort to our own North Woods, just as the people of Europe flock in hundreds and thousands to the Alps. I should like to call attention to the possibility, and, as I believe, to the ne- cessity of encouraging the domestica- tion or semi-domestication of game and fur-bearing animals. Although it is an axiom of game pro- tection that wild game cannot be sold on the market, it seems ridiculous that in this young country, where we still have such abundance of game, and such enormous areas of wild land, it is prac- tically impossible to buy game, while in such old countries as Germany and Eng- land venison can frequently be bought at least as cheap, if not cheaper than, beef. ‘The answer is that in Germany and England a great deal of game is kept in a state of semi-domestication. It appears that the greatest lure to the North Woods are the fish, which still teem in the countless lakes. I believe the time has come when a careful study should be made of the fishery resources of Minnesota in In- ternational as well as in State waters. I believe that with scientific management the production of one of the most wholesome food supplies could easily be increased ten or a hundredfold in this State, but the thing that is most needed is a careful, scientific study of the con- ditions governing the fish life in the several large bodies of interstate and international waters. For instance, how could the fisheries in Red Lake and Mille Lacs be made most productive? What would be the best methods of utilizing the fish in the Minnesota River and in the interstate waters of Lake Pepin, the Mississippi and St. Croix Rivers, and in the inter- national waters of Lake Superior, Rainy River, Rainy Lake and Lake of the Woods? The sturgeon of Lake of the Woods have become comparatively scarce and small, and as yet no method is known for their successful propaga- tion. The same statement is true of the spoonbill found in the Mississippi and the Minnesota, and which once was ex- ceedingly common in Lake Pepin, but has now become rare. Of this fish no successful method of propagation is known. It may be news to some of my hearers that there is one fish inhabiting Minne- sota lakes and rivers which goes to the ocean to spawn. That is our common eel. When the eels are sexually mature they migrate out of the rivers to the ocean and spawn there. I believe that a systematic study of the fishery question would discover some way by which our fish resources can be commercially utilized without infring- ing in any way upon the rights of sportsman, which, of course, should be respected. In Charge of Field Work Mr. Kenneth M. Clark, of the James W. Sewall office of Old Town, Me., has obtained two months’ leave of absence, during which time he will take charge of the field work in timber estimating and surveying for the Harvard Forest School. 376 fib SOUTHS FORESPRYAND WALLER RESOURCES* ey By HEnry 58. HE South today is standing on the threshold of a vast indus- trial development. The extent of this development and, con- sequently, the advancement and _ pros- perity of the South itself, depends very largely on two factors: the production of raw material from the farms, for- ests, and mines, and the protection and development of water resources. The South is preeminently favored in both these respects. It is not merely the great amount of navigable waters stretching far back into the different States, available for cheap transporta- tion, but vast water powers which are rapidly transforming the South into a manufacturing as well as an agricul- tural section. The development of the greatest use- fulness of these water powers is most intimately bound up with the preserva- tion and protection of the forests at the headwaters of the streams. Of the total estimated potential water power in the United States (36,900,000 horse- power), 11 per cent is found in the Southern Appalachians. In North Car- olina, South Carolina, and Georgia alone there are about 1,321,000 poten- tial horse-power, of which so far only 32 per cent, or 429,000, are actually developed and are being utilized. In the southern mountains there is one factor that far overshadows all others. The danger from erosion is peculiarly great in the Southern Appa- lachians, because the region has a very heavy rainfall, and as soon as the soil becomes exposed it erodes quickly and violently. Furthermore, the ground in this region is bare of snow during all of the year except a few weeks in winter, and is therefore subject to the action of water during practically the entire year. Still another condition which tends to increase erosion in the Southern Appa- GRAVE s, Chief Forester. lachians is the extreme frost action. The ground freezes at night to the depth of an inch or so, and a layer of soil from 1 to 1% inches is lifted from the surface by columns of ice. In the daytime the melting ice lets the surface earth back into place again. This process constantly at work allows the heavy rains to remove readily the loosened soil from the exposed slopes. Because of the lack in the South of natural storage in lakes and marshes, the washing away of the soil from the mountains removes the only natural storage reservoir for the flood waters and thereby decreases the amount of power that can be developed continu- ously throughout the year. Some of the Southern rivers, like the Roanoke, which rise in the mountain regions have, as it is, extremes of high and low waters. This condition is due to the lack of natural storage basins, and these rivers would become entirely un- controllable and practically useless for water-power development were the natural protective cover at the head- waters to be destroyed. Injudicious timber cutting in the mountains, forest fires which usually preceded, accompanied and_ followed lumbering, and above all the clearing of high mountain land for agriculture, fol- lowed by improper methods of cultiva- tion, all these things together have brought about erosion in the mountains which already has produced evil con- sequences. SOIL GOES INTO THE STREAMS The soil washed from the mountain fields goes into the streams. The de- struction of farm land in the valleys is enormous, especially during wet years. In 1901, the estimated damage by floods in the valleys of the rivers flowing from these mountains was $10,000,000. The finer eroded material is carried down 377 378 the stream and deposited where the cur- rent becomes checked ; and especially in the reservoirs constructed for water- power use where the water is quiet and therefore the silt most easily deposited. This fine silt is deposited also in the navigable portion of the stream. ‘This necessitates constant dredging to keep the stream open for navigation. The process of denudation of the mountain slopes already has seriously affected the capacity of the Southern streams for water-power development. One prominent Southern engineer has estimated this to be at least 40 per cent. Apart from the menace to the water powers, the washing away of the soil from the mountains and from the fields in the Piedmont region is a very real danger to the water supply of the cities and towns both from the stand- point of quantity and quality. Fifteen years ago the streams in this region carried far less sand, silt, detritus, and washings than now. ‘These have been filling up the channels and increasing enormously the expense and difficulty of purification so that many cities now face not only a shortage of water dur- ing the lengthy drought periods, but unknown dangers in the water which they do get. As an example, the city engineer of Augusta, Georgia, stated in 1908 that their power canal had re- ceived more silt in the last 18 months than in all the 30 years previous. If this is the case with only a portion of the mountain slopes denuded, what will be the plight of Augusta and other cities similarly situated when the bulk of the forests is gone? In the Carolinas and in Georgia alone over $50,000,000 is now invested in cot- ton mills run by water power directly or by electric power generated there- from, and this is only the bare begin- ning in electrical development. The 2,000,000, or, as some claim, 3,000,000 horse-power available in the streams that flow from the Appalachians to the Atlantic, when developed, would mean an investment in hydro-electric plants of upwards of from $200,000,000 to $300,- 000,000, earning annually from $40,- 000,000 to $60,000,000 at a conserva- tive estimate, and saving the South on AMERICAN FORESTRY its coal bill alone some $15,000,000 to $20,000,000. FORESTRY ONLY A PART Obviously, we do not advocate main- taining a forest cover on the entire watersheds of our rivers. Lands suit- able to agriculture must be devoted to that purpose, but there should be bet- ter methods of farming which will pre- vent erosion and will utilize a larger amount of water through increased ab- sorption of the soil and increased crop production. My plea for forestry is mainly in the mountain regions on those areas of no permanent value for farm- ing and situated most critically for watershed protection. The total forest area of the Carolinas and Georgia is estimated at present at 75,000,000 acres. North and South Carolina have each 19,000,000 acres, and Georgia 37,000,000 acres. Not less than 30 per cent of this area, or about 25,000,000 acres, should be permanently kept in forest for the protection of the streams that rise in the Appalachians. Of this protective forest 9,000,000 acres should be in North Carolina, 6,000,000 acres in South Carolina, and 10,000,000 acres in Georgia. Within this area there are about 2,000,000 acres on critical water- sheds that will be in need of reforesta- tion. Serious injury to the industrial de- velopment of the South can be pre- vented by adopting right measures now. The National Government has recog- nized the public character of the prob- lem in an extensive purchase of forest lands on the headwaters of navigable rivers. The National Forest Reserva- tion Commisssion has approved the pur- chase of 120,706 acres in North Caro- lina, at a total cost of $924,589; of 23,- 286 acres in South Carolina at a cost of $128,157, and of 96,132 acres in Georgia at a cost of $622,654. These Government forests, however, as you can readily see, will form only a very small portion of the forest area which must be protected. The work of Goy- ernment purchase is confined to the protection of navigable rivers. A con- siderable number of States have made THE SOUTH’S FORESTRY AND WATER RESOURCES 379 a beginning to meet this problem. No State is doing its full duty in forestry. The Federal Government is giving as- sistance to the different States in the work of fire protection on the water- sheds of navigable streams. Approxi- mately $100,000 a year is expended in giving such assistance. It is a require- ment, however, that no money can be expended for this purpose unless the State has established a system of fire protection and is appropriating for the actual work of protecting those lands an amount equal to what the Federal Government is prepared to allot. It has been the earnest wish of the Forest Service that more of the Southern States could secure advantage of this Government aid. CONTROL OF WATER RESOURCES Without any question, the problem of control of our water resources is one of the most important problems of in- ternal development of the country. In many instances, streams are becoming more irregular every year. In nearly every part of the country the use of water resources is becoming more and more intensive. A good deal of work has already been done upon our rivers. One of the greatest needs today is that the different activities essential for permanent im- provement of rivers be brought into correlation and be conducted in accord- ance with a comprehensive plan. There have been enthusiasts who have asserted that the protection of forests would be sufficient to control floods. In my opin- ion, those persons who assert that any one method will meet the situation are wrong. Conditions necessarily vary, the needs of the different streams neces- sarily vary; but in any case a real con- trol of stream flow can be secured only by a comprehensive plan which makes use of all the different influences which affect control of water, levees where these are necessary, reservoirs where these are necessary, the protection of forests at the headwaters of streams, etc. It is as ridiculous for a forester to claim that reforestation alone would prevent floods and bring about improve- ment of the rivers as it is for an engi- neer to claim that levees and drainage by themselves can work permanent im- provement in our rivers. The engineer and the forester must work hand in hand if our river system is to be con- verted from a source of danger and expense to one of the highest useful- ness. There are some engineers, and very prominent ones, in this country who claim that neither the construction of reservoirs nor forestation can have any effect whatever upon the navigation of the river. They claim that navigation can be effectively regulated by channel improvement only. Yet history all over the world and experience in our own country shows how futile this method is to bring about permanent improve- ment in our rivers. Regulation of flood waters by channel improvement has been so far the only method used in the attempt to control our rivers; and the results speak for themselves. In the older countries it was found out many years ago that improvement of naviga- tion near the mouth of the river is merely a temporary expedient. If per- manent improvement is to be accom- plished work must begin up the stream, not down. Regulation must begin at the source. Floods must be prevented, not cured. * From an address before the Tri-State Water and Light Association, at Atlanta, Ga., April 16. Importing Norfolk Island Pine Ghent, Belgium, furnishes practically all of the potted specimens of the symmetrical Araucaria, or Norfolk island pine, used as an ornamental foliage house plant, in Europe and America. each year. The United States imports at least 250,000 of these plants in 5 or 6 inch pots WHITE MOUNTAIN WINTER WORK ORESTERS who have just re- turned from winter work in the White Mountains of New Hampshire report that, while some hardship is entailed, as much can be accomplished in the dead of winter as in summer. In most of the Government’s field services it is usually thought best to work in the north during the summer months and in the south during the win- ter, the idea being to do the work with the least difficulty. In appraising lands for purchase under the Weeks law for the eastern national forests, however, the Forest Service has had to disre- gard latitude and season because it was necessary to expedite the work in the north. During the past winter two camps of men have been estimating and valuing the forests which the Govern- ment contemplates purchasing on the slopes of the White Mountains. Because of the softness of the con- stantly falling snow, the work was done mainly on snow shoes. At times the temperature has been around 20 degrees below zero for considerable periods, and the parties now in report some occasions when the thermometers registered nearly 40 degrees below. The crews were housed in winter camps like those of the lumberjacks, and in order to make full use of the short winter days they were out by daylight and did not return until dark. The work of the crews required continuous walking. Diameters of trees were measured and the number of logs estimated in all merchantable trees growing on parallel strips 4 yards wide and 40 rods apart. From these estimates the full amount of timber was calculated. One man, the crew leader, used a compass to keep the men in the desired direction, mapped the country traversed, kept account of the distances covered as determined by actual measurement, and recorded all the information re- garding timber. The other members of the crew measured the timber and gave their figures to the leader, who tallied them. The actual work, however, did not end with all-day climbs through snow on the mountainsides, with fre- quent exposure to the sweep of winds on the higher ridges and divides; dur- ing the long winter evenings, or on days when the snow storms were so severe that outside work was impossible, the figures gathered were tabulated and the information grouped, so as to show the quantities of timber suitable for various products, such as saw timber, spruce for paper pulp, or birch for spool mak- ing. During the whole winter, how- ever, it was noted that stormy days caused no more loss of time than in summer, and the health of the men in the party was, as a rule, better than in hot weather. It is said that the men became quite inured to the cold and liked it, one of the principal advantages being the abso- lute freedom from insects, such as gnats and mosquitoes. While these same crews might appreciate an assignment to the same region for the following sum- mer, those who have the work in charge say it may be the lot of these same men to be assigned to the pine regions of the south during the hottest weather of August. Indian Fire Patrolman The Canadian government is using Indian fire patrolmen to protect the forests of northern Manitoba. Walnut For Gun Stocks A Pennsylvania gun company is using the waste pieces of black and Circassian walnut, left after veneer cutting, for gun stocks. 380 PODGEPOLE. PIN LAHOR) POLES abundant stands in both the Rocky Mountain and _ coast ranges, when treated with pre- servatives, ought to serve in the place of red cedar as a pole timber, says the Department of Agriculture ina bulletin just issued on Rocky Mountain woods for telephone poles. The rapid extension of telephone and | ODGEPOLE pine, of which there are power lines in the west is making the: question of pole supply one of increasing importance. Western red cedar, for long the standard pole timber of the western States, grows only in Washing- ton, Oregon and northern Idaho, and in the States south of that region its cost is high, owing to the great distance over which it must be transported. In addition, the heavy drain on the supply promises to result in increasingly higher prices. The tendency of the lodgepole pine to decay rapidly when in contact with the ground, has so far kept it out of the field as a competitor of the cedar, according to the department, but the general adoption of preservative treat- ment by railroad and telephone com- panies changes the situation. At an additional cost for treatment that still leaves the pine pole the cheaper of the two in most markets outside the cedar region, states the department; the pine may be made to last longer than untreated cedar. Tests carried on at the forest service laboratory also showed lodgepole pine to be as strong as the cedar, if not actually stronger. Fire-killed lodgepole pine, of which there is a vast quantity in the Rocky Mountain region, showed a strength under test 80% that of live red cedar. In elastic values, the two were prac- tically equal, and in stiffness, fire-killed lodgepole pine is quite comparable to the cedar. The prejudice against the use of fire-killed material is a mistaken one, says the department, for there is no inherent difference in wood seasoned on the stump and wood cut when green and then seasoned. On many areas such material remains entirely sound for a number of years after the fire which killed it, and besides is thoroughly seasoned and thus ready for preservative treatment as soon as cut. Engelmann spruce is another Rocky Mountain tree which the department suggests might be used for poles. It is not as strong as lodgepole pine, nor does it take preservative treatment as well, but it grows farther south, and in many districts is the only local timber available for pole use. No Forest Fires In Ten Years The tenth successive year without a forest fire has just been passed by the Powell national forest in south central Utah. The Poplar’s Growth Yellow poplar, or tulip tree, the largest broadleaf tree in America, has been known to reach nearly 200 feet in height and 10 feet in diameter. Pennsylvania’s Timber Heldings Pennsylvania has about 7% million acres of timberland, one-eighth of which is owned by the State. The total value of the State’s timber is 139 million dollars. Montana’s Highest Mountain The highest mountain in Montana, Granite Peak, with an altitude of nearly 13,000 feet, is in the Beartooth National Forest. 381 EDITORIAL IFTEEN States are without laws providing for a State Forest administration. These fifteen States are lacking in one of the most important measures a State can take for the prosperity, the comfort, the health and the recreation of its citizens. Without the organized care and devel- opment of the forests and the woodlands of these States which an efficient State forest administration would assure, their forests and woodlands are deteriorating, there is wasteful use of their timber; lack of proper fire protection and an absence of the popular instruction in care of forests, woodlands and trees which it is part of the duty of State forest administrations to give to the people. A short time ago the American For- estry Association sent representatives into Virginia and urged the people there to demand, and the members of the legislature to pass, a forestry law. Such a law was passed. It will go into effect on June 1. It is not extravagant to claim that this law will result in saving to the State millions of dollars yearly as well as conserving the trees of the EMAND for forest conserva- I) tion in Texas is so great that the movement to secure a State forestry department and a State forester has been endorsed in vig- orous resolutions by the Houston Lum- bermen’s Club and the Lumbermen’s Association of Texas. Officials of these two powerful organizations are de- 382 State, in forest, woodland and commun- ity, and thereby adding greatly to the beauty of the land and the health and the pleasure of the people. The States in which there is no law providing for a State forest administra- tion are: South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Texas, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Nebraska, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. The American Forestry Association is about to commence in each of these States a campaign for securing for- estry laws. The people will be told what such forestry laws mean to them, and they will be asked to urge the mem- bers of their legislatures to give serious consideration to the advisability of pass- ing such laws. The Virginia Senate voted unanimously for the Virginia law, and the House passed it by a vote of 86 to 8. No member of a legislature having at heart the interests of his con- stituents can ignore the necessity for a forestry law, whether his constituents live in a dense forest, on land from which timber has been cut, or on land where timber never grew. termined to use every energy to further the agitation for a forestry law. They will dwell particularly on the impor- tance of fire protection. Last year was one of the best seed years for long- leaf pine known in the State. As a result of Nature’s wide distribution of the seed and favorable weather condi- tions, thousands of acres of long-leaf EDITORIAL pine forests are now carpeted with these little seedlings, and it is most impor- tant that they be protected from fire. It is highly gratifying to know that the lumbermen of Texas are so wide- awake and progressive that they realize the advantage of forest conservation to EED of protection against for- N est fires is impressively appar- ent upon reading in the New York City Globe of April 15 that on the day before there were three forest fires in New York City. One fire licked up a 200 by 200 foot patch of trees and underbrush on the grounds of the House of Mercy at In- wood-on-the-Hudson. Another swept through 100 acres of woodland on the ITTING tribute was paid at fe Harrisburg, Pa., on. May 4 to Dr. J. T. Rothrock, one of the most enthusiastic and able pro- moters of forestry in the United States, the occasion being his retirement from service in the Pennsylvania Forestry Commission, of which he had been an active member since its formation. His numerous friends and admirers, wish- ing to show their appreciation of his many years’ devotion to the cause of forestry and the highly important re- sults of his enthusiastic work, tendered him a luncheon and presented him with a testimonial cup. Dr. Rothrock in 1886 became secretary of the Pennsylvania OR the next decade in this coun- > try lumbering and wood utiliza- tion will be more important phases of forestry than reforest- ation or the reproduction of the forest. The forester must know how to get his products out of the forest and to the market not only in the cheapest way but in a way that will leave the forest in the best condition for the production of a future crop. After 383 such a degree that they are willing to give carefully planned effort to achieve it. ‘Texas is one of the fifteen States which still are behind the times as far as the preservation and the protection of her forests is concerned. west side of Emerson Hill, Staten Island. The third threatened the village of Egbertville, Staten Island. If such fires can occur and do damage in the largest city in the United States, what may not be done by forest fires in the depths of forests hundreds of miles from any habitation? Who says that there is not need of forest fire pre- vention ? State Forestry Association, and from that day to this has given energy and his devotion to the cause of forestry. He was the first State Forest Commissioner for Pennsylvania, was for many years a member of the State Forestry Res- ervation Commission, and has also been for many years a vice-president and a most valued member of the American Forestry Association. Dr. Rothrock is esteemed not only in Pennsylvania but throughout the United States as a teach- er and a leader in the cause of forest conservation, and not only those who attended the dinner but thousands of others sent to him expression of their appreciation of his splendid work. the logs are out of the woods the forester must understand how to utilize the lumber produced so as to make the largest profit. Statistics show that today less than 50 per cent of the raw products of our forests are actually utilized, and the problem of more com- plete utilization is being taken up not only by the forester but by lumber- men and wood users throughout the country. FOREST NO@s During March twenty-five forest fires burned on or near the land in the south- ern Appalachians, which the Govern- ment is securing under the Weeks law for the establishment of national for- ests. Seven of these fires reported by the Government’s forest officers covered more than 10 acres, but 11 were less than one-quarter of an acre in size. The most common cause was railroad sparks. On what are known as the Cherokee, Mt. Mitchell, Unaka, and White Top areas the railroads cross lands which the Government is acquir- ing, so that there is considerable risk, even though the rights of way are pa- trolled during very dry seasons. The State laws, however, are so lax in re- gard to the maintenance of spark ar- resters and keeping the railroad rights of way clear of inflammable material that, the foresters estimate, more than half of the total number of fires occur- ring during March were probably set by railroad locomotives. Six out of the 14 areas in which the Government is purchasing lands re- ported fires during March. Except for the White Top area, which is on the border line between Virginia and Ten- nessee, all the areas from which fires were reported are in North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia. An investigation to determine the ad- visability of growing basket willows in the low-lying lands along the South Carolina coast has recently been started 384 through cooperation between Clemson Agricultural College, the office of Farm- ers’ Cooperative Demonstration Work, and the Forest Service of the United States Department of Agriculture. Much of the low-lying land in this region has previously been used for the production of rice, but several factors, including the development of new rice areas in the Gulf States, have made rice growing unprofitable and a new crop for the land is being sought. Bas- ket willows at once suggested them- selves as a possibility, and the present investigation is being conducted to de- termine to what extent they can be successfully grown on lands of this character:. The ‘soil, is’ a) rich); “black muck, and the continuous production of good crops of rice for years with little or no fertilizer indicates its richness. Wood is extensively used for fuel in the Black Hills region. During the past year the Forest Service at Dead- wood, S. D., issued 500 permits author- izing the removal by settlers and home- steaders of 6,000 cords of wood for fuel purposes. A reconnaissance survey of the plant life of New York State is being carried on by Dr. William L. Bray. Dr. Bray is in charge of the botanical instruction in both the University and the State College of Forestry, and as he has been granted a leave of absence for a year, he will spend this year in resuming a FOREST NOTES 385 line of work which he pursued with distinction in the Southwest, namely, in his studies of the vegetation of Texas published in a series of bulletins by the United States Forest Service and the University of Texas. In the study of the wood-using indus- tries of New York which was carried on by the United States Forest Service and the New York State College of Forestry and which resulted in a com- prehensive report, it was seen on every hand that there is great need of a broader reconnaissance survey of the forests of the State. Such a survey of the plant life of the State will furnish a background and a basis upon which the progress of research will stand out in clear proportions. Such surveys of life conditions within a limited area or within a State have come to be re- garded as essential in the working out of any policy of conservation of natural resources. Striking features of the economic crisis which the lumbering interests of this country are now facing are brought to light in the announcement that at the request of prominent lumber interests a two years’ course in the business of lumbering is to be given next year by the Harvard Graduate School of Busi- ness Administration, in cooperation with the Harvard Forestry School. It has been discovered that forestry education, after the German pattern, does not meet the needs of the lumber- ing interests. It is good and necessary, the lumbermen admit, to know how to protect existing tree growth, and to start new growths. But the present and acute problem is how to manufac- ture the existing trees into lumber and to sell the lumber at a profit. The Federal Government itself is struggling with this problem in its attempts to dis- pose of lumber from the public reserves. John M. Gries, of the United States Bureau of Corporations, has been ap- pointed by the Harvard Corporation to give the new course so far as it deals directly with lumbering. The directors of the Pocono Pro- tective Fire Association recently gave a dinner to the fire wardens of Monroe County, Pa. It was the first affair of its kind in Pennsylvania, and was given by the directors of the Association to mark the inauguration of a new provision of the law which places fire wardens under the direct supervision of a State for- ester in counties where the Commis- sioner of Forestry thinks it advisable to make such appointments. The As- sociation asked for a district forester for Monroe County and John L. Stro- beck was selected. The forest fire pro- tective service there has been reorgan- ized and much higher efficiency in the work is expected this season. Representative Denver S. Church, of California, has introduced a bill by which the Secretary of the Interior is empowered, upon recommendation of the National Forest Reservation Com- mission, to exchange United States lands now a part of the Sierra Na- tional Forest for privately owned tim- ber lands lying within the boundaries of Sierra National Forest and the Yosemite National Park, lands thus ac- quired by the United States within the boundaries of the Sierra Forest and of the Yosemite National Park to become a part of each park respectively. Secretary George H. Rhodes, of the California Forest Protective Associa- tion, contributed to the California Arbor Day Manual for 1914 outlines for compositions, speeches, declama- tions, essays and orations for the pub- lic school children, which will be a great help in teaching them what all children should know about the forests and inspiring not only a love of trees but a realization of the needs of proper care of the forests. The Association followed this up at the suggestion of the State Superintendent of Public In- struction with a letter to school teachers in the timbered districts calling their attention to the outline in the Manual and offering to help them in every way. Congressman French, of Idaho, has introduced a bill in the House provid- ing for the appropriation of not more than $15,000 of the receipts from the national forests in any State, for the 586 forest schools of the same State. Many of the forest schools could increase con- siderably their facilities for educating forest students if they received each year the additional aid which such an appropriation would give, and the heads of a number of these schools have al- ready expressed the hope that the bill will pass. According to the third annual report of F. A. Elliott, State Forester of Ore- gon, the fire patrol law has proved a powerful help in advancing systematic forest fire protection. He said it was the chief factor in more than doubling the membership of the patrol associa- tions organized in 1911 and 1912, and besides six new associations were formed last spring. ; During the year 1913 there were 383 forest fires on privately owned land and 387 in the national forests in this State, but so effective were the organized for- est fire fighting associations that com- paratively small damage was done. More damage was caused by fires originating in slashings than from fires of all other classes, according to the report. con re oo Georgia Head Forester Graves spent the 14th of April at Athens as the guest of the University of Georgia. He addressed the students at the Chapel in the morning. In the evening he attended a banquet given by the Forest Club, and talked in an informal way. Mr. Graves went to Atlanta from Athens, to attend the convention of the Tri-State Water and Light Association on the 16th and 17th. Representatives of the Morse Land and Lumber Company, the Byrd-Mathews Com- pany, and the Pfister & Vogel Company met at Helen the latter part of March and con- ferred as to the prevention of forest fires on their holdings. Maine That enormous damage has been wrought to the spruce, fir, larch, hemlock and white AMERICAN FORESTRY The sandy tip of Cape Cod, which is constantly shifting under the influence of wind and tide, is to be anchored by reforesting, according to an arrange- ment announced by the State Harbor and Land Commission and the State Forestry Department of Massachu- setts. The lands are known as the Province lands. Thousands of trees of a type that will not only give stability to the soil but defy the ravages of the gypsy and other moths will be planted this spring. Timberland owners of Harlan County, Kentucky, have organized the Harlan County Forest Protective Association and the members so far enrolled repre- sent about 200,000 acres. ‘The mem- bers are being assessed one-quarter of a cent an acre with provision for addi- tional assessments up to but not exceed- ing one cent an acre if needed. State Forester Barton will cooperate with the Association and will divide equally all fire fighting expenses. The forest fires have been a serious loss and yearly menace to the forests of Harlan County, and the Association was badly needed. NEWS pine trees of Maine forests during the past year is stated in the annual report of Albert kK. Gardner, State horticulturist, filed with the Governor. Mr. Gardner says: “The increase in numbers of the spruce bud worm during the past three years has given just cause for alarm among owners of spruce, fir, larch, hemlock and white pine. We are constantly receiving letters from wild land owners, and owners of summer camps who are dependent upon the beauty of their trees for a large part of their summer busi- ness, telling of the enormous damage being done to the trees by this most serious pest. Many islands along the coast seem to offer particular inducements to the insect, and here we find them especially abundant. During the latter part of the past season, parasites in the form of spiders have accomplished a great deal in controlling them, and it is to be hoped that in another year we will find that they have been more or less exterminated.” STATE NEWS 387 South Dakota The season of 1914 in South Dakota opens with a promise of a considerable activity on the State Forests. The fire season normally opens during the middle of April and con- tinues through October. The fire plan inau- gurated in 1913 will be continued with some improvement during the present season. The operation of this plan in conjunction with the plan of the adjoining Harney National For- est and in cooperation with Federal assist- ance under the Weeks’ Law should furnish effectual protection to the State’s forest lands. Owing to the burning of the plant of the Lanphere-Hinrichs Lumber Company at Rapid City in January, logging operations on the forest were at a standstill for some time, excepting for the operations of three or four small portable mills. However, it is ex- pected that the new mill of the company will be in operation again by June 1, when cutting will be resumed on the State tract on Rapid Creek. The Game-Fence, enclosing 61,000 acres of the Custer Forest as a game preserve, will be completed this season and ready for the game to be purchased by the Game Commission. The erection of this fence was “wished on” the Department of School and Public Lands by the last Legislature, and its construction has been in charge of the State Forest Serv- ice. Already a carload of elk from the Jack- son’s Hole country has been received at the preserve, and are confined in a special corral of one mile square constructed in February on Squaw Creek. A loss of three occurred in shipping, but the balance of the herd seem to be in good condition and perfectly at home on the forest. Owing to late rains last fall and some early spring moisture, grazing conditions appear to be normal for the spring months. Michigan In order to encourage private Owners in the reforestation of their waste lands, the Public Domain Commission has in the past offered planting stock from its forest nursery at Higgins Lake to the people of the State at very low figures. The same policy will be pursued this year. Among the species listed for sale are both seedlings and transplants of white pine, Western yellow pine, Scotch pine, Lodgepole pine, white spruce, blue spruce, Norway spruce, red spruce, and Douglas fir. The prices range from $2.00 per thousand for seedlings two years old to $8.00 per thousand for transplants of large size, which include packing, crating, and delivery to the railroad station. Plants are not sold in lots of less than 500. Many orders for spring delivery have already been received, and the indica- tions are that the demand for planting stock this season will show a marked increase over that of former vears. The area of State lands reforested each year is gradually increasing. More than half a million trees will be planted on the Higgins, Houghton, and Fife Lake Forests this spring. White and Norway pine are used almost alto- gether in this work, although experiments are being conducted on a small scale with such species as Austrian and Scotch pine, European larch, and Norway spruce. California California observed Fire Prevention Day on April 18 with gratifying success. State Forester Homans, for the State Board of Forestry, had 135,000 pamphlets distributed to the school children of the State. These told of the damage done by forest fires, gave instruction on how to prevent and how to fight them, and carried -also valuable sug- gestions to teachers for continuing this course of instruction during the year. This sort of educational work is having a de- cidedly good effect. Minnesota State Forester Wm. T. Cox’s third annual report as State Forester of Minnesota is just out, and, as might be expected, goes into most interesting detail as to the work of his department during the year. He says that fire prevention was the chief task of the service during 1913 and that considerable at- tention was “also given to obtaining more accurate information regarding the forest resources and of educating the public to a proper appreciation of the forest problem. Mr. Cox says he believes that as soon as the majority of the people of Minnesota realize the condition of the forests, the im- portance of the industries which they sus- tain, and the business necessity of properly caring for the woods that the tremendous handicap under which the forest service is laboring will be removed and sufficient funds provided to carry on the work. With this in view much effort was given in 1913 to- wards reaching the public both through meet- ings and through the press. New Hampshire The Connecticut Valley Lumber Company, under the joint management of Stone & Web- ster and Hornblower & Weeks, with ex- tensive timberland holdings in northern New Hampshire and Vermont, has closed a con- tract with the Berlin Mills Company, of Portland, Me., and Berlin, N. H., covering the sale of all softwood timber situated on the Androscoggin slope. It is estimated that about 500,000,000 feet of timber is affected. This is a tract of about 45,000 acres of virgin territory never before operated, the Connecticut Valley Lumber Company hav- ing confined its operations to the Connecti- cut slope, where it owns approximately 260,- 000 acres with a softwood stumpage of about 1,500,000,000 feet. CURRENT EITE RAC pia MONTHLY LIST FOR APRIL, 1914 (Books and _ periodicals indexed in the Library of the United States Forest Service. ) Forestry as a Whole and reports of forest officers, etc. British Columbia — Dept. of lands —Forest branch. Report for the year ending De- Proceedings associations, cember 31, 1913. 61 p. pl, maps. Vic- toria, B. C., 1914. Deutsche dendrologische gesellschaft. Mit- teilungen, no. 22. 427 p. il. Bonn- Poppelsdorf, 1913. India—Andaman Islands—Forest dept. Prog- ress report of forest administration for 1912-13. 36 p. Delhi, 1913. India—Forest research institute. report for the year 1912-13. cutta, 1913. India—Northwest frontier province—-Forest dept. Progress report on forest admin- istration for 1912-13. 41 p. Peshawar, ae ia Indiana—State board of forestry. Thirteenth annual report, 1913. 121 p. il. Indian- apolis, 1914. Kentucky—State forester. port, 1913. 104 p. pil. 1914. Michigan—Public domain commission. port, Jan. 1, 1911, to June 30, 1913. pl. Lansing, Mich., 1914. Michigan—State game, fish and forestry de- partment. Forestry report, 1913. 16 p. Lansing, Mich., 1914. Minnesota—Forestry board. Third report of the state forester, 1913. il, map. Duluth, Minn., 1913. Progress 33 p. Cal- First biennial re- Frankfort, Ky., Re- 67 Pp. annual 147 p. Prussia — Ministerium ftir landwirtschaft, domiinen, und _ forsten-Abteilung fur forsten. Amtliche mitteilungen, 1912. 47 p. Berlin, 1914. Rhode - Island—Commission of forestry. Kighth annual report, 1913. 15 p. Provi- dence, R. I., 1914. Society for the Protection of New Hamp- shire forests. Forestry in New Hamp- shire; 12th report, 1913-14. 96 p. pl. maps. Concord, N. H., 1914. 388 Society of American foresters, v. 9, no. 1. No Ly poll, WWeislos ID, (Ce, ilgiteh Forest Aesthetics Street and park trees Hubner, O. Der strassenbaum in der stadt und auf dem lande, seine pflanzung und pflege sowie die erforderlichen massnah- men zu seinem schutz. 137 p. il. Berlin, P. Parey, 1914. Forest Education Forest schools Massachusetts agricultural college. Second annual school for tree wardens and city foresters. 4 p. Amherst, Mass., 1914. Forest Legislation Canada—Department of the interior. Regula- tions for Dominion forest reserves. 25 p. Ottawa, 1913. Canada—Parliament. An act respecting for- est reserves and parks, assented to 19th May, 1911; act to amend the Dominion forest reserves and parks act, assented to 6th June, 1913. 67 p. Ottawa, 1913. Forest Botany Trees, classification and description Pittier, H. On the relationship of the genus Aulacocarpus, with description of a new Panamanian species. 4 p. il. Washing- ton, D. €., 1914. (Smithsonian institu- tion. Publication 2264.) Shirasawa, Homi. Icones of the forest trees of Japan; v. 1-2. pl. Tokio. Silva Tarouca, Ernst. Unsere freiland- laubgehélze; anzucht, pflege und ver- wendung aller bekannten in Mitteleuropa im freien kulturfiihigen laubgeholze. 420 p. il., pl. Wien, F. Tempsky, 1913. Silvics Studies of species Zon, Raphael. Balsam fir. 68 p. il. pl. Washington, D. C., 1914. (U. S.—Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 55.) CURRENT LITERATURE Silviculture Morrill, W. J. Timber sales in selection for- ests. 13 p. map. Lincoln, Nebr., Univer- sity of Nebraska, 1913. Planting Briscoe, John M. and Eaton, Carleton W. Forest planting; Dept. of forestry. 12 p. il. Orono, Me., 1914. (Maine, Univer- sity of—College of agriculture—Exten- sion department. Timely hints for farm- ens, Veils, m0. 7.) Forest Frotection Insects Escherich, Karl Leopold. Die forstinsekten Mitteleuropas. 432 p. il. Berlin, P. Parey, 1914. ; Diseases Associated factory mutual fire insurance com- panies. Dry rot in factory timbers. 34 p. il. Boston, Mass., 1913. Fire California forest protective association. Ad- dresses at a banquet, held at the Palace hotel, San Francisco, Cal., Thursday, Jan. 29, 1914. 9 p. San Francisco, Cal., 1914. Forest Management Kubelka, August. Die intensive bewirtschaf- tung der hochgebirgsforste. 86 p. Wien, W. Frick, 1912. Range management United States — Congress—House—Commit- tee on the public lands. Grazing home- steads and the regulation of grazing on the public lands; hearing on H. R. 9582 and H. R. 10539, a bill to provide .for the disposition of grazing lands under the homestead laws and for other purposes; pi 1 YOY poy, \Weising, IDE (Ce, aie Forest Economics Taxation and tariff Maryland—Commission for the revision of the taxation system. Report. 445 p. diagrs. Baltimore, Md., 1913. Statistics. United States—Bureau of the Census. For- est products; lumber, lath and shingles, 1912. 60 p. Washington, D. C., 1914. Forest Administration United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. List of standard articles of equipment, stationery and office supples to be procured upon requisition on the property clerk, Ogden, Utah; edition of January, 1914. 8 p. Washington, D. C., 1914. United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. List of standard forms to be obtained upon requisition on the supply depot, Ogden, Utah; issue of February, 1914. 8 p. Washington, D. C., 1914. 389 National and State Forests New York—Conservation commission. List of lands in the forest preserve, Jan., 1914. 503 p. Albany, N. Y., 1914. Forest Engineering Road and trail building United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. Trail manual, 1913; preliminary draft. 68 p.il. Missoula, Mont., 1913. Forest Utilization McIntyre, A. G. The forest products labora- tories. 8 p. Ottawa, 1914. (Canada— Dept. of the interior—Forestry branch. Circular 8.) Lumber industry Walker, John R. The lumber industry and the railroads. 15 p. Washington, D. C., 1914. Wood technology Betts, Norman De W., and Heim, A. L. Tests of Rocky Mt. woods for telephone poles. 28 p. il. Washington, D. C., 1914. U. S.— Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 67.) Newlin, J. A. Tests of wooden barrels. 12 p. ple) Washington, DC. 19145 (Us S—— Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 86.) Auxiliary Subjects Botany Haas, Paul, and Hill, T. G. An introduction to the chemistry of plant products. 401 p. il. London, Longmans, Green and co., 1913. Silva Tarouca, Ernst. Unsere freilandstau- den; anzucht, pflege und verwendung aller bekannten in Mitteleuropa im freien kulturfahigen ausdauernden krautigen gewachse. 382 p. il., pl. Wien, F. Temp- sey, 1913. Soils Sellards, E. H. Classification of the soils of Florida. 53 p. il, map. Tallahassee, Fla., Commissioner of agriculture, 1913. Erosion Calhoun, F. H. H. Gullying and its preven- tion. 36 p. il, Anderson, S. C., 1913. (South Carolina—Agricultural experi- ment station. Circular 20.) Floods Frankenfield, H. C. The Ohio and Missis- sippi floods of 1912. 25 p. maps. Wash- mcton) Di Cre 19135 (Oy S=—VWeather bureau. Bulletin Y.) Periodical Articles Miscellaneous periodicals American botanist, Feb., 1914.—Paper and paper stock, p. 19-21; Tricarpellary ash- fruits, by Charles E. Bessey, p. 21. Breeders’ gazette, April 2, 1914.—Growing catalpas for posts, by H. C. Rogers, p. 766. 390 Bulletin of the Geographic society of Phila- delphia, Jan., 1914—New England; her forests and her people, by G. D. Hubbard, p. 27-30. Country gentleman, March 21, 1914.—Making over old trees; the science of top graft- ing reduced to its simplest terms, by H. E. Van Deman, p. 586, 622. Craftsman, Feb., 1914.—Saving the nation’s water supply through our national for- ests, by Bristow Adams, p. 430-6. Garden magazine, March, 1914.—Palms in California, by John Y. Beaty, p. 76; Some trees and shrubs for trying sites, p. 98-9: Gardeners chronicle, March 14, 1914——Arbu- tus menziesii at Bayfordbury, by A. Bruce Jackson, p. 182; A new source of oak timber, by John R. Jackson, p. 188. New Zealand—Dept. of agriculture, indus- tries and commerce. Journal of agricul- ture, Jan. 20, 1914——-The Monterey pine, by A. H. Cockayne, p. 1-26. Outdoor world and recreation, April, 1914.— The story of the forester, by James Up- ham, p. 222-4. Phytopathology, Feb., 1914—Notes on Peri- dermium from Pennsylvania, by C. R. Orton and J. F. Adams, p. 23-6. Scientific American, Feb. 28, 1914.—Prolong- ing the naval stores industry, by Samuel J. Record, p. 173, 186. Scientific American supplement, Feb. 14, 1914—Coloring the wood of growing trees, p. 105. Scientific American supplement, Feb. 21, 1914.—The commercial uses of bamboo, p. 116-17. United States—Dept. of agriculture. Jour- nal of agricultural research, March, 1914.—Tyloses; their occurrence and practical significance in some American woods, by Eloise Gerry, p. 445-70; The cambium miner in river birch, by Charles T. Greene, p. 471-4. Trade journals and consular reports American lumberman, March 14, 1914.—In- come tax and timber, p. 32; Oregon for- est association annual, p. 43-6; Wood for Silos panos: American lumberman, March 21, 1914.—Lost opportunity in the utilization of waste, p. 26-7: Conservation of wood by-products, p. 47. American:lumberman, March 28, 1914.—Fac- tory timber specification, by Arthur T. North, p. 38-9. Barrel and box, March, 1914.—Annual use of white pine box lumber, p. 46-7. Canada lumberman, March 15, 1914.—The commercial importance of beech, by R. G. Lewis, p. 34-5. Engineering news, Jan. 15, 1914.—Drainage of the Everglades, p. 146-8. Engineering news, Jan. 29, 1914—A wood- block pavement failure, by Rodney C. Davis, p. 260. AMERICAN FORESTRY Engineering news, Feb. 5, 1914.—A_ teredo- proof wood, by Howard F. Weiss, p. 314-15. Engineering record, Feb. 7, 1914.—Fireproof- ing wood, by Robert E. Prince, p. 172-3. Hardwood record, March 25, 1914.—Wood in relation to heat, by S. J. Record, p. 20; Correcting wood’s infirmities, p. 25-6; Utilization of sumach, p. 27; The lightest of native woods, p. 29; Woods used in turnery, p. 30-1; Northern Michigan hardwoods, p. 31; The uses of aspen or popple, p. 32; Bethabara an excellent timber tree, p. 32; Red gum as door material, p. 34-5. Lumber trade journal, March 15, 1914.—For- est service outlines plans for southern pine reforestation, by W. R. Mattoon, p. 19-20. Lumber world review, March 25, 1914.—Some plans for forest products exposition; wood preservers to exhibit to public de- tails of treating processes at big show, p. 29-30. Mississippi Valley lumberman, March 27, 1914.— Minnesota state forestry conyen- tion; state organization starts campaign for the extension of forestry work, p. 42-3. Paper, March 25, 1914.—Ancient and modern Chinese papers, p. 15-16; Woodpulp man- ufacture in Sweden, p. 16; The early English paper-makers, by F. Ashford White, p. 17-18. Paper mill and wood pulp news, Feb. 21, 1914.—Forest taxation, by Samuel H. Ordway, p. 76-80; The utilization of saw- mill waste in making paper, p. 86-94. Pioneer western lumberman, March 15, 1914. —Measuring timber in the Sierra forest, p. 13; British Columbia timber royalty act, p. 21-25. Pulp and paper magazine, Feb. 15, 1914.—The utilization of wood pulp in textile manu- facture, by H. A. Carter, p. 102-5. St. Louis lumberman, March 15, 1914.— Things known about logged-off pine tim- ber lands, by John E. Williams, p. 59-60. St. Louis lumberman, April 1, 1914.—Report on yellow pine for mill timbers, by F. J. Hoxie, p. 70-1; Timber in Camaguay province, by E. V. Preston, p. 80; Wood block pavements in Berlin, by Robert P. Skinner, p. 86 B; State forests urged, by James Girvin Peters, p. 87. Southern industrial and lumber review, March, 1914.—Wood block paving popu- lar, p. 26-7. Southern lumber journal, March 1, 1914.— American forestry today, by Herbert Welsh, p. 40. Southern lumber journal, March 15, 1914.— How to utilize wood waste around saw- mills; new device for removing bark from waste wood for pulp purposes, p. 41. Southern lumberman, April 4, 1914.—Doctor Schenck and graduates of Biltmore for- est school, by Overton W. Price, p. 21, 26. CURRENT LITERATURE Timberman, March, 1914.—Manufacture of Mexican hardwoods may become impor- tant industry, by J. H. Lindsey, p. 27. United States daily consular report, March 19, 1914.—American woods at Hamburg, by Henry H. Morgan, p. 1050-1. United States daily consular report, March 26, 1914.—Willow peelings in Germany, by Robert P. Skinner, p. 1147. United States daily consular report, March 30, 1914—Cork dust used in Malaga fruit packing, by Robert Frazer, p. 1194. United States daily consular report, April 4, 1914.—Hardwood timber of the Solomon Islands, p. 74. United States daily consular report, April 9, 1914.—Maple sirup and sugar industry in North America, by Fred C. Slater, p. 150-1. West coast lumberman, March 15, 1914.— More about wood block paving, p. 46. West coast lumberman, April 1, 1914.—Pro- ducer gas made from sawmill waste gen- erally more preferable, cheaper and of better results than gas made from coal or other solid fuel, by Howard B. Oak- leaf, p. 34-5; Nature’s timber preserva- tive, p. 44; Hemlock makes good paving blocks, p. 45. Wood-worker, March, 1914.—The successful veneered door, by Richard Newbecker, p. 30-1; “Sugi” finish, by George S. John- son, p. 37. Forest journals Allgemeine forst- und jagd-zeitung, Feb., 1914—Ertragsregelung in preussischen gemeindewaldungen, by Hemmann, p. 66-8. Bulletin de la Société centrale forestiére de Belgique, March, 1914.—De la restaura- tion des taillis dégradés dans le cantonne- ment de Comblain-au-Pont, by F. Rouf- fignon, p. 145-59; Foréts algériennes, p. 203; Chéne-liége, p. 204. Canadian forestry journal, Feb., 1914.—St. Maurice forest protective association, p. 28-9. Forestry quarterly, March, 1914—-A_ sug- gestion for securing better professional terminology, by P. S. Lovejoy, p. 1-4; Graded volume tables for Vermont hard- woods, by Irving W. Bailey and Philip C. Heald, p. 5-23; Red and white fir; xylometer cordwood test, by R. W. Tay- lor, p. 24-6; A comparison of the Doyle and Scribner rules with actual mill cut for second growth white pine in Penn- sylvania, by N. R. McNaughton, p. 27-30; Loss due to exposure in the transplanting of white pine seedlings, by E. A. Ziegler, p. 31-3; Effective fertilizers in nurseries, by George A. Retan, p. 34-6; The rela- tion of the surface cover and ground litter in a forest to erosion, by Maxi- milian Gleissner, p. 37-40; Forest taxa- tion activity in Massachusetts, by Her- bert J. Miles, p. 41-3; Cost accounts for 391 reconnaissance surveys, by A. B. Con- nell, p. 44-6; Forestry in America as re- flected in Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters, by Barrington Moore, p. 47-69. Naturwissenschaftliche zeitschrift fur forst- und landwirtschaft, Dec., 1913.—Ein beitrag zur samenproduktion der wald- baume im Grossherzogtum Baden, by Seeger, p. 529-54; Uber das vorkommen einer blattwespe in eichenpflanzungen, by J. C. Nielsen, p. 554-7; Hitzeschaden an waldpflanzen, by Munch, p. 557-62. North woods, March, 1914.—A revelation; some poplar facts, p. 7-11; The beaver in Itasca state park, by D. Lange, p. 13-23. Quarterly journal of forestry, April, 1914.— The visit of the Royal English arboricul- tural society to German forests, by Wm. Schlich, p. 75-81; Ray tracheids in Se- quoia sempervirens and their pathologi- cal character, by W. S. Jones, p. 81-94; Board-foot measure, by Wm. Somerville, p. 94-101; Protomorphic shoots in the genus Pinus, by A. G. Harper, p. 101-6; Note on Bulgaria inquinans growing on living beech trees, by W. E. Hiley, p. 106-8 ; New Zealand royal commission on forestry, p. 116-24; Forest research at Cambridge, by A. M. Caccia, p. 127-38; Chermes on larch, by T. D. Strhatern, p. 139-40; Armillaria mellea on Salix coerulea, by E. R. Pratt, p. 141-2; Mari- time pine on peat-bog, by A. Henry, p. 149-50; State afforestation, by John Stir- ling Maxwell, p. 150-61. Revue des eaux et foréts, Feb. 15, 1914—Au sujet des défrichements en Sologne, by Pierre Buffault, p. 120-4; L’intervention de l’état dans la gestion des bois de par- ticuliers. n. 125-8. Schweizerische zeitschrift fur forstwesen, Feb., 1914.—Ueber die gehélzformationen der Aareufer, by R. Siegrist, p. 33-6; Die vorarbeiten zur erneuerung der zol- tarife und handelsvertrage: Kategorie holz, by M. Decoppet, p. 36-47; Forst- liche streifziige durch Obersteiermark, p. 47-52. ; Yale forest school news, April 1, 1914.—The theoretical vs. the practical; address at the closing exercises of the senior class at the Yale forest school, Feb. 25, 1914, by B. E. Fernow, p. 15-18; Forestry in South Africa, bv C. C. Robertson, p. 18-19; Na- tional forests in the east, by K. W. Woodward, p. 19. Zeitschrift fiir forst- und jagdwesen, Dec., 1913.—Temperatur und feuchtigkeit zu Eberswalde, im freien und in einer buchenschonung, by Johannes Schubert, p. 764-75; Forst- finanzielle zukunfts- traume, by Frey, p. 776-82; Einfluss hoher essen auf die verbreitung der rauch- schaden, by Reuss, p. 782-90; Der kien- zopf; seine ubertragung von kiefer zu kiefer ohne zwischenwirt, by Haack, p. 3-46. AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS D. R. Woods, Engineer of the Twentieth Century Limited, New York Central Lines. He has carried a Hamilton Watch for years. )MNAUUNALLLNULLAL The Fastest Trains in America Run =) on Hamilton Watch {=~<{ Time Over one-half of the men on American Railroads main- taining Official Time Inspec- tion carry ULLUNLVOULUULUONNQUANOOU0NOAEOLAOOAOY SSG UNS UGSROANOASO AAA TMNT UU UU UTI TCU UI ULI UUO MUI UUU MMMM LTCC LULU LULLL LLL LULL “The Railroad Timekeeper of America’’ The Hamilton Watch is made in stand- ard sizes for men and women and is sold by leading jewelers everywhere at $38.50 to $150.00 for complete watches, timed and adjusted in the cases at the factory. In some models, movements only may be purchased, so that you can own a Hamilton Watch (using your present watch case) at a cost of $12.25 and up- ward. Ask your jeweler. If he can not supply you, write us. Write for ‘‘The Timekeeper’’ A book about the Hamilton Watch HAMILTON WATCH CCMPANY Dept. S Lancaster, Pennsylvania PUTTS TTC TLC CULT HIUUAICLCPLLUCRU LULU. LLL Le. L MMT TMT UTIL TU MUTUAL ULL LOL LL LLU LLL LL Full 1 FORESTERS ATTENTION AMERICAN FORESTRY will print free of charge in this column advertisements of foresters wanting positions, or of persons having employment to offer foresters 0 WANTED—A position as an inspector of ties, timbers and lumber, by a forest school graduate with experience in inspecting ties, timbers and lum- ber. Can furnish best of references. Address Inspector, Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. Graduate forester, with three years of practical experience in Austria, wants position. Best of references. Address Grorce RaceExK, 6th Avenue, 2133, Seattle, Wash. Graduate of Forestry School, having studied for- estry and lumbering operations in this country and Germany, with experience in the U. S. Forest Serv- ice, and also in state and private nursery work, would like position with forest engineering firm or lumber company. Best of references. Address XY, Care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. ENERGETIC Post Graduate Forester desires posi- tion as an assistant in park or city forestry work. Subordinate duties preferred. Best of references. Address M. M. J., Care AMERICAN ForRESTRY. WANTED—By young man intending to study forestry, position with lumber company, surveying party, or other position by which he can gain prac- tical knowledge. Address L. L., Care AMERICAN ForESTRY. FORESTER of technical training, six years’ teach- ing and practical experience in different parts of the United States, wishes to better position. Best refer- ences from university and employers, and others. Address G. O. T., Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. FORESTER with technical training and with sev- eral years’ experience in administrative work and teaching, desires position along either of these lines. Address “B,’? Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. FOREST ENGINEER—Best of American and European training. Five years of practical work along lines of organization, administration, protec- tion, cruising and appraising. Would like position with some large timber holding company, railroad, or municipal watershed. Best of references. Address “CRUISER,” Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. Deen eee ___ EE A forest school graduate with experience in U. S: Forest Service and with lumber company, also pos- sessing thorough business training, will consider offer of a good forestry position. Address M., Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. EE Graduate of Penna. State College Forestry School, with experience in U. S. Forest Service and with a big paper company, desires position with tree surgery and landscape gardening firm. Address H., Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. Forester with wide experience in nursery work, planting, fire protection, etc., and also in ark work, desires position. Best of references. Address U, Care AMERICAN ForREsSTRY. FORESTER with 15 years experience Estimating, Surveying, Mapping, and in the care of private hold- ings desires position. Perfectly reliable in every way, and with executive ability. Address “A,” care AMERICAN FORESTRY. AMERICAN FORESTRY'S ADVERTISERS _ SPR eIAL LOW ERICHS FOR Northern Grown White Pine Transplants FOR NURSERY AND FORESTRY PLANTING 6 in. to 10 in. 2 year transplants, $20.00 per M, $75.00 per 5 M 12 in. to 18 in. 2 year transplants, $40.00 per M, $175.00 per 5 M 500 at the thousand rate. No order for | Terms 60 days net to firms of known credit. less than 1000 accepted. | 5% discount tor cash with order. Write for special quotations on 10,000 and 2% discount for cash in 10 days. over lots. | 1% discount for cash in 30 days. Orders will be filled at the above prices so | Unknown customers will piease send cash long as stock lasts. | with order. Shipping facilities, New York All vigorous healthy stock with dark glau- Central Lines and American Express. cous foliage—grown from virgin cork pine : . Address all orders and remittances ta seed—no disease—no fungus—no insects—all carefully sized, tied in bunches and packed in a ae : CHARLES W. WARD, Trustee well ventilated cases which are charged at net cost. Lovells : Crawford County : Michigan | | | | | | | | | : 3 in. to 6 in. 2 year transplants, $10.00 per M, $40.00 per 5 M | | | | | | | | | | | | | fh 1 Bk A HN LH | Hh Sh a 1 ee A i AF A AF AE NY EE LL | EL | EN EH OT | YL HN | LS = YOUR OPPORTUNITY crkerorestation COST REDUCED TO A MINIMUM From Four to Five Millions Seedlings and Transplants, fine stock, Domestic, Northern Grown, of hardy constitution, suit- able for May Planting, are to be disposed of this spring as the ground must be cleared. Inquire quick on what stock you can use as mesPECIAL QUICK SELLING PRICES will promptly exhaust the supply -:- -:-.--- FOR INSTANCE: NORWAY SPRUCE, 3-year Transplants - - - $6.50, 1000; $55.00, 10,000; $485.00, 100,000 NORWAY SPRUCE, 2-year Seedlings - - - $3.00, 1000; $21.00, 10,000; $195.00, 100,000 NORWAY SPRUCE, 1i-year Seedlings - - - $2.00, 1000; $12.50, 10,000; $110.00, 100,000 Write us what you want and we will give you prices on other kinds F. W. KELSEY NURSERY CO., 'opR0apway ‘In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN ForESTRY — White Pine, Norway Spruce, and Other Varieties | | I! I il II ta ane I [| INITIAL TIMBER TRACTS |; I II ii il ii ARGE timber holdings, from the final i il conversion or sale of which great I] j profits are realized, are a combination of i i initial and subsequent purchases. i j We havea few Initial Tracts in northern i i Hemlock and Hardwoods, Southern Pine, i ; Southern Hardwoods and Western Pine, ; iil Douglas Fir and Western Cedar. i ; We have knowledge of several desirable i i “Commercially Solid’’ bodies of timber i | suitable for immediate manufacturing II ! operations and for short time invest- j i Mae nuS: } ij i We recommend to investors the pur- i ij chase of Initial Tracts to which subse- i ; quently may be added other timber to I! ; be purchased under our supervision. j i We recommend the purchase of acces- 1 i sible‘‘Commercially Solid’’ tracts to those il | desiring timber for immediate operation. ii Send for copy of “Lumber User's Guide ij No. 8,” which treats of the Special Values, il Special Adaptabilities and Special Economies ij of Douglas Fir for all building purposes. | JAMES D. LACEY & CO. Timber Land F'actors 1750 McCormick Building 1107 Spalding Building 1009 White Building ij CHICAGO, ILLINOIS PORTLAND, ORE. SEATTLE, WASH. j = = | SO tt —————— ———— LL I EY | LL HS HS FO SS SS a Se LE Lf LE 1 HL a —— ee rrirrinnnnnnnnenliinneennmneeennenneeeemneeet NATIONAL CAPITAL PRESS, | v Vol. 20 JUNE, 1914 No. 6 Including American Conservation, ac quired in August, 1911 sreDeneecessetenssocsceseersccaccscesssscrsscensensnsececesietsnsrersnssntsssecsenerencecesessssoccseessuscceseessuscnnnscas sususnsscsoussenusanseceesnscsnnssecseresssscccsazsnnznssnssesnecsgaeusenvanacauseusnssnazesss SSeS cscsscss esses ze size Ses lee tees ce eee e525 Sees ooo oa gage aaa a aga ae EEE EEE EE SEE SESE EEE EEE SEES EEE SEES SESE E SE EE SEES SES SESS SE ESE SSEE SEES SSESSE SSE SSESS SSS EES esse se SstessSsegeseeleeseeeeeseeesee Bee NATIONAL RECLAMATION OUR MOUNTAIN MEADOWS GEORGE W. VANDERBILT, PIONEER IN FORESTRY FORESTRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE STREET TREE PLANTING HALF OF EACH TREE LOST BOY SCOUTS TRAIL BUILDING AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS Y MMMM fs id WU OME MUO MOO0000€3 SS niadin 2 with mechan- “S=ltieal rehauls to return lines to the woods is be- coming more and more pop: ular. Greater speed and independence from weath- er conditions constitute the principal reasons for this :- YOU WILL BE INTERESTED IN HEARING & SEEING WHAT OTHERS ARE DOING WITH CLYDE MECHANICAL REHAUL SKIDDERS. Wrire us and we will arrange to Show you CLYDE IYIRON WORKS DULUTH, VU. S.A. In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN ForESTRY American Forestry The Magazine of the American Forestry Association PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD HERMAN H. CHAPMAN FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL ERNEST A. STERLING JOHN E. RHODES S. T. DANA S. N. SPRING June CONTENTS 1914 AN EPITOME OF NATIONAL RECLAMATION—By C. J. Blanchard............... 393 With six illustrations. STREET TREE PLANTING IN A WESTERN TOWN—By W. W. Robbins.......... 403 With one illustration. OUR MOUNTAIN MEADOWS—By Harold C. Bradley.....................:+.-00-5- 406 With six illustrations. WILD LIRE IN MINNESOTA—By Profs Charles Johnson. .-..5.-.:.-..-.:.-.-...-.- 414 (CUS HOLT DURST BAN LVN Coa UNO SE ed et AS Uo a Me ie Is es Pa Re ace RA 415 With one illustration. CHhopsENUds BLIGH CONTINUES—By Olivers Diohockeran wees coe. reo seislee atin: 416 With one illustration. CONSE RVAGIONP ROR. LUMBER IVMIEINS 2 eee EASA ft Ane wears ns cae ou en chee 418 GEORGE W. VANDERBILT, PIONEER IN FORESTRY—By Overton Westfeldt Price.. 420 With four illustrations. BRISGCAMEHORE SitsP UR CHASE Dy io see. ak ene Oe Cte ate ata coe Shskeig ce Sucsane shee ee 425 With three illustrations. BOREDOM VeAdaGHAUTAUOUAS wi: 2.4 kote Mee PAREN rene ccg ests icin acete ks 430 PMS MmORSRhOREST “PRODU Cl oe cee ere ee yee once ae a teow aeiees 431 CORNED SeEORESILR-Y BULL DIN Gere eer re ied Ol Bet eee ae 432 DEEN Om SenOR “STOCK -. . 1. fe: 0 ae eee ee TR SEU D, pod | ethos 2 a ee 433 With two illustrations. THUD ELE COUR BANC E8401 Se Bd Dam DF i BAAR LA re TI oc ae La et Ma a re ee 438 With three illustrations. FAO SSUALS a ROE Sie sAVAIVITINIE,.'- 2.2 , ? There are to be addresses showing the ways in which forest fires start, the great damage done by them, and how they may be prevented; how logging and milling operations \/ \ , asad ¢ >, +, Xa XeX aX aXe? oe are conducted in the forest; how reforestation takes place; ¢ we how forest planting is done; the methods by which forestry 4 SS education is provided; how the public can aid conservation aS SS of the forests; how necessary the forests are for the preser- ee vation of scenic beauty, for public recreation, for the preser- vation of streams and the perpetuation of hunting and fishing, and upon all phases of forest conditions. The meeting will be the greatest public gathering in the cause of forestry that has ever been held in this country and members of the Association are not only urged to attend but to prevail upon their friends to go also. All information regarding train service and hotel ac- commodations may be secured from Secretary Arthur E. Bestor at Chautauqua, N.Y., or from the American Forestry Association at Washington, D. C. \/ \/ ¢ O40 0,0 0.9 +, +, ¢ \/ * er % \/ ¢ 4 ¢ +, >, ee @, >, o 2 \) 0 450-48 0-4) ¢ \ + \/ +, ro-4' +, ¢ aaa XeXa? Cas >, Cas + Oo Soy. ° ¢ o, (2 Ge Ge Me oe og a He Ge He fa a he He on Me Me ge Me he ce aM Me Me a% eo o%o Me Me Bn He bee eae eee Nee Xe Xa aXe Ke Xe e Kade a Kee Xe Kee a Xe eX eX Pec EiS rl OR FOREST PRODUCTS OLLOWING an exhibit at Chi- Fk cago which proved even a greater success than the most sanguine promoters had ex- pected, the Forest Products Exposition for the last ten days of May duplicated its show at New York City in the Grand Central Palace, and here the Chicago success was actually eclipsed both in point of attendance and general public interest. It is gratifying to state, following the many initial doubts as to whether such an exhibit could be made attractive, profitable and of prac- tical worth, that the response of the exhibitors, in space contracts and in appropriations for impressive, not to say elaborate, displays, were so liberal that success was assured before the doors were opened. Not only were the displays of the different kinds of woods and of their uses of great value to the contractor, engineer and builder and of artistic in- terest to the public, but they furnished to the prospective builder ideas and in- formation which will Le of great serv- ice. In addition, the whole exhibit was of marked educational value and none were more impressed with this than were the teachers from the public and private schools, who, with thousands of their pupils, were present by che courtesy of the managers both at Chicago and in New York. Aside from the trade exhibits was one by the United States Forest Serv- ice which in itself was an education in forestry, lumbering, milling, building and land and water conservation, show- ing as it did not only how to preserve the forests but how to use them to the best possible advantage and illustrating with graphic models the amount of waste now contingent upon transfer- ing the tree into ultimate use and the methods by which most of this waste may be avoided. This exhibit attracted particular attention. There was also a most attractive exhibit by the American Wood Preservers Association, where the many samples of treated and un- treated woods for various uses indi- cated in a most impressive manner how greatly the life of woods for railroad ties, block pavements and other uses may be prolonged by the use of various preservatives. A model of a wood- preserving plant showing just how wood is best treated attracted large numbers. There were also displays by city park and shade tree commissions, by the Y¥. Mi CA. ofits buildings “and tts work in lumber communities and camps, and the American Forestry Association had an interesting exhibit showing the nature and the value of its work in the forestry cause. The trade displays, of which space does not permit detailed mention, were of great variety, and on most of them many thousands of dol- lars were spent for what proved to be a very artistic and attractive display. The undisputed success of the two exhibits should convince the promoters and the exhibitors that it will be well worth their while to have other forest products exhibits in the future, and that other cities will find them as at- tractive as did Chicago and New York. Goats For Fire Prevention Angora goats have been used with profit to keep fire lines clear of inflammable vegetation on national forests in California. Seed Yield From Cones _ Western yellow pine cones, to the amount of 6,377 bushels, obtained on the Bitterroot national forest, Montana, yielded 9,482 pounds of seed. The average cost of the extracted seed was 41 cents per pound. 431 CORNELL’S FORESTRY. BUILDING OMMODIOUS and thoroughly equipped for the work, the new forestry building of the New York State College of Agriculture at Cornell University was formally opened on May 15 and 16. There gathered for the ceremony for- esters from as far west as Missouri and Michigan and as far north as Canada, some seventy-five in all, who participated in the excellent program and enjoyed the opportunity of getting together for both formal and informal talks on forestry questions. ‘The build- ing which was described in the April number of AMERICAN Forestry is now completed and in use, much to the pride and satisfaction of the faculty and the students. Chief among the visitors was Dr. B. E. Fernow, who instituted the first forestry school at Cornell a number of years ago only to have it later discon- tinued by legislative action. The Amer- ican Forestry Association was repre- sented by its president, Dr. Henry S. Drinker, and by several directors. ‘The Society of American Foresters held a special meeting during the period, and there were representatives of the for- estry societies, forest fire protective as- sociations, forest schools and conserva- tion organizations of several States. Acting director W. A. Stocking, Jr., of the New York State College of Agriculture, formally opened the cere- monies, and three sessions were held on May 15 and one on the following day. Chief Forester Henry S. Graves being absent, Assistant Forester W. B. Greeley spoke on national forestry from the viewpoint of the Forest Service; W. H. Vary, Master of the New York State Grange, made an address on for- estry on the farm, and Charles H. Dow, a director of the Letchworth Park and Arboretum, on forestry as an invest- ment, while C. R. Pettis spoke on the work of the New York State Conserva- tion Commission. At the afternoon session there were addresses by Prof. James W. Toumey, of the Yale Forest School, on training foresters during the next decade; by F. L. Moore, president of the Empire State Forest Products Association, on lumbering during the next decade; by Dr. Henry S. Drinker, president of the American Forestry Association, on making public opinion in forestry con- servation effective and by J. S. Whip- ple, president of the New York State Forestry Association, on what New York State needs in forestry. The same evening L. H. Bailey, a former director of the State College of Agriculture, gave a delightfully poetic talk on forestry, and Gifford Pinchot spoke of the national move- ment in conservation. The Saturday morning session was devoted to talks on State forestry in the East, by Alfred Gaskill, State For- ester of New Jersey; in the Middle West, by Prof. Filibert Roth, of the University of Michigan, and by Dr. Fernow, on the requirements of the Society of American Foresters of its members. ‘This concluded the formal meeting, but in the afternoon the visitors were entertained at the Cornell- Pennsylvania track meet, the Cornell- Princeton baseball game and by a trip up the lake to Crowbar Point, where they enjoyed a camp fire dinner. A Beautiful Lake : Armstrong Lake, within the Beartooth national forest, Montana, is said to rival the famed Lake Louise of the Canadian Rockies. by towering mountains. : connects it with the railroad at Billings. It lies at an elevation of 7,000 feet surrounded A good road which can be traveled in half a day by automobile A rustic hotel has recently been completed and many trails make the surrounding region accessible. 432 SHEEP RAISED ON A NATIONAL FOREST. DRIBT PFENCESSPORestOCK N order to control the movements of sheep and cattle grazed under permits on the national forests, the Government is constructing what are known as drift fences which facili- tate the counting and handling of the animals. These fences also help to reg- ulate the time when stock may enter the forests, so that sheep and cattle can be kept off in the early spring until the young grass and other forage plants have had a chance to get a start. In some cases, too, they restrict grazing to certain areas and serve either to protect some grazing grounds or to secure a complete utilization of the forage on ‘others. tm The drift fences are not enclosures but generally extend for long distances across the country, much like the ‘‘drift fences,’’ or snow fences along railroad rights of way. The railroad fences, however, take their name from the fact that they serve to pile the wind-blown snow to the windward side of the track, so it will not settle in the cuts and im- pede traffic. The drift fences for stock keep the animals from going in certain ‘directions, or ‘‘drifting,’’ to use a cattle- man’s expression, or restrict them to specified areas for the winter and to others for the summer. They may also prevent stock from grazing upon areas where poisonous plants are found; thus they lessen the cost of herding and pre- vent losses. Examples of the use of drift fences are furnished in several built on the Dixie forest of Utah, where stock graz- ing is important. Five miles of drift fences were built by the Government on this forest to protect the water supply of the city of St. George from contami- nation by forest range cattle. This, with other stretches of substantial wire fence in connection with rocky ledges, which are equally good barriers against stock, makes the southern boundary of one of the divisions of this forest stock proof, except at certain established gateways. During the coming year sixteen miles of fence is to be built across the northern part of this division. This will distinctly separate the north- ern range from that to the south, which is on an average some 3,000 feet higher and will be used exclusively as summer range. By keeping the stock on the 433 ana *) ean FOREST. 3: Z 2 a Zz 2 A Zz ° O < Z co) & Z < fad % a a rs] 4 (e) fy 4 < Z S = < Z < Z ° O Z >; 2 e) E 436 separat: areas until the forage on the other has had a chance to start, both winter and summer range will be greatly improved and their carrying capacity increased. Another interesting development is 4% miles of drift fence on the Fishlake forest in the same state. It was built to keep cattle on the north side and horses on the south where larkspur grows in abundance. Larkspur is very poisonous to cattle, but is not eaten at all by horses. Before this fence was built, 60 cattle had died in one month, June; after it was built and the cattle were excluded from the larkspur areas there was a further loss of only 5, though July and August are considered by cattlemen in Utah the worst months for larkspur poisoning. Forest officers therefore have estimated that this fence, which cost $740, saved $2,500 in the first year it was built, and should save $4,000, or five times its cost, each season. It is said, too, that it increases the carrying capacity of the grazing district about 15 per cent. Two other fences in the same state, costing $2,100, will, on a conservative AMERICAN FORESTRY estimate by the cattlemen, save ap- proximately $6,000 a year. In certain areas where the fences will greatly minimize the problems of the forest officers in handling cattle within the national forests, the cost is borne by the Government. In other areas where the benefits to stockmen have been shown they are built in cooperation with the cattle owners, who pay a large part of the expense or furnish the labor. Throughout the national forest states there are cattle and sheep owners’ as- sociations which represent individuals who graze their flocks and herds upon the national forests. All differences which arise between the forest officers and the individual owners are submitted to the advisory boards of these associa- tions, and they are therefore clearing houses for the settlement of any diffi- culties which may need adjustment. According to the officials of the service, these associations have practically elim- inated controversies, and the officers who administer them are in perfect accord with the policies of the Govern- ment. One of the evidences of this is shown in the drift fences which help both sides. GRAZING FOR ELEVEN NMEEE TORN LIVESTOCK IGURES showing the number of Fk livestock for which the Secre- tary of Agriculture has author- ized grazing permits for the ranges on the 160 National Forests during the year 1914 have just been made public. Nearly eleven million animals can be grazed, including nearly two million head of cattle and horses, nearly nine million head of sheep and goats, and about sixty-five thousand hogs. current year of about thirty-eight thou- sand more cattle and horses, and three hundred and forty-seven thousand more sheep and goats, although the gross area of the National Forests at the beginning of 1914 is almost a million INCREASES ON This means an increase for the. NATIONAL FORESTS acres less than at the beginning of 19135. During 1913, according to the reports just compiled, more than twenty-seven thousand stockmen paid the Govern- ment for grazing permits on the Na- tional Forests. For several years past the carrying, capacity of the National Forest ranges has been slowly rising, which, forest officers say, indicates an improvement in general grazing conditions and a bet- ter utilization of the forage resources. They claim that this is due mainly to the enforcement of better methods of distributing and handling stock. On the lands recently acquired by the Federal Government within the Appa- lachian region of the east, regulated FIRES CAUSED BY LIGHTNING 437 grazing has been undertaken this year on six distinct areas. The local stock owners who had previously used the land under lease from the former own- ers have readily accepted the change of ownership and appear to be favor- ably impressed with the methods em- ployed by the Forest Service for graz- ing purposes. While the number of all animals authorized to graze upon these BEKES CAUSED XHAUSTIVE inquiry has es- i tablished the fact that lightning ranks next to railroads as a source of forest fires. Forest officers say that the increasing care with fire on the part of the railroads and the public generally tends to make light- ning the largest single contributing cause. This statement represents a change of view from that held less than a decade ago in this country, when for- est journals gravely argued whether lightning caused forest fires, though it was known that trees were the objects most often struck. Trees are said to be oftenest struck simply because they are sO numerous, and extending up- ward, they shorten the distance between the ground and the clouds; further, their branches in the air and roots well into the earth invite electrical dis- charges. While certain trees are said to ‘invite lightning, and others to be immune from stroke, it seems to be a fact that any kind of tree will be struck, and the most numerous tree species in any locality is the one most likely to suffer. Other things being equal, lightning seeks the tallest tree, or an isolated tree, or one on high ground. up its maximum fire-fighting strength in those regions until the rains are fully established. In the plans and organiza- tion for fire fighting the service aims particularly to catch these unprevent- able lightning-set fires at the time they Start. Planting 858,000 Trees More than 858,000 young trees are being set out this spring on national forests in Utah and southern Idaho, and the season is reported as particularly favorable to their successful growth. HALF. OF BACH TREE ALOST ALF, or more than half, of each tree is lost in the various stages of manufacture leading to the finished commodities made from it, is the conclusion reached in a report on the wood-using industries of New York State by John T. Harris, of the United States Forest Service, in cooperation with the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse and published by that institution. ‘This con- clusion emphasizes the finding that closer utilization of the forest products is ‘today the greatest problem of the wood-using industries and is of vital importance. Fifty years ago, when New York led all States in the production of lumber, the report says the problem of waste was almost unknown. At that time the one aim of the superintendent of a plant was to increase the daily output. Today, New York has dropped to twenty-third place among the lumber producing States, and there is increas- ing need for more efficient consumption of wood material going through the factory. The rapid decline of New York as a leader in lumber production has been accompanied by a relative in- crease in the demand for forest prod- ucts. While her annual lumber pro- duction is at present over 25,000,000 feet her own forests and woodlots con- tribute less than one-third of the raw material consumed by her factories. No problems before the State are more important than the study of closer utilization of forest products, care of the forests, forest fire protec- tion, and reforestation. Of the 34,- 000,000 acres in the State, 22,000,000 are included in farms and of this, only 15,000,000 acres are actually in crops. This means that 7,000,000 acres of farms are idle; and it is estimated that less than half of the 12,000,000 acres outside of farms, contains merchant- able timber. To obtain the most use from all land whatsoever, it is reliably estimated that between 12,000,000 and 438 14,000,000 acres in the State must eventually be devoted entirely to for- ests. Such an area is greater than that of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island combined, and is equal co all that part of New York north of the New York Central Line. Improved forest conditions in this large area would mean an enormous saving to the State. Transportation of raw material from the extreme South- ern States, from Canada, and from the West to supply factories in a forest State results of course in duplication and adds to the cost of forest products. Last year there were sent out through the ports of New York State over $15,000,000 for wood to be used in local New York industries. Practically all of the orders for this imported ma- terial should ultimately be cancelled. ‘Twelve million acres or more of forest lands in this State should produce all of the 1,754,519,217 feet consumed by the home wood users. If New York will adopt a sound forest policy she can eventually take her former rank as one of the first States in the production of forest products and supply nearly ail of the raw material needed by her fac- tories. The rapid increase in manufacturing in New York has made an abnormal demand for forest products and a con- sequent influx of timber from Canada, from the Lake States, and from the southern pine region. Douglas fir also has been shipped entirely across the continent for buildings, bridges, car construction and ship masts. Millions of feet of cypress are shipped all the way from the Gulf States to build tanks and silos; red gum from the lower Mississippi Valley is shipped in for in- terior finish, taking the places formerly occupied by home-grown oaks, maples and birches ; practically all of the better grades of white pine used in the State comes from the Ottawa River District in Canada and from the Lake States. The Pacific Coast is called upon to ey i ay *% a A & ~ Re. Photo by Hugh P. Baker. Best Type OF VIRGIN FOREST IN THE CENTRAL APPALACHIAN REGION. MIXED EVERGREENS AND HARDWOODS. UNL LLY FINE SPECIMENS OF CUCUMBER TREE IN MIDDLE GROUND. “YIOX MON Jo sqso10j ursstA [eordAy url UVas se sutazs JO Joquinu |[euUIs a4} YM UOsLIeduIOD Ur a1O¥ Jed suIa}s Jo Jequinu a81R] ‘rea tad aioe ied p$ 03 Z7$ se YSIY se Butonpord st 47 Ivaul [einjeu Aq peonpoider pue ulaysAs Uor}a]as ay} JopuN pasevuLUl st a1ay} ysos S$S9098 0} SB SaTI[MOUZIp sures ay} Jo AuBUT YIM SYOepUONPY 94} OA!] YONUI uolsai snoureyUNOU MOT B SIBAOD 4Se10,J HOV|G UT, ‘ANVINYGS) NYALSAM AO LSTMOT MOVIG AHL N 94} PION 24} JA pue joxIeU pue A4qTIqr 1 ANG TVOIdAL “dayDg *“q yany &q ojoyg K Ea > &, ES SIR pee: Page sees 3, ~s = Pe ves The, rey ay iaiedsidnenen 6 es TEN ene he SERB } Peta Ria os 3 oa LY ‘s19UMO jO[pooM JO y1ed ayy Uo uOlyeredood Aq peaoidun aq AvuI suolytpuod joxIe yey) pue padojaadp aq jim |[tul ajqezsod ayz jo asn ayy yey} pedoy aq 0} SI4J ‘spue] esplt pur ][IYy sey} Wory suInyer qua]jaoxe AIOA SI9UMO puP, pue SOULE} BAI A sjonpoid jo SurjexIew aaryerede Y}IM peUTquIOD sjoTPOOM asayy Jo Bur,yno Jodoid pue yi0 IN Ul SjOo[poomM ut Zurpuerys Jequity ajqenyea jo junoure asie] AOA & Al[[ear st o194 ], IOX MAN UL s}saIOJ 91M4NJ JO VOTZeZTIGN ayy Ul OJP] JU I MPS 9[qR ouL ‘SdOOM AHL NI YAOM 1V 442 supply millions of shingles for build- ings in New York. The western red cedar is so valuable for shingles that it has practically no competition from the home-grown woods. Many of the most important wood- using industries of the State, including the manufacturers of planing mill prod- ucts, boxes and crates, sash, doors, blinds and general millwork, furniture, cars, ships, boats, pianos and organs, get most of their raw material from abroad. The ten leading wood-using industries consume a total of 436,000,- 000 feet of home-grown wood and pur- chase from other States the enormous amount of 1,038,000,000 feet. New York’s forests and woodlots still con- tribute to wood-using industries over half a billion feet of lumber annually. This condition can not continue long, however, unless the State takes a more active part in the restocking and preser- vation of her forest areas, and unless lumbermen and manufacturers utilize the forest products more economically. Two important problems confronting State foresters will be to obtain satis- factory reproduction of the more de- sirable species in the shortest possible time and to increase the growth to the maximum amount which the soil and situation are capable of producing. Substantial progress has already been made in the direction of conservation. Three and one-half million acres are enclosed within the so-called “blue line.” This line marks the outside boundary of the Adirondack State forest reserve. But of this area the State owns only 1,600,000 acres. Much of the land, except that recently purchased, has been cut or burned over. Improved facilities for fire protection have been recently established. Additional ob- servation towers for locating fires have been built and telephone lines extended. AMERICAN FORESTRY Excellent work has been done by the New York State Conservation Commis- sion in the matter of reforestation of burned and cut-over lands; and while the amount of planting to date is in the aggregate small, it is a splendid start in the right direction. From two to three cents only per acre are now being expended in the Adirondacks for fire protection. It would be good economy for the State to expend two to three times this amount. Large timber own- ers in the Northwest spend as high as four to five cents per acre and New York can not afford to spend less. New York is especially favored among the States climatically and other- wise for the production of forests. Favorable conditions of rainfall and soil for splendid forest development exist throughout the State. It is now known that every acre in the forest areas, where there is any soil whatever, will ultimately produce good forests. There is no reason why the Adiron- dacks should not eventually be covered with as fine a forest as can now be found anywhere in the Black Forest or other forest regions in Europe. Again, market conditions are unexcelled. The forest sections of the State are well equipped with streams and are easily accessible by rail. Several suggestions have been made for the protection and proper use of the State’s natural resources. These are (1) the repeal of the Constitutional provision forbidding the cutting of trees upon State lands, (2) opening of State forests for recreation places for all the people, (3) an increase of the State’s holdings of forest lands, (4) ex- tension of the present system of pro- tection, and (5) the introduction of practical economic methods of repro- duction. Seeking Instruction Here Zentaro Kawase, professor of forestry at the Imperial University of Tokio, Japan, has been making a tour of the national forests of this country to learn the government’s methods of selling timber and of reforestation. RUSSIA’S FOREST FAMINE ANY people hold the popular MVM belief that Russia is a coun- try of limitless forests, and the fact that there is a wood famine there may shock them. Such a shock, however, is beneficial as it should awaken in them an appreciation of the efforts being made to perpetuate the forests of this country. The Russian wood famine is so severe that even Mos- cow suffered from it last winter and a number of public and charitable insti- tutions were insufficiently heated. Mr. Menshikoy tells about the con- ditions in an article in the St. Peters- burg Novoye Vremya and the follow- ing portions have been translated by The Literary Digest: “For many years, for whole decades, we took no notice of the destruction of the forests. On the contrary, the rul- ing class, the nobility, hastened to sell out their wooded properties rather than be compelled to sell the land. ‘Those who sold their forests usually did so for trifling sums, giving the brokers an opportunity of earning 300, 500, and even 1,000 per cent on their capital. Those who did not sell their own en- couraged the destruction of their neigh- bors’ forests, wisely supposing that the remaining ones would rise in price. In the end the deforestation of the coun- try assumed threatening proportions, and when the clamor raised by the press and learned bodies and chiefly by the landed proprietors themselves became unbearable, the Government in- troduced a _ forest-conservation law. But, like the majority of our laws, the conservation was left to the will of God. With the shrewdness of the brokers and the dishonesty of the com- mon citizen, for centuries trained in the art of circumventing the law, forest conservation has in many places been turned into an amusing comedy. The destruction of the forests, even now, goes on in full blast, and the most im- portant of elements which guard the very possibility of man’s existence in the North—the forests which yield fuel—are rapidly disappearing. What would you say if the English should be deprived of the sea, or Switzerland of her mountains? You would say that their end had come. And fire-wood must be considered just as vitally nec- essary to Russia as the sea is to the English and the mountains to Switzer- land. One may regret the disappear- ance of timber, but “that can in a large degree be replaced by brick, iron, and other construction materials. But fuel in the north, in the form of fire-wood, cannot be replaced. “We take a paper view of the coun- try, and seeing on paper millions of acres of woodland, we feel quite at ease; we have been and still are the richest country in wood. This may be true, but then our forests have remained only in the north. The whole western Russia, recently covered with immense forests, the central provinces, are completely bared; and even such regions as Novgorod, Olonetzk, Volog- da, are being gradually affected. The forests which covered Russia were her natural cloak, serving to warm the peo- ple and rendering it possible for them to live in the North. Before our very eyes Russia’s cloak is being removed these last fifty years, and our nation remains naked in the midst of a frozen desert. There is a great demand for timber and fire-wood both in Russia and abroad. Speculation in forest land goes on wherever there has re- mained a shred of the past riches. The conservation laws are being evaded with the greatest care.” Mr. Menshikov concludes with the following burst of pessimistic but pa- triotic eloquence, whose bitterness seems completely justified by the condition he describes : “Devoid of its wooded cover, the soil is losing its moisture, the lakes and rivers are drying up; from under the surface barren sands appear, and man, 443 444 deprived of fuel, deprived of the prod- ucts of the natural garden of God, must either degenerate, like the Siberian sav- ages, or flee from Russia. Our nation does both. It degenerates, or more AMERICAN FORESTRY correctly, freezes like a southern plant brought to the north, and those who are more resolute flee from their father- land to Siberia, Turkestan, Canada, Australia, Argentina.” WHITE PINES MENAGED Hk white-pine blister rust has such dangerous possibilities for the native white-pine forests of the East that the United States Department of Agriculture recom- mends earnestly that all trees found af- fected by this disease be destroyed at once. The disease is most conspicuous during the month of May, and it is recommended that the owners of all white pines which are not definitely known to have grown from seed in their present location make a thorough search of their white pines for this dis- ease. The latter part of May is. the best time to search for it in Northern New England and New York, while the first half of May is best for Southern New England and New York and farther south. The disease appears upon white pines in most localities during the month of May in the form of yellow blisters breaking through the bark of the main stem near the ground. These blisters, after a few days, break open and give forth great numbers of dusty, orange- yellow spores. In rare cases it occurs well up on the trunk of trees which are twenty to twenty-five years ot age. A very similar disease occurs at about the same time upon the pitch pine, but it should not be confused with the white- p.ne blister rust, as it is a native disease which does not attack the five-needled pines. All owners of white pines, either in woodlots or in ornamental plantings, should make a special search for the blister rust of white pine on their prop- erty. Incase it is believed that this dis- ease is found, specimens should be for- warded to the Office of Investigations in Forest Pathology in the Bureau of Plant Industry, where an examination will be made, free of charge, and the best possible advice given regarding the eradication of the disease. General, active cooperation of white-pine own- ers will do much to make effective the efforts of the Department to eradicate this serious enemy of the most impor- tant coniferous tree of the East. It is estimated that at the present time there are present in this country over two and one-half million young white pine trees which were infected by this disease before they left Europe, and which are now present in this coun- try. This disease has an alternate stage of development upon the leaves of vari- ous currants and gooseberries. It has been found a number of times in this country occurring upon currants. These occurrences of the disease upon cur- rants in this country are directly trace- able to neighboring diseased white pines, as the disease is quite definitely known now not to be carried upon dor- mant currant stock. Since the discovery of this disease in 1909, a special effort has been made by various forestry officials and horticul- tural inspectors of the Eastern States, where the infected imported trees were mostly distributed, to eradicate the dis- ease everywhere that it might be found. It very often occurs in ornamental plantings of private estates, especially upon trees less than twenty-five years of age. The disease is one from which the tree never recovers, so far as now known; hence it is of no advantage to the owner of diseased trees to refuse to remove and destroy the diseased trees. WHITE PINES Ady e eel Fe Es = —_ {4} r Zz Li S Q poer {4} ae —_ 445 PLANTED WHITE PINE, SHOWING DOMINANT AND SUPPRESSED TREES The disease has not yet attacked any of our forests, and if everyone who owns white pines which were brought from some other locality and planted would make a thorough search as above re- quested, a great step would be taken to- ward the eradication of this dangerous disease. BOY -SCOUDS TiAl. Dies Nie: HE United States Government, always desiring to educate the | public on the subject of the proper use and protection of forests, has found a means to cooperate in a practical way with the Boy Scouts of America. Through arrangements made by the United States Forestry Service, twenty-four Boy Scouts—eight from Washington, D. C., eight from Baltimore, and eight from Boston—are to build this coming summer a ten-mile trail in a remote part of the White Mountain National Forest. The plans for this work and the unusual oppor- tunity it provides for these boys to prac- tice their Scoutcraft and learn some- thing about forestry, and for the gov- ernment to make more intelligent and vital the interest of boys in practical conservation, are described by Forest Inspector K. W. Woodward, of the United States Forestry Service, in an article which appears, with illustrations, in the June number of Boys’ Life, the Boy Scouts Magazine. Mr. Woodward says: “Twenty-four Boy Scouts under the direction of three Scout Masters will build ten miles of trail for the United States Forest Service in the White Mountain National Forest this summer. In return for this work the Boy Scouts will be paid at a rate equivalent to that which the Government would have to pay for the construction of this trail were the work done by the regular force. “TO CAMP IN THE VALLEY OF WILD RIVER. “The trail which the Boy Scouts will build is intended primarily as a mears of protection against fire. However, it will also be useful in making the White Mountian National Forest more acces- sible to tourists and prospective timber purchasers, and parts of it may even be used later on in the logging of the timber through which it passes. “The boys will be working approxi- mately ten miles from the nearest town, 446 which is Gilead, Me. They will camp in the valley of Wild River, a tributary of the Androscoggin River, and will have two stretches of trail to build. “The first will be alongside of Wild River and the work will consist merely in the improvement of a rough trail, which needs to be put into condition so that horses can travel over it. “The second stretch of trail will be located in the timber, where no means of quick travel existed before. “A PICTURESQUE COUNTRY. “It is unnecessary to state that the region in which the boys will work, the White Mountains, possesses many scenic attractions. Immediately west of the Wild River Valley is the Carter Moriah Range, which rises abruptly to a height of 5,000 feet. Ten miles wes of the boys’ camp, as the crow flies, is the summit of the Presidential Range, with Mt. Washington, the highest peak in the White Mountains, standing 6,300 feet above sea level. “The main stream to which Wild River and the other minor streams in the vicinity are tributary is the Andro- scoggin, which heads in Maine, flows through New Hampshire and empties into the ocean in Maine. The elevation above sea level along the valley of the Androscoggin is approximately 1,000 feet, so that the rise to three or four thousand feet from this stream to the heights of the high mountains produces very rugged topography. In fact, the greater part of this locality is so steep and rugged that agriculture is of minor importance. “The forest resources are the main assets. Lumbering is the principal in- dustry, with the business of providing for tourists who are attracted by the mountain scenery second in importance. “Since the region has been settled for more than 150 years and is one of con- siderable wealth, many good roads make nearly all parts accessible. Where the topography is so rugged that roads are BOY, SCOUTS TRAIL, BUILDING 447 too expensive to build, numerous trails make it possible to reach on foot even the steepest mountain peaks. “WILL SEE WILD ANIMALS. “As might be supposed from the large area of wild land, this is a region in which the hunting and fishing are very good. However, the Boy Scouts will not be able to do either because they will be at work during the closed season, when it is not legal to hunt or fish for the principal game and food animals. Nevertheless, they may be able to see in the course of their work deer, bear, porcupines, grouse and pos- sibly even wild cats and wolves. “About the only pest which will de- tract from the pleasure of life in the mountains will be the mosquitoes. However, mosquitoes are not very numerous. “TO BEGIN IN JUNE. “The Boy Scouts will be expected to report to Gorham, N. H., as soon after June 18 as possible. Gorham is the headquarters of the White Mountain National Forest, and from there a train can be taken to Gilead, Me., whence the rest of the journey must be made either with a wagon or on foot. Last summer - the Forest Service constructed on the old railroad right of way running up Wild River a road which makes it pos- sible to get about seven miles up into the woods from Gilead. However, this will not be far enough for the Boy Scout camp, so the further distance will have to be covered either by horses or the camp equipment will have to be packed on men’s backs. “Luckily, there is no lack of good drinking water in this locality, and it will not be difficult to find a good camp site close to the work. The sleeping tents and cooking tent can be set up ina circle as far back in the woods as it is feasible to bring in supplies. The near- est postoffice, Hastings, Me., is about six miles away. “The trail work itself will consist in clearing out the brush, grading the tread of the trail and building the necessary culverts and bridges. In cases where rock needs to be broken up the Forest Officer who will have charge of this project will use dynamite. The boys will not, of course, be allowed to handle any explosives. “TIME FOR PLAY AS WELL AS WORR. “Since there will be about twenty- four boys and it is planned to employ ‘hem about a month, there will be ample force so the boys will not have to work more than a part of the day unless they wish to earn extra leisure in order to go on excursions to nearby points of inter- est. In fact, it should be possible for ihe boys to see all the attractive bits of scenery in the central part of the White Mountain region. The top of Mt. Washington is about fifteen miles from the camp site and can easily be reached in a day. “THE VARIOUS ADVANTAGES, “It is unnecessary to spend much time setting forth the good results which the boys should get out of this trip. They can practice many forms of their Scoutcraft, and will learn how to handle tools, something about forestry and a large measure of self-control. On the part of the Forest Service this de- parture from the usual method of building trails*should also be of advan- tage because it will bring a large num- ber of intelligent boys into direct con- tact with the work of the Service. This should help a great deal in educating the boys and their relatives and friends to the work which is being done in con- serving the timber resources of the country. FORESTRY “ON THE ‘COMIN ikea Bod Ag By Warren H. V. GETTING ACQUAINTED number of excellent tree books, some of them localized entirely to the trees found east of the Missis- sippi, it is a fact that there are so many species to be treated with in these geographical limits that the author has but little space to spare beyond giving identification specifics and a brief men- tion of the qualities of the wood and the geographical limitations of the species mentioned. Most of these iden- tification characteristics are excellent, and are backed up with superb photo- graphs showing leaves, buds, flowers, bark, trunk and fruit of the tree, or else equally splendid hand drawings; but after all has been said and done, you have but the identification of your tree, you know what he is beyond a doubt, and a few meager facts concerning him—and that is all. For the forest owner that is not enough. He wants to know something of its light and soil requirements, its rate of growth, when it comes in the spring and its autumn coloration in the fall, whether it has any especial charac- teristics to warrant saving it in case a clearing or thinning is.decided upon, and finally its commercial value, either as lumber or as a source of other forest wealth. Obviously, all this information cannot be crowded within the covers of a volume identifying some three hundred species of trees growing east of the Mississippi in the United States, so it seemed to the writer that the only course in the series of papers would be to concentrate upon some forty-five species distributed fairly evenly over such an area as would contain most of the temperate zone United States species east of the Mississippi, as it is within these limits that most of the 448 [ N SPITE of the fact that we have a Miuter, M. F. forest estates and country place wood- lots are found. Let us get a little better acquainted with our oaks, our maples, birches, hickories, our elms and our more com- mon evergreens, and let the rest go, assuming that the reader already has one or more good identification books in his library and is able from them to recognize any tree on his place. We will take ten oaks, three maples, two ashes, four birches, two elms, seven miscellaneous broadleaves, six pines, three spruces, two cedars, the balsam fir and the hemlock and see what facts of use to the forest estate owner can be assembled concerning them. As the oaks are the most numerous and interesting of the broadleaves, we will begin with the ten selected, although almost any forest in any section of the country can show more than _ ten species of oaks. ‘The family seems to be divided into two groups of cousins, the. bristly and pointed leaved ones headed by the Red Oak; and the round- leaved, with the fine old White Oak as the eldest brother. The family difference seems further accentuated by the fact that all the white oak tribe ripen their acorns the first season and sprout them that same year if possible, while the red oak party ripen theirs the second season after flowering. Further, all the second sea- son oaks have coarse-grained compara- tively weak wood which rots quickly next the ground, and the first season oaks have a close-grained, strong, dur- able wood, some of them like the post oak being so immune from rot that they are named and chosen for fence- post work. As this differentiation is quite general throughout the oak fam- ily, it is almost a cast-iron rule that if you come upon one of the red oak group in your forest it cannot be CoRNER OF A CouNTRY ESTATE. OAKS AND BIRCHES IN PROFUSION MAKE THIS ONE OF THE MOST CHARMING BITS OF FORESTED LAND ON A COUNTRY ATTENTION TO FORESTRY. OWNER DEVOTES SANE THE WHERE ESTATE 450 AMERICAN counted on for fence posts, underpin- ning, mudsills, dam timbers, and the like. I once knew a young electrical engi- neer who did not know or else disre- garded this rule. ‘There was a fine stand of pin oaks and red oaks grow- ing on his company’s property,. all straight columnar trees and all of a height. The land had to be cleared for buildings, why not utilize these trees for the electric light and telephone poles of the plant? The older linemen » shook their heads, declaring that these trees would soon rot and would be hard to climb as poles, but it looked like a FORESTRY line work on heavy-power wiring far exceeds the pole cost expense, a little practical forestry knowledge would have saved that engineer a lot of need- less expenditure! In these two groups then, we would assemble, behind the white oak, the swamp white oak, post oak, burr oak, and chestnut oak, while behind the red oak would gather the pin oak, scarlet, black, scrub and black jack. ‘Taking the white oak family first, the head of the clan, the white oak grows through- out the range limits described in our article and is almost universal in its soil tastes. It succeeds admirably in moist, Fig. 64.—Pin Oak. (Q. palistris, D. Roi.) bargain to find three or four hundred fine telegraph poles already growing on the company’s property, so they were all cut down and carefully trimmed, peeled, painted, and tarred for seven feet up from the butt. They then went up as the works electric light and power tele- phone poles, but within three years from that date every one of them had rotted through just above the base and they all had to come out. As the labor of Pig. 57.—Chestnut Oak. (Q. prinus, L.) sandy loams, even if swampy part of the year; it does equally well on clay base, limestone base and granite base soils and prefers, in any of these bases, rich, well-drained ravine banks or creek bottoms where the spring freshets bring down quantities of silt. It will not thrive in poor or dry soils of any kind, nor in northerly latitudes where its Sep- tember fall of acorns gets no chance to sprout due to the early winter. If the FORESTRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE 451 gray squirrel is in reasonable abun- dance, that is, has not been shot out, the white oak will manage even as far north as southern Maine, since the squirrel plants many an acorn which otherwise would get eaten if left on the forest floor over winter. In all the southerly part of its range where the fall comes late and mild winter keeps up until December, the white oak acorns sprout and make quite a growth during the Indian Summer days, and when it is time for its leaves to turn tree, reaching twelve inches in diameter before its fiftieth year, but in many lo- calities it occurs much less frequently and should be reinforced by nursery specimens at salient points, the cost be- ing about $1.25 per 7-foot tree. If many are wanted it will pay to run a seed bed of them, transplanting the first year. It is a strikingly handsome tree, both as to bark and foliage, and its color phases are always pleasing. Along about the first of May appear the pretty pink leaf buds, and early in June out Fig. 55.—Burr Oak. (Q. macrocarpa, Michx.) copper and purple and finally a light yellow brown hanging on all winter, the little seedling has four leaves to show, all of which go through the same changes as the parent tree. In its light requirements the white oak is fairly tolerant at first, but by the tenth year it must have sun for at least part of the time, and after that it must not be over- topped or it will languish. It does not stand transplanting at all from one site in the forest to another, except during its first year, and a nursery specimen, well root-pruned, must be taken when it is 6 to 7 feet high if it is expected to live in its new place. In the writer’s forest Nature has been exceedingly generous with her white oaks, and it is our predominating Fig. 59.—Black Jack. (Q. nigra, L.j come the sap-green catkins which are its flowers. These turn brown in time and drop off and we have a tiny green acorn in being. By September these are in big clusters of large green acorns which turn light yellow and then brown as they fall to the forest floor. Mean- while the leaves have turned wonderful shades of pale copper and purple about the middle of October, changing to rus- set brown in November. This passes to a pale yellow-brown during the winter for the leaves hang on all through the snow season, that is a large part of them do, enough to give a fine note of color on a winter landscape, and they are finally pushed off by the oncoming spring buds. Such is the year’s calen- dar for the white oak, always a favorite, 452 always a joy to the eye; and for my part I can not have too many of them! Its first cousin, the swamp white oak, is quite different in its habits. You will find it along stream and lake banks, in rich creek bottoms—anywhere where it is never really dry—occurring through- out the northern half of our area. It is as much a characteristic of low- ground, water-inundated landscapes as the red and silver maples, the king nut hickory, the gums and ashes, and the pin oak. So far as I know, nurserymen have not attempted to grow it. but, as AMERICAN FORESTRY The post oak, second cousin of the white, is easily told from it by its deep- ly indented leaves, the leaf having a dis- tinct waist so to speak, and its acorn is smaller and rounder with the cup en- clesing half of the acorn, growing ses- sile in pairs on the twigs, while the swamp white oak acorns have a long stem, though its acorn closely resem- bles the white oak’s which has no stem. So there you have an easily remem- bered identification, even though cer- tain freaks among the leaves may be enough alike to deceive one. The burr Fig. 61.—Scarlet Oak. (Q. coccinea, Wang.) it will be an excellent sort to plant where one has cleared some bottom land of trash and thickets, it will be wel! to grow some of its acorns in the seed bed, for it stands transplanting nicely and will yield you a fine timber class2d right in with white oak. It is not a pretty tree, for its leaves turn direct o brown yellow in the autumn and its branchlets sweep downward in dense masses, giving the tree a shaggy appear- ance. The bark is dark, in deep, rough, regular seams. Fig. 63.—Red Oak. (Q. rubra, L.) oak, next in line among the white oak cousins, is the principal western repre- sentative in its favorite location of rich moist bottom lands. We do not see many of them here in the east, but in the Ohio and Wabash basins it is com- mon, a magnificent tree, of wood equal to the white oak in commercial quali- ties. Its leaf looks like a cross between the post oak and the white, having the deep indentations of the post and the numerous lobes of the white. They have a handsome, glossy-green appear- BORHST ERY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE 453 ance in summer and go direct to brown in autumn. ‘The acorns are large and three-quarters enclosed by a Geep cut, with a fringe around the top. An inter- esting member of the family, and one or two of them at least should find a place in your ravines, grown from the acorn as they are difficult to trans- plant. On your high and dry ridges, prefer- ably sandy base soil, you have the star locality for the fifth of the white oak cousins, the chestnut oak,—rather far es Aa mn Fig. 56.—Swamp White Oak. (Q. bicolor, Willd.) removed as it verges closely on the chestnut itself in its characteristics, but is one of the first-year acorn group, with wood of the same characteristics as the rest of the family. There are two species, the rock chestnut, a rather small tree with huge glossy dark green leaves reaching fourteen inches in length and huge oval acorns and the scrub chestnut oak, of lighter bark and smaller leaf and acorn, though with us it grows to very large size on sand base, its preferred soil. The rock chestnut does best on a clay base, and very well on limestone and granite. It is not at all tolerant of shade, and its big leaves enable it to fight vigorously for light, suppressing anything else growing near it and making the most of its trim eco- nomical space. ‘This tree only occurs in the eastern part of our area, seldom west of Ohio, probably due to its in- sistence on hill sides for growing room. I do not see it offered in many nursery- men’s catalogues, yet it is one of the easiest transplanted of the oaks and should make a good summer feature for landscape work. It goes right to brown in the fall, and its leaves are soon down, so | should hardly care to spend money upon it when there are so Fig. 53.—White Oak. (Q. alba, L.) many more ornamental trees for year- round beauty that need room. As to the dressed appearance of the woods of these five oaks, it would al- most take an expert mill man to tell the species apart. Chestnut, burr, post, and white, all show a flower in the quarter- ing, the post oak flower being in narrow parallel lines while the others are wavy and irregular. Swamp white has no flower at all in the quarter grain. Look- ing at the end of the log, the colors vary from light heart wood in burr, post, and white, to dark in chestnut and swamp white. Planed lengthwise of the grain, 454 AMERICAN the white shows the closest fibre lines, swamp white more open and broader, and post and burr oak smooth and light with the fibre patterns far apart and hardly distinguishable. In planing any such wood along the grain one is bound to cross the fibre ends on a long slant, leaving rows of what looks like pin- pricks but are the fibre ends crossing the cut at a slant. The straighter the fibres the fewer of these patterns of fibre ends crossed by the plane from which we note that the oak sap fibres vary in straightness from post oak to white oak in a decreasing scale, through this series of five first-year oaks. We now take up the second branch of the oak clan, the second season oaks ripening their oaks the second year and have chosen five repre- sentatives out of the many—the red, black, pin, scarlet and black jack oaks. Except for the last, all of them are characterized by a pointed-lobed leaf, often with the ribs extended like tiny umbrella points to form a bristle at the tip of each projection. Two of them, the scarlet and the pin oaks are favorite nurserymen’s oaks, for they color bril- liantly in the fall and their graceful feathery foliage is a pleasure to the eye all through the summer. Owing to the pin oak’s preference for low, swampy soils, it does not get to bud until late in the spring, usually about the fifth of May. The red and black oaks, while hand- some in summer because of their abun- dant, glossy dark-green leaves, are not to be relied upon in the autumn, as the red goes right to a dull brown and the leaves fall by the end of October, while the black turns to a deep, dull, reddish-purple and then yellow-brown, which persist all winter from some of the twigs, helping out the white oaks and the beeches to make the winter snow- scapes cheerful. As none of these oaks are particularly valuable for their wood, their ornamental considerations would weigh heavily when in doubt as to which to take out and which to leave. For instance, of a clump of scarlet, black and red oaks that had to be would remain with the scarlet. As FORESTRY thinned, I should certainly take out the red and then the black because of the splendid note of red and orange that this would also be the case with the black and pin oaks, to a lesser degree, they would receive preference in the order named. All three are offered by nurserymen at about a dollar each for 8-ft. trees, well root-pruned, and the pin oak is the easiest of them to trans- plant. Their soil preferences are, tor rich uplands and ridges, red and black oaks; rich, moist river bottoms, red and pin oaks; low swampy soils and rich clay base flat lands, inundated or swampy in the spring, pin oak; dry well-drained sand or limestone base soils, scarlet oak; also clay base if not too wet. For barren, sandy or rocky ridges and hills the black jack and scrub oaks are the principal repre- sentatives of the family, almost by pref- erence it would seem, for, while the black jack will do well in company with chestnut oaks and red oaks in rich, rather dry uplands and hills border- ing river banks, the scrub or bear oak must have a barren to grow in. Here they put out their stubby club-shaped leaves, scarlet and purple in the au- tumn, and drop myriads of tiny acorns, a small miniature or the white oak acorn, much prized by bears and wild hogs, red squirrels and wild turkeys. The blackjack goes right to a dull brown in the autumn and comes down soon after the first frosts. It has little value except for firewood, of which it makes one of the best, as its logs burn slowly with a small hot flame,— the campers delight. Commercially, pin oaks and red and black oaks are salable as second-grade oak, used for interior trim. The wood works much easier under the saw and plane and the chisel than the white oak grades, and is reddish in color with deep abundant fibre pits. The branch- lets of the pin oak are exceedingly hard and tough, and its wood was used by the early settlers for treenails in house building, whence its name pin oak, the nail or pin of the frontier dwelling when iron was scarce. Looking at the ends of the logs, there is a whole lot to be learnt in just studying the sec- FORESTRYON THE COUNTRY ESTATE 45 wr THE W8ITE OAK. tional rings. Both the red and the pin oaks show immense thick rings, not less than a quarter inch from spring wood to spring wood, showing that they are both rapid growers and uniform up to at least forty years of age, when they become more sedate. ‘The red oak is a trifle more reddish in tinge, and in the quarter grain the pin oak surface looks almost like an ash, so deep and pro- nounced are the dark fibre ends. Planed along the grain, the spacing between fibre patterns is huge, 1% to 2 inches being common. Except for hardness it would be difficult to tell the two woods apart in the lumber. With the black oak (Q. Tinctoria) sometimes called “yellow,” and the scarlet oak, the story of the log ends is very different. Multi- tudes of narrow rings, scarce a six- teenth inch apart, tell of years of slow growth; the quartering shows a close erain and a pretty flower; and, planing along the grain, we get a figure much resembling chestnut. In color a deep red predominates in the scarlet oak and a pink tinge is seen in both quartering and end sections of the black oak. Growing in forest stands the pin oak is not very impressive, being a col- umnar tree with quantities of small, tough hanging branchlets, but set out in a field or along a forest wall these same branches spread out until the tree 456 is pyramidal in shape. With its bright, green, glossy feathery leaves in summer and its glowing colors in the fall the pin oak will always be a favorite. It begins to turn about October 10th and the show lasts until November. Its acorns are small, pretty, round and _ striped, much prized by birds and_ squirrels. They do not sprout until the following spring. The black oak is rather hard to tell off-hand from the scarlet, as its leaves and acorns are very much alike. If you dig into the bark, however, with your penknife the story is soon told, for the inner bark of the black or “golden” oak is bright yellow, the best: yellow dye in the woods, while the inner bark of the scarlet oak turns red upon ex- posure to the air. There is some differ- ence in the acorns, too, those of the black oak being larger and more deeply covered by the cup, particularly when young, when it almost encloses the acorn completely. It is important to know which is which, for the scarlet is much the more ornamental tree though always small, while the black gives a good lumber and a reasonable fall col- oration. The red oak you cannot mistake the moment you pick up one of its acorns, for it will be large and blunt ended with a flat cup. The tree is a fast grower in its early years, and if located near a white oak will usually crowd it out and suppress it, but give both trees an equal AMERICAN FORESTRY chance at the sun, clearing the way ahead and around the white oak to make up for its less abundant leaf area and you will not find more than an inch difference in their diameters in the fif- tieth year. . The xed oak* prefersiga rather dry clay or limestone base soil; we have few of them in the rich moist sandy base soils of Interlaken, but they are abundant in the red Trenton lime- stones further west, in the clayey river bottoms of the Middle States, and on granite base in New York. Shade en- during when young, a good fighter for light as it grows up, easily transplanted and like most of the oaks free from in- sect attack, the red will always hold its own and it has the better acorns of all the bristle-leaved cousins, sprouting the spring after falling, so it has not much trouble reproducing itself. It has no autumn beauty and its wood is second grade, weak and bushy, so I would al- ways favor the white oak in preference to it when growing together, and never could see any reason for our State for- est services pushing it ahead of the white oak for plantations simply be- cause 1t grows much faster at first. In our next paper we will look over the maples, hickories, ashes, elms and miscellaneous broadleaves as seen from the point of view of the man who owns them and proposes to raise more of the same kind. (To be continued.) EPITORITAL PEAKERS of the American Forestry Association will on July 9 and 10 at Chautauqua, New York, address some eight or nine thousand teachers from every State in the union, on the necessity for proper care of the forests, for promot- ing love of trees, for teaching the value of the woodlands for recreational purposes, and for widely diffusing the HIS is the time of year when careful precautions against for- est fires may be the means of saving millions of dollars. The general public can aid materially in this work by taking pains, when in the woods, to quench their camp fires, to avoid throwing lighted cigar and cigarette stubs or burning matches on the ground, and by putting out, if pos- sible, or reporting quickly, any fires which they may discover. It should be remembered that water is not always necessary to extinguish a fire. Fires may be beaten out with sacks, coats, etc., or may be covered with fresh earth and put out. Every boy and girl and every man and woman while in or near the woods should be a self-constituted fire war- den. Carelessness is responsible for a goodly percentage of the fires, and it proper care is exercised and ordinary precautions taken, it is not difficult to make the fire losses small. Losses by all causes except lightning are prac- tically preventable. While the railroads doctrine of forest conservation. ‘This is the kind of educational work which meets with a most valuable response, as each of the eight or nine thousand will, in turn, speak to scores; and in hundreds of thousands of youthful minds will be planted a seed of thought which will develop, it 1s hoped, into an appreciation of the value of trees for their value to mankind. are a chief cause of fires, the railroads are doing much in the work of fire pre- vention by equipping locomotives with spark arresters, by using in heavily wooded districts oil burning locomo- tives which do not eject sparks, by clearing their right of way for some distance on each side of the tracks, by patrolling sections where fires are likely and by educating train crews to look for, fight and report fires. In many sections farmers clear off brush grown lots by setting fire to the brush, and this should be done only when the wind is from a safe direction, and even then the fire should be care- fully watched and all the flames should be extinguished before night comes. Every country newspaper, in fact every publication, can be of service, in impressing people with the value of wise precautions against forest fires. Do not forget that forest fires cost an average of seventy human lives, thou- sands of animal lives and $25,000,000 in financial loss every year. 457 458 ARLY next year, nearly all in January, the legislatures of many 30-1 sane largest timber seller, p. 33. Lumber trade journal, April 15, 1914——A cy- press tree that refused to die even with all its roots removed, p. 15. Lumber world review, April 25, 1914——Wood durability affected by time of cutting, by Samuel J. Record, p. 19-20. Manufacturers’ record, April 23, 1914.—For- estry and water resources, by Henry S. Graves, p. 49. Paper mill, March 14, 1914.—Utilizing waste; the invention of two Maine men which makes slabs, butts, edging, etc., available for pulp making, p. 14, 356. Paper trade journal, April 16, 1914.—Manu- facture of sulfite pulp from resinous woods, p. 48. Pioneer western lumberman, April 15, 1914— United States forester’s attitude cn “light burning”; considers patrol essential for forest protection, by H. S. Graves, p. 23-4, Pioneer western lumberman, May 1, 1914— Harvard forestry school, p. 9; California forests before and after the gringo came, by Guy A. Buell, p. 15, 19-25. Pulp and paper magazine, Feb. 1, 1914.— Chemical utilization of southern pine waste, by John §. Bates, p. 64-72. Pulp and paper magazine, March 1, 1914.— Brazilian woods; their utilization for the manufacture of wood-pulp, p. 150-1. Pulp and paper magazine, March 15, 1914.— Pulp and newspaper manufacture, by J. Stadler, p. 162-6. Pulp and paper magazine, April 1, 1914— Forest ownership and fire protection, by G. E. Bothwell, p. 198-200; New woods for paper, p. 206. St. Louis lumberman, April 15, 1914—The Chinese wood-oil tree, p. 33; Harvard is to have a forestry school, p. 82. St. Louis lumberman, May 1, 1914.—Progress of wood block paving abroad, p. 28. Savannah naval stores review, April 18, 1914. —The present status of the wood turpen- tine industry, by E. H. French, p. 15. Savannah naval stores review, May 2, 1914. —Wood turpentine and rosins, by C. A. Lunn, p. 3-4. CURRENT LITERATURE Southern lumberman, April 25, 1914—Oak identification contest, p. 21-6. Southern lumberman, May 9, 1914—Conser- vation and the lumber industry, by Henry S. Graves, p. 30-1; Merchandising of lumber from the standpoint of the engi- neer. by Hermann von Schrenk, p. 31; Merchandising of lumber from the stand- point of the wholesaler and retailer, by Julius Seidel, p. 32; Technical investiga- tions of lumber, especially yellow pine, by Hermann von Schrenk, p. 34. Timber trades journal, March 28, 1914— Planting waste lands, by Wm. Dawson, p. XLV; Quality of gas made from waste wood, p. XLIX; The west African ma- hogany industry, p. 543-70; The preserva- tion of building and refrigerating tim- bers, p. 593; U. S. A. lumber statistics map, by Frank Tiffany, p. 595-7+ Review of the timber trade of 1913, p. 599-701; The application of ball and roller bear- ings to woodworking machinery, by Anthony P. Bale, p. 705-9; The band saw, by N. W. C. McCreedy, p. 710-12; Good saws and other tools, by David Dominicus, p. 713; Advertisements of saw mill machinery firms, p. 714-46. Timber trade journal, May 2, 1914—English and German forestry, by Hugh Beevor, p. 954. Timberman, April, 1914—-Green and _ kiln- dried shingle question brings out inter- esting discussion, p. 27-8; Forestry prob- lems discussed at Roseburg of national importance, p. 29-31; Montana forestry school, p. 33; United States timber in California, p. 33-4; Douglas fir distilla- tion, by George M. Hunt, p. 48 L. United States daily consular report, April 13, 1914.—Flectrocution of teredos, by R. E. Mansfield, p. 221. United States daily consular report, April 14, 1914.—Sawdust briquets in British Colum- bia, by R. E. Mansfield, p. 249-51. United States daily consular report, April 18, 1914—Veneer machinery in Silesia, by Herman [,. Spahr, p. 328. United States daily consular report, April 21, 1914.—Foreign lumber business, by Her- man [L,. Spahr and others, p. 369-78; Russian pastoral industries; timber, fur and fisheries, by John H. Snodgrass, p. 386 United States daily consular report, April 23, 1914.—Pattern woods for German ma- chine shops, by Ralph C. Busser, p. 440. United States daily consular report, May 2, 1914—Lumbering activities in New Brunswick, by Theodosius Botkin, p. 638-9; New ply woods from Germany, by Robert J. Thompson. p. 640; Plantation and wild rubber industry; Malay penin- sula and Amazon valley, by Casper L., Dreier, and George H. Pickerell, p. 646-8. 467 United States daily consular report, May 7, 1914.—Leadpencil wood in Germany, by Robert P. Skinner, p. 713. Forest periodicals Allgemeine forst- und jagd-zeitung, March 1914——Durchforstungsversuche in buc- hen- und kiefernbestiinden, by Wim- menauer, p. 84-90; Zur frage der misch- bestande, by Wimmenauer, p. 90-3. Canadian forestry journal, March, 1914— Ontario co-operative work in forestry, by Boy: Zavitz, p.o37-8. Forstwissenschaftliches centralblatt, March, 1914.—Zur frage der satzungsanderungen ’ des Deutschen forstvereins, by M. von First, p. 135-40; Normalbestand und normalwald, by Thaler, p. 140-5; Zur verjungung von kiefernbestanden, by W. Schillermann, p. 146-9; Zuwachsschat- zung verglichen mit dem _ tatsachlichen ertragsergebnis, by Kirchgessner, p. 149- 50; Der sweite forstliche fortbildungs- kurs in Heidelberg, 21-25. Oktober, 1913, p. 150-9. Naturwissenschaftliche zeitschrift fiir forst- und landwirtschaft, Jan., 1914——Der stand der anbauversuche mit fremd- landischen holzarten in den staatswaldun- gen des Konigreichs Sachsen, by F. W. Neger, p. 1-11; Biologische bekampfung von pilzkrankheiten der pflanzen, by C. von Tubeuf, p. 11-19; Hitzetot und ein- schnirungskrankheiten der pflanzen, by C. von Tubeuf, p. 19-36; Ein hexenbesen auf Juniperus communis L. verursacht durch Arceuthobium oxycedri, by E. Heinricher, p. 36-39. North woods, April, 1914—The constitutional amendment, by Wm. T. Cox, p. 4-5; Utilization of non-agricultural lands, by A. F. Woods, p. 6-9; What the consti- tutional amendment means to the school fund, by E. G. Cheney, p. 10-13, 25-8; The lumberman and the state forests, by J. E. Rhodes, p. 17-19. Revue des eaux et foréts, March 1, 1914.— Détermination des accroissements en diametre des arbres, by G. Vaulot, p. 145-54; L’impot forestier, p. 176-70, 195-6; Le mouvement forestier a l’étranger; Roumanie, by G. Huffel, p. 171-3. Revue des eaux et foréts, April 1, 1914——Du reboisement par plantations de feuillus demi ou moyenne tige, by E. Moreau, p. 209-16; Détermination des accroisements en diamétre des arbres, by Bizot de Fonteny, p. 217-21; A propos des dé- frichements de Sologne, by L. Leddet, p. 222-5; L/institut supérieur forestier de Florence et le probléme du reboisement en Italie, by M. de Benedictis, p. 234-9. Schweizerische zeitschrift fiir forstwesen, March, 1914.—Ueber die gehdlzformation der Aareufer, by R. Siegrist, p. 66-71; Elektrotechniker und forstmann, p. 83-5. AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS (a amy) - oe th os eh \ | Hamilton lhinnest 17,19 or 23 jewel q Thin Model watch made in America wtittny, Vv do 7, The picture above shows Engineer Pritchard beside the mon- ster Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul locomotive which he runs by the time of the Hamilton Watch he has carried for years. Why not carry a watch like Pritch- ard’s—strong, reliable, trustworthy— accurate to the second— The Aamilton “The Railroad Timekeeper of America” On American Time Inspection Railroads over half the watches carried are Hamiltons. Only ac- curacy governs the railroad man's selection of a watch. If you want a watch that tells the correct time all the time, ask your jeweler for the Hamilton. Write for ‘‘The Timekeeter’’ —a book which shows and describes the various models. The Hamilton Watch is made in standard sizes for men and women and sold by leading jewelers everywhere at $38.50 to $150.00 for complete watches, timed and adjusted in the cases at the factory. In some models, movements only may be purchased, so that, using your present watch case, you can own a Hamilton Watch at a cost of $12.25 and upward. If your jeweler cannot supply you, write us, Hamilton Watch Company - - Lancaster, Pa. NT a 1b Sf FORESTERS ATTENTION AMERICAN FORESTRY will print free of charge in this column advertisements of foresters wanting positions, or of persons having employment to offer foresters Oe ee A I | fh PRACTICAL FORESTER wants situation on private estate. Has practical experience of sowing, laying, planting out, pruning, thinning, firebelts, ditching, rotation planting, mixed planting and thorough knowledge of fencing and tree felling. Has had seven years experience on best managed for- estry area in Scotland. Address, “Raith,” Care AMERICAN Forestry. — ee eee PRACTICAL FORESTER wants position with city Park Commission. Understands fully nursery work, planting, trimming and tree surgery. Best references and practical experience. Address, “‘T,. M. E.,” Care AMERICAN ForEsTRY. WANTED—A position as an inspector of ties, timbers and lumber, by a forest school graduate with experience in inspecting ties, timbers and lum- ber. Can furnish best of references. Address Inspector, Care AMERICAN FoREsTRY. . Graduate forester, with three years of practical experience in Austria, wants position. Best of references. Address Grorce RAcEK, 6th Avenue, 2133, Seattle, Wash. eS ES a ee ee Graduate of Forestry School, having studied for- estry and lumbering operations in this country and Germany, with experience in the U. S. Forest Serv- ice, and also in state and private nursery work, would like position with forest engineering firm or lumber company. Best of references. Address XY, Care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. ENERGETIC Post Graduate Forester desires posi- tion as an assistant in park or city forestry work, Subordinate duties preferred. Best of references. Address M. M. J., Care AMERICAN Forestry. WANTED—By young man intending to study forestry, position with lumber company, surveying party, or other position by which he can gain prac- tical knowledge. Address I. L,., Care AMERICAN TForESTRY. FORESTER of technical training, six years’ teach- ing and practical experience in different parts of the United States, wishes to better position. Best refer- ences from university and employers, and others. Address G. O. T., Care AMERICAN Forestry. GRADUATE FORESTER—Practical experience in cruising, mapping and scaling. Eager to go anywhere. References furnished. Address R. L., care of AMERICAN FORESTRY, FOREST ENGINEER—Best of American and Muropean training. Five years of practical work along lines of organization, administration, protec- tion, ciuising and appraising. Would like position with some large timber holding company, railroad, or municipal watershed. Best of references. Address “CRUISER,” Care AMERICAN Forestry. A forest school graduate with experience in U. S. Forest Service and with lumber company, also pos- sessing thorough business training, will consider offer of a good forestry position. Address M., Care AMERICAN ForRESTRY. Forester with wide experience in nursery work, planting, fire protection, etc., and also in park work, desires position. Best of references. Address U, Care AMERICAN ForEstRy. FORESTER with 15 years experience Estimating, Surveying, Mapping, and in the care of private hold- ings desires position. Perfectly reliable in every way, and with executive ability. Address “A,” care AMERICAN FOorESTRY. AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS We are near- ing the end of the most offer in history— MARK TWAIN at half the former price. Get your set before it is too late. Harper’s Magazine is included at this special price. popular book : MARK TWAIN Author’s National Edition HOSE who know his ToM SAWYER or Huck FINN look upon Mark Twain as a great boy’s writer; those who have read his JOAN OF ARC or PRINCE AND THE PAUPER think of him as a great romancer; those who are acquainted only with INNOCENTS ABROAD or RoucHine [t think of himas inexpressibly funny; those who are familiar only with his essays look upon him as a sane and indignant foe of hypocrisy; those who have read only his short stories, such as A DEATH Disk,think of him as a master of pathos; but those only who have read ALL these books know or can realize the transcen- dent genius of Mark Twain; those only can comprehend the limits of intellectual effort; those alone know that Mark Twain the philosopher, Mark Twain the humorist, Mark Twain the dreamer, and Mark Twain the reform- er are all but parts of the greatest American of his time. A. EF: AS ae ; HARPER {| The set is in twenty-five volumes, each measuring & BROTHERS Franklin Square 5x7% inches. They are carefully printed on ex- New York City cellent paper and bound in a handsome red crépe cloth, have titles in gilt, decorative design on shelf-back, a medallion of the great author on the cover, head-bands, and title-pages Please send ime in THE HARPER WAY, carriage free, a set of MARK TWAIN'S WORKS twenty-five volumes, cloth binding, and enter my name as a subscriber for one year to HARPER'S MAGAZINE, under the terms of your offer. It is un- derstood I may retain the set for five days, and at the expiration of that time in two colors. q Everv word and every picture con- if 1 do not care for the books I willreturn - = them at your expense, and you will cancel ; ; . - OTXy, ~ he subscription to the MAGAZINE. If 1 tained in the most expensive set Geen the Docks: L will Fenite $2.00 ementth Ge eC) “1° . . until the full price of the books and the of Mark Twain’s writings is in- MAGAZINE, $2500, has been paid, or, within ‘ thirty days, will send you $23.75 as payment in full. cluded in this popularly priced edition. Send books to..... BE eee ee Maree | “‘The North American Review’’ may be substituted for “*Harper’s Magazine.’"’ In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN ForESTRY TIMBERS OF THE WEST Douglas Fir—the World’s Great Utility Wood—is in demand wherever wood is used. The present consumption, though great, will increase as the merits and ii values of this wood become more il thoroughly understood. I Red Cedar—the World’s Overcoat Wood —has no superior for shingles, siding, ii exterior trim or for any exterior use for which a durable material is needed. Spruce—of the tidelands of Oregon and Washington, is in general request by sash and door makers while the lower grades are snapped up by manufacturers of fruit boxes. The foregoing are some of the varieties of timber it pays to own. NOW is the time to“ BUY DHENE Your copy of “WASHINGTON RED CEDAR, AMERICA’S OVERCOAT WOOD,” Lumber Users’ Guide No. 12, awaits your request. Send for 1t. JAMES D. LACEY & CO. j Timber Land Factors CHICAGO, ILL., 1750 McCormick Building i] PORTLAND, ORE., 1313 Northwestern Bank Building j SEATTLE, WASH., 1009 White Building NATIONAL CAPITAL PRESS. HA % | ) os | mT Iuvunnnuana | 4. ) rN ‘ti, A ; : il | 18) Including American Conservat ion, acquired in August, 1911 Vol. 20 JULY, 1914 UNLOCKING ALASKA NUMEROUS FOREST FIRES A CITY’S TREE WORK THE WORLD’S OLDEST TREE pot | . J eneuegnecerersssrecscerescsesensecsescessensesencssonsosonesescerscscscecsonsscsccseseseseussenencecsescenssesecsnerescccsnanangesesccersscsscessessescossonsscrenseerserscses ieee et ertee pester eet ee estes es eesestesetesttet otis reese tes see reese sees es eee tee ee tester eee eee ee seers ee eee ere ers eee eee eee eee SESS See e ete cte bee eeDecscsssessascsasensssceseaeee Sees eoean See eseeceasseceee ease aaseeeseseeeeeeeeeeeseeeeee ees OSeeeeeseeseseeEaeaEasesesssecsasescsasseassssesssssscscsrecess: ii sScesccccececceeeeseseeeseeeeeseseeeeeeseneee: FORESTRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE FOREST SERVICE AND PUBLIC LUMBER TRADE AND THE CANAL AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS 1 EE EE Ef OE ES | I NH HH Hh & BOOKS ON FORESTRY —— Lt im: an KL HH | AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the bene- fit of those who wish books on forestry, a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American Forestry Association, Washington, D. C. Prices are by mail or express ete 56 BE aaeta SS: EE ENVATN ING ORVASERORE SPB R=—Gittords 2inchotasee eee pee eerie Site's PUNBEROAND = LhS USES RSs helloge Wr. cfs he ee ee os) THE CARE OF TREES IN LAWN, STRED rT AND PARK—B. E. Fernow......... 2.17 NORTE AMERICAN TREBS—N- L. Britton." 0604.9 ante ene ee 7.30 TRIB NS NO) ANS; INRIBIDS—Collhing eral ImehHols oo ononanbvacusaooobcocnoododeccensc 1.50 THE FARM WOODLOT—E. G. Cheyney and J. P. Wentling..................... 1.70 AMI RICAN HORE Sim REE S——hHennrysblesG1lbsOnhen sere eee ei alee eee 6,00 IDENTIFICATION OF THE ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE UNITED.STATES— Samuels ReCOrs (5 J occas sesheae Slee ustaedy oe aioe aie RE CAEN Es Ce Ieee ee ears 1225 BEANE SURVEYING —JohniC Miracye syn sa dee ee oe nae Oren ee eres 3.00 HORE Si MENS URADION——rHennrysolonuGravess se) seen ere eck eee aeeierer: 4.00 AMES; IB{COINOIMIN CSS (OVE TENORS SAN SN 1B}, ID, INNO. 6 onc oso aan suorounebescvecse 1.50 BUS ies OOK OR ROR SIR Ye ilibertRothe ee eat ee ne nee ee ere 1.10 HISTORY OF THE LUMBER INDUSTRY OF AMERICA—J. E. Defebaugh.... 5.00 BORE Site eV ANGRING——Ne Nicholasmlanch Own ani ner aero naeen ieee 1.50 BRAC THC AW ORG SasR Av Ss) Huille riggs rice ohare eee iene ie ee eee 1.50 PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY—Samuel B. Green................... 1.50 SEASIDE PLANTING OF TREES AND SHRUBS—Alfred Gaut................. s7s BAN TIERARS DRED S—-Grsn Bouloenss <)se iorctee shut eles cereal ae ee ea ae 1.50 MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA (exclusive of Mexico)—Charles Plage Sane Cmte le Siac s,s ane tee RAI Otel ce Econ ee Shee RE me Sale oa oe 6.00 AVI RICAN WOOD S—Romeyvnyb Elouchhee sere ateenerinn meee eee 5.00 HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF THE NORTHERN U. S. AND CANADA, EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS—Romeyn B. Hough.................. 10.00 GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE TREES—J. Horace McFarland........... 1.75 PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF WOOD: THEIR CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES— @harles: Mienry: SiO w sei ceus ected ethos ie es eee ee eee Ee 3.50 NORTH AMERICAN FORESTS AND FORESTRY—E. R. Bruncken............. 2.00 NBR ORTH S ial AIN Db ouglas Mall ochieresar escrito canine haere 1225 HANDBOOK OF TIMBER PRESERVATION—Samuel M. Rowe................. 4.00 ART AND CRAFT OF GARDEN MAKING—Thomas H. Mawson................ 15.00 AMENRIDIT: ANC RID SAND) OMS OPN ee yoltwomm Sle Cape ono oc oooc ees becoounu asec 1.85 EE VIKING OF A COUNDRY]HONME—=]- 2s Mowbray seas leer ere eee 1.65 MANUAL OF BOTANY—Asa Gray—$1.62; field edition........................-- 2.00 TREES OF NEW ENGLAND—L. L. Dame and Henry Brooks.................... 1.50 TREE SeAND SHRUBS—CxuS.sarcenth. or psd «cock Meee ee Cie eee 5.00 TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES— lp feel apa) ah el RAFT APPROXIMATELY 190,000 BoArD FEET, SCRIBNER SCALE. CONSERVATIONISTS AROUSED. Coincident with these two great de- velopments there came a plan to abolish the Chugach National Forest, and a bill to bring about that result was favor- ably reported to the Senate in May. Friends of conservation see in this the first attack in a campaign to secure for private exploitation the great wealth of the coast timber, practically all of which is in the two National Forests. ‘The Chugach was aimed at first because it seemed the most vulnerable, and the statement was made, in Congress and RAFT OF SITKA SPRUCE LOGS WITH GENERAL VIEW OF SHORE FOREST AFTER CUTTING OF RAFT, STANDING TIMBER CONSISTS OF SITKA SPRUCE, WESTERN RED CEDAR, AND WESTERN HEMLOCK 484 AMERICAN FORESTRY MiIxep WHITE BIRCH AND ASPEN FOREST ON SANDY SLOPE SOUTH OF EAGLE. INCHES IN DIAMETER, 20 TO 35 FEET IN HEIGHT. TIMBER 2 TO 6 BuILDINGS AT Fort EGBERT, AND EAGLE MOUNTAIN IN THE BACKGROUND. out, that it had no timber whatsoever, whereas it actually contains at least eight billion board feet of choice hem- lock and spruce. ‘There was some color to the charge that areas in the Chugach were timberless, because there is a con- siderable portion above timber line. The Secretary of Agriculture long since de- cided to have this non-timbered area eliminated from the Forest. It is said that the Department of the Interior would have these treeless tracts back in the public domain before this except that it did not wish to act on the recom- mendations of the Department of Agri- culture until after the route of the pro- posed Alaska railroad had been settled. It is understood that the eliminations of non-forested areas will be made soon. It is evident also that the conserva- tion forces of the country are now pretty well satisfied that the attack will fail, gaining their assurance from a sig- nificant vote in the Senate while the agricultural appropriation bill was un- der debate. An amendment to this bill was proposed, which would cut out the appropriation for the maintenance of the Chugach. For a time the debate seemed all one way, led by the same Senator who had introduced the special bill to abolish the forest. Friends of conservation in the Senate came to the rescue, however, and the amendment was overwhelmingly defeated when it came to the test of a vote. On the basis of that vote, it now seems unlikely that the bill to abolish the Chugach has much chance to pass. USES FOR THE TIMBER The Government’s Alaskan railroad will in itself use much timber in con- struction work, and there will follow a permanent demand for lumber in build- ing up the country as its development follows railroad facilities. | Mining operators will require large quantities of material both for timbers and for fuel. As the interior of the country is developed and railroad connection is made with the coast, that section will look to tidewater for all of its wood except that needed for fuel, which can be supplied locally. At the present time there are now within or near these two National For- ests, the Tongass and the Chugach, 35 sawmills of various capacities ranging from 4,000 to 40,000 board feet a day, and with a total annual capacity of something like 40 million feet. The cut UNLOCKING ALASKA View Across YUKON VALLEY TO TOWN OF RAMPART AND HILLS BEYOND, FROM U. S. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. EDGE OF RIVER, is used largely for local demands, with a good share going into boxes to carry the salmon pack. It is, however, not more than one-twentieth of what can be cut from the forests for an indefinite period, since they are largely over-ma- ture and will readily stand a yearly drain of 800 million feet. Within the past year the first full cargo of timber from the Alaskan For- ests went to the States, when the steamer Melville Dollar cleared for San Francisco with 1,200,000 feet aboard. She was loaded at the mill, and this il- lustrates a phase of Alaskan lumbering which is bound to have a potent effect on the development of the industry. Many of the trees can be actually felled into the. fiord-like waters of the coast; few trees are any considerable distance away and the ground slopes rapidly down to the sea. Mills on tidewater can have their logs rafted right up to the saw, and can load from their lum- ber piles to the decks of ocean-going vessels. When it comes to a question of pulp, for which much of the spruce is partic- ularly suited, there is, moreover, the added advantage of the many streams which will furnish abundant and cheap TIMBER MostLy CLEARED AND CuT. WITH OCCASIONAL VETERAN WHITE SPRUCE. BLACK SPRUCE AT THE power. It is true that they are com- paratively short and have little or no natural storage basins; but they are swift, and, because of the heavy and well-distributed rainfall, constant in their flow. The Tongass Forest, with its 70 bil- lion feet of timber, or about one-eighth of the total stand of all National Forest timber, is already more than self-sup- porting, and also more than takes care of the expense of the Chugach, which thus far has not been as fully developed as the more accessible Tongass. Any prediction as to the possibilities of the future are reasonably sure to fall short of what is likely to happen within a few decades. Five years ago it was recognized that trunk lines of railroad would accelerate dev elopment and bring about permanent population and institutions. Now the railroad 1 assured under the best sort of owner- ship. Heretofore the idea has been to take out of Alaska what wealth might be had quickly and cheaply. That day has al- ready passed. Placer mining under the old methods is already over. The new way is with giant dredges working care- fully over the low -grade ground on long- 486 time operations. Agriculture is al- ready successful in the Tanana Valley, and in the long run there will be a per- manent farming population there, possi- bly within two decades. Everything points to the need of holding on to the Federal Forests, and to the further need of securing such forests in the interior, though the task of administration is difficult and ex- pensive because of the great fire danger. Now the development of Alaska is to be assured on right lines. The coal leas- ing bill now being considered will mean further development of the territory in the right way. AMERICAN FORESTRY Those who have the best interests of the territory at heart will wish to see the Government program go through, as to railroads, forests, coal, and other resources. It already begins to look as if in our newest land we will put into effect a wise system of public owner- ship or control, and that the nation has learned a lesson from the profligacy which marked the disposal of most of the resources of our great West. Who can say that Alaska’s development will not mark the wisest use the nation has yet made of the people’s resources. ATIK., VWOREES HAT is, with good reason, claimed to be the oldest tree in the world may now be seen at Los Angeles, Cal., having recently been unearthed from the fossil beds at Rancho La Brea, Cali- fornia, together with bones of the sabre toothed tiger, the giant ground sloth, the dirus wolf, and other animals of the distant Tertiary period. How old the tree is scientists can but estimate, but there is little doubt that it is fully one hundred thousand years since it was buried and preserved in so wondrous a fashion that it is in existence today. The tree was found by men working in the pits under the direction of Prof. Frank S. Daggett, director of the Mu- seum of History, Science and Art, at Exposition Park, Los Angeles. Prof. Daggett in the California Outlook de- scribes the excavations and the discov- ery of the tree. He says: “As the different pits were opened and bones exposed to view, interest left the field asa whole and centered on these little spots. As unusual finds began to show up these pits began to be desig-— nated by some descriptive name. For instance, Pit 3 soon became known as the “Tree Pit’ owing to the discovery of a fine specimen of tree in it. This find OLDEST Lig soon became well known and was watched by scores of local scientists with great interest. It was an educa- tion, or otherwise, to listen to the learned discussions carried on as the men slowly exposed the tree from day to day by the removal of the surround- ing asphalt packed bones. About three feet from the surface a strata of fossil bones was encountered. Owing to several gas vents water had been admitted to the mass and the bones were too soft to be saved. Beneath this layer, after passing through a couple of feet of clay, the men came upon a more or less worm-eaten stub. As the bones were removed from the bottom of the pit more of the tree was constantly ex- posed. One day a magnificent skull of a mastodon was taken out, followed by that of a camel. Sabre-toothed tigers and wolves came with such frequency as to cause no comment. Not so, how- ever, when a skull of a lion of the Afri- can type, of monstrous size, came to view. This was found crowded closely beneath a big fork of the tree. “Now we began to feel sure that this ‘tree’ was no drifting log end up in a vent. Great caution was taken to save and note every detail which might have a bearing on its occurrence. Fragments "daoNdOUudaAY HLIMAUAH ‘MOOTLNO VINUOAITVD AHL AO ASALANOD Af SI LI AO AUNNLOId AHL ANY ‘VINUOAITVO ‘VAN VI OHONVA LY SGA TISSOA SNOWVA MON AHL NI ‘GOINAd AUVILUAL AHL AO STVWINV UAHLO ANV ‘ATOM SOUIG AHL YASIL GAHLOOL AAAVS AHL AO_STISSOA HLIM ‘GHANASAUNd TIAM GNONOASVM LI ‘G10 SUVAA QOO'OOT AAAO SI SLISILNAIOS AM GALVWILSH SI LI TAAL SIHL ‘AdU]L ISHGIO S,aTIOM FHL 488 AMERICAN of bark were saved; masses of leaves and twigs matted in the asphalt were examined with microscopic eyes to see if they were mere drift, or the stomach contents of herbivorous animals. Bush- els of loose material were washed in gasoline through sieves for seeds, in- sects and the thousand and one minute forms otherwise lost. This work is usually delegated to one man, who for the time being does nothing else, for it is found that after working on a skull (the mastodon, for instance), that takes four men to lft, one was apt to over- look a specimen as small as the scapula, for instance, of a shrew, the size of a pin head, especially if hidden in a clod of la brea the size of one’s fist. “At fifteen feet a network of large roots was encountered intermingled with skulls and bones of bison, camel, tiger, wolf and sloth. Working around to the north, the roots were found firm- ly imbedded in a bank of oil-soaked clay, proving that the tree had grown where found. All sorts of conjectures have been made, some wise and some otherwise. Out of it all we may con- clude that the tree once grew on the bank of a small run or depression, the roots on one side firmly imbedded in the bank. On the other side they ex- tended into a soft, perhaps muddy basin. The ever shifting gas, under heavy pressure, in its effort to reach the sur- face, probably followed the root of the tree as the point of least resistance. Once at the surface the asphalt deposit commenced and the trap began its work, slowly, over hundreds of years of time, until the tree was completely covered as the surrounding country gradually filled. “One wonders why the tree did not FORESTRY decay and fall before these long years elapsed. We know that all its smaller branches and limbs did decay, as the worm-drilled ends attest, leaving only the ponderous trunk, 18 inches in diam- eter, and one main fork. ‘There seems to be only one probable solution of the question. Certainly the tree must have been killed soon after the oil penetrated its root area, and it seems almost as certain that as the sap left the tree it was replaced by the penetrating asphalt- laden oil, the wonderful preservative of Rancho La Brea. That it did its work well is certain for the wood is sound enough to make into furniture today. An authenticated sample of the tree was sent to the Biological Survey at Washington for analysis, and micro- scopic slides were made of transverse and cross sections, showing that the tree was a cypress (Cupressus macnabi- ana). Many fragments of wood have been thrown out of the pits and visitors have carried pieces away. In some in- stances these have been sent out as fragments from the tree, with the result that the tree has already had three scientific names attached to it. The name Cupressus macnabiana, however, must stand for the present, as it 1s based on a true sample of the tree.” (The specimen of wood from the tree was sent to H. W. Henshaw, chief of the Biological Survey at Washing- ton, D.C. toy determine cits, identity: Dr. Albert Mann, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, made a few slides, and the tree was determined by Mr. C. D. Mell, of the Forest Service, to be a cy- press, technically, Cupressus Macnabi- ana, Murr., a species which 1s still pres- ent in California.—Eprror. ) Pennsylvania’s Two Arbor Days. The State of Pennsylvania celebrates two arbor days each year—one for spring planting and one for the fall—in April and October, respectively. A CEEYaSeinhiek WORK HAT a city or a town may do in caring for its shade trees, in fighting such de- structive pests as the brown tail moth and the gypsy moth and the elm leaf beetle in developing municipal forests in its parks and wood lots is indicated by the successful efforts of Fitchburg, Mass., where the work of the Board of Park Commissioners, in these efforts, has been particularly suc- cessful. The report of the work done by the commission during last year has been issued and it tells in detail what was done. Wm. W. Colton, who had charge of the fight against the gypsy and the brown tail moth, tells how the cam- paign was waged and his plan of operations may ‘be found of service by a number of other New England mu- nicipalities afflicted with the pests. Re- garding the attack on the gypsy moth, he says: THE GYPSY MOTH “In the annual fall cleaning of egg clusters, no attempt was made to keep track of the number of nests found, there being such an increase over previous years. The infestation has spread to such an extent that nearly every property in the city has more or lesse@t ancme. Very few are exempt. While last winter’s scout showed an increase in the number of nests, the work done up to December 1 shows that, while the general distribution has not decreased any, in fact has increased in woodlands, the number of nests found has decreased by at least one- third. This is due in part to the work carried on during the spring and sum- mer in cleaning all badly infested places, of old trees, closing cavities in the re- maining ones, and removing other hiding ‘places. Another reason for the decrease ; is due to the increasing amount of spraying carried on during the spring and summer, both by this de- partment and private parties. “One more item enters into this cause of the decrease also, that is, the introduction of several parasites. Sev- eral colonies of one species were in- troduced and others have made their appearance here from colonies intro- duced east of us. These little fellows have made themselves apparent in numerous places, so much so that, in one or two cases the Gypsies have been O_tp METHOD OF SPRAYING FOR GyPSy AND BROWN- Tait, Morus AT FitcHBurG,! MAss. almost entirely wiped out. Let us hope that the good work will continue as in these friends we have our greatest hopes of controlling the Gypsies of the forests. “It would seem from results the past year and from reports from the State Office, of work in various sections of the State, that the problem of con- trolling the gypsy moth was solved, in so far as it applies to the residential sections of towns and cities. This has been effected by cleaning out superflu- ous and useless trees and caring for the remaining good ones by spraying and treating the nests. “The woodland problem is yet to be 489 490 AMERICAN solved. While we have a decrease in the number of nests found in residen- tial sections, we find they have spread to the forests in nearly every section of the city. This can best be combated by applying modern forestry methods to the care of woodlands. By judicious thinnings, 7. e., removing such trees as are food for moths and leaving only the most resistant species the moths will soon be removed from the list of dangerous pests if not exterminated altogether. “A list of trees that should be removed and one of those that should be retained is appended. This list applies only to forests and not to orchards or shade trees. In both lists first choice is given at the top of the column. The bottom of both columns are interchangeable ac- cording to conditions of wood- land. “To be Removed—Old Fruit Trees, Red and Choke Cher- ries, White Oaks, Thorn Ap- ples, Grey Birch, Willows, Witch Hazel, Alder, Hack- berry, Shadbush, Hornbeam, Hop Hornbeam, Black Cherry, Poplars, Elm, Mountain Maple, Striped Maple. “To be Left—Pines, Spruces, Hemlocks, Firs, Cedar—Juni- per and Larch, Ash, Hickory, Basswood, Sugar Maple, Red Maple, Black and Yellow Birch, Tupelo and Sassafras, Beech, White Birch, Black Oaks, Chestnut, Locust. “This list is only for the guidance of those owning woodland and wishing to do some thinning. It does not mean that all those trees in column headed ‘To be left’ will not be attacked by the gypsy moth, as practically all of them are food for the full-grown caterpillar. It has been found from experiment, however, that the young, newly hatched caterpillar cannot eat the leaves of most of these trees and will therefore starve to death if its ‘infant food’ (the leaves of the trees in other column) is re- moved. FORESTRY “A new method of combating the brown-tail was tried. During the win- ter the nests were removed from the trees as usual. This has been cus- tomary for years and will probably have to be resorted to, in some in- stances, for some years to come. For the past two years we have been con- ducting an experiment on a small scale IMPROVED METHOD OF SPRAYING FOR GYPSY AND BROWN-TAIL Moru aT FircHBurRG, Mass. with spraying in the fall for brown- tails. We have become so well con- vinced that this method is both suc- cessful and cheaper, that this summer all street and roadside trees were sprayed. At the present time I am sat- isfied that it has been successful and will save the city much money the com- ing season. “The brown-tail caterpillar or larva hatches out about the first week in August. An illustration of the life his- tory of the brown-tail moth is here in- serted and referred to by numbers. For the first two or three weeks the young AVCIEY’S TREE WORK larve feed in groups usually on the leaf or leaves adjacent to the one on which the eggs are laid (1). At the end of this period it begins to curl these leaves up, spinning a fine web about them which forms their winter nest (2). In this nest it then molts, or changes its skin, and grows to a larger caterpillar (3). From this time on until the leaves begin to turn and drop off it emerges during the day, feeds on nearby leaves, and re- turns at night to the nest which has been firmly attached to the twig or branch. When the cold weather comes they pass into a dormant state and remain so until the first warm days of spring when they wake up, come out of the nests and seek frOOUe AS tete: are a. “great many days in early spring warm enough to bring them out, before the leaves are out, the young larve burrow into the buds for food, thus destroy- ing many of them before they open. As soon as the buds have really started to open our young pupz have molted again and pass into their third stage of growth. From this time on until early June they continue , to feed and grow, usually keep- ing the tree from leaving out. During the last stage of growth they become logy and do not feed much but crawl about looking for a place upon which to form their cocoon. This occurs about the middle or last of June and is known as pupating. From this time until early in July they remain in the pupz or cocoon stage (4 and 5). You will see from this that from early in June very little feeding is done.and the trees therefore have a chance to leaf out again. During the first week in July the cocoons open and the adult moth (6 and 7), a small white fellow with a tuft of brown hair at the .extremity of its abdomen, emerges, and after a few hours, flies away. ‘These white moths live from three to five days. At the end of the first day or two they 491 mate, after which the female lays its eggs (1) and very soon dies. ‘These little moths fly only by night and are attracted by the lights of a town or city. This accounts for the large num- bers seen just after the Fourth of July covering the electric light poles. After the moth dies the eggs remain on the leaves for a period of ten days or two weeks, when they hatch out and the CONTROL OF ELM LEAF BEETLE ON STREET TREES. POWER SPRAYER IN OPERATION AT FITCHBURG, Mass. young larve begin their work again. “There has been much comment on the flight of the moths during July and many people believe this is the time to kill them. A number of methods have been devised and tried for doing this. Bonfires are built and thousands of moths destroyed. Men are employed to go around every morning sweeping the moths from the electric light poles and burning them. Some have turned a hose on the poles, washing them off and probably drowning many of them. A huge suction fan was constructed and 492 Winter Nest AMERICAN FORESTRY + : 5 Male Pupa Female Pupa Full Grown Caterpillar Egg Mass and Moth laying eggs Tue Lire History OF THE BROWN-TaAIL McrTH. set up near a powerful light. The light attracting the moths, they were drawn into the fan and chewed to pieces. Another light was constructed with a mesh of fine copper wire around it highly charged with electricity, and when the moths flew against it they were electrocuted. Another scheme tried was to construct large pans, fill them with water and place them under a powerful light. The water acting as a reflector attracted the moths by the millions, and they were drowned. All these schemes worked to some extent, mM CITY'S TREE WORK 493 TRAINING YOUNG SHADE TREES IN THE NURSERY, COGGSHALL PARK, FITCHBURG, Mass. but the question is, ‘Do they pay?’ “Do they really do as much good as would appear on the surface?’ Let us con- sider the question for a moment. As has been explained above, the moth lives only for a few days. One-half of these at least are males and are harmless. The other half lay their eggs, usually within 36 hours after hatching. Most of them mate and lay their eggs very close to the place where they pass the pup stage. There are exceptions to this, of course, as, for instance, where a strong wind is prevailing, then UNDER THE PROTECTION OF THE FoREST WARDEN NEAR FITCHBURG, MASS. 494 they may be carried many miles away before mating or laying their eggs. However, even supposing this does hap- pen, of the moths caught and killed under any method only one-half are females bearing eggs. Of this one-half, it is easily seen that the majority have already laid their eggs. ‘Therefore, we have expended a lot of money to kill a few thousand moths, more than 75 per cent of whom are perfectly harmless, anyway, as they have already done their damage and would die a natural death ina | few days if not in a few hours. | Does it pay? I do not think so. “Now on the other hand, if the trees which you wish to pre- serve from them are thoroughly sprayed any time within a month or six weeks after the eggs are laid, it stands to reason that the young, tender larve who have got to feed for the next two or three months will easily succumb to the poison. Here you have done a maxi- mum of damage at a minimum of cost, which, it seems to us, is the ideal way of handling this pest.” Mr. Colton makes the fol- lowing recommendations: Spraying during the summer all roadside and street trees, and also: To do more spraying in the spring for gypsy moths; To continue cleaning up or- chard properties ; To clean up many of our back roads, removing superfluous trees and shrubs and those most likely to at- tract the moths; To obtain mounted specimens of gypsy, brown-tail moths, and _ their parasites for educational purposes ; To put in an educational exhibition at the next Agricultural Fair and main- tain the information bureau at the City Hall office. Members of the Commission empha- size the importance of forestry work in park development as well as in the care of shade trees in the streets, as they AMERICAN FORESTRY not only make the city more attractive but make for a healthy and more con- tented citizenship. The commissioners state: “In regard to trees and shrubs—we have set out a good many at the various parks and playgrounds, and it is the in- tention to follow out the order adopted to plant about 500 trees on our streets and avenues the coming year. PRODUCTS OF,LTHE_NURSERY. “Our nursery has been and is an im- portant addition to our department. We have a large and flourishing lot of young trees growing, and we shall be able to supply trees for the city at about one-third of the cost that we have been obliged to pay for:them from ‘time to time, as we have needed them in the past. If we are to make our city streets and avenues attractive and beautiful this work must be continued from year to year, and we hope that we shall, by you, be enabled to do so. “Tn Coggshall Park we have planted ROC YS over 52,000 young trees, and during the coming season we shall reforest another section of the burned-over area. “Early in the spring twenty thousand white pine seedings, 6,000 red pine, 3,000 Norway spruce, and 3,000 Doug- las fir were set out. The cost of this work, including the trees themselves, was $200.45, or $6.26 per M. The white pine were purchased this year by the bed, we doing our own sorting and grading. Only the best plants were used for planting in permanent loca- tions. All the culls, R28 amounting to some- thing over 18,000, were lined-out in our nursery. Most of these came through the summer in good shape and can be used in the futtire to fill in Mowe So in the old plantations or for more planting. Ps) soon as. the planting was com- pleted a twenty-foot fire line was cut on the south boundary Gm tue park. This, together with a num- ber of paths and Peddis winding through the planta- tions, are expected to effectually stop any fires that may _ be started here, from de- stroying all the plant- ings. It will be nec- essary, however, each year, to clean up these lines and keep them in good working condt- tion. “The nursery has been enlarged by taking over two of the cultivated fields south of the old site. One was used for planting seedling evergreens, the other for large transplant trees and shrubs. The trees in the old nurs- ery have been cultivated and cared for and show a very good growth. Many of these will have to be trans- TREE WORK 495 planted next spring in order to give them more room to develop. Sev- eral hundred more trees, of various sizes, have been contracted for and will be set out here next spring. No attempt was made to inventory the stock this fall, but next year a careful count will be taken of the stock, and the market value placed on them. In this way we will be enabled to see whether the en- terprise has proven a success or not.” What Fitchburg has done and is doing in caring for its trees and encouraging NATURE Mirror CoGGSHALL PARK, FITCHBURG, Mass. in its citizens an appreciation of their value may readily enough be done by other cities. The first essential is the appointment of a shade tree or a park commission composed of men _ with knowledge of trees and having execu- tive ability, and the second essential is to provide the commission with a suffi- cient appropriation. RANGER YOUNG WILD, ON THE Revie . OR LARIAT LAURA’S FATAL FORM By E. T. ALLEN Eprror1a, Notg—The human interest features in the life of the Forest Ranger on the National Forests have been presented at various times in AMERICAN Forestry, but always in serious vein. The men who guard the nation’s forest resources, however, lighten their responsibilities at times with a humor appropriate to their duties and environment. It is in order to present this spirit of burlesque that this fanciful story written six years ago is published. It does not apply now if it ever did, but represents the general conception of government bureau requirements of paper reports, which fortunately in the Forest Service are now less important than results. esp Not a leaf stirred, — ‘Not a couger howled. No sound broke the stillness but the regular breath- ing of Young Wild, the Forest Ranger, who lay beside the dead embers of the fire over which he had cooked his fru- gal ewening meal of chili and beans. Suddenly the telephone bell rang! Young Wild always carried a port- able wireless telephone and, before turning in on this historic evening, had fixed the coherer to the top-bud of a noble sugar pine some eight hundred and fifty feet high, under which he had pitched his simple camp. “Hello! Is this the Ranger, District Tema. “T am here, fear not,” replied Wild. “Death and destruction are advanc- ing northward up the canyon of the Mokelumne in the shape of a wall of flame three miles wide,” said the voice in the receiver. “Leave all to me,” said Young Wild. For Wild was a noble Ranger. He had read his Use Book and passed a search- ing examination along thoroughly prac- tical lines. What had he to fear? Just then a loud report was heard. Wild ran for his horse. It was gone! “Black Heart, the Nester!” cried Wild. “I expected no less from such a miscreant.” He had no other horse. Only yester- day he had weighed the latest consign- ment of blank forms received from Washington for his daily reports and, finding them to weigh eleven hundred and one (1,101) pounds, he had traded 496 | T was night, black night, in the for- his peerless Perjured Bride, the famous pinto filly whose pink nostrils had nuz- zled the posts of every saloon in his dis- trict, for a large traction engine. The report he had just heard was the engine blowing up. Only for a moment did Young Wild hesitate. Ina bound, or less, he reached the telephone and in secret code called up the mountain lair of Lariat Laura, the Dare Devil Queen of the Sierras. Our dashing young hero and this beau- tiful girl had been great chums along the Sausalito water front (read “Bleed- ing Hearts and Order Twelve, or How Lariat Laura Broke the Gin Famine,” 10 cents at all newsstands) and always stood together. “Ts that you, Laura?’ he inquired breathlessly. “No, I’m asleep,” the crafty girl re- plied. She did not recognize him with- out his breath and feared some diaboli- cal trap. Wild made a noise like an alarm clock. Laura woke up. “Hasten to my assistance!’ Wild cried. “I am about to be devoured by * * *” At that instant the line melted in two. Wild entered this fact in nineteen card records and signed six duplicates of each for transmission to the Office of Operation. But this delay saved his life. Lariat lost no time. Knowing the intrepid character of her dashing young lover, she was cer- tain no ordinary danger could have caused him to appeal to a tender young female for protection. She immediate- RANGER YOUNG WILD, ON THE FIRE LINE 497 ly decided it was probably thirst which threatened to devour him. Quickly completing her toilet by fil- ing her spurs and brushing the alkali from her red velvet breeches, in these brief seconds she reviewed the situation with lightning activity of her strong and passionate mind. Although Young Wild had not told her where to look for him, she was certain he was below her in the valley. This deduction was simple. It was only the twenty-ninth of the month. He would barely have finished filling in his report forms for the pre- vious month, without time to get more than one day’s travel from headquar- ters. Throwing her keen young eye down the valley, therefore, she heard at once the crackling of the cruel flames twenty miles below. It was already too smoky to see their extent. She realized at once that her trusty mustang would for once be useless. For a moment this stalled her. Then, bang! bang! bang! Twelve reports startled the echoes in the sur- rounding crags. Lariat Laura had cut off a leaning sequoia by the river bank with a volley from her six-shooters. In another moment she was balancing her graceful form on its whirling trunk as it plunged down seventeen miles of foaming rapids. Keeping a keen lookout for log jams, which she avoided by lightly leaping over them as her precarious craft passed beneath, she soon spied Young Wild on the right hand bank reading the Use Book. As she approached, Wild threw himself on his face and sobbed bitterly. Lariat whirled her obedient rope and noosed a stump on the bank. Then she plunged into the icy torrent and hauled herself ashore. “Wild, dear, do not despair,’ she cried. “All cannot be lost!” “Tt is too late, Lariat!” Wild wept. “T should have made eight more copies for Silviculture.” The golden hearted girl was on her job. She handed Wild her jewel-mounted flask. He returned it empty. Dawn was breaking. The flames were about around the devoted pair. Suddenly they heard a fiendish yell of triumph from a nearby mountain top. It was Black Heart, the Nester, ex- ulting over his victims. Black Heart had set the fire to insure getting his homestead claim and stolen Wild’s horse so he could not go and report it. Wild fired, but the intense heat melted the bullet and the caitiff jeered unharmed. Wild noted this fact record. It was this simple and natural act that gave Lariat a brilliant idea. “Wild,” she cried excitedly, as she stamped her cigarette butt out with care, “where is the rest of your equip- ment ?” “Stacked in a big meadow just above here,” he replied, ‘where I left it tilh my traction engine should arrive.” “Tf we spread it clear across the can- yon,” she urged, “in a pile 10 feet high and 12 feet wide, it will surely stay the flames until help arrives.” But at this crucial moment a tele-- gram was handed to Young Wild, or- dering him to report to Washington to become acquainted with routine. Of course he could not delay to put out a fire, so, leaving his darling Lariat to be consumed, he started at once. There is little more to tell. Such prompt obedience of orders from Washington, in spite of local affairs, could not fail of reward. The Assist- ant Chief of Operation having married an heiress and quit work, Young Wild was promoted to the place. Unaided, her white skin scorched to a cinder, Lariat wearily piled the equipment across the canyon. When the last Form 944 was placed on the top she fell dead. As the last flame reached the pile and gave up dis- to close in his card 498 couraged, a South African water bottle blew up and a fragment killed Black Heart in his cowardly tracks. AMERICAN FORESTRY (Next in this series will be Young Wild’s Spirit Pay-Roll, or Lariat Laura True in Death.) DESTROY DISBASE DEIN Se URTHER investigations by spe- LK cialists of the U. 5. Department of Agriculture into the white- pine blister rust have convinced the Department that if this disease be- ° comes generally distributed in our for- ests it will be the worst enemy that the white-pine has to encounter. Drastic action is therefore urged again by the authorities in order to eradicate the dis- ease before it becomes as firmly planted here as it is already in Europe. Own- ers of infected areas are strongly ad- vised to destroy their diseased trees without delay. There is no chance that the tree can recover, and it is merely a menace to its neighbors. To indicate the seriousness of the disease it is known about 10 years ago infected trees were found in the pines planted for ornamental purposes in a large private estate in Vermont. About 50 of the 150 trees on this estate or 33 1-3 per cent are now visibly affected by this disease. Probably 5 or 10 per cent more will develop it, for it takes a long time for the maximum of damage to be done. In studying this menace the Depart- ment of Agriculture has had something like 200 lots of white-pines carefully in- spected. Results of this inspection show conclusively that a single tree with fruiting bodies of the fungus and in proximity to a currant bush which acts as a carrier for the disease may start an epidemic which may continue for years and may spread over an area of several square miles. Moreover, it was found that the inspection and removal of trees actually founc to be infected was quite inefficient to prevent the spread of the plague. Despite the pres- ent loss that it would cause, therefore, the Department feels that the only safe method is the total destruction of in- fected lots. The white-pine blister rust is a native of Europe, and was first discovered in this country in 1909. It has not as yet attacked any of our forests, and if owners of white pines which have not been grown from seeds would make a conscientious search for evidence of the disease, it is hoped that it can yet be kept under control. Ordinarily the rust makes its presence known through yel- low blisters which break out through the bark on the main stem near the ground. After a few days these Dlis- ters break open and give forth large numbers of dusty orange-colored pine spores. Owners who have reason to suspect this disease on their trees are urged to forward specimens for investigation to the Office of Forest Pathology, Bureau of Plant Industry, where examination of them will be made free of charge. Tacoma’s Water Supply. The city of Tacoma, Washington, has entered into a cooperative agreement with the Forest Service for the protection of the source of its water supply, the watershed of the Green River, which lies within the Rainier National Forest. The two agencies working together will protect this stream from the results of forest destruction by fire or by other agencies. A LUMBER CARRIER. ONE OF THE FAMOUS FLEET OF THE DOLLAR COMPANY OF SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA. PUMBER TRADE AND tee 6 Al By Ropert DoLLar [In order to ascertain what may be the effect of the opening of the Panama Canal on the lumber trade of the Pacific Coast, AMERICAN Forestry asked Robert Dollar, of San Francisco, one of the biggest shippers of lumber, his opinion. Mr. Dollar’s answer is here given. He tersely defines the attitude of the lumbermen, as he sees it, on the question of tolls, and on competition with British Columbia.—Ep1rTor. | HE results of the opening of the Canal are not generally under- stood by the American public. In fact, some prominent men even say that free tolls will only benefit the shipping trust. This trust that is going to use the canal is a myth and does not exist. In fact, we look for a rate-war on the start. The American public is going to pay the tolls and not the shipowner. The cost of operating American ves- sels is so great there is barely a fair percentage of profit, in fact at this writ- ing 33 per cent of all the lumber steam- ers on this coast are laid up, unable to run at the present low rate of freight, and no steamer engaged in the coast- wise lumber trade has paid a cent in dividends to the owners during the past nine months. Inasmuch as lumber ves- sels are running and barely able to pay expenses, is it reasonable to expect that they can pay the canal tolls and add this to the loss of operation? I think not; and one thing that our learned men and theorists will find out, is that the dear American public will pay the tolls. To illustrate: Suppose a ship is willing and able to carry freight through the canal on free tolls at, say, $3.00 a ton, and Congress in its wisdom im- poses a toll of $3.00 a ton, no sane man would think that the shipowner would continue to carry at that rate, when the Government would make him pay $3.00 which thereby causes the service to be performed for nothing. Strange as it may seem to some, a steamship is not operated on wind, so the inevitable re- sult would be $3.00 for canal tolls, $3.00 to the shipowner and $6.00 to the owner of the cargo instead of $3.00. But what is interesting the American lumberman more than anything else is this: That the British Columbia mills are permitted to use the ships of all nations to carry their lumber from 3ritish Columbia to all American ports, 499 500 AMERICAN whereas the American mills must em- ploy American vessels only. To the uninitiated, this would look all right, but it is not, for the following reasons : First, that an American steamer costs just about double as much as a vessel built, say, in Great Britain. Then our laws and regulations compel us to carry more men than any foreign ship carries. More wages to our men, high- er cost of feeding them, greater ton- nage measurement and many other charges that the American vessel must pay, which are too numerous to ex- plain in this article. Suffice to say, that if the American FORESTRY ship has to pay tolls of $1.20, then for deck load say 40 cents per M extra, it will add about $1.60 per M of lumber. The foreign ship will carry lumber from British Columbia to, say, New York, for $3.85 less than the American vessel, thereby putting our American mills completely out of the running. All this comes immediately after having put lumber on the free list. It is a stunning blow to the lumber industry of this coast. The lumbermen demand relief of Congress by allowing them to use the same vessels as their competitors in British Columbia, there- by putting them on an equality. PACIFIC COAST CONDITION: MERICAN FORESTRY has ar- Ariveei for a series of articles on western lumber conditions and problems, with the idea of pre- senting the practical inside viewpoint of some of the big men in the business there. These articles will include a commercial sketch of the merchantable western species of lumber, the little known ones also, and will tell of the many uses of this lumber, some new ones having been recently discovered. There will also be articles on the world’s markets and the trend of trade, the pos- sibilities of extending the trade, on the transportation from mill to market, the various features of production and the problems connected with it, the closer utilization and the uses of special prod- ucts and by-products, and an analysis of the situation of private timber holders covering investment, fire protection, in- terest and taxes. All these articles will be designed to give to the general public a knowledge of western forest conditions which the public does not now possess, and they will be found of decided value and much interest. As the American Forestry Association and its magazine AMERICAN Forestry, in its now rapid development, finds it necessary to keep in close touch with the forestry and lumbering conditions in the chief forested regions, plans are being rapidly perfected to have its in- formation from these various regions, of the most reliable and accurate char- acter. The Pacific coast region has the largest and most valuable forests in the country and Mr. E. T. Allen, of Port- land, Ore., the forester of the Western Forestry and Conservation Association, has agreed to assist AMERICAN For- ESTRY in presenting the articles in refer- ence to conditions there. Ranchers Fight Fires. Ranchers within and adjacent to the Sierra National Forest, California, have formed a cooperative association for the prevention of forest fires. They need to use fire in clearing land for farming, and will do it on a community basis, with all members present to prevent the fires’ spread. BOREST RY s@inet th COUNT hay [Sol aNol le By Warren H. Miner, M. F. VI. GETTING ACQUAINTED; THE MAPLES AND BIRCHES VERY forest owner should know & at sight his four maple and birch species. It may have been a surprise to some that so many species of oaks were to be found in almost any forest of twenty acres and over, located anywhere in the area under consideration in these articles, viz., north to the Canadian line, west to the Mississippi, south to the Gulf States and east to the Atlantic. It is no less true that at least four species of maples are common in this area with two others rather more infrequent ; that one may look for at least four species of birches and the same number of hickories and ash trees, and the forest owner should not only be able to tell these trees at sight but also know their soil preferences, insect and fungus dis- eases, their light requirements, and uses in the arts commercially. Also one should never forget their aesthetic value as to spring and autumn coloration, and their fruit and flower display in sum- mer. In fact, a whole chapter could be written on the tree flowers alone—and let us hope will be before this series is concluded ! THE SUGAR MAPLE. Beginning with the four maples with an exotic fifth which cannot pass un- mentioned, undoubtedly the head of the family in our country is the rock or sugar maple, easily distinguished from the others by its five-lobed pointed leaf, characteristic and not easily forgotten when once seen and identified. No other maple has it except the exotic Norway maple which has the five lobes but broadly notched and not at all like the sugar maple. The Norway has found great vogue among us as a shade and street tree, but it is in no way to be. compared to our own glorious sugar maple, as its leaves turn a dull brown in autumn (which at once lets it out of the beauty class to which all our maples belong), and its juice is acrid and worthless for “sugaring off.” Its prin- cipal value in city planting is this same juice, which is exceedingly distasteful THE SUGAR MAPLE. to the chewers and crawlers which in- fest city trees, leaving the Norway maple immune from their attacks. The sugar maple, to the writer’s mind, is best in forest stands forming a veritable “sugar bush” or at salient points or else featured on your land- scape along the edge of the forest ; also as a shade tree in pasturage. At all these points its gorgeous autumn color- ation is a pure joy to look at, and it 501 502 AMERICAN FORESTRY Rock MAPLE AND BEECH. thrives even with considerable tapping each year. I do not fancy it for a lawn tree principally because of the hard, strong leaf, which, after passing through the yellows and reds of the frost moon, drops to the lawn and will remain there all winter without disinte- grating and must be raked off at con- siderable expense on a large sward. There is a better maple for that pur- pose, which we will come to later. The sugar maple is a fall seeder, the keys being set at about 90 degrees, whereas those of the Norway maple, also a fall seeder, are set in a straight line. ‘To raise seedlings the keys should be collected in the fall and worked into a bed of rich loam, leaving them all A VERMONT SUGAR MAPLE. FORES ERMAN FHE COUNTRY Bs TATE 503 EE WHERE THE RED MAPLE EXCELS. winter, when a good germination the following spring will be secured. Un- less you are raising a lot of them to underplant a thicket, with the eventual formation of a sugar bush in mind, it is better to get young nursery saplings, the 8 to 10 foot size costing about 80 cents. Young maple seedling will endure any quantity of shade and can be under- planted with just a clearance of the bush about the site. In its soil require- ments the sugar maple is_ peculiar. Almost any rich, clayey soil will grow it, if not too dry, w ithin certain tempera- ture limits. While its natural limits ex- tend south to the Gulf, it thrives best in the northerly range. It is very rare in the coastal plains of the Atlantic States and cannot be grown there with much success. As in most tree-planting erations one must let Nature be the principal guide, and if a species is con- spicuous by its absence in your locality, there is usually some good reason why it is missing, and attempts to introduce it artificially are not apt to end in suc- cess. We have no sugar maples in the forest of Interlaken, though red maples are abundant, and the planted silver and Norway maples do well. Our soil is sandy and sour though no wetter than any rich, moist loam in the clay and lime base soils to the west of us where the sugar maple thrives. It is not the sand which keeps it out, as sugar maples are famous for their growth and abundance in the Champlain sands and gravels of southern Michigan. In the writer's opinion, the absence of any lime base in our soil accounts for the non-appearance ot this tree. As to growing it in forests, as both the lumber and sugar are valuable, and neither one interferes with the quality of the other, it should be grown in standard forest of pure stand, as its European cousin is grown, so as to get tall, straight lumber, for side sunlight will surely cause low branching and ruin the lumber. A tree can be tapped for about three gallons of sap per year without injury, and the tapping should not be begun until -the tree reaches twelve inches in diameter FAVORITE, RED MAPLE. Next to the sugar maple stands that old favorite, the red maple, with its habit of bending caressingly over the streamside, its scarlet and purple g glories 504 reflected in the placid water. The wind blows, and instantly there is a flutter and a flash of upward-turning red leaves, and a sheen of silver white glances over the whole tree as the lower faces of the leaves become exposed to view. Poets have loved this tree since the world began. ‘The first to tinge the woods with red in late March, the spring zephyrs waft breaths of its AMERICAN FORESTRY barren ridge and reds and yellows, and even pure yellows in more kindly soil. It is almost as hard as the rock or sugar maple, has a remarkable wavy grain in old specimens and is the gun- maker’s choice for a maple gunstock. Like the sugar maple, it has the pe- culiarity of growing knobs of sapwood over old suppressed branch scars, and to own a woodsman’s drinking cup all THE RED MAPLE. heavenly perfume in the warm sun- light—the odor of red maple blossoms, as sure a sign that spring has really come as the first bluebird. Along in May while the tender leaves are yet unfolded, come the great clusters of red samaras (keys) which flutter down in June and immediately sprout, giving us a thrifty forest of young seedlings wherever there is sunlight. Through the summer the red maple is a shade tree of the first class, and then in the fall, when the Great Show begins, it is in the thick of the fray, flaunting its great plumes of red along lakeside and CHESTNUT OAKS AND RED MAPLES ON THE LAKE BANK. one has to do is to saw off one of these knobs, and, while the sapwood is still green, gouge out the interior following the contour of the sap layers and getting them out, all but the last two. Unlike the sugar maple, which is an almost perfect firewood, the red maple makes one of those logs which can hardly be burnt. It gives a fine back- log for your fire, nevertheless, and will stand a lot of burning in front before it takes fire itself. Dry and seasoned, it burns fairly easily. It is instantly and easily distinguished from the sugar maple because its leaf is virtually FORESTRY ON THE three-lobed, the two lower lobes, so prominent in the sugar maple, being aborted and absorbed into the contour of the leaf base, and in addition the entire periphery of the leaf is notched while that of the sugar maple is smooth. The red maple grows all over the area considered in these articles, and while it will do well in swampy locali- ties where the other maples cannot THE MoosEwoop OR STRIPED MAPLE. exist, it is glad to get a moist, not too swampy, soil to grow on. In such loca- tions its autumn leaves will be yellow and the trunk yield a good lumber, while in wet or extra-dry soils its leaves turn a uniform deep red and the trunk persists in growing crooked and branch- ing, the phenomenon of the red leaves seeming to be due to the insufficient root nourishment of both swampy and barren soils. The seedlings endure shade well but later the tree must have sunlight, which it usually manages to get by running up a ridiculously slender sapling twenty feet high and two inches in diameter! Seedlings trans- plant easily, and 8-foot nursery saplings COUNTRY ESTATE 505 cost about 75 cents each. As its lumber is poor, cordwood value low, and syrup thin and scanty, the red maple should not be encouraged except for aesthetic considerations and in swampy _ spots where it is the only maple that will grow. THE SILVER MAPLE. The silver or soft maple is familiar A VERY FEw oF THEM WILL THE GRay BIRCH. TONE up ANY THICKET. to us all because it has long been a favorite street tree owing to the fact that its foliage crisps up and disap- pears very soon after falling. You will recognize it by its feathery, five- lobed leaf, silvery underneath and turning yellow in autumn before fall- ing. Its yellow flowers are out as soon as those of the red maple and 506 AMERICAN FORESTRY : peg oe A Favorite HAuNtT oF THE BLACK BIRCH. the keys ripen and come down in early June—the streets are covered with them along about Commencement time. In the West this tree is exten- sively cut and sold for the same grade lumber work for which we use hem- lock and “Carolina” pine in the Kast— sheathing, underflooring, scaffolding, etc., but in the Middle Atlantic States the silver maple is not at all common, growing wild, and you may not en- counter more than one or two specimens in your forest. It is preeminently the maple for lawns and the border of driveways, as its leaves are very easily handled, burning easily or else disin- tegrating on the sod during the winter. Except for such purposes and for an occasional touch of yellow on a forest hillside, this maple is hardly to be en- couraged. It will grow on almost any soil not too swampy but cannot endure shade, and should be planted where it can get at least 10 to 4 o’clock sun. THE RLACK MAPLE, Setting aside the mountain maple and the black variety of the sugar maple, the most plentiful member of the fam- ily growing wild is the moosewood or striped maple. A large, coarse leaf with rounded base, somewhat resembling the red maple but never to be taken for it, for the moosewood is usually a large bush, and all its smaller branches are dark-green with characteristic white stripes. Any New England country boy can tell you all about it, for he makes his whistles of it. The keys are pretty, hanging in long, drooping pen- dants in pairs, ripening in August. The tree prefers the moist hillsides and banks of lakes, and if Nature grows it at all it will occur in such profusion as to require discouragement rather than encouragement. Although it occurs in cool, mountain brook ravines as far south as Georgia, I doubt if it would thrive if grown in hardwood forests much south of northern Connecticut. On the whole, a rather handsome little maple with its immense _ sap-green leaves, turning bright yellow in Autumn, but hardly important enough to require especial effort in its introduction. Use- ful to campers because a tea of its FORRES. RYSON: EHE COUNTRY ESTATE 50% ADIRONDACK YELLOW BIRCHES GROWING IN COMPANY WITH RED SPRUCE AND BALSAM FIR. leaves makes a good physic when no standard medicines are available. THE BLACK BIRCH The family of the birches is one so important and its members occur so abundantly in all forest estates that more than a bowing acquaintance with the different species is advisable. Prob- ably the most universal of all of them is the black birch, a handsome, feathery tree that becomes a plume of pure orange yellow in Autumn. Sand, clay, granite and limestone soil bases seem to suit it equally well, so long as the soil is reasonably moist, and its range is the whole of our area. ‘To my mind ad- vantage should be taken of this tree’s tendency to form a perfect crown under fair sunlight conditions, as no more handsome or graceful forest citizen grows than this same black birch. This is due to the almost mathematically reg- ular forking of the end twigs of the year’s growth so that its age can be told with reasonable accuracy by count- ‘ng the forks on a large branch back from the tip with due correction for the time of its appearance on the trunk (usually, in a large branch, early in the tree’s life). Wherefore, clear away conflicting trees when making a thin- ning and give it a chance. It is always at its best when framed in a_ brook vista or festooning lovingly over the quiet shores of your lake. Its fruit is a small catkin and flower insignificant, best collected when ripe in the fall and sifted for seeds, as the forest seedlings of birch are almost impossible to transplant and the nur- sery saplings difficult to make succeed. Sow in spots where wanted and snip all but the most successful seedling when they come up. THE YELLOW BIRCH The yellow birch is one of the great hardwoods of the North, being lum- bered extensively in the Adirondacks. It is apt to make rather a crooked, ugly tree, and its ragged bark adds not at all to its beauty. It does not get on in the Middle States, where the winters are comparatively mild. It transplants rather more easily than the black birch 508 and is said to make a handsome tree when grown in good sunlight without much competition. As it never can have the handsome, glossy cherry-like bark of the black birch, there is little reason for preferring it to the latter, more especially as it requires a quite wet soil and cannot stand long, hot summers. CANOE OR WHITE BIRCH Undoubtedly the most historic of our birches is the canoe or white birch, the tree which opened up this continent to civilization, for the canoes of its bark gave the voyageur and frontiersmen their only means of wilderness travel until the ice formed on the waterways. It is an exceedingly handsome tree, pure white in its bark, not to be confounded with the eastern gray birch, which has black triangles on the bark under each branch joint with the main trunk. Grows in gravelly or granite base soils not too wet; cannot stand the hot sum- mers of localities south of the Massa- chusetts line except in mountainous districts such as eastern Pennsylvania, where the altitude gives needful cool- ness. THE GRAY BIRCH The gray birch is perhaps the most popular of our native birches for forest estate landscape gardening. Nearly as white as the canoe birch, when young it will deceive you mightily as it hardly shows a sign of white anywhere and is only identified by its characteristic notched birch leaf with a very long point on the leaf. Easily confounded with the poplar when young, but the AMERICAN FORESTRY greenish bark of the latter is its sure identification whereas the young gray birch twigs are brown. ‘The bark will not peel easily nor separate into layers like its cousin the canoe birch, and un- derneath the inner bark is dark green. Will grow anywhere, wet or dry soils; sand, clay, limestone or granite base, and can be introduced anywhere in our area, in spite of the fact that its dis- tribution is entirely along our Atlantic seaboard. ‘This fact is, I believe, due to the gray birch being a wing seeder so that the prevailing westerly breezes in the fall when its seeds come ripe have made its westward progress ex- ceedingly difficult. That and the fact that it cannot endure shade and is easily suppressed by trees with larger and heavier leaves. If properly managed both as to planting and clearing out thickets with the axe, a great deal can be done in an ornamental way with the gray birch. Leaves turn yellow in the fall. All the birches are excellent fire- woods, furnishing their own gas from the birch oil, and there is no prettier sight than a log of yellow or black birch in an open fire, its tiny, yellow jets of flame blowing out at every pore. As the timber has a big commercial value in furniture work, a northern owner with a big hardwood stand of yellow birch has a _ valuable asset. Where the soil is favorable and black birch is already abundant, it would be well for a Middle-State owner to encourage a stand of black birch by natural seeding and judicious clearance with the axe. (TO BE CONTINUED. ) BALSAM i DOK PULP ALSAM fir, a tree which a few years ago was considered of little value, is now in demand for pulp wood. This demand has been brought about, says the Department of Agriculture, by the ConE LOADER BALSAM Fir. NOTE THE NUMBER OF CONES ON THIS TREE. IT IS AT SANTA CLARA, FRANKLIN COUNTY, NEW YORK. enormous expansion of the pulp indus- try during the past two decades, with its present consumption of three and a quarter million cords of coniferous wood and the consequent rise in the price of spruce, the wood most in de- mand for paper making. In addition, the department goes on to say, balsam has begun to take the place of spruce for rough lumber, laths, and the like, as the price of the latter wood has risen. The chief objection to the use of large amounts of balsam fir in the ground-pulp process of paper making is said to be due to the so-called pitch in the wood, which injures the felts and cylinder faces upon which the pulp is rolled out. balsam fir does not have a resinous wood, and the material which gums up the cylinder probably comes from grinding balsam under conditions adapted to spruce wood. Yet from ten Photo. by the History and Mr. Ernest Keller. A BArESAM Fir. American Museum of Natural THIS IS A FINE SAMPLE OF THE BALSAM FIR. THE TREE IS IN THE OPEN NEAR GOLDEN BEACH, ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS, N. Y. to twenty-five per cent, and possibly more, of balsam can be used in ground 509 510 pulp without lowering the grade of the paper produced. It is known that with balsam logs left lying in water over a BALSAM FIR. ABOUT THIRTY YEARS OLD, 30 FEET HIGH, 7 INCHES DIAMETER. AMERICAN FORESTRY season this drawback practically dis- appears. In chemical pulp, produced through the action of acids, these acids are known to dissolve the pitch, and any amount of balsam can be used, though some claim that too much balsam in the pulp gives a paper that lacks strength, snap, and character. At the present time, balsam fir fur- nishes about six or seven per cent of the domestic coniferous wood used by the country’s pulp industry. The tree itself constitutes, numerically, about twenty per cent of the coniferous forest in northern New York and Maine, and is abundant in many parts of New Hampshire, Vermont, and in _ the swamps of northern Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and Minnesota. It readily reforests cut-over areas, and attains a size suitable for pulp wood in a short time. Under present methods of cutting, balsam fir is said to be increasing in our second-growth forests at the ex- pense of red spruce, and with the grad- ual decline in the supply of the latter wood the fir will become more and more important commercially. AN ACKNOWLEDGMENT DITOR AMERICAN Dear Sir: On page 382, AMERICAN For- EstRY for May, you most kindly gave editorial notice of a meeting at Harrisburg club rooms on May 4, when a loving cup and other evidences of most friendly interest were presented to me. May I place myself further in your debt by making in AMERICAN ForeSTRY acknowledgment to the friends who were present at that meeting, and to those who could not be there, of my FORESTRY : profound gratitude for their apprecia- tion of what I have tried for thirty- seven years to do for the forests and associated interests of the country. It is not given to every public servant to receive such recognition, nor has any one a right to expect it; but when it is given, it should be thankfully received and kept perpetually in memory as “a crown of rejoicing’ and as a stimulus to renewed and more productive effort. Gratefully yours, J. T. Rorurocx. Controlling Sand Dunes. The forest service has been requested to cooperate with the port authorities of Coos Bay, Washington, in planting to control shifting sand dunes. A HoME ON THE NATIONAL FOREST. THIS IS THE RESIDENCE, WHICH HE OWNS, OF A SMALL USER OF THE SIERRA NATIONAL FOREST. POREST SERVICE pn UBETS By Pau, G. REDINGTON Supervisor Sierra National Forest, California T stands to reason that the adminis- tration of the Forest Service will be judged with favor by the users of the National Forests and the public venerally, if fairmindedness, tact and a desire to meet the users more than half way preponderate in the make-up of the average Forest officer. That these qualities have in the main governed the attitude of Forest officers in the past nine years is patent from the changed reception which the policies of the For- est Service are now accorded by the vast majority of people who do busi- ness on the National Forests. At first there was distrust and a feeling that unnecessary paternalism was being foisted upon a people who heretofore had been perfectly well able to handle their affairs without advice from any official. There were men, also, who ap- preciated that regulation and _ super- vision of the timber cutting and grazing and the disposal of lands meant to them a decreased revenue, at least for a few years. The antagonistic attitude of such men could with difficulty be changed to a friendly one, even by the exercise of fair play. This class of opponents to the Forest policy was, however, in the minority, and it was up to the Forest officers to concentrate rather on the dis- gruntled majority or those people who were suspicious of the intent of the Government and skeptical of the suc- cess of any administration of the for- ested areas. It has been most interesting to note the various transition stages of senti- ment of the users toward the Service and its men. ‘The originally hostile po- sition was changed slowly to one of more or less indifferent acquiescence, as it became apparent that the Forest ad- ministration had come to stay. As one user was heard to say, years ago, “These rangers think they can run things—let ’em go to it.” This attitude of aloofness was presently superseded by one of hope when it developed that the local users and the small men were constantly getting the square deal which had been promised; and when, for instance, it was brought home to the sili! AMERICAN FORESTRY THE CRANE VALLEY RESERVOIR OF THE SAN JOAQUIN LIGHT AND POWER CORPORATION, USER OF THE SIERRA NATIONAL FOREST. caitlemen that supervised grazing did ot necessarily mean decreased returns. The feeling of hope was displaced, finally, with one which had as its chief element the desire to cooperate with Forest officers, and this feeling is the one which is now so widespread as to cause the knocker and the backbiter to stand out as a distinct exception. This remarkable change on the part of thousands of people of the West could never have taken place had not the Forest officer been honest, unwaver- ingly faithful to the cause of which he was the representative, friendly with his neighbors and filled with a desire to win out against big odds by a tactful, industrious and common-sense cam- paign. ‘That the great body of Forest officers has been imbued with ideals of courtesy, honor and industry is due very largely to the remarkable character of its leaders. A Forest officer’s busi- ness is everybody’s business, to a far greater degree than is true of an em- ploye of a private corporation. ‘This is truer now than at the inception of For- est administration, because the people have finally come to ‘believe (and rightly) that they really have a great deal to do with the running of the Na- tional Forests. It follows that extraor- close A LARGE dinary care must be used by the For- est officer to treat all impartially, to hide his personal grievances under a cloak of official friendliness, to be pa- tient in his dealings with people who are not as well versed in Forest affairs as he is, and to avoid promises where there is any doubt of fulfillment. There is no regular eight-hour day of labor for any permanent Forest officer, for two reasons: (1) The work varies from season to season, and during the busy period of the year ( which now, 1n- cidentally, on a well-organized National Forest extends well through the year) the officer must generally be engaged from daylight to dark to finish his du- ties, and (2) criticism would arise if an officer refused to do business out of hours with a user who could not con- veniently transact the business at an- other time. A Forest officer must bear this point constantly in mind, in order to any possible opening through which criticism of lack of industry and attention to duty might creep. A Forest officer should keep thor- oughly posted on the sentiment of the people in his locality, and where adverse beliefs exist, should make it a point to get on a friendly personal basis with men who would have things otherwise, SCENIC FOREST PRESERVED 51 gain their confidence, get their point of view, show them where they are mis-: taken, if possible, and follow up their suggestions as to change or improve- ment in lines of work. The frank ac- ceptance of your opponent’s idea, where it seems to be a good one, goes a long way toward convincing him that there may be some good in you after ail. The Forest officer should not fail to study out methods which, if adopted, are going to officially elevate or improve local conditions. The regulations of the Forest Service are so drawn as to be highly elastic and therefore can gen- erally be made to fit varying local needs. However, new problems are constantly cropping up which demand another method of settlement than any specifi- cally authorized in the manual, and it 1s because of this that a Forest officer should be diligent in observation and painstaking in the proper kind of in- quiry. The Forest Service has gotten close to the people of the West because it would not tolerate officiousness, impa- tience or incompetence in its officers and because its organization was free from that tincture of bureaucracy which is SKN unpalatable to any American citizen. Now that the confidence of the people has been obtained, and the relation be- tween officer and user worked out, and understood to a satisfactory degree, the men in the Service must make doubly sure that there shall be no retrogression. Any Forest officer has a whole lot of authority, and can work it for good or ill, depending on his viewpoint and his appreciation of the results of a move in either direction. It seems to me de- cidedly essential to hold what has been gained in the esteem and confidence of the people. We should not take the at- titude now that we have done well and the people are satisfied, and if we do as- sert a little undue authority, our su- perior grasp of the situation and the fact that we are government officials and in control will down the still small voice of the man we hit by such tactics. Only by holding to the ideals which have been steadfastly maintained dur- ing the last decade can we hope to continue and make stronger the ami- cable and satisfactory relation now ex- isting between the public and the Forest Service. SCENIC PORES TP srainy it) RESIDENT WILSON has signed a bill authorizing the ex- change of certain private lands in the Sierra National Forest and the Yosemite Park for National Forest lands of approximately equal value. This is the outcome of negotiations between the Forest Service and the Madera Sugar Pine Company started in August, 1913. The objects to be effected were, from the viewpoint of the public, twofold: to preserve a strip of uncut timber along the road from Wawona to the summit of Signal Peak and by so doing maintain this popular side trip as a scenic forest drive, and to secure clear title to the United States of the timber in the watersheds of the upper Chowchilla River, Devil’s Gulch and the South Fork of the Merced. This timber is needed to round out several small logging units which eventually will be utilized in connection with the agricultural development of the foothill region adjoining. In appraising the values of the tim- ber, the Forest Service, after a thorough cruise and study of the logging condi- tions on the ground, figured the total cost per thousand feet board measure of manufacturing lumber from the standing timber in each tract. To this cost was added an equal margin for profit for each and the sum of these two, subtracted from the estimated mill-run lumber value, was taken to be the market value of the standing tim- 514 AMERICAN ber. Approximately 2,453 acres of company land will be traded for 2,468 acres of Government land. The com- pany’s land carries 119,875,000 board feet of timber worth $433,187; the Government’s, 121,757,000 board feet worth $433,172, or an average appraised FORESTRY stumpage value of $3.62 per thousand for company timber and $3.56 per thou- sand for Government timber. The val- uation is affected both by the propor- tion of sugar and yellow pine in the stand and by the relative accessibility ot the two tracts. A LUMBERMAN’S VIEWS OHN M. WOODS, of East Cam- bridge, Mass., chairman of the Forestry Committee of the Na- tional Hardwood Manufacturers’ Association, in his report at the annual convention held at Buffalo in June makes the statement that: “A careful scrutiny of the words and acts of the executive and legislative departments of the nation reveal but little to commend, and apparently less to encourage those who believe the forest interests of the country should be entirely divorced from partisan politics.” He then voiced the emphatic declara- tion that “We believe the experiences of the past and present conditions and the needs of the future demand that this great and vital asset of the nation (the forests) shall be placed under the control and management of men of wide forest experience, absolute honesty and demonstrated business ability.” Of the improvements to be made in the cause of forestry, such improve- ments as the American Forestry Asso- ciation is endeavoring to bring about, Mr. Woods said: “Tntelligent leadership and the diffusion of facts and all available information will formulate and crystallize public opinion so that it will be easier to place on the State books legislation in relation to the prevention of forest fires, equitable taxation of forest lands, establishment of State, city and town forestry reservations and reasonable regula- tions and appropriations.” Mr. Woods sees danger of the timber supply being so rapidly depleted that the forests of the country may disap- peata le saysr “Tt needs no prophet to foretell the future of our forest supply of merchantable timber of all kinds. Therefore it seems to be a wise thing to begin in State and nation a sys- tem of reforestation of land unsuitable for agriculture or any other purpose except the growing of timber.” Mr. Woods does not believe that pres- ent lumber trade business is due to any “psychological depression.” Says he: “Applied to the lumber business we should say that it (psychology) means a man who would see rot, knots, shakes and worms when buying lumber, but which fade away when selling it—The end of psychological lumber dealers is in the bankruptcy court.” Ten Year Pines for Posts. Jack pine trees planted ten years ago in the sand hills of Nebraska are now large enough to produce fence posts. Last year the first seed was gathered from this plantation. Arboretum at Pullman. _ The agricultural experiment station at Pullman, Washington, is establishing an arboretum in which it is proposed to grow a group of each of the important timber trees of the temperate zone. $50,000.00 Bond Issue of the American Forestry Association To Members of the American Forestry Association: It has been decided by the Board of Directors to issue bonds of the American Forestry Association to the amount of $50,000, paying six per cent interest and redeemable within twenty years. The money will be used to improve the magazine AMERICAN FORESTRY, put it on a more influential and better paying basis, increase the membership of the Association and extend its very important educational work. The Association has no debts, it 1s sound and strong financially; the magazine, AMERICAN FORESTRY, returns a substantial profit, which is used in educational work, but the Directors realize that with money to spend for develop- ment work, the Association’s value to the general public can be greatly advanced, and its membership largely -increased, and at a profit to the Association. Therefore subscriptions to the bond issue are requested from members who are interested in the development of the Association and the extension of its work. The bonds are to consist of $45,000 (forty-five thousand dollars) in $100 bonds and $5,000 (five thousand dollars) in $10 bonds. Subscriptions of only $100 or less are desired, although larger subscriptions will of course be accepted. Subscriptions may be made direct to the American Forestry Association, or further details will be sent upon request. SUBSCRIPTION BLANK AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, Washington, D. C. MigREre US SUDSCFLUC. OT pre dei oer of the $50,000 bond issue of the American Forestry Assoziation. No PatroLt—A DAMAGING FIRE. THIS FIRE WAS IN A REGION WHERE THERE ARE NO LOOKOUT STATIONS AND IT WAS NOT DISCOVERED UNTIL IT HAD REACHED A WIDE EXTENT AND CAUSED GREAT DAMAGE. NUMEROUS FOREST Fike URING June the newspapers had reports in almost every issue of forest fires in one sec- tion of the country or the other, and a list of these reports would fill several pages of AMERICAN For- ESTRY. It promises to be a bad fire season, the weather conditions being such that the fires start readily and spread rapidly. Fortunately the reports to date are that no very great losses have been caused by any single fire, although the aggregate loss will reach a large sum. Also, the newspaper reports in many cases have, doubtless without any in- tention of doing so, exaggerated the importance of the fires, for advices have been received by the American For- estry Association that a number of them have been on brush land and through slash and that the actual dam- age to standing timber was compara- tively small in these cases. Nevertheless, the damage will reach a considerable figure, and these fires again emphasize the necessity for in- creased fire preventive measures, con- tinual education of the public as to the need of taking infinite precautions to prevent fires, and the value of leaving 516 forests in which timber has been cut in such a condition that the danger of fire is reduced to a minimum. All of this is part of the work which the American Forestry Association is doing. The losses so far this fire season would have been very much greater had it not been for the effective work of the various fire protective associations, of the Forest Service and the State Forestry departments. ‘These with their well-organized patrol and lookout work have been able to detect numerous fires before they managed to get a good start and to fight them with forces of trained fire fighters. So numerous have been the fires and so difficult is it to obtain accurate esti- mates of the losses that definite an- nouncement of all of the damage done, the extent of the fires, and the causes cannot be made until the fire season is ended. More than one hundred forest fires occurred during May in the national forest areas of the southern Appa- lachians, coincident with one of the severest spring droughts ever known in the southeast. The statements are based on reports of the weather bureau and the forest service. NUMEROUS FOREST FIRES 51 ~z A Frre DISCOVERED. THIS IS A VIEW OF A FIRE JUST DISCOVERED BY A PATROL STATIONED AT A LOOKOUT STATION. AS A RESULT OF THE ALARM SENT OUT BY HIM IT WAS FOUGHT AND QUENCHED BEFORE MUCH DAM- AGE WAS DONE. The rainfall throughout the greater part of the southeast during most of March, April, and May was _ below normal, and in certain sections of the Carolinas in May the rainfall dropped as low as two per cent of the normal. The number of fires reported in the southeastern forest areas increased dur- ing the spring months, while the drought increased. Only 26 fires were reported for March, 89 for April, and 104 for May. The latter month is usually a safe one as regards forest fires. Most of the fires occurred on the White Top, Unaka, and Smoky Mountain areas on the Carolina high- land, which are crossed by railroads. Railroads are given as the cause of three-quarters of the April fires re- ported. Only those fires which were burning or near government land were reported by the forest service ; they are, therefore, only a small portion of all the fires. The month of June started in with the drought continuing at full blast in the southeast. A few local rains and showers have occurred, but these have not been sufficient to reduce the fire hazard. In the far west the two bureaus of the department are cooperating to the fullest extent, the weather bureau fur- nishing special warnings of drying winds and the forest service taking extra precautions when such warnings are received. SPORTSMEN SHOULD HELP. Because of the fact that many forest fires are set through the carelessness of hunters, campers, and others who go into the woods for recreation, the For- est Service has taken up with manu- facturers of firearms and ammunition the question of a cooperative arrange- ment through which purchasers and users of guns and cartridges shall be reminded of the fire danger. It has been pointed out that in the lumber regions of the Northwest, for example, manufacturers and other busi- ness men have been having printed or stamped on their stationery and pay checks various crisp, catchy statements about the loss which the public suffers through the decreased demand _ for labor and decreased money in circula- tion if timber, which is the source of many of the Northwest’s industries, is burned up. It has also been pointed out that in the east particularly many forest fires are started by the carelessness of hunt- ers, who drop burning matches, cigar or cigarette stumps, or pipe coals in the woods, or perhaps build a fire which is 518 AMERICAN FORESTRY A COMMON SIGHT. SUCH A VIEW OF MOUNTAIN SCENERY AS THIS IS OF NOT INFREQUENT OCCURRENCE DURING THE MUCH DREADED FIRE SEASON. left burning when the hunter goes on. Forest fires of course greatly injure the interests of sportsmen by robbing the birds of their proper cover. They also impair the food supply of both birds and big game, through the de- struction of the undergrowth which furnishes browse, berries, and other food. The Eastern woods are exposed to the danger from fires principally in the spring and fall, when most of the trees are bare and the leaves on the ground are dry. ‘The spring fires, many of which are due to trout fishermen, may destroy the eggs of game birds and even the young birds themselves. Since trout fishermen are likely to hunt in the fall, the same individuals, if careless, may be a source of danger at both seasons. It is suggested that the manufactur- ers of arms and ammunition ought to be sufficiently interested in the matter of perpetuation of game to be willing to help in the campaign against forest fires. ‘This help may come through the printing of some brief fire warning on cartridge boxes or some slip to go with any hunting or camping supplies which are furnished. Several manufacturers have already expressed their interest in the matter and their willingness to help. : A REPORT FROM THE WEST. While the early forest fires reported in May were mostly in slashings and without loss, June opened the commonly recognized fire season with indications of a dangerous year that demands more than usual precaution, according to bulletins received by the Western Forestry and Conservation Association from all States in the Pacific Northwest. Much less than the usual amount of snow remains in the mountains and in some regions there have already been several weeks of dry weather broken only by one short rain. Atmospheric conditions seem to be conducive to frequent dry interior winds, requiring extraordinary precau- tion in firing slashings. Patrols are already in the field and being rapidly recruited to their full strength. Unless there is rain trouble is expected, but the protective organization to meet it will be better than in any past year. Washington had fully 100 fires in May, some of them receiving much pub- licity, but practically all were slashing fires more useful than otherwise. The State has county wardens on duty and is very active in educational work. The Washington Forest Fire Association NUMEROUS Road has eighty men in the field. the builders’ débris now constitutes worst hazard. Idaho reports an early spring, and dense vegetation make dry weather more to be feared than usual. Con- trary to Washington, rights of way are in better condition than slashings, especially those of settlers and small loggers. Patrol forces are cleaning up fire-traps and working on trail and telephone systems. Montana conditions are much like those of Idaho. There have been no important fires. Oregon has had some small slash fires. The State for- ester urges continuation of purposeful slash_ burning, under permit and with full precaution. He has about 26 men in the field. Private pa- trol associations also began work in May and will have 350 men on duty by July 1. Throughout the Northwest, cooperation between private, State and Federal forces is more complete than in past years. The Weeks law fund granted by Congress to States with efficient systems has again given Oregon, Wash- ington, Idaho and Montana important financial assistance. Much attention is being given by all agencies to lookout sta- tions and telephone extension. In short, all report excellent preparation to meet a bad year, but urge earnest cooper- ation by those who use fire in the woods. Careful handling of slashings by settlers, road crews and loggers is agreed to be the most urgent need at this stage of the season. PUBLICITY WORK. It may perhaps be of interest to the readers of AMERICAN FORESTRY to know what one National Forest is doing in the way of reaching the forest users in order to secure their coopera- FOREST FIRES 519 tion and good-will in fire-prevention work. The Apache National Forest, em- bracing 1,276,400 acres, probably con- tains the best and the greatest number of trout streams of any Forest in Ari- ‘fees > . Tuts PICTURE NEEDS NO TITLE. SUCH FOREST FIRES AS THIS DO UNTOLD DAMAGE YEAR AFTER YEAR IN OUR FORESTS. zona and New Mexico, and although located at a great distance from rail- roads, is visited annually by a large number of fishing and camping parties, hunters and trappers as well as trans- continental tourists over the Ocean to Ocean Highway, which crosses the for- est. A considerable number of our fires are attributable to this class of users, 520 AMERICAN and it is necessary to reach this class especially, as well as local forest settlers and stockmen. This year a personal letter was sent to storekeepers in towns on the border of the forest where campers and fish- FORESTRY user and settler on the Forest, and also to all local newspapers. The papers invariably printed the entire letter, without being asked to. Wherever the words “fire” or “fires” occurred in the letter the printing was in bright red, Going Fishing? The finest trout streams, the best hunting grounds and the most beautiful camping places in America are to be found within the National Forests 90,000,000 PEOPLE HOU, are joint owners of the National Forests are one of this number Help Prevent Forest Fires LIGHTED MATCHES, CIGARS AND CIGARETTES ARE DANGEROUS Put out your camp fires before leaving Don’t build bonfires Keep the Fores vs: Green U.S. Department of Agriculture ing parties outfit, as well as hotels within and near the forest, enclosing a “Going Fishing” card and a supply of the “Six Rules,’ samples of which are shown. ‘These persons were asked to post the “Going Fishing’ card in their places of business in a conspicuous place and to give out the “Six Rules” cards to sportsmen, tourists and others. In addition to these, a fire letter was printed and a copy mailed to every Forest Service and in heavier type, and the letter was signed in red ink. The printed fire letter idea is fol- lowed very extensively by forest su- pervisors as the most effective and prac- tical means of reaching all the users of a forest. It is only a part of a cam- paign that is being carried on to bring before the public the reasonableness of forest protection through fire preven- tion. NUMEROUS FOREST FIRES BY The Six Rules For Care with FIRE in the Mountains If Every Member of the Public Strictly Observed These Simple Rules, the Great Annual Loss by Forest Fires Would Be Reduced to a Minimum 1. Be sure your match is out before you throw it away. 2. Knock out your pipe ashes or throw your cigar or cigarette stump where there is nothing to catch fire. 3. Don’t build a camp fire any larger than is absolutely mecessary. Never leave it even for a short time without putting it OUT with water or earth. 4. Don’t build a camp fire against a tree or a log. Build a small one where you can scrape away the needles, leaves or grass from all sides of it. 5. Don’t build bonfires. The wind may come up at any time and start a fire you cannot control. 6. If you discover a fire, put it out if possible; if you can’t, get word of it to the nearest U. S. Forest Ranger or State Fire Warden just as quickly as you possibly can. CALIFORNIA'S SITUATION. Alexander W. Dodge, deputy state forester of California, writes as follows about the situation there. He says: Although the citizens of California recognize the magnitude of their forest wealth and its bearing upon the indus- trial activities in every community, there has been an evident unwillingness on the part of many to realize the im- portance of adequately protecting our forest areas from fire. California ranks third in her timber supply. There are within the State vast areas of hill and and valley land dependent directly upon an already limited water supply. Thou- sands of acres of brush and timber land throughout the State serve as indis- pensable regulators of stream flow and each year our watersheds suffer serious damage from the ravages of fire. The total money damage due to forest fires in California during 1913 was $511 - 077.00, an amount sufficient to maintain Ow — the State forestry department, at its present annual appropriation, for twenty-three years. This destruction will continue until measures are adopt- ed to prevent it. The citizens of Cali- fornia, and of other States which have similar problems to solve, must tace the issue squarely and admit as pbsitive the following facts: 1. That forest fires do occasion a very great annual loss in dollars and cents. 2. That all of their industries depend directly or indirectly upon the forests and streams. 3. That they cannot afford to permit the annual loss to continue. 4. That they have not given this great problem a fair degree of attention. 5. That there are measures and means of preventing the frequent oc- currence of forest fires. 6. That what is lost in one year 1s sufficient to establish and maintain a protective force for several years. 7. That they should make generous legislative provision for the adoption of measures and means of protection. 8. That sooner or later. they, like other countries, will be forced to pro- tect their forests and perhaps grow them again and, that the longer the wait the greater will be the cost of protec- tion and reforestation. 9. That forest protection is a func- tion of the State. 10. That (in California especially ) there is a long. dry season during which fires start readily. 11. That a bad example of conserva- tive use has been given the present gen- eration by the former one in this coun- try; that it is a dangerous example to follow ; and, 12. That forest fires will themselves out. not put PROTECTIVE LEGISLATION Whatever agencies effect the value of land and other public commodities are of public interest. There is a gradual change in public sentiment as indicated by attempts made to secure forest leg- islation in the State. With a forest AMERICAN FORESTRY A Forest Fire At NIGHT THERE ARE FEW MORE IMPRESSIVE SIGHTS THAN A FIERCE FOREST FIRE BY NIGHT, WHEN THE GLARE LIGHTS THE HEAVENS AND MAY BE SEEN SCORES OF MILES AWAY. wealth far greater than that in many other States, California still fails to oc- cupy the place she should in forestry. We realize that some other States are developing effective protective policies to prevent the indiscriminate exploita- tion of their forests. However, we can- not extensively accomplish forest pro- tection until the lumbermen become more thoroughly awakened to the prac- tical necessity of the work. Unfor- tunately, some of the lumbermen are mistrustful of any agency directed to- ward forest regulation, fearing, it seems, that unfavorable and impracti- cable restrictions will be subsequently imposed; and the general public is in some degree influenced by this attitude on the part of the lumbermen. California is a great playground, her forest wilds attract thousands of pleas- ure seekers every summer. ‘There must be provision for fire patrols, summer guards, paid fire wardens, effective co- operation between Federal, State and private agencies, and the operation of all necessary protective measures. Such forest legislation will make it possible for California to enjoy: State fire patrols, whose duty it shall be to lessen the danger of fire by keep- ing vigilant watch during the dry sea sons. At present we have only a sys- tem of non-compensated voluntary fire wardens; the plan is very inefficient. Full appreciation is expressed of the effective work done by the Federal For- est Service on the nineteen national for- ests within the State. State forest reserves, which are cer- tain tracts of land within the State owned and managed by the State. These reserves will prove as valuable in Cali- fornia as they have and are proving in other States. State experimental stations, for as forestry advances in California we will need demonstration areas where the relative merits of various indigenous and introduced trees can be determined. Highway planting is already popular and trees for this purpose will always be in demand. State nurseries where forest and highway trees can be propagated for distribution throughout the State. State timber tax reforms as the old, and generally abandoned in other coun- tries, system of forest taxation still operates in California—the general property tax. The farmer is taxed on his crop, not by an increasing tax at periods during its growth, but upon the commodity when harvested. The ‘pres- 33,000 ACRES MORE 523 ent timber tax is levied annually, ever increasing, and forces the owner to cut some trees before they are actually ready to cut. The future will demand that a nominal tax be levied, annually, upon the land, and a fair revenue paid by the owner upon the timber when it is logged. Cooperation with Federal, private, county and other agencies will enable the State to realize to the fullest extent the enjoyment of her natural resources. We do not believe that the people of California, nor of any other State of this great Union, citizens alive to the right sort of government, are going to remain quiet and fail to take a stand for the conservation and wholesome de- velopment of their natural wealth. The future will demand of us a reckoning; let us make the future monuments to our industrial success productive for- ests instead of devastated areas of charred stumps noted only for their forests of the past. The possible floods and dry river beds of the future can be largely prevented by protecting our for- ests now. 33,000 ACRES MORE LITTLE more than 33,000 acres JN in the White Mountains have just been approved for purchase by the Government at a meet- ing of the national forest reservation commission. These areas are in two _ separate tracts, both in Grafton County, New Hampshire, the larger containing 31,100 acres on the watershed of the Pemige- wasset River, a tributary to the Merri- The tract comes within a mile of mac. North Woodstock on the Boston and Maine Railroad, and several good roads lead through it. The land is between 700 and 4,300 feet in eleva- tion, and in the lower valleys are a number of abandoned farms now grown up to trees. Most of the conifers have been cut to make paper pulp, but there are good stands of beech, birch, and maple of considerable value. With fire kept out there is said to be excellent promise of a new stand of spruce. The price agreed upon by the Goverment is $4.62 an acre, including both land and timber. The smaller purchase consists of sev- eral areas lying on the watersheds of Little River and Gale River, both trib- utaries of the Connecticut. These lands cover 2,000 acres and are con- tiguous to lands already approved for purchase ; hence they go far toward giv- ing the Government a solid body of land in this locality. The price for the 2,000 acres, land and timber, is $4.00 an acre. The tract is in the locality of the noted Franconia Range and is read- ily accessible from two railroad sta- tions, Bethlehem and Twin Mountain. The forest has been cut over and con- sists chiefly of the northern hardwoods, though some spruce remains from the original stand. Apache Forest Notes. The altitudes of the Apache Forest vary from 3,800 feet to 11,463 feet above sea level. A total of 2,692 acres was burned over by forest fires in 1913. There are six sawmills and two shingle mills located within the Apache Forest. There are approximately 20,000 acres of land within the Forest in patented homesteads or in homestead claims. PHILIPPINE POOREST CONCESSIONG HILE there are two hun- dred billion board feet of merchantable lumber stand- ing on the 60,000 square miles of Philippine public forests, in 1913 there were milled the small total of 80,000,000 feet, of which less than one-eighth was exported. Major Ahern, the insular director of forestry, believes there is an export market awaiting the establishment of milling enterprises, which would take three hundred mill- ion feet yearly, mainly of four woods— lauan, apitong, guijo and yacal. These trees grow to a very large size, a large number are found on a limited area and their extraction affords an attractive en- terprise for a modern logging and mill- ing operation. These public forest lands in the Phil- ippines are not sold but are developed under a license system. Yearly licenses are ordinarily given small operators for limited areas. The larger tracts are of- fered in the form of twenty-year ex- clusive licenses, which provide for the removal of timber and minor forest products without affecting the title to the land. At present eleven such exclusive li- censes, popularly called concessions, are in operation, representing American, British, Chinese, German, Spanish and Filipino capital. A recent timber con- cession was granted to a Chinese com- pany that will find no difficulty in dis- posing of its products through its con- nections in China, while the British and German interests find their markets for Philippine woods in India and Europe as well as in China. The forestry bureau now has avail- able a number of tracts ranging in size from 35 to 300 square miles, with one or two of much larger size, awaiting applications. A person considering such an invest- ment is afforded every opportunity for investigation. The bureau of forestry desires each applicant or his authorized representative to visit the tract per- 524 sonally in company with one of the for- esters, or that he have an experienced lumberman do so, in order that he may see the stand of timber, the facilities for haulage and transportation, the lo- cation of mill sites and ascertain for himself the local labor supply. The concessions themselves cost nothing ; the charges being in the form of stumpage fees, payable upon re- moval of the product and running from $1.00 to $5.00 per thousand feet. When an application, complying at least with the minimum requirements as to the size of the mill and the annual output, has been received, the tract is adver- tised for a period of four months. In awarding the concession preference is given to the bidder offering to install the most complete and effective plant and giving the best security for per- formance. The concessions are given for tracts large in proportion to the capacity of the mills installed in order that the fu- ture condition of the forest will not suffer. The amount of the annual pro- duction stipulated takes into considera- tion both the present amount of over- mature timber and the amount annually maturing, and in other ways the regula- tions seek to conserve the forest wealth while rendering available the mature timber with the fewest possible restric- tions. One of the important elements is suf- ficient capital to install machinery capa- ble of handling the large hardwood logs, for which some of the earlier plants proved hardly adequate, and to permit a proper seasoning of the product. The security the Philippine Government re- quires that the concessionaire give is very modest in proportion to the amount of raw material placed at his disposi- tion—when a bid is submitted a de- posit of a certified check, usually for $5,000, is required, and then after the award is made, the equipment on the ground and the concessionaire about to begin operations, the certified check WHITE MOUNTAIN CONFERENCE, 525 may be replaced by a satisfactory form of bond. One of the important functions of the insular bureau of forestry is that of making available to investors the fullest information, and lumbermen visiting the islands will not only secure general data from its headquarters at Manila but will supplement this in the various localities by the cooperation of the for- estry men in the field. The Bureau of Insular Affairs at Washington has general descriptions and maps showing the location of a number of the tracts available, which will furnish preliminary data to those who may be in a position to be inter- ested in developing this most promising field for hardwood lumber. WHITE MOUNTAIN CONFERENCE HE sixth annual forestry con- ference in the White Moun- tains, under the auspices of the Society for Protection of New Hampshire Forests, with the coopera- tion of the State Forestry Commission, will occur at Gorham, N. H., July 21- 23, 1914. This charming mountain town, in the heart of the White Moun- tains, is headquarters for the White Mountain National Forest, that now comprises 138,000 acres. It may be reached by the Boston and Maine Rail- way with through connections from New York and Boston, or by the Grand Trunk Railway with through trains from Portland. Gorham is twelve miles from Berlin, N. H., famous for its paper and pulp mills. A cordial invitation has been received for members of the confer- ence to visit the works of the Berlin Mills Company and see the processes of making paper. Excursions will be made also over the Presidential Range through the National Forest on the north, and into the Great Gulf and Tuckerman’s Ravine on the _ south. Those who desire can take the carriage road up Mount Washington. Taxation of Forests, State and Town Forests, Planting Forests, Forestry In- vestments, and the National Forest in the White Mountains are among the topics that will be considered. Dr. B. E. Fernow, President of the Society of American Foresters ; Professor Chas. J. Bullock, of Harvard University; Mr. Clyde Leavitt, of the Canadian Forest Service, and Mr. J. St. J. Benedict, Supervisor of the White Mountain National Forest, are among those who have been invited to take part. Invest- ments in forest lands will be discussed by Mr. Charles M. Dow, Director of the Letchworth Park and Arboretum. Mr. Montgomery Rollins, of the Finan- cial Publishing Company, has been asked to speak upon Security in the Purchasesnon “limber ) Wands. oir: Charles Lathrop Pack, President of the National Conservation Congress, has indicated that he will attend. Dr. E. T. Fairchild, President of the New Hamp- shire State College, will speak upon Cooperation in Forestry Work. NEW STYLE SHEEP Aen DiNG S a result of experiments during JX the past few years, the Depart- ment of Agriculture is now ad- vocating the use of the bedding- out system of herding sheep on open ranges, instead of the old close-herding system which has heretofore been in use. This system gets its name from the fact that the herder who attends the band camps and _ beds his _ flocks wherever the sheep find themselves at nightfall. Under the old plan he estab- lished a fixed camp and _ bed-ground and drove the sheep back to the same place each night. Through experience on the national forest ranges last year the Department states that lambs from bedded-out bands were five pounds heavier on an average at the end of the season than those which were trailed to and from estab- lished bed-grounds, and that the range can carry from 10 to 25 per cent more sheep than when so much is trampled out in traveling back and forth. The disadvantages of the old system, ac- cording to the Department, were two- fold, those to the forage and those to the sheep. The forage suffered by being trampled badly, and being actu- ally destroyed at and near the bed- grounds; the sheep lost weight in going to and from the camps, and in dry weather suffered not a little from dust and from crowding. Moreover, under the old system the sheep were kept pretty well bunched; under the new plan they graze at will in scattered, open flocks. During the day the herder moves about in a wide circuit around his charges, looking for tracks to see that none of the sheep has strayed beyond his circle. The sheep are constantly moving through new feed instead of traveling over areas already fed over. Sheepmen have maintained that the close-herding system so long in use was necessary to prevent losses from stray- ing, and from the ravages of animals, such as wolves, coyotes, and mountain lions. ‘The experiments of the Service show that straying can be prevented, and one band on the Payette forest, Idaho, which never bedded two nights in the same place, and which grazed in timber and brush practically the entire summer, lost only four head; in this, as in the majority of cases, the loss under the new system was less than under the old one of close herding. The forest rangers and trained hunt- ers of the service cooperate with the herdsmen to rid the ranges of preda- tory animals, and to render the danger of loss from this source less than it was formerly. THE WRATHYOF, Fir DV RacHe, L. Diturince. The River-god comes raging Where stately cities stand; And when his fury faints and falls All desolate the land! “Away, where my streamlets started Ye have robbed me of my trees! I yearn for a grace departed, For the voice of birds on the breeze. “T have given you faithful service As I crept thro’ valley and plain, Though my quiet waters quivered At the shriek of your thundering train. “But ye have despoiled my birth-right To build you the homes of men; And now I descend upon you To ransom my own again. “IT will wreck the homes ye have builded With the forests hewn from my shore; I will take as toll your children As ye took my wealth of yore! “And at last when my rage is silent And the sullen flood is o’er, Forget not the wrath of the river Lest I should return once more.” The River-god comes raging Where stately cities stand; And when his fury faints and falls, All desolate the land! on bo ~ INJURY TO THE LARCH BY Sai) ix LAK Yeas By Maup DEWIrT PEARL ROBESSOR Al G. HARPER: of Oxford, England, has re- cently published the results of a most thorough investigation of the harm which Sawfly larvae do to the larch. This pest first made its on- slaught upon larches in England in 1904, attacking not only the Kuropean larch but also species of the Japanese larch, which had recently been intro- duced into England. Most of the trees investigated had suffered defoliation during several successive years. In order ‘to study very accurately the extent of injury wrought by defoliation, a cross section from each tree was taken regularly, every four or five feet apart, depending upon the tree, from the base to the top. A rectangular piece, from 8 to 12 mm. broad, was cut out of the circumference at the four points of the compass, the north side of the tree having been marked previous to cutting. A thin layer was cut from each one of these blocks for microscopical examina- tion and measurement. ‘Three separate sets of measurements were made for ring growth and development of the autumn wood on each layer, so that, in all, twelve measurements were taken for every cross section. The average of these measurements was taken as an indication of the mean radial enlarge- ment of the tree at a particular height. The investigation showed that de- foliation and consequent starvation re- sulted in a lessening in the amount of growth of the annual ring and in a de- crease in the thickness of the walls of the cells forming the so-called autumn wood. The decrease in ring growth was more noticeable at the base of the tree than at the tip, as would be ex- pected. In cases of severe attacks ot the larvae it was found that cambium growth ceased entirely in certain parts of the tree, particularly near the base. The width of the ring of autumn wood was not always lessened, but the outer cell walls of this ring failed to thicken while the inner walls presented a normal appearance. The cause of this differ- ence between the walls of the outer and inner cells is not perfectly clear. Pos- sibly the starvation which the tree suf- fers through defoliation causes an ar- rest of the development of the cells. On the other hand there is an indication that in some cases the second growth of leaves which the tree very often puts out after being attacked by the larvae might possibly be the cause of the thin walls. The growing leaves draw heavily upon the water supply and conditions at this time are similar to those in early summer when the regular leaf growth occurs and the so- called spring wood, whose cells have thin walls, is formed. Another condition which results through defoliation is the formation of abnormal resin ducts. Red Alder for Clothes Pins. Manufacturers have found that red alder from the Pacific coast 1s a suitable material for clothes pins. pin factory, Alder makes a white, smooth, springy pin. said to be the first on the Pacific coast, may be established at Portland, Oregon. As a result of this fact, a clothes Best Sight of Forest Fires. It is said that the best times of day to see forest fires from foot stations are just after daylight and just before sunset. 528 THE CANADIAN DEPAK IMENT 3y ELwoop WILSON. | With this issue AMERICAN Forestry inaugurates a Canadian forestry news department for the particular benefit of its many Canadian subscribers. The matter will be furnished by Mr. Elwood Wilson, one of the best known Canadian foresters, and will consist of news and comment on forest and timber conditions and forestry and lumbering work.—Eprvror. | HE forestry situation in Canada is a very promising one and is gaining strength slowly but surely, quietly but effectively. From the standpoint of Government the situation is a most excellent one, as practically all the forest land in Canada is owned by either the Dominion or Provincial Governments and is not being sold but only leased, the leases being subject to frequent renewals and the rentals to readjustment. The reg- ulations under which these lands are administered are on the whole wise ones, and politics, while not yet wholly eliminated, still do not play a very seri- ous part. The fire situation has been very bad up to a few years ago, but with the advent of Cooperative Protective As- sociations this has been much improved. The Quebec and Dominion Govern- ments have given their earnest support to these associations and are urging their formation all over Canada. British Columbia has also instituted an efficient fire-fighting system. Ontario and New Brunswick are still worrying along in the good old way. Under the Dominion Railway Commission — the railroads have been compelled to clean up and patrol their rights-of-way, and the burden of proof in case of fire has been placed on them. In the Rocky Mountain section they are required to use oil-burning engines. ‘The Govern- ment has not yet applied its regulations to the Government-owned roads, but it is hoped that this anomaly will soon be done away with. The Dominion Forest Service is well organized and is doing good work in establishing reserves, making recon- naisance surveys and helping the prairie Provinces to plant trees. It is still troubled with the patronage system in the outside service. The Province of British Columbia has the best organized and most efficient Forest Service of all the Provinces and is doing excellent work along the line. Ontario has no forest service worthy of the name. Although a trained for- ester has been appointed, his hands are tied and he is hardly allowed to even suggest anything. Quebec has a Forest Service with two Yale graduates at its head, and they are slowly paving the way for bet- ter administration of the Government’s timber holdings. Some reconnaisance work has been done, a Forestry School and a tree nursery established and some planting on sand dunes commenced. A classification of lands has also been begun, and it is hoped that future sales of settlers’ lands will be made on the basis of their fitness for agriculture. The Minister of Crown Lands has taken the keenest interest in proper fire pro- tection and has aided the Cooperative Association in every possible way. New Brunswick and the Maritime Provinces have as yet no Forest Service. The Forestry Department of the Uni- versity of Toronto has done most ex- cellent work and has a strong faculty headed by Dr. Fernow. The graduates have mostly gone to fill the services of the Dominion and British Columbia Governments and have done good work. 529 530 AMERICAN The Forestry Department of Laval University, conducted by the Quebec Government, has so far only turned out men for the Government’s own work, which for sometime is likely to absorb its graduates. The Forestry Department of the University of New Brunswick is doing good work, and its graduates are mostly taking private positions. The Canadian Forestry Association has been the most important agency in the introduction and propaganda of for- estry and has done most excellent work. It receives a subsidy from both the Dominion and Provincial Governments and has been successful in obtaining important legislation. It conducts the Canadian Forestry Journal, published monthly. The Canadian Society of Forest En- gineers was organized in 1908 and has now about fifty-five members. Its aim is to foster closer relationship between foresters, to keep up the standard of the profession to the highest possible plane and to help its members to mutually benefit one another. The Society of British Columbia For- esters has the same aims for the men in the British Columbia Service. The Ottawa Foresters’ Club does the same thing for Dominion and other foresters residing in Ottawa. The Commission of Conservation has its forestry side and has done much work already. Its publications on the Forest Resources of Nova Scotia and its report on the Trent Watershed are of high character and importance and are an earnest of what may be expected. FORESTRY The Dominion Railway Commission through its Fire Protection Service has done more to eliminate the greatest source of fire danger, the railways, than anyone would have believed possible. The railroads have been responsible for the burning of enormous tracts of valuable timber lands, and until the Railway Commission took up the mat- ter the railways could not be compelled to take any preventive measures. The St. Maurice Forest Protective Association, formed in the spring of 1912, has been a revelation as to what could be done toward fire-protection. Formed by all the holders of freehold and licensed lands in the St. Maurice Valley of Quebec with 11,373 square miles it has now grown to cover 12,535 square miles and really protects a much larger area than this. The Lower Ottawa Forest Protective Association was formed this spring by the large lumber industries in the lower Ottawa Valley and has already done good work. The Canadian Pacific Railway has a well-organized Forestry Department and has done good work in tree plant- ing for snow protection along its right- of-way in the prairie Provinces and has made a beginning in reconnaisance sur- veys of its lands. The New Brunswick Railway Com- pany is developing a system of fire pro- tection along its right-of-way, beginning by clearing up for fifty feet on each side of the track. The Algoma Central and Hudson Bay Railway has just engaged a Forester. Long Distance Fire Reporting. On the Deerlodge National Forest in Montana one lookout station has the record of reporting accurately, by distance and direction, a fire that was sixty miles away. EDT OR ECRETARY LANE’S proposal for the control and management of Alaska’s natural resources by a Development Board consisting of three members, instead of by vari- ous departments of the Government to do away with the red tape which he believes complicates the development of Alaska and discourages efforts to es- tablish claims and open up the country. There is no doubt that the control of various resources by various depart- ments results in confusion, delay and discouragement; that the profusion of laws governing the development of these resources causes unnecessary complications ; and that improvement in conditions are necessary if Alaska is to be unlocked and her resources used. But we do not approve of Secretary Lane’s plan to include the control of the national forests of Alaska in the hands of such a Board as he proposes. We believe this would be a mistake. The Forest Service has shown its busi- ness capacity in the management of the Alaskan national forests as well as those in the United States, and this management is year by year becoming more and more efficient. What is being so well done now could not be im- S THIS number of AmeErIcANn NG is being read, officials and members of the American Forestry Association will be ad- dressing some seven or eight thousand teachers, representing every State in the Union, at Chautauqua, N. Y. These teachers will be told why the conserva- proved upon by a Board which would have to attend to other important re- sources as well. Delay, red tape and confusion are not apparent in the man- agement of the forests under control of the Forest Service; in fact, quick de- cision and speedy action has been no- ticeable in practically every case apply- ing to the National Forests in Alaska since the Forest Service had control. Secretary Lane suggests that the For- est Service act in an advisory capacity with the Board, if it is created, but this would not do, because the For- est Service would not have control of the men employed on the forests nor of their work. The proposed law should be amended to provide that the Forest Service re- tain the administration of the national forests of Alaska and act in conjunc- tion with a Board, or the necessity for such a Board might be entirely re- moved by a revision and a correla- tion of the existing laws by means of which control and direction of the country’s resources could be concen- trated in a few departments, and the whole operation of administering the resources of the country thoroughly simplified. tion of the forests is one of the most important problems of the day, and of what vital necessity it is to future generations. The ablest experts and speakers in the cause of forestry will be there, and the teachers will not only hear about forestry but will see moving pictures and stereopticon views which 531 532 AMERICAN will speak for themselves. They will be shown the destruction wrought by forest fires and how such fires may be prevented; they will be told how the trees of the forest have to battle for existence and how they may be aided in the fight; they will be shown how rapid deterioration of the human race follows the loss of the forests ; they will be told about the problems of the lum- bermen, and they will have explained to them just what they may do to aid in the work of teaching every man, woman, and child to appreciate a tree FORESTRY or forest and to value it for the value it is to mankind. It is not expecting too much to believe that these seven or eight thou- sand teachers will return to their homes with the determination to do some serv- ice in the cause of forest conservation, nor is it at all doubtful that each and every one will succeed in imparting to others some of the knowledge they will gain. Hence it may be said, without exaggeration, that what the American Forestry Association will say to the teachers at Chautauqua will, in part, be repeated to fully half a million others. whether on the street, lawn, woodlot ESPITE the facts that Georgia | ) annually places on the market forest products valued at $18,- 000,000 and that the wages paid to produce this output amount to $2,500,000, the State has no law pro- viding for a forestry department, and it is the only State in the South which does not cooperate with the United States Forest Service under the liberal provisions of the Weeks law, in pro- tecting its forests from fire. The State Legislature is now in ses- sion and the members of the legislature could do no greater good to the business interests of the State, and more or less directly to every one of their constit- uents, than to take up for consideration such a forestry law as exists in Mary- land, or Kentucky, or in any one of a score of other States. A Forestry De- partment, with an appropriation of $15,000 or $20,000 a year, could do a wonderful work in conserving the lum- ber industry of the State. There is at present much wasteful cutting, there is unnecessary loss from forest fires, there is absence of knowledge on the part of timber land owners, and lumbermen, of the best means of caring for the forests and of cutting the timber to the best advantage. A State Forestry Depart- ment, with competent officials in charge, could do much to overcome conditions which do not make for the best results. Thousands of acres of land are owned by the State and much of this land could be made to produce forests providing there was in existence a State Forestry Department and good working laws for its operation. All of this is well worth considering, and it is to be hoped that some member of the legislature will be sufficiently in- terested to lead the way. Conservation Commission of Louisi- ana made the following hopeful statement : ‘The Commission hopes to establish later on a separate department of for- estry which will give to this branch of the work the special attention demanded by so important a division of the State’s natural resources.” In the same report the Conservation [ N CONCLUDING its last report the Commission estimates that at the pres- ent rate of cutting, it will be safe to estimate that the pine timber of the State will be exhausted in thirty years, the cypress in twenty years and the hardwoods in thirty-five years. This means that in practically thirty years the enormous revenue derived from the forest products of the State will not only be ended but that the for- ested land of the State will be so bare EDITORIAL that damage by floods and erosion will likely cost the State hundreds of thou- sands of dollars a year. With these facts before them and with the knowledge that the protection of its vast extent of timber is undoubt- edly one of the foremost concerns of the State, the Commissioners are cheered by the knowledge that the appropriation available for the general purposes of the Commission is much greater for the present fiscal year than it has been before. This being the case, it appears that one of the first duties of the Com- of forest conservation to know of such a broad-minded expression of opinion by W. B. Townsend, of Townsend, Tenn., a lumberman, who in a paper written for the meeting of the North Carolina Forestry Association at Asheville, N. C., on June 10, said: “IT am mightily interested in what I call an ‘Imperial Domain’—the Great Appalachians and their timber, compris- ing, I am told, more than 235 million acres, extending from Maryland to Texas, including Arkansas, Oklahoma and Missouri. This domain is consid- erably larger than all of the New Eng- land States, combined with New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana and Wisconsin, comprising not only nearly half of the remaining timber sup- ply of the United States, but by far the most valuable kind. This means that through a spirit of conservation this immense supply of timber and _ the proper marketing of it is brought more and more to the attention of those directly and financially interested, and that by proper management and wise use this source of wealth to the South can be made to yield perpetually an income, which, in importance and size, is second only to the South’s cotton crop. This feature is especially perti- E IS gratifying to every supporter 533 mission should be to establish a State department of forestry so that special attention may be given to the State’s timbered land. Fortunately, the mem- bers of the commission—M. L,. Alexan- der, J. A. Dayries and E. T. Leche—are broad-minded, wide-awake men who see the necessity for forest conservation and who will doubtless do all that they can to protect the forests of the State. It is to be hoped that soon will come the announcement that the forests have been placed under the management of a special forestry department. nent for the reason that practically half of all the timber cut in the United States in 1913 was cut in these southern States. “A very necessary item that should not be overlooked is that of eliminating politics from the true conservation of this timber crop. With an appropria- tion of sufficient funds for fire protec- tion and these funds properly adminis- tered the perpetuity of this great indus- try will be insured. “T am, as stated, mightily interested and it seems to me that all of us should be interested in seeing this timber con- served, manufactured and marketed in an intelligent manner; not in a manner attempted by one of our northern States, where not even the mature and ripe timber is permitted to be cut, but allowed to go to waste. What we man- ufacture should be manufactured and marketed in a manner whereby it will be profitable to the community and of advantage to the consumer and with a reasonable and proper compensation for the poor fellow who has the hard knocks to contend with. Let us not lose sight of the fact that the logger and the lumberman are, as a rule, in the strictest sense of the term, the real pioneers of the community in which they operate.” Peeling Pulp Wood. James W. Sewall, of Old Town, Maine, has a crew of men employed in peeling pulp wood at Lowell, Maine. FOREST NOTES Cornell’s forestry school has a girl student. She is Miss Mabel G. Beck- ley, and she is the second girl student the school has had in the past ten years. Miss Beckley is devoted to the subject and is doing admirable work, not only in the schoolroom but in the field work as well. Hubert Somers, of the Somers Brick Co., of Bakersville, N. J., reports find- ing some well preserved logs under the clay deposit in the company’s brickyard there, and has sent a piece of one to the American Forestry Association’s office. The logs were found about 24 feet un- der ground, the surface there being some forty feet above sea level. State Geologist, Hlenry B. Kummel, of New Jersey, estimates that the log is probably 50,000 years old. At a comparatively recent period, geologically speaking, the southern portion of the State stood forty or fifty feet lower than at present. Previous to this submergence the land stood about as high as at the present time. Then grew the trees of which the logs found are a part. Followed the submergence and then the forma- tion of the clay beds and thousands of years later the rising of the land again to its present level. The seventh congress of the Interna- tional Union of Experimental Forest Institutes will be held in Hungary from Sept. 7 to 17 with the start of the ex- cursions and the meetings at Budapest. per areca , Ihe delegates will visit, by train and au- 534 tomobile, a number of the forest schools throughout the country and hold a num- ber of meetings and discussions during the period they are together. The cruising and engineering depart- ment of the L. E. Campbell Lumber Company of Detroit, in charge of Charles A. Barnum, has just issued a very attractive pamphlet on the value of skilful cruising of timberland and the necessity of consulting forest en- gineers when in search of accurate knowledge of timber holdings. The Ames Forester, published an- nually by the Forestry Club of the Iowa State College, made its appearance in June and contains excellent articles by Prof. Nelson C. Brown, of Syracuse; H. H. Richmond, W. G. Baxter, A. F. Flottman, LP; Wyelem Prot. se Pammel, and Prof. G. B. MacDonald. It is well illustrated and is a publication of which the school may well be proud. The Department of Agriculture has just issued a pamphlet on Systematic Fire Protection in the California For- ests, by Coert DuBois, district forester of District 5, with headquarters in San Francisco. It is for the district officers and not for public distribution, and is designed to show how the forest fire problem must be worked out, the best methods and the most suitable ap- paratus employed in fighting it and in protecting the forests and how the high- FOREST est standard of efficiency in the work may be secured and maintained. For- ester DuBois has had particular success in forest fire work, and whatever con- clusions he draws as a result of his wide experience are of marked value. There has been much in the news- papers of late about the volcanic activ- ity of Mt. Lassen, in California. For- est Service officials, however, who are on the ground, are reported by news- papers as saying that the disturbance is due to a geyser and is not volcanic. No smoke is ascending, but the steam forces upwards a large quantity of light-blue ashes and these have been scattered over portions of the country to a distance of twenty miles. This season’s reforestation work on the Black Hills National Forest in South Dakota covered an area of 867 acres by direct seeding of yellow pine. This is the tenth consecutive year that work of this character has been done and a total area of over 6,000 acres has now been covered. ‘The results have been uniformly successful and _pros- pects for the establishment of a good forest cover on the Roubaix burn are very good. In addition to the direct seeding 15,- 000 two-year-old yellow pine and 5,000 Douglas fir seedlings were planted. Ralph M. Hosmer, who for several years has been director of forestry in Hawaii, has accepted the offer made to him by Cornell University to take charge of the forestry department there in place of Prof. Walter L. Mulford, who becomes the head of the depart- ment of forestry at the University of California at Berkeley, Cal. At this writing a State forester for Virginia has not yet been selected. The new law went into effect on June 1. Several well-known foresters have been mentioned for the place and Dr. Alder- man, dean of the University of Vir- ginia at Charlottesville, where the State forestry department will be located, as NOTES 535 the University is to pay the expenses of the work until the neeting of the next Assembly, in 1916, is expected to make an announcement of the appointment at almost any time. ‘The man who takes the place will find the majority of the people of the State eager to learn how to care for their woodlots and forested lands, and it is generally expected that he will make such a good showing, for there is the opportunity to do so, that the citizens will insist upon their legislators, two years hence, providing a substantial appropriation for carrying on the work. During the spring of this year 867 acres of the area known as the Roubaix Burn, in the Black Hills National For- est, were reforested by direct seeding. In addition, 15,000 yellow pine and 5,000 Douglas fir seedlings were planted. This year’s work marks the tenth consecutive year this reforestation work has been done on the Black Hills Na- tional Forest. According to Forest Supervisor Kelleter, some of the earliest successful work done by the Forest Service was done on the Black Hills National Forest, and at the present time a very good stand of thrifty trees of good size is to be found on the oldest areas. Up to the present time a little over 6,000 acres have been reforested by direct seeding. Members of the North Carolina State Forestry Association and the Appa- lachian Park Association held a joint meeting at Asheville, N. C., on June 10 and enthusiastically discussed forest conditions in North Carolina, and also the progress being made in securing an Appalachian Park. Dr. Joseph Hyde Pratt, State geologist, presided and there were several excellent addresses. Mrs. William J. Cocke, of Asheville, told how interested the women of the city are in the effort to conserve the forests of the State; State Forester Barton of Kentucky spoke about con- ditions in his State, and a very sound and practical address on the relation of the lumbermen to forestry was made by W. B. Townsend, of Townsend, 536 AMERICAN Tenn. At the meeting of the Appa- lachian Park Association Assistant United States Forester W. L. Hall told about the acquiring of national forests in the Appalachians. Hugh McRae, of Wilmington, N. C., was elected president of the State For- estry Association and State Forester J. S. Holmes was reelected secretary and treasurer. Resolutions deploring the death of George W. Vanderbilt and therdepartuxe of Dr. ‘C. A. Schenek from this country, and also requesting a State appropriation of $10,000 for forest fire fighting were passed. The day following the business ses- sion the delegates and visitors spent in Pisgah forest, where they inspected the forest planting and viewed the tract of 86,700 acres recently purchased by the Government. Foresters and conservationists all over the country were shocked by the untimely death, on June 11, of Overton W. Price, vice-president of the National Conservation Association of Washing- ton, D. C., and former Assistant United States Forester under Gifford Pinchot. Mr. Price was one of the best known foresters in America, starting active work in his profession in 1899 after thorough preparation, and attaining credit and distinction in all he did. He served with Gifford Pinchot during the latter’s term in the Forest Service, doing such excellent work that Mr. Pinchot dedicates his latest book, “The Training of a Forester,” to him in these words: “To Overton W. Price, friend and fellow-worker, to whom is due, more than to any other man, the high efficiency of the United States Forest Service.” After leaving the Service Mr. Price devoted himself to his duties with the National Conservation Association and to private forestry work which included representation of the forestry interests of the late George W. Vanderbilt and work for the Canadian Government in British Columbia, and other details. He also made many valuable contributions to forestry and conservation literature, his last work of this kind being his FORESTRY article in the June issue of AMERICAN Forestry. Mr. Price was in the prime of life, and his passing has occasioned widespread and heartfelt regret. His mother, his wife and four children survive him. A comprehensive circular giving de- tailed information regarding the hotels, camps, transportation lines, and points of interest in the Yellowstone National Park has just been issued by direction of Secretary Lane. Travel to the Yel- lowstone has been developed to such a degree that there are listed two lines for the transportation of tourists, a hotel company operating five hotels, two camping companies operating stage lines and permanent camps, and _ five firms or individuals catering to special camping parties. There are descrip- tions of the formations of the terraces at Mammoth Hot Springs, the geyser basins along Gibbon and_ Firehole Rivers, and the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. The circular contains in- teresting notes on the varying action of the geysers, the colored pools, and the hot springs. In New York’s railways of over 8,000 miles practically all of the ties used in the tracks come from other States. Longleaf pine and oak are brought from the South and chestnut from the southern Appalachian Mountains. These ties now cost the railroads from 65 to 80 cents apiece, whereas 15 years ago they could be purchased for from 35 to 50 cents apiece. Many railroads are planting trees to supply ties for the future. Metal and concrete ties have proven to be unsatisfactory, as they lack the essential elasticity. In Ger- many and France more wooden ties are used annually in spite of the gradually increasing cost. With the acquisition by the Federal Government of Pisgah Forest, the property extending through the for- ested part of three counties of western North Carolina, there comes to lum- bermen and other owners of woodland FOREST NOTES in that region the unexampled oppor- tunity to secure adequate protection of their land from fire. The administra- tion of the National Forests believes that fire protection to be effective must be general. They, therefore, not only protect their own lands by every possi- ble means, but they endeavor to cooper- ate with all surrounding owners, as well as with the State, the railroads, and other agencies, in order to secure the best results. The State College of Forestry at Syracuse warns owners of farms and country estates of the very serious dan- ger which threatens the Hickory trees in the various parts of New York State. In some regions a large percentage (sometimes as high as 80 per cent) of the hickories have been killed by the hickory bark beetle, a small insect which lives between the inner bark and sap wood of the trees and by means of its tunnels cuts off the flow of sap to the upper part of the tree. The hickory tree in this State is doomed both as a shade tree and from a commercial standpoint unless active work is done to check this insect. This can be done only by cutting the trees killed the pre- vious season and so disposing of the bark and branches as to destroy the young living insects within. The best way is to burn the entire tree or sub- merge it in water for two weeks. Ordi- narily these measures should be taken before May 1, but this year, owing to the backward spring, the larve are still in the bark, and if the work is done thoroughly many trees which will otherwise be killed this summer may still be saved. The Sophomore Summer Camp of the New York State College of Forestry opened on the Catskill Forest Station, near Tannersville in the Catskills, on June 1. Fifty-four Sophomores from the college will be in camp for eight weeks. As one part of the practical training at the camp the amount of standing timber on 2,000 acres of moun- tain land typical to that section of the 37 or Catskills will be estimated. In addition, the boys will be required to study the growth of the various trees in order to determine how much timber can be re- moved annually without endangering the condition of the forest. Interest in reforestation in south Ohio is increasing. By far the biggest project of this nature is that of the Carbondale Coal Company, the tract of which is located in the northern part of Athens County. Initial steps have been taken in reforesting the waste lands of the tract, which contains about 2,500 acres. The company has planted to date over 100,000 trees, mostly tulip poplar, pine and red oak, and it is their intention to extend the planting each year. The Carbondale tract is typical of the hill region of southeastern Ohio. Much of the area now idle is of the old field type, and is non-agricultural. The coves are well adapted to tulip poplar and the slopes to pine and red oak. Test plantations of white, red, pon- derosa, Austrian and Jack pines, were made in the spring of 1914. While the native timber of this section is hard- wood, some of the pines appear well adapted to old, worn-out fields, and it is quite likely they will be of service in the reforestation of much of the region occupied by the coal measures. A white pine planting, made four or five years ago by the Carbondale Company, while not successful, due to inferior planting stock, indicates that the species is well adapted to the conditions at hand. The company has also undertaken the conservative management of over a thousand acres of second growth tim- ber land. Cutting is being done accord- ing to forestry principles. The com- pany maintains its own sawmill, and all mine timbers are supplied from the tract. The Carbondale system is ideal and should be adopted by every coal com- pany in Ohio, where conditions are similar. The President of the com- pany, Colonel Richard Enderlin, is not only an enthusiast on forestry, but he has a remarkable insight in practical 538 forestry methods. He not only wants to improve his own forest property but wants others to do the same. No other man in Ohio manifests more public spirit or genuine unselfish interest in forest conservation, and he will be a power in advancing forestry in this State. His efficient Superintendent, Mr. M. H. Doolittle, is in active charge of the forest. With these two men at the helm great things can be expected at Carbondale. Secretary Lane has appointed Mark Daniels as Landscape Engineer and General Superintendent of National Parks. The Secretary’s appreciation of the necessity of a fixed plan as an es- sential in the economic administration and proper development of the parks resulted in this appointment. Mr. Daniels is from San Francisco and has recently completed an advanced inves- tigation in the post-graduate depart- ments at Harvard University upon the subject of the economic value of art, the results of which investigations it is hoped will be off the press early in the ensuing year. If his duties in connec- tion with his present appointment will permit, Mr. Daniels will act as a mem- AMERICAN FORESTRY ber of a commission to report to their respective governments upon the needs of several parks in Europe. Mr. Dan- iels will bend his energies toward the completion of a set of plans for each of the parks to the end that not only shall the inharmonious be eliminated, but that there shall be a definite plan for the park administrators to work to. The Eucalyptus Hardwood Associa- tion of California held its first annual meeting recently and elected the follow- ing Directors to serve for the ensuing year: Mr. Wm. H. Brintnall, formerly President of Drovers’ Bank, Chicago ; Mr. L. M. Pratt, President of Pratt Eucalyptus Investment Company; Mr. F. S. Churchill, President of Los Ber- ros Forest Company; Mr. C. F. Cook, associated with the Eucalyptus Culture Company, and Mr. C. H. McWilliams, President of the Southern California Eucalyptus Growers’ Association. The Directors met and elected L. M. Pratt, President; F. S. Churchill, First Vice- President; C. F. Cook, Second Vice- President; C. H. McWilliams, Secre- tary, and Theodore B. Comstock, Treasurer. NEW BOOKS RECEIVED “Tue Farm Lor,” by E. G. Cheyney and J. B. Wentling. Price, $1.50 (The Macmil- latin @Os) Is an addition to the Rural Science Series which have for some time been a feature of the special publications issued by the Mac- millans. The book, which is exceptionally well printed and illustrated, is designed to aid the farmer in the establishment, care and utilization of small patches of timberland on his farm and will be found of great prac- tical benefit, as the authors have told in simple, precise English, and in popular style, just what to do with all kinds of woodlots and the best varieties of timber to encourage. “THE TRAINING OF A Forester,” by Gifford Pinchot. Price, $1.00 (Lippincott’s). Certainly no man is better equipped than Mr. Pinchot to write of what is necessary in the training of a forester, and of what the aspirant for entrance into the profession needs. He very frankly says “I urge nu man to make forestry his profession, but rather to keep away from it if he can. In forestry a man is either altogether at home or very much out of place. Unless he has a compell- ing love for the Forester’s life and the For- ester’s work, let him keep out of it.” The book tells in succinct style what the forest is, what the forester’s knowledge should be and of all the various steps in the develop- ment of a forester. “LUMBER AND Its Usks,” by R. S. Kellogg. Price, $1.00 (The Radford Architectural Company). Contractors, architects, builders, and even the lumbermen themselves have long felt the need of such a book as this, for it tells what lumber is, what the various kinds are best suited for and, in fact, as much in detail about lumber and its uses as any intelligent man, wishing the information, could ask. It is a book which should have a large sale and should be well worn by constant usage for reference by any possessing it. CURRERMMBEIUE ATURE MONTHLY LIST FOR JUNE, 1914. (Books and periodical articles indexed in the Library of the United States Forest Service.) Forestry as a Whole Hudson, W. F. A. A handbook of forestry. 82 p. il. Watford, Eng., The Cooper laboratory for economic research, 1913. Proceedings and reports of associations, State forest officers, etc. Connecticut—State forester. Seventh report. 30 p. maps. New Haven, Conn., 1914. Hongkong, China—Botanical and forestry dept. Report for the year 1912. 14 p. Hongkong, 1912. India—Baluchistan—Forest dept. Progress report of forest administration for 1912- 1S lep we Calcutta, 19114: India—Bihar and Orissa—Forest dept. An- nual progress report on forest adminis- tration, 1912-13. 60 p. Patna, 1913. India—Punjab—Forest dept. Progress report on forest administration for 1912-13. 71 p. Lahore, 1913. Maryland—State board of forestry. for 1912 and 1913. 56 p. pl. 1914. New Jersey—Forest park reservation com- mission. Ninth annual report, 1913. 82 p. pl. Trenton, 1914. St. Petersburg—Lyesnoi institut (Forest in- stitute). Izvyestiya (Contributions), vol. 26. 63 p. St. Petersburg, 1913. Report Baltimore, Forest History Fabricius, L. Geschichte der naturwissen- schaften in der forstwissenschaft bis zum jahre 1830. 137 p. Stuttgart, KE. Ulmer, 1906. Forest Education Forest schools Harvard university—School of _ forestry. Prospectus, 1914-15. 34 p. il. Cam- bridge, Mass., 1914. Forest Legislation Maryland—State board of forestry. Forest laws of Maryland. 8 p. Baltimore, Md., 1914. (Forestry leaflet no. 15.) New Hampshire—Forestry commission. The fire wardens’ manual; laws relating to forest protection and instruction to for- est fire wardens, lookout watchmen, and patrolmen. 72 p. Concord, 1914. (Bul- letin 5.) Forest Description Montana—Dept. of agriculture and publicity. The resources and opportunities of Montana, 1914 edition. 304 p. il., maps. Helena, Mont., 1914. Forest Botany Trees, classification and description Maiden, J. H. A critical revision of the genus Eucalyptus, pts. 20-21. pl. Sydney, IN, Se Why WHE Silvics Silvical characteristics of trees Hay, R. D. Rate of growth of indigenous commercial trees. 2 p. Sydney, 1914. (New South Wales—Dept. of forestry. Bulletin no. 8.) Studies of species Jackson, A. G. and Knapp, J. B. Western red cedar in the Pacific northwest. 24 p. il. Seattle and Tacoma, Wash., West Coast lumberman, 1914. Forest soils Parrozzani, A. L,azote nei terreni di bosco (Nitrogen in forest soils). 22 p. Acireale, Tip. Orario delle Ferrovie, 1913. Parrozzani, A. Condizioni fisiche e chimiche nei terreni silvani e coltivati del bosco Santo Pietro in Caltagirone (Physical and chemical conditions in the sterile and cultivated soils of the forest of Santo Pietro in Caltagirone). 46 p. Acireale, Tip. Orario delle Ferrovie, 1913. Silviculture Planting New Hampshire—Forestry commission. Re- foresting waste and cut-over land. 27 p. Concord, 1914. (Bulletin 4.) Forest Protection Insects Britton, W. E. The brown-tail moth. 26 p. il. New Haven Conn., 1914. (Connecti- cut—Agricultural experiment station. Bulletin 182.) Diseases Anderson, P. J. The morphology and life history of the chestnut blight fungus. 44 p. pl. Harrisburg, 1914. (Pa. chestnut tree blight commission. Bulletin 7.) Long, W. H. The death of chestnuts and oaks due to Armillaria mellea. 9 p. pl. Wash., D. C., 1914. (U. S—Dept of agriculture. Bulletin 89.) Nellis, J. C. Uses for chestnut timber killed by the bark disease. 24 p. il. Wash., 539 540 AMERICAN D. C., 1914. (U. §.—Dept of agriculture. Farmers’ bulletin 582.) New Hampshire—Forestry commission. The chestnut bark disease; control, utilization. 40 p. Concord, 1914. (Bulletin 6.) Fire California—State board of forestry. Annual fire report, 1913. 94 p. il., maps. Sacra- mento, 1914. California—State board of forestry. The forest protection problem in California. 7 p. Sacramento, 1914. (Bulletin no. 5.) California—State board of forestry. The governor has proclaimed Apr. 18, 1914, fire prevention day. 12 p. il. Sacra- _mento, 1914. United States—Forest service. Systematic fire protection in the California forests, byes) Dubois. 99 p:- il. Wash D:C, 1914. Howard, W. G. Forest fires. 52 p. il., pl. (New York—Conservation Bulletin 10.) Albany, 1914. commission. Forest Mensuration Bentley, J. Methods of determining the value of timber in the farm woodlot. 36 Dawike Ithaca, Nj Yo) dot44a (Cornell university—New York state college of agriculture. Cornell reading courses, vol. 3, no. 62; Farm forestry series no. 4.) Forest Economics Taxation and tariff Massachusetts—Commission on the taxation of wild or forest lands. Report, Jan., 1914. 98 p. Boston, Wright and Potter printing co., 1914. Statistics United States—Forest service. The country’s forests) a4 pp. Wash DsG.) 1914: United States—Forest service. Our timber supply. 8 p. Wash., D. C., 1914. Forest Utilization Lumber industry Bruce, E. S. Flumes and fluming. 36 p. il. Ol, WWeisl, IDS Cy alee (UL S—aDene of agriculture Bulletin 87.) Wood using industries Betts, N. de W. Rocky mountain mine tim- bers.) 1345p: wl Wash, DxC. 19145 (CU: S.—Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 77.) Surface, H. E. Suitability of longleaf pine for paper pulp. 26 p. Wash., D. C.. 1914. (U. S—Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 2s) Wood preservation American wood preservers’ association. Pro- ceedings of the 10th annual meeting, Jan. 20-22, 1914. 501 p. il. Baltimore, Md.. 1914. Great Britain—Board of agriculture fisheries. Preservation of outdoor ber. 4 p. London, 1914. and tim- FORESTRY Auxiliary Subjects Conservation of natural resources Louisiana—Conservation commission. lRe- port, 1912-14. 136 p. il. maps. New Orleans, 1914. National parks Canada—Dept. of the interior—Dominion parks branch. Report of the Commis- sioner of dominion parks for the year ending Mar. 31, 1913. 96 p. il. Ottawa, 1914. Drought Rotmistrov, V. G. The nature of drought according to the evidence of the Odessa experiment field. 48 p. pl. Odessa, Russia, Dept. of agriculture, 1913. Periodical Articles Miscellaneous pertodicals American city, Apr., 1914.—Tree planting on city and suburban streets, p. 343-4. Bulletin of the American geographic so- ciety, May, 1914—-A method of esti- mating rainfall by the growth of trees, by A. E. Douglass, p. 321-35. Canadian magazine, May, 1914——Warning against deforestation, by N. S. Rankin, p. 57-62. Country gentleman, May 9, 1914—Is the cedar chest moth proof, by S. J. Record, p. 944. Fire prevention, May, 1914.—How the beau- tiful forests of New York state are protected from fire, by G. E. Van Ken- nen, p. 8-9. Gardeners’ chronicle, Apr. 18, 1914.—Aus- tralian acacias, p. 262. Gardeners’ chronicle, May 23, 1914——New Chinese species, by E. Beckett, p. 344-5. National wool grower, May, 1914.—Sheep do not injure forests, p. 16-20. Overland monthly, May, 1914.—California’s great lumber industry, by J. Davis, p. 436-41. Philippine agricultural review, Apr., 1914.— Bureau of forestry exhibit, Philippine exposition, by E. E. Schneider, p. 185-8. Popular science monthly, June, 1914.—The future of the chestnut tree in North America, by A. H. Graves, p. 551-66. Scientific American, May 2, 1914.—French artificial wood, p. 366; The forests of Switzerland, p. 387. United States—Dept. of agriculture. Journal of agricultural research, May, 1914.— Two new wood destroying fungi, by J. R. Wier, p. 163-5. United States—Dept. of agriculture. Year- book, 1913.—Practical tree surgery, by J. F. Collins, p. 163-90; Economic waste from soil erosion, by R. O. E. Davis, p. 207-20. United States—War dept. Professional memoirs, Corps of engineers, U. S. army, May-June, 1914.—Flood prevention, by J. C. Oakes, p. 423-38. CURRENT EETERATURE United States—Weather bureau. Monthly weather review, Feb., 1914.—The value of weather forecasts in the problem of protecting forests from fire, by E. A. Beals, p. 111-19. Trade journals and consular reports American lumberman, May 16, 1914.— Piling and drying lumber, by M. C. Berne, p. 45-6; uses for holly, p. 47; Commercial uses of magnolia, p. 47. American lumberman, May 30, 1914.—New York forest products exposition, p. 31-4. Barrel and box, May, 1914.—Waste in manu- facture of tight cooperage, p. 37; Annual use of hemlock box lumber, p. 48-9. Engineering news, Mar. 19, 1914.—Tests of some joints used in heavy framing, by H. D. Dewell, p. 593-8. Hardwood record, May 10, 1914.—The forest products exposition, p. 21-37. Hardwood record, May 25, 1914.—Crushing strength of wood, p. 27; No substitute for wooden shuttles, p. 29; Utilization of basswood, by N. C. Brown, p. 30-1; Influence of source of seed upon forest growth, p. 31. Lumber trade journal, June 1, 1914.—Annual meeting of Louisiana forestry associa- tion, p. 25-27; Yale forest students study lumbering on lands of Grest southern lumber co., p. 33. Lumber world review, May 25, 1914.—The grading of timber on the strength basis, by A. T. North, p. 27-9; Western larch; its distribution, qualities, uses, by N. C. Brown, p. 30-2. Mississippi valley lumberman, May 29, 1914. —The wood silo, by G. E. Townsend, Dp: So. Paper, May 13, 1914——Course of study in pulp and paper science, by R. H. Mc- Kee, p. 16-19. Paper, May 20, 1914.—Technology of the sulphite pulp process, by G. P. Steffen- son, p. 16-21; Forests and storage reser- voirs vs. floods, p. 36. Paper, May 27, 1914.—Woodpulp from tree waste, p. 21. Paper trade journal, May 21, 1914—Manu- facture of sulphite pulp, by G. B. Steffen- son, p. 42-50. Pioneer western lumberman, May 15, 1914.— Logging, past and present, by G. A. Buell, p. 15, 23-6. Pioneer western lumberman, June 1, 1914— Laurel, a California hardwood, p. 11. St. Louis lumberman, May 15, 1914.—Report of the Conservation committee of the National lumber manufacturers’ associa- tion, p. 75-6; Forest products exposi- tion, p. 88-101. St. Louis lumberman, June 1, 1914,—Pro- 541 posed grading of yellow pine timber for structural purposes, p. 81; Laying wood paving in London, p. 87. Timber trade journal, May 16, 1914.— Japanese oak, p. 1034-5, Timberman, May, 1914—Lumber declared most valuable and adaptive building ma- terial, p. 27-9; Timberman correspond- ents advocate the air dried shingles, p. 36-7; Forest protection in Oregon and Washington makes marked progress, p. 49; Aerial logging system, p. 51-2. U. S. daily consular report, May 15, 1914.— Pacific coast timber for Indian railways, by H. D. Baker, p. 893; Chinese studying forestry in the Philippines, by G. E. Anderson, p. 893. U. S. daily consular report, May 21, 1914.— French market for American staves, by J. B. Osborne, p. 1012; The cultiva- tion of lac in India, by J. A. Smith, p. 1016-17. U. S. daily consular report, May 23, 1914.— Basel market for imported lumber, by P. Holland, p. 1067. U. S. daily consular report, June 5, 1914.— Shooks and packing material in Canary islands, by H. Brett, p. 1326-7. U. S. daily consular report, June 9, 1914.— Hardwood forests of South America, by I. A. Manning and others, p. 1406-7; Lumber and timber products abroad, by B. F. Yost and others, p. 1408-9. West Coast lumberman, June 1, 1914.—The structural properties of Douglas fir and long leaf yellow pine, by O. P. M. Goss, p. 20-1; Utilization of fir by distillation, by G. M. Hunt, p. 24-6. Forest journals. Allgemeine forst- und jagdzeitung, Apr., 1914. —Wissenschaft und erfahrung, p. 117- 26; Chemie des holzes, by F. Moll, p. 126-32. Bulletin de la Société centrale forestiére de Belgique, Apr., 1914.—Le domaine de Hodinfosse, by G. Crahay, p. 215-29. Indian forester, Apr., 1914—-The concentra- tion of regeneration operations, by M. R. K. Jerram, p. 141-7; Sal regeneration in the Duars forests, by E. O. Sheb- beare and others, p. 147-54; Wood dis- tillation in Indiana and America, p. 158- 60; The forest of Dean, p. 160-4. North woods, May, 1914.—Minnesota club women and conservation, by Mrs. C. L. Atwood, p. 21-7. Naturwissenschaftliche zeitschrift fiir forst- und landwirtschaft, Feb., 1914.—Pflan- zenpathologische bilder und notizen aus den nordamerikanischen waldern, by C. von Tubeuf, p. 89-91. Revue des eaux et forets, Apr. 15, 1914.—La situation des forets de la Réunion au premier janvier, 1914, by A. J. Bonnet, AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS p. 249-53; Du calcul de la possibilité des sapiniéres jardinées, p. 254-7. Revue des eaux et forets, May 1, 1914—Les statistiques forestiéres au commence- ment du XIXe siécle, by H. de Coincy, p. 281-8; Bulletin forestier étranger; le Mexique, by G. Gainet, p. 289-302. Schweizerische zeitschrift ftir fortswesen, Apr., 1914.—Die schiffbarmacher des Oberrheins und die interressen des Schweizerischen holzhandels, by G. Brugger, p. 108-10; Beschadigung durch den erlenrusselkafer, p. 115-16. Tree talk, May, 1914.—Pruning street trees, by R. W. Curtis, p. 9-11; Two on-coming insect pests, by W. E. Britton, p. 12-13; The elm leaf miner and its control, by ©) W., Herrick, p. 15-17; A: hardy, Eng- lish walnut, p. 19-21. Zeitschrift fiir forst- und jagdwesen, Mar., 1914.—Die diirreschaden von 1911 in den anhaltischen staatsforsten, by Reuss, p. 70-82; Die waldarbeiterfrage, by Lie- beneiner, p. 90-8; Die eichenwalder des europaischen Russlands, by G. Wysotzki, p. 98-101; Die alte forstakademie und das neue forstliche museum zu Ebers- walde, by Moller und Ortmann, p. 129- 42; Beitrage zur forstgeschichte der Churmark wahrend der 2. halfte des 18. jahrhunderts, by A. Schwappach, p. 142- 58; Die durch steinkohlenverbrennung am walde entstehenden und vermuteten FITS THE POCKET : Hit the Trail with a Stopple Kook Kit T’S a real friend in need to the outdoor man. Consists of all the utensils necessary to the preparation of a meal for two persons—detach- able handles, folding broiler, nesting fry pans and coffee pot. When not in use the entire outfit can be so com- pactly folded as to fit comfortably into the pocket. All you need to prepare a piping hot meal, any- where, whenever you get hungry, is a Stopple Kook Kit, food and a little fire Thousands in use—Every user an enthusiastic booster. Price $2.50: 23 ears Descriptive circular on request STOPPLE KOOK KIT COMPANY ALMA, MICH. 28 A Street rauchschaden, by C. Baltz, p. 158-74. | Forestry and | ORCHIDS ORCHIDS We are specialists in Orchids, we col- le lect, import, grow, sell and export this class ee } | 3 UGLY of plants exclusively. Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue P bl of Orchids may be had on application. Also Tl O ems special lists of freshly imported unestab- lished Orchids. 4 Reports of expert investigative pice es committees on problems vitally | OchitCee aes lmpartene affecting all who are in any | i way interested in forestry and |". cee 1 A LL EY HY |) |) | Hf OS HH lumber. j; Use Press Clippings It will more than pay you to secure our ex- tensive service, covering all subjects, such as Polo, Golf, Tennis, trade and personal, and receive the benefit of the best and most systematic reading of all papers and periodicals, here and abroad, at minimum cost. Why miss taking advantage for obtaining the best possible service in your line? Our service is taken by all progressive business men, publishers, authors, collectors, etc., and is the card index for securing what you want and need, as every article of interest is at your daily command. Write for terms; or send your order for 100 clippings at $5, or 1,000 Grae at $35. Special rates quoted on Large rders The Manhattan Press Clipping Bureau “"pronsc3s"" Cambridge Bldg.,334 Fifth Ave.,Cor.33d St. New York Established 1888. Send for our Desk Calendar my 6 6 Fh 0 hE 1 ee ce fe ee FE el | {A most valuable addition to the literature on these subjects. 400 pages, bound in green Price $1.15, postpaid American Forestry Association Washington, D. C. | | a 6 ff 1 ff fh fh fh ff ff fH HH 0 1 hh ee FF I) ee HH Hf A i | | | | | | I | | i | We are near- ing the end of the most popular book | offer in history MARK TWAIN at half the former price. Get your set before it is too late. Harper’s Magazine is included at this special price. 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Author’s National Edition MARK TWAIN HOSE who know his ToM SAWYER or Huck FINN look upon Mark Twain as a great boy’s writer; those who have read his JOAN OF ARC or PRINCE AND THE PAUPER think of him as a great romancer; those who are acquainted only with INNOCENTS ABROAD or RouGHInc It think of himas inexpressibly funny; those who are familiar only with his essays look upon him as a sane and indignant foe of hypocrisy; those who have read only his short stories, such as A DEATH Disk,think of him as a master of pathos; but those only who have read ALL these books know or can realize the transcen- dent genius of Mark Twain; those only can comprehend the limits of intellectual effort; those alone know that Mark Twain the philosopher, Mark Twain the humorist, Mark Twain the dreamer, and Mark Twain the reform- er are all but parts of the greatest American of his time. 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In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN ForRESTRY LB 0 8 9 9 i = ei, tt Oy en ei. a BUY IT NOW | Business inactivity has placed within _ |!! your reach desirable timber at low |i prices and on unusually attractive i terms. I We are not. prophets, therefore we do _ |f I not know how long the timber market _ |!! | will remain a “Buyer’s Market.” i | | We do know that during the last _ | thirty-five years all who bought timber _ |i during times like the present have ) profited by their foresight. | | | | | | | | Under present. conditions the best advice anyone can give 1s Buy Timber NOW Send for copy of ‘““Lumber User's Guide No. 8,” which treats of the Special Values, Special Adaptabilities and Special Econo- mies of Douglas Fir for all building purposes JAMES D. LACEY & CO. || Timber Land Factors i CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, 1750 McCormick Building I PORTLAND, OREGON, 1313 Northwestern Bank Building II SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, 1009 White Building HI NATIONAL CAPITAL PRESS. sti . y | if ~ ! | {| \ | Including American Conservation, acquired in August, 1911 Vol. 20 AUGUST, 1914 No. 8 SSP OSES ESS SE SES SES ESS SE SSE E CERES EESSESESSESSSESEESSERUSEEEEESSESESSSESEESESSESSE FES GESSERSESSESSESSESUCSSSESESSESSEESESSEEEESESSOSSESEESE OSCE SS SSSESSEESSSSCESSSSUSSESSCSCCESSESSESSESGUESESSESSESE SSE SEEEEEEEEESE EEE ESEEEE! SECC CRS RE GES SSCSCSESTOSSSCETEESESSOSESCHEESSCESCGSSSRSGCCRSSGRCHEESCAEGAOSSSESEESES SEFEECGHEOEEEDESERGHOEEOOROPHEDPEEOOCESEREOESHEERODESSESSOECEOTOSESECETOSHOSOOSTOCPORCCCCCCSSTCCTOSCESCSRSSCSSSGSSSRGSSRERSGHERR ERE RESO] OUR VANISHING FOOD FISH THE STORY OF HEMLOCK A CHANCE FOR THE GAME THE LOOKOUT ON MT. LASSEN NEW YORK CITY’S TREES CRUISING OF: Causes PESTS IN FOREST SEEDS AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS * em i Fm Fh Hm 18m 1 it Nh UN HN Ne ee Hm || | Lf | | LL TL | || | | | || | | || fH ||| hh th tL TD | NH BOOKS ON FORESTRY 8 mm HH HN TH HH —1 hh 1 et NN Hh mn Ht a a eh ee — 1 fff] | | } nae He SO HL || | || | | || || | | || | | AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the bene- fit of those who wish books on forestry, a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American Forestry Association, Washington, D. C.. Prices are by mail or exPuesS prepaid... SSE id 2=5 36 AMIS0E, ANRVNIONTUNG? Ol AN NOUS SINAIR—Crustorriet Liane. oancnsoocodocs convo dEs sp eelealisy LUNIBERTAND OIMTSsUSES— Ro Ss Kelloger ie. at ake aa enna eee eee (BLS THE CARE OF TREES IN LAWN, STREET AND PARK—B. E. Fernow......... 2.17 NORGE AMERICAN REE S— Nea Brittonva.. caertaooe miei one eee 7.30 KENe RO sREIE REE S—Collmsvandierestone am riee aan acon ore ae 1.50 MAE WARViEWiOO DL ©l——is GaiCheyneysand pie) NVienGlinc eer eer 1.70 AME RICAN ROR Sd) kB S—rHeninyaeley Gdlosonly sine east ena nee aerate 6.00 IDENTIFICATION OF THE ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Samuelye Records 5 ccaecrshe, spaces cc ocsre revs ictus) hae ohe mucit osteo acct one eee a i225) REANE SURVEVING—JohnCeiiracy ay \ > N N ‘ N N $ ~ aS =". 4 mS e “oO - Of % > OY 23 giegian Zhe! ste ee co 0 e-x Creer aes ” RS e wo 2 Shao ee Zz 2s Geqe eet 325 Q gELg ete «3? Oa BEG OS DE s Sie. ts Og -Oaem ee ee gbuge se 343 mg ag SESS S58 & O58. 'S Ps SUE FE AG fy) 2a: Ql: . 2 5 \ a ed ELE: be if In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN FoRESTRY THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION OFFICERS FOR 1914 President DR. HENRY STURGIS DRINKER, President, Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa. Vice-Presidents JOSHUA L. BAILY, Pennsylvania ANDREW CARNEGIE, New York HON. JOHN R. CLANCY, New York FREDERICK A. DELANO, Illinois DR. CHARLES W. ELIOT, Massachusetts President Emeritus Harvard University DR. B. E. FERNOW, Canada Dean of Forestry, University of Toronto HON. WALTER L. FISHER, Chicago, IIl. Ex-Secretary of the Interior HENRY S. GRAVES, District of Columbia Chief of the Forest Service HON. CURTIS S. GUILD, Massachusetts Ex-Ambassador to Russia EVERITT G. GRIGGS, Washington HON. DAVID HOUSTON Secretary of Agriculture HON. HIRAM JOHNSON, California Governor of California HON. FRANKLIN K. LANE Secretary of the Interior HON. ASBURY F. LEVER, South Carolina United States Representative HON. THOMAS NELSON PAGE Ambassador to Italy GIFFORD PINCHOT, Washington, D. C. FILIBERT ROTH, Michigan Dean of Forestry, University of Michigan IDR Ae Ab T. ROTHROCK, Pennsylvania JOSEPH N. TEAL, Oregon Chairman Oregon Conservation Commission HON. OSCAR W. UNDERWOOD, Alabama United States Representative DR. ROBERT S. WOODWARD, Washington, D. C. President, Carnegie Institution Treasurer OTTO LUEBKERT, Washington, D. C. Executive Secretary P. S. RIDSDALE, 1410 H Street N. W., Washington, D. C. Directors E. T. ALLEN, Oregon Forester, Western For. and Conservation Asso. HON. ROBERT P. BASS, New Hampshire Ex-Governor of New Hampshire W.R. BROWN, New Hampshire Pres., New Hamp. Forestry Commission HERMAN H. CHAPMAN, Connecticut Professor of Forestry, Yale Forest School DR. HENRY S. DRINKER, Pennsylvania President, Lehigh University ALFRED GASKILL State Forester, New Jersey JOHN E. JENKS, District of Columbia Editor, Army and Navy Register OTTO LUEBKERT, Washington, D. C. CHESTER W. LYMAN, New York International Paper Company CHARLES LATHROP PACK, New Jersey Pres., Fifth National Conservation Congress CHARLES F. QUINCY, New York J. E. RHODES, Illinois National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association ERNEST A. STERLING, Pennsylvania Forest and Timber Engineer JOHN L. WEAVER, District of Columbia Real Estate Broker J. B. WHITE, Missouri Ex-President, National Conservation Congress Auditors E. A. STERLING, Pennsylvania Cc. F. QUINCY, New York Advisory Board. Representing Affiliated Organizations Yellow Pine Manufacturers’ Association OHN L. KAUL, Birmingham, Ala. . W. McLEOD, St. Louis, Mo. E. A. FROST, Shreveport, La. National Wholesale Lumber Dealers’ Association ROBT. C. LIPPINCOTT, Philadelphia, Pa. R. L. SISSON, Potsdam, N. Y. JOHN M. WOODS, Boston, Mass. Northern Pine Manufacturers’ Association C. A. SMITH, Minneapolis, Minn. WILLIAM IRVINE, Chippewa Falls, Wis. F. E. WEYERHAEUSER, St. Paul, Minn. Massachusetts Forestry Association NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, Milton, Mass. FREDERIC J. CAULKINS, Boston, Mass. HARRIS A. REYNOLDS, Cambridge, Mass, Lumbermen’s Exchange Sane WILLIAMS, JR., Philadelphia, Pa. REDERICK S. UNDERHILL, Philadelphia, Pa. ROBERT C. LIPPINCOTT, Philadelphia, Pa. Camp Fire Club of America WARREN H. MILLER, New York O. H. VAN NORDEN, New York FREDERICK K. VREELAND, New York North Carolina Forestry Association E. B. WRIGHT, Boardman, N. C. ALSTON GRIMES, Grimesland, N. C. J. C. SMOOT, North Wilkesboro, N. C. National Association of Box Manufacturers B. W. PORTER, Greenfield, Mass. S. B. ANDERSON, Memphis, Tenn. ROBT. A. JOHNSON, Minneapolis, Minn. Carriage Builders’ National Association H. C. McLEAR, Wilmington, Del. D. T. WILSON, New York. C. D. FIRESTONE, Columbus, Ohio Boston Paper Trade Association N. M. JONES, Lincoln, Maine JOHN E. A. HUSSEY, Boston, Mass. ARTHUR a HOBSON, Boston, Mass. Philadelphia Wholesale Lumber Dealers’ Ass’n ROBT. C. LIPPINCOTT, Philadelphia, Pa. J. RANDALL WILLIAMS, JR., Philadelphia, Pa. FRED’'KS UNDERHILL, Philadelphia, Pa. New Hampshire Timberland Owners’ Association W. H. BUNDY, Boston, Mass. EVERETT E. AMEY, Portland, Me. F. H. BILLARD, Berlin, New Hampshire Empire State Forest Products Association FERRIS J. MEIGS, New York City. RUFUS L. SISSON, Potsdam, N. Y. W. L. SYKES, Buffalo, N. Y. California Forest Protective Association MILES STANDISH, San Francisco, Cal. GEO. X. WENDLING, San Francisco, Cal. GEO. H. RHODES, San Francisco, Cal. Minnesota Forestry Association W. T. COX, St. Paul, Minn. PROF. D. LANGE, St. Paul, Minn. MRS. CARRIE BACKUS, St. Paul, Minn. American Wood Preservers’ Association GEO. E. REX, Topeka, Kan CARL G. CRAWFORD, Louisville, Ky. F. J. ANGIER, Baltimore, Md. et ee AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS TIMBER ESTIMATES Why not have your timber estimated by competent Forest Engineers? Somebody will do it; why not the best? IT WILL PAY AND SAVE IN BONDING, SELLING OR OPERATING We make preliminary examinations; complete forest survcys, including logging maps; valuations; and planting and management reports. Also Specialists on Preservative Treatment of Wood Against Decay Write for information CLARK, LYFORD & STERLING 1331-2 Real Estate Trust Building PHILADELPHIA, PENNA. | TIMBER ESTIMATES, FOREST | SURVEYS and MAPS D.E. LAUDERBURN FOREST ENGINEER | 6030 Metropolitan Bldg., New York City ee eG en ee a ee Pe el I oa I Forestry Quarterly | The technical forestry journal of North America | TIMBER ESTIMATES | | $2.00 a Year | SURVEYING ee | JAMES W. SEWALL CENTER STREET OLD TOWN, ME. | E. V. PRESTON Forest Engineer Timber Estimates, Forest Surveys tt i a AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION Washington, D. C. TIMBER ESTIMATES and Maps We make accurate cruises of standing timber, t hical ,and advi | HAMMOND, LOUISIANA see ee tical sie ores in 8 9 0 8 —— 89) —— 9 8 ns 9 9 9 8 0 0 8 8 nn —— 1 a 2 | COMPLETE | | is our list of trees, shrubs, plants and seeds for | oe. cemetery and park plantings. | he best facilities for producing and collecting : TIMBER OWNERS BONDING HOUSES MILL OPERATORS MUNSON-WHITAKER CO. Consulting Forest Engineers enable us to give exceptional service. | ‘ . ; Ra 2 EW YORK, 676 Fourth Ave. HICAGO, 516 Comm. Bk. Bldg. ; HORTICULTURAL SALES 2 co MPA NY ; BOSTON, 622 Tremont Bldg. PITTSBURG, 906 Arrott Bldg. Nurserymen, Seedsmen and Horticulturists | STERRETTS - Shelby County - ALABAMA | a In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN ForESTRY AMERICAN FORESTRY‘S ADVERTISERS HH LS HH | | EL HH BIRD HOUSES Made by the BOYS OF ALLEN- DALE FARM, Lake Villa, Illinois 9. 50 Martin Houses....3.00 to 25.00 {] Directions for placing houses fur- nished with each order. {] These houses are strong, well built and will last for years. {| Write for descrip- tions and pictures of the models. Address ALLENDALE FARM Lake Villa, Illinois — i) on a hth i th 18 i oy 69 me i) mF mh 1h me hf ee fe fh ee fh |) ef ee ee et ee 8 1 | lh | ——— | i | | The North-Eastern Forestry Co. CHESHIRE, CONN. Growers of Evergreen Seedlings and Transplants for Forest Planting Catalogue sent on request Se es ee ee = 0 eg ee fH LH | | | Ht HH Seeds for Forestry Purposes We offer a most complete list of both Deciduous and Evergreen Tree and Shrub seeds for forestry purposes. Seeds that are cf best germinating quality. varieties we offer, which include the best and most rare species. Send for a copy, it will interest you. THOMAS MEEHAN & SONS Wholesale Nurseryvmen and Tree Seedmen DRESHER, PENN., U. S. A 0 1 Our catalogue contains a full list of the HILL’S SEEDLINGS AND TRANSPLANTS Also Tree Seeds FOR REF'ORESTING Best for over half a century. All leading hardy sorts, grown in immense quantities. Prices lowest. Quality highest. Forest Planter’s Guide, also price lists are free. Write today and mention this magazine. THE D. HILL NURSERY CO. Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in America BOX 305 DUNDEE, ILL. 8 8 Ge 8 ee 0 8 ee 8 Grade One SLiquin ae Oil Creosote Cuts your wood preserving bills in hali— Especially adapted for preserving tele- phone poles, telegraph poles, cross arms, railroad ties, fence posts, mine timbers, underground sills, sleepers, bridge timbers, planking, ice houses, wood tanks, shingles, poultry houses, silos, boat timbers or any exposed woodwork. Booklet on request. BARRETT MANUFACTURING CO. New York Chicago Philadelphia = Boston St. Louis Pittsburgh Se: Cleveland Cincinnati Kansas City Minneapolis Seattle Birmingham oe ENGRAVINGS for this Edition made by National Engraving Co. EDWARD B. MARTIN, President 506-508 Fourteenth St. N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C. Engravers to the Government Pan American Union Smithsonian Institution Agricultural Department U.S. Geological Survey Patent Gazette Experimental Stations and State Institutions HALF-TONES LINE CUTS THREE-COLOR PROCESS PLATES ELECTROTY PES Printers Demand Our CUTS Gh cme 6 me fh em hh me i ff ff fh A LF Bf HA a HH ff ||| | || | || | || | A 6 i Bh 6 fff ff) BH Bf HH HH fH I A ff fi ff Eff ff fff |} | || | |} | | | | | | | | | I | | I | Af In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN ForESTRY American Forestry The Magazine of the American Forestry Association PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD HERMAN H. CHAPMAN FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL ERNEST A. STERLING JOHN E. RHODES S. T. DANA S. N. SPRING August CONTENTS 1914 OUR-VANISHING FOOD FISH—By, Hon). Chasless binthicum=.-4.-. a. se 543 With eighteen illustrations. NEV tewO Rim “CLD YS: TREES. 2c bake see ee ee Ee oa eee oe 560 With nine illustrations. WOME TNR EA GATN ST ERIE G5 oo ee arse are rae ee ae eg ee 567 THE SLOOKOUL ON MOUNT LASSEN=By Wailliamm Casblodces ss. 28s -ee eee ane 568 With four illustrations. MiMuasivenihh AW: VIOLATORS oe -6 poe eee tee ae 571 Reel SUN CAIN: ‘CUBA—By -B.c-VaccEFeStoni a calm nc ree eee eae ere ee ae 572 With five illustrations. Niven LOI S—= (oem) —By- Jeo LenS tintin 11S aetna ete eer ren ea 576 IMME, SHMOIRMA sO) ROS SBI MO, @) ee vesd ail Imp aiieill wane wane cadncanononeseegamesuuessx 577 With nine illustrations. RESDSeUNCROREST SEEDS. Ades k esa Ree Soe Soe eee ee eee 588 With three illustrations. BORE SRI a AGIy CEA UTA UOUA rs ary eae tee ee tee te ee ees ee et 591 TROW MAIN ROREST STREA MSE See ere rr errr ees ey oe! 5 Of PERI Va es eR PLGA INT TIN Gc ee ake ie ee am are es a 592 AVGELANNGCE ROR THE GAMBE=-By.Smithekiley cee t an ee sees... teen 594 With eight illustrations. PEBeNIUSSOURT OUSTER CASBEG ia erie ce aren a ee ee eo ee 602 CSING RB LIGe AED CEU STINGS eee eee ete ee enn re ee ee 604 THe CANADIAN DEPARTMENT==By Elwood iWilsontet hs... ..s..cchesceeel.. 605 By) TET RATE Sco, oes oi ees cease SA Ree ae eee ee RS dee 2 ns ee ee 607 1 Aral Sel aN EO Ml bel DS eR Me 2 AR ef ce) ee tg oe ee ol 4! gp ers age de ga 609 GUMIE NCE slab RAT URE si ca ene eeenadne ee Ca Eng re 040 2 ae er ed 612 AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, two dollars per year; single copies, twenty cents. Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Post-office at Washington, under the Act of March 8, 1879. f On Declaration of Principles and Policy of the American Forestry Association IT IS A VOLUNTARY organization for the inculcation and spread of a forest policy on a scale adequate for our economic needs, and any person is eligible for membership. IT IS INDEPENDENT, has no official connection with any Federal or State department or policy, and is devoted to a public service conducive to national prosperity. IT ASSERTS THAT forestry means the propagation and care of forests for the produc- tion of timber as a crop; protection of watersheds; utilization of non-agricultural soil; use of forests for public recreation. IT DECLARES THAT FORESTRY is of immense importance to the people; that the census of 1913 shows our forests annually supply over one and a quarter billion dollars’ worth of products; employ 735,000 people; pay $367,000,000 in wages; cover 550,- 000,000 acres unsuited for agriculture; regulate the distribution of water; prevent ero- sion of lands; and are essential to the beauty of the country and the health of the nation. IT RECOGNIZES THAT forestry is an industry limited by economic conditions; that private owners should be aided and encouraged by investigations, demonstrations, and educational work, since they cannot be expected to practice forestry at a financial loss; that Federal and State governments should undertake scientific forestry upon national and State forest reserves for the benefit of the public. IT WILL DEVOTE its influence and educational facilities to the development of public thought and knowledge along these practical lines. It Will Support These Policies: FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT of national forests; adequate appropriations for their care and management; Federal cooperation with the States, especially in forest fire protection. STATE ACTIVITY by acquirement of forest lands; organization for fire protection; en- couragement of forest planting by communal and private owners; non-political depart- mentally independent forest organization, with liberal appropriations for these purposes. FOREST FIRE PROTECTION by Federal, State and fire protective agencies, and its encouragement and extension, individually and by cooperation; without adequate fire protection all other measures for forest crop production will fail. FOREST PLANTING by Federal and State governments and long-lived corporations and acquirement of waste lands for this purpose; and also planting by private owners, where profitable, and encouragement of natural regeneration. FOREST TAXATION REFORMS removing unjust burdens from owners of growing timber. CLOSER UTILIZATION in logging and manufacturing without loss to owner; aid to lumbermen in achieving this. CUTTING OF MATURE TIMBER where and as the domestic market demands it, except on areas maintained for park or scenic purposes, and compensation of forest owners for loss suffered through protection of watersheds, o1 on behalf of any public interest. EQUAL PROTECTION to the lumber industry and to public interests in legislation affecting private timberland operations, recognizing that lumbering is as legitimate and necessary as the forests themselves. CLASSIFICATION by experts of lands best suited for farming and those best suited for forestry; and liberal national and State appropriations for this work. 6f American Forestry VOL XX AUGUST, 1914 No. 8 OUR VANISHING FOOD FISH By Hon. J. CuHartes LINTHICUM. NE, of the many stories attrib- uted to Abraham Lincoln is that of a shrewd Yankee who entered a country store, took up a dried herring, and inquired its price. Told that the fish was a nickel he hesitated and asked the cost of a mug of cider. On being informed that it was the same price, he returned the herring and drank the cider. As he was leaving, the storekeeper halted him with the reminder that he had forgotten to pay for the cider. “Why,” exclaimed the Yankee, “I ex- changed the herring for it.” “Well, then, pay for the herring,” demanded the storekeeper. “But, I didn’t get it,’ protested the Yankee, “I took the cider.” As the Yankee disappeared down the road, the puzzled storekeeper scratched his head and observed : “Well, consarn it, I’ve been done out of a nickel somewhere!” This story was current when Lincoln was making his campaigns for public A FISHING SCHOONER. AN IDEAL TYPE OF THE SWIFT SAFE VESSEL FOR FISHERMEN. THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. IT IS THE GRAMPUS, BUILT BY 543 AMERICAN COLLECTING FORESTRY Cop Eccs on A FISHING VESSEL. ONE SOURCE OF COD EGGS HATCHED AT THE NEW ENGLAND STATIONS IS THE CATCH OF THE MARKET FISHERMEN. SPAWNTAKERS BOARD THE FISHING BOATS, OVERHAUL THE FISH, recognition, for in those days a part of the stock of every country store was a barrel of cider and a supply of dried herring; hence the story is typical of conditions a half-century ago. Though cider is yet a part of the stock of every green grocery, but comparatively few of them now sell dried herring The her- ring that were disposed of by millions to the small storekeepers throughout the land are no longer handled as ex- tensively for food purposes, and that statement raises a most interesting query : “What is becoming of the herring?” WHERE THE HERRING GO. If you visit the upper-waters of the Chesapeake during the Spring run of the herring you will witness scow load after scow load of that fish being sold to boats representing the fish fertilizer factories of Virginia. There is no at- tempt to conceal the traffic, no effort at AND SAVE THE EGGS OF SUCH AS ARE RIPE. secrecy—the business is all conducted in the open light of day. You will see boatload after boatload, consisting principally of herring, but in which “are quantities of small white and yellow perch and other food fish” being carted off down the bay to be dumped into the capacious, ever hungry maws of the fish fertilizer factories of Virginia. This, then, explains what becomes of the herring which were at one time sold by nearly every grocery store in the land. If you will continue your investiga- tion you will find that throughout the Chesapeake basin boats from the fish fertilizer factories of Virginia visit the fishing fleets and purchase their her- ring. According to testimony given at a Congressional. hearing, the fertilizer factory boats so dominate the fisher- men that the latter decline to sell to others, as a result of which, in some sections the fertilizer boats enjoy a com- OUR VANISHING FOOD FISH Tue FRESH-FIisH FLEET at T WuarF, Boston. Larger quantities of fresh sea fish are landed at Boston than at any other port in the United States. The principal species are cod, cusk, haddock, hake, pollock, halibut, swordfish, and mackerel, together with lobsters, oysters, and clams. A day’s receipts of fresh fish from the grounds off the New England coast have sometimes exceeded 2,000,000 pounds. plete monopoly of the market. They purchase herring for less than others, and indeed so completely do they con- trol the market, that the fishermen re- fuse to sell to individual consumers or to boats sent out by the packing houses who wish to purchase and pack for food purposes. Representatives of a fish-packing house were refused fish although they offered 50 cents more per thousand than the fertilizer boats. Their offer was declined owing to the fact that the fertilizer boats are always willing purchasers at their fixed prices, regardless of the condition of the mar- ket. The boats representing the fish packers, however, purchase only a cer- tain quantity and desire no more. The result is, that the fisherman prefers to deal with the steady customer to whom he can at all times deliver his catch rather than with one whose purchases are limited. More than 5,000,000 food fish caught in 1912 in the nets at the head of the Chesapeake Bay went into the ma- chines of the fertilizer factories of Vir- ginia. Three pound nets alone deliv- ered 147,000 fish to the fertilizer boats in a single day. The result of the use of herring for fertilizer has been a studious effort to increase the catch of that fish. With a market available under conditions which allow of no surplus or waste, the fish- erman is able to regulate his day’s earn- ings by the size of his catch. The profits are measured only by the quan- tity of apparatus the fisherman 1s equipped to operate and the number of fish taken. What has been the effect? Intense fishing, the multiplication and extension of nets and traps of varied character, all for the purpose of increasing the catch regardless of the consequences. 546 AMERICAN FORESTRY LARGEST SEINE IN THE WORLD. This seine, longest net of the kind. operated for shad and alewives at Stony Point, Virginia, on the Potomac River, was the The net proper was 9,600 feet in length, and the hauling ropes at the ends were 22,400 feet long, giving 32.000 feet as the total sweep of the seine, only one end of which shows in the illustration. ' twice daily, at ebb tide, throughout the season. The seine was hauled by steam power and the labor of 80 men, 1 1 As many as 3,600 shad were taken at one haul, and 126,000 in one season, and 250,000 alewives were caught at one time. and was drawn Recently the season’s yield of shad fell to 3,000, and the fishery was consequently discontinued in 1905 after having been carried on for a century. this river. The effect of this ruthless harvesting of the waters is shown in the decreased catch of herring at Ferry Landing, Vir- ginia, where was located the largest seine on the Potomac River, twelve hundred fathoms long. It discontinued operation owing to the scarcity of fish. In former years, this celebrated fish- ing shore, with even a smaller seine, sometimes yielded 200,000 or more her- ring at a haul, and even up to ten or fifteen years ago took probably 15,000 to 30,000 at a haul. In 1913, the largest haul was 3,000 herring. Virginia has laws forbidding the tak- ing of herring in its waters for ferti- lizer purposes. Boats of the fertilizer companies of the Old Dominion, there- fore, sail into Maryland waters, pur- chase herring and carry them to the fac- tories in Virginia. Maryland has but This seine was a source of eggs for the Bureau of Fisheries shad hatchery on one small fish fertilizer factory and no laws against the taking of herring for use for fertilizer. That many fishermen realize the moral wrong involved in thus diverting the herring from channels of the high- est utility is evidenced by their state- ments. A representative of the Mary- land State Game and Fish Protective Association says: “Fishermen who have sold these fish for fertilizer have come to me and told me they believed it wrong and wished it could be stopped by law in this State, knowing that they were injuring themselves. by. think- ing only of the present, with no thought of the future, but while it was lawful and others did it they would continue to do it also.” In justice to the fishermen it should OUR VANISHING FOOD FISH be stated that they point to the steady decline in the demand for herring for food and contend that more herring are not being sold for fertilizer than were heretofore sold for food, and ask what effect upon the supply of that fish has the use of the herring for one purpose than another? I do not positively affirm that the ease with which the fisherman may dispose of their catch to the fertil- izer factories has contributed to the decline in the use of that fish for food purposes, but the situation certainly begets that suspicion. Conceding, how- SIE hn leapt LAR ED cet AEINEF a? satnorinn 547 coast, in Long Island Sound, on the Pacific, and in the waters of Alaska, a flourishing traffic in this fish for fer- tilizer purposes is conducted. The meat of the herring is delicious and it would be one of our most popu- lar food fish were it not for its ex- ceedingly numerous bones. ‘The fish- leving world awaits the coming of the genius who shall do for the herring what Eli Whitney did for the cotton boll. ‘That Dame Necessity, who is the Mother of Invention, will produce this individual in good time, is not to be FisH1nG For Lossters. BERRIED LOBSTERS, TAKEN FROM POUND AT BOOTHBAY WELLS OF THE STEAMER WHICH IS TO CONVEY THEM TO THE BUREAU ever, that the herring is an inferior food fish, is it economically wise to permit its unrestricted destruction for non-food purposes? Will not, within a compara- tively short period, the increasing ex- igencies of our meat-food problem ‘force this inferior fish into a sae of impor- tance in the diet of many of our people? The use of herring for fertilizer is not confined to the waters of the Ches- apeake. Along the New England HARBOR STATION (MAINE), OF IN COURSE OF TRANSFER TO FISHERIES HATCHERY FOR STRIPING, doubted, and even now there ought to be aspirants in the field for that honor. The present year’s catch of herring in the Chesapeake Basin is the smallest in the history of those fisheries. Nearly all the commercial fisheries failed to earn a profit and hundreds of the fish- ermen have been plunged into excessive debt. Indications point to next season being worse than the present, and the future prospects are discouraging. 548 AMERICAN THE DISAPPEARING SHAD While I believe it will be generally agreed that it is economically unwise to permit fish as good as herring to be ground into fertilizer, it is not more wrong than those practices by which our waters are being robbed of that splendid delicious food. fish: “the shad: Ihe Chesapeake basin affords such a strik- ing example of the impending fate of this valuable fish when frequenting wa- ters flowing through two or more States, that I shall confine my observa- tions to those waters. 3efore pointing out the pound-fool- ish policy of the fisherman toward this excellent market fish, let me explain that not many years ago so populous were the waters of the Chesapeake with portions of the shad that large this FORESTRY toothsome fish were to be had in season, at even the cheapest eating houses in Baltimore. Families purchased the male and female shad at prices ranging from twenty to forty cents apiece. So excessively has its price increased that many of the cheaper eating houses do not now sell shad, while families pur- chasing the fish are compelled to pay from forty cents to one dollar and twenty-five cents per fish. What is the explanation? If you enter the waters of the Ches- apeake from the Atlantic Ocean and proceed up the Bay, you will find run- ning out from the Virginia shores for mile after mile, a vast maze of nets, some extending as far as eight or ten miles toward the center of the Bay. These nets completely honeycomb the favorite path of the shad as they come A Quick CATCH. THIS EXPERIMENTAL CATCH OF “BANK”? COD AND HALIBUT WAS TAKEN IN TWENTY MINUTES ON A NEW OFF THE COAST OF ALASKA. OUR VANISHING FOOD FISH 549 CONSERVATION OF SALMON, THE SPAWN OF THE LANDLOOCKED SALMON MAINE, FOR THE in from the ocean and attempt to pro- ceed up the Bay to spawn. In addi- tion to this maze of line nets, there are thousands of gill and pound nets at fre- quent intervals in the path of the shad, conveniently placed for his capture and destruction. A few years ago the State of Virginia was licensing only fifteen hundred of these pound nets; two years ago they had increased to about twenty- five hundred; and last year Virginia was licensing four thousand of them. IS TAKEN FROM THE FISH AT GRAND LAKE STREAM, HATCHERIES. These nets work twenty-four hours every day in the week, and are the most relentless agency of destruction it has so far been within the ingenuity of man to invent. It is obvious that if the shad cannot reach the spawning grounds they do not reproduce, hence, must continue to diminish. The effect of this unrestricted net- ting is eloquently attested by the de- creases in the catches of the fishermen. 550 AMERICAN Tor instance, Neitzey Brothers, whose seine at Ferry Landing was referred to heretofore, report that in 1909 they caught 9,000 shad, that in 1912 it was 900, and in 1913 it was 700. Ferry landing, where this seine was operated, is on the Potomac River but a few miles from Mt. Vernon. The enormous decline in the total catch of shad in Virginia and Maryland is shown by the following tables: Virginia.*—1897, 11,529,474 pounds ; 1909, 7,421,864 pounds; 1913, 2,752,382 1 pounds. Maryland.*—1890, % 1900, 3,111,181 pounds ; pounds. In vain has the United States Bureau of Fisheries sounded repeated warnings of the rapidly disappearing shad. In the annual report of the Secretary of Commerce for 1913 appears the follow- ing significant statement : “The immediate cause of the failure of the shad and herring fisheries in 1913 is the diminished run of spawning fish into Chesapeake Bay from the sea and the enormous quantity of apparatus among which a limited catch had to be divided. Inasmuch as the great bulk of the yield is taken in salt water, the rem- nant that was able to reach the spawn- ing grounds in the streams was insig- nificant and w holly inadequate to main- tain the supply. “The remote cause of the present condition is excessive fishing in former years and the lack of even the minimum amount of protection that is demanded by regard for the most elementary prin- ciples of fishery conservation. Fish en- tering Chesapeake Bay have to run through such a maze of nets that the wonder is that any are able to reach their spawning grounds and deposit their eggs. ‘The mouth of every impor- tant shad and herring stream in the Chesapeake Basin is literally clogged with nets that are set for the special purpose of intercepting every fish, whereas a proper regard for the future welfare of the fisheries and for the needs of the migrating schools would cause the nets to be set so as to insure the escape of a certain proportion of the spawning fish. 127,486 pounds ; 1912, 1,912,240 * From United States Government Report. FORESTRY ‘Adequate protection of the fishes is compatible with great freedom of fish- ery and with a large and increasing yield. A very slight curtailment of the catch, perhaps as little as 10 per cent in any given year, may be sufficient to perpetuate the species and result in in- creased production in a few years. To disregard a requirement so small and to permit the continuance of an evil so serious simply invites and encourages the destruction of a most valuable food supply.” A FEMALE SALMON. The present has been a disastrous sea- son to the shad fishery. Hardly a com- mercial fisherman reports — sufficient catch to show a profit, and as a result never as before attention has been di- rected to the necessity for laws and reg- ulations that will prevent the complete destruction of the shad. The constantly ebbing supply of this fish is reflected in the take of shad eggs at the two prin- cipal propagating stations of the Bureau of Fisheries, one located on the Potomac OUR VANISHING FOOD FISH and the other on the Susquehanna River. The figures of these stations for the past three seasons are as follows: Potomac Fishery.*—1912, 88,727,000; 1913, 30,913,000; 1914, 29,808,000. Susquehanna Fishery.t +—1912, 12,- UG5.000% 1913, 6,861,000 ; 1914, 2,- 367,000. OTHER EVIDENCE. The same record of unreasoning de- struction 1s reported from nearly every coast State. The New England States lament the disappearance of their salmon, once taken in abundance on the south side of Cape Cod. In the Connecticut and Merrimac rivers that fish is practically destroyed. The striped bass has almost entirely disappeared from the rivers of New England, although they were taken in great numbers by the early colonists in that country. The smelt has become commercially extinct. Only a few of the shad remain, although that fish was once in such abundance that the Puritans spread them upon their land as fertilizer. Approximately, the same record is duplicated in the southern coast States. From the Gulf coast comes a repeti- tion of the same story, the unbridled destruction by man having almost de- populated the waters of their most val- uable food fish. On the Pacific coast we hear the echo of like complaint. About ten years ago the leaping tuna or horse mackerel, which is one of the most important fishes in Europe in the Mediterranean Sea, was so common during the summer months off Santa Catalina Island, California, that they would be taken by the ton, not only in nets, but on hand lines. ‘The favorite spawning grounds of these fish, as well as those of many other valuable game fishes, was in the kelp in the smooth waters which surround the Santa Cata- lina and San Clements Islands. As a result of unrestricted netting, they be- came less year after year, until they were almost destroyed. * The Potomac Fishery is at Bryan Point, dol The fisheries along the Santa Cata- lina Islands decreased more than %5 per cent in twenty years, and conditions for a time were seriously menacing to the fish food supply of southern Cali- fornia. Mae SALMON. The State of Ohio had from early times permitted net fishing without reg- ulations. A result of the lack of reg- ulations was the placing of nets in Lake Erie for almost interminable distances. One line of nets at Sandusky extended a distance of ten miles from the shore. As a consequence of this indiscriminate net fishing the whitefish, the most valuable fish in Lake Erie, decreased over 80 per cent between 1885 and 1903. EXTERMINATION OF THE STURGEONS. No more striking illustration of the profligacy of American fishermen can be found than that of the history of the sturgeons. For many years these large, Maryland. + The Susquehanna Fishery is at Battery Island, below Havre de Grace, Maryland. AMERICAN FORESTRY OpeEN-AIR THESE TROUGHS ARE USED AT THE CRAIG BROOK (MAINE) SALMON-REARING TROUGHS, HATCHERY FOR REARING ATLANTIC AND LANDLOCKED SALMON, inoffensive fishes of our seaboards, coast rivers, and interior waters, were considered not only valueless, but nuisances, and whenever they became entangled in the fishermen’s nets were mortally injured and thrown back into the water. According to the statements of Dr. Hugh M. Smith , United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, the shore of the Potomac River in the vicinity of Mt. Vernon was often strewn with their decomposing car- casses, and the same object lesson was witnessed generally everywhere in the country. Finally the fishermen awak- ened to the fact that the eggs of the sturgeons had value as caviar and that their flesh had value as food. Accord- ing to Dr. Smith’s story, then followed the most reckless, senseless fishing im- aginable, and in a comparativ ely few years the best and most productive waters were depleted, and what should have been made a permanent fishery of great profit was destroyed. Even after the great value of the sturgeons was appreciated, no adequate steps were taken by the responsible authorities or insisted on by the fishermen, and the fish-eating public remained callous. For a long time after the failure in the fishery was apparent the immature and unmarketable fish caught in seines, gill nets, and pound nets received no protection whatever in most waters, and were ruthlessly destroyed as nuisances, the decline thus being doubly accel- erated. On the Atlantic Coast the catch of the sturgeon fell from 7,000,000 pounds to less than 1,000,000 pounds in fifteen years; on the Pacific the same meteoric history was enacted, a catch of over 3,000,000 pounds anuually in the early nineties being followed by a few hun- dred thousand pounds in later years of the same decade, with no improvement since that time; while on the Great Lakes the yield declined more than 90 pet cent in eighteen = years slamaiae American waters of the Lake of the Woods, one of the most recent grounds OUR VANISHING FOOD FISH A Penogscot RIVER Large numbers of hatchery on Craig Brook, a small tributary for the exploitation of the sturgeon, the catch decreased over 96 per cent in ten years, notwithstanding a more active prosecution of the fishing. FAILURE OF STATE REGULATIONS The inability of the several States to agree between themselves upon legisla- tion protecting the fish in interstate waters is so well known as to be his- toric. For public men seeking office through the suffrage of a fishing con- stituency to lend support to reforms in- volving the curtailment of any substan- tial right of the fishermen, has been ever tantamount to their effacement from politics. This unrelenting opposi- tion of the fishermen has caused State Legislatures to ignore the problem en- tirely or apply only half-way remedies productive of little good. these traps are set in the Penobscot during the short practically the entire run of salmon. The fish SaLMon WEIR. season, and they intercept thus caught are the sole source of eggs for the the Penobscot. Should a legislature pass restrictive measures, at the succeeding election it is certain to be vigorously assailed for having “surrendered” the ‘inalienable rights” of its citizens, or with having confiscated, bartered, or disposed of privileges immemorially enjoyed. It is this deplorable condition, accompanied with petty jealousies, that have rendered it practically impossible for States with jurisdictions covering different sections of the same bodies of water to mutually agree upon constructive legislation. The experience of Maryland and Virginia in the Chesapeake is a notable illustra- tion. This same ignoble and disastrous history has been duplicated with more or less serious results in other States along the Atlantic seaboard, the Gulf of Mexico, and those bordering the Pacific Ocean. Asa result, no other great in- AMERICAN PORES dR SPAWNTAKING OPERATIONS, Barrp, CAL. The fish (chinook salmon) are dipped from the pen, killed by a blow on the head, and passed to the spawntakers. The eggs are taken by opening the abdomen, and the stream of eggs may be seen in the picture following the hand making the incision. dustry of the nation has suffered more from such baneful effects. It is the irony of fate that this important busi- ness, with its tremendous wealth, of steadily increasing economic value to our people, should be doomed to de- struction through the fatal indulgence Of “itswrmends.” Those States nearer the seaboard in- variably get the lion’s share of our marine fishes. For this reason we find the people of New Hampshire com- plaining against those of Massachu- setts ; those of Massachusetts inveighing against Connecticut ; those of New York muttering against New Jersey; Penn- sylvania protesting against Maryland; and Maryland declaiming against Vir- ginia. And the illustration could be extended. Too often it happens that where rea- son and common sense have prevailed over opposition to remedial legislation, some invisible influence has intervened to paralyze the efforts of the officials charged with the enforcement of the laws. Again, when effort has been hon- estly made to carry out the laws, too frequently their administration has been entrusted by some States to a Fish and Game Department under the con- trol of officials experienced only in pro- tecting inland fish and game—a sports- men’s proposition—but possessing rela- tively as much knowledge of “marine fisheries” as do the natives of Patagonia of the nebular theory. It is plain that adequate legislation can never come from legislative bodies thus deterred from fearlessly enacting into law their honest convictions. Ob- viously, what is required for intelligent solution of the situation is the strong, guiding hand of the Federal Govern- ment—for legislation springing from sources freed from all personal influ- ences, personal friendships and exterior considerations. OUR VANISHING FOOD FISH 55D Other countries have been forced, by like conditions, to meet the same issue. Cannot we profit by their experience of centuries? England, France, Holland, Germany, Norway, Denmark and Sweden, in each of which countries every small principality, every county and shire, having its ancient special fish- eries rights, grants and charters, were forced to reach a mutual understand- ing in order to save the fisheries of the North Sea and the Channel from abso- lute destruction. In the Mediterranean, like conditions forced joint action and control. RIVER POLLUTION. Another cause of the diminution of our marine fisheries is the practice prevalent in this country of permitting our cities to dump their sewage and seepage into the waters of our bays and rivers. Not alone do we expose the health and lives of millions of our citi- zens to the ravages of disease and con- tagion through scattering broadcast the germs which such refuse often contains, but in numerous instances this refuse has contaminated the waters to such an extent as to deprive them of their nor- mal proportion of oxygen, rendering it impossible for the fish to ascend them to their spawning beds, except under conditions rarely present. A few of our cities already have partly established sewage disposal plants, and others now have them under construction. Our Federal Government should be foremost in setting a com- mendable example in this respect. Even at this late day, the boasted capital of our nation possesses no sewage plant but floods its sewage into the Potomac, whence it is carried down stream to the infection, distress, and injury, of the marine life inhabiting those waters. Plans for a sewage disposal plant for Washington are now under considera- tion and more active steps in that direc- tion will be taken in the near future. At Annapolis, the United States Naval Academy dumps its sewage into the Severn. It is to be hoped that the Naval Academy will be provided with a *Testimony of Hon. Wm. S. Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Greene, of sewage disposal plant of its own at an early “day, and that some means may be found by which every city in our coun- try that now casts its waste upon flowing streams may be influenced as speedily as possible to adopt those hy- gienic methods of disposition evolved by taodern engineering science and skill. WHERE Kinc SaLMon Hit THE TROLL. In the New England States many streams flowing adjacent to villages, towns, and cities engaged in manufac- turing, become the depositories of the seepage of the manufacturing. plants. The aggregate result of this inflow 1s the contamination of the stream, de- nuding it of its life-giving properties and rendering it uninhabitable by the fish. So filthy have some of these streams become as a result of this practice that their waters are unfit to bathe in.* The practice of dumping the sewage of our cities into our bays and rivers has not alone resulted in loss through the damage done the marine life inhab- iting the waters thus defiled, but at the same time we have wasted a tremendous Massachusetts, before House Committee on 556 AMERICAN quantity of nitrogenous material that should go back on the land. In the older countries—Germany, for instance—this problem has been handled much more intelligently. In Germany they turn the sewage back on the land and lease the land, charging about thirty dollars an acre to the farmers for it. Should we adopt some similar method, we would be checking a loss on the one hand and at the same time converting waste ma- terial into a profit. The loudest de- mands of our agricultural population 1s for good fertilizer procurable at a rea- sonable price, and yet we have been sacrificing the very best fertilizer through the stupidity which has charac- terized our handling of this one phase of a most important municipal problem. THE ECONOMIC EFFECT What is the economic effect of our shortsighted, wasteful and ertravagant policy ? Market fish are decreasing in quan- tity and quality in an inverse ratio to the increase of our population, and their prices steadily increasing. The fish in- dustry in the majority of the coast States is being forced to headlong de- struction.* In but a few years, if pres- ent conditions continue, the price of many of our market fish will be beyond FORESTRY whose table they are now most fre- quently seen. The accompanying schedule shows the increase or decline in the catch, the increase or decline in the wholesale price, and the approximate increase or decline in the retail price covering the period between 1880 and 1908, of our most popular market fish: Some idea may be gained of the ag- gregate cost to the American people of our improvident policy toward this val- uable national asset when one pauses to reflect that the total Catholic population of the United States is in the neighbor- hood of twenty million, and that the practice of the great majority of these people in confining their meat diet on Friday to fish has caused marine food to become the favorite dish on that day of a large Protestant population. What this increase in the price of fish means: to these millions of consumers is merely a matter of mathematical calculation. If this cost is estimated, the figures in dollars and cents will prove such as will be apt to startle even the most lethargic. And let us not overlook that the penalty we are now paying is but in- significant in comparison with that which will confront us in the future unless some radical change is inaugu- rated. the reach of that class of people on | Catch aie: Retail Price | IBIKGICIC ol, Claes 4 ME MRIS Bae amad core Tease ol ES — 56% + 35% + 40to 65% COCR IA 0 i beads tee eee | — 8% + 5% + 60 to 100% LOMMG SESE amen beaten weacerchaclecorct nels sttouneeae renee +360% — 15% + 10to 25% ELGG levees at cesses ha) ole Oct es + 32% + 52% + 55to 65% HalibutiAtlantie\@cean)e s14c-)eee see — 65% + 25% |\ + 25 to 45% - (Bacio Ocean) 45044 see eee +230% + 50% |f Sys 10 Miackerelitivty ae reise ot 2) otialae bee eee — 25% + 10% +100 to 150% Wienliadetieep irre teers cits sie bruce ees — 30% + 20% + 30to 45% RO ales aye pM ko ol 2 i..)k h enn +380% + 30% + 35 to 50% Salmon (New: Bneland) ite a pee eel —900% +900% +300 to 500% a (Bacitici@ cea) sages. cic’: action | + 85% — 15% + 20to 30% SIGE TG Ee SPS Se nS os ooo ie te er Rt ca | — 80% +120% +175 to 300% Sturgeon (Atlantic Ocean—1891 to 1908).... | —660% +360% +500 to 600% ANAS EIFFEL 9 Sc 08 a ER RP +280% mt eesti) + 50 to 100% + Indicates increase. _ — Indicates decrease. * While writing this article I am in receipt of a letter from Mr. Joseph Crawford, of the Newark Star, Newark, N. J., who says: “Thousands of tons of fish have been destroyed along our coast this summer because they were too small for market and great quantities of ling and whiting have been destroyed to keep them out of the market. The fish that hold best in cold storage, that is, blue fish and weakfish, are so scarce the net men are even becoming worried.” ALASKAN FisH Traps AND Runs UsED By NATIVES ON CHILKOOT STREAM FOR OBTAINING THEIR WINTER PPLY OF SALMON. a __________| SALMON TRA IN J ALASKAN RIVER. form of tr xtensively used in the Bristol Bay region, and takes immense quantities of salmon he canneries. The largest traps have leaders more than half a mile long, and cost upward of »,000. D8 AMERICAN NATIONAL PROTECTION We have been witnesses to the ne- cessity for national legislation protect- ing our forests, our coal fields, our waterfalls, and our migratory birds. These valuable assets of the nation were being rapidly acquired by a fortunate few who were turning them to their own personal profit at the expense of those who had lagged in their protec- tion. It has ever been true that what is every man’s property belongs to him who gets it. And when those acquisi- tively inclined are struggling for their own personal advantage, we have found FORHOIRY and are not the property of any one State. Nor should the people of any one commonwealth enjoy the unre- stricted privilege to destroy them. Much less should a few people on our seaboard, near the mouth of those bodies of water which these fish enter, who by reason of their location are in places convenient to wage a warfare of destruction, have the right to selfishly and inequitably preempt this wealth of the sea to the deprivation and loss of those situated inland on these same bodies of water. sut this is identically what the fish- CATCHING SALMON BY THE THOUSAND. SEINING SPAWNING SALMON ON THE M’CLOUD RIVER, CALIFORNIA, AT THE BAIRD STATION, REPLACED THE HAND WINDLASS. NOW that the rights of the majority are usually overlooked. Our marine fishes such as the herring, the shad, the tuna, the sturgeon, the salmon, etc., are migratory fishes. They enter our bays, rivers and _ interior waters for the purpose of spawning, and after having performed that impor- tant function, return to the ocean. They do not remain permanently in one State STEAM POWER HAS ing population of many of our coast States is doing! We have ever crowned the heights of infamy with the figure of him who filches from the poor. Our food fish are the food par excellence of the poor. What expression then shall we use to characterize the laxity which is result- ing in the dissipation of this immensely valuable food resource? OUR VANISHING FOOD FISH apg The experience we have had in ob- taining that fish-protection legislation we have been fortunate enough to se- cure from the legislatures of the several coast States, plainly indicates that long before these States have agreed upon uniform laws, the fish will be no more. The situation is one which, in the opin- ion of many, is critical, and imperatively requires the attention of our National Government. ‘To delay longer in treat- ing it as a national problem, and to fail to apply a remedy from a national view- point, presages the sacrifice of what is left of our fisheries. Acting from this viewpoint, during the first session of the 63d Congress, I eries, whose Bureau is a portion of the Department of Commerce, regulations governing netting, seining, and the sea- sons for taking, framed to suit the par- ticular requirements of each body of water, can be formulated. The judicious application of conservative methods will cause the fish to multiply, and restore to a flourishing condition the fishery business, whose present chaotic condi- tion, due to lack of sane regulation, is forcing it to inevitable destruction, to the injury of the whole fish-consuming public. Then, too, let us not overlook that we of the present generation are the trus- tees of the wealth of the waters which Kinc SAuMon GoING UPpstTREAM TO SPAWNING GROUNDS. introduced in the House of Representa- tives two measures: The first, H. R. 7774, is designed to restrict the shipment in interstate com- merce of fertilizer or oil composed in whole or in part of food fish. The second, H. R. 7775, places all fish that do not remain the entire year within the waters of any State or terri- tory under the protection of the Gov- ernment of the United States and au- thorizes the Department of Commerce to define the seasons and regulate the manner and conditions under which they may be taken or destroyed. If these measures are enacted into law the use of food fish in the manufac- ture of oil or fertilizer will be effectually discouraged. Under the direction of the Commissioner of Fish and Fish- Nature has so bountifully given. It is our privilege to use what we require for our own sustenance and comfort, but when we dissipate this gift through profligacy and extravagance we _ rob those yet unborn of their birthright. Our holding may be likened to that of the cestui que trust. If our use be- comes an abuse, resulting in the wasting of this estate, our wrongdoing will serve only to cast upon our memory that reproach which we deserve. In our present treatment of our food fish we are not only squandering a valuable national asset, the part destruction of which has already entailed financial loss upon ourselves, but we are destroying a food supply the effects of which upon the living problem of the future it is impossible to estimate. Photos by courtesy of the United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries. Photo by H. R. Francis. WeEsTt 130TH STREET LooKING From FirtH AVENUE. There are many trees in poor condition among this planting, but the improvement brought about by the presence of the trees is something that should be duplicated on streets wherever it is possible to plant and maintain trees. NEW) YORK Cibyy Ss: Riis REES planted on city streets are surrounded by unnatural conditions and the struggle for existence is therefore intense, while in most cities it is made worse by improper care, lack of systematic and skillful management and by too small an appropriation for the department which should have control of the tree work. New York City, like many other cities, 1s im need of a bureau of tree culture, and as a result of a recent cooperative study of tree and street conditions there by the Tree Planting Association of New York City and the New York State College of Forestry, at Syracuse, which assigned Prof. H. R. Francis to the work, a plan has been suggested which may be adopted by New York, and which will furnish to Other /cities Van’ idea yor) how® ‘stich’ 4 bureau should be established and con- ducted and what it will mean to a city. Up to the year 1902 in New York City, when for the first time the trees vere placed under the exclusive con- 560 trol of the Park Department, trees were planted by private property own- ers, real estate promoters, civic im- provement associations, etc., without consideration of the future beauty of the city as a unit. This is invariably the case where public improvement of any kind is made in a haphazard man- ner without the intelligence and fore- sight of expert supervision. Conse- quently, there were many causes for tree planting, all varying in motive and therefore in attainment. The result is that the city has thousands of trees that were planted without regard to uniformity and were not adapted to local conditions. Many of them also were of short-lived varieties, bringing about conditions that were altogether unsatisfactory and unnecessarily ex- pensive to maintain. Furthermore, these unsystematic and irregular efforts have resulted in the complete denuda- tion of large areas since trees have been removed continually and none planted in replacement. NEW YORE 'CITY’S About all the city can boast of now is the possession of thousands of trees unsightly in appearance, some of which are dangerous to the public on account of their weakened condition and are an expensive instead of a valuable asset. Had there been established a bureau to control tree planting and preservation, the work would have been done sj tematically, scientifically, and, above all, economically. The city today would possess an asset the value of which it is impossible to estimate, as it is an ever- increasing one. The beauty and sanitary value of the trees rightly planted would have been universally noticeable, and the present expensive care of the trees would have been eliminated. The fact that the trees planted on the streets since 1902 present no better features than the con- ditions of those planted before shows that a continuation of present methods is but a guarantee to the city of the same burden of expense in the future The economy of a bureau for the con- trol of tree culture is therefore one of the greatest reasons for its existence. sys- BUREAU OF TREE CULTURE A bureau of tree culture should be established under the Department of Parks and should, in the case of New York City, consist of a forester for each borough, so says the recent report to the Park Commission. The super- vision and direction of all features con- nected with tree and plant culture of each borough should be under the con- trol of the forester for that borough, who should work under the direction and approval of the Park Commis- sioner. ‘The work of each forester should generally be independent of the work of the other foresters. The yearly salary of the foresters should be $1,800 minimum and $4,000 maximum. The position should be filled by civil service examinations of the applicants. Each forester should be a man of scientific training along lines of tree culture, in- cluding Forestry, Horticulture, Den- drology, Plant Pathology, Entomology and Landscape Gardening. He should have had at least three years of prac- tical exerience in city forestry. TREES 561 DUTIES OF A FORESTER A forester should begin the collec- tion of data for a tree census of his borough. This would be a complete inventory of the state of work regard- ing the trees and the opportunities for As soon as any future work. work is Photo by H. R. Francis. A WounpD IN THE TRUNK OF AN ELM TREE. Probably 90 per cent of the fine old Elms along Seventh Avenue on Manhattan have wounds similar to the one here illustrated This con- dition could have been prevented by protecting the trees at the opportune time. It is far more economical to prevent such wounds which invite disease and decay than to resort to methods of tree repair which in most cases proves wholly unsatisfactory. done upon trees or plants it should be noted on the census. In other words, the tree census would be a condensed statement of all the information re- garding the trees. He should specify the material for a municipal nursery. This is very im- portant since the training and experi- ence of the forester would enable him to specify the varieties of trees that would be best adapted for the work which he has in mind. ‘The selection of trees adapted to city conditions is a very important question since the expense of future care depends to a great extent on this. The forester should also outline gen- eral culture methods for trees already established, methods which would tend toward a permanent development in a systematic manner at a minimum ex- pense. On account of his direct con- tact with the details of his work, he would know the physical condition of the trees and would, therefore, be the one to pass judgment on all trees as to their health, safety and variety. He should be in touch with the workings of the engineering department of his borough in so far as the matter of future streets is concerned; he should consult with this department so that provisions will be made at the outset for the planting and future develop- ment of trees. This is a very impor- tant feature and one that would tend not only to lower expense of future care and maintenance of trees but would also bring about the greatest op- portunity for planting trees in a sys- tematic way. It would also mean the requirements of trees which, given the proper consideration, would be much more economical and satisfactory than the adapting of trees to severe existing conditions. The forester should select equipment and materials for his department. On account of his experience he would know the equipment of tools with which his men could work to the best advantage and which would be the most economical for the city. The matter of materials is important. The forester should act in an ad- visory capacity in regard to damages to AMERICAN FORESTRY trees. Some trees are cared for by private organizations or associations, and the forester should have super- vision of such work. ee, EY. ‘ 7 4. r} N fe te_ le Photo by H. R. Francis. BUTCHERED TREES. Throughout all the boroughs of New York City there are many trees that have been butchered. Trees that have been pruned in this character are so unsightly as to dsfigure rather than beautify the street on which they are planted. While this method of treatment may have been applied in anticipation of saving the trees they should not have been neglected so long as to make this severe action necessary. When trees are planted by contract the forester should act in a professional capacity. That is, he should handle the specifications and keep in close touch with the details of the work being done by contract. In brief, the duties of a forester should be advisory as well as having general supervision over the city’s vegetation. The Superintendent of Parks should hire the workmen that do the actual NEW YORK CITY’S TREES work in the Forestry Department. By keeping in close touch with the Super- intendent of Parks the Forester could lay out his work in advance and ar- Photo by H. R. Francis. BaAsE oF AMERICAN ELM TREE BapLy DAMAGED BY TRAFFIC. The root system of this tree requires a consider- able area immediately around the base of the tree to send out undisturbed its spreading roots near the surface of the soil. This protection may be furnished by surrounding the base of the tree with an iron grating. range with the Superintendent for the required number of men. This is rather important since the political phases that enter into all city work would be removed from the Forester. He, of 563 course, would work in harmony with the Superintendent of Parks. The Forester should see that the proper soil for the trees specified by ee RT Photo by H. R. Francts. A Goop STAND of FinE Otp Extms Looxinc Up SEVENTH AveE., FROM NEAR WeEsT 117TH STREET, New York Crry. It is impossible to estimate the beneficial effect created by the presence of these trees in a part of the city where the amount of vegetation is extremely small. This is in addition to the sightly appearance of the street. Many of the trees are surrounded at the present time with pavements leaving a small opening only directly around the base of the tree. It would be much more advantageous to the growth of the trees to have an open grass space for every tree simliar to the space enclosed by the iron railing shown in the foreground of the photograph. the Landscape Architect is furnished and that all conditions are made most satisfactory for the development of the trees and plant specified by the Land- scape Architect for the formation of his composition. ‘The Forester should also be able to prepare planting plan details to supplement the Landscape Architect’s plan. The office force should be as limited as possible so that the money appropri- 564 AMERICAN FORESTRY ated shall go into actual care and main- tenance of trees and not to the creation of office positions. In the field there should be working under the Forester’s direction a sufficient number of ar- boriculturists to handle the different branches of the work of this depart- ment. For instance, in Brooklyn, there is at the present time an arboriculturist for the parks and two for the streets of the city. These three arboriculturists in this case should be under the direc- tion of the Forester, who could coordi- nate and direct their work to bring about the maximum results of their efforts. The arboriculturist should be a man filling his position through civil service examination, and while his knowledge and experience are not nec- essarily as broad as that of the For- ester, it should, however, be along sim- ilar lines so that the arboriculturist may work in harmony with the Forester and intelligently execute the details of his position. Under the arboriculturist would be the foreman and the work- men. It is a general custom to differ- entiate the work of the laborers. For instance, those who do pruning which requires a considerable amount of climbing and those who carry on spray- ing which requires some knowledge of spray materials and mixing. The Forester should be able to give effectively instructional lectures re- garding the work. One very important feature in connection with tree work in our cities is the education of the people not only as to the beauty but as to benefits from planting of trees in a city. The functions of the Bureau of Tree Culture in the Park Commission would be to serve as a connecting link between the Foresters of each borough, who should come together for periodical meetings where broad questions that ETOH OSES ote) Teel) Basie affect the general welfare of the trees of the city as a whole should be dis- A CEMENTED CAviTy IN AN EM TREE. : A considerable amount of tree repair work similar cussed. Features connected with the to this shown in the photograph has been done work of each man’s borough could be on the trees along Seventh Avenue on Man- : mt = ably * 1] = a me hattan. A careful examination of the work discussed profita HY, and the expel lence shows that it has not been properly done and a — of all the Foresters coud be brought to large amount of money has been expended with- jut bringing about the desired results. bear on the problems that come up in Photo by H. R. Francis. ORIENTAL SYCAMORES ON VANDERBILT AvE., STATEN ISLAND. These trees have been planted about twenty years. They require very little attention either in the matter of pruning or the attacks of the serious pests that prey on many shade trees. Aside from the well distributed foliage displayed during the summer months which makes the tree desirable for shade purposes is the striking appearance presented by the tree during the winter with its white bark and its pendulous ball-shaped fruit. youn % ay br ananenennnnns wh” SOS Photo by H. R. Francis. Broap StTREET, STAPLETON, STATEN ISLAND. An example of a semi-business street where few trees have been planted, but where there is a great opportunity for planting trees. Streets with such a width as illustrated in this photograph offer opportunities for planting trees at a small expenditure of money or labor. AMERICAN FORESTRY 566 a ers PAE 1 PY ae e Photo by H. R. Francis. A STREET PLANTED WITH TREES OF UNDESIRABLE VARIETIES WHICH ARE NOT UNIFORM IN SIZE, IN DISTANCE OF SPACING AND IN DIFFERENT Hapits oF GROWTH. This is the result accompanying individual effort in street tree planting where each property owner plants a tree without due consideration as to the value of a tree as a unit in the planting scheme of the street as a whole. connection with the work in each For- ester’s department. A MUNICIPAL NURSERY A municipal nursery, which should be established where soil and location would be most advantageous, should be under the control of the bureau as a whole. One municipal nursery could easily serve all the boroughs. This municipal nursery could be put in the charge of a trained arboriculturist with special experience in nursery work. A nursery of about 100 acres would serve the purpose of supplying trees for the forestry work of the entire city. THE QUESTION OF COST The initial cost of planting trees on city streets should be borne by the own- ers of property along that street, which is the same method used for other street improvements. The care and maintenance of trees should be borne by the general tax. Trees planted after the Bureau of Tree Culture has been formed should be guaranteed for life as long as the street remains in condi- tion to warrant growth of trees. Trees other than those planted after the Bureau has been established and those that are in condition necessitating re- moval should be taken out at the ex- pense of the property owner. Property owners should be responsible for in- juries due to falling of trees, etc. When trees are removed for other reasons than their dangerous condition, for in- stance, killing of trees by gas, the tree being in a firm and safe condition for several years thereafter, a permit should be granted for its removal upon the deposit of a sum sufficient to plant a new tree at or near the old location. This would mean that the gas com- pany, for instance, would be responsi- ble for the replacement of a new, live tree. COMBINE AGAINST FIRES. OOPERATIVE agreements in- volving the Forest Service, the State of Montana, and the Northern Pacific Railroad have just been renewed so that they will ex- tend through the fiscal year ending June 30, 1915. The agreement with the State of Montana provides that Federal and State patrolment shall cooperate to form one single force for handling for- est fires. This force, in any locality, acts under the direction of the forest supervisor in charge of the nearest na- tional forest. This arrangement is en- tered into, according to the agreement, so as “to secure the greatest efficiency and avoid duplication of patrol.” The agreement applies to all Government and State lands lying within the ex- terior boundaries of the national forests in Montana. The number of patrolmen supplied by the State is in proportion to the acreage of State land within each na- tional forest. No patrolman receives less than a certain minimum wage and appointments by the State must be ap- proved by the district forester. State patrolmen are made Federal “forest guards,” and are employed particularly during the four months deemed by the district forester to be the ones most likely to have forest fires. All lands within the various forests are thus patrolled against fire. The agreement provides that each patrol- man, Federal and State, “shall keep vigilant lookout for forest fires and shall make every possible effort to ex- tinguish them whether on lands belong- ing to the State or to the Government or on lands adjacent thereto where the fire threatens such lands.” Besides the State and other lands, there are scattered through the national forests in Montana many tracts, usually in alternate sections, owned or claimed by the Northern Pacific Railroad. The agreement between this railroad and the Forest Service provides for the same kind of cooperative patrol that exists between the Government and the State of Montana. A third agreement, a continuing one, provides for cooperation between the Forest Service and the State under the so-called Weeks Law for protecting State and private lands on the water- sheds of navigable streams. The Goy- ernment allots the State the sum of $3,500 a year, which is expended for the salaries of Federal patrolmen, and the State agrees to expend at least an equal amount for fire protection pur- poses of any character. Mt. LASSEN A FOREST FIRE LOOKOUT STATION ON RECENT ACTIVITY IN TOP OF THIS MOUNTAIN ERUPTION. IN CALIFORNIA WAS THE VOLCANO. DESTROYED DURING THE OF THE. LOOKOUT ON MOUNT EASsE By Witwiam C. Hopce HE forest fire lookout house on Mount Lassen was destroyed by the eruption of June 12th. After the first eruption, which occurred May 30th, the summit was pick scaled by Ranger Harvey Abbey of the Lassen National Forest, who left Mineral at 4 p. m. May 31, and arrived on top next morning at 9 a. m. He found the house unharmed. ‘The crater from which the explosions were issuing was situated about a quarter mile from the lookout house; but the crater at 568 this time was small, measuring only 25 x 40 feet and the eruptions, although spectacular, were not yet considered dangerous. On June 12th, after eruptions had occurred on June Ist, 2nd, 8th and 9th, Abbey made another ascent with a party which included a moving picture outhit. One of the party suffered from fatigue, being unused to mountain climbing, and in consequence they took considerable time. At 3.45 p. m., while wan S Hu¥V SV HONS. sar 9 AMOWS JO SHSSVW HLIM GaTTIA SVM SAva uC ANS WHI “SYHOLVLOAdS ASHHL AYV NVHL NIVINOOW AHL OL YVAN HOOW HAVSNN SVM LI SHHSV ANV ONIMO ‘NOILdAYY AHL AO LHOIA{T AHL ONIUNG AAA hl Ah ARMM ULM bee i Tue Looxour STATION. There was not a single part of this station which could not be carried by a man, and all of it was transported to the peak by men. Instead of windows it had a ribbon of glass around it, affording an uninterrupted view to the man inside. ea ee et Bot BAe nie BEFORE THE ERUPTION. A VIEW OF THE PEAK FROM CLOSE QUARTERS A FEW WEEKS BEFORE THE INTERNAL ACTIVITIES MADE THIS GROUND HAZARDOUS. ARREST FIRE, LAW VIOLATORS they were still half a mile from the peak, a terrific explosion occurred and they had to run to escape the shower of stones. This eruption was brief and Abbey resolved to take another chance, which he did. He found the crater greatly enlarged and the roof of the lookout house punctured with rocks. One had fallen upon a rafter but instead of smashing things it had merely sliced its way through the timber. The explosion of June 14th seriously injured two sightseers who were caught in the rain of rocks. Eruptions still continued at intervals and the peak is regarded as unsafe for visitors and untenable as a lookout. The lookout cabin on Mount Lassen was one of the most interesting in Cali- fornia even before its destruction. It was carefully designed by former Supervisor Kling. No one part was larger or heavier than could be packed on a man’s back and by an ingenious dT1 method of joints the house when set up in the shop in Red Bluff was as stable and rigid as a fort and the house was then taken apart and the pieces transported as far as possible up the mountain by wagon. ‘he pack horses were used as far as they could go; finally giving way to the most primitive means of transportation—men’s backs. The house was 14’x 14’ and was pro- vided with every appliance needed by the lookout man in the performance of his duties. Instead of one or few windows, it had a ribbon of glass ex- tending clear around the building, af- fording a practically uninterrupted view for the man inside. Forest Supervisor Rushing has taken steps to equip for lookout purposes another peak in lieu of Lassen. The point is Brokeoff Mountain, a few miles distant. At last accounts the crater measured 600 feet by 150. No flames or lava have been seen at any time. pa fT PIR EA yey TOA TORS WO convictions in Washington for burning slash without per- mit from a fire warden, damage amounting to perhaps $5,000 to logs and logging equipment in the same State through fires in slashings, but no loss of green timber, is the Pacific Northwest record for June, the first month of the 1914 forest fire season, according to bulletins received from several States by the Western Forestry and Conservation Association. All protective agencies were placed on the alert at the close of June by the prospect of a drying interior wind, but the new forecast service especially for forest fire conditions which is supplied by the United States Weather Bureau soon reassured them that the threaten- ing high pressure in western Canada had split into two areas and the danger was for a time averted. Nevertheless, all patrol forces are being rapidly re- cruited for the season and about 2,000 men will be on duty in a few days in Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Mon- tana. About 500 patrolmen are em- ployed in these States by the timber owners’ protective associations, nearly 200 by the States and the Government jointly outside the national forests, and the others by the Forest Service within the national forests. The British Co- lumbia Government also has 225 men on duty. July hazard to be guarded against, other than from camp fires, was chiefly in slash burning to clear land and rights of way and in leaving fires thus started to smoulder in logs and stumps to break out later when the inevitable hot and windy weather arrives. Forest officers announce that State laws regarding burning without permit and precaution will be enforced rigidly and also warn summer camping parties to be ex- tremely careful with camp fires. a Sucar CANE SIXTEEN FEET HicuH. THE WRITER AND HIS HORSE ON LAND BUT RECENTLY PLANTED TO SUGAR CANE IN CAMAGUAY PROVINCE, CUBA, CRUISING Perr. By ea Ni: RECENTLY spent some time in examining a tract of timber in Camaguay Province, Cuba. To reach this tract we were obliged to leave the railroad and travel by horseback for a distance of forty miles. This part of the trip led us over a level country which for the first five miles was largely planted in cane fields and grapefruit groves. After that the coun- try became wild, with settlements miles apart and no roads except cart trails through the woods. The timber was all small and of little value except for rail- road ties and fence posts. The under- brush and vines were so thick that we 572 PRESTON could not go through without cutting a way with a machette. The royal palm also grows plentifully on these lands. The natives use this tree for building their houses, the leaves for roof and sides, and the woody shell of the trunk split up into strips for the frame. ‘These trees bear bunches of seed every month, and hogs are fond of them. A native Cuban told me that four or five trees would supply seed enough to raise and fatten one hog. The natives also find the tree service- able for making bee hives, using a sec- tion of the outside shell about 30” long. The inside of the trunks of the palms CRUISING IN CUBA FAMILY WITH THIS FAMILY THE WRITER are pithy and soft and easily removed, leaving the hard, woody shell. The honey “business is very large among the natives, many having several hundred swarms. Arriving at the tract of timber we sought, which contained 640 Caballarias (a caballaria is 33 1/3 acres), we found a much better class and stand of timber than. any we saw on the journey. The royal palms grew thickly and the un- derbrush and vines had to be cut away before we could leave the cart trails to go into the timber. The different species of hardwood timber found on these lands are Acano, Spanish Cedar, Ocuie (pronounced ), Mahogany. Jique (He-kev), Jucaro (Hoo-cay-ro), Saba- -coo-he Guaymaro, AND HIS TWO GUIDES STAYED ONE TRACT IN CAMAQUAY Ss. oF NaTivE CUBANS. NIGHT WHILE A TIMBER PROVINCE, CUBA, LOOKING OVER cu, Majagua (Mah-hah-gwa), Morura, Cuban Oak a a species of Rosewood and Ebony. The Acano trees grow to a large size, the wood is hard and very beautiful, resembling Rosewood. ‘The Morura is used for cart hubs. Jique is durable and never decays. Jucaro is dark col- ored wood used for cart spokes. Sabacu is used for cart felloes and counter tops. Ocuje is used for furnt- ture. Majagua is used for furniture, cart tongues, etc. All of these species run from 16 inches in diameter at the stump to 48 inches and from 20 feet to 48 feet to the limbs. The Mahovaay and Cedar run from 18 inches in diam- eter up, but are mostly short bodies from 20 to 30 feet long. The Ebony i \ # ¢ %) ANOTHER One The Cuba. children. family home is thirty miles Province, is small, from 8 to 12 inches in diam- eter and short bodied. These lands will cut from 2,500 feet to 5,000 feet per acre of good saw logs of the different varieties. ‘There is also quite a quantity of tie timber and fence post timber. At least 60 per cent of the standing timber is Ocuje, the bal- ance about equally divided among the other varieties. I saw where large Mahogany and Cedar had been cut and hewn on these lands, I should judge more than 100 years ago. This timber must have been hauled to the seashore, which is twelve or fifteen miles to the north. Most of this tract of land is level and fertile, part of the tract, however, is on a mountain side probably 2,000 feet high. The Jaguay and Coupey trees first grow like a thin vine clinging to some large tree. This vine grows to the top CUBAN AMERICAN FORESTRY FAMILY. of the guides of the writer was the proud father of this representative Cuban family of n/neteen from the railroad in the northern part of Camaguay of the tree, then proceeds to put out laterals around the tree it clings to and finally kills it. By this time it has grown all around the dead tree and has formed itself into a perfect forest tree, some- times four feet in diameter. is soft and useless. Three varieties of trees are used largely for fence posts—the Almasaca, Cienella and Jobo. All of these posts when stuck in the ground as fence posts take root and branch out into trees: And it is a common sight to see wire fences with growing posts. Taking them as a whole, the woods of Cuba are wonderful. Their lasting qualities are remarkable. Some _ va- rieties seemingly never decay. I saw Jucaro and Jique wood in an exposed place in Moro Castle, Havana, said to have been there over 300 years, that was sound, apparently, as ever. The wood A SMALLER FAMILy. THE TWO GUIDES OF THE WRITER AND THE FAMILY OF ONE OF THEM AT THEIR HOME IN CAMAGUAY PROVINCE, CUBA. i = regen Fat * THIS FENCE IN CAMAGUAY PROVINCE, CUBA, IS OVER ONE HUNDRED YEARS OLD AND SI! iWVAiid 576 AMERICAN We found the native Cuban very ac- commodating and hospitable. ‘They live easily in quite a primitive way. All of them raise large families, some houses where we stayed at night having from fifteen to twenty-four children. I don’t know where they put them all at night ; for they always gave us room to hang up our hammocks. I found many Americans in Cama- guay Province, near the railroad, rais- ing grapefruit and sugar cane. Sugar cane grows here from 15 to 20 years from one planting, requiring no cultiva- tion during that time. The land is first cleared by cutting down all brush and timber and then dry burned. The cane is planted among stumps and logs by using a bar to punch a hole in the ground and sticking in a piece of cane. iter wtitteen ‘or twenty yeats. ate 4s plowed and new cane planted. I saw a small ciscular-saw mill at Moron, Cuba. They were cutting all kinds of native woods. Most of the logs came from a distance of twenty miles and were hauled in cane carts, in a most awkward manner. The capacity of this mill, I should think, was about FORESTRY 3,000 feet per day, and most of the lum- ber, after being sawed, was cut up into cart material. I also saw a small band mill in Ha- vana. It sawed logs that were shipped in on cars from the lower end of the island. All of the lumber cut in this mill was worked up into carts, furni- ture, interior finishes, etc., in a factory connected with the mill. There are few mills on the island and very little timber. What timber there is, I was told, is in Oriente Prov- ince and Camaguay Province. ‘The tracts that I looked at are said to be the best timbered tracts on the island. A railroad has been surveyed near these lands and will probably be built this year. This would give this part of the island an_ outlet which is greatly needed. The timber could then be han- dled and the lands, which are the very best cane lands, could be put into cane cultivation, tobacco or fruit. I took a great many views of the tim- ber, but owing to the thick brush and heavy overhead foliage and shadows few of them were good. MY (ERO RS By J. R. SIMMONS. I stood, today, beneath a mighty tree, And gazed upon its lofty trunk and crown, Scarred body, branches gnarled and leaves of brown; In silence looking upward wonderingly. Full oft have I thus pondered on the sea, Or on the mountains, when the sun was down, Upon their age and grandeur, or the sound Of rushing waters and the whispering breeze, To waken and inspire the best in me. Comes then the thought of those strong men I’ve known Who’ve stood and fought their battles, like this tree. They know it not, but when each deed is done Of theirs, I marvel e’en as silently, And owe them each small victory J have won. Pitre oF HEMLOCK Bark. TONS OF THE BARK PILED IN THE WOODS OF GARRETT COUNTY, MARYLAND, READY FOR SHIPMENT TO A TANNERY. THE STOR Wepre VILOCK. By Hu MAxweLt. OT so long ago, when some of us were grown men, and others were only boys, the well-known hemlock tree was valued only for its bark, and after this had been stripped off the logs were left to rot or to burn in the woods. Now the logs are more valuable than the bark. Also, due to the early reckless cutting of the trees for their bark alone, and to the fact that hemlock finds it difficult to reproduce itself the supply of the wood is rapidly diminishing, and it will not be many years before hem- lock will practically disappear from the forest lands east of the Rockies. At present it serves many useful pur- poses, quantities of it are used in paper making, it makes an excellent railroad cross-tie, it is fine for box making be- cause of its clear whiteness, it is good for staves, many use it for siloes, and it is claimed to be equal to white pine for building barns and fences, while it is in ~ demand for making caskets, furniture and even musical instruments. Hemlock was one of the earliest tan- ning materials in the country, and it 1s still used to a greater extent than any other, though the production is declin- ing. ‘The number of trees felled for their bark alone in past years almost surpasses belief. The fact is, hemlock has been the victim of the worst forest wastes of all the many that have oc- curred in this country. The mistaken notion of early times that the wood pos- sessed little value was responsible for part of the destruction. The bark was bought by tanneries, but there was no bid for the wood ; consequently, no one was disposed to protect it. Years before lumbermen would look at the tree, bark peelers were felling the ~~~ oid 578 AMERICAN FORESTRY SARK PEELERS AT WoRK. THE PEFLERS HAVE STRIPPED THE LOGS IN THE BACKGROUND AND ARE READY TO ATTACK THE BIG LaG IN THE FOREGROUND. finest trunks by thousands. It was not unusual for extensive tracts to be stripped of hemlock timber without a single log going to sawmills, a cord to pulp mills, or even a railroad tie saved from the wreck. The peeled trunks lay criss-crossed upon hundreds of acres, after the bark was sledded down the tote roads to the railway spur to be loaded on gondolas for the tannery. Fire always followed and completed the lesolation; for the immense tangle of tops and trunks furnished so much fuel to the flames that any trees which may have been left standing were killed, root ind branch. Fortunately, that destructive system is practiced no longer; for the logs are more valuable than the bark, and are removed before the fire season arrives. The value of the annual harvest of hem- lock bark is between six and seven mil- lion dollars. It weighs about 700,000 tons. The production in the leading States is: Pennsylvania, 254,434 tons; Wisconsin, 123,763 tons; Michigan, 88,- IN THE EARLY DAYS OF THE INDUSTRY THESE LOGS AND SLASH WERE LEFT IN THE WOODS TO ROT. aA 061 tons; West Virginia, 77,661 tons; New York, 76,447 tons; Massachusetts, 26,889 tons. It should be explained that the fore- going figures represent the quantity of bark used in the States named, which is not necessarily the amount actually peeled in those States; but tanneries are usually located in the regions of chief supply, because it is more economical to build tanneries near the bark than to ship the bark to distant tanneries. REGROWTH IS SLOW Hemlock forests rate low in their ability to reproduce. The woodsman’s axe can destroy the hemlock forest more speedily and more completely than in the case of any other important tim- ber. It is because seedlings must have abundant shade, or they will perish. When the sunlight is let in, by the fell- ing of the trees, the seedlings dry up and die. That is one of the reasons why young stands of this timber are not coming on where the old have been THE: STORY result is being felt. growth, and the and the no removed ; There iS second pulpwood cutter is the first person to feel because he takes trees which are smaller than the lumberman can use. Two and a half million cross-ties hemlock’s annual contribution to country’s railroad con- struction. Like pulp- wood, these areusually cut from timber of medium size. Stock coopers ten million hemlock staves yearly in their products. Most of these are for cheap kegs or small berries, but a higher class of cooperage demands some of this wood for pails, buckets, and tubs. Hemlock timber has a reasonable share of this loss, are the use shortcomings. Many trunks are wind- shaken; ice cracks old ; and multi- tudes of hard knots are characteristic of the lumber. Yet large trunks contain a fair prop rtion of clear wood suitable for high-class work, such as doors, window frames, and flooring. It has low rating as a hgured wood, nor is are numerous in specimens ; OF HEMLOCK dT9 tons of paper pulp are made of this wood yearly. It is next to the largest in production, spruce alone rating above it. The pulp made from hemlock is fourteen per cent of the total output. The yield, however, is not increasing. As in the case of lumber, the maximum seems to have been reached, and for the it praised account From Curttinc To RatLroa! ot pleasing color: vet This hemlock bark has been brought down the mountain on sleds t a iy - the loading platform on the railroad spur, the scene being in Nort SCLECT stock shows Carolina. agreeable grain form- ed by the arrangement of the annual rings of growth; and the slightly pinkish tint is delicate and pleasing. TS SHARE OF PRODUCTION. Though hemlock supplies about six per cent of all the lumber production of the United States, it fills other impor- tant places in the list of the country’s resources. More than half a million same reason—diminishing resources of raw material. The markets opened their doors to hemlock only gradually. The wood’s early uses were few and small. Build- ers of ships and boats seem to have beet the first to give it a place. That was at a time when white pine was plentiful in the North and Fast. No general de- mand for hemlock was found until AMERICAN FORESTRY Fine HEMLOCK AND TypicaL Forest SURROUNDINGS. This splendid specimen grew in a deep ravine among the high mountains of West Virginia. The great laurel or rhododendron is seen in all its vigor ready to engage in rivalry with the hemlock seedlings to possess what little vacant ground may remain in the deep shade. A beech near by has held its own in competition with the hemlock. 41%4 feet in diameter. Few white pine’s increasing cost invited sub- stitutes for that wood. One of the first places filled by hemlock was on the farm, where fences and barns were built of it. In most respects it was equal to white pine for those purposes. It did not work quite as easily, but not much cutting and fitting were required in building a plank fence or in framing and siding a barn or granary. Barns and other buildings are still standing, The largest tree is hemlocks attain greater size or smoother trunk. and are in good condition, which were constructed of this wood from thirty to fifty years ago, and an extreme per- iod of service exceeding one hundred years is on record. Such instances are valuable as matters of history, showing along what lines hemlock was first util- ized in this country. The lines then established have been maintained ever since, with many addi- tions and enlargements. THE es Story OB) HEMLOCK WHERE HEMLOCK GROWS The commercial stands of Eastern hemlock are found principally in Wis- consin, Michigan, West Virginia, Penn- sylvania, New York, and New Eng- land. Timber of excellent quality but not in large amounts grows in the west- ern parts of Virginia and North Caro- lina and the eastern portions of Ken- tucky and Tennessee. It is now more abundant in Wisconsin and Michigan than in any other States, the remaining stand there having been estimated at 25,000,000,000 feet. ‘That is sufficient to supply the whole hemlock lumber output, at the present rate of cut, for about ten years. It is believed that not more than half of the hemlock 1s in Michigan and Wisconsin, and if that shall prove correct, there is supply in sight for twenty years of lumbering. This takes no account of the Western hemlock, which does not occur east of the Rocky Mountains, and which has not yet entered the markets in large amounts. The output of hemlock has been de- clining for several years. The cut of lumber in 1912 was 29 per cent less than in 1899. This decline is due solely to the lessening supply of timber. Mills have been cutting out other hemlock and have not gone to new stands where more could be had. This has been oc- curring throughout the whole range of the tree, from Maine to Minnesota, and from Canada to the southern Appa- lachian States. In 1909 a cut of hemlock was re- ported by 8,572 mills in the United States, and in 1912 the number of mills fell to 5,614. The decrease in the num- ber of mills, however, was not as great as these figures imply, because in 1912 many small mills were omitted from the census returns of lumber. The total hemlock lumber production in 1912 was 2.426,554,000 feet, which is 200,000.000 in excess of the total of the above table. This difference rep- resents Western hemlock milled on the Pacific coast. Statistics which have been compiled represent fairly well, but not with entire accuracy, the extent of the hemlock 581 lumber operations in the several States. Hemlock logs frequently cross State lines, and what is logged in one State may be sawed into lumber in another. Thac doubtless occurs in New Jersey, Ohio, and Indiana, which have little standing hemlock timber, yet some mil- lions of feet of logs pass through their mills in the course of a year. Logs are even brought across the line from Canada, and boats on the Great Lakes and ships on the Atlantic Ocean may land in regions where hemlock does not grow. SFM HeEMLocK CoNES AND SEEDS, NATURAL SIZE. The closed cone is the summer form which retains the seed; the open cone represents it late in winter after the seeds have escaped. The. trees usually occur in thick stands, often not associated with any other commercial timber; but at other times they are mixed with hardwoods. In the former case, a logging operation may handle hemlock only, and cut the tracts clean, leaving no young trees for the future. If the timber is associated with hardwoods, it is customary to lumber all at one operation. When that is done, hemlock- and birch usually reach the mills together, also with some maple and birch. RAILS INSTEAD OF WATER. The spectacular log drives of former years on rivers from Maine to Minne- sota were made up principally of white 582 AMERICAN pine, with not much hemlock in evi- dence; but in recent years the river drives, though in most instances not so large as formerly, contain more hem- lock. No one cared to cut much of it while white pine was plentiful, but hem- lock’s turn came later, and the spring floods in northern rivers carried millions of logs to the mills be- low. The log drive still holds a prominent place in logging oper- ations, but it is not what it once The timber is too far back was. from floatable streams. Rail- roads must be constructed to land it on the banks, and it is becoming more and more the custom to build the railroads all the way to the mills, and not end the tracks at the river bank. The operation of floating logs is not always as economical as it looks. There are jams to be broken, logs to be rolled or hauled back to the channel after lodging high on shore; and now and then dis- appointment in expected floods is experienced, while logs are left on the dumps during the summer to become sap-stained, or bored by beetles. Sometimes too much water comes, booms break, and logs scatter to the seven seas. These and other drawbacks to the drive have stimulated rail- road building all the way from forest to mill. Instead of coming in once a year, at flood season, and all in a bunch, the logs now arrive regularly, year in and year out. Floods do not hasten or droughts retard. ‘Twenty-four hours after the tree is felled in the forest, the logs may be on the mill carriage fifty miles away. stain has had no time to strike, to burrow. The popular notion that log railroads are crude, temporary, and of short length, needs revision. Some may be of that kind, but those built for business are not. They compare favorably with trunk lines in the matter of grades, bridges, and tracks. The log train is quite a respectable affair, with from ten Sap- or bugs This is the generally lock bark for Ridgeway, Pa., are Leather FORESTRY to forty cars, piled high with logs, and moving with a speed which does not in the least suggest lack of locomotive power. The length of some typical log roads exceeds 100 miles. Many mills receive no logs from a less distance than fifty miles. This is a radical departure 3ARK PILED FOR FurTure Use. accepted method of piling the hem- is needed. These piles, at of the United States use when it the property Company. from methods prevailing some years ago when hemlock was just beginning to edge its way into some of the most convenient mills. THE USES OF THE WOOD Perhaps the best general view of the range of hemlock’s uses can be obtained by examining somewhat minutely its uses in a typical region. It is true that the utilization of wood in one locality is THE STORY OF HEMLOCK 5838 Ti rk Ce ! nem =>. — is >. , ran | An OrpEerLY HeMiock Lumser Yarp. The boards are well piled, assuring that they In Manufacturing and handling has been The user gets it in good shape. not always a criterion, or even an index, of its uses everywhere; but when the region so selected is large and repre- sentative, it should serve as a reliable guide. If Ohio is chosen it makes a good showing. It is not a hemlock State, but lies near enough to the regions where this timber grows to draw freely from it, and to provide a good market. The following table outlines the market for hemlock in Ohio: Feet Used Industry. Annually. Planing mill products..... 13,675,000 oxes ane-crateS.......03.%. W267 15 Machine construction...... 260,000 Gaskets and cofins.......: 250,000 Agricultural implements... 207,000 SULSG HIRO i 202,000 PMMA DUMGINE 2... ws see os 100,000 Car building and repairs... 65,789 Musical instruments....... 48,000 Patterns and flasks for foun- Sis ltte 2 aria 30,000 Moors) and blinds:...:.... 30,000 fetes and Silos... .....< 2 30,000 ee ie 16,164,964 will air season without warp, curve, split or twist. largely responsible for the popularity of hemlock lumber. Care Fach of the foregoing items repre- sents many uses for hemlock. Planing mill products, for example, include ceiling, siding, flooring, and many kinds of interior and exterior finish. ‘his class of articles consist of lumber which has passed through a planer and is ready for use without further work, except such cutting and fitting as car- penters give. It is stuff that is made for the general market, and not for some particular job, and is not made according to some contractor’s specitica- tions. The planing mill which turns out flooring, ceiling, and siding is often operated in connection with the saw- mill which cuts the rough lumber; in fact, the two mills are not infrequently under the same roof. The planing is done primarily to fit the stock for mar- ket, but the matter of lessening freight on the shipments is also duly consid- ered. The shavings removed from such stock decreases the shipping weight sev- eral hundred pounds on a thousand feet. Ble That item is worth saving; for the stock -must be dressed before it can be used. AMERICAN FORESTRY An Up-to-Date Barn AND Sito BuiILt ENTIRELY OF HEMLOCK IN 1912. THIS MODERN BUILDING IS AT HEMLOCK HILL FARM, 105 FEET LONG; and it is economy to dress it near the beginning of its journey to market, rather than at the other end. It is poor policy to pay freight on shavings when nothing is gained by doing so. This ac- counts for the great development of what is known as the planing mill prod- ucts industry, which means that, before lumber is sent to market, it is manufac- tured one step further than the rough lumber stage. The box maker is a large buyer of rough hemlock lumber. It is usually the low grades which go to this factory. The box maker is in a position to get most out of lumber of that class, be- cause he cuts it into small sizes and can use everything except what is actually worthless. Some other industries are not so fortunate. If they work low- grade lumber they must often throw away good material because they can- not make use of adjacent defects. Hemlock is excellent box material where much strength and moderate weight are wanted. It possesses ex- traordinary nail-holding power, which ONTONAGON COUNTY, THE SILO IS 12 FEET ACROSS AND 34 FEET HIGH, MICH. THE BARN IS 36 FEET WIDE, AIR-SPACED AND FROST PROOF. is due to the presence of a large amount of tannin in the wood. ‘That substance combines with the iron and favors a cement which grips the nail so firmly that it can be withdrawn only with difh- culty. This property is of special value in crate material, and large amounts of hemlock are used for that purpose. In quantity it ranks near the top of the list of all woods of the United States for this use. The following States are among the most important users of hemlock for boxes and crates, and the figures give the annual demand and the average prices paid. Ave. Cost at Factory Feet Used. Per M. NINE See. Fre ase eevee 3 34, 472,000 $13.42 Michigaric fae 27,523,000 12.08 Massachusetts 27,394,000 rash New Hampshire.. 20,035,000 15.00 Wiisconsig is hss 17,657,000 11.08 New York: ve. 10.448.000 19.50 Waa? Wc Ses oie 4,704,000 14.72 These prices are for box lumber de- THE STORY OF HEMLOCK “Ancient oF Days,” A HeEMLock Barn 104 Years OLp. It was built on the Ernest Mathews Farm, Wolcott, N. Y., in 1810. ; The present roof is ot hemlock shingles laid 20 years ago. and siding hemlock. The frame is beech, the roof boards The building has never been painted, and its state of preservation is apparent in the picture. livered at the factories after all freight and handling charges have been paid. The woods whiteness is one of its chief recommendations to box makers, for painting, printing, and_ stenciling show finely on the finished box. ‘This property is desired by shippers who place their advertisements on the ship- ping containers which carry their prod- ucts to market. The builders of machines find this wood well fitted for the sills, frames, foundations and other wooden parts. Beams of considerable size are in de- mand when heavy machines are being built and installed in flour mills, saw- mills, shingle mills, mining operations and in similar places. Hemlock is stiff, strong, and is sufficiently resistant to decay. It is not customary to think of hem- lock as having much of a place in the business of manufacturing coffins and caskets, yet statistics prove that it 1s regularly employed in a number of States. It has two principal places to fill. The largest quantity is worked into the outer boxes in which the cas- kets are placed. It is a fact that more wood is needed for the rough burial box than for the casket itself. This was one of the first places, after farm uses, where hemlock began to displace white pine. In some localities hemlock is the leading wood in the manufacture of burial boxes. It is coming into considerable use in the making of the casket itself. It is cut with veneer. for cross-banding, and when employed in that capacity it is not visible in the finished article, but is con- cealed by the veneers of cabinet woods, like oak, walnut, and mahogany, which are glued upon it to form the outer and visible part.. More frequently, perhaps, hemlock casket stock is seasoned ium- ber upon which the veneers are glued. It holds the glue well, and warping and shrinking give little trouble. The use of this wood on the farm, for buildings, fences, and the like, has been mentioned; and while that is doubtless the largest place filled by it in connection with agricultural operations, it is in demand by the manufacturers of farm implements. It is so reported in 586 AMERICAN a number of States. ‘The call for it is increasing for tanks, particularly the frames, and for silos where it 1s some- times the principal material. New York’s annual use of hemlock for silos is 1,190,000 feet, for which manufac- turers pay an average price of $24.39. This indicates that good stock is used, and the rapid increase in the demand for hemlock by silo makers shows that the wood is chosen for its qualities. The silo is a trying place for any build- ing material, and hemlock has there proved its durability. A categorical list of the uses to which hemlock is put by manufacturers would show a remarkable range. It would in- clude commodities of high class as well as many which are ordinary. The total annual demand for this wood in the United States, for manufacturing pur- poses, is 708,752,769 feet. That does not include what is used as rough lum- ber without further manufacture, nor does it include pulp, cooperage stock, cross-ties, or mine timbers. In _ the State of New York alone the follow- ing uses of hemlock are listed: Agricultural Im- Flooring, plements, Furniture, Baskets, Gates, Blinds, Instruments Boxes, (Musical), Cats; Machines, Crates, Machinery (Elec- Dairymen’s sup- trical), plies, Patterns, Doors, Sash, Fencing (Pickets) Ships, Flasks, Sporting goods, Vehicles. About 32 per cent of all the hemlock lumber cut in the United States is fur- ther manufactured before it reaches its final use. In round numbers, two- thirds of the lumber is used in its rough form, and one-third passes through fac- tories or shops to be converted into commodities. THE PRICE OF THE WOOD It is medium-priced among the soft- woods with which it comes in competi- FORESTRY tion. More of them are above than below it in mill-yard value. In a list of the commercial softwoods reported by the Bureau of the Census for 1911, where fourteen species are named, the rating accorded hemlock is shown in the following table: Ave. Mill- yard Wood. Per M. Cypress 3 tiara $20.54 VWVilitte Aine a eeeee Penaeus 18.54 SOUSA Pines a. ee 17.52 DPTUce’ ska ome 16.14 Redwood pcp cans 3.99 Western pine: sen ane 13.88 Wellow *pinewe esate ess 13.87 ica Eh eee ae as 8 ae ce 13.86 PhenilOckeac vies eas se acres 13.59 Balsanit fittest cpeahte men see 13.42 Vodeepole® pittes. <2. ae: 12.41 ted MRA pve rit ot nine tit: 11.87 Wotehas: Hi cu nae eat eo ee 11.05 VW tate Ute n-th arate eee 10.64 These figures represent lumber in the yards at the mills and ready to ship. There is some change in values from year to year, but no more than changes in the values of wheat, cattle, coal, and other staple articles. The mill-yard value is the average for all grades, that is, the lumber as it comes from the logs without sorting. This value is not the same in all parts of the country, but the differences are usually small. ‘The value is made up of cost of stumpage, cost of logging, cost of conversion, and other necessary charges. Fifteen States produce hem- lock in commercial quantities, and a little is sawed in other States. When the prices paid for hemlock by manufacturers in certain States is compared with the value at the mill- yards in those States, apparent incon- sistencies are seen. In several instances the material is delivered at the factories at an average cost below its mill-yard value in those States. This would seem to imply that the mills deliver hemlock at the factories for less than its value in the mill’s own yard. Below is a table which gives hemlock’s value at the THE STORY mills and likewise its cost delivered at factories in the same States: Cost De- Valuein livered at State. Millyard. Factories. PEHUICKY <2), .ia's $12.36 $11.65 North Carolina. 11.08 12.00 New Hampshire 14.89 14.98 Wane fo sso 14.64 14.72 Maryland ..... 14.33 24.04 Wew York. .:~. 15.50 19.82 Wermiont. (..... 2. 14.65 14.28 Machigant 7........ 12.44 11.83 Massachusetts 16.51 7.34 NVASCORSING 2... . 13.03 12.04 Only in New York and Maryland is the difference between value at the yard and cost at the factory as great as would be expected, and Maryland neither pro- duces nor uses much hemlock. In some instances, factories buy their hemlock for less than its value in the millyard, because much that they buy was never at a sawmill. It comes to the factory as logs, and at a cost so low that the general average of all pur- chases of hemlock is cut down. In this way some of the apparent inconsisten- cies may be explained. The further fact is brought out also, by inference, OF HEMLOCK 587 that the country’s sawmill cut of hem- lock does not show the whole produc- tion of this wood. The general market buys hemlock in grades, not on mill run. An equitable comparison of prices of this wood with others should be made grade by grade, or as nearly as may be. When the wholesale prices of hemlock are consid- ered on the basis of grades,.they are found to be wholly consistent. Differ- ences in prices in different regions are largely accounted for by differences in freight charges. The markets recog- nize Lake States hemlock and Eastern States hemlock. The two may go to the same markets, but usually they do not. Lake States hemlock, two-inch piece stuff, SISIE, 2”x4”—16’, in 1912, was worth $19.39 in New York State, $16.84 in Wisconsin, and $16.52. in Michigan. Rough timbers, 4”’x4” to 8”x8”—16', were worth in New York the same year $18.75, in Wisconsin $17.79, and in Michigan $16.85. Eastern States hemlock in 1912, of the grade 8/4 merchantable, 4” to 12”, 10 to 20’, was worth $18 in Pennsylvania, $19 in New Hampshire, $16.75 in Ver- mont, and $16.75 in Maine. These ex- amples suffice to show regional varia- tion in prices. Conrs ATTACKED BY THE CONE BEETLE. These sugar pine cones show effects of the cone beetle attack at different stages of the growth of the cone. while the others were killed. The longer cone, about 14 inches in length, resisted attack, PESTS Ihe PORE Si Sis OLLECTORS of: forest* seeds, particularly on the Pacific Coast, are recommended by the United States Department of Agriculture to make certain that the areas in which they work are not in- fested by insects which damage the cones and seeds of cone-bearing trees. This damage may readily be sufficient to interfere seriously with the profits of seed-collecting. It has been found, for instance, that much of the white fir seed gathered recently for use in the Western national forests is worthless. In order to avoid, therefore, the waste of time and money involved in collect- ing diseased seeds, the Department ad- vises the careful inspection of sample cones. If cones of the past season are examined during the winter and spring, they will indicate whether or not their particular area is infested, and in July and August, before the seed matures, infested cones will usually reveal imma- ture stages of the insects. The insects, which feed upon the seeds, may be found in almost any part 588 of the cone or seen but, with the excep- tion of cone beetles, adult insects are rarely seen in the immature cone. In their immature stages, however, these insects depend for their food chiefly upon the cone scales and seeds, doing great damage before the seed ripens. In the case of the pine, cone beetles and some of the cone worms kill the cones when small and immature and before the seeds are filled. Damage of this type is easily recognized and can be estimated after the middle of July. Cones affected in this way are called blighted. In other forms of injury, the cone is not killed but the seeds are ruined by the feeding of larvae. Dam- age of this kind occurs in every species of conifer and is frequently caused by caterpillars. In California and southern Oregon in 1912, from 50 to 90 per cent of the seed crop of Western yellow pine and Jeffrey pine was damaged in this way, although sometimes there was nothing on the surface of the cone to indicate that it was affected. This is also true of wormy seed, Work oF A CHALCIDID IN SEEDS OF PaciFic Coast CONIFERS. a Cross section of sound, mature white fir cone with unaffected seed; b, yellow pine seed, enlarged, infested by larve and newly trans- fomed adults of a seed chalcidid; two unopened seeds show exit holes made by these insects; c, cross sections of two maggoty white fir cones; d, male and female adults of seed chalcidid, larva in opened seed of red fir and exit holes in two other seeds of same. (Original.) 590 AMERICAN FORESTRY How Conts ARE AFFECTED. THESE LONGITUDINAI, AND TRANSVERSE SECTIONS OF THE SUGAR PINE CONES, NATURAL SIZE, SHOW THE PRIMARY EGG GALLERIES, B-l MADE BY THE CONE BEETLE. caused by the larvae of tiny wasps, known as seed cholcidids. These feed entirely within the inner lining of the seed, which outwardly presents a nor- mal appearance. Ordinarily the only way to detect the damage is to cut the seed open, when it will be found hollow with the small, headless maggot-like larvae lying in it. Fir suffers espe- cially from these insects. The maggots of flies and midges also cause consid- erable damage to fir cones. In looking for evidence of the pres- ence of these various pests, beetles, worms, cholcidids and maggots, it is ee See ’ —_— rant = frequently necessary to cut open the cone. The beetle, it is true, betrays it- self by a small entrance hole at the base of the cone, with castings or small pitch tubes, during the early summer. Later the cones assume a brown, withered appearance. On the other hand, as has already been said, there is no external evidence whatsoever of the presence of the seed cholcidid. The fir-cone mag- got and the cone moth can best be dis- covered by opening the cone, sectioning it in several different ways and then searching for the caterpillars or the active larvae. PORBS Tia oo HE largest audiences that ever listened to addresses on for- estry heard with pleasure and profit the :speakers) of) the American Forestry Association at Chau- tauqua, N. Y., on July 9 and 10, when the Board of Directors of the Associa- tion, holding their midsummer meet- ing, agreed, upon request of the Chau- tauqua Institution, to have speakers give a number of public addresses. ~ These addresses embraced many phases of forest conservation, and as the audiences were composed largely of teachers from various sections of the country, and as they will carry to their class-rooms the instruction and_for- estry knowledge they received, the edu- cational advantages of the meeting are evident. Dr. Henry S. Drinker, Presi- dent of Lehigh University and Presi- dent of the American Forestry Associa- tion, opened the first meeting with a general outline of the forestry move- ment and of sae work of the Associa- tion; Prof. J. S. Toumey, head of the Yale Forestry School, followed with an address on the teaching of forestry in the public schools. C. R. Pettis, Super- intendent of New York State Forests, spoke on State work in forestry and what may be accomplished by it; Mr. J. S. Whipple, President of the New York State Forestry Association, told of what forestry has done and could do for New York State, and Harris A. Reynolds, Secretary of the Massachu- setts Forestry Association, spoke of the progress made in his State. In the evening there were illustrated addresses by Dr. B. E. Fernow, dean of forestry at the University of Toron- to, on the battle of the forests, and by Don Carlos Ellis, of the Forest Serv- ice, on forest fires. On the second day E. T. Allen, for- ester of the Western Forestry and Con- servation Association, made a deep im- pression in his talk on the forests, lumber and the consumer; Capt. J. B. White, a native of Chautauqua County and widely known as a leading lumber- man, talked in a most interesting man- ner about forest conservation for lum- bermen) and Dr J. 11. Rothrock) eae As : “peat ‘ of list prices. Address, Commission Company, 26 Frank- suyers of Timber whose names are on my books. fort Street, "Ne York City. 7.2 No charge if I do not sell. No Brokers. Soe hoes R: Tt: Harnrs) JP) OO) Box? 83; Spartanburg, Sc cet, a MAY INVEST 1,700 ACRES VIRGIN TIMBER 2 A technical college graduate M. E., age 34, with _In McDowell County, N. C., on line of C. C. & — several: years’ experience in civil engineering in both O. Ry. Fee simple. Address E. M. HENOFER, office and field work—two years in charge R. R. sur- 5729 Wyalusing Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. (8) vey and construction—fair draftsman—desires sit- — —- uation with Consulting Forester or Timberland FOR SALE—YELLOW PINE LIMITS Estimator in Maine, Canada or the Northwest, with idea of learning something of the business; probably Two excellent yellow pine timber limits and tur- be open for an investment in a year or so; will pentine producers situated in central Florida, with accept small salary; health demands a hard work good shipping facilities. Titles perfect; price, $11 and outdoor life; satisfactory references. Must and $13 per acre, including timber and land. L. N., make change soon. Address ‘Investor,’ Care Box 596, Buffalo, N. Y. (8-9-10) AMERICAN FORESTRY. 1b MMU Sil TDOUDUUONNNIUTOQOQNUNOQO0Q0ONOEH00G0NCOOGQOUOGOORGHOOOEOOSOOOGOOOOUOGOOOOOOOONGOSUEEGGOOUOOOOOQOUNOOOOGOONOGEOQOOUSOOOOOTHAONIO & bd AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS We are near- ing the end ; of the most offer in history— MARK TWAIN at half the former price. Get your set before it is too late. - Harper’s Magazine is included at this special price. popular book {| The set is in twenty-five volumes, each measuring 5x 71% inches. cellent paper and bound in a handsome red crépe cloth, have titles in gilt, decorative design on shelf-back, a medallion of the great author on the cover, head-bands, and title-pages in two colors. tained in the most expensive set of Mark Twain’s writings is in- cluded in this popularly priced edition. MARK TWAIN Author's National Edition HOSE who know his ToM SAWYER or Huck FINN look upon Mark Twain as a great boy’s writer; those who have read his JOAN OF ARC or PRINCE AND THE PAUPER think of him as a great romancer; those who are acquainted only with INNOCENTS ABROAD or ¢ RoucHine It think of himas inexpressibly funny; those who are familiar only with his essays look upon him as a sane and indignant foe of hypocrisy; those who have read only his short stories, such as A DEATH Disk, think of him as a master of pathos; but those only who have read ALL these books know or can realize the transcen- dent genius of Mark Twain; those only can comprehend the limits of intellectual effort; those alone know that Mark Twain the philosopher, Mark Twain the humorist, Mark Twain the dreamer, and Mark Twain the reform- er are all but parts of the greatest American of his time. A. F. A. HARPER & BROTHERS Franklin Square New York City They are carefully printed on ex- Please send ine in THE HARPER WAY, carriage free, a set of MARK TWAIN'S W8RKS twenty-five volumes, cloth binding, and enter my name as a subscriber for one year to HARPER'S MAGAZINE, under the terms of your offer. It is un- derstood I may retain the set for five days, and at the expiration of that time if I do not care for the books I willreturn them at your expense, and you will cancel the subscription to the MAGAZINE. If 1 keep the books, 1 will remit $2.00 a month until the full price of the books and the MAGAZINE, $25.00, has been paid, or, within thirty days, will send you $23.75 as payment in full. “ Every word and every picture con- SOW CLUE Bonen nnn dtcnation core devansueneens oncwicuactonsesmence i] SS PII uO Kako NEPA ce cancer dasataaneacatacnes-betassse eee ben manndeataerentnaee ‘*The North American Review ’’ may be substituted for “Harper's Magazine." In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN Forksiky ER ee sy —_E=== I A LO LE LS PY me 1 a 1 BUY IT NOW Business inactivity has placed within your reach desirable timber at low prices and on unusually attractive Lerams. We are not prophets, therefore we do not know how long the timber market will remain a ‘‘Buyer’s Market.” We do know that during the last thirty-five years all who bought timber during times like the present have profited by their foresight. Under present conditions the best advice anyone can give 1s Buy Timber NOW Send for copy of ‘Lumber User's Guide No. 8,’ which treats of the Special Values, Special Adaptabilities and Special Econo- mies of Douglas Fir for all building purposes JAMES D. LACEY & CO. Timber Land F'actors CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, 1750 McCormick Building PORTLAND, OREGON, 1313 Northwestern Bank Building SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, 1009 White Building ee BB 0 8 i a i rt st i a + 0 i 8) 8 0 8 8 9 0 tr 4 a i i ne ee, NATIONAL CAPITAL PRESS, See Lon a =u: i — I | nn 1 | nan ; | | 3 ‘ol. 20 SEPTEMBER, 1914 No: 9 | resin nt ait Including American Conservation, acquired in August, 1911 . I stbasthasthtadldh SESESSSS SDSS ESS Sete eseacectacsecseusescesscsusueseussecsassnesescecessuasserees sussesausesesusassuceesesesseseccescessscsesesucussausnstestsusessassesesusauseeseessssussessessessessesssstessessacsssessesssscsusssssecse eas SSSESSiESSSi=s2=s= 22222222 2szsts2lsz2sszs ss tts: sis 2222222252 Fes sees sez s SESe Tse Ess SEs eS Sees SeS ESSE SSeS eee SEs SESE Se ESTES SEES SESS eee SEES EEE SES SEE SESE ESSE ESET SE SESE EE SEES TES EEE S SEE EEE SEES EEE EES SET ESSE EEE SAA REORSSREREEDRTESSRSSR ESSERE SR EES SSS SSSSSESSSSSESSSOSEEESSESESESESSRSSSSSSSSS BONSSUSSSESSSSEERSSESSSSRSCSUSEESESSESCRESESRESSOSSSEDORSSSECEHSSESSSCRESROSSECESESSHODSSSSGSSGCESGRRSSGRDCDRSEGHeGHEOSORSRESRESBESEORE ERS EUROPEAN WAR AND THE LUMBER INDUSTRY THE WORLD’S GREATEST WOODLOT THE GLACIERS OF MT. RAINIER LOGGING A RIVER BOTTOM NATIONAL FORESTS FOR RECREATION THE BAVARIAN FORESTER AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS bh me me a 1 HH Oe | ef ee es BOOKS ON FORESTRY — 1 hf | | | | HH ————$————.——— ——— 1 | Hf HH ff | AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the bene- fit of those who wish books on forestry, a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American Forestry Association, Washington, D. C. Prices are by mail or express prepaid. * 3e6 555 5S SS AMBUD; UN RVALUN UNG, UE AN IMOIIDS NGI CG natoygel WrbereovOin c 650 coco oc bu oooseueeddoos Solel UNI ERAN DSIEl SUSE Sa Ras San Well ogo eer ait meee ie ren ore eee lS THE CARE OF TREES IN LAWN, STREET AND PARK—B. E. Fernow......... 2.17 INIOIRMNET AM UDO KCN AMR SAS —AIN IL, JEVHNOs Go oes oe auowscooeoonadsocacuuegooe 7.30 KE YoROlt Hh REE S—CollinsrandiPrestonasc ace eee ae eer eine eens 1.50 ANEUD, ANRIME YWMOOOIONI— Ads Gr, Cloreyyinesy, auavel If, 125 \Wrerbine, go 5cccuscdoccucensce 1.70 /NMUSIROU CAINS IRORI RSE AVRUBIDS—Aslesannye 1S(5 (Ciosoil, ooo ook nen oonencueroboodsodcce 6.00 IDENTIFICATION OF THE ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Samuellsyis Records carccercste Meee oa Pe eer ae I ae ce en ee 1225 RIGAN EAS UR Va valN G— johns yaiiracy ais cher sa miele oe eee ie a eee 3.00 HORE SM ViENS URARION—rHennyesolontGravesss en aan amereencie sneer 4.00 IMENT; IOCONOMOCES Ole MORI TSI RV IB} 1B, ISAO os boobed onchobbeecbacocsa0uoc 1.61 HN Siies © OKGORTE ORE SiR Rilibenteot hipaee er setaiee ei cae tier eee 1.10 HISTORY OF THE LUMBER INDUSTRY OF AMERICA—J. E. Defebaugh.... 5.00 HORE Sm Pe ANTING— Na Nicholas sanchoweeeaer ence ee cies area ee ee 1.50 RRACMICAIAE ORES TRYe— ANS Saullo ser ce een tore nie ier ee iee eerie eae 1.50 PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY—Samuel B. Green.................-- 1.50 SEASIDE PLANTING OF TREES AND SHRUBS—Alfred Gaut................. TS RAMIMICUARS ER EES —Gs 5 Boullgeracten. 6 nccci siete ioe aoa a ie ene ener: 1.50 MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA (exclusive of Mexico)—Charles DPLACUS OAT OEMt 5.4) ol aie ime aseet tens ey ot sel aera eA ERO ee or aT che Oe cient 6.00 AVR CAN I WOODS—-Romeynyb hlonchian yy aoeenneee nie ee eee eee 5.00 HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF THE NORTHERN U. S. AND CANADA, EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS—Romeyn B. Hough.................- 10.00 GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE TREES—J. Horace McFarland........... 115 PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF WOOD: THEIR CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES— Charles’ Henry: SMO WwW rassce Geces sr otacs ere sees Se Ree ee Oe EC SON ke Re RRC ner: 3.50 NORTH AMERICAN FORESTS AND FORESTRY—E. R. Bruncken............. 2.00 DNGRORE SI AND —DotelassMalloch anne ae erence ieee tree: 125 HANDBOOK OF TIMBER PRESERVATION—Samuel M. Rowe................. 4.00 ART AND CRAFT OF GARDEN MAKING—Thomas H. Mawson................ 15.00 VIENNA, JANCIS) UND) DAVE SARA —Biolhvoya ISM oo oo eu cach osseous aoeooodeende 1.85 EB NVUAKIN GiOR AVC OUND RSYerH © Mit —— pee Mlowiotciyae nee earn eee 1.65 MANUAL OF BOTANY—Asa Gray—$1.62; field edition.......................-.--- 2.00 TREES OF NEW ENGLAND—L. L. Dame and Henry Brooks.....:.............. 1.50 TREE SEAND SHRUIBS— CAS ssanreent aie ne ate a re cians Cee aaee ante ee eee 5.00 TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES— HE Parkhurst. 2.3 si Berancicciayceocs SOS eee Te 8 Oe On eee ere 1.50 TERIBE Sel. Marshall) Wards ors sechgr oo antes ier ars| NGROre otto) che SO a mel OMe cnr cree ene 1.50 THE eViOUN TAINS OR CAT IE ORINTA olny Mittin rey sree peenenrieias ence eee 1.85 OU A IN PEE OIN Pe eV NSASeS=— | [oloval MEDIO chs Osun du uenn ocd codecs soeudueadodacc 1.91 THE LONGLEAF PINE IN VIRGIN FOREST—G. Frederick Schwarz........... AIS LOGGING— Ralph ‘Cr Bryant. er eee Behe eh ere thy Rainy oleae 0 0% 3.50 S. B. Elliott.. 2.00 FORESTRY IN NEW ENGLAND— ain ( & Hawley ee “Austin Be awessnecnor 3.50 THE PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING WOODLANDS—Henry Solon Graves........ 1.50 SHADE TREES IN TOWNS AND CITIES—William Solotaroff.................. 3.00 AbiBD, AMRIT, (CUNO Is — ley |fieiukey ID Mea Ios Aol oadacousougoos su Gouenascacedooce 1.00 RORESTM REY SLO GRA PERY<—Bvalsaiahes Oyincineeceen se et ienn el e ree nee 5.00 MANUAL FOR NORTHERN WOODSMEN—Austin Cary....................--- ae. FARM: FOREST RY—Altred Akerman’... :deo. scr, sicedl eels, eevee etree Roane ee ena / * This, of course, is not a complete list, but we shall be glad to add to it any; books on forestry or related subjects upon request.—Editor. In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN FORESTRY eee eee ee eee ee eee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee eS eee American Forestry The Magazine of the American Forestry Association PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD HERMAN H. CHAPMAN FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL ERNEST A. STERLING JOHN E. RHODES S. T. DANA S. N. SPRING September CONTENTS 1914 THE WAR AND THE LUMBER INDUSTRY—By Bristow Adams:................ 617 With seven illustrations. PAE .BAVARTAN. FORESTER=—By/G. Ef Collitigmeodrees 07 ase uses eee ees 626 With six illustrations. RAE WORLD'S GREATEST WOODELOTl—By7 Geos son lone as 4.s455 ae ese ene 632 With six illustrations. NATIONAL FORESTS AS RECREATION GROUNDS—By Prof. W. J. Morrill...... 641 With six illustrations. ANBUD, GiLYN CDRS OLA IAD UNO NI SIR——ABive 15 WO, Wlaveeaes. boo bco0cn0gsecacuusasooaenene 646 With eighteen illustrations. BER DANGER: SERIOUS. 34th oe eee Se PRIRE o e SSSA ee gas 667 LOGGING A RIVER ‘BOTTOM—By EdwardsF: Bigelow. 2... 0652.4 ..4..)sed4s2.:5 5: 669 With five illustrations. LAN DEING“IeUNiBER “BY (CABICR WANS fas prereset Ce uierereeh ens 2 673 With one illustration. MEPONOSLOE: TREE LAW—By Chapin [eness. pies): deca som sho cbas hele tae 674 HDA ORG Ds LARGEST -LRE ERVIN aac areii ao aie Grea eee moe o 678 With one illustration. FIRE PROTECTION IN CALIFORNIA—By Knowlton Mills........................ 679 With four illustrations. NAT TRANG ISS orl os eS he Site cots aylches ott Reece CMe pee ROC Dt Ln AT ted aE ny on Lege ele aeons 683 With one illustration. THE CANADIAN DEPARTMENT—By Elwood Wilson...................0..:202-- 684 ED TRO RMAC. oo bee oie ae eee ae Ree meme, eens te te pene Ue 5 . 686 ANBHONEST FOREMAN —Poemitie sence tienen don eciokos, cos a bughamiew. ita. Kee ets 688 EI ORS) Se INO AES he ses coat nee eee tine! Cee NCR cea Wi ui oct adacke Gok ude epi is fa ates 689 CURRIE LITER ALUR BD Jeter neta ne se he Ee OOS erence sah ace 693 AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, two dollars per year; single copies, twenty cents. Entered as second-class mail matter Deer 24, 1909, at the Post-office at Washington, under the Act of March 3, 1879. 5f AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS oven ° . : xe lobe" Wernicke Sectional Bookcases _ ,, e NCE books either overcrowded limited shelf space or empty shelves yawned and waited for books. When one bookcase overflowed, a new one was purchased, and its gaping shelves were gradually filled. That was before the Globe Wernicke period in bookcases. Now, books and their shelves come together. The bookcase grows apace withthe library. This is the modern way of building a library. This is the Globe-Wernicke idea. “The World’s Best Books.’ Have you your copy? It’s a handy reference list compiled by leading authorities. Mailed on request with Catalog AF 1 +4 . . . . She Globe=“Wernicke Co. Cincinnati, Ohio B h S ‘ New York - 380-382 Broadway Chicago 231-235 So. Wabash Ave. Washington 1218-20 F St., N.W. ranc tores: Philadelphia 1012-14 Chestnut St. Boston + 91-93 Federal Street Cincinnati 128-134 Fourth Ave.,E. 6f In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN ForkEstTRY EP 9 4 1914 American Forestry VOL. XX SEPTEMBER, 1914 No. 9 THE WAR AND THE LUMBER INDUSTRY By Bristow ADAMS. Great Britain, and Germany is not URING the Balkan war, which |) is now looked upon as a minor affair in the light of the pres- ent European conflict, it was reported from Germany that the price of certain kinds of lumber had risen as the result of the demands for ma- terial for ammunition cases. With many times the demand at present, it is a fair conjecture that some lumber prices, in common with prices for other commodities, will rise, not only in war- ring countries but everywhere. At the same time, the activities of peace, now at a standstill over a large portion of Europe, have ceased their demands, and in addition, war imposes difficulties on commerce, which will hamper or even actually prevent the passage of goods from those who produce to those who want. These, then, are the main fields of conjecture as to the war’s effect on lumber: What depression is going to follow in the train of war, and where? Also, to look on the hopeful side, what are the possible increased demands due to war, and where may they be expect- ed to arise? THE DEPRESSING EFFECTS. There may be, in countries at war, an increased demand, as with the Balkan ammunition boxes. But it is scarcely likely that the lumbermen of the United States can profit through these de- mands, because all such lumber would be contraband. Ship timbers have al- ways been regarded as contrabaid by going to be far behind in taking a sim- ilar view. In the contraband lists al- ready made public it has been shown that all lumber which might even re- motely be utilized in war or in dis- tantly related projects is seizable. For example, railroad ties which might be used in repairing torn-up tracks, or in extending trackage for troop trains, would be seizable even in neutral ships. Any such material will be presump- tively contraband if consigned to a port where military or naval equipment might be used. Even neutral goods in neutral bottoms may not enter block- aded ports, so, on the whole, little can be looked for except losses when it comes to questions of exports to na- tions at war. LOSSES THROUGH COMMERCE. There is no conjecture about this part of the situation. Already the shipment of lumber from the southern ports is entirely paralyzed. Great losses have already been sustained through the seizure of vessels which were on the high seas when war was declared, or through cargoes diverted to points at which the timber cannot readily be sold, because lumber intend- ed for export to one country is very seldom in such shape as to be readily salable in another. Thus hewed tim- bers generally demanded by Great Brit- ain find little market in a country which habitually takes sawed lumber. This diversion of freight is going to 617 618 cause all sorts of trouble, and will be one of the big problems of the lumber exporter as long as the war lasts. Nor will there be any money returns from the diverted cargoes, and no settle- ment of claims until peace is again es- tablished. It will be understood. of course, that the present situation is temporary, but no one can tell how long it will last. Certainly it will continue as long as the nations are set agair.st one another. AMERICAN FORESTRY at the time this is written, it is indirect- ly in the toils. In actual figures, the countries di- rectly or indirectly involved in war take, in round numbers, 700,000,000 board feet of our timber, of which about 650,000,000 is southern yellow pine. Already, most of the firms cut-. ting yellow pine for export have either closed down or have greatly curtailed their product. With Japan carrying belligerency into Asia and the Pacific, EXPORTING SPANISH CEDAR LOGS FROM CosTA RICA. THESE LOGS ARE FLOATED TO THE LUMBER FREIGHTERS BY OXEN, AND BY MOTOR BOAT. * CABINET WOODS, EXCEPT THOSE FROM CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA, HAVE COME MAINLY THROUGH GREAT BRITAIN, WHICH SHIPPED TO US LAST YEAR MORE THAN ONE-AND-A-HALF MILLION DOLLARS WORTH. The southern timber regions of our country most keenly feel the effects of war, even though only about 10 per cent of the annual cut of yellow pine lumber is exported. One who has seen the square-rigged ships in Pensacola harbor, hailing from European ports, and going out laden, deck and _ hold, with southern pine, can readily imagine what a difference war is making in that busy port, and in others along our southeast coast. True, many of these vessels were Italian, manned by swart Mediterranean sailors, their papers made out in Leghorn, Genoa, or Venice. Yet, while Italy is not directly involved the 50,000,000 board feet exported from the northwest coast is likely to be temporarily cut off from market. During the twelve months ending June 30 our exports of timber to France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom amounted to $6,164,371; and sawed lumber exports were worth $17,- 507,011. By far the larger part of this yearly income, which takes no count of furniture and other materials made chiefly of wood, amounting to $23,- 671,382, or nearly two millions of dol- lars a month, is going to be lost to American producers while war con- tinues. ‘WHHL OL ONIOD NAA SVH GHINGOUd SAAOLS IWAVN AO NOILNOdOUd YALVaAAS AHL YUVA AW LVHL SMOHS AVM NI GAOVONA MON SHIMINNOD AHL OL SLUOdXA AO ASOHL HLIM NOILINAGONd IVLOI 4O SAYNOIM AHL AO NOSIMVYdWOD WV ‘“YVM AHL OL ANG SINAWAIHS AO LINAWTIIVLUND A ATIAVHH_SHSOT HLNOS AHL SHAOLS IVAYN NI ‘V) ‘HVNNVAVS LY SLUOd NOIGNOY AOA SUANVALS NI NISOY ONIAVOT 620 In naval stores again the south loses heavily. Austria, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Russia, and the United Kingdom take rosin worth $7,598,233, and tur- pentine valued at $4,719,781, a total of $12,318,014. Most of this will be cut off from market, for Germany alone takes $4,823,815 worth, and commerce with Germany does not now exist. France, being a producer and exporter of naval stores, does not take our south- ern product. The latest figures (1909) on the total production of rosin give 3,263,857 barrels, valued at $12.576,- 721. In that year the total production of turpentine was 28,988,954 gallons, valued at $12,654,228. There can be no doubt that since these Census fig- ures were gathered the quantity of rosin and turpentine produced has fal- len off and the value has increased. A comparison of the figures of total pro- duction with those of exports to the countries now engaged in war shows that by far the greater proportion of all naval stores produced has _ been going to them. Nearly all our hardwood exports go to Europe, and principally to those countries now engaged in war. In this connection it is interesting that a large part of our walnut—and the very choicest—has been going to the present belligerents, and mainly to Germany, to be made into gun stocks. Here again the South suffers, in commerce if not in production, because New Orleans is the principal source of hardwood ex- ports. Proportionately, the hardwood industry is the hardest hit of all south- ern lumber, because such a large part of the product depended on the export market. A single example, that of the vast export of oak barrel staves to hold French wine and German beer, is suf- ficient to indicate what war is doing. The conditions arising out of difficul- ties in transportation are only indicated in the foregoing paragraphs, which are intended to be merely suggestive. PEACE DEMANDS CUT OFF In countries at war the arts of peace are at a standstill. The building of homes will cease, large projects of con- AMERICAN FORESTRY struction will be abandoned, and the demands for timber will naturally fall off. England has been experiencing great activity in the building trades. The Timber Trades Journal, of Lon- don, says, “Of course, the ‘boom’ in the housebuilding trade will receive a severe check; first, because few will continue to spend money on speculative enterprises of this sort, and secondly the stocks in this country will be insufficient to meet any large demand for building timber. ‘The Gor- ernment also will scarcely be able to press on with its social programme, and the Housing Bill will either be past- poned or abandoned.” Continental business is paralyzed and all sorts of public works have been abandoned. So, even aside from crippled com- merce, the normal demands of peace are at a standstill. Even though all the timber required for military operations might be transported without risk, the quantities used would not begin to com- pensate for the vast decrease in build- ing and manufacturing in those coun- tries actively at war. DEPRESSING EFFECTS AT HOME. All this curtailment of foreign mar- kets, the greatly augmented risks of foreign shipments, and increases in costs of. transportation and insurance, mean over-production at home, or an entire cessation of activity such as has already taken place in parts of the south which have been supplying the export trade. The Southern Lumber- man, while granting that one-tenth of the southern pine cut is exported, says “it is no killing matter even if the whole of these exports be wholly stopped for a few months.” But the mills which supply this tenth will take little comfort from the statement, par- ticularly in connection with that “if.” All except the most sanguine authori- ties think the war is quite as likely to be an affair of a year or more, as of a few months. The Southern Lumber- man journal takes a fairly hopeful view, but much of its hopefulness de- pends on certain “ifs,” which are ever “AULSNGNI SIHL HO NOILVNIWNI1A ALATIWOD AHL NI GALTNSAY SVH UVM AHL GNV SHLVIS GALINA AHL OL ANVYWUAD WOUA G4LYOdXA AUYV SONITGHAS LSAUYOHX ASAHL AO SHILILNVWNO ADUVI “LYOdXY YWOA SONITIGAAS NVWUAAS 622 the hinges on which the gate of destiny swings. However, it says Oh “the best possible thing for the lumber manufacturer to do in every branch of the trade is to reduce production as much as possible without disruption to the business, or the causing of real suf- fering to their employes.” But the biggest depressing effect at home comes through the general un- certainty, and through the difficulty in os ee ee ee AMERICAN FORESTRY us at the end of a sprint, but at the end of a waiting race, with lots of head- work in it—a veritable Marathon. We have got to plan ahead and to look at all sorts of solutions. America’s neutrality is going to help mightily in the final adjustment. Great Britain’s neutrality during the Franco- Prussian war helped her trade increase by leaps and bounds at the expense of the belligerent powers. The countries —s Brack WALNUT GUN STOCKS FOR GERMANY. IT IS INTERESTING TO NOTE THAT A LARGE PART OF THE BLACK WALNUT CUT IN THE UNITED STATES HAS BEEN GOING TO GERMANY WHERE IT IS USED AS GUN STOCKS. getting money. ‘This, of course, is a world-wide condition, and affects us no more than it affects other nations. But that does not make the influence on our domestic business any less pro- found; and any immediate increase in lumber consumption at home is not to be expected. STIMULATING EFFECTS OF WAR. With characteristic optimism, how- ever, Americans are looking for the stimulus which the European war will bring about. Immediate good effects are not visible; nor are they likely to come soon. . The prize is not coming to pow in conflict cannot engage in man- ufacture and commerce except to sup- ply means of their own subsistence and carrying on their warfare. The United States is having no such devastating ef- fect upon its machinery of production and supply. We are not in the posi- tion of keeping hands off simply to ben- efit our commercial interests, but that fact should not keep us from looking forward to securing such benefits. NEW OUTLETS FOR TIMBER. There is little to hope for in the way of war demands for timber from coun- tries now involved in the European ‘AdIT MUIAHL SATANAGVNO GNY SAWdINL LNAWLVAUL ‘“GALVAUL ONIAG LNOHLIM dqdasn ad OL AAVH AVW AGHL AAO LAD SI ANVYWUAD WOU TIO ALOSOAAD AO ATddNS AHL SV GNV LNAWLVAAL AAILVANASAUd ONILIVMY SHLVIS GALINA AHL NI SGU¥VA AVOUTIVY NI Ga1ld MON AUV SAIL ASAHL AO SNOITIIN ‘dav XR dvOuTiIvy VY NI ONINOSV4S Sap Ssoud ys PN ety a AMERICAN FORESTRY SCENE IN A GERMAN FOREST. AMERICAN FOREST STUDENTS WHO ANNUALLY GO TO GERMANY IN LARGE NUMBERS TO STUDY MODEL FOREST CONDITIONS gMAY FIND THE WAR HAS RESULTED IN GREAT DESTRUCTION OF THE FORESTS. struggle, or indeed‘fir all Europe. It behooves us, then, to,look for new out- lets. Heretofore Germany has had a large share of the South American trade, particularly with Argentina and Brazil. These countries are still going to need material; and the United States now has an opportunity not only to en- ter the field,-but to cover it. This subject is worthy of the closest study by all the agencies that can be brought to bear on it, and the lumber industry should take a large share in the study. nm The possibility of developing an ex- port trade in mine timbers is indicated by Consul Lorin A. Lathrop, of Car- diff, Wales, who says: “The coal mines in the South Wales field are timbered with the trunks of 20-year-old fir. trees, imported prin- cipally from. France. So many wood- cutters have been withdrawn by French mobilization that there is danger of shortage of the supply. Prices have risen from $5 to $7.50 per measured ton, ex-ship, within a week.’ Consul Lathrop also says that efforts are being made to secure, through official chan- nels, a release by the French Govern- ment of sufficient woodcutters from military and naval service to maintain supplies, but as France is rushing every available man to the front this effort is not at all likely to be successful. This being the case the market is apparently open to the United States. The war should boom the pulp and paper trade in the United States and Canada and the Paper Trade Journal, of New York, in a letter to AMERICAN ForEstry under date of August 27, is most optimistic, saying: “There has developed an extraordi- nary demand for paper of all kinds in the domestic market, and from Europe and South America. Our mills will be taxed to their utmost capacity, and yet will not be able to meet it without fur- ther equipment. Every old mill in the country will be requisitioned and fancy prices will prevail. The position of the world’s market is indicated by the fol- lowing cable received by the Trade and Commerce Department of Ottawa, On- tario. ‘Large Bordeaux newspaper with daily circulation of 150,000 willing to THE, WARY AND THE purchase $20,000 print paper, payment conditions determined later. Please ob- tain quotations, Havre or British port.” “This is a sample of many appeals reaching this market daily. it is a case of paper at any cost. The United States and Canada are the only available sources of supply, and paper is not contraband, Our mills will be obliged to enlarge their equipment to meet the situation.” What seems to be one of the best op- portunities for enlarging American out- puts is that of supplying the products usually imported. Germany, for ex- ample, in the twelve months before July 1, supplied some 150,000,000 pounds of wood pulp, valued at more than two and one-half millions of dollars. ‘This was of kinds we could just as well pro- duce in this country, according to in- vestigations of the Forest Service laboratory at Madison. Norway and Sweden furnished about forty-five mil- lion pounds, valued at more than eight millions. Our own mills will have to make up for this, because little of it is likely to come here. Cabinet woods, except those directly from Central and South America, have come mainly through Great Britain, which shipped to us last year more than one and a half million dollars’ worth. We don’t grow Circassian walnut, it is true, but we do grow many handsome finishing woods; of these we should In London - LUMBER INDUSTRY 625 and could use more. Some, of which red gum is a notable example, are grow- ing in popularity and use. Possibly a dearth in the supply of some foreign woods will lead us to consider more carefully the possibilities of our own. Newspapers have pointed out that Germany normally supplies some twelve million dollars’ worth of potash, used as fertilizer, and in the arts, and that this supply will cease, at least for the present. It is mainly a_ mineral product, but chemists are suggesting that where large quantities of wood ashes are available, as at the waste burners of big sawmill plants, the de- mand for such a product may make a source of profit from the leached ashes. Here again, these examples are held out as a few suggestions. Many others, not within the space or scope of this article are possibilities. On the whole, however, immediate benefits will not accrue to the lumber industry in America as a result of the stupendous and regrettable struggle in Europe. During the continuation of the war there is likely to be marked de- pression, and the war will not soon cease. But the longer it lasts, the more chance will the lumber business of the country have to make adjustments inde- pendent of the European states, and when the peace comes the United States will be in the best position to profit by it. GERMAN FORESTRY STUDENTS. A GROUP AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH, TOGETHER WITH PROF. SCHUPFER, DR. EADRES, AND PROF. FABRICIUS, THE FORSTMEISTER HAPPACK OF THE KRAMSACH FOREST, STANDS IN THE FRONT ROW, WEARING THE TYPICAL MOUNTAIN COSTUME, THE BAVARIAN FPORESPIR By G. H. CoLLtincwoop. [This article was written in Munich, outbreak of the war. in the hard fighting in Alsace-Lorraine. service, except in cases of extreme need. Germany, Since that time a number of the Bavarian forest employes have joined their commands and have seen some brisk campaigning. by Mr. Collingwood, just before the Several Bavarian regiments were The higher forest officials are exempt from military Whether any of them have been called to the front or are now under arms is not known.—EDIrTor. | N GERMANY the possibility of a Ranger raising through the vari- ous stages of the Forest Service to that of Supervisor or District Officer is quite out of the question, for from the very beginning of their edu- cation the two officers follow along different courses. ‘To be sure, they may both start in the public school together, but after four years in the Volksschule, as it is known, the fu- ture Forstmeister leaves to go into the gymnasium, while the future Ranger, or Forster as he is known in Bavaria, re- mains three years longer in the Volks- schule. He who hopes to be a Forst- meister must first choose parents who 626 can afford to give him the required education, and help support him for several years after he has secured a po- sition in the government Forest Serv- ice. In fact in Prussia there is a law which makes it necessary for a young forest man to have a sufficient income to make him financially independent during the first twelve years after leav- ing the Academy or Univ ersity. The boy who leaves the Volksschule at the end of his fourth year to enter the gymnasium must remain there nine years before finishing. Forestry work, even in Germany, does not require any deep knowledge of Latin and Greek, so THE he usually enters the Oberreal gymna- sium which corresponds to a rather prac- tical grammar school. Here he receives his mathematics, German literature, botany, drawing, and perhaps English and French. He is then ready to enter the For- estry Hochschule of the Uni- versity. This word ‘“Hoch- schule” is rather confusing to the average American, but it corresponds most nearly to a college of a university. but here is the great difference be- tween the German system and ours of America, for in Ger- many the student is allowed to take one semister’s work in one university or academy and one in another, and re- ceive credit for all at the par- ticular place where he wishes to finish. Only in the Uni- versity of Munich it is requir- ed that at least half of the time be spent there. Thus a man who is particularly inter- ested in some special phase of Forestry is able to study un- der several different profes- sors in as many different in- stitutions, and to receive credit for all of his work. A middle examination cov- ering chemistry, botany, geol- ogy, mathematics and element- ary forestry is held at the end of the first two years, and a final at the end of the full course of four years. Upon passing the final examination he is capable of entering the Forest Service as a Prakti- kant. In. Bavaria.the. Herr Praktikant serves for three years, and during the first year he receives no salary. He is directly under the Forst- meister and is about the for- est with him at all times. He becomes thoroughly acquainted with the whole forest,—the trees and plants upon it, and the various systems of managing the different areas. He is often questioned by the Forstmeister as to what he would do with this or that area under certain given conditions. pone , i } } : hk BAVARIAN FORESTER 627 Naturally, the ideal Forstmeister in a case like this, is something between a tutor and an advisor. During the last two years he is given much work to do, THE HERR FORSTER AT VALEPP A TYPE OF THE BAVARIAN RANGER. either in the office on the various reports, or in the field surveying. During this work he receives about $1.00 per day. After his three years as Praktikant he is again subject to an examination, this one continuing for two weeks, and 628 AMERICAN upon which passing allows him to en- ter into active work as a Geprtfter Praktikant, beginning at a salary of $450.00 per year. He occupies this po- sition for two or three years, during which time he does much the same work as he did during the year be- fore taking the examination. He is then raised to the po- sition of Assessor, beginning at $750.00 per year, and with a possible increase to as high as $1,500.00. The position of Assessor seems to have a va- riety of duties. He may be an Assessor in active work, and perhaps be given complete charge of a small area of a thousand or more acres, or he may be an office Assessor where he is more in the nature of an especially trained tech- nical stenographer. The position of Forstmeis- ter, which corresponds to that of a Supervisor is the next round on the ladder, of pro- motion, and for many it is the highest. It is seldom that a man reaches this position be- fore the age of 35 or 40 years; he starts in at a salary of $1,200.00 and progresses to as high as $1,800.00. A Forst- meitser in Bavaria has control of from 10,000 to 50,000 acres, with a force of two or three technical men, and four to ten Forsters, depending upon the size of the forest, besides the wood choppers and ordinary laborers who are seldom on for more than six months at atime. Naturally with a force like this upon a comparatively small area, they are able to carry on a very intensive sys- tem of Forestry, which at the present time is quite out of the question in America, especially in our big western forests. About the Forstmeister there are the men in the Ministerium, or Central Of- fice. In Bavaria the Ministerium is in Munich, and each man is known as a Forstund Regierungsrat. They are FORESTRY chosen from among the most capable of the Forstmeisters, and their work keeps them for the most part in the city, where they receive a salary of from $1,500.00 to $2,100.00 per year. Now, to go back to the time of sep- UNTRAINED Woops’ WORKERS ON ONE OF THE HIGH MOUNTAIN Forests. THESE MEN WORK ONLY DURING, THE SUMMER, aration and segregation at the end of the fourth year in the Volksschule, the young, future Forster follows along a different course of study, and is capa- ble of earning his living at a much ear- lier age. To be sure, he has no hopes of ever being a Forstund Regierungsrat with a possible salary of $2,100.00 per vear, or even a Forstmeister. The young THE BAVARIAN FORESTER 629 A Forest NURSERY NEAR FREISING, BAVARIA. BESIDES FURNISHING MOST OF THE MATERIAL NECESSARY FOR PLANTING THE FREISING FOREST, THIS NURSERY CONTAINS A CONDISERABLE COLLECTION OF AMERICAN SPECIES, WHICH ARE BEING EXPERIMENTED,WITH IN GERMANY. Forster continues in the Volksschule for three years longer, completing his course there. He is then ready to en- ter the Waldbauschule where he spends four years. In Bavaria there are five of these schools, where the student learns all that is considered necessary for a German Forster. Naturally, in a land where so much planting is done the chief stress is laid upon the sylvicultural side, and the preparation and care of nurseries and nursery stock is taught thoroughly. There are, of course, other subjects taught besides Silviculture, and this includes botany, mathematics, and a certain amount of German neces- sary in the preparation of reports. Somewhere in this period he must serve his two or three years in the army, the length of time depending upon what branch of th service he enters. Those who receive the gymnasium training are partially exempted from military serv- ice, and are only required to serve one year. At the end of his four years in the Waldbauschule he is ready to take an examination which upon passing allows him to enter the State Forest Service as a ‘‘Forstschutz-dienstasperantin.”’ This compares most nearly with a guard upon an American forest, only the German is willing to serve under this title for three years at an uncer- tain salary of little or nothing which varies according to the work in hand. After serving these three years there is another examination waiting for him which makes him eligible to serve as a Forstassistent at $25.00 per month, and with a possible increase to $37.50 per month. This position corresponds to that of our Assistant Ranger, and the promotion to Forster or Ranger is based upon merit. The Forster has the work on a District much the same as a Ranger, only with very much less re- sponsibility, and on a much smaller area, for on a forest of 20,000 to 30,000 acres there are usually at least four or 630 AMERICAN FORESTRY THe Forsters’ House at VALEPP, BEL TEGERN SEE. THIS IS NOT ONLY A HEADQUARTERS FOR THE RANGER, BUT A WELL MANAGED HOTEL, OR TAVERN AS WELL. THE ORDINARY WORKERS ARE HOUSED IN THE SMALL HOUSE IN THE RIGHT-HAND FOREGROUND. five Forsters. Their work is naturally of a far more intensive nature, but re- quiring much less physical endurance and judgment than that of the Ranger. It consists chiefly of overseeing a few women in a woods nursery, or out in the forest in some planting operation. To the American who meets a Forster for the first time he is usually a source of considerable surprise. For he often appears as quite dapper in his green suit and white collar, and with usually a feather in his hat. In the high moun- tain forests he usually wears the pic- turesque and very practical light jacket, short leather breeches, and woolen quarter socks. Over his shoulder may be slung a shotgun, or combination shot- gun and small caliber rifle, and very often he leads a little squatty dachshund which hurries along at his side. But in no case are his hands too full, or his shoulders to heavily laden, for him to take off his hat to the Forstmeister when they meet, and to carry his rain- coat and any bundles which he may have. His is a job of supervising others not as fortunate as himself, and of being supervised by the Forstmeister. At the end of several years of faithful service this man may receive the sum of $900 per year, and of course if he lives long enough he will receive a pen- sion. Those who work under the Forster, or the Arbeiters, are not supposed to be educated. They seldom have work for more than six months in the year, although there is usually an agreement of some kind by which they are insured work from year to year. The wood choppers are the best paid, their wages being usually based upon piece work, and at times they earn as high as $1.50 to $2.00 per day. ‘They are usually big broad-shouldered peasant boys, who look especially strong and picturesque in their short leather breeches and woolen quarter socks, which leave the heavily muscled knees and ankles tan- ned and exposed to the weather. Then there are the ordinary workers who are often older men who do the roadwork and lighter work in the woods. These men get from 75 cents to $1.00 per day. On nearly every forest there are women who do the planting and nursery work, and in the fall go through the forest smearing the tips of the young trans- plants with a black composition made partially of beef blood, which helps to THE BAVARIAN FORESTER How ALL OF A TREE 1s USED. A SMALL CUTTING AREA, WHICH HAS OPENED UP A SMALL PART OF THE FOREST, SHOWS THE DISPOSAL OF THE ENTIRE TREE. THIS IS COMPARATIVELY HIGH MOUNTAIN FOREST, CHIEFLY SPRUCE, AT AN ELEVATION OF 2,600 FEET ABOVE SEA LEVEL. keep the deer from nibbling the tips. In wood’s work as in nearly all other work the women must content them- selves with less pay, so here it ranges from 60 cents to 75 cents per day. Out of this there are the inevitable German insurance fees to pay. The worker who receives 75 cents to $1.00 per day must pay 10 cents per week into a sickness fund, and 2 per cent of his daily wage into an old age and disabled pension fund. If at the end of fifteen years he is disabled he receives $20.00 per year, at the end of twenty years it is $40.00, and at the end of thirty years it is $50.00. : THE WORLD'S GREATEST WeODLoT By GrEorGE 8. Lone. HERE, are native to the Pacific | slope states about one hun- dred species of true forest trees, not counting low shrub forms, and of these nearly forty spe- cies, or over a third, have established commercial value. From the ordinary lumbering standpoint, about fifteen spe- cies are of high importance because of both quantity and quality and perhaps five more are cut when found in mix- ture with them. The other kinds classed above as commercial are rarer, or used only for special purposes, and do not enter into ordinary lumber stocks. While a few important species are confined to particular localities, like the redwood of the California coast coun- ties and the Port Orford cedar of southwestern Oregon, others occur wherever climatic conditions suit their peculiar requirements and a third still more adaptable class, like Douglas fir and western yellow pine, range through- out the entire West except upon deserts and mountain tops, although finding certain . conditions more _ favorable to their highest development. For these reasons, and particularly because there are few extensive areas maintain- ing uniform conditions particularly suited to one, pure stands of any one species are rare. The forests of the west present a succession of varying mixture-types, perhaps dominated in certain regions by one or more species but often shading into another type al- most imperceptibly with changing alti- * tude or climate. The western slope of the Rockies is typically a western yellow pine and EKngelman spruce forest, the spruce suc- ceeding the pine at higher, moister alti- tudes. The same red or Douglas fir that grows to immense size on the coast is scattered through it, but of small size or value. Alpine members of the white pine family occur but are not commer- cial. At the foot of the mountains, 632 making a transition into sage brush, are areas of juniper trees too small to saw but valuable for fuel and posts. Under certain mountain conditions, especially where fire has discouraged the yellow pine, lodgepole pine is abundant, and although little used for lumber, afferds ties and mining timbers. Just as in the southern part of the Rocky Mountain region, in Arizona and New Mexico, western yellow pine pre- dominates (the Flagstaff region in Ari- zona is said to have the largest abso- lutely unbroken pine forest now extant in the world), to the northward through Wyoming and into Montana lodgepole pine becomes a more important eompo- nent of the whole. Utah and southern Idaho are also in this Rocky Mountain type of varying pine and spruce forest of which but one species, western yel- low pine, is a thoroughly excellent tree for universal purposes, but which is all valuable for local and special use and as a protector of a great watershed. Northern Montana and Idaho are unique in being the meeting ground of Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast for- est conditions, for wide arid areas pre- vent such a meeting in the states far- ther south. Here all the species de- scribed above are found, while cedar and hemlock testify approach to the moister climate of the coast. From the lumberman’s standpoint, however, it is none of these outposts from either side that make the region interesting but the dominance of the two species that find here their highest development— western white pine and larch, or tam- arack. The latter grows on dryer soils, mixed with red fir or yellow pine. The fresher situations bear magnificent stands of white pine, sometimes mixed with valuable pole cedar, and this pine, although a different species to botan- ists, Serves every purpose for which the disappearing eastern white pine is a fa- vorite. Its rapid growth as well as its ie er af a4 eons ate «ei ST IN OREGON. ° 1 a < je) o S 3} < ey cS) = Z ° = Z fe) re Q m ° & <4 ~ fe a a RIMEVAL FORE A P NOBLE FIR, HEMLOCK AND R OF THE TYPE A PN 5 SS ee ee rd S $x “s t 7, a < = Z, 4 =} ” < re 1 & D fe) n Z 5 G < ee WY A FINE rHIS IS PART OF 7 * y Ph ENR ge AUR RM THE WORLD’S GREATEST WOODLOT value gives the forester a particular interest in this region. ‘The white fir of the coast, much like the eastern balsam, makes its appearance here, also hemlock, and occasionally a paper birch. The highest mountains have several al- pine conifers of no commercial value. Northeastern Washington and _ the east slope of the Cascades as far south as northern California, being sheltered from the Pacific rain-winds, return somewhat to Rocky Mountain condi- tions and bear chiefly forests of high quality western yellow pine, invaded more or less by lodgepole where recur- ring fires prevent yellow pine reproduc- tion and shading into tamarack and fir at higher altitudes. Occasionally the same Engelman spruce of the Rockies occurs in some numbers. Broad leaved trees, except the ever-present cotton- wood and aspen, where in the interior west. The next distinct type is the famous one associated with the Pacific north- west in the minds of all lumbermen and foresters—the famous fir forests of the rainy region between the Cascade range and the sea. In nearly pure stands or mixed with cedar, hemlock, Sitka spruce, white fir and the other commer- cial trees in which this region 1s so rich, fir here reaches what foresters call the optimism of a species—its most per- fect development—and this most wide- ly useful of American trees often at- tains a height of 200 feet, a diameter of § to 12 feet, and in favored locations yields more than 75,000 feet, board measure, to the acre.. Its frequent com- panion, western hemlock, is scarcely less magnificent in size or less valuable, being quite different from its eastern namesake. In the mountains these spe- cies mix with white pine and with the noble and amabilis firs (sometimes er- roneously called larch), both woods of high value although comparatively little know n, and in the highest situations is found the handsome cabinet wood, Alaska cedar. Through this region, the moister lo- calities produce the giant red cedar, two-thirds the nation’s cedar supply coming from western Washington and Oregon. Along the coast Sitka or tide- are lacking as else- 635 land spruce the largest and finest of the world’s spruces, extends southward till its predominance as a special coast tree is usurped by Port Orford cedar, which in turn gives way to redwood. The Pacific northwest forest also in- cludes, although much more sparingly in quantity and inferior in quality than the eastern hardwood regions, maple, ash, alder, laurel and oak, and the world’s supply of the medicinal cascara. Paper mills use its spruce, hemlock, fir and cottonwood for pulp. Its oak is not of the highest value, but useful. About midway southward through Oregon, the Cascade type changes again, the red fir and western yellow pine persisting but the peculiarly north- ern trees giving way gradually to sugar pine, incense cedar, Shasta fir, and other less important species, all making up the representative forest of Northern California. Sugar pine, the largest of the American pines and much like white pine in quality—a truly noble tree— is the most valuable. The California foot- hills also have several local pines of small importance. The famous California redwood oc- cupies a strip of perhaps thirty miles wide from the Oregon line to Santa Cruz, California, sometimes pure and sometimes containing red and white fir in mixture. The Bigtree, a close cousin, occurs only in a few groves in the southern Sierras. California is rich in oak species, including many beautiful live oaks, but few are of high lumber value. On the other hand the Cal- ifornia tan oak, abundant on the coast of southern Oregon and northern Cal- ifornia, produces high-grade bark for tanning and often is worth as much per acre as fairly good timber land. Owing to the infinitely varying mix- ture of species and the lack of any widespread and uniform attempt to ar- rive at their proportion through per- centage systems, it would be a rash guess even to approximate the available quantity of each of the important com- mercial species. Even the total is esti- mated differently by different authori- ties, not only because of varying infor- mation sources, but also because the standard of what is merchantable rym THE Famous REDWOOD. FOREST OF RED WOOD NEAR CRESCENT CITY, CALIFORNIA. VIEW IN A'1LARGE REDWOOD LOGGING AFTER THIS HAS BEEN DONE AND THE BARK CUT AWAY A SAW IS THIS FOREST IS NEAR CASPAR, MENDOCINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. MAKING THE UNDER CUT. ““FALLERS”’ USED, 638 AMERICAN changes yearly and its future can be only a matter of judgment. We know that before a large part of our forests can be cut it will pay to use smaller and less desirable trees than can be used profitably now, but no one knows how much smaller and less desirable they can be used at the exact time they are reached by the logger of the fu- ture. The most recent estimates of western timber are those of the Department of Com- merce and Labor, which place the entire supply in Montana, Idaho, Washing- ton, Oregon and California at 1,512,900,000,000 feet, board measure, or nearly 54 per cent of all the timber in the United States. Of this, 1,013,000,000,000 feet is in private ownership, 440,800,- 000,000 in National Forests, and 59,100,000,000 in state ownership, military and In- dian reservations, unreserv- ed public lands, etc. Less is known of the other western states, but the National For- ests alone in Arizona, Colo- rado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming are said to contain ninety billion feet. Certainly the entire west has well over one and a half trillion, a figure hard to grasp by the layman unless by re- flecting that the present cut of lumber in the entire Uni- ted States is only about forty billion a year. ‘This means that the five great forest states first mentioned could, without assistance and with- out any new growth, equal the entire nation’s present lumber pro- duction for nearly forty years. Fully one-third of this stand of tim- ber is owned and controlled by the Fed- eral Government and the states west of the Rocky Mountains, and in this, the World’s Greatest Wood Lot, there is an united, harmonious and effective effort on the part of the Federal For- est Service, the Forestry Department of FORESTRY the states and private owners to safe- guard and protect this timber from its greatest enemy—forest fire. Here also is a public sentiment alert, advanced and willing to put in prac- tice all intelligent conservation de- mands, that is possible under present economic conditions. Aside from the hardwoods, the tim- Rep Fir AND WESTERN HEMLOCK. THIS IS A TYPICAL MIXTURE OF THESE FINE TREES IN THE BLACK HILLS, WASHINGTON. ber suitable for lumber in the Pacific Northwest, is unsurpassed in variety, quality and adaptability for the ordi- nary uses to which wood products are used. The predominating wood—Fir —being undoubtedly without a rival for structural purposes, and boldly chal- lenging all other soft woods for the beauty of its higher grades in finish. Supplementing the Fir, are the Cedar atin is Med ,E IN WASHINGTON. ACRES ARE COVERED WITH SUCH TREES AS THESE, a LIU ey > aot mip =e u Z, < v Z a Z. a wi 640 and Redwood, almost impervious to de- cay, and while lacking in structural strength, supply in shingles, beveled siding and exterior finish, a wood un- equaled for length of life. The Spruce of the Coast region, unlike its type on the Atlantic Coast, is a giant tree, yield- ing a large percentage of clear lumber of great merit. The White Pine of Idaho, in its qual- ity, easily maintains the dignity and merit of the White Pine of Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, while the so-called Western Yellow Pine, in greater abundance, is a worthy substi- tute for White Pine, for interior finish, box material and for ordinary struc- tural work, while Sugar Pine, less abundant than any of the leading spe- cies, has all the merit of White Pine. The forests of the Pacific North- west, therefore, are notable not only because they contain more than 50 per cent of the standing timber in the Uni- ted States, but also because this timber will yield a better quality of building material than has heretofore been sup- plied by the forests east of the Rocky Mountains. CLASSIFICATION OF THE 100 TREES. The most important of the trees in this world’s greatest woodlot are: Western White Pine, Sugar Pine, Western Yellow Pine, Lodgepole Pine, AMERICAN FORESTRY Western Larch (Tamarack), Engel- : mann Spruce, Sitka Spruce, White Spruce, Western Hemlock, Red or Douglas Fir, Noble Fir, Redwood, In- cense Cedar, Red Cedar, Port Orford Cedar. The trees cut in mixture with the most important ones are: Tamarack, White Fir (two species), Amabillis Fir, Shasta or Red Fir. The trees of minor, local or special importance, and their particular uses are: Bigtree, lumber; Alaska Cedar, fin- ishing; Juniper (four species), posts; Alder (two species), furniture and fin- ishing; California Laurel, cabinet and finishing; Aspen, fruit boxes; Cotton- wood, boxing, pulp, etc.; Balm of Gilead, boxing, pulp, etc.; Broadleaf Maple, furniture and flooring; Cascara, medicinal; Oregon Ash, general hard- wood uses; Yew, bows, paddles, etc. ; Dogwood, turney; Oak (several spe- cles), tanning and general hardwood purposes. — The non-commercial trees are: Over a dozen pines, small Alpine larches, spruces, hemlocks, firs, rare or small birches, alders, cottonwoods, maples, etc., numerous inferior oaks, sycamores, walnuts, etc. Probably sixty or more in all, some valuable in quality but too rare to consider, others common but useful only for fuel. NATIONAL PORTS TSmxs RECKESs ATION GROUNDS By Pror. W. J. Morri.t, Forestry Department, SCORE of Switzerlands in western America are inviting is) to see America frst: The National Forests of the West offer scenery equally as varied and attractive as the Alps, though dif- ferent, a more delightful climate, min- eral and hot springs of as much efficacy as the most celebrated ones abroad, and greater opportunities for sport. These Forests are within a country populous with mountains. Tier rises above tier, buttressed with mighty lat- eral spurs, dominated by splendid peaks, University of Nebraska. cut by beautiful, cliff-walled valleys, divided by broad plateaus. Hundreds of towering, snow-clad shafts pierce the azure sky to elevations far exceed- ing the highest mountains of Eastern United States, Thousands of mountain streams well stocked with speckled trout rise within these mountain fastnesses, where the Big Horn stands sentinel on command- ing pinacles, and where the mountain lion, wary of man, still takes his toll of deer, as for ages past. ‘The spruce forests even yet hold within their shady Camp MARTIN, ANGELES NATIONAL Forest, CALIFORNIA. AN IDEAL SPOT HIGH IN THE MOUNTAINS WHICH IS A FAVORITE RESORT FOR MANY CALIFORNIANS, 641 AMERICAN —_) oa rey F, FORESTRY A SUMMER COTTAGE. THIS IS ONE OF SEVERAL SUCH COTTAGES BUILT IN 1911 , ALONG THE WATER FRONT OF PELUAN BAY, SOUTH OF ROCKY POINT ON THE CRATER NATIONAL FOREST, OREGON, UNDER THE SPECIAL USE PERMIT. and silent depths the alluring sense of mystery and adventure, and the open, grass-floored groves of pine seem to say “tarry here.’ In the alpine pas- tures the tinkle of the bell on the “bell wether” floats dreamily across the mountain encircled basin, or the sharp, eager bark of the herder’s collie is heard punctuating the protesting bleat- ing of the sheep as this faithful guar- dian intelligently and undirected forces straying lambs back to the flock. In the lower valleys or in some grassy park surrounded by forest, perhaps a herd of cattle may be seen grazing con- tentedly or filing solemnly away, im- pelled by a contagious impulse, to a watering place well known to them alone. Every turn in the winding road, or, may be, trail presents a panorama of new and absorbing interest; in the fore- ground the dancing stream, boulder strewn, and marked at intervals with deep- edyi ing pools, seems to challenge ones piscatorial skill, or else arouses more esthetic thoughts. In the distant background a fleeting glimpse through a vista of mighty fire presents in a set- ting of great beauty some snow-clad peak tinted with cloud reflections. In the mountain valleys the days are mild and sunny; the nights, delightfully cool, and the bracing air fortifies the visitor. These wild regions are being used for recreation grounds to an increasing extent. It is estimated that a few years ago, when a count was attempted, half a ‘million people paid homage to NATIONAL FORESTS AS RECREATION GROUNDS 643 A SUMMER CAMP. AN IDEALLY SITUATED CAMP AMONG THE FINE TREES ON THE CRATER NATIONAL FOREST, OREGON, NEAR BROWN’S CABIN. THE CAMPING EQUIPMENT WAS TAKEN ON THE WAGON. the attractions so lavishly afforded. Of this number no less than 100,000 visit- ed points of interest within the Pike National Forest, in Colorado; 21,000, it is said, entered the Coconino Forest in Arizona, mostly to see the Grand Can- yon within the boundaries of that For- est; 50,000 people visited the Angeles Forest ; and 20,000 enjoyed the fishing, boating, camping and scenery within the Tahoe Forest, the latter two being in California, while lesser numbers found varied recreation in each of more than 40 other Forests. It is the purpose of the National For- ests to place all their resources to their highest use. Scenery is a resource, and often one that can be marred. A moun- tain side swept by fire leaves only the unsightly skeleton of its former glory and becomes a distressing spectacle. The streams, moreover, arising on a fire denuded water shed become erratic: devasting floods carve away their banks and strew the narrow valley bottoms with sand and boulders, only to be quickly followed by periods of unusu- ally low flow; good fishing declines, and the attractiveness of the country affect- ed is impaired in every way. While summer hotels with accom- modations for the most fastidious may be found at rare intervals throughout this vast, mountainous region, the whole country is open to those who en- joy genuine camping in a country brim- ful of interest, grand scenery, and good sport. It appeals especially to the red- blooded American who delights in pitching his tent under the trees on the bank of some swift, clear trout stream lined with picturesque crags amid wild mountains, where the swirl of the racing waters lull him to sleep after a day crowded with interest and activity. SKUNK CREEK CAMP. THIS IS ON THE KANIKSU NATIONAL FOREST IDAHO, AND POSITIVELY THE ONLY THING UNPLEASANT ABOUT IT IS ITS NAME, A FAVORITE SUMMER RESORT. THIS IS A VACATION SPOT AT ROCKY POINT, ON RECREATION CREEK NEAR PELICAN BAY ON THE CRATER NATIONAL FOREST, OREGON, AND IS OPERATED UNDER THE SPECIAL USE PROVISION. NATIONAL FORESTS AS RECREATION GROUNDS 645 LAUNCH ON KLAMATH LAKE. THE CRATER NATIONAL FOREST, OREGON, FRONTS FOR A CONSIDERABLE DISTANCE ON THIS LAKE WHICH IS A DELIGHTFUL PLACE FOR SUMMER PLEASURE. Over all this enchanted isolation and remoteness the strong protective arm of the Government is thrown, quietly and unobstrusively. The trails one uses have been, quite likely, built at government expense, primarily to en. able the Forest Ranger to patrol the extensive forests for fire protection. To him you are indebted for the guide signs at forks for trails and for the posted information concerning dis- tances and directions to choice camping sites. Perhaps he rides to your camp. If so, you will find him thoroughly competent and willing to direct you to the chief points of interest in the vicin- ity. He wars against the predatory animals in order to protect the deer, elk, and mountain sheep, as well as the domestic stock, and he keeps the streams stocked with trout. Incidently, he is also a game warden. Many roads and bridges are built or “sources within repaired by him and miles of telephone lines are strung to further protect the great stands of timber which clothe the mountain sides and add to the charms of the region. The Forest officer is proud of his district ; he welcomes visit- ors, but courteously insists on the proper use of the resourses. Without him deterioration of much that is at- tractive to the tourist would occur. In reality this tendency appeared before his advent. While the primary pur- pose of the National Forests is the con- servation of the timber and water re- them, in conjunction with his duties, and often directly at- tributable to them, the Forest officer be- comes the guardian or custodian of the greatest national playgrounds. The at- tractions are here; they may be fully enjoyed; and the popularity of the Na- tional Forests as recreation grounds is rapidly increasing. THE GEACIERS OF MYT. RAINIER By F. E. Marrues, United States Geological Survey. r | ‘HE impression still prevails in many quarters that true glaciers, such as are found in the Swiss Alps, do not exist within the confines of the Unites States, and that to behold one of these rare scenic fea- tures one must go to Switzerland, or else to the less accessible Canadian Rockies or the inhospitable Alaskan coast. As a matter of fact, permanent bodies of snow and ice, large enough to deserve the name of glaciers, occur on many of our western mountain chains, notably in the Rocky Mountains, where only recently a national reservation— Glacier National Park—was named for its ice fields; in the Sierra Nevada of California, and farther north, in the Cascade Range. It is on the last- named mountain chain that glaciers especially abound, clustering as a rule in groups about the higher summits of the crest. But this range also supports a series of huge, extinct volcanoes that tower high above its sky line in the form of isolated cones. On these the snows lie deepest and the glaciers reach their grandest development. Ice clad from head to foot the year round, these giant peaks have become known the country over as the noblest landmarks of the Pacific Northwest. Foremost among them are Mount Shasta, in California (14,162 feet); Mount Hood, in Oregon (11,225 feet); Mount St. Helens (9,697 feet), Mount Adams (12,307 feet), Mount Rainier (14,408 feet), and Mount Baker (10,730 feet), in the State of Washington. Easily king of all is Mount Rainier. Almost 250 feet higher than Mount Shasta, its nearest rival in grandeur and in mass, it is overwhelmingly impressive, both the vastness of its glacial mantle and by the striking sculpture of its cliffs. The total area of its glaciers amounts to no less than 45 square miles, an ex- panse of ice far exceeding that of any other single peak in the United States. Many of its individual ice streams are 646 between 4 and 6 miles long and vie in magnitude and in splendor with the most boasted glaciers of the Alps. Cascading from the summit in all directions, they radiate like the arms of a great starfish. All reach down to the foot of the mountain and some advance considerably beyond. As for the plea that these glaciers lie in a scarcely opened, out-of-the-way region, a forbidding wilderness as com- pared with maturely civilized Switzer- land, it no longer has the force it once possessed. Rainier’s ice fields can now be reached from Seattle or Tacoma, the two principal cities of western Washing- ton, in a comfortable day’s journeying, either by rail or by automobile. The cooling sight of crevassed glaciers and the exhilarating flower-scented air of alpine meadows need no longer be exclusive pleasures, to be gained only by a trip abroad. Mount Rainier stands on the west edge of the Cascade Range, overlooking the lowlands that stretch to Puget Sound. Seen from Seattle or Tacoma, 60 and 50 miles distant, respectively, it appears to rise directly from sea level, so insignificant seem the ridges about its base. Yet these ridges themselves are of no mean height. They rise 3,000 to 4,000 feet above the valleys that cut through them, and their crests average 6,000 feet in altitude. From the top of the volcano one fairly looks down upon the Tatoosh Range, to the south; upon Mount Wow, to the southwest; upon the Mother Mountains, to the northwest, indeed, upon all the ridges of the Cas- cade Range. Only Mount Adams, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Hood loom like solitary peaks above the even sky line, while the ridges below this line seem to melt together in one vast, con- tinuous mountain platform. And such a platform, indeed, one should conceive the Cascade Range once to have been. Only it is now thoroughly dissected by profound, ramifying valleys, and has ed i +4 Tue Kautz GLACIER. THIS IS A SNAKE-LIKE ICE STREAM ABOUT 1,000 FEET WIDE BUT ATTAINING A LENGTH OF FOUR MILES. 648 AMERICAN been resolved into a sea of wavelike crests and peaks. Mount Rainier stands, in round numbers, 10,000 feet high above its im- mediate base, and covers 100 square miles of territory, or one-third of the area of Mount Rainier National Park. In shape it is not a simple cone tapering to a slender, pointed summit like Fuji Yama, the great volcano of Japan. It is, rather, a broadly truncated mass resembling an enormous tree stump with spreading base and irregularly broken top. Its life history has been a varied one. Like all volcanoes, Ranier has built up its cone with materials ejected FORESTRY cinder cones. Successive feeble erup- tions added to their height until at last they formed together a low, rounded dome—the eminence that now consti- tutes the mountain’s summit. It rises only about 400 feet above the rim of the old crater, and is an inconspicuous feature, not readily identifiable from all sides as the highest point. In fact, so broad is the mountain’s crown that from no point at its base can one see the top. The higher portions of the old crater rim, moreover, rise to elevations within a few hundred feet of the summit, and, especially when viewed from below, stand out boldly as separate peaks that eens ies Photo by Matthes. THE TATOOSH RANGE, FROM PARADISE GLACIER. by its own eruptions—with cinders and bombs (steam-shredded particles and lumps of lava), and with occasional flows of liquid lava that have solified into layers of hard, basaltic rock. At one time it attained an altitude of not less than 16,000 feet, if one may judge by the steep inclination of the lava and cinder layers visible in its flanks. Then a great explosion followed that destroyed the top part of the mountain, and reduced its height by some 2,000 feet. The volcano was left beheaded, and with a capacious hollow crater, surrounded by a jagged rim. Later on this great cavity, which measured nearly 3 miles across, from south to north, was filled by two small mask and seem to overshadow the central dome. Especially prominent are Peak Success (14,150 feet) on the southwest side, and Liberty Cap (14,- 112 feet) on the northwest side. The altitude of the main summit has for many years been in doubt. Several figures have been announced from time to time, no two of them in agreement with each other; but all of these, it is to be observed, were obtained by more or less approximate methods. In 1913 the United States Geological Survey, in connection with its topographic surveys of the Mount Rainier National Park, was able to make a new series of meas- urements by triangulation methods at close ragne. These give the peak an THE GLACIERS OF Photo by Curlis. THE NISQUALLY GLACIER. A GENERAL VIEW FROM THE HEIGHTS OF PARADISE PARK. OF THE SUMMIT IS GIBRALTAR ROCK, THE CHIEF OBSTACI.E IN THE ASCENT OF THE PEAK. elevation of 14,408 feet, thus placing it near the top of the list of high summits of the United States. Greater exactness of determination is scarcely practicable in the case of Mount Rainier, as its highest summit consists actually of a mound of snow the height of which naturally varies somewhat with the seasons and from year to year. This crowning snow mound, which was once supposed to be the highest point in the United States, still bears the MT. RAINIER 649 THE SQUARE CUT ROCK MASS TO THE RIGHT proud name of Columbia Crest. It is essentially a huge snowdrift or snow dune heaped up by the westerly winds. Driving furiously up through the great breach in the west flank of the moun- tain, between Peak Success and Liberty Cap, they eddy lightly as they shoot over the summit and there deposit their load of snow. The drift is situated at the point where the rims of the two summit craters touch, and represents the only 650 AMERICAN permanent snow mass on these rims, for some of the internal heat of the volcano still remains and suffices to keep these rock-crowned curving ridges bare of snow the better part of the year. It is intense enough, even, to produce numer- ous steam jets along the inner face of the rim of the east crater, which appears to be the most recently formed of the two. The center of this depression, however, is filled with snow, so that it has the appearance of a shallow, white-floored bowl some 1,200 feet in diameter. Great caverns are melted out by the steam jets under the edges of the snow mass, and these caverns afford shelters which, though uninviting, are not to be despised. They have proved a blessing to more than one party that has found itself compelled to remain overnight, on the summit, saving them from death in the icy gales. That Mount Rainier should still retain so much of its internal heat is not surprising in view of the recency of its eruptions. It is known to have been active at intervals during the last century, and actual record exists of slight eruptions in 1843, 1854, 1858, and 1870. Indian legends mention a great cataclysmal outburst at an earlier period. At present the volcano may be re- garded as dormant and no apprehension need be felt as to the possibility of an early renewal of its activity. In spite of Mount Rainier’s continued activity until within the memory of man, its sides appear to have been snow clad for a considerable length of time. Indeed, so intense and so _ long-con- tinued has been the eroding action of the ice that the cone is now deeply ice- scarred and furrowed. Most of its outer layers, in fact, appear already to have been stripped away. From the rim points downward the ice cover of the cone divides into a number of distinct stream-like tongues or glaciers, each sunk in a great hollow pathway of its own. Between these ice-worn trenches the uneroded portions of the cone stand out in high relief, forming as a rule huge triangular “wedges,” heading at the sharp rim points and spreading thence downward FORESTRY to the mountain’s base. There they assume the aspect of more gently slop- ing, grassy table-lands, the charming alpine meadows of which Paradise Park and Spray Park are the most famous. Separating these upland parks are the profound ice-cut canyons which, be- yond the glacier ends, widen out into densely forested valleys, each contain- ing a swift-flowing river. No less than a dozen of these ice-fed torrents radiate from the volcano in all directions, while numerous lesser streams course from the snow fields between the glaciers. Thus the cone of Mount Rainier is seen to be dissected from its summit to its foot. Sculptured by its own glacier mantle, its slopes have become diversi- fied with a fretwork of ridges, peaks and canyons. NISQUALLY GLACIER. The first ice one meets on approaching the mountain from Longmire Springs lies in the upper end of the Nisqually Valley. The wagon road, which up to this point follows the west side of the valley, winding in loops and curves along the heavily wooded mountain flank, here ventures out upon the rough bowlder bed of the Nisqually River and crosses the foaming torrent on a pic- turesque wooden bridge. A_ scant thousand feet above this structure, blocking the valley to a height of some 400 feet, looms a huge shapeless pile of what seems at first sight only rock débris, gray and chocolate in color. It is the dirt-stained end of one of the largest glaciers—the Nisqually. From a yawning cave in its front issues the Nisqually stream, a river full fledged from the start. The altitude here, it should be noted, is a trifle under 4,000 feet; hence the ice in view lies more than 10,000 feet below the summit of the mountain, the place of its origin. And in this state- ment is strikingly summed up the whole nature and economy of a glacier such as the Nisqually. A glacier is not a mere stationary blanket of snow and ice clinging inert to the mountain flank. It is a slowly moving streamlike body that descends by virtue of its own weight. The upper Photo by G. K. Gilbert. Snow Cups AND ‘‘HONEYCOMBS.” THESE ARE PRODUCED IN A HIGH NEVE FIELD BY THE HOT RAYS OF THE SUN. THE AIR AT THESE HEIGHTS REMAINS ALMOST CONSTANTLY BELOW THE FREEZING POINT. 652 AMERICAN parts are continually being replenished by fresh snowfalls, which at those high altitudes do not entirely melt away in summer; while the lower end, projecting as it does below the- snow line, loses annually more by melting than it re- ceived by precipitation, and is main- tained only by the continued accession of masses from above. The rate at which the ice advances has been deter- mined by Prof. J. N. Le Conte, of the University of California. In 1903 he placed a row of stakes across the glacier, and with the aid of surveying instru- ments obtained accurate measurements of the distances through which they moved from day to day. He found that in summer, when the movement is greatest, it averages 16 inches per day. This figure, however, applies only to the central portion of the glacier—the main current, so to speak—for the margins necessarily move more slowly, being retarded by friction against the channel sides. As one continues the ascent by the wagon road a partial view of the glacier’s lower course is obtained, and there is gained some idea of its stream-like character. More satisfying are the views from Paradise Park. Here several miles of the ice stream (its total length is nearly 5 miles) lie stretched out at one’s feet, while looking up toward the mountain one beholds the tributary ice fields and ice streams, pouring, as it were, from above, from right and left, rent by innumerable crevasses and re- sembling foaming cascades suddenly crystallized in place. The turmoil of these upper branches may be_ too confusing to be studied with profit, but the more placid lower course presents a favorable field for observation, and a readily accessible one at that. A veritable frozen river it seems, flowing between smooth, parallel banks, half a mile apart. Its surface, in con- trast to the glistening ice cascades above, has the prevailingly somber tint of old ice, relieved here and there by bright patches of last winter’s snow. These lie for the most part in gaping fissures or crevasses that run athwart the glacier at short intervals and divide its body into narrow slices. In the upper FORESTRY course, where the glacier overrides obstacles in its bed, the crevasses are particularly numerous and irregularly spaced, sometimes occurring in two sets intersecting at right angles, and pro- ducing square-cut prisms. Farther down the ice stream’s current is more sluggish and the crevasses heal up by degrees, providing a united surface, over which one may travel freely. SNOWCUPS AND HONEYCOMBS. At the high altitudes the sun heat is astonishingly intense, as more than one uninitiated mountain climber has learned to his sorrow by neglecting to take the customary precaution of blacking his face before making the ascent. Ina few hours the skin is literally scorched and begins to blister painfully. At the foot of the mountain the sun heat is relatively feeble, for much of it is absorbed by the dust and vapor in the lower layers of the atmosphere, but on the summit, which projects 2 miles higher, the air is thin and pure, and lets the rays pass through but little dimin- ished in strength. The manner in which the sun affects - the snow is peculiar and distinctive. Instead of reducing the surface evenly, it melts out many close-set cups and hollows, a foot or more in diameter and separated by sharp spires and crests. No water is visible anywhere, either in rills or in pools, evaporation keeping pace with the reduction. If the sun’s action is permitted to continue un- interrupted for many days, as may happen in a hot, dry summer, these snow cups deepen by degrees, until at length they assume the aspect of gigan- tic bee cells, several feet in depth. Snow fields thus honeycombed may be met with on the slopes above Gibraltar Rock. They are wearisome to traverse, for the ridges and spines are fairly resistant, so that one must laboriously clamber over them. Most exasperating however, is the going after a snowstorm has filled the honeycombs. Then the traveler, waist deep in. mealy snow, is left to flounder haphazard through a hidden labyrinth. Of interest in this connection is the great snow cliff immediately west of TGE GLACIERS OF MT. RAINIER Gibraltar Rock. Viewed from the foot of that promontory, the sky line of the snow castle fairly bristles with honey- comb spines; while below, in the face of the snow cliff, dark, wavy lines, roughly parallel to the upper surface, repeat its pattern in subdued form. They represent the honeycombs of previous seasons, now buried under many feet of snow, but still traceable by the dust that was imprisoned with them. Photo by Curtis. 653 tribution of the glaciers on the cone. By far the greater number originate in the vicinity of the 10,000-foot level, while those ice streams which cascade from the summit, such as the Nisqually are in a sense reborn some 4,000 feet lower down. PARADISE GLACIER. A striking example of an ice body nourished wholly by the snows falling on the lower slope of Mount Rainier is pare AN ahy- Sear c. GENERAL VIEW OF PARADISE GLACIER. THE ICE BODY ORIGINATES ENTIRELY BELOW THE 9,000-FOOT LINE. MORE SNOW FALLS AT THESE RELATIVELY LOW LEVELS THAN ON THE SUMMIT OF THE PEAK. It is between the 8,000 and 10,000 foot levels, that one meets with the conditions most favorable for the de- velopment of glaciers. Below this zone the summer heat largely offsets the heavy precipitation, while above it the snowfall itself is relatively scant. With- in the belt the annual addition of snow to the ice fields is greater than anywhere else on Mount Rainier. The result is manifest in the arrangement and dis- the Paradise Glacier. In no wise con- nected with the summit névés, it makes its start at an elevation of less tha 9,000 feet. Situated on the spreading slope between the diverging canyons of the Nisqually on the west and of the Cowlitz on the northeast, it constitutes a typical “ainterglacier,’’ as intermediate ice bodies of this kind are termed. Its appearance is that of a gently un- dulating ice field, crevassed only toward 654 AMERICAN its lower edge and remarkably clean throughout. No débris-shedding cliffs rise anywhere along its borders, and this fact, no doubt, largely explains its freedom from morainal accumulations. The absence of cliffs also implies a lack of protecting shade. Practi- cally the entire expanse of the glacier lies exposed to the full glare of the sun. As a consequence its losses by melting are very heavy, and a single hot summer may visibly diminish the glacier’s bulk. Nevertheless it seems to hold its own as well as any other glacier on Mount Rainier, and this ability to recuperate finds its explanation in the exceed- ing abundance cf fresh snows that replenish it every winter. The Paradise Glacier, however, is not the product wholly of direct precipita- tion from the clouds. Much of its mass is supplied by the wind, and accumulates in the lee of the high ridge to the west, over which the route to Camp Muir and Gibraltar Rockislaid. The westerly gales keep this ridge almost bare of snow, permit- ting only a few drifts to lodge in sheltered depressions. But east of the ridge there are great eddies in which the snow forms long, smooth slopes that descend several hundred feet to the main body of the glacier. These slopes are particularly invit- ing to tourists for the de- FORESTRY the fresh snows melt away from its surface, grayish patches of old crystal- line ice develop in places, more especially toward the glacier’s lower margin. Day by day these patches expand until, by the end of August, most of the lower lightful ‘“‘glissades’”’? which ae : 3 ; é Pholo by Matthes. they affor d. Sitting dow Nn HEAD OF COWLITz GLACIER. on the hard snow at the GIBRALTAR ROCK IS SEEN ENDWISE, AT THE APEX OF THE TWO ROCK ““CLEAVERS.”’ head of such a slope, one may indulge in an exhilarating glide of amazing swiftness, landing at last safely on the level snows beneath. R In the early part of summer the Paradise Glacier has the appearance of a vast, unbroken snow field, blazing, immaculate, in the sun. But later, as ice field has been stripped of its brilliant mantle. Its countenance, once bright and serene, now assumes a grim ex- pression and becomes crisscrossed by a thousand seams, like the visage of an aged man. ; Over this roughened surface trickle THE GLACIERS OF MT. countless tiny rills which, uniting, form swift rivulets and torrents, indeed veritable river systems on a minature scale that testify with eloquence to the rapidity with which the sun consumes the snow. COWLITZ GLACIER. Immediately adjoining the the Paradise Glacier on the northeast, and not separated from it by any definite bar- rier, lies the Cowlitz Glacier, one of the stateliest ice streams of Mount Rainier. It flows in a southeasterly direction, and burrows its nose deeply into the forest- covered hills at the mount- ain’s foot. Its upper course consists of two parallel-flow- ing ice streams, intrenched in profound troughs, which they have enlarged laterally until now only a narrow, ragged crest of rock remains between them, resembling a partition a thousand feet in height. At the upper end of this crest stands Gibraltar Rock. At the point of confluence of the two branches there begins along medial moraine that stretches like a black tape the whole length of the lower course. To judge by its position midway on the glacier’s back, the two tribu- taries must be very nearly equal in strength, yet, when traced to their sources they are found to originate in widely different ways. The north branch, named In- graham Glacier (after Maj. E. S. Ingraham, one of Rainier’s foremost pioneers), comes from the névés on the summit; while the south branch heads in a pocket immediately under Gibraltar. No snow comes to it from the summit; hence we can not escape the conclusion that it receives through direct precipi- tation and through wind drifting about as much snow as its sister branch re- LAYERS OF Photo by Matthes. RAINIER 655 ceives from the summit regions. Like the glacier troughs below, the pocket appears to have widened laterally under the influence of the ice, and is now separated from the Nisqually ice fields to the west by only a narrow rock CASCADES OF INGRAHAM GLACIER. IN THE BACKGROUND LITTLE TAHOMA (11,117 FEET), A REMNANT OF THE OUTER THE VOLCANO, NOW MOSTLY STRIPPED AWAY BY THE ICE. partition, the Cowlitz Cleaver, as it is locally called. Up this narrow crest the route to Gibraltar Rock ascends. The name ‘‘cleaver,’”’ it may be said in passing, is most apt for the designation of a narrow rock crest of this sort, and well deserves to be more generally used 656 AMERICAN in the place of awkward foreign terms, such as arrete and grat. Both branches of the Cowlitz Glacier cascade steeply immediately above their confluence, but the lower glacier has a gentle gradient and a fairly uneventful course. Like the lower Nisqually, it is bordered by long morainal ridges, and toward its end acquires broad marginal dirt bands. For nearly a mile these continue, leaving a gradually narrowing lane of clear ice between them. Then they coalesce and the whole ice body becomes strewn with rock débris. The Cowlitz Glacier, including its north branch, the Ingraham Glacier, measures slightly over 6 miles in length. Throughout that distance the ice stream lies sunk in a steep-walled canyon of its own carving. Imposing cliffs of colum- nar basalt, ribbed as if draped in cordu- roy, overlook its lower course. Slender waterfalls glide down their precipitous fronts, like silver threads, guided by the basalt flutings. OHANAPECOSH AND FRYINGPAN GLACIERS High above the Ingraham Glacier towers that sharp, residual mass of lava strata known as Little Tahoma (11,117 feet), the highest outstanding eminence on the flank of Mount Rainier. It forms a gigantic ‘‘wedge’’ that divides the Ingraham from the Emmons Glacier to the north. So extensive is this wedge that it carries on its back several large ice fields and interglaciers, some of which, lying far from the beaten path of the tourist, are as yet unnamed. Sep- arating them from each other are various attenuated, pinnacled crests, all of them subordinate to a main backbone that runs eastward some 6 miles and terminates in the Cowlitz Chimneys (7,607 feet), a group of tall, rock towers that dominate the landscape on the east side of Mount Rainier. Most of the ice fields, naturally, lie on the shady north slope of the main backbone; in fact, a series of them extends as far east as the Cowlitz Chimneys. One of the lesser crests, however, that running southeastward to the upland region known as Cowlitz Park, also gives protection to an ice FORESTRY body of some magnitude, the Ohana- pecosh Glacier. Condiserably broader than it is long in the direction of its flow, this glacier lies on a high shelf a mile and a half across, whence it cascades down into the head of a walled-in canyon. Formerly, no doubt, it more than filled this canyon, but now it sends down only a shrunken lobe. The stream that issues from it, the Ohanapecosh River, is really the main prong and head of the Cowlitz River. The largest and most elevated of the ice fields east of Little Tahoma is known for its peculiar shape as Fryingpan Glacier. It covers fully 3 square miles of ground and constitutes the most extensive and most beautiful inter- glacier on Mount Rainier. It originates in the hollow east side of Little Tahoma itself and descends rapidly northward, overlooking the great Emmons Glacier and finally reaching down almost to is level. It is not a long time since the two ice bodies were confluent. Below the Fryingpan Glacier there lies a region of charming flower-dotted meadows named Summerland, a most attractive spot for camping. EMMONS GLACIER.! Cloaking almost the entire east side of Mount Rainier is the Emmons Glacier, the most extensive ice stream on the peak (named after Samuel F. Emmons, the geologist and mountaineer who was the second to conquer the peak in 1870.) About 514 miles long and 134 miles wide in its upper half, it covers almost 8 square miles of territory. It makes a continuous descent from the summit to the base, the rim of the old crater having almost completely broken down under its heavy névé cascades. But two small remnants of the rim still protrude through the ice and divide it into three cascades. From each of these dark rock islands trails a long medial moraine that extends in an _ ever- broadening band down to the foot of the glacier. The Emmons Glacier, like the Nis- qually and the Cowlitz, becomes densely littered with morainal débris at its lower end, maintaining, however, for a con- 1 This glacier is also known locally as White Glacier. ‘SHAUN ONIGNAISAd AHL ONILUVd MOUg LYOMWVALS,, HLIM AGT M,, AHL SI AONVISIG AHL NJ “YAIOVIQ) dOHINI\\ JO SAWOC ANY SAdVISYD AHL “sang &q 0704g ‘UMIOVTIL) NVd-ONIAUY FHL ANV ‘SLSIN NI GaqGNOuHS ‘VNOHY HILLV] AUV AONVISIG AHL NJ ‘YWAIDV TS) SNOWNY JO HLGIM AXILNA AHL SSOMOV ,,AOGAM,, HHL WOU HLNOS ONINOO’T *sajany) «q 0704 I 658 AMERICAN siderable distance a central lane of clear ice. The stream which it sends forth, White River, is the largest of all the ice- fed streams radiating from the peak. It flows northward and then turns in a northwesterly direction, emptying finally in Puget Sound at the city of Seattle. WINTHROP GLACIER.” On the northeast side of the mountain, descending from the same high névés as the Emmons Glacier, is the Winthrop Glacier. Not until halfway down, at an elevation of about 10,000 feet, does it detach itself as a separate ice stream. FORESTRY the domes require a word of interpre- tation. They are underlain by rounded bosses of especially resistant rock. Over these the ice is lifted, much as is the water of a swift mountain torrent over submerged _ bowlders. Immediately above each obstruction the ice appears compact and free from crevasses, but as it reaches the top and begins to pour over it breaks, and a network of inter- secting cracks divides it into erect, angular blocks and fantastic obelisks. Below each dome there is, as a rule, a deep hollow partly inclosed by trailing ice ridges, analogous to the whirling Photo by Geo. V. Caesar. A CREVASSED DOME ON THE LOWER WINTHROP GLACIER. The division takes place at the apex of that great triangular interspace so aptly named “‘the Wedge.’’ Upon its sharp cliff edge, Steamboat Prow, the de- scending névés part, it has been said, like swiftflowing waters upon the divid- ing bow of a ship at anchor. The simile is an excellent one; even the long foam crest, rising along the ship’s side, is represented by a wave of ice. Of greatest interest on the Winthrop Glacier are the ice cascades and domes. Evidently the glacier’s bed is a very uneven one, giving rise to falls and pools, such as one observes in a turbu- lent trout stream. The cascades ex- plain themselves readily enough, but eddy that occurs normally below a bowlder in a brook. Thus does a glacier simulate a stream of water even in its minor details. The domes of the Winthrop Glacier measure 50 to 60 feet in height. A sample of the kind of obstruction that produces them appears, as if specially provided to satisfy human curiosity, near the terminus of the glacier. There one may see, close to the west wall of the troughlike bed, a projecting rock mass, rounded and smoothly polished over which the glacier rode but a short time ago. Another feature of interest some- times met with on the Winthrop Glacier, 2 On some earlier Government maps this glacier is called White Glacier. THE GLACIERS OF MT. RAINIER and for that matter also on the other ice streams of Mount Rainier, are the “glacier tables.’’ These consist of slabs of rock mounted each on a pedestal of snow and producing the effect of huge toadstools. The slabs are always of large size, while the pedestals vary from a few inches to several feet in height. CARBON GLACIER. In many ways the most interesting of all the ice streams on Mount Rainier is the Carbon Glacier, the great ice river on the north side, which flows between those two charming natural gardens, 659 the great hollow, however, and so simple are its outlines that the eye finds difficulty in correctly estimating the dimensions. Not until an avalanche breaks from the 300-foot névé cliff above and hurls itself over the precipice with crashing thunder, does one begin to realize the depth of the colossal recess. The falling snow mass is several seconds in descending, and though weighing hundreds of tons, seemingly floats down with the leisureliness of a feather. These avalanches were once believed to be the authors of the cirque. They Photo by Geo. V. Caesar. THE GREAT AMPHITHEATER OF CARBON GLACIER THE HEADWALL MEASURES 3,600 FEET IN HEIGHT. GREAT AVALANCHES FALL PERIODICALLY FROM THE SNOW CLIFFS ABOVE, WHICH THEMSELVES ARE 200 To 300 FEET HIGH. Moraine Park and Spray Park. The third glacier in point of length, it heads, curiously, not on the summit, but in a profound, walled-in amphitheater, inset low into the mountain’s flank. This amphitheater is what is technically known as a glacial cirque, a horseshoe- shaped basin elaborated by the ice from a deep gash that existed originally in the volcano’s side. It has the distinc- tion of being the largest of all the ice-sculptured cirques on Mount Rainier, and one of the grandest in the world. It measures more than a mile and a half in diameter, while its head wall towers a sheer 3,600 feet. So well proportioned is were thought to have worn back the head wall little by little, even as a waterfall causes the cliff under it to recede. But the real manner in which glacial cirques evolve is better under- stood today. It is now known that cirques are produced primarily by the eroding action of the ice masses em- bedded in them. Slowly creeping for- ward, these ice masses, shod as they are with débris derived from the encircling cliffs, scour and scoop out their hollow sites, and enlarge and deepen them by degrees. Seconding this work is the rock-splitting action of water freezing in the interstices of the rock walls. This AMERICAN 660 FORESTRY Photo by Geo. V. Ceasar. LOWER COURSE OF CARBON GLACIER. THIS SHOWS THE MEDIAL MORAINES. process is particularly effective in the great cleft at the glacier’s head, be- tween ice and cliff. This abyss is periodically filled with fresh snows, which freeze to the rock; then, as the glacier moves away, it tears or plucks out the frost-split fragments from the wall. Thus the latter is continually being undercut. The overhanging por- tions fall down, as decomposition les- sens their cohesion, and so the entire cliff recedes. West of the profound canyon of the Carbon River, there rises a craggy range which the Indians have named the Mother Mountains. From its narrow backbone one looks down on either side into broadly open, semicircular valley heads. Some drain northward to the Carbon River, some southward to the Mowich River. Encircling them run attenuated rock partitions, surmounted by low, angular peaks; while cutting across their stairwise descending floors are precipitous steps of rock, a hundred feet in height. On the treads lie scattered shallow lakelets, strung to- IN THE BACKGROUND ARE THE MOTHER MOUNTAINS. gether by little silvery brooks triekling in capricious courses. Most impressive is the basin that lies immediately under the west end of the range. Smoothly rounded like a bowl, it holds in its center an almost circular lake of vivid emerald hue—that mysteri- ous body of water known as Crater Lake. Let it be said at once that this appellation is an unfortunate misnomer. The basin is not of volcanic origin. It lies in lava and other volcanic rocks, to be sure, but these are merely spreading layers of the cone of Mount Rainier. Ice is the agent responsible for the carving of the hollow. It was once the cradle of a glacier, and that ice mass, gnawing headward and deploying even as the Carbon Glacier does today, enlarged its site into a horseshoe basin, a typical glacial cirque. The lake in the center is a strictly normal feature; many glacial cirques possess such bowls, scooped out by the eroding ice masses from the weaker portions of the rock floor; only it is seldom that such features acquire the symmetry of form exhibited by THE GLACIERS OF Crater Lake. The lakelets observed in the neighboring valley heads—all of which are abandoned cirques—are of similar origin. It is a significant fact that the empty cirques about the Mother Mountains lie at elevations ranging between 4,500 and 6,00 feet; that is, on an average 5,000 feet lower than the cirques on Mount Rainier which now produce glaciers. ividently the snow line in glacial times lay at a much lower level than it does today, and the ice mantle of Mount Rainier expanded not merely by the forward lengthening of its ice tongues but by the birth of numerous new glaciers about the mountain’s foot. The large size of the empty cirques and can- yons, moreover, leads one to infer that many of these new glaciers far exceeded in volume the ice streams descending the volcano’s sides. The latter, it is true, increased considerably in thickness dur- ing glacial times, but not in proportion to the growth of the low-level glaciers. Nor is this surprising in view of the heavy snowfalls occuring on the moun- tain’s lower slopes. There is good reason to believe, moreover, that the cool glacial climate resulted in a general lowering of the zone of heaviest snowfall. It probably was depressed to levels be- tween 4,000 and 6,000 feet. Not only the cirque glaciers about the Mother Mountains, but all the neighboring ice streams of the glacial epoch originated within this zone, as is indicated by the altitudes of the cirques throughout the adjoining portions of the Cascade Range. By their confluence these ice bodies pro- duced a great svstem of glaciers that filled all the valleys of this mountain belt and even protruded beyond its western front. To these extensive valley glaciers the ice flows of Mount Rainier stood in the relation of mere tributaries. They descended from regions of rather scant snowfall, for the peak in those days of frigid climate rose some 10,000 feet above the zone of heaviest snowfall, into atmospheric strata of relative dryness. It may well be, indeed, that it carried then but little more snow upon its summit than it does today. MT. RAINIER 661 1 Oe ICEFIELDS TO THE SOUTH OF THE THE NortH MowlicH GLACIER AND Copyrighted Pholo by Curtis. Copyrighted photo by Curtis. AMERICAN FORESTRY Mount RAINIER AND SPRAY PARK. THIS IS THE NORTHWEST SIDE AS VIEWED FROM THE MOTHER MOUNTAINS. THE SHARP WHITE SUMMIT IS LIBERTY CAP (14,112 FEET). NORTH MOWICH GLACIER.’ The North Mowich Glacier is the northernmost of the series of ice bodies on the west flank of Mount Rainier. Like the Carbon Glacier, it heads in a cirque at the base of the Liberty Cap massif, fed by direct snow precipitation, by wind drifting, and by avalanches. The cirque is small and shallow, not as capacious even as either of the twin recesses in the Carbon Glacier’s amphi- theater. As a consequence the ice stream issuing from it is of only moderate volume; nevertheless it attains a length of 334 miles. This is due in part to the heavy snows that reenforce it through- out its middle course and in part to over- flows from the ice fields bordering it on the south. These ice fields, almost extensive enough to be considered a distinct glacier, are separated from the North Mowich Glacier only by a row of pinnacles, the remnants evidently of a narrow rock partition of ‘‘cleaver,”’ now demolished by the ice. The lowest and most prominent of the rock spires bears the appropriate name of ‘‘The Needle’”’ (7,587 feet). The débris-covered lower end of the glacier splits into two short lobes on a rounded boss in the middle of the channel. This boss, but a short time ago, was overridden by the glacier and then undoubtedly gave rise to an ice dome of the kind so numerous farther up on the North Mowich Glacier and also characteristic of the Winthrop Glacier. SOUTH MOWICH GLACIER.‘ Separated from the ice fields of the North Mowich Glacier by a great tri- angular ice field (named Edmunds ’ On some earlier Government maps this glacier is called Willis Glacier. - 4 On some earlier Government maps this glacier is called Edmunds Glacier. THE GLACIERS OF MT. RAINIER WEST SIDE OF (14,408 feet) is seen in the center. feet), both remnants of the old crater rim. Mowich; 4, Puyallup: 5, Tahoma Glacier) lies the South Mowich Glacier, also a cirque-born ice stream, heading against the base of the Liberty Cap massif. It is the shortest of the western elaciers, measuring only a scant 3 miles. Aside from the snows accumulating in its ill-shaped cirque it receives strong reenforcements from its neighbor to the south—-the Puyallup Glacier. PUYALLUP GLACIER. What especially distinguishes the Puyallup Glacier from its neighbors to the north is the great elevation of its cirque. The Carbon, North Mowich, and South Mowich Glaciers all head at levels of about 10,000 feet. The amphi- theatre of the Puyallup Glacier, on the contrary, opens a full 2,000 feet higher up. Encircled by a great vertical wall that cuts into the Liberty Cap platform from the south, it has evidently de- veloped through glacial sapping from a hollow of volcanic origin. From this 663 Mount RAINIER. A telephoto view taken from Electron, at a distance of 20 miles. : : 1 To the left is Liberty Cap (14,112 feet), and to the right is Peak Success (14,150 The glaciers in view are 1, North Mowich; 2, The main summit, composed of two new cinder cones Edmunds; 3, South great reservoir the Puyallup Glacier descends by a rather narrow chute. Then it expands again to a width of three-fourths of a mile and sends a portion of its volume to the South Mowich Glacier. In spite of this loss it continues to expand, reaching a maximum width of a mile and a total length of 4 miles. No doubt this is accounted for by the heavy snowfalls that replenish it throughout its course. TAHOMA GLACIER. Immediately south of the elevated amphitheater of the Puyallup Glacier the crater rim of the volcano is breached for a distance of half a mile. Through this gap tumbles a voluminous cascade from the névé fields about the summit, and this cascade, reenforced by a flow from the Puyallup cirque, forms the great Tahoma Glacier, the most im- pressive ice stream on the southwest side. Separated from its northern THE UNDER PYRAMID GLACIER. BASALT 200 F JIMNAR OF FOR BROKEN if FALLS. 3 S) TARL AND OVER A VERTICAL COLUMNS ARE SOLID °T WATER PLUNG THE HERE THE GLACIERS OF MT. RAINIER 665 Pheio by Curlis. THe Lower ENpD. The Kautz Glacier in its box canyon, seen from the heights of Van Trump Park. Note the strong medial moraine that gradually develops into a ridge 100 feet high above the ice; also the rivulets on the surface of the glacier. neighbor by a rock cleaver of remarkable length and straightness, it flows in a direct course for a distance of 5 miles. Its surface, more than a mile broad in places, is diversified by countless ice falls and cataratcs. SOUTH TAHOMA GLACIER. The partner of the Tahoma Glacier, known as the South Tahoma Glacier, heads in a profound cirque sculptured in the flanks of the great buttress that culminates in Peak Success (14,150 feet). It is interesting chiefly as an example of a cirque-born glacier, nour- ished almost exclusively by direct snow- falls from the clouds and by eddying winds. In spite of its position, exposed to the midday sun, it attains a length of nearly 4 miles, a fact which impressively attests the ampleness of its ice supply. KAUTZ Yast of the South Tahoma Glacier, heading against a great cleaver that descends from Peak Success, lies a GLACIER. 666 AMERICAN triangular ice field, or interglacier, named Pyramid Glacier. It covers a fairly smooth, gently sloping platform underlain by a heavy lava bed, and breaking off at its lower edge in precipi- tous, columnar cliffs. Into this platform a profound but narrow box canyon has been incised by an ice stream descending from the summit névés east of Peak Success. This is the Kautz Glacier, an ice stream peculiar for its exceeding slenderness. On the map it presents almost a worm-like appearance, height- ened perhaps by its strongly sinuous course. In spite of its meager width, FORESTRY locality that the ice has been unable to hew out a wider passage. Not its entire volume, however, was squeezed through the narrow portal; there is abundant evidence showing that in glacial times when the ice stream was more voluminous it overrode the rock buttresses on the west side of the gorge. VAN TRUMP GLACIER. The name of P. B. Van Trump, the hardy pioneer climber of Mount Rainier, has been attached to the interglacier situated between the Kautz and the Nisqually Glaciers. This ice body lies Photo by Geo. V. Caesar. Ice CAvE AT LOWER END oF CARBON GLACIER FROM WHICH CARBON RIVER ISSUES. which averages about 1,000 feet, the ice stream attains a length of almost 4 miles and descends to an altitude of 4.800 feet. This no doubt-is to be attributed in large measure to the protecting influence of the box canyon. A singularly fascinating spectacle is that which the moraine-covered lower end of the glacier presents from the height of Van Trump Park. A full 1,000 feet down one looks upon the ice stream as it curves around a sharp bend in its canyon. A short distance below the glacier’s terminus, the canyon contracts abruptly to a gorge only 300 feet in width. So resistant is the columnar basalt in this on the uneven surface of an extensive wedge that tapers upward to a sharp point—one of the remnants of the old crater rim. A number of small ice fields are distributed on this wedge, each ensconced in a hollow inclosed more or less completely by low ridges. By gradually deploying each of these ice bodies has enlarged its site, and thus the dividing ridges have been converted into slender rock walls or cleavers. In many places they have even been com- pletely consumed and the ice fields coal- esoe. The Van Trump Glacier is the most extensive of these composite ice fields. The rapid melting which it has suffered in the last decades, however, has FIRE DANGER SERIOUS gone far toward dismembering it; al- ready several small ice strips are threat- ening to become separated from the main body. In glacial times the Van Trump Glacier sent forth at least six lobes, most of which converged farther down in the narrow valleys traversing the at- tractive alpine region now known as Van Trump Park. This upland park owes its scenic charm largely to its manifold glacial features and is diversi- fied by cirques, canyons, lakelets, mo- raines, and waterfalls. In the foregoing descriptions the endeavor has been to make clear how widely the glaciers of Mount Rainier differ in character, in situation, and in size. They are not to be conceived as mere ice tongues radiating down the slopes of the volcano from an ice cap on 667 its crown. There is no ice cap, properly speaking and there has perhaps never been one at any time in the mountain’s history, not even during the glacial epochs. Several of the main ice streams head in the névés gathering about the sum- mit craters, but a larger number originate in profound amphitheaters carved in the mountain’s flanks, at levels fully 4,000 feet below the summit. In the general distribution of the glaciers the low temperatures prevailing at high altitudes have, of course, been a con- trolling factor; nevertheless in many instances their influence has been out- balanced by topographic features favor- ing local snow accumulation and by the heavy snowfalls occurring on the lower slopes. From a bulletin by F. E. Matthes. FIRE DANGER SERIOUS HE fire situation in the North- | west is the most serious since 1910, which went down in his- tory as the worst year siace organized patrol had been in effect. So far, however, no serious damage to standing timber has resulted. This can be attributed entirely to the organized protection forces, which are giving con- clusive proof of their ability to cope with a bad situation. No rain has fallen for nearly two months and the woods are extremely dry. The worst fire of record on private lands so far this year is in Lotah County, Idaho. The Potlatch Timber Protective Association during the first part of August had a crew of from 250 to 800 men fighting the fire and prac- tically prevented the loss of any green timber. ‘There was, however, of neces- sity some loss of logging equipment. Up to early August most fires have been in old slashings, and in the lower and more thickly settled country. With the opening of the hunting season, how- ever, fires started in the higher areas. While no predictions can be made, it is felt by protection agencies generally, that in the absence of unusually high winds or excessive temperatures during August, losses can be kept dewn to a low figure. Although-a large number of fires have occurred in Oregon this season, there has been no material loss of green timber, and slight loss of log- ging equipment, according to reports received by the Oregon Forest Fire As- sociation. Fire fighting expenses will, however, be heavy in some sections. A considerable crew of men _ have been constantly engaged in this work since early in July. Only in two or three instances have fires gotten such a start as to allow of their going into the tops. Great apprehension is felt because of the fact that many deer hunters are in the mountains. The country is extremely smoky, rendering many lookout points valueless. The private owners of timber have some 300 wardens in the field and the state ninety. This number is in addition to the force of the Forest Service. An appropriation of $25,000.00 was 668 made available by the passage of the Federal Sundry Civil Bill with whien to furnish protection for some twe mil- lion acres within the Oregon & Califor- nia Railroad Company’s grant, title to which is in question. The Govern- ment brought action to cancel title to this grant over a year ago and decision is now pending before the United States Supreme Court. About ninety patrolmen went on duty in Western Oregon to protect the grant early in August. The Forest Service which has been given charge of conducting the work of “protection is acting in close cooperation with existing “protection agencies. Washington had seventy fires during July, nearly all of them being slashing fires. A few logs were burned as well as some camp equipment, and the 1m- provement of one settler. Accurate figures on losses are not available, but the amount is small, taking into account the number of fires occurring. Donkey engines, locomotives, berry pickers, and lightning are given as the causes of the fires. About 100 men are on patrol duty for the Washington Forest Fire Association, while the State Fire Warden has on some seventy men. Idaho in common with other states has experienced high temperatures and practically no rain during July. A num- ber of fires have started, but prompt discovery has practically prevented loss. A small amount of green timber has been fire-killed. Campers, light- ning and brush-burning are responsible for nearly all fires which have occur- AMERICAN FORESTRY red in the state. is on duty. Montana has experienced no severe fires. The State and Forest Service are cooperating in an effort to properly cover the timbered sections adjacent to the National Forests. Oregon reports about 100 fires for the month, the most severe ones being in old slashings. An _ inconsiderable amount of green timber has been fire- killed. ‘The State Forester has ninety men on patrol paid by State and \Veeks law funds and private owners are em- ploying 300 wardens. ‘Telephone serv- ice which has been greatly improved the past year is proving a marked factor in protection work. High winds, hot weather and practically no precipitation have put the woods in dangerous condt- tion. Reports from portions of California indicate more favorable conditions than last season, while the contrary is true elsewhere in the northwest. Throughout the northwest the prep- arations made early in the season to meet a bad year are proving extremely helpful. Never before has such close working cooperation existed between the Government, States, and private patrols, and to this can be largely at- tributed the success of the work up to the present time. From now on hunt- ers and campers will be going into the mountains, and their cooperation is needed to prevent fires. Loggers, road builders and ranchers should be doubly careful with fire. Only through such care will serious fires be av erted. The full patrol force EOGGING ACRIVERSEOTITOM By Epwarp F. BicELow. IR some two decades, begin- ning a half century ago and ending thirty years ago, Big Rapids, Michigan, was one of the famous lumber centers of the United States. Here was the finest, tallest, biggest trees. Here existed the typical methods of lumber cutting of that period. Lumber was so plentiful that it was gathered recklessly. The methods of taking a claim were such as te attract large numbers of lumber- men, and for a hundred miles up the river, the sound of saws and axes was heard on every side, and far back into the country. Logs in a profusion seem- ingly endless filled the river. They filled it not only on the surface, but they filled the entire river to the bot- tom of the deepest places in the chan- nel. ‘hey were piled in the river in suck numbers that logs on top pushed other logs to the bottom, and still others came on top of these, till the river for many miles was, in places, a solid mass of logs. A year ago last summer, the dam at Big Rapids, Michigan, was carried away. In some eastern places the breaking of such a dam would be fol- lowed by an abnormal supply of fish. Old settlers tell of their experience in carrying off fish by the wagonload and the cartload; but here was revealed to the present generation the amazing fact that the entire bottom of the river was a matted mass of logs. When the dam broke, great was the astonishment at the sight of that thick floor of logs. The Muskegon Lumber Company bought from the original owners their rights, and began the removal. The work of taking the logs from the river bottom has been done until logs line the banks to a width of many rods and for long distances, a lumbering scene that must rival the busiest scenes of the lumber camps that existed more than thirty years ago. The logs were water-soaked, but in fairly good condition. The ac- companying photographs show one sec- tion after the lumber company had been at work for several months. Un- fortunately no local photographer seemed to appreciate the picturesque- ness and the novelty of such an aston- ishing sight. No photographs of the scene at its best are obtainable. Old-timers of Big Rapids become lo- quacious and tell of the interesting scenes of the time when the “river hogs,’ as the waders were called, made things lively in that town of mushroom growth. It was a mecca for all kinds THE RIveR BANK Is LINED WitH Loss. 669 AMERICAN FORESTRY a THE Locs LINE THE RAILROAD TRACKS AS WELL AS THE RIVER BANK FOR MILES of workers in logging, but especially for those who were skilled in setting loose huge piles of logs to float down the stream. These logs would often be- come wedged together, when a skilful “river hog’ could, with a cant hook, remove the keystone log and let the immense heap go tumbling free with thundering noise and swirling currents, only perhaps to become again blocked in another place. These old-time residents are inter- ested in deciphering the various marks on the ends of the logs, and in pleasant reminiscence they talk of the “good old times” when such men as “Doc” Blodgett and others were active. It is probable that in all the United States there has never been such novel lumber- ing scenes, nor such deeds as have been done in this last year in Big Rapids. Mr. James Gow, of Muskegon, Michigan, is the prime mover in this work. He is and for a long time has been the president of the Muskegon Log Owners’ Booming Company. He has been personally able to purchase ninety-six per cent. of all the marks that were used by the old-time loggers on the Muskegon Lake and Muskegon tributaries. At the present time Mr. Gow owns nine hundred and _thirty- four marks and controls others. He and his company have been se- curing and will continue to secure an almost incredible amount of lumber from the bottom of the river. In the last two years alone he has secured 50,000 logs. Of this astonishing num- ber, 24,000 were raised in the vicinity of Big Rapids. The rest have been taken at different points between Maple Island and Muskegon, where his mill is located. At these points, aside from sig Rapids, the logs are raised by a machine known as a log lifter, which is practically a scow fitted up with the proper machinery. When the dam was removed at Big Rapids the water ran off. It was then a simple matter to haul the logs out of the muddy river bed to the bank; where they are left to LOGGING dry. A section of these drying logs is shown in the accompanying photo- graphs. An enormous number has al- ready been removed. It is almost im- possible to ascertain what can yet be done. A capable and conservative man who has investigated the matter does not hesitate to say that there are more than 600,000,000 feet of logs in this A RIVER BOTTOM 671 age, but they seem to have been satis- fied if they secured 75 per cent and left 25 per cent to vanish. Such reckless- ness is suggestive of the . wholesale slaughtering of the wild pigeons. At one time flocks of pigeons were so numerous and so crowded that they consumed a whole day in passing over a given point, and darkened the land- ALL THE RIveER Locs BEAR THEIR OWNERS IDENTIFYING NUMBERS OR MARKS. stream and its tributaries. No one knows what may yet be obtained from the small river Manistee. Some state that more than 40,000,000 feet have al- ready been raised. It is said that some of the islands are founded on a mass of logs that extend to an unknown ‘depth. What careless accounting there must have been, to allow 600,000,000 feet of lumber to become stranded in the river with nobody even to attempt to recover it, or perhaps even to know of it. The owners of these thousands of logs must in those days have known of the short- scape. Such great flocks were caught in nets and slaughtered by the thousand as food for hogs. The pigeons have been exterminated; and a shortage in lumber is beginning to be felt. Old-time lumbermen tell of charac- ters once famous among them. One particularly is cited in a cordial way as Dr. Blodgett, commonly known as the “Doc,” a nickname given to him when a young man. Long ago he was laid away to rest with other prominent lumber- men, such as Ryerson, Hill and Charles H. Hackley, who accumulated upwards of $9,000,000. Few people have done AMERICAN FORESTRY From RIveR BANK TO SAWMILL. HUNDREDS AND HUNDREDS OF CAR LOADS HAVE BEEN TAKEN FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE RIVER AND SHIPPED_BY RAIL TO THE SAWMILLS. more for a city than Mr. Hackley has done. He did philanthropic work for Muskegon on a grand scale, and left by his will more than $2,000,000 for the establishment of libraries, hospitals, art gallery, training schools and _ other things of public benefit. Mr. Hackley was the first man to erect a monument to President McKin- ley. Probably the credit for the first sug- gestion of this novel method of rais- ing logs from the river bed belongs to Mr. John Torrent, who is yet living at the age of eighty-two years and is still an active man. He interested Mr. James Gow, of Muskegon, Mich., in the proposition, after he had been in the lumbering business for more than thirty years in partnership with Mr. John Campbell. In the year 1912, Mr. Gow bought out Mr. Campbell’s in- terest with this proposition in view and says that he feels well pleased with the plan. The old lumberman, with possibly a few exceptions, came to Muskegon when they were young, and having plenty of energy and brains, lifted themselves from poverty into financial prominence. A story of those exciting lumbering days would not be complete without mention of Jonathan Boyce. He, with others, overcame many ob- stacles in those pioneer times. One that Mr. Gow had to contend against was the claim that, because these logs have lain for so long a time in the river with apparently no ownership, any person had the right to salvage and keep them. One sawmill started in to cut up some of these logs without se- cluring any right or title, but Mr. Gow got ahead of them by buying up the marks from the heirs and then fought the matter in the courts. In 1908 Mr. Gow was successful in the supreme court of Michigan, winning a suit that firmly established his claim to iogs bear- ing marks that he owned, and he now has the entire right of way in this novel lumbering from the bed of the rivers. The astonishing fact is that the lum- ber produced fnom these logs is of pretty nearly as good quality as when they were first cut and for some pur- poses equally good. =e . | Ay ae ee HANDLING MANUFACTURED LUMBER. TH® FIRST CABLEWAY FOR THIS PURPOSE IS INSTALLED BY THE PORT BLAKELY MILL COMPANY OF SEATTLE, WASHINGTON. HANDLING LUMBER GY CABERWAY HE economy, facility and ra- pidity with which logs can be handled by overhead cable- ways has been demonstrated ia many places. Such cableways, in their varjeties, are in use in many parts of the world for taking logs out of the woods, loading them on cars and ves- sels, transporting them across. gullies and streams, unloading vessels and cars or picking the logs up from the water and storing them in piles and sorting and feeding them to the mills. The Port Blakely Mill Company is, however, the first concern in the coun- try to install a cableway solely for the purpose of handling manufactured lum- ber. The great success of this cableway and the satisfaction which it has given to the purchaser make a description of this cableway and its uses interesting. The Port Blakely Mill Company is one of the best known concerns in the Northwest. They have been operating since 1858 and built up a business which required one of the largest mills in the country. The mill site is on an inlet opening into Puget Sound directly op- posite Seattle and about seven or eight miles from that city. The mill was built on the North shore of the inlet, where an extensive dock frontage was developed. ‘The yards for lumber are on the South side of the inlet. These yards are close to three-quarters of a mile long and are separated from the North shore, where the mill stands, by something like 400 or 500 feet of open water. As originally arranged, there was a bridge across the inlet and the manufactured lumber, which was to be held in stock, or shipped by rail, was taken across the bridge. A fire de- 673 674 stroyed the mill in 1907. Part of the dock and the bridge were also burned. When the new mill was built the matter of transporting the manufac- tured lumber across the inlet to the yards and railroad was taken up with the Lidgerwood Mfg. Co. and it was determined to substitute a cableway for the bridge. The mill has a capacity of 305 M. feet per day. Part of this out- put is shipped by water and the vessels lie at the north, or mill:side, of the inlet to receive this. A large portion of the lumber is, however, brought across the inlet, either to be temporarily stored, or to be shipped by rail. Railroad tracks run through the yards, as can be seen in the cut. The logs come to the mill in rafts and are taken in by means of the usual haul-up chains at the far end of the mill, as it is seen in the illustration. The finished lumber comes out at the end of the mill seen in the center of the illustration. Boards and similar ma- terial, go to sorting tables on the north side of this wing and are loaded by hand on trucks. The trucks each carry a load of 1,000 board feet. Large di- mension lumber is delivered from the end of the wing and is loaded on the trucks in the same sized loads as the boards. The trucks are four feet wide and nine feet long, built of timber, and run on two wheels and an axle under the center of each truck. The trucks AMERICAN FORESTRY are run out to where they are under the cableway, the cableway picks them up, lumber and all, carries them across the inlet and lowers them down to any of the many run-aways or tracks provided in the yards. In the illustration a truck loaded with lumber is seen suspended in the center of the picture ready to be landed wherever it may be wanted for distributing the lumber. The cableway may be used also for loading lumber directly from the yards into scoWs Or upon Cars. The cableway was designed for a ca- pacity of 15,000 feet per hour, but it has many times exceeded this in actual practice, especially when handling lum- ber both ways. The cableway was de- signed and built by the Lidgerwood Mfg. Co., of New York. Its total span between towers is 1,176 feet. The tow- ers are of wood. ‘The head tower is 100 feet high and the tail tower is 90 feet in height. It is nominally a five- ton cableway, intended to carry loads of from four to six tons. The usual load is about 4,000 pounds of lumber and the weight of the truck, which is about 900 pounds. The loads are hoisted at a speed of 250 feet per min- ute, and the carriage, or conveying speed, along the cable is 1,200 feet per minute. A fair average speed of opera- tion is twenty trips per hour, but as many as twenty-five trips may be made under favorable conditions. A ROADSIDE. TREE VIE By CHapin JONES Assistant State Forester HE growing sentiment in Mary- | land in favor of the planting, care and protection of road side trees has crystallized in the passage by the Legislature of 1914 of a roadside tree law, which has placed Maryland in the front rank of the states making provision for beau- tifying its roadsides. Before the pass- age of this law the situation in Mary- land was the same as in other states where there is no definit provision by law for their protection. While public opinion is practically unanimous in de- siring their protection and deploring their mutilation, yet no one is legally au- thorized to defend them, and since what is everybody’s business is nobody’s busi- ness the roadside trees, some of them cherished, old landmarks, have been mutilated and destroyed _ ruthlessly, principally by telephone and _ electric A ROADSIDE TREE LAW light companies which have wanted to save a little expense in erecting and maintaining their lines. Planting of trees has also been done only in a very spasmodic way and on a small scale because there was no as- surance that the trees would be protect- ed and because everyone feels that the expense of such work should be borne by the public and not by pri- vate individuals. It is also recognized that in addition to the beauty of shade trees along a road or street and the great contribution to the comfort of traveling which is afforded by their shade and the lessening of the force of the winds, trees along an improved road are of decided advantage from the ‘standpoint of maintaining in good con- dition the surface of the road itself, and should therefore be considered part of the improvements of the road. The heavy traffic on modern improved roads grinds the stone surface, and if the surface is dry the suction from the swiftly moving automobiles lifts this binder in clouds of dust which is then blown away; but the binder remains in place if moist, as it is when well shaded by trees on the side. In view of these conditions public opinion was very strongly in favor of the movement to put the control of roadside and street trees under the State Board of Fores- try, and the passage of the roadside tree law has met with almost unanimous approval. The law stipulates that the term roadside trees means all trees planted by the Forest Wardens, or existing trees three inches or more in diameter, measured two feet from the ground, that may be growing within the right- of-way of any public road or between the curb lines and property lines of any streets in an incorporated town in the State. The trees on the streets of the City of Baltimore come under the pro- visions of the law, but since the City presents a peculiar problem and since before the passage of the State law it had a City Forester and an appropria- tion for this particular work, the ad- ministration of the trees on the streets in the City is being left to the City Forester as before. 675 It is made a misdemeanor punish- able by a fine for any person to cut down, trim, mutilate or in any manner injure any roadside tree without a per- mit from the State Board of Forestry, except in an emergency where trees have been uprooted or branches broken in such a way as to endanger persons or property ; and it is made the duty of the Forest Wardens and others having police power in the State to arrest all offenders. Under this provision wanton mutilation of trees will in all cases be prosecuted by the State Board of For- estry, and where trimming is desired by pole line companies in order to free their wires from contact with trees which are growing into them, permis- sion will be given where such work can be done without any great damage to the trees and where the value of the service by the electric light or telephone company justifies it, but always under the direct supervision of a Forest War- den of the State of Maryland, who has been instructed in the correct principles and methods by the experts of the State Board of Forestry. In many instances if the work is done right, considerable trimming can be done in a tree without any appreciable damage being done, provided it is done by people who un- derstand it and have the welfare of the tree at heart. The leaving of stubs is not permitted All cuts must be properly made and all large ones covered with an antiseptic, and the use of climbing irons on trees is forbidden. It is provided that the planting of trees along roadsides shall be done only according to plans approved by the State Forester. This provision is made in order that the trees planted may be of good stock, of the right species and suitably spaced, etc., and in order that the street or road may be developed systematically and uniformly. The average person has little knowledge of such matters and as a result planting has often been done of inferior species and shade trees have usually been placed too close together, and in the matter of caring for trees by spraying, it is very necessary that it should be under the control of the State Forester since un- 676 AMERICAN less just the right methods are pursued the results are of little value and since spraying by one person of the trees in his neighborhood would not accomplish sufficient results unless his neighbors also adopted such measures. The neces- sity of having such work controlled by the State is perfectly evident in the case of Massachusetts and other states where the damage by caterpillars and leaf-eating insects is much more severe than it is at present in Maryland. The initiative in applying for the planting and care of trees can be taken by the County Commissioners, the Road Sup- ervisor of any County, the State Roads Commission, the Town Council of any incorporated town, or by any organiza- tion or person, but the plan of pro- ceedure cannot go into effect without the approval of the State Forester or his agent. ‘The organization desiring the work done must then guarantee the cost of the original planting and also of such subsequent care as may be neces- sary. It is provided that the State Forester may at his discretion without being re- quested as above, plant, care for and protect roadside trees with the consent of the adjoining property owner, and pay for such work out of any unex- pended balance to the credit of the Board, but since the Roadside Tree Law itself carries no appropriation it would be out of the question for the State Forester to do such planting ex- cept on a very small scale as a demon- stration of what can be done. An ap- propriation to carry on this work is urgently needed and will presumably be provided by the next Legislature. It is made a misdemeanor punishable by fine for any person in any manner to post any advertising signs or bill- boards other than such notices which are posted in pursuance of law on any stone, tree, etc., which is upon a public highway or which is on the property of another without first obtaining the written consent of the owner. This is a much needed reform and as a means of beautifying the roads goes hand in hand with the planting and care of roadside trees. FORESTRY ACTIVITIES UNDER THE NEW LAW. The State Board of Forestry believed that the most good could be accom- plished at once by instituting an or- ganized campaign against the sign board nuisance and designated June 20th as Sign Board Day, the day on which an organized cleaning up of un- authorized advertising signs, billboards, etc., should be made along all the roads in the State. The State Forester mailed opies of the law and letters asking for the names of people who would be apt to assist in this work to a long list of people who would presumably be in- terested, such as Presidents of Banks, County Commissioners, States Attor- neys, members of the State Roads Com- mission, School Superintendents and School Teachers. The support accord- ed the movement was very general, and the names of a great many responsible and interested people were sent in, and to these people the State Forester sent a Sign-Board Day badge, copies of the law and printed instructions as to how to proceed in tearing down unauthor- ized signs, together with a warning not to molest signs on ‘private property which had been erected with the per- mission of the owner of the land. The Boy Scouts were also enlisted in the work and did valuable service, for which a number of medals are to be distributed to them. After this general cleaning up, any such notices that may be posted here- after will be more conspicuous and very likely to be torn down as soon as they are put up. In order to enforce the law against trimming of trees without a permit, without any unnecessary friction, the State Forester called at his office a con- ference of representatives of the vari- ‘1s companies operating pole lines in the State. The conference was well at- tended, and great interest was mani- fested, and a disposition to co-operate with the State Forester for the benefit of all concerned. The pole line com- panies, since they are obliged to bear the expenses of the supervision of any trimming by the Forest Wardens, read- ily agreed to concentrate the work as much as possible and to send in applica- FIRE PROTECTIVE WORK tions for permits some time in advance of the time when they considered trim- ming necessary. The State Forester furnished to the companies blank appli- cations for permits, which the com- panies are now filling in and sending to the State Forester. While all the details of administra- tion have not as yet been worked out there does not seem to be any insuper- able difficulty in working the problem 677 out along these lines. In each county an inspector, trained and instructed in this work by the State Forester, will personally supervise the more impor- tant jobs and in turn instruct the local Forest Wardens in the counties in the principles and methods of procedure. A considerable improvement in the appearance of the roadside trees in Maryland is confidently expected as a result of the operation of this law. FIRE PROTECTIVE WORK ONROE County, Pennsyl- vania, has been the first to try out the new supplementary acts, passed by the last legis- lature, which provide for the appoint- ment of State Foresters to act as Dis- trict Foresters in designated counties, and also for a system of fire patrol. Dis- trict Forester John L. Strobeck has made two interesting reports upon the practical working of the new laws. The spring fire season of 1914 was unusually favorable to outbreaks of forest fires. ‘There were thirty-six in all; but some were detected so quickly and put out so promtly that they were not considered important enough to be included in the official reports of the wardens. Mr. Strobeck considers this an error and advises that every fire should hereafter be included in the re- ports sent to the Commissioner of Forestry. Four thousand eight hun- dred and forty-two acres were burned over, in different parts of the county. The causes of the fires, according to the reports of the wardens, were as follows: Unknown, 6; railroads, 15; lighted tobacco, 6; incendary, 5; brush burning, 3, and lightning, 1. The Pocono Protective Fire Associa- tion of Monroe County, took advantage of the recent Act of Legislature, No. 432, to inaugurate a fire patrol in con- junction with the Department of For- estry. [wo patrolmen were appointed to try out the new system, and the results of the trial have been so satis- factory that the District Forester is urg- ing an increase in the number of patro!- men before the autumn fire season comes around. He also recommends the establishment of telephone connec- tion with the lookout stations, the dis- tribution of posters, and improvements in apparatus for extinguishing fires. The cost to the State for fighting these fires amounted to $282.13. To this sum must be added the cost of maintaining two patrolmen for two months, $101.00 on the part of the State, and $100.00 on the part of the Pocono Protective Fire Association. WANTED—BACK NUMBERS Members of American Forestry As- sociation who have back numbers of AMERICAN Forestry, will confer a great favor upon the Association if they will sell to it any of the follow- ing copies: November, 1908. October, 1911. February, 1912. April, 1912. May, 1912. A Gtant TuLe TREE, Mitta, Mexico. THE CIRCUMFERENCE IS 145 FEET TWO INCHES AND THE TREE HAS BEEN A SILENT WITNESS OF THE PASSAGE OF SEVERAL CIVILIZATIONS WORLD'S LARGEST TREE ines HE, giant tule tree which stands in the little churchyard at Mitla, Mexico, is an object of interest to many tour- ists. It is said to have the largest trunk of any tree in the world. Its circum- ference at its largest point measures 145 feet and 2 inches. So large is this trunk that a full grown man when standing by it appears to be of insig- nificant size. ‘The ancient tree is great- ly reverenced by the native of that part of Mexico. In passing beneath its overspreading branches these simple- minded people never fail to tarry a moment and pay quiet devotion to the great monument of nature. The age of this tree is a matter of conjecture. It is said to be no larger now than when it was first discovered by the Spanish hosts which followed Hernando Cortez to the shore of Mex- ico nearly four centuries ago, says the American Lumberman, According to the theory of some scientists the tree has been silent witness to several dif- ferent civilizations. Within its shadow, almost, are the prehistoric ruins of Mitla, which are of never-failing inter- est to all archeologists. To the roman- tic mind may be pictured the scene of this giant tree looking down upon the prehistoric people as they builded the great structures which now stand in ruins at its very feet. The tree bids fair to stand through coming centuries and, perhaps, witness other changes in the human progress of events of as great moment as those which it has al- ready passed through. Wy: Me % AR: « um HEADQUARTERS OF THE CO-OPERATIVE PATROLMAN. Ponte PROTEC TION ENC ALTE OR NEA By Know.ton Mitts, Forest Examiner, Tahoe National Forest. N WORKING towards the ideal of efficient fire protection it is essential to take advantage of every possi- ble chance for cooperation between interested bodies. ‘The possibilities of cooperation have undoubtedly been most fully realized in the Pacific Northwest where the work of private, federal and State apencies is now so well coordi- nated that the efficiency of all three is thereby greatly increased. Cooperation in protection, however, will necessarily take various forms in meeting various conditions. For the last five years a cooperative agreement has been in force between a pulp and paper company in California and the Forest Service, which has resulted in keeping fire dam- age on the company’s lands down to a minimum and has given complete satis- faction both to the company and to the Service. The Crown Columbia Paper Com- pany of San Francisco controls approx- imately 40,000 acres of timberland in eastern California and western Nevada, in the region north and northeast of Lake Tahoe and south of the Southern Pacific Railroad. ‘The land is at an elevation of 6,000 to 9,000 feet on the eastern slope of the Sierras and is rough in topography. About 20,000 cords of red fir and white fir pulpwood are cut annually on this tract, for use at the company’s pulp and paper mill at Floriston, California. Although the fire danger in the fir type is not generally excessive, some special factors here contribute to in- crease the risk. As the tract is located within the lightning belt a number of fires have started from this cause. Dur- ing the summer a large number of tourists visiting Lake Tahoe frequent the area, causing considerable danger from camp fires. As an _ additional source of danger wood-cutting for the Lake ‘Tahoe resorts has left a large slash area in the southern part of the tract. With this serious fire risk exist- 679 680 AMERICAN ing for six months of the year and with its heavy investment in machinery at the Floriston plant it became evident to the company in the winter of 1908 that it would be a wise policy to insure, as far as possible, the permanence of its supply of raw material by means of a system of organized protection. As the company cuts fir only for pulpwood, leaving the remaining timber, which consists largely of pine, valuable for saw timber, they became convinced that fire protection would eventually pay for itself by protecting the cut-over land FORESTRY This agreement provides that the district forester and the company estab- lish a system of fire protection on the company’s lands, that the supervisor of the Tahoe National Forest shall have full control of all work of patrolmen and fire fighters on the land, that the company pays for protection and patrol during the fire season a maximum of $250 a month, including the services of not less than three men. The company also agrees to pay towards the cost of fire fighting on its land such amounts as shall be agreed upon with the Super- FOREST SERVICE FIRE PATROL LAUNCH *‘ RANGER’’ ON LAKE TAHOE. as well as the virgin timber. Since the company’s lands are either within or closely adjoining the Tahoe National Forest, they were afforded a consider- able amount of protection from the Forest Service patrol and lookout sys- tem. Feeling the need of more inten- sive protection, the Secretary of the company, Mr. Frank Schwabacher, whose energy and enthusiasm have been largely responsible for the success of the plan, took up with the District For- ester, at the beginning of the fire sea- son in 1909, the proposition of a cooper- ative agreement. An informal arrange- ment was then made which was _ fol- lowed continuously until 1913, when a new agreement was made. visor, and to pay these bills promptly, while the District Forester agrees at the end of the fire season to report to the company on the work done under the agreement, with a detailed state- ment of expenditures and also show the location, area, total cost and damage of each fire. The contract remains in force year after year until terminated by either party. An apparent objection to the agree- ment is that it does not seem to be suf- ficiently detailed and definite, leaving too much room for misunderstanding. The successful results of the plan, how: ever, have proved that this objection does not hold. Since it was difficult to foresee, for any length of time ahead, FIRE PROTECTION IN CALIFORNIA 681 Mr. FRANK SCHWABACHER ON INSPECTION TRIP. SHOWING CALIFORNIA RED FIR PULPWOOD LUMBER IN BACKGROUND. the exact form which the cooperative work should take and to forecast the methods which would give the greatest protection for the least cost, it seemed best to put the spirit and main essen- tials of the cooperation into the adopted form, leaving the details to be settled as they come up, by mutual understand- ing between the company and the Serv- ice. This has worked out most satis- factorily, for not the slightest hitch nor misunderstanding has occurred since the beginning of the cooperation, and the work throughout has been followed with keen interest on both sides. After the informal agreement had been in force for one season the value of having a fire plan for the organiza- tion of the cooperative protection work became evident. In 1910 Forest Assis- tant J. A. Mitchell was detailed for this and constructed a plan which, with some later revisions, has been closely followed. Its cost was borne by the Company but since its value extends over a long period the cost has not been noticeable from year to year. Fach winter the protection work ac- complished during the past season is reviewed by Supervisor Bigelow of the Tahoe National Forest and Mr. Schwa- bacher of the Company, and details of the work for the coming season are discussed and determined. ‘Two patrol- men and a lookout working in coordi- nation with the regular Forest Service organization for the district form an adequate force for present needs. The Service maintains a launch patrol on Lake Tahoe and has a ranger and a fire guard throughout the fire season on that part of the Tahoe Forest which is adjacent to the Company’s holdings. A lookout is established on a centrally located peak at an elevation of 8,600 feet, overlooking at least 90 per cent of AMERICAN FORESTRY TELEPHONE STATION ON PATROL ROUTE. A NUMBER OF THESE TELEPHONE STATIONS ARE DISTRIBUTED OVER THE DISTRICT SO THAT ALARMS OF FIRE MAY BE SENT QUICKLY TO HEADQUARTERS, the cooperative tract and covering a range of vision of about 300,000 acres, one-third of which is National Forest land and the remainder alienated land closely adjacent to the Forest bounda- ries. ‘The cost of the lookout man’s salary is divided between the Company and the Service. Constant telephone communication is maintained between the cooperative guards, lookout, launch patrolman and forest rangers. In case of fire the patrolmen get in touch with central stations which send out neces- sary men and supplies. Several owners and operators in the locality are also prepared to give assistance in emergen- cies. The patrolmen are placed in the field before the fire season commences and retained after the danger is over for a short period each year for the purpose of maintaining existing improvements and doing new construction. Since the agreement has been in force five patrol- men’s cabins and three pastures have been built and approximately 50 miles of telephone line and 36 miles of trail have been constructed by the company and Forest Service in cooperation. In the tract north of Lake Tahoe trails and telephones are so arranged that it is not necessary for a patrolman to ride more than two miles from any point to reach a telephone. ‘Trails have been carefully blazed so that men unfamiliar with the country may find their way to any point without guides, in cases of emergency. A fire line about a mile long has been made, protecting a valu- able stand of timber from a dangerous slash area. ‘Tools necessary for con- struction work and fire fighting are stored in adequate amounts at suitable points. An inventory is taken by the district ranger at the end of the season and any losses noted are filled at the opening of the next season so that all tool caches will be fully equipped in case of need. FIRE PROTECTION IN CALIFORNIA Only one fire of threatening propor- tions has occurred on the Company’s holdings since 1909. ‘This fire, which burned over an area of about 160 acres, was placed under control before much damage was done. A large number of fires have started but they have all been 683 smothered in infancy and confined to a fraction of an acre. The total cost of protection to the Company for the season of 1913 was $906.86. This amount prorated over the total acreage gives a protection cost of $0.023 per acre. Wuart Is Ir? A FLORIDA MONSTER Although the palmetto swamps of Florida harbor moccassins, rattlesnakes and other reptiles, a sight such as 1s shown in the accompanying photograph is very unusual, and was quite a shock to the hunter who suddenly came upon this scene. However, investigation proved that the enormous reptile was quite harmless, being a magnolia tree that has grown into this very unusual shape. Tne -GANADIAN DEPARMEND By E.woop WILSON Mr. R. H. Campbell, Chief of the Dominion Forest Service, has been made an honorary member of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society and has gone to Scotland to receive this honor. On account of the war, the Canadian Forestry Association has postponed the convention, which was to have been held in Halifax in September. The following executive committees have been elected by the Canadian So- ciety of Forest Engineers. Maritime Provinces and Quebec, G. C. Piche, A. Bedard and AR: Bo Miller’ *@ntario, Clyde Leavitt, T. W. Dwight and J. H. White. Prairie Provinces, Norman M. Ross, W. Alden and L. M. Filis. A very curious incident happened to one of the fire-rangers of the St. Maurice Forest Protective Association last week. He was proceeding down the Mattawin River in a canoe and was just about to land at a portage around a rapid when a large cow moose with two calves came out on the bank and started into the water to attack the canoe. The men shouted and tried to drive her away, but she kept on coming into the water and in trying to avoid her the canoe was caught and swept down the rapids, swamping it, and the men barely escaped with their lives, los- ing part of their baggage. The Forest Products Laboratory of Canada, located at McGill University, in Montreal, will be in charge of Dr. J. S. Bates, assisted by Mr. O. F. Bry- ant, B. S. There will be a complete outfit of paper making machinery and every effort will be made to help Canadian Manufacturers in the solving of their problems. The town of Hearst, in Northern Ontario, was wiped out by a forest fire on June ninth. The loss was about 684 $50,000. There had been small fires in the neighborhood for some time, but no attention was paid to them. ‘The fire protection system in Ontario leaves much to be desired. The Forestry Division of the Lauren- tide Co., Ltd., has just finished a survey and map of 2350 square miles showing all drianage, roads, portages and trails, lookout stations, telephone lines and timber conditions. This is the first com- plete map ever made of this section and in order to be of use about 500 square miles of contiguous territory has been mapped. The average error of closure of traverses is one in 300 and the scale of the finished map is two miles to the inch. Maps of each section of 50 square miles on a scale of three-quart- ers of a mile to one inch have also been completed showing the location and amount of green timber, the burnt and cut over areas, etc. This Company is also importing reindeer from Dr. Gren- fell’s herd in Newfoundland to take the place of slad dogs which are very troublesome to keep in summer and are not very efficient in winter. This ex- periment is being watched with much interest. If successful some of these deer will be supplied to the Indians who are finding the game supply getting pretty short. Dr. B. E. Fernow and Messrs. Lea- vitt and Wilson were the guests of Mr. W. R. Brown and the Eastern Forest- ers’ Society, at Berlin and Gorham, N. H., and had a most enjoyable time. The Quebec Government will sell at auction during these months some large timber tracts and some valuable water powers. The area of British Columbia is 245,- 000,000 acres, of which approximately 125,000,000 acres is capable of produc- ing merchantable timber. Actually the THE CANADIAN virgin forest on all but 30,000,000 acres has been destroyed by fire in the last 60 years. Had no fires occurred the stand of timber would amount to over 1,000,000,000,000 feet B. M. ‘The actual amount is 350,000,000,000. Timber lands, bearing over 8,000 feet B. M. per acre west of the Cascades, and 5,000 feet B. M. per acre East of the Cascades are reserved by law from alienation from Government ownership. Prior to 1911 timber lands were dis- posed of by lease or license, by the terms of which the Government re- tains a royalty interest and the right to regulate cutting. When cutting is com- pleted the land reverts to the Govern- ment. About 10,000,000 acres were disposed of in this way. At the present time timber is disposed of only by sale; the conditions being almost identical to those in effect on the .U. S. National Forests. British Columbia obtains an annual revenue of $2,500,000 from its forests. It expends for forest administration over $200,000 and for forest protection over $300,000 annually. The present annual cut from Provin- cial Forests is 1,200,000,000 feet B. M. per annum of logs, shingle bolts, cord- wood and pulpwood. The Forests are administered through 11 District Foresters, whose districts, occupy 15,000,000 acres gross, covering all the settled portion of Brit- ish Columbia outside the Dominion Railway Belt. The District Foresters are assisted by 36 Rangers and 6 Forest Assistants. The Protection Force consists of about 200 Forest Guards employed for the whole of the fire season from May DEPARTMENT 685 1st to October 1st; 100 patrolmen in the dangerous months of July and Au- gust and 40 patrolmen on railway con- struction. The Dominion Railway Belt, an area of about 11,000,000 acres, extend- ing across the province 20 miles on each side of the C. P. Ry., is under the administration of the Dominion Fores- try Branch (forest reserves) and the Dominion Crown Timber Branch (tim- ber leases and licenses), They employ a total protection force of about 100 men. The railways under operation in British Columbia, as the Canadian Pa- cific Railroad, Grand Trunk Pacific, Great Northern Railroad, make fire protection a part of the work of all their outside force, and the sole work of a special force of railway patrol- men, totalling about 50 men. An important measure of co-opera- tion has been secured through the ap- pointment by the B. C. Forest Branch of various men such as Fire Chiefs of Municipalities, Public Road Superin- tendents, etc., as Acting Forest Guards, to a total number of about 40. A few of the larger timber owners employ private guards on their hold- ings. Altogether there are in the Province over 500 men whose duties are chiefly fire protection and another 500 men whose duties are in part fire protection. The British Columbia Fire Protection Service has issued small pocket whet- stones in attractive form to Bov Scouts and others with a warning about set- ting fires on the back. This is a very good move. EDITORIAL ESPITE the financial stress eo and the business uncertainty due to the European war the responses to the request of the American Forestry Association for subscriptions to its $50,000.00 bond is- sue have been highly satisfactory. i No. 3.—Injury shown in No. 2 excavated and ; hea: ready for tarring prior - ty yy ee to filling. “4 “ t ‘ it not necessary to apply them hot. A good and_ possibly more permanent method of treating the scars is to char the surface slightly with a gasoline or alcohol blast torch and then cover the hot sur- face with heavy tar or hot asphalt. Although heat is an excellent sterilizing agent, it does not penetrate so well as creosote and it kills back the cambium to a greater extent. Piate No. 3.—LonG Cavities EXCAVATED THROUGH SEV- Perm: BA = ERAL OPENINGS AND SHORT Cavity EXCAVATED THROUGH ermanent w aterproc hing ata can be secured only when the treated surfaces are watched {from year to year and recoated when any tendency to crack or peel is ob- This is an important step, The entire shellacked and creosoted sur- face must finally be waterproofed by painting it with heavy coal tar. oo pe No. 1.—Cross section of a young tree showing how the new wood and bark grow into an unfilled cavity from the mar- gin. The line indi- cates amount of ex- cavating needed be- fore filling the cavity. No. 3.—Cross section showing manner of using two. single beaded bolts to brace a cavity. AMERICAN FORESTRY No’ 2.—Cross section of cavity showing manner of using single beaded bolt and placing nails when there is little or no under cutting. No. 4.—Oval washer, best kind to use, showing proper method of countersinking and bolting. NO. 5.—SAME AS NO. 2 FILLED WITH CEMENT. PLatE No. 4.—VieEws oF EXCAVATED, BOLTED AND CEMENTED CAVITIES. TREATMENT OF CAVITIES. During the last few years there has been a widespread popular interest in the treatment of decayed places in old trees. This type of work can be re- garded as comprising three essenttal operations: (1) Removing all decayed and diseased matter, (2) sterilizing and waterproofing all cut surfaces, and (3) filling the cavity in a manner that will favor rapid healing and exclude rot- producing organisms. The necessary tools for digging out decayed matter are few. Asa rule, two PRACTICAL TREE SURGERY 725 outside-ground socket-handled gouges (one with a curved cutting edge of about three-fourths of an inch and the other, perhaps, one and_ one-half inches), a chisel, a mallet, a knife, and an oilstone are sufficient for ordinary work. The gouges, chisel, and knife should never be used near the cambium when they lack a keen edge, as dull tools will injure it. In cutting out deep cavities, longer interchangeable handles for the gouges may be necessary. EXCAVATING. Usually an old decayed spot may be partially or wholly covered by a new growth of wood and bark at the edges and the visible decayed area be small as compared with that which is hiddea (Plate No. 1, figures 4 and 6). Ia such cases it is usually necessary to en- large the opening with the gouges and mallet in order to make sufficient room in which to use the gouges in the in- terior. This opening should be sut- ficiently long to reach all the decayed and diseased heartwood with little or no additional injury to the tree. If the decayed and diseased wood ex- tends some distance above or below the external opening, it 1s a common prac- tice to cut one or more holes above or below the main opening in order to facilitate the removal ot the diseased wood (Plate No. 3, figure 1). This results in one or more bridges of wood and bark spanning the long interior cavity. This practice is of doubtful value, partly because it is often impos- sible to see whether the diseased wood has been entirely removed from the under side of the bridges, but mainly because there is a strong tendency in most trees for the bark and sapwood of the bridges to die and decay as a result of severing the sap-conducting tubes both above and below. If the holes are pointed above and below, there is less trouble from this source. A prac- tice that permits a more thorough clean- ing out of the cavity is to make a nar- row opening, pointed at both ends and sufficiently long to include all the dis- eased wood. ‘This often extends some distance above and below the visible dis- colored area. The most important feature of this stage of the work is to remove all the diseased and insect-eaten wood (Plate No. 3, figures 2 and 3). This excavat- ing must continue on all sides of the cavity until sound, uninfected wood is reached (Plate No. 1, figure 4). All discolored or water-soaked heartwood should be removed, as this is the region in which the rot-producing fungus is most active. In decayed areas of many years’ standing there may be only a thin shell of uninfected wood around the cavity (Plate No. 1, figure 6), in which case there is danger of the tree being broken by storms unless braced or guyed. ‘he bottom and all other parts of the cavity should be so shaped that if water were thrown into the cavity it would promptly run out and none re- main in any hollow. UNDERCUTTING. Another important point to be borne in mind in shaping a cavity that is to be filled is to have the sides undercut if possible, so as to hold the filling firmly in place. Care must be taken, however, not to have the wood at the edges of the opening very thin, as this promotes the drying out of the bark and sap- wood at these points. Ordinarily the edges should be at least three-fourths of an inch thick: an inch and a halt would be better (Plate No. 1, figure 4 and Plate No. 4, figure 1). Great care must be exercised in working around the cambium, and all cutting tools must be kept very sharp. The final cutting along the edges of the bark and sapwood can usually best be made with a very sharp knife. This cutting must be followed immediately by a coating of shellac, which should cover the edges of both bark and sap- wood. BOLTING. Before cementing a long cavity it 1s advisable to place through it one or more bolts, so as to hold the wood and cement more firmly in place. A cavity two feet or less in length will not usual- ly require a bolt, but long cavities, as a general rule, should be bolted every 026 No.1.—Large cavity in an Elm filled with cement blocks with layers of tarred paper between. No. 3.—Cavity shown in No. 2 which has been nailed and partly filled with cement and showing placing of rods and use of wire dam. AMERICAN FORESTRY No. 2.—Excavated cavity ready for treating and filling. No. 4.—A later stage of the work showing in No. 2. No. 5.—The same cavity after fill- ing is completed. PLate No. 5.—CeMENT Cavity FILLIncs, SHOWING DIFFERENT TYPES AND SUCCESSIVE STAGES. 18 to 24 inches. Oftentimes a single bolt can be placed so as to support bo«h sides (Plate No. 4, figure 2). In cer- tain cavities it may be necessary tu place bolts at different angles (Plate No. 4, figure 3). In any case a strip of uninjured cambium at least an inch wide should be left between the edge of the cavity and the bolt. On medium- sized trunks, after deciding where the bolts can most efficiently be placed, a very sharp half-inch bit, sufficiently long to reach through the trunk and cavity, can be used to bore the hole for the bolt. On large, heavy trunks a larger bit should be used. Heavy oval or round iron or steel washers, about three times the diameter of the bolt, should be countersunk into the woed by carefully cutting away the bark at both ends of the hole with a sharp gouge or chisel (Plate No. 4, figures 2, 3 and 4). All split cavities must be securely bolted, particularly near the upper part. If the split comes from a crotch. ail PRACTICAL TREE. SURGERY V27 decayed and diseased wood should be removed from the split and creosote and tar applied, after which it can be bolted just beneath the crotch, so as to close the crack or at least bring the parts back to their normal position in case decayed matter has been exca- vated from the crack. If the split is a recent one, a washing of creosote only will usually be sufficient before draw- ing the sides together with bolts. Un- der certain conditions, particularly in large trees, it may be necessary to use a rope and tackle blocks to pull the limbs together some distance above the crotch, in order to properly close the crack before bolting it. If the cavity has a comparatively large opening or has little or no under- cutting, it is the custom to drive flat- headed wire nails into the wood in the interior in order to hold the cement filling firmly in place. In medium- sized cavities nails two and a half or three inches long are usually driven into the wood for about half their length (Plate No. 4, figure 2 TREATING. After the decayed and diseased mat- ter has been completely excavated and the edges of the sapwood and_ bark shellacked, the next step is to sterilize the interior of the cavity in order that all germs of disease or decay which are present may be killed and that any which may come in contact with the cut surfaces during subsequent opera- tions may be destroyed. As already stated, creosote appears to be one of the best. preparations to use. Every cut part of the wood and bark must be creosoted, and over this a heavy coating of tar or hot asphalt should be applied before the cavity is filled. MIXING THE CEMENT. A good grade of Portland cement and clean, sharp sand free from loam (1 part of cement to 3 or less of sand} should be used. A quantity of dry cement and sand sufficient to fill the cavity should be thoroughly mixed be- fore the requisite amount of water to make a rather stiff mortar is added and the whole mixture worked to an even consistency. In large cavities fine gravel free from loam is sometimes substituted for the sand. CEMENTING. For placing the mixture in the cavity a mason’s flat trowel and an ordinary garden trowel with a curved blade will be found convenient. A tamping stick, 1 or 2 inches thick and 1 to 3 feet long, according to the size of the cavity, will be needed; also some rocks and a pail of water if the cavity is a large one. A layer of cement 2 or 3 inches deep can now be placed in the bottom of the cavity with the garden trowel and tamped firmly in place. This opera- tion is repeated until the cement is § to 12 inches thick. Wet rocks of vari- ous sizes may be embedded in the ce ment provided they do not reach with- in an inch or two of its outer face. If the mixture is too wet, it will tend to run out of the cavity under the opera- tion of tamping. If too little water has been used, it will not pack down promptly. The top of the 8 to 12-inch block of cement is then smoothed with the flat trowel so that it will slant slight- ly downward from back to front, in order to facilitate drainage. Over the top of this cement block a double or single sheet of tarred roofing (or thin- ner) paper is placed after it has been cut so as to fit the cavity. On top of this, another block of cement is buili as soon as the first block is sufficiently hard to stand the weight and tamping without forcing any of it out at the bot- tom of the cavity. If the interior of the cavity extends well above the level of the external opening, it may occasion- ally be necessary to bore or cut a down- ward slanting hole from the outside to the top of the interior cavity, through which a watery mixture of cement may be poured to fill the upper part of the cavity and the hole. The main opening of the cavity must be completely closed with the stiffer cement before this wat- ery mixture is introduced. When a block of the cement has partially hard- ened, it will be necessary to carefully smooth the outer surface or cut it down with the flat trowel to-the level of the cambium, taking great care that the lat- 728 AMERICAN No. 1.—Cement filling shattered by cold weather and sway- ing of the tree. No. 2.—Cross section showing method of covering cavity with sheet metal. No. 3.—Section of tree trunk showing simple method of attaching a guy chain to a hook bolt. PLATE No. 6.—A DAMAGED CEMENT FILLING, No. 4.—A long cavity with nails and cement rein- forcing rods in place ready for filling. This cavity should have been bolted. No. 5.—An open shal- low cavity ready for creosote and _ tar. Shallow cavities of this type are not usually filled with cement. Tyres oF UNCEMENTED CAVITIES, AND CROSS SecTION SHOWING METHOD oF ATTACHING A Guy CHAIN. ter is not injured in the operation (Plate No. 4, figure 5 and plate No. 5, figure 1). If the cement is allowed to become too hard to trim with the trowel, it can still, with more or less difficulty, be cut back to the cambium line with a cold chisel and hammer. It is a rule with most tree surgeons to trim back the outer surface of the cement to an eighth of an inch or more below the cambium and then use a layer of stronger cement (one part of cement to one or two Gt sand) to raise it to the level of the cambium, after the filling has partially hardened. The thinner mixtures of cement wiil set more firmly. If any mixtures thin- ner than the one already mentioned are PRACTICAL TREE SURGERY 729 used to fill a cavity, some sort of cloth or wire dam will have to be used to hold the cement in place until it is hard. For this purpose strips of bur- lap wrapped tightly around the tree so as to cover the lower part of the opening may be sufficient if the mixture is not very thin; otherwise, a more closely woven fabric, such as canvas or carpet, may be used. No. 1.—Limbs of an Elm tree guyed by several independent chains 15 feet above the crotches. PLaTE No. 7. No. 3.—A tupelo tree nearly strangled by tele- graph wires wrapped around the trunk. After the cement filling has become thoroughly dry, the outer face may be painted with coal tar or paint, espe- cially around the edges where cracks are likely to appear. This should not be done for several weeks after the cement has been put into the cavity. TINNED CAVITIES. Sheet tin, zinc, and iron have been quite extensively used to cover cavities. When properly applied, these- coverings often serve to keep out disease and insects for a long time. Oftentimes they are improperly applied, or the cavity is not properly treated. Under such conditions these tin-covered cavities are a greater menace to the tree than open cavities. In preparing a cavity for a sheet- metal covering, all the decayed, diseased and insect-eaten wood is removed in the manner indicated No. 2.—A split crotch guyed by means of a long bolt about eighteen inches above the crotch. under cement fillings, with two excep- tions: There is no need of undercutting the cavity and there should be a narrow half-inch ledge of wood around the edge of the cavity to which the margin of the sheet metal can be tacked. The excavated cavity must be thoroughly 730 AMERICAN sterilized and waterproofed. The sheet metal should be trimmed so that its edges will exactly fit along the edges of the bark. The metal can then be placed on a block of wood and holes an inch or less apart punched or drilled along its margin, through which long, slender, flat-headed brads may be driven into the ledge of wood around the cavity. The edges of the cavity and the inner side of the metal should now be freshly tarred. The metal is then put in place and nailed with a light hammer, allowing the center of the metal to curve outward, so as to con- form to the general shape of the trunk (Plate No. 6, figure 2). In a tree which is not considered of sufficient value to warrant cleaning and filling the decayed areas or covering them with tin, these may be excavated, sterilized, and waterproofed (Plate No. 6, figure 5). In this condition they can often be safely left for years if the waterproof covering is renewed as soon as cracks or blisters appear. THE TIME FOR SURGERY. As a general rule, tree surgery can be safely undertaken at almost any time of the year when the sap is not running too actively and the weather is not coid enough to freeze the cement. In most trees the sap will interfere with the work only from the time the buds begin to expand in the spring until the FORESTRY leaves are full grown. Cement work will be ruined if it is frozen before it is hard. It is not likely to be injured by frost after it has been drying for a week. TREES WORTH REPAIRING. Most ornamental and shade trees hay- ing only a few dead limbs are unques- tionably worth attention. Others which have many dead limbs or numerous lecayed areas may not be worth the expense, particularly if they are nat- urally rapid-growing, short-lived trees. No one can decide better than the own- er of a tree whether it is worth the attempt to save it, because usually the actual commercial value of an orna- mental or shade tree has little or noth- ing to do with the decision. It is gen- erally a question merely of esthetic value, or historic associations, or rarity of the species. A man who has had ex- perience in repairing mutilated or diseased trees may be able to say defi- nitely whether it is possible to save the tree, but the owner, who pays the bill, is the one who will have to decide whether the tree is worth the price it will take to repair it. Often the owner will realize a greater degree of satis- faction by having a badly diseased or mutilated tree replaced. In expert hands the moving of large trees is no longer a hazardous undertaking. STUDYING DTH EwceU MBE IND WS bie ORK has been commenced by the Forest Service and the Department of Commerce in the scientific study of the lumber industry for the purpose of de- veloping the economic facts concern- ing the industry and placing them before the public in a fair and impartial manner. The lumber manufacturers have very generally signified their will- ingness to cooperate in furnishing the representatives of the departinents named the information which will aid ‘hem in this work. Chief Forester Graves, of the Forest Service, indicates the fair and open- minded basis on which this study is to be conducted in saying: “It is my purpose to set the facts ascertained before the public, neces- sarily from the point of view of the interests of the people at large, but with absolute impartiality and fairness ‘o the industry. I propose to make the WEST VIRGINIA FIRE PROTECTION 731 inquiry not only impartial but con- structive and helpful in dealing with the problems of the industry as far as I am able to do so. I shall want to ob- tain the judgment of members of the in- dustry on the conclusions indicated by the study before they are put in final form.” As the report to be eventually issued will deal with the costs of lumber pro- duction, the effect of taxation upon timber cutting, the possible utilization of material now wasted, and other practical phases of lumbering opera- tions, 1t is obvious that a comprehensive study, based upon such facts, will be of as much benefit to the lumber industry itself as to the public in general. The Forest Service announces the following assignments of its men in connection with this work: F. H. Smith and R. S. Simmons, now engaged in a study of foreign markets, are carried on the rolls of ‘the Burea:t of Foreign and Domestic Commerce EF. S. Bryant and R. S. Bryant, carried on the rolls of the Forest Service, are investigating the conditions controlling lumber production in the southern yel- low pine region. Austin Cary, with the assistance of members of District 6, is conducting a similar investigation in the Pacific Northwest. C. Stowell Smith, with the assistance of the offi- cers in District 5, is conducting an in- vestigation of conditions controlling lumber production in California. F. A. Silcox, with the assistance of the mem- bers of District 1, is conducting a simi- lar investigation in the Inland Empire. The Forest Products Laboratory, under the direction of Howard F. Weiss, is supplementing these investi- gations by studies of utilization and waste. The Office of Industrial Investiga- tion, under the direction of O. T’. Swan, is conducting studies of the adaptation of manufacturing and grading to wood using industries and markets. Other members of the Forest Service within the next two months will under- ake studies of special phases of lumber distribution. Wats Tl: VIRGINIA FIRE -PROTEOGTION HE Executive Committee of the Central West Virginia Fire Protective Association has ar- ranged to cooperate with the State and Federal Government in pre- venting and controlling forest fires and has appointed several “patrolmen. This -association, which was organ- ized several months ago for the purpose of supplementing the State and Govern- ment in forest fire work, is composed of all the principal timber land owners in central and southeastern West Vir- ginia, the largest of whom are the Cherry River Boom & Lumber Com- pany, with 210,000 acres, the Gauley Land Association with 175,000 acres, the West Virginia Pulp & Paper Com- pany with 150.000 acres. Other mem- bers are the Babcock Lumber Company, George Craig & Sons; Bemis Lumber Company ; “Raine-Andrews Lumber Company; Wildell Lumber Company ; Wilson) Lumber Company, Gilfilin. Neal & Company; Pocahontas Land & Development Company ; Denmar Lumber Company, Glady Fork Lum- ber Company, Porterwood Lumber Company and William’s Heirs. All this land belonging to the Asso- ciation, comprising more than 800,000 acres, is assessed annually at 1 cent per acre, which will be used in cooperat- ing with the State and Government in better protecting these forest lands from fire. The State builds and equips lookout stations on high mountain peaks, the Government furnishes lookout watch- men for these stations and the private owners, through this Assoc:ation, fur- nish patrolmen, which makes a com- plete system as is now being used in the following sixteen states: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu- setts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Kentucky, Michigan, Wisconsin, Idaho, Minnesota, Wash- ington, Oregon and South Dakota. rp AMERICAN FORES STRY A FrreE PLACE FOR THE Woops. THIS IS MADE OF STONSS AND IS ONE OF A VARIETY OF FIRE-PLACES ADVOCATED BY CAREFUL WOODSMEN. A SAFE: CAMP FIRE-PLACE HERE are almost as many ways to start a camp fire as there are campers. Many. prefer what is known as the “tepee’ or “wigwam’” style, in which a pyramid 1S built with fine twigs on which are superimposed others th at are progres- sively larger until they are full size. Others use on either side of a fire-place two green sticks as supports, and “‘lay”’ the fire as with andirons. But whatever the method of starting there is only one way that is safe, as far as prevention of forest fires is con- cerned. Such a safe fire is never built against a fallen log or near a tree. The ground is carefully cleared of inflam- mable duff andrubbish. The picture pre- sented herewith shows the right kind of a place for a camp fire in the woods. The large flat rocks at the sides will support coffee pots or cooking uten- sils; and the built-up back will serve to reflect heat if the. fire “is “built for warmth or good cheer. This fire-place puts such definite limits on the blaze, that when the time comes for quitting camp, a little water and some shovelfuls of mineral soil will effectually extinguish the blaze and prevent the spread of fire to the woods. A fire-place of this type can be more elaborate and pretentious, of course, but its essential features of safety and con- venience can not be much improved. Such a fire-place is available for use from one camping party to another. Be- fore being used, however, all the accum- ulated debris should be carefully cleared away. Stones are in no way essential. On the Florida National Forest, for ex- ample, where the soil is a fine sand, one camper asserted that the largest stone he found was in a can of baked beans. In such a place a hole scraped in the sand, with the pine needles ana debris raked away, makes an adequate and safe fire-place. Similar conditions else- where can be satisfactorily met by making a hollow in the earth; then when the fire is left it can be effectually extinguished by heaping upon it the earth. removed from the excavation. A WHITE MOUNTAIN PURCHASE REALLY tor the delisht of New Englanders who have for some years advocated the pur- chase by the Government of areas in the White Mountains which include points of particular scenic value and interest, the National Forest Reservation Commission during Sep- tember approved the purchase of 85,- 000 acres of White Mountain forest lands which include Mt. Washington, Mt. Adams and Mt. Jefferson. ‘These mountains, famous for their rugged beauty and very popular as health and summer resorts, furnish what is_ re- garded as the keystone or hub of the White Mountain drainage system and the members of the commission feel that the purchase is one of the most important that has been made. For the past three years there have been almost constant negotiations for these lands and at times New Eng- landers, who advocated the purchase and were very anxious to have the Government take them over before more timber was cut by private owners, felt that the commission was not giv- ing the matter the attention it de- served. Consequently they are elated by the successful outcome of the ne- gotiations. The lands approved for purchase in- clude two principal tracts: The first comprises three State grants known as the Thompson and Meserve purchase, Sargent purchase, and Hadley pur- chase, making in all 33,970 acres; the second tract includes portions of the towns of Albany and Bartlett, amount- ing to 45,170 acres. The two tracts belonged to the same company and were purchased at $8.50 an acre. The bulk of these lands were first offered to the Government three years ago at a price of $28.60 an acre. The Forest Service, which is charged with the examination of such lands, held that the price was too high, and de- clined to recommend the purchase, in spite of the fact that a large amount of public sentiment had developed in its favor. Within the past year a very careful estimate was made of the stand- ing timber on both tracts, and as a result of this estimate the Forest Sery- ice was finally able to secure the offer of the land at a price which was felt to justify its purchase. Portions of the land contain very dense and valuable stands of timber. That in what is known as the Great Gulf, lying on the north side of Mt. Washington, between that mountain and Mts. Jefferson and Adams, con- sists of an unusually heavy stand of spruce. This area is prominently in view from all the surrounding moun- tains and it has been constantly brought to the attention of the commission that a large part of the public desired that the land might pass into the hands of the Government. Altogether, these two tracts contain about seventy mil- lion feet of spruce and fir timber, in addition to considerable quantities of hardwoods, mainly beech, birch, and maple. Another tract in which the public was deeply interested is a body of land of 5,600 acres situated on the south slope of Mt. Passaconaway and on the east slope of Mt. Whiteface. This tract lies immediately above the village of Wonalancet, a favorite New England summering place, and also contains a valuable body of timber. On this tract there are 800 acres of virgin spruce, containing about 15,000 feet to the acre. This again is one of the virgin tracts which public opinion has strong- ly favored the Government’s owning. Two other tracts of smaller size make up the purchase. Altogether they bring the Government purchase in the White Mountains up to 220,000 acres, or near- ly one-third of the region covered by this mountain system. 733 SERY = 4 f ICAN. FOR ® ) BY AMEI _ “GNONOUDANOA DHL NI SI ADTVIVA NVWMOG “LW “NOISSINWOD NOILVANSSAY LSANOA IVNOILVN AHL Ad GAAOUddV ATLINAOAY ASVHOUNAd AHL NI GAGNIONI ANY SNIVINOOW OML ASHHL ‘NOSUAAAA( “LJ] GNV NOLONIHSVA\ “LIN 4O MAIA TVAANAD WHAT IS A NATIONAL FOREST? By T. W. VENEMANN. O MUCH discussion and com. ment has been published in re- cent years .relative “to «fed= eral control and administra- tion of the National Forests that there are comparatively few people in the United States today who do not have some knowledge, at least, of the exist- ence, location, and purposes of these forests. While it is pretty generaily understood that they are large bodies of mountainous, timbered lands con- trolled by the government for the pur- pose of protecting and preserving the resources of the forests, there are many persons who have but a very vague idea of what constitutes a National Forest, or, in other words, what is its physica! make up and appearance. Probably the general impression held by many who have never seen or had any business dealings on them is, that they are immense bodies of heavy tim- ber stretching for miles and miles along the mountain slopes, for the most part uninhabitable and undeveloped. ‘1 his impression although erroneous is quite natural for the reason that the name National Forest itself implies large bodies of timber, while in the general presentation of forestry topics they are usually referred to collectively, or as individual forest units. It would be surprising to many, then, to know how much similarity actually exists between the developments on the National For- ests and those in other parts of the states in which they are located. If the reader will examine a map of Colorado, he will notice that, although the entire western half of the state is traversed by heavy mountain ranges, towns and settlements are as thickly scattered throughout this section as on the more open and level portions of the state. This fact is significant for the reason that these same mountains are also occupied by fourteen and a half PLACER MINING. THIS OPERATION IS NEAR HABINS PEAK ON TUE ROUTT NATIONAL FOREST IN COLORADO AND SHOWS HOW SECTIONS OF NATIONAL FORESTS ARE USED AS MINING CLAIMS. 735 136 AMERICAN million acres of National Forests, prov- ing at the outset that these forested areas are not huge bodies of uninhabit- able and undeveloped — timberlands. While it is true that some of them con- tain large stands of dense and _ inac- cessible timber, other portions are more thinly wooded, on which the timber is held primarily for the protection of the water supply without which the sur- rounding country would be uninhabit- able. The greatest development is found within these more sparcely FORESTRY one of the largest and most important of which is the Pike. This Forest alone occupies a gross area of 1,323,000 acres, on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, and practically in the cen- ter of the state. Primarily the Pike is what is known to foresters as a protec- tion forest. That is, the forest cover is held mainly for the protection and conservation of the water supply fur- nished by countless streams originating within the Forest. How much is de- pendent upon the protection of this for- CASCADE CANON AND RAMONA HOTEL. A SUMMER RESORT ON PATENTED LANDS WITHIN THE PIKE NATIONAL FOREST IN COLORADO, wooded regions. Many of these de- velopments “existed long before the for- ests were set aside and, of course, were excluded from the actual Forest bound- aries. When the Forests were created they were made to include only unap- propriated public lands and, at the same time, to exclude as far as practicable, any considerable bodies of land having a greater value for other than forestry purposes. These factors are largely responsible for the irregular shape of their outer boundaries. This same broken. up condition also exists within the Forests as will be seen later. In Colorado there are seventeen sep- arate and distinct National Forests, est cover may be realized when it 1s known that such municipalities as Den- ver, Colorado Springs, Cripple Creek, Idaho Springs, Golden, Central City, Georgetown, Boulder, and scores of other smaller settlements on and ad- jacent to the Pike are almost wholly dependent, for their domestic water supplies, upon streams arising in or flowing through this Forest. Not only is this true as regards domestic water supplies, but hundreds of thousands of acres of agricultural lands within and without the forest boundaries are irri- gated through the same sources. It is impossible to tell in a single ar- ticle all of the developments on the WHAT IS A NATIONAL FOREST? Ve DeviL’s HEAD FIRE ~? ws IooKouT STATION ON THIS HIGH, BOLD ROCKY PEAK A FOREST FIRE PATROL IS ABLE TO WATCH OVER MANY MILES OF FOREST AND TO QUICKLY DISCOVER ANY FIRE WITHIN RANGE OF HIS TELESCOPE. Pike Forest. For instance the south- eastern wing of this Forest and adja- cent territory, involves a total area of 1,260 square miles, or thirty-five town- ships. ‘Near the upper edge are Cheeseman Lake and Dam, which together with the South Platte River, form the most important factors in the water supply system of Denver. Near the base are Pikes Peak and the municipalities, Colorado Springs, Colorado City, Man- itou, and Cripple Creek, dependent upon its watershed. Three of the nine railroads crossing the Pike Forest are in this section, together with the fa- mous “cog road” running between Man- itou and the summit of Pikes Peak. One of these is the Colorado Springs and Cripple Creek route, considered among the finest and most popular scenic mountain trips in America. A few miles west of Colorado Springs and crossing a portion of the Forest 1s the wonderful “High Line Drive,” an automobile thoroughfare built along the crest of the mountains and reveal- ing to the tourist a magnificent view of mountains and plains for miles around. In addition to these routes of travel there is the Ute Pass road, form- ing part of the state and transconti- nental highway between Colorado Springs and Leadville, built by con- vict labor, together with the elaborate system of roads and trails crossing the Forest in all directions. Included in the Pikes Peak region, within and adjoining the Forest, are many of the most wonderful nature freaks in the Rocky Mountains. The Garden of the Gods, Glen Eyrie, with its reproduction of the Cliff Dwelling, the historic Ute Pass, Cheyenne Can- yons, Cave of the Winds. Seven Falls, Crystal Park, Mount Manitou incline railway, and scores of other scenic at- tractions drawing thousands of tour- ists from all parts of the country to that section. It is estimated that fully half a million sightseers visit this por- tion of the Pike Forest every summer. Following the lines of railroad are numerous towns and settlements, while scattered throughout the Forest are hundreds of summer and _ year-long residences, stores, hotels, schools, and AMERICAN other improvements for the convenience of tourists and permanent residents. Near Clyde is the Rathke elk pre- serve, leased from the government for the protection of a band of these rap- idly diminishing as The Colo- rado Springs Fly Casting Club has its fishing resort on Beaver Creek, a few miles west of Palmer Lake. At Palmer Lake, adjoining the eastern border of the Forest, and dependent uvon tre Forest for many of its recreative fea- tures, 1s one of the most attractive A NATIONAL A LUMBERING SCENE ON THE mountain resorts in the state. Nestled in the timber on the slope of the moun- tain are many beautiful summer cot- tages readily seen from the cars of the two railroads passing close by. On the eastern border of the Forest, near Monument, the Forest Service main- tains one of the largest forest nurseries in the country, supplying annually hun- dreds of thousands of young trees for restocking denuded areas within the National Forests. ‘Two miles west of Manitou, on the slopes of Pikes Peak, is situated the Fremont Experiment Station, where extensive forest investi- PIKE FORESTRY gations are vcing conducted by the For- est Service to determine how best to reproduce, develop, and manage the for- ests of the Rocky Mountain region. In order to facilitate the transaction of business the Pike is divided into eleven ranger districts, each provided with a ranger headquarters. Where such headquarters are not more con- veniently located in nearby business centers, they are established on the Forest, consisting of dwellings, barns, outbuildings, pastures, and a_ small PRO tore moe mech Pat TS ae e -A 8 ? - FOREST OPERATION. NATIONAL FOREST IN COLORADO. patch of agricultural land to supply food and provender for the ranger, his family and livestock. The most destructive agency on the National Forests today is fire, which annually destroys millions of dollars worth of public property. In order to reduce this loss to a minimum the For- est Service during the last ten years has built up on the Forests a vast net- work of roads, trails, and telephone lines, established fire lookout stations on prominent mountain peaks, and placed throughout the Forests thou- sands of tool caches containing fire- WHAT IS A NATIONAL FOREST? highting equipment. Probably the most unique fire lookout station in existence is located on the summit of. Devil’s Head, a rocky peak lifting its head ten thousand feet above sea level. From this pinnacle the lookout man, station- ed there during the summer months, commands a view of three-fourths of the entire Forest, or more than a mil- lion acres of valuable timber. Located on the very summit is a telephone, while at the base of the huge rocks that crown the mountain a camp is established for the lookout. A small cabin is also built on the summit of the peak to house the telephone and to shelter the lookout in case of storm. On the topmost rock, with a sheer fall of one thousand feet on three sides, a table containing a map of the Forest is bolted into the solid granite, by the aid of which the fire lookout is able to locate any fires aris- ing on that portion of the forest within view of the station. He can then com- municate by telephone with the office of the Forest Supervisor at Denver, thirty miles distant in an air line. This, itself, is a remarkable illustration of how modern developments may be A Forest THE RESIDENCE, BARNS AND OTHER BUILDINGS OF 739 found in supposedly inaccessible re- gions. All land within the boundaries of the National Forests is not government land. In order to explain the broken up condition within the Forests take for instance a single township in the Pike National Forest, a portion of the township is alienated from the Pike Forest and comprises state and private lands following the line of the Colo- rado and Midland Railroad, many of which were purchased from the gov- ernment before the creation of the For- est. Those that were not so purchased are for the most part patented home- steads. This is typical of the condition ex- isting to greater or less extent through- out all of the National Forests. Hun- dreds of streams flowing through the Forest are studded on either side with agricultural homesteads; in countless small draws and ravines, 1n open parks, and in fact wherever lands are capable of producing crops and are more val- uable for that than for forestry pur- poses, they are open to homestead en- try. ‘These alienations apply not only act ite i, ett i A HOMESTEAD. A PROSPEROUS HOMESTEADER ON A NATIONAL FOREST. 740 AMERICAN to agricultural but to mineral lands as well. Thousands of patented and un- patented mineral claims are located throughout the National Forests. At Nederland, Colorado, on the Pike, are located the largest tungsten mines in the world, while also on this Forest, near Central City, are the only mines producing pure uranium in the coun- try. The most important enterprises on the National Forests, producing a rev- enue to the government, are the grazing and timber sale industries. Scattered throughout the Forests are thousands of acres of open park and non-timbered lands having no value for agricultural crops, on which the Forest Service an- nually feeds millions of head of live- stock, the products of which go to sup- ply the demands for meat, hides, and wool in every state in the Union. Next in importance to the protec- tion of the forest cover, it 1s the object of the Forest Service to dispose of its FORESTRY mature and dead timber through scien- tific forestry methods, thereby acceler- ating the young growth and increasing the productive capacity of the Forests. Located on the National Forests, there- fore, are hundreds of sawmills, wood pulp and other wood using industries, annually consuming millions of feet of timber. It may readily be seen from these few illustrations that development is not lacking on the National Forests nor does it differ materially from that outside the Forest boundaries. The fullest development both within and without the Forests is actively sought by the government for the mutual ben- efit and protection of the resources of the entire region. The forest timber, its water, minerals, game, and every other resource is available for use by the general public, and the government is endeavoring to make them an ever- lasting heritage. BERKS COUNTY CONSERY ATie PRES, COUN TY, PA haseser the pace for all other counties of that State and every other State, in the organization of a county conservation association, which was effected on September 12. A number of foresighted men, realiz- ing the necessity of preserving the scenic beauty as well as the nat- ural resources of the county, started the movement which is to enlist the aid of all the residents and is certain to do a great deal of good. ‘The associa- tion will devote its work to the preser- vation of the forested lands of the county in public parks and on public and private lands, to forest fire preven- tion, placing the smallest practicable tax on timberlands, conserving the water supply, protecting wild life in forest and stream, and inspiring a love of natural scenery. Among the features of the proposed work will be the sav- ing of Mt. Penn and Neversink which THE PAGODA. On Mt. Penn, Pennsylvania, where the Berks County Conservation Associa- tion was organized September 12. BERKS COUNTY CONSERVATION 1] SOLAN L. PARKES. EXECUTIVE SECRETARY BERKS COUNTY CON- SERVATION ASSOCIATION. JONATHON MOu_p. “ A at Eley er ~ >: PRESIDENT BERKS COUNTY CONSERVATION Game ic OmMmn11SS10N 5 George \W é Kehr, ees pea secretary Pennsylvania Conservation Association; Mayor Ira W. Sutton, of Reading; B. Frank Ruth, park superin- tendent, of Reading; Daniel K. Hoch, overlook the city of Reading, and which have been marred by the lumberman and the quarryman. The organization was effected at a2 enthusiastic meeting at The Pagoda on Mt. Penn, recently turned over to the city by its owner, Mr. Jonathon Mould. There gathered, as a result of excellent preliminary arrangements by the several men who started the movement, a large number of men and women eager to aid in the good work. Mr. Mould presid- ed and Addresses on forestry and gen- eral conservation were made by Dr. Henry S. Drinker, president of Lehigh University and president of the Ameri- can Forestry Association; Dr. J. T. Rothrock, vice-president American Forestry Association; Hon. S. B. El- liott, Forestry Commission of Pennsyl- vania; Irvin C. Williams, Deputy Com- missioner of Forestry; A. B. Farquhar, president Pennsylvania Conservation JouN K. STAUFFER. Editor ‘‘The Forester’’ 1899-1900. Wash- Association; John Birkinbine, president ington newspaper correspondent, 1900- > E : 1914, Now member and secretary I -ennsylv ani< l F orestry y Assi yc1ation ; Reading City Planning Commission chairman Advisory Committee of Be ks Jose] wh Kalbfus, secretary Pennsylvania Gntintewsoneestion Assduation TAR AMERICAN FORESTRY DANIEL K. Hocn. TREASURER BERKS COUNTY ASSOCIATION. CONSERVATION county controller; John Keim Stauffer, secretary of the Reading City Planning Commission, and others. The officers elected were Jonathon Mould, president ; Solan L. Parkes, ex- ecutive secretary; Daniel K. Hoch, treasurer; Hon. Ira W. Stratton, first vice-president. The burgesses of the boroughs of Berks County were all made vice-presidents. | Headquarters are to be opened shortly and .an aggres- sive conservation campaign started. An interesting feature of the gather- ing was the fact that John K. Stauffer, chairman of the advisory committee and one of the most active of the pro- moters of the association, was a number of years ago editor and publi-hes of AMERCAN Forestry and has ever Since maintained his deep interest in forestry. As indicating this he has secured the Won. H. LUDEN. ADVISORY BOARD MEMBER BERKS COUNTY CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION. title to a large section of forested land on Mt. Penn overlooking Reading and he will make out of it a model forest, conducted by scientific foresters, and designated for the use of the people of Berks County. This will not only pre- serve the natural beauty of that side of Mt. Penn but be an object lesson in forest preservation which should set an example for other owners of forested land in that section of the State. Mem- bers of the Conservation Association are elated over Mr. Stauffer’s decision. In Mr. Jonathon Mould the associa- tion possesses a president who, having retired from active business, will de- vote much of his energy to the work and in Solan L. Parkes he will find a most energetic and hard-working as- sistant. ‘The success of the association appears to be already assured. Junror CLASS PHILIPPINE Forest SCHOOL. THE CLASS OF 1915 IS COMPOSED OF 13 HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES, 3 FOURTH-YEAR STUDENTS, 4 THIRD-YEAR STUDENTS WHILE THE 1916 CLASS JUST ENTERING THF FOREST SCHOOL HAS 169 HIGH SCHOOL CRADUATES, 2 FOURTH-YEAR STUDENTS, AND 4 THIRD-YEAR STUDENTS. FILIPING FORBS TERS RATIFYING progress is being made in instructing Filipinos in forestry at the forestry school established by the Bureau of Forestry at Manila, under the direction of Major George P. Ahearn, and par- ticularly good results are expected of the junior class, which recently re- turned from its summer camp on Mt. Maquiling, where much practical work was done and considerable valuable 1n- formation of forest conditions secured. General Inspector J. R. Barber, in re- porting to Major Ahearn about the camp, Says: “The members of the faculty con- nected with the camping scheme are to be congratulated upon its success. From what I observed, I believe the students were distinctly benefited by the experience obtained. The permanent camp, two rather inadequate snapshots of which are attached, was excellently located on the northern side of Mt. Ma- quiling about 16 or 17 kilometers from the Forest School. Absolutely all work in and about the camp such as cooking, washing dishes, cleaning up, gathering rewood, etc., was performed by the students. “During the period of the encamp- ment the students received practical in- struction in all branches of the field work which is conducted by the bureau. In accordance with your expressed wish the undersigned gave particular atten- tion to the manner in which the students conducted themselves with ref- erence to cooking, packing, camping and their general adaptability to field life. I was very well pleased, indeed, with what I found. They were cheer- ful, happy and willing during the hike, even though it was “decidedly uncom- fortable for them on two occasions, when heavy rains were encountered. Fach student carried all of his own equipment, including bedding roll and mosquito bar as may be seen by the third attached snapshot. I believe each and every student in the class to be quite capable of looking out for him- 743 i44 AMERICAN self satisfactorily in the field. They are on the whole a pretty husky bunch of boys and I am inclined to the opinion that they are the best material, as a class, we have yet had at the school, and good results may confidently be ex- pected from them upon their gradua- tion and taking up active service in the Bureau.” Major Ahearn, in writing to AMERI- cAN Forestry about the school and its success, Says: “The forest school was started early in 1910 as part of the College of Agri- culture, University of the Philippines. The college and school are situated near Los Banos at the base of Mount Ma- quiling, some 42 miles from Manila, being connected with the same by ex- cellent rail and water transportation. This section of the country is building up fast as is evidenced by three re- cently constructed railroad lines now girding the mountain. Mount Ma- quiling is 3,800 feet in elevation and, being almost wholly forested, was set aside as a reserve as soon as the school was established. The area of the re- serve approximates 15,000 acres. The study and mapping of this reserve, to- gether with constructive work such as road and trail building, tree planting, etc., is part of the work of the students, and in addition each class is expected to improve one hectare (two and a half acres) of the reserve, making a sort of a model forest on a small scale which will be left as a monument to the class doing the work. “The students are given a practical training, namely, to estimate roughly the character, extent and value of a given area, to locate and build trails, keep licensees up to the rules, appre- hend and prosecute trespassers and be- come acquainted with the land status of each occupant within the forest zone. The training in wood technology and forest botany is exceptionally thorough, FORESTRY as it must be in order to be of prac- tical use, for in the average small dis- trict under a ranger will be found many hundreds of tree species, the woods of which in some cases grade into each other almost imperceptibly. We now have in the Philippine herbarium speci- mens of more than 2,500 tree species. During their course the students are made more or less familiar with the operations of the large lumber com- panies, and are also encouraged to visit the various woodworking industries in and about Manila. “The cottages used by the students and the faculty are built by the Bu- reau; the grounds are prettily parked and kept in perfect order; military discipline is the rule and includes daily inspection of houses and grounds. “The rough outdoor work of the boys keeps them in fine physical trim, so that when they leave for their stations at graduation they present a far more robust appearance than when they en- tered two years before. They have their societies, including a musical club, and also help to run a magazine, thus fully taking up their time. The head- quarters of the model forest district (No. 5) is at the school, and this brings the students into frequent contact with live questions of administration and in- _ vestigation. “Opportunity is given the graduates, who are also high school graduates, to return to the school for the course lead- ing to the degree. of | Bachelorssan Science in Forestry. Students are se- lected from all over the Islands and upon graduation are sent to provinces other than their own. After four years’ service they will return to their home provinces, where they can do good mis- sionary work in arousing public senti- ment in favor of forest conservation, for without the active cooperation ot the public at large. forest laws and reg- ulations are of no avail.” pA cK@a espa LEI GQ U2EALKEY) FORESTS, LUMBER AND CONSUMER By, E. iL. -ALLEN Forester for Western Forestry and Conservation HE business of supplying us with the products of the forest is one of our three or four greatest American industries. It is our greatest manufacturing in- dustry. Consequently all others are largely dependent upon it. It employs more men, supports more families, than any other manufacture. Lumber is made by labor and its cost is in pay- rolls, returning to the consumer, what- ever his vocation. Government statis- tics show that in my own great lumber- ing region, the Pacific northwest, 85 per cent of the price the mills receive have already gone to the community in costs. It probably surpasses every other industry of importance in small- ness of profit. In individual cases, un- usual opportunity has built large for- tunes, but for every one of these are many cases where the public has profit- ed by failure. Also there have been temporary or local situations where one branch of the industry has profited at the expense of another. But on the whole lumber does not cost the con- sumer as much more than the actual cost of producing it as do most other commodities. Few, if any, things are sold at so much less than‘ their intrinsic value as the trees of which lumber is made. It is essentially a business of service ; not one of middleman exploita- tion, or of fabricating luxuries, or of parasitism in any form. And we, a wood-using and wood-selling nation, depend upon it almost as much as upon food itself. I wish to emphasize that we cannot consider forestry intelligently until we realize that it is not forests at all, but forest industry, that we seek to perpet- uate. The community has little to gain from forests unless it encourages and helps to a sound permanent footing the activities which make them useful and worth preserving. And, conversely, Association unless it does this, it is not likely to guide or force these activities along lines which do preserve forests. What would be their object? Forests, lum- bering and community; community, lumbering and forests—the sequence is inseparable, whether it reads forward or backward, and inseparably it un- derlies forestry and every forestry problem. Twenty years ago we had practically nothing, now we have an efficient na- tional forestry administration. Many States have forest laws, some have good ones, a few are fairly liberal with funds. We have forestry associations and congresses. Lumbermen are tak- ing the lead in fire prevention, for in less than ten years the systematic pro- tection of private timber has grown from practically nothing to cover about 100,000,000 acres, with an increase of 3000 per cent in the last five years. But the Forest Service has to fight for ex- istence in every Congress. Many States still have no forest legislation and few legislation that is adequate. In many sections lumberman and public are so mutually suspicious that neither supports any real solution of their com- mon problems. In short, who can claim that there is any recognized American forest policy, existing not because reformers have prevailed on some occasions but because a majority of our population understands what is needed and why, and has insisted upon putting it into effect? All this is because we have never seen forestry in its practical aspects as we do agriculture, for example. Our average citizen knows when in his town or vicinity, where community relations are so clearly under his eye that they are familiar and clear to him, any in- dustry employs a large part of the population, produces the chief manu- factured product, and pays an impor- 745 746 AMERICAN tant part of the taxes: | Let us™say it is dairying, or fruit growing, or furni- ture making. He concedes its necessity without argument. Citizens and_ offi- cials alike work for its continuance and development. None would dare do otherwise. If it needs regulation for public good, they do this also. But they know how. [If it is a dairy com- munity, its average citizen knows pretty well what production costs, what prices are fair, what improvements are feasi- ble, what the State can and should do to aid or regulate, what public demands are reasonable. The relation of forests and their management to State and Nation is ex- actly that of our illustrative industry to our suppositious vicinity, and so 1s their relation to every citizen. The trouble is that we cannot see it so clearly. The very immensity of the in- dustry causes its several processes of growing, manufacturing and distribut- ing to be conducted separately and thus confuse the public mind. How can we expect our average citizen to see all this when we talk only about forests: We might as well talk only of land when trying to improve agricultural conditions, or water when urging the protection and propagation of food fishes. It is the entire business of their production and use that he must under- stand; its place in the society under which he exists, the economic laws under which it exists. He must regard it just as he does the production and use of any other necessary crop, ob- ~iously to be stabilized on a permanent basis profitable to all concerned. He must realize that its performances and service to the community—supplying the consumer, employing labor, using supplies, and paying taxes—require, like any other industry, three essential conditions: perpetuation of the re- source dealt with, economy in every process, and just return for the service rendered. And, whether he is a private citizen or a law maker, to do intelli- gently his part in formulating an Amer- ican policy under which such conditions are assured, he must be fairly familiar with the factors which govern lumber prices, logging and manufacturing FORESTRY methods, and the cost of growing and protecting the raw material. Why is there little trouble in getting laws or appropriations for the advance- ment of agriculture or horticulture? Not because these industries or their participants are more useful and de- serving, but because people understand their governing factors and see the point of such laws. Were forest eco- aomics equally understood, a State with a hundred times more revenue to be expected from lumber than from wool would not appropriate $20,000 for coyote scalps and only $500 for forest protection. A community that applauds its chamber of commerce for getting a shoe factory and gives it a free build- ing site would not carelessly burn up a forest capable of employing a thousand times as many men and then tax the owner so he cannot hold and protect the land for a new crop. A State glad to see its farmers get a good price for wheat, even if it does use flour, would not rejoice because its sawmills are forced to sell lumber below cost. A lumberman who prefers to let his trees stand until Americans need them, rather than cut at a loss for foreign export, would not be accused of con- spiracy to bleed the consumer any more than is a farmer who does not raise potatoes when they don’t pay for rais- ing. Now a word as to the lumberman himself. ‘he private owner controls most of our forest area. His use of it our use of it, and the effect of our re- lations upon our joint use of it, largely determine our forest destinies. Why, if his interest and ours is in the main identical as I have said, does he ever regard forestry as antagonistic or do we incline to regard him as its object of attack rather than as part of it? Is it not just because forestry is too gen- erally made a creed, not a business, and because we have not shown ourselves competent to deal with its business as- pects? However gladly we might welcome the improvement of our own various industries and professions, would we be likely to seek it through regulation by lumbermen knowing as little of our trade as we do of theirs? FORESTS, E. T. ALLEN, FORESTER OF THE PaciFic Coast REPRESENTATIVE OF Nothing can be more inconsistent, so long as most of our forests are private- ly owned, and even our public forests must be privately manufactured for us, than to antagonize the lumberman whose help we must have by continuing such ignorance of his problems that we even treat him as an enemy. Let us, then, see if we can make a brief glance at our tangled forest situa- tion disclose a few points where prac- tical attacks may lead to its eventual clearing up. We now cut perhaps 50 billion feet of lumber a year for consumption and export, besides billions of lath and shingles, millions of ties and cords of wood, and enormous quanties of poles, mine timbers, cooperage stock, distil- late material and other products meas- ured by standards difficult of popular grasp. I hardly know how to put the vastness of this quantity before you in LUMBER AND CONS UMER 2 WESTERN FORESTRY AND CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION AND THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. any comprehensible comparison. It would load a train of cars reaching once and a half around the earth at the equator. It would pave a roadway from the earth to the moon, two inches thick and over 30 feet wide. We are cutting each year three times the yearly growth, to say nothing of the loss from fire. To meet this, we have perhaps 2500 billion feet of standing timber suitable for lumber. We can only guess as to future cutting rate, or loss by fire, or areas which will be permitted to re- forest, but 50 years is commonly given as the approximate life of our visible supply. Over half this supply is on the Pacific Coast, less than quarter in the South, the Lake region has 3% per cent, and the remaining fifth is scattered outside these three main for- est regions. And of the entire supply, less than two-fifths is in various forms iS 748 AMERICAN of public ownership, State and Federal, and over three-fifths is in private hands. There is, however, a vast area of cut and burned-over land, increasing yearly and useless for any other purpose, which might be growing a new crop. On the Pacifie Coast alone, which has been called the nation’s woodlot be- cause of its combination of favorable climate and rapid-growing species, there are fully 20 million acres of such deforested land which if encouraged to do so should yield 500 billion feet in 60 years. And in the same region the 120 million acres or more of uncut timber, if restocked as cut, would even- tually produce as much as we now con- sume. Adding obtainable reproduction elsewhere in the United States, there is no sound reason why we should not be well provided in perpetuity. ‘The chief thing to fear is that these new crops will not be started soon enough. Obviously what we want is such in- ducements as shall effect the use of all this land, cut and uncut, regardless of ownership, with the least waste of ex- isting material, the most certain pro- duction of future material, and the lowest prices to consumer for which such supply of his needs can be assured. Older countries have learned the futility of expecting this without sincere com- munity support and the removal of prohibitory conditions. Having ac- corded these, they are in position to require the industry to reciprocate. It would reciprocate even more gladly here, for it has more involved. Our attitude, however, is either of complete indifference or that forestry is to be spread by the sword, with occasional defensive fortresses of public forests. Even these many of us regard less as business institutions than as points from which to shout defiance and ex- pect reprisal. Surely we also should be intelligent enough to evolve a policy which considers both private and public forestry in their joint relations and from the viewpoint of permanent in- dustrial development. If so, what are the conditions to be met? Whatever may have been conditions in the past; when timberland was cheap, market near at hand, and carrying costs FORES TRY negligible; great fmancial, opportunity In standing’ timber sno longer exists. Taxes, protection’ cost and interest on the investment are now compounding far more rapidly than. prices can be advanced. Apparently home consump- tion cannot use all our vast stored supply until carrying costs have ex- ceeded what the material is worth to the consumer. Realization of this is making the tendency sharply toward competitive overproduction, not toward monopolistic holding back of material. Unfortunately, however, this does not benefit the consumer. The mill accepts less, but the ultimate retailer does not sell for less. Differences are absorbed enroute. The producer always gets the least that he can possibly take and the consumer pays the most he can possibly pay. The net result of low mill prices to the consumer is wasteful cutting and forced foreign export, to hasten the day when his question will be not what he must pay for a board but whether he can get a board at all. Insofar as this situation of the lum- berman is due to his own overinvest- ment, we may not sympathize with him. It is hard for us to say whether he hoped for an unearned increment or thought he was prudently supplying his mills. But it is discouraging to good permanent management and we will suffer with him accordingly. And we are certainly equally short-sighted when we aggravate it more intolerably by continually threatening the timber with a carelessness with fire which has no parallel in the civilized world and by a confiscatory taxation system which has been abandoned by every nation that pretends to a forest policy. Our tax system forces destruction, prohibits conservation, and pays us less than would a rational one. WHERE IS WASTE? We talk much of the appalling waste of our forests when cut. The truth is that every portion of the tree that can be taken out of the woods without loss is taken out, and more, for to some extent the higher grades can be made to pay for the loss on lower grades. he reason for this waste is the same FORESTS, LUMBER AND CONSUMER reason for the waste of poorer apples or potatoes which the farmer knows will not pay for hauling—except that when a community wastes food it prob- ably expects enough next year, whereas when it refuses to pay for full utiliza- tion of lumber it deliberately shortens its future supply. Lumbermen have been trying for years to save by manu- facturing odd lengths, but are about discouraged because the consumer, ac- customed to standard lengths, still in- sists on buying a 16-foot board and cutting it in two himself instead of taking two 8-foot ones. It is also known to all lumbermen and foresters that waste in the woods is almost in exact proportion to the falling off of lumber prices. Instead of cutting less when lumber is low, the operator must cut more in order to get the higher quality which alone can be taken out at any profit, leaving the rest to rot or burn. Finally, after wisely creating vast national forests to safeguard our future against the shortage all these things portend, we now hear in Congress a demand that their timber be forced on an already demoralized market, so that for a little revenue in the national treasury today we may force further waste and foreign export of our total supply and have less when we really need it later. THE NEW SUPPLY. So much for our stored mature supply. With the growing of new supply it is even worse, for there is less excuse and no salvage. Try to imagine the vast areas that ax has de- nuded usefully and fire uselessly, lying desolate and as dead a loss as though engulfed by the:sea, which might be earning us millions yearly, a source of growing tax revenue, supplying our forest needs, employing labor, support- ing industries, protecting streams, shel- tering game. Now a menace and a burden, it might contribute to every citizen. Do you not suppose the owner would prefer to make this land valuable? Now that free virgin supplies are gone, and the cost of carrying mature timber TAD for his future operations is so exces- sive, the lumberman sees the life of his industry dependent on a new crop. Even if selfish, his interest is as keen as ours. But however optimistically he calculates the probable growth, or the price likely to be obtained, he faces the probability that we will burn his investment up and the practical cer- tainty that taxes will eat all profit be- fore the harvest. We refuse to do what other countries do—let him pay the tax when the crop demonstrates wealth that ought to be taxed and affords revenue with which to pay. We ask him to carry a risky investment for fifty years, with interest to pay and no returns, and also to pay annual taxes which with compounding interest will bring his entire cost beyond what we could ever afford to pay him for the crop even if he has the funds in ad- vance to finance such a_ remarkable project. After this review of our policy to encourage good management of private forests, old and new, let us see if we would apply it to an agricultural re- source. Burn up part of it; waste the rest cheerfully; devise a tax to punish keeping it till we need it, so as to hasten disposal abroad; forego a larger tax we might collect by less waste; by no means pay enough to encourage the producer to improve his methods ; threaten him with cutrate competition, of we can catch him at particular dis- advantage, with resources of our own that we can ill spare for such a pur- pose; and finally, if he considers trying again with a new crop, promise to pre- vent this by confiscatory taxation. Now is this our real desire regarding forests? Certainly not. It is only the accidental result of never having taken the trouble to study the foundations of one of our greatest industries. But it is what the rest of the world regards as American forestry. I have had Japanese fores- ters ask me to explain it. Definitions again. We do have forest schools, for- estry associations, state and national foresters, and even women’s forestry clubs. But do we know what it is all about ? 750 AMERICAN Let us turn to state and: national forestry. We have a national forest system, with nearly 200 million acres under its control—a tremendous empire in “itself; Yow understand that ‘the service charged with its management is competent and loyal. Surely, you say, here at least: we aresim the van vor progress. Here is a stupendous task, involving the protection of existing forests, re- stocking denuded areas, and disposing of the product so as best to serve the entire nation. To withhold funds nec- essary to this work is letting an im- mensely profitable plant lie idle, as well as in danger of destruction, to save the cost of fuel and watchmen. To mis- manage it 1s worse, for this one-fifth proportion of our national supply can- not but influence the four-fifths under other control upon which we are even more dependent. Yet even here we are without a na- tional policy. The Forest Service can neither announce nor execute such a policy as long as there is extreme vari- ance in the views, not only of the States, whose attitude toward their own forests and forest industries has a pro- found influence, but also in Congress where any executive policy, to be de- pendable, must find sanction and sup- port. European countries, Japan, even China, seek farseeing and expert de- D termination of the principles involved, but every session of our Congress sees the whole subject debated from a dozen viewpoints, chiefly political, seldom statesmanlike, and always without real knowledge of forest economics. Instead of setting an example, we spend less per acre for care of our forests not only than other governments but than our own private owners upon contigu- ous lands. Retrenchment which does not extend to the “pork barrel” is prac- ticed vigorously when dealing with pro- tection of the lives and resources of the people. Pressure for the sale of timber to a sacrificial and demoralizing extent is brought through penny-wise FORESTRY ignorance or to “grandstand” against a mythical lumber trust for political pur- poses. Now all this is not chiefly the fault of politicians. There is nothing for them except so far as it can be made to strike a responsive chord in their constituents. With the public half so well informed on the production of the lumber it needs as it is upon the getting of its parcels by mail or the price of sugar there would be an expression on an American forest policy that would leave no statesman uncertain. We can- not blame him if there is no such ex- pression. We don’t know ourselves, thatentsevalle The same is true of our States. Few have comprehensive far-seeing policies, covering their own oportunities on State-owned forest lands and adequate encouragement of good private man- agement. Yet here, of all places, it is the commonwealth that determines. It is State intelligence and State pride that dictates to the representative in Congress and, in its own laws and their enforcement, makes forestry a real in- strument for good instead of a grudg- ing concession to reformers. And State intelligence will not be exerted until we stop making forestry an ab- stract problem of public or private con- science. Abstract ethics do not get results like fear of personal injury or hope of personal gain. It is futile to discuss the needs of posterity and pres- ent sacrifice as a duty. The average citizen must come to see that bad for- est management, in this country of ours, means a handicap of industry, harder conditions of life, not only for his children but for him as well. When- ever an acre of forest is destroyed by fire, forced into wasteful use, or not srown where it might be grown, he bears most of the loss. Nor is this enough. Though he rec- ognizes the evil, it will not be remedied until he knows its practical working reasons, so he may concede when he must and demand where he may; not create further confusion through senti- ment, ignorance, or prejudice. * From an address at the midsummer meeting of the Board of Directors of the American Forestry Association at Chautauqua, N. Y. A GROUP OF ALASKAN SCHOOL CHILDREN. CONSERVING NATIVE ALASKANS LASKA has an area approximate- ly equal to one-fifth of the Unit- ed States and in this continental region there are about 25,000 natives in villages ranging from 30 to 40 up to 300 or 400 persons, scatteret at intervals along its thousands of miles of coast line and on its great rivers. During eight months of the year all of the ville ages in Alaska, with thé ex- ception of those on the southern coast, are reached only by trails over the snow-covered land or frozen rivers. Many of the native villages are remote from the main lines of travel, with no sstablished means of access. In spite o! the inherent difficulties of the problem, the Bureau of Education has estab- lished a United States public school in each of 70 villages, with 97 teachers, each of whom is a “settlement” worker striving to elevate the natives, adults as well as children, intellectually, morally and physically. In many of the villages the public school is the only agency striving for the uplift of the natives. Each school house is a social center for the ac- complishment of practical ends. Many of the buildings contain, in addi- tion to the recitation room, an indus- trial room, kitchen, quarters of the teacher, and a laundry and baths for the use of the native community. ‘The schoolroom is available for public meet- ings for discussion of affairs of the vil- lages or, occasionally, for social pur- poses. In the native villages the teachers and nurses endeavor to establish proper sanitary conditions by inspecting the houses, by insisting upon proper dis- posal of garbage, and by giving instruc- tion in “sanitary methods of living. Natives are encouraged to replace their filthy huts by neat, well-ventilated houses. In some sections the natives have been taught to raise vegetables, 751 W592 AMERICAN which are a healthful addition to their usual diet of fish and meat. There are extensive regions in which the services of a physician are not ob- tainable. Accordingly, it often becomes the duty of a teacher to treat minoi ailments, to render first aid to the in- jured, or to care for a patient through the course of a serious illness. The Bureau of Education fosters the establishment of co-operative stores and other co-operative enterprises owned and managed by the natives themselves. By thus relieving them- selves of the burden of the profit exacted by the middlemen, the natives are able to secure the necessities of life at the lowest prices and can at their own local stores obtain equitable value for their furs, ivory, woven baskets, and other native products. The 70 school buildings are valued at $247,411, and the school equipment and furniture at $65,000. The appro- priation for education is $200,000 a year, of which $36,000 is used for medical relief of the natives. The school enrollment is approximately 4,000. About 1,500 native children in remote villages are still to be provided with school Eacilities. MEDICAL, WORK. There is no specific appropriation for the support of medical work among the natives of Alaska. For several years the Bureau of Education has been striving, without success, to secure funds ‘for use in making proper and adequate provision for the checking and prevention of the diseases which, beyond question, prevail to an alarm- ing extent among the native races of Alaska. It has succeeded in securing a modification of the terms of the ap- propriation for education of natives of Alaska which enables it to employ phy- siclans and nurses. It cannot erect the FORES 1 Rx hospitals which are so greatly needec. Realizing the absolute necessity for action, the Bureau of Education is using $36,000 of the $200,000 appro- priated for the education of natives in employing nine physicians, nine nurses, in supplying the teachers with medical chests for use in treating minor ailments of the natives, also in maintaining three improvised hospitals in school buildings in centers of native population where hospitals are most urgently needed, and in making contracts with four hospitals for the treatment of diseased natives. Nearly 1,800 cases were treated in the hospitals at Juneau, Nushagak, Nu- lato, and Kotzebue during 1912-1912. The most prevalent diseases were tu- berculosis, trachoma, rheumatism and venereal diseases; the surgical opera- tions included excisions for tubercular diseases of the bones, the removal of tubercular glands, laparotomies, curet- ting of ulcers, setting broken bones, sewing up recent wounds, and excisions of hemorrhoids, cataracts, abscesses, tonsils, and adenoids. During the year epidemics of infantile paraly. sis at St. Michael and of diphtheria at Nulato were checked by physicians employed by the Bureau of Education. Referring to the medical work of the Bureau of Education in Alaska, Dr. Fmil Krulish, Passed Assistant Sur- geon, United States Public Health Ser- vice, detailed to investigate health con- ditions among the natives of Alaska, makes the following statement in his official report: “This improvement in the Sitka vil- lage, which is an example of the im- provement in other sections of Alaska, [ attribute chiefly to the influence and efforts of physicians, nurses, teachers, and hospitals now under the Bureau of Education. It demonstrates the fact that the outlook for the general im- provement of the native is encouraging and the task is feasible.” DLL DV) M2 ES BOYS MAKE BIRD HOUSES IRD houses that are not only an artistic addition to any estate but are a positive entice- ment to birds, and an inspira- tion for bird lovers, are now being made by the boys of Allendale Farm. They are suitable for all the birds which one might desire as friends and neighbors in either city or country, and when they are erected in the proper environment they are not long unoccupied. The making of these houses is a labor of love for the Allendale boys, because on their beautiful, well kept farm at Lake Villa, Illinois, they quickly become nature lovers and acquire a knowledge of the value of birds and the joy of their cheering companionship which many another boy might envy. The bird houses are sold and an attractive little circular tells what they are and how much they cost, as well as showing sketches of the different models, and it is worth noting that lovers of birds have become purchasers of many of these dainty little structures. There are the Martin houses which should be, we are told, placed on a clean pole sixteen or eighteen feet from the ground, in the sunlight away from the shade of the trees, and there is added the note, with the comfort of the birds in mind, that the closed side of the houses should face the north so that the birds may be protected from the cold north winds. These houses cost from three to twenty-five dollars. Then there are the houses for the dainty little wrens. These houses should be placed not more than eight or ten feet from the ground and may be located close to a residence. They should face east; there will be no danger of the wren oversleeping himself with the early morning light shining full in his little doorway, and the wrens like these houses best when they are in close to a bush or a tree. These houses cost only a dollar and a quarter, for they are small and simple. There is also the blue- bird house and this costs the same as the residence of the wren. It may be hooked to a tree or placed upon a twelve foot pole in the open or among the fruit trees. The Allendale boys also make attrac- tive food shelters, a box-shaped affair with open sides and a sloping roof. These are mounted on stumps, the food AN ALLENDALE Boy witH A Birp House HE Has MaDe. is placed on the floor and the roof pro- tects it from the weather. These fool shelters are speedily discovered by th:2 birds and if the right kind of food is placed in them the birds flock to them and soon make their homes in the vicinity. There is also a robin shelf which is another type of food shelter and artistic as are the others. Now, Allendale is a colony or farm for homeless and neglected boys where they are protected, reared and educated. It is supported by voluntary contribu- tions and the boys are sent there by men and women who are interested in the Association, the official name of or AMERICAN which is the Allen- dale Association of Chicago. The farm is at Lake Villa, Ill. It com- prises 120 acres of good farm land. The boys take care of this and it is a model farm. In addition to caring for the farm they make excellent progress in their studies and, as the bird houses indi- cate, are clever at various handi- crafts. There are five cottages, each with a mother and a family of twelve to sixteen. Each family takes care of its own house, has its own posses- sions and separate rooms for its mem- bers, its fireplace and booksand such trophies as .boys collect and cherish. iz The meals are cooked in a central kitchen and dis- tributed to the various families who have their own table and dine together. There is an admirable school with able teachers, a laundry where the boys help the laundress, the big kitchen with the boys as assistant cooks, amanual training and repair shop well equipped; gymnasium and drill hall for winter sports, and in fact all things that are essential to the physical, mental and spiritual training of the boys. The making of the bird houses was an outgrowth of the boys nature study and coupled with it is the boys aid in A MartTIN HOUusE. Lawrence Buck Model with 16 Rooms. the nation wide movement for bird protection. The boys in their spring tramps learned to recognize and dis- tinguish the early migrating birds as they returned week by week and a careful record was kept and the name FORESTRY of each classified bird was credited to the observer, while the teachers aided by frequent @@ talks on the habits ™ of birds. On Ar- bor and Bird Day last May Audu- bon buttons were awarded to boys who knew ten or more birds, and one boy estab- lished a record by naming forty-five birds. Out of this study developed the de- cision to manu- facture and sell bird houses, and as the carpenter shop is well equip- ped and the boys have special train- ing in the use of tools the work soon became not only financially successful but a positive delight to the boys. To add to their interest is the fact that each gets ten per cent. of the sale price of the bird houses he makes, and while the industry is not yet a year old a good business has been built up and it is steadily growing. A director says of Allendale and the work done there :— ‘“We have perhaps too little thought of Allendale in her relation to the great uplift movement. We have been en- tirely concerned with the individual boy, his quality, ten- dencies and progress, and each year have sent out a small group and made an annual report of the expendi- ture of a large sum of money ; and those bent on striking a balance have perhaps felt that results were not com- mensurate with the outlay. But we must A WREN HOUSE. Quincy Model. BLUEBIRD HOUSES. [AKFE, BIRD HOUSES V55 KK Cp s es child welfare. However, Allendale’s chief concern must always be the individual boy. We are willing to work > in this slow, costly way because it seems to us the only way to work, and because the redemption of society can only come through the redemption of its units. The Alumni speech of one of the seventy is somewhat illuminating and perhaps of more value than the words of any onlooker. He had come to us years ago, a rollicking young Irishman, and on returning to the city to High School, the only opportunity for a living that presented itself was to take charge of the dormitory of a working boys’ home. “Some of the boys were men,” he said, “and most of them older than I was. They were the roughs and toughs of Chicago, but my Allendale experience stood by me; I saw that the difference between those fellows and myself was my training.” 4 PHOEBE OR ROBIN SHELF. remember that when we increased our number from the original five to seventy- five we took our place in the costly movement of Institutionalism, and that we are in the press of a day whose ratchwords are equipment and _ effi- ciency. So in counting the cost we must consider our dues to this larger account. It will not be out of place to say here in privacy of our annual meeting that a certain representative of the German Judiciary sent here to visit American institutions, when asked by a resident of Hull House what had most impressed him, replied without reservation ‘“ Allen- dale.”’ A short time ago a Japanese student of sociology said that his visit to Allen- dale had crystallized his idea of what he wanted to do on his return to his native country. The letters of appreciation from an English delegate to the Prison Reform Congress, and those of some Russian social worker, who were our guests, suggest that our work together for the individual boy is yet not without Makin HOUSE. bearing upon the great question of St. Armand Model, Twenty Rooms. : ze) a 4 + z a <= 4. eo 5 A PLANTING OF CATALPA. THIS WAS GROWN FROM SEED PLANTED IN MARCH, 1909, THE SEEDLINGS BEING TRANSPLANTED THIRTEEN MONTHS LATER AND THE PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN MARCH, 1914. ACCA PAP ALG ROX Ts RESI DEN TP, ADALBERD STRAUSS, of the Malvern Lumber Co., of St. Louis, Mo., sends AMERICAN Forestry the picture at the head of this article. It 1s a view of his catalpa speciosa planta- tion, near Malvern, Ark., which he says he believes will compare favorably in straightness and length of bole with any other. The following description is given: We sowed the seed in March, 1909. Seedlings transplanted April, 1910. The year’s growth cut down to the ground in March, 1911. Protographs taken in March, 1914. The man in the picture is fully six feet tall. The land is cut-over pine, thin, sandy loam, with gravelly clay subsoil. Do you not think the growth of three years, from the time the saplings were cut down, quite remarkable? The background shows natural re- production of pine, having been cut over twice since 1880. DFE VZ24FIAE Sy CF ~I or for) a. CANADIAN DEPARTMENT By Etwoop WILSON EE sole topic in. Canada at present is the war and Canada is determined to stand by the Empire to the last gasp both with men and money. A million bushels of wheat have been contributed by the Dominion Government, large quantities of cheese and potatoes and other products by the several provinces and all the employees of the Canadian Pacific Railway have given a day’s pay each. Nearly 23,000 men are in train- ing at Valcartier, near Quebec, await- ing the call of the British War Min- ister. Meanwhile an era of retrench- ment and economy has set in which, while wise in principle, has been car- ried too far in practice. Many firms have stopped work and all have cut down their forces, throwing thousands out of employment just at the begin- ning of winter and much suffering will ensue. Outside of the fact of war there is nothing in the state of busi- ness to warrant such drastic curtail- ment, as Canada is now in a position to supply to Europe and South America all the goods heretofore made in Ger- many, France, Belgium and Austria. By this curtailment she is likely to lose these opportunities. Apropos of the above an English agent has been sent out to Canada to buy for the English colliers over 80,- 000 cords of mine props, five feet to six feet long and averaging five inches in diameter. ‘The supply has been shut off from the countries lying on the Baltic Sea and the mine owners have been compelled to turn to Canada. Any kind of wood will be taken, but it will be a difficult matter to get these timbers and not an un- mixed blessing for the forests. Ow- ing to Government regulations such sizes cannot be cut on Crown lands and the whole amount must be obtained from freehold lands mostly in the hands of men owning from two to three hun- dred acres. If such trees are cut as will be suitable the future supply of pulp wood will be very materially de- creased and the trees will be cut at the time when they are making their most rapid growth. The forest fire situation has been very good this year in Quebec with one exception. Early in the spring there was a severe drouth and right in the height of the dry weather the contrac- tors for the new Government Railroad ordered their section men to burn old ties. The fire rangers warned them not to, but in spite of this they persisted and the fire spread over twenty-five square miles, entailing a cost of over four thou- sand dollars to extinguish it. These same contractors’ engines set fire along --—-— fod 758 AMERICAN sixty miles of railway, burning the tim- ber back in some cases more than a mile from the track. On August 2d eight fires were still burning. This new railway has not yet been put un- der the control of the Railway Com- mission’s Fire Protection Department and both the Province of Quebec and the Fire Protective Associations are powerless. This shows a curious anom- aly. A Government striving with all its might to. prevent forest fires and yet itself setting the most of them and devastating a virgin country whose only resource is its timber. Professor Toumey, head of the Yale Forest School, is making a long canoe trip through the central part of. the Province of Quebec with Messrs. Roth- ery, of Vitale & Rothery, and Mr. 8. L. de Carteret, of the Quebec & St. Mau- rice Industrial Co. ‘They will make an examination of the timber and discuss the best methods of handling. On their way in they visited the Laurentide Com- pany at Grand Mere and were the guests of the Forestry Division. Mr. Piché, Chief Forester of Quebec, is planning extensive improvements to the Government’s Nursery at Berthier- ville. He will build a commodious house for students and visitors and ex- pects to increase the capacity of the nursery to 1,000,000 trees per annum. The Quebec Government has post- poned its auction sale of timber limits owing to the war. ielone WW ll. Hearst, Minister tof Lands, Forests and Mines in the On- tario Government, has under consider- ation a scheme to develop the country and at the same time give work to the unemployed. It is to open up alternate quarter sections of land in Northern Ontario by clearing the land and sell- ing the pulp wood. This would prepare the land for settlers at practically no cost to the Government, probably at a small profit. No mention is made of what disposition would be made of the hardwoods. FORESTRY An investigation of forestry condi- tions has been made in England and 1t is shown that there are large areas of land which are only suitable for grow- ing timber and it is estimated that in time $180,000,000.00 worth of pulp wood could be grown. This is now imported. The Lower Ottawa Forest Protective Association has had a busy season. At one time five hundred extra men were taken on to extinguish fires. Forty settlers have been arrested, convicted and fined. ‘This will make the work of fire protection during the coming season much easier as the settlers will now have some respect for the laws which had practically become a dead letter through lack of enforcement. The fire situation in British Colum- bia has been the worst since 1910, es- pecially in the southern part. Alberta and Northern Ontario have also suf- fered badly. There is great need for the elimination of politics and the in- troduction or extension of the merit system in both the Dominion and Pro- vincial Governments. Ten thousand tons of wood ready to be made into pulp were destroyed on July 24th at the Mills of the Gres Falls Company, the Canadian Subsidiary of the Union Bag and Paper Company at Cap de la Magdelaine, near Three Rivers, Quebec. Mr. J. S. Bates, who is in charge of the Dominion Forest Products Labora- tory, has returned from a trip to North Carolina, taken with the object of in- vestigating the possibilities of distilling British Columbia yellow pine. The reindeer imported by the Laur- entide Company have been successfully distributed to two of their depots and training them for sled work will begin next month. ‘This company have added to their forest plantations 44,000 Nor- way spruce and red pine from their own nursery, which has been nearly doubled in size. ) EEG anaes ITH a business sense which is most commendable, the National Forest Reserva- tion Commission, acting upon the advice of the Forest Service, has, after waiting three years, finally completed the purchase of an 85,000- acre tract of forest land in the White Mountain region. This tract cost at the rate of $8.50 an acre, whereas, had it been purchased three years ago, the price would have been $28.60 an acre. At the time the purchase was first proposed the members of the Commis- sion fully appreciated the desirability of acquiring these lands to add to those already secured in the Appalachian sys- tem, but officials of the Forest Service, after a painstaking investigation, re- ported that the price was far too high. Since then, although the members of the Commission were at times criti- cized for not taking over the tract, the effort to have the price reduced has continued until it now becomes Goy- ernment property at a saving of prac- tically twenty dollars an acre, or a total of about $1,700,000. The land includes Mt. Washington, Mt. Jefferson and Mt. Adams, all of which, owing to their scenic value as well as their value as a health and a recreation ground, properly belong in OO little appreciation of the value of shade trees is evident in many towns and _ cities throughout the United States. The residents and the city officials do not realize how much more attractive the Appalachian reserve, and now will become the property of the people for all time. The Department of Agricul- ture, through the Forest Service, will encourage the public use of these lands in all the ways that it is feasible to use them and particularly for summer camping grounds, it being contended that summer campers, with proper re- strictions as to their use of the forest, are of actual value in taking care of the forest. Another value which the purchase has, and a great one, is the protection of land which is the key- stone or the hub of the drainage sys- tem of the White Mountain area. Many careful students of the forest conditions predict that the growth of timber on Government land in the Ap- palachian system will in the future be of decided importance in supplying the lumber markets in the East, and such a growth will come with the protection of the land which is assured by its administration by the Forest Service, and by the replanting of denuded sec- tions, which is one of the plans in the future management of the land. There are a number of other areas which should also be acquired and it is quite safe to venture the prediction they will be when the price is satisfac- tory and the money is available. their city would be if it had well- shaded streets and trees about the resi- dences. Perhaps this is because the majority of them have never seen such streets, as, for instance, those in Wash- ington. It is a condition which may 759 760 AMERICAN be overcome by education, and AMERI- CAN ForEsTRY proposes to devote some space each month in the future to arti- cles and discussions relative to shade trees, the kind to select for different street conditions, how to cultivate them, protect them from insects and disease and how to treat those which are decaying. There is need for experts in shade tree conditions who are competent to fill positions for the care of a city’s trees, as it will not be many years before all the progressive cities in the country will have shade tree commis- sions, or departments having power to engage men to care for their shade be many HILE it may 1 years before municipal forestry appeals to a num- ber of communities in the United States, the fact that it could now be_ profitably conducted by many ot them 1s) eertam.)/ here age. close to.’ mearly. every "city, particularly in hilly or mountainous sections, tracts of waste land, some once having a luxuriant forest growth, which could be acquired for a com- paratively small sum. On these tracts a city could establish a municipal for- est which would not only be a profit- able investment but could, if required, be used in part as a public park. This waste land, planted at slight cost, with seedlings in many States pro- vided free of charge, would in a few years become productive and in a gen- eration or two or three be a source of considerable revenue to a city. When it is stated that all of the taxes of many German towns and vil- lages are paid, electric lights, power, paving and all town necessities provid- O MORE: striking demonstra- N tion of the value of various ac- cepted systems for protecting the forests from fire can be had than the reports which are now being received of the results of the fire sea- son which has about reached its end. This is particularly so in relation FORESTRY trees. Provision is now being made for the apparent need of these men by sev- - eral of the colleges which have already inaugurated, or are contemplating in- augurating, a department for the train- ing of experts in shade tree work. Several cities where the value of such trees has been appreciated, have shade tree departments which not only provide for trees owned by the public, but give service for those privately owned, and in every instance, where the management is competent and the appropriation sufficient to meet the needs, the citizens have reason to be proud of the result. ed free of charge out of the revenue derived yearly from municipal forests, the reply is often that conditions are so different in this country. True, they are different, but they are growing less so. Timber in the United States was in the past so abundant that few ever thought of the need of conserving it, but for some years past serious thought has been given to the timber needs of the future and how to provide for them, and the problem is not yet solved by any means. Municipal for- ests would not provide for all that might be needed a hundred years from now, but they would certainly prove a source of revenue to any city owning them. . Therefore, as it is quite trie there is waste land close to nearly all cities, and as this land could be pur- chased, planted and protected at small cost, good judgment declares that it is practically the duty of wide-awake communities to give some thought to the question of what they may be able to do in this respect. to the heavily wooded Pacific slope. The season has been an unusually bad one all throughout the country. Rain has been scarce and hot weather and drouth prolonged, and in addition to the dan- ger thus caused the winter was mild and far less than the normal quantity of snow lay on the forested slopes. EDITORIAL 761 These conditions increased the dan- ger of fire starting and of the flames spreading rapidly to a very great de- gree, and yet all the reports indicate that the fire losses for the season are comparatively small. There have been numerous fires, more in number than in any season for some years past, but the quickness with which such fires were discovered by the forest patrols and fire wardens and the rapidity with which, under well organized systems of protection, it was possible to get fire- fighters to the danger points resulted in the fires, in the majority of cases, being extinguished quickly or else con- fined to an area where they did but little damage. While the newspapers may have, in their reports of fires, conveyed to the public mind the impression that tre- mendous damage was being done and that fires were sweeping the forests for miles, investigation showed that many of the fires which received the most attention from the press were on brush land of comparatively little value and that the losses thereby were trifling. The reports so far received by the American Forestry Association lack de- HE Secretary of Agriculture has | just signed an agreement with the State of West Virginia for co-operative protection of the forests of the State from fire. The Weeks law authorizes the Federal Goy- ernment to undertake such co-operation with States for the protection of for- ested watersheds of navigable streams, provided the State has a fire protective system and will expend a sum at least equal to that expended by the Govern- ment. The agreement provides for patrol of those portions of the watersheds of the Potomac, Monongahela, Little Kanawha, and Great Kanawha Rivers where fires are most likely to occur. Lookout stations connected with tele- phone will be established on promi- nent points, from which fires can be discovered quickly, and prompt notifi- cation given to the patrolmen, county tail. This will come later and be of decided interest, for it will then be pos- sible to report the actual loss and the actual cost of the fire protection work. Warned by the light snows that the season might be a bad one, the Forest Service, State organizations and tim- ber protective associations early pre- pared themselves for a hard campaign, with the result that the fire patrol was more than ever efficient, and more pa- trolmen were placed in the national, State and private forests than in any year since the necessity for fire protec- tive work became apparent. There was also marked improvement in means of communication with fire-fighting headquarters, more telephone lines to mountain lookouts were built, more roads and trails for quick access to danger points were opened and more money was spent than in any previous year, but all this proved, as the nature of the season developed, the best kind of safety insurance. It is certain that the success of the protective work during the season will result in the formation of more or- ganizations by private owners and give an additional impetus to national and State forest protection work. fire wardens, and other reliable persons. Patrolmen will cover on foot or horse- back the lower country, extinguishing any small fires that may start and cau- tioning persons met in the woods against carelessness. For this work the State will expend $5,000 a year from its appropriation of $10,000 for forest, game, and fish pro- tection, and the Federal Government agrees to expend an equal sum. This protection will go hand-in-hand with the work already being done by the Federal Government on the areas it has purchased in the State for na- tional forests. It has been demon- strated, according to forestry officials, that the greatest efficiency is secured through the co-operation of all protec- tive agencies. including the national Government, the State, associations of private timber owners, railroads, and other organizations. FORES®, NOTES Wherever trees in quantity are needed for shade and ornament there will be need of a trained arborist to care for these trees. In our State and National preserves, as well as in many of the large city park areas, and in woodland areas, privately owned, men are really needed with a training not only in forestry, but also in landscape engineering. Many cities are now em- ploying trained city foresters. For ex- ample, the city of Buffalo, N. Y., dur- ing the last eight or ten years has em- ployed a trained city forester. Last year the city expended about $75,000 for city forestry work. Today Buffalo is recognized as having the best tre growth of any large city in the country. The widespread interest in shade trees which is being manifested seems to in- dicate that in a very short time there will be a great demand for men thor- oughly trained in every phase of plant growth. Upon the recommendation of Secre- tary Lane, the President recently elimi- nated from the Fishlake and Manti Na- tional Forests in Utah 45,870 acres of land. This land will be subect to set- tlement only under the homestead laws from and including 9 o’clock a. m., Oc- tober 19, until and including Novem. ber 15, 1914, and thereafter will be subject to entry and disposition under any of the applicable public land laws. The lands are largely unsurveyed and are in Sanpete and Sevier Counties. Upon the Secretary’s recommenda- tion, the President has also eliminated from the Challis, Lemhi, Salmon and Sawtooth National Forests in Idaho, 193,660 acres. These lands are largely unsurveyed, high, grazing lands and are in Blaine, Custer, Fremont, Jefferson, and Lemhi Counties. About 176,100 acres are unentered and all of the lands are withdrawn except 308.50 acres which are in a power-site withdrawal. With the increased attention that 1s being given to all matters pertaining to the right development of shade trees and the improvement of areas for the growth of these trees, there is a de- mand for men thoroughly trained along lines of arboriculture of city forestry. To properly prepare young men for po- sitions which are constantly opening in this comparatively new field of work is the object of a well developed four years’ course which the New York State College of Forestry is giving at Syracuse University. Under a special Act of Congress two years ago, the State Agricultural Col- lege of Colorado was granted the privi- lege of selecting certain tracts of forest land lying either within the national forests or the public domain for use in carrying on the work of the course in Forestry at this institution. This land is selected in areas of not less than forty nor more than one hundred and sixty acres each and includes all condi- tions from timber line to the plains. FOREST This land has recently been selected and is now being surveyed and marked. It includes some of the best stands of timber to be found in this region. Some of the areas are open land adapted to experiments in high altitude agriculture. These tracts should furnish excellent places in which to carry on the field work connected with the course in For- estry here. An inspiring musical composition lately published is “The Call of the Wilderness,” words by Mr. Scott Lea- vitt, forest supervisor at Great Falls, Montana, music by Miss Augusta B. Palmer, of the Forest Service, Wash- ington, D. C. The song has been dedi- cated to the forest rangers. It is es- pecially adaptable to Arbor Day exer- cises and to forestry and conservation programs. “The Message,” words and music by Miss Palmer, published coin- cident with “The Call of the Wilder- ness,’ is a charming little song of the fields and woods. A short time ago the presence of sey- eral members of the Washington office of the Forest Service at the headquar- ters of District 3, in Albuquerque, New Mexico, where field duty had taken them prompted the members of the District office to propose and carry out a “Get- Together” dinner on a “Dutch treat” basis. The dinner was held at the Al- varado, the Harvey hotel. Those pres- ent from the Albuquerque office were: A. O. Waha, acting district forester in charge of the branch of operation; John Kerr, assistant district forester, in charge of the branch of grazing; A. D. Read, forest examiner of the office of grazing; T. S. Woolsey, in charge of the branch of silviculture; Quincy Randles, timber sale inspector, of the office of silviculture; J. O. Seth, assis- tant to the Solicitor, Department of Agriculture; Lyle A. Whitsit, hydro- electrical engineer; M. M. Cheney, na- tional forest examiner, of the office of lands ; Frederic Winn, in charge of land classification, of the office of lands; and James F. Mullen, supervisor of the Manzano-Zuni Forest. Those present NOTES 763 from the Washington office were: Al- bert F. Potter, associate forester, in charge of the branch of grazing ; Js lee Jardine, inspector of grazing; R. Y Stuart, forest inspector in charge of timber sales, of the branch of silvicul- ture; Bristow Adams, forest examiner, in charge of the office of information ; also W. S. Clime, photographer of the Department of Agriculture, and F. F. Moon, professor of forestry at Syra- cuse University. Thirty of the Iowa State College forestry students have returned from summer camps held on the Minnesota National Forest. The camp was located on Star Island in Cass Lake, where fine virgin stands of white pine, red pine and jack pine occur. The camp con- sisted of twelve weeks’ work. The work comprised timber estimating, to- pographic and type mapping, silvicul- tural studies, logging, milling, minor forest industries, dendrology and tree diseases. The region of the Minnesota National Forest offers spendid oppor- tunities for the study of logging and milling first hand. The region also pre- sents many silvicultural problems for the student of forestry. The Iowa State College is planning on making the camp at Cass Lake a permanent affair. The purchase has just been com- pleted by the State Forester of a tract of about 3,000 acres in the town of Underhill, Vermont. This area, which is now the largest of the State’s forests, lies on the west side of the Green Mountain range just south of Mount Mansfield. With the exception of about 100 acres of burned land, the whole area is well wooded. It is for- tunate that the State could acquire it before the mountain was stripped, be- cause the lumber supply will not only be of great value to the town, but the two streams rising on the tract, Stevens Brook and Lee River, would be seri- ously affected by deforestation. The price paid was $3.25 an acre, consider- ably less than that first asked. The State Forester is now having a map and careful estimate made of the ‘ 764 AMERICAN entire forest, and intends to begin the improvement of the tract as soon as practicable. The open areas will be re- forested next spring, and improvement cutting made as soon as a good market can be developed for the weed trees. One of the points of interest in this forest is a very beautiful water fall, one of the finest in the State, especially in early spring. The acquisition of this tract makes the total area of State for- ests about 8,000 acres. Mj. Nagel, of Santa Fe, NOM was recently in Washington to give to Senators from his State his views re- garding the replanting of denuded forest lands and the gathering of forest seeds. He secured the publication of some vigorously worded statements in the Congressional Record. He says he can teach and will take the contract to re- forest every acre of denuded land, abandoned farms and fields in the United States for less than $5 an acre and guarantees that all the planted area will grow. He calculates that his method will save fifty million dollars in replanting seven and a half million acres. Mr. Nagel says he is eager for a chance to prove his statements, but has not yet found the opportunity to do so on a broad scale. Residents of Lake Forest, Ill., stirred by the fact that the shade trees on the streets of their attractive town are not getting the proper care, recently held a mass meeting and presented to the City Council some resolutions demand- ing vigorous action. They mean to see that the City Council does not neglect their request and will do all they can to beautify their streets and gardens by planting appropriate trees and shrub- bery and seeing that those already planted receive proper care. The resolutions quote the fact that the care of trees and shrubbery against ravages of insects and disease is being weakened by ill-advised planting of trees not suitable for the ground and climate and asking the City Council to appoint a permanent commission to safeguard the trees of the city, this FORESTRY commission to be empowered to super- intend such conservation and forestry work as is deemed advisable, to insist on co-operation from private owners, and if possible join with other towns in the vicinity in engaging a competent forester to oversee all advisable work. Many are the methods prescribed for estimating the value of a shade tree and one of the most recent is that of asking real estate men: “How much, in your judgment, do full-grown shade trees along the street improve the value of the adjoining land for house lots?” This question was asked by the Massachusetts State Forestry As- sociation. The majority of answers ranged from 10 to 50 per cent., while some went so far as to state that a house lot would be worth 100 per cent. more if full-grown shade trees were standing in front of it. A fair average of these answers falls between 25 and 40 per cent. Expert tree appraisers say that a shade tree in good condition and well placed is worth $1 per square inch of cross section measured at breast height. At that rate a tree one foot in diameter is worth $113, while a tree two feet in diameter is worth $452. For the sake of illustration, suppose that we take a good-sized house lot, 50x100 feet, or 5,000 square feet, worth 25 cents a foot. The land value is $1,250. If the trees are spaced 50 feet apart on the street there would be one tree in front of the property. The tree is two feet in diameter and worth $452, which would increase the value of the lot 36 per cent. Donald Matthews, a graduate of the University of Michigan in the class of 1909, has recently accepted an import- ant position with the British North Borneo Company. Although Mr. Mat- thews is a young man, he has made a record during the last five years in the Philippine Forest Service. He will or- ganize an expedition into the interior of North Borneo and after examining the timber resources of that section, will determine what sort of a forestry de- partment should be organized there. CURRENY., LIFeRATURE MONTHY LIST FOR SEPTEMBER, 1914. ( Books and periodicals indexed in the Library of the United States Forest Service.) Forestry as a Whole. Allen, E. T. Forests, lumber and the con- sumer. 12 p. St. Paul, Minn., The Pine Cone, 1914. Institut colonial internationale. Le régime forestiér aux colonies. v. 1-3. Brux- elles, 1914. Proceedings and reports of associations, forest officers, etc. Canada—Department of the Interior—For- estry branch. Report of the Director of Forestry for the year 1913. 136 p. il. Ottawa, 1914. Great Britain—Board of agriculture and fisheries, and office of woods, forests and land revenues. Joint annual report of the forestry branches for the year 1912-1913. 82 p. Map. London, 1914. India—Jammu and Kashmir—Forest dept. Progress report of forest administration for the year 1912-1913. 71 p. Lahore, 1913. Sociedad forestal Argentina. Boletin, vol. 1, no. 5. 40 p. Buenos Aires, 1914. Forest Education Arbor Day California—Superintendent of public instruc- tion. Arbor Day in California, 1914. 24 p. Sacramento, 1914. Forest schools New York State College of Forestry, Syra- cuse University. State forest camp in the Adirondacks, held every year in August. 13 p. il. Syracuse, N. Y., 1914. Forest Legislation New York—Legislature. The conservation law in relation to fish and game and to lands and forests, as amended to the close of the regular season of 1914. 293 p. Albany, 1914. Silvics Forest influences United States—War Dept.—Engineer Dept. Prevention of damage by floods; letter from the Secretary of War, transmitting report of the board of officers of the corps of engineers of the United States Army appointed April 12 1913, upon the most practicable and effective meas- ures for prevention of damage by flood to works constructed for the improve- ment of navigation. 21 p. Wash., D. C., 1914. (U. S.—63d Congress—2d_ ses- sion. House document 914.) Studies of species Camus, Aimée. Les cyprés; monographie, systématique, anatomie, culture, princi- paux usages. 106 p. il, pl. Paris, 1914. (Encyclopédie économique de _ sylvicul- ture ls) Silviculture Planting Burnes, George P. Studies in tolerance of New England forest trees: 1. Develop- ment of white pine seedlings in nursery beds. 18 p. pl. Burlington, Vt., 1914. (Vermont—Agricultural experiment sta- tion. Bulletin 178.) Lukens, T. P. Eucalyptus growing in Cali- fornia for profit. 16 p. il. Pasadena, Cal., 1914. Whipple, O. B. Planting trees and shrubs on the dry farm, 16 p. il. Bozeman, Mont., 1912. (Montana—Agricultural experiment station. Circular 14.) Massuchusetts—State Forester. Instructions for making improvement thinnings, and the management of moth-infested wood- lands, by H. O. Cook and P. D. Knee- land. 35 p. il. pl. Boston, Mass., 1914. Forest Protection Fire Oregon Forest Fire Association. Third an- nual report, season, 1913. 48 p. Port- land, Ore., 1913. Forest Management Hawes, Austin F. and Chandler, B. A. The management of second growth hard- woods in Vermont. 56 p. pl. Burlington, Vt., 1914. (Vermont—Forest service. Publeation No. 13.) Forest Utilization Lumber industry Arnold. John R. Lumbering industry of the Philippines. 23 p. Wash., D. C., 1914. (U. $.—Department of Commerce—Bu- reau of Foreign and Domestic Com- merce. Special agents’ series No. 88.) Southern lumberman. Southern lumberman s directory of American lumber consum- ing factories, v. 3. 903 p. Nashville, Tenn.. 1914. Stailey, S. C., comp. Lumber inspection rules, containing rules governing the manufacture and inspection of the dif- ferent kinds of lumber; Government tests of the comparative strength of building timbers, and other useful in- formation for everyday use. 356 p. N. Y. A. D. Beeken, 1912. 765 766 AMERICAN Timber trades journal and sawmill adver- tiser. Timber trades directory, 7th ed. London, 1914. W ood-using industries Hawley, L. F., and Palmer, R. C. Yields from the destructive distillation of cer- tain hardwoods. 16 p. il. Wash., D. C., 1914. (U. S—Dept. of Agriculture. Bulletin 129.) Surface, Henry E. Effects of varying cer- tain cooking conditions in producing soda pulp from aspen. 63 p. il, pl. tables. Wash., D. C., 1914... (U. $.— Dept. of Agriculture. Bulletin 80.) Wood technology Record, Samuel J. The mechanical proper- ties of wood, including a discussion o1 the factors affecting the mechanical properties, and methods of timber test- ine) 165: p.. 11; N. Y., J. Wiley & Sons, 1914. Auxiliary Subjects National parks Campbell, Marius R. Origin of the scenic features of the Glacier national park. AQ Ee ilsmaps-« s\WVash, Ds Ceetoiaaes (Ue S.—Dept. of the Interior—Office of the Secretary. Publication.) Knowlton, F. H. The fossil forests of the Yellowstone national park. 31 p. il, map. Wash. D:. C., 1914. (U. S— Dept. of the Interior—Office of the Sec- retary. Publication.) Sequoia and General Grant national parks. Report, 1913) 16rp:, map)’ Wash; (DiC. Gov. printing office, 1914. United States—Dept. of the Interior—Office of the Secretary. General information regarding Crater Lake national park, season of 1914. 14 p., map. Wash., D. Cry Agia: United States—Dept. of the interior—Office of the secretary. General information regarding Glacier national park, season of 1914. 26 p. map. Wash., D. C., 1914. United States—Dept. of the Interior—Office of the Secretary. General information regarding Mesa Verde national park, season, 1914. 25 p., map. Wash. D. C, 1914. United States—Dept. of the Interior—Office of the Secretary. General information regarding Mt. Rainier national park, season of 1914 28 p., map. Wash., D. C., 1914. United States—Dept: of: the -Intertor=—Office of the Secretary. General information regarding Sequoia and General Grant national parks, season of 1914. 30 p., iMapy Vashi Ds Ciel Onde FORESTRY United States—Dept. of the Interior—Office of the Secretary. General information regarding Yellowstone national park, season of 1914. 48 p., map. Wash., D. C., 1914. United States—Dept. of the Interior—Office of the Secretary. General information regarding Yosemite national park, sea- son of 1914. 34 p., map. Wash, D. C, 1914. United States—Dept. of the Interior—Office of the Secretary. Report on Wind Cave national park, Sullys Hill park, Casa Grande ruin, Muir Woods, Petrified Forets, and other national monuments, including list of bird reserves, 1913. 47 p., maps. Wash., D. C., 1914. Periodical Articles Miscellaneous periodicals Annals of botany, July, 1914.—The struc- ture of the flower of Fagacez, and its bearing on the affinities of the group, by E. M. Berridge, p. 509-26. Country life in America, July, 1914—-Where one railroad cuts its trees, by J. A. Dimock, p. 43-5; Forestry and the land- scape, by F. E. Olmsted, p. 55-6. Craftsman, July, 1914—-Our native woods; their new use in architecture and interior decoration, p. 431-5. Forest and stream, July 25, 1914—-How to make a log canoe, by G. O. Shields, p. aaksys, wala ly Gardeners’ rhronidle, Aug. 8, 1914.—Forestry conference at the Anglo-American expo- sition, p. 120. Ottawa naturalist, Aug.-Sept., 1914.—Gall midges as forest insects, by E. P. Felt, p. 76-9. Plant world, July, 1914.—Specialization in vegetation and in environment in Cali- fornia, by W. A. Cannon, p. 223-37. Scientific American supplement, June 27, 1914.—Compression tests on wood, by P. W. Smith, p. 408-9. Scientific American supplement, July 25, 1914.—The preservation of wood; a synopsis of the principal processes in use today, by A. J. Wallis-Taylor, p. 52-4. Technical world magazine, Aug., 1914.— Changing sand hills into forests, by A. Chapman, p. 848-52; Motor trucks in- vade logging camps, p. 924-5. Wood preservers’ bulletin, July-Sept., 1914.— Penetration of timber by preservatives, by C. H. Teesdale, p. 18-19; History of wood block paving in the South, by R. S. Manley, p. 20; Toxicity tests on wood preservatives, by Carlile P. Winslow, p. 22. Trade journals-and consular reports American lumberman, July 25, 1914.—Pencil cedar scarce. p. 38 D; A useful West Indian wood; blue mahoe, p. 62; Wood stave pipe experience, p. 63. CURRENT LITERATURE American lumberman, Aug. 1, 1914.—Six ring rule specifications for yellow pine, p. 43; Kauri gum industry of New Zea- land, p. 50-1; Lumbering in the Philip- pine Islands, p. 51; Process of tree growth explained, p. 53. American lumberman, Aug. 22, 1914.—Trop- ical America’s mahogany, p. 41; The ancients knew wood; beams of oldest permanent bridge were of cedar and cypress, p. 41; Tests and supplies of pencil wood, by Frank J. Hallauer, p. 42; Sending logs to sea in Central America, p. 46; Woods of Dutch Guiana, p. 46; Use waste wood to make gas, p. 53. American lumberman, Aug. 29, 1914.—Uses and supply of true sandalwood, p. 42-3; The timber resources of Central Amer- ica, p. 46. American lumberman, Sept. 5, 1914.—A study of yellow pine manufacturing waste, p. 28; Overhead logging systems, by R. W. Vinnedge, and others, p. 40-1, 50; Arau- carian pine’s habitat, p. 45; A wood that lasts forever, p. 63; Chemical utiliza- tion of wood waste profitable, by L. D. lelyaak, 5 Oe Barrell and box, Aug., 1914.—Sawdust floor compounds, by O. T. Swan. p. 52. Canada lumberman, Aug. 15, 1914.—The pulp- wood industry in New Ontario, by Horace Bell, p. 102-3; The cooperage industry of Canada, by James Innes, p. 106-7; Nova Scotia’s fire protection problem, by Elihu Woodworth, p. 109- 10; Administration of British Columbia’s timber lands, by H. R. MacMillan, p. 114-16; The red cedar shingle industry OfEb Coaby. ©: W: Scartts pats 19% Work of the Dominion forestry branch, p. 124-5; Reducing waste in logging operations, by D. E. Lauderburn, p. 127-3. Engineering news, May 28, 1914——Creosoted piling in Galveston Bay bridge, by F. B. Ridgway, p. 1176-82. Engineering news. June 4, 1914.—“Blowing- up” of wood-block pavements; expan- sion joints in pavements, by O. M. Sever- son and R. E. Beaty, p. 1262-3. Engineering news, June 25, 1914.—Lugs on wood paving blocks as a preventive of “blow-ups,” by W. E. Wright, p. 1434. Engineering news, Aug. 20, 1914.—The teredo in fresh water, by R. G. Mc- Glone, p. 400. Engineering record, July 18, 1914.—Missis- sippi river protection mat construction, p. 65; Creosoted piles on Pacific coast, by N. A. Powers, p. 66-7. Hardwood record, Aug. 25, 1914.—World markets for American lumber, by Hu Maxwell, p. 21-5; The mahoganies of Africa, p. 27-8; The famous rain tree, p. 35; Weakening effect of drying tim- ber, p. 36. 167 Hardwood record, Sept. 10, 1914—Wood in vehicle work, p. 21; North American walnut woods, by Geo. B. Sudworth and Clayton D. Mell, p. 23-6; The most costly woods, p. 31; An interesting tree; the paddle-wood, p. 35. Lumber trade journal, Aug. 15, 1914—Lum- ber exports for the fiscal year 1913- 1914, p. 19-26. Lumber trade journal, Sept. 1, 1914.—Neces- sity for the engineer in modern logging operations, by Henry J. Cox, p. 25. Lumber world review, Aug. 25, 1914.—Na- tional forest stumpage policy, by E. A. Sterling, p. 27-8. Lumber world review, Sept. 10, 1914.—Elec- tricity in logging operations, by Andrew Bloom, p. 17-18; The redwood burl in- dustry in California, by T. A. Church, p. 21-2. Municipal journal, Sept. 3, 1914—Wood- block pavement in Memphis, by J. H. Weatherford. p. 307; Oil for wood blocks, p. 310; Lug wood block in Nash- ville, p. 310-12. Paper, Sept. 9, 1914——Bleaching soda and sulphite fibers, by E. Sutermeister, p. 15-16; Compression and density of raw materials, by C. Clayton Beadle and Henry P. Stevens, p. 17-18; Developing the dyestuff industry in America, by Bernhard C. Hesse, p. 19-20. Pennsylvania lumberman, Sept., 1914.— What to do with mesquite, p. 12-13. Pioneer western lumberman, Aug. 15, 1014.— Hardwoods used. on the Pacific coast, p. 21-3; The imperative necessity of a yield tax on timber proven by timber land tar valuations in Louisiana, p. 24-5. Pioneer western lumberman. Sept. 1, 1914.— Fire prevention through creation of pub- lic sentiment, by E. T. Allen, p. 15, 19; Forest products of the Dominican re- public, p. 28-9. Pulp and paper magazine, July 15, 1914.-- The chemical evaluation of wood for pulp, by Martin L. Griffin, p. 419-20; Chlorine action on pine wood, by Heinze C. Lane, p. 422-3. Pulp and paper magazine, Aug. 1, 1914.— The influence of the addition of hedy- chium pulp to chemical and mechanical wood pulps upon the physical qualities of paper produced therefrom, by Clay- ton Beadle and Henry P. Stevens, p. 453; Saw mill refuse and the pulp and paper industry. by G. B. Steffanson, p. 455-7; Paper making industry in South Africa, by Alex Annandale, p. 459-60. Pulp and paper magazine, Aug. 15, 1914.— Commercial planting of spruce, by B. K. Ayers, p. 483-5; The compression and density of raw materials used in the manufacture of paper, by Clayton Beadle, and Henry P. Stevens, p. 491-3. AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS 1914.—Improve- machinery, p. Railway review, Aug. 22, ments in land-clearing 232-6. St. Louis lumberman, Sept. 1, 1914.—The use of cut-over lands, by B. W. Hove- land, p. 73-4; S. H. Bolinger defends wood block, p. 79. Southern lumber journal, Sept. 1, 1914.—Vast wealth to be gained from Mexico’s tim- ber, p. 46. Southern lumberman, Aug. 22, 1914.—Pro- tecting piling from marine borers, by R. S. Kellogg, p. 33. Southern lumberman, Sept. 5, 1914.—For-. ester talks to Nashville lumbermen, by R. S. Maddox, p. 37-8. Timber trade journal, July 18, 1914—Cam- bridge university school of forestry, pe ov. Timber trade journal, Aug. 1, 1914.—Teak- logging in Burma, by C. G. Rogers, p. 213. Timberman, Aug., 1914.—Review hardwood manufacturing industry in Hawaiian Islands, by John F. Miller, p. 31-2. United States daily consular report, Sept. 1, 1914——Lumber trade in Venice dis- trict, by Leon Bohm de Sauvanne, p. 1198-9; timber trade in Scotland, p.-1199. Veneers, Sept., 1914.—Making inland flush veneered doors, by Neal Spoor, p. 11-12; Some good hints for veneering, by Lew Wilson, p. 15-16. West Coast lumberman, Aug. 1, 1914.— Building and loan associations suggested to promote lumber use, by Howard B. Oakleaf, p. 20. West Coast lumberman, Aug. 15, 1914.— Timber industry in Manchuria, p. 44-5. West Coast lumebrman, Sept. 1, ‘1914.— Pacific logging congress holds sixth ses- sion, p. 22-26D, 42A-45. Wood-worker, Aug. 1914,—Progress in fire- proofing wood, by T. C. James, p. 22; The proper piling of lumber, by G. T. Hall, p. 34-5; The manufacture of oak paneling, by John Hooke, p. 36-7; Dry- ing lumber by the humidity method, by I. D. Chapman, p. 39-40. Forest journals Centralblatt fir das gesamte forstwesen, March-April, 1914—Bodkartierung und bodenkundlicher unterricht, by Wilhelm Leiningen, p. 81-97; Der leimring, p. 98-102; Die forstverwaltungspolitik der gegenwart, by Ferdinand Mocker, p. 102-25. Forstwissenschaftliches centralblatt, June, 1914. — Beschaffung von kiefernsamen deutscher herkunft, by Esslinger, p. 315- 26; Der internationale forstkongress in Paris vom 16.-20. Juni, 1913, by Guse, p. 326-9; Tanne und mischwald, by Schil- cher, p. 329-34. 1b Indian forester, May, 1914—-Teak in the Wynaad; a study by F. Foulkes, p. 173-93. Indian forester, June, 1914.—Departmental firing in chir forests in the Punjab, Rawalpindi division, by H. M. Glover, p. 292-306; Natural reproduction of deodar, p. 306-9. Tree talk, Aug., 1914.—The black-streak can- ker of chestnut oak, by W. H. Rankin, p. 13-15; Cankers and canker treatmeni, by C. C. Lawrence, p. 16-17; Some facts about acacias, p. 18-19; Notes on insects, by F. A. Bartlett, p. 24-5. Zeitschrift fiir forst- und jagdwesen, July, 1914.—Nur deutschen kiefernsamen ftr den deutschen wald, by Haack, p. 399- 408; Der blendersaumschlag und seine behandlung auf der hauptversammlung des Deutschen forstvereins zu Trier, by Eberhard, p. 408-19; Vergleichende un- tersuchungen an rotbuchenholz, by Nach- tigall, p. 419-28; Die forstliche abteilung aus der ersten landwirtschaftlichen ver- sammlung in Kiew und das prinzip her allgemeinen waldschonung, by Guse, p. 429-36; Die holzversorgung Englands, by Ernst Schultze, p. 437-42. BILTMORE TEXT BOOKS The text books of the Biltmore Forest School, written by Dr. C. A. Schenck, continue for sale at Biltmore. For Siena: address BILTMORE FOREST BOOKS, iltmore, N. C. tf i ——— FORESTERS ATTENTION AMERICAN FORESTRY will print free of charge in this column advertisements of foresters wanting positions, or of persons having employment to offer foresters oe one WANTED—FORESTERS—A few excellent po- sitions open for skilled foresters or experts in shade tree work. Some of these will require all of a man’s time and others can be filled in con- nection with his regular work. The compensation is liberal. Please state references and experience. Address P. S. R., care American Forestry Associa- tion. i Re OD WANTED—By young man intending to study forestry, position with lumber company, surveying party, or other position by which he can gain prac- tical knowledge. Address L. L., Care AMERICAN IORESTRY,. YOUNG MAN, 27 years old, unmarried, university training, business experience and three years of practical experience in surveying and construction, including pre- liminary surveys, estimates, railroad and highway lo- cation surveys and construction, topographic surveys, mapping, etc. Capable of taking charge of party, desires position with forester or lumber firm. Best references from former employers. Address ‘“‘T. B. C.,’’ Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS Brakeman, J. A. Clarke Conductor, V. H. Salliday Brakeman, D. Burnett Engineer, M.J. Fitzpatrick Fireman, George Mickelson Every man in this crew of the Chicago-Denver Limited, on the Burlington, has carried a Hamilton Watch for years. This tra’n has a record of 355 days on time in one calendar year. Because of the Accuracy and Durability of the ————— ma, ™ CY, ue Mamiltond [atch “‘The Railroad Timekeeper of America’’ It is carried by over one-half (56%) of the Railroad Men of America on Roads Maintaining Official Time Inspection. The Hamilton Watch is made in all Standard Sizes and sold by jens everywhere. Movements only are $12.25 upward. Hamilton 0. 940 (18 size—21 jewels) and No. 992 (16 size—21 jewels) are the most popular watches on American Railroads and will pass any Official Time Inspection. Write for ‘‘ The Timekeeper’”’ Complete watches in certain sizes $38.50 to $150.00. Itillustrates and describes the various Hamilton models and isa book well worth reading if you are thinking of buying an accurate watch, HAMILTON WATCH COMPANY, Lancaster, Pennsylvania Master Builders of Accurate Timepieces FORESTER of technical training, six years’ teach- ing and practical experience in different parts of the United States, wishes to better position. Best refer- ences from university and employers, and others. Address G. O. T., Care AMERICAN Forestry. GRADUATE FORESTER—Practical experience in cruising, mapping and scaling. Eager to go any- where. References furnished. Address R. L., care of AMERICAN ForRESTRY. FOREST ENGINEER, with Forest Service training in Colorado, Wyoming, private work in California, and six years’ experience in the lumber industry on the Pacific Coast, would like field work in any part of the United States. Estimating of timber lands and topographic surveying a spe- cialty. Four years technical training. Address, “DPD,” Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. A forest school graduate with experience in U. S. Forest Service and with lumber company, also pos- sessing thorough business training, will consider offer of a good forestry position. Address M., Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. FORESTER with 15 years experience Jstimating, Surveying, Mapping, and in the care of private hold- ings desires positiun. Pertectly reliable in every way, and with executive ability. Address ‘‘A,” care AMERICAN ForESTRY. WANTED—By Graduate Forester, forestry work in South, or Tropics. Slight knowl- edge of Spanish and German. Scientific or experi- mental work preferred. Address, “F. W. H.” Care of AMERICAN Forestry. position in WANTED—By Forester, a position with lumber or paper company. Experience in looking after camps and forestry work. Address W., Care AMERICAN ForEsTRY. WESTERN ESTATE MANAGER — Graduate agriculturist and forester, raised on Western farm, two years’ experience at lumbering and for past six years with the U. S. Forest Service, engaged in tim- er estimating, appraisal and forest management in Washington, Idaho and Montana, desires private work. Especially equipped to advise concerning or to manage timberlands or combined timber and farm estate. References furnished. Address R I. F., Care AMERICAN ForEsTRY. Forester with wide experience in nursery work, planting, fire protection, etc., and also in park work, desires position. Best of references. Addrese U, Care AMERICAN FoREsTRY. SURVEYOR—Young man 21 having three vears experience as Transitman, Rodman, and Chainman with a City Surveyor desires a like position in Forestry. Has ambition to become a Forestry Expert. A No. 1 references, reliable and trustworthy. Particulars on request. Address ‘‘D. H. F.,’’ care AMERICAN FORESTRY. SURVEYOR—For large tracts of land, roads and rail- roads; furnishes instrument; capable of taking charge of party; would like position in South that will last all winter. Address ‘‘T. B. W.,’’ care AMERICAN FORESTRY. FORESTER, with seven years’ practical experi- ence, desires a position as Forester. Have had considerable experience in reforestation and man- agement, also fire protection. Address “T. F. H.” Care AMERICAN Forestry. FOREST IENGINEER—Best of American and ISuropean training. Five years of practical work along lines of organization, administration, protec- tion, ciuising and appraising. Would like position with some large timber holding company, rai..oad, or municipal watershed. Best of references. Address “CRUISER,” Care AMERICAN ForEsTRY. 2b AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS FORESTER and General Manager upon Private Estate.—Position wanted by man with long and wide experience in all matters connected with the above position. For full particulars address, X, Care of AMERICAN FoRESTRY. FOREST ENGINEER of ability and experience wishes the management of large timbered tract. Thoroughly experienced in Lumbering and Practical private Forestry, and capable of taking entire charge of Genie preserve, private estate, or other forested lands. Well recom- mended. Address ‘* Woods Supt.,"’ Care of AMERICAN Forestry, Washington, D. C. WANTED.—A Position as Superintendent on Private Estate. Expert experience with 22 years’ backing, on Forestry, Agriculture, Horticulture, Landscape Engineer- ing. Graduate Civil Engineer, Practical Experience in all mentioned work. Will take full responsibility of any estate or construction of an estate and guarantee my work. Fair salary expected. Please state salary you are willing to offer with reply. I will not accept a position in “part.” I will not accept position under three months’ notice to my present Employer. Address “‘V. C, P."’ Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. YOUNG MAN, 29 years old, wishes position with forest owner or lumber mill concern, to take care of all waste timber. Have 12 years’ experience in distilling and extracting by-products from forest wastes, etc. Address 1, Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. FORESTER wants position with Consulting For- estry firm, or with lumber company or private estate. Training from Michigan Agricultural Col- lege and Yale Forest School; four years’ experience with U. S. Forest Service and two winters with lumber companies. Acquainted thoroughly with Montana, Idaho and California timber as cruiser. References on request. Address E., Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. FORESTER with practical experience and having qualified under Civil Service desires to better posi- tion. Can direct work of planting, estimating or Conservative cutting. Understands making of topo- graphical maps and working plans. Also experienced in routine office work. Wishes to make a good permanent connection with Iumberman or forest owner. Address, G. A. A., Care AMERICAN For- ESTRY. CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING Ten Cents a Line TIMBER SALES 1 0 mB 8 MOUNTAIN ESTATE—30 Miles from Asheville 5 miles from Southern Railway, elevation 2,000 to 3,000 feet, mild climate, pure air, cold spring water, running brooks. Comfortable log house of five rooms, stables and outbuildings, 20 acres in: cultiva- tion, 100 bearing apple trees, peaches, plums, grapes, blackberries, vegetable and flower garden, 2,600 acres hardwood timber, oak, poplar, hickory, chestnut, pine, etc. Also rhododendron, kalmia, azalea, dogwood, galax, trailing arbutus, mistletoe, squirrels, quail, wild turkeys, coons, possums. $20,000, easy terms. Ad- dress “W. M. P.,”? Care AMERICAN FoRESTRY. Hardwood, White and Yellow Pine Timber Lands for sale by SAVAGE BROTHERS, Cornelia, Ga. 5-4 TIMBER TRACTS—LARGE AND SMALL 2,609,852 acres. Also 2,594,690,000 feet of stump- age. Value Forty-Seven Million Dollars. For Sale in nine Southern States. T. Haines, Spartanburg, S. C. FOR SALE—HARDWOOD TIMBER On five thousand acres of mountain land im- mediately on railroad. Principally Oak, Chestnut, Hemlock, and Poplar. Pay for as cut and sold. Address NORTH CAROLINA TALC AND MINING COMPANY, Hewitts, N. C. 10-1 GOOD, CLEAN, SECOND-HAND BOOKS BOUGHT and sold at half price on commission of 10 per cent of list prices. Address, Commission Company, 26 Frank- fort Street, New York City. 7-8 1,700 ACRES VIRGIN TIMBER In McDowell County, N. C., on line of C. C. & O. Ry. Fee simple. Address E. M. HENOFER, 5729 Wyalusing Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. (8) FOR SALE—YELLOW PINE LIMITS Two excellent yellow pine timber limits and tur- pentine producers situated in central Florida, with good shipping facilities. Titles perfect; price, $11 and $13 per acre, including timber and land. L. N., Box 596, Buffalo, N. Y. (8-9-10) 3b Ten Cents a Line TIMBER SALES a st a OWNERS OF TIMBER TRACTS! I have constant inquiries for timber of certain varieties in locations where I have none for sale. If you will list your property with me, it may prove to be just what I want to offer to some of the 3,500 Buyers of Timber whose names are on my books. No charge if I do not sell. No Brokers. R. T- Harnes; “P> ©) Box 83; Spartanbure;nes. C. Timber Investments We have a number of timber tracts offered for sale that are probably the most enticing investments offered in America today. Our list consists of all varieties of timber in different size tracts. We can please the most dis- criminating. Would be pleased to submit propositions on receipt of your requirements. GREAT NORTHERN INVESTMENT CO., 9-10-11 Branch: Cloverdale, Ind. Timberlands For Sale We are in position to supply you with any kind of timber that your needs require anywhere in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Cuba, and the Republic of Panama. Our list comprises over sixty million dollars worth of timber lands. Write for copy. GREAT NORTHERN INVESTMENT CoO., 9-10-11 Branch: Cloverdale, Ind. Investments Wanted We are interested in the handling of timber lands, lumber yards, etc., mining oil and colonization tracts, city income and vacant properties, factories, factory sites, stocks ana bonds, or any good propositions with merit. EXCHANGES a specialty. Propositions must come direct from owner, or owners authorized agent. Address with full particulars. GREAT NORTHERN INVESTMENT CoO., 9-10-11 Branch: Cloverdale, Ind. AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS We are near- ing the end of the most | “popular book | offer in history— MARK TWAIN at half the former price. Get your set before it is too late. Harper’s Magazine is included at this special price. MARK TWAIN Author’s National Edition HOSE who know his Tom SAWYER or Huck FINN look upon Mark Twain as a great boy’s writer; those who have read his JOAN OF ARC or PRINCE AND THE PAUPER think of him as a great romancer; those who are acquainted only with INNOCENTS ABROAD or Roucuinc It think of himas inexpressibly funny; those who are familiar only with his essays look upon him as a sane and indignant foe of hypocrisy; those who have read only his short stories, such as A DEATH Disk, think of him as a master of pathos; but those only who have read ALL these books know or can realize the transcen- dent genius of Mark Twain; those only can comprehend the limits of intellectual effort; those alone know that Mark Twain the philosopher, Mark Twain the humorist, Mark Twain the dreamer, and Mark Twain the reform- er are all but parts of the greatest American of his time. wA.F. A. HARPER & BROTHERS Franklin Square New York City “| The set is in twenty-five volumes, each measuring They are carefully printed on ex- 5x 7% inches. Y Please send me in THE HARPER WAY, carriage free, a set of MARK TWAIN'S WORKS twenty-five volumes, cloth binding, and enter my name as a subscriber for one year to HARPER'S MAGAZINE, under cellent paper and bound in a handsome red crépe cloth, have titles in gilt, decorative design on shelf-back, a medallion of the great author on the cover, head-bands, and title-pages ® ee ] me the terms of your offer. It is un- in two colors. derstood I may retain the set for five 4 a i days, and at the expiration of that time q Every word and every picture con- if 1 do not care for the books Iwillreturn v v them at your expense, and you will cancel x = = » “TXT, ‘ the subscription to the MAGAZINE. If 1 tained in the most expensive set lesen the Dockss Lquillipentitt $2001 raontls rm . 9 mone . . until the full price of the books and the of Mark Twain’s writings is in- MAGAZINE, $25.00, has been paid, or, within thirty days, will send you $23.75 as payment in full. cluded in this popularly priced ryature unalure.... edition. ’ ‘* The North American Review'’ may be substituted for ‘*Harper’s Magazine."’ In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN FORESTRY ! | | | | | Se HE OA ee I I I ! r t ! ou Hy | I | I | Future l) | : erations | p ratl I II il Some morning the whistle on the Old ij Mill will blow for the last time, the if | last log will be hauled up and cut, i | the last board will pass the trimmer. lI | Your assets then will consist of | | stock on hand, cut over lands, used H} machinery and il | Your Young Men | | What of the young men you have i | developed? | | Why not provide a future for them | | from which you may profit? i | Investigate some of the opportunities the West i | now offers. They are a splendid investment for I! your surplus funds and your young men will find | | them a source of limitless opportunity. | | | Open | i Negotiations H Today i & i I {| James D. Lacey & Co. |i | Timber Land Factors I | CHICAGO, ILL., 1750 McCormick Building tI] ! PORTLAND, ORE., 1313 Northwestern Bank Building II 1! SEATTLE, WASH., 1009 White Building II H I 22 Sy LL Se _———————————————————————— NATIONAL CAPITAL PRESS, ett ‘ite irestiitaew generous CoE Ro ak AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS A ee eG 8 ee ee 8 8 eg ee ee 8 eg 8 ee 8 ee oe og HH HH HH HH HH HN BOOKS ON FORESTRY _—" Se 208 81 HN eH HH —n— ae 1 11 1 HH HA HF HH A A 1 HE HE | HH AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the bene- fit of those who wish books on forestry, a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American Forestry Association, Washington, D. C. Prices are by mail or express prepaid.* BOE 5S SES SSE (LEB eReAL NING OR AGH OR sib R—Gittordmeinichotees see eee ern neni S55 all? LACIMORIDIRE ANID) GUS: WSO SIR Ss Iolite, ou goons obnoocbobadupcvucaounsobEas 5 THE CARE OF TREES IN LAWN, STREET AND PARK—B. E. Fernow......... 2.17 NOR TEGAMBRICANGD RIE S——Neels Brittoniee ees cei seine cicieicie hem nao 7.30 KE YanOvEE Ey RE ES ——Collinsyandabrestone nan eee oe eeincre 1.50 THE FARM WOODLOT—E. G. Cheyney and J. P. Wentling..................... 1.70 AMERICAN HORE Sl Reh S—-Henny, HuiGibsonnac ccs o cee cicero ane 6.00 IDENTIFICATION OF THE ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— SFE OOU ELE) Mn] et I SC ELCLO) 6 Neer Wein ae et a aed NO ec co aL nea UE me MRED ee ean Nlnn Po cians (aat eaddiohdte oo oS) PIPAN EK SURV VIN G——Johni@relracy, want ese fat aie ee lee ae eo ee ee 3.00 RORESHVIENSURARION—Henry, SoloniGraves: on sc see ae ee eee 4.00 EEE CONOMMUES OFRBRORE Sita Baska Hennovwene oe cece eerie erie eeicie 1.61 MIR Sie bOOK OR RORE STR Y—hilibert Rothe oh ane sero oeere enor reeeecenee 1.10 HISTORY OF THE LUMBER INDUSTRY OF AMERICA—J. E. Defebaugh.... 5.00 PRACTICAL“ BORESERY——A. (So ulller xe nooo 8 tore ot bias aa a eee nse See cee 1.50 PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY—Samuel B. Green..................- 1.50 SEASIDE PLANTING OF TREES AND SHRUBS—Alfred Gaut................. 1505 RAMECIAR TREES Gs. 8 Boulger. so sce) steer es 5 Seer eee Oa eI aera 1.50 MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA (exclusive of Mexico)—Charles Splar desoargen tee Mette. 5 Bisiaenats cra OL ere Ch eie Aeece OA Ree aa I eee 6.00 ANVIE RICAN TVOODS—Romeyn Ba Hough se seine eerie tera sien cere eas 5.00 HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF THE NORTHERN U. S. AND CANADA, EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS—Romeyn B. Hough.................. 6.00 GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE TREES—J. Horace McFarland........... 7S) PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF WOOD: THEIR CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES— Charles lenny ‘SHOW. csccis Ooi ess am seer Sate GEARS aT OL eRe ae) Sen 3.50 NORTH AMERICAN FORESTS AND FORESTRY—E. R. Bruncken............. 2.00 INSROREST-LAND—DouclastMallocheie cis atic eee ees ee kee eae 1225 HANDBOOK OF TIMBER PRESERVATION—Samuel M. Rowe.................- 4.00 RARE ACRES AND LIBERDY—Boltom Halle sen cscs oceans censor eines 1.85 MANUAL OF BOTAN Y—Asa Gray—$1.62; field edition...................-2--0-- 2.00 TREES OF NEW ENGLAND—L. L. Dame and Henry Brooks.................... 1.50 REE SAND SHRUBS—CAS Sangentanj sone cin dee Oconee itaee sen: 5.00 TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES— He Packharete hols ov bas oe ous pce eee ae ere eee eee ae 1.50 PRE ES—H. Marshall) Ward jcis sio2s aru axe enue he oes tol eiskee os oe Se Oe 1.50 EE, MOUNTAINS ION CALTIEORN TAS TJolue Mir ase samen seeitatia ice erie 1.85 OURS NARIONAL BARKS —JohnMiusire ae ae eaacierae icine een tic ore eerie eae 1.91 THE LONGLEAF PINE IN VIRGIN FOREST—G. Frederick Schwarz........... 1225 LOGGING—Ralph GC. Bryant 7yve ne wee chs cicbaslnve Seis eae oncuchoe) cere eee ce ees CCR nee 3.50 A S. B. Elliott.. 2.00 FORESTRY IN NEW ENGLAND—Ralph C. Hawley and Austin F. Hawes....... 3.50 THE PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING WOODLANDS—Henry Solon Graves........ 1.50 SHADE TREES IN TOWNS AND CITIES—William Solotaroff.................. 3.00 AMsiy, Ady CLOMID x——ehic |felkley Ioalvesal IRoredo Gua deoou scnogoudasucouogcvocepoC oon 1.00 RORESL PHY SIOGRAREY——By, IsaiahwBowinanls .c.5 a1. cedars cee ate aiceeiye sree 5.00 MANUAL FOR NORTHERN WOODSMEN—Austin Cary.................-206: 2.12 RAR MPRORES@TRY— Alfred Akerman, «.csses cots ee oe ene Eee Iona) pill THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS (in forest organization) Ais INeCknale ly.c UNA) ons acts cusnsmitayt lobes aire ee Reta coc ere eae eine 2.10 ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY—F. F. Moon and N.C. Brown.....:........------ 2.20 * This, of course, is not a complete list, but we shall be glad to add to it any books on forestry or related subjects upon request.—Editor. Se hE HH ET HE HH YE | Hf Eh fh fH Hh A A = eR a ee ee ee ee A ee me In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN FORESTRY Declaration of Principles and Policy of the American Forestry Association IT IS A VOLUNTARY organization for the inculcation and spread of a forest policy on a scale adequate for our economic needs, and any person is eligible for membership. IT IS INDEPENDENT, has no official connection with any Federal or State department or policy, and is devoted to a public service ccnducive to national prosperity. IT ASSERTS THAT forestry means the propagation and care of forests for the produc- tion of timber as a crop; protection of watersheds; utilization of non-agricultural soil; use of forests for public recreation. IT DECLARES THAT FORESTRY is of immense importance to the people; that the census of 1913 shows our forests annually supply over one and a quarter billion dollars’ worth of products; employ 735,000 people; pay $367,000,000 in wages; cover 550,- 000,000 acres unsuited for agriculture; regulate the distribution of water; prevent ero- sion of lands; and are essential to the beauty of the country and the health of the nation. IT RECOGNIZES THAT forestry is an industry limited by economic conditions; that private owners should be aided and encouraged by investigations, demonstrations, and educational work, since they cannot be expected to practice forestry at a financial loss; that Federal and State governments should undertake scientific forestry upon national and State forest reserves for the benefit of the public. IT WILL DEVOTE its influence and educational facilities to the development of public thought and knowledge along these practical lines. It Will Support These Policies: FEDERAL ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT of national forests; adequate appropriations for their care and management; Federal cooperation with the States, especially in forest fire protection. STATE ACTIVITY by acquirement of forest lands; organization for fire protection; en- couragement of forest planting by communal and private owners; non-political depart- mentally independent forest organization, with liberal appropriations for these purposes. FOREST FIRE PROTECTION by Federal, State and fire protective agencies, and its encouragement and extension, individually and by cooperation: without adequate fire protection all other measures for forest crop production wi!! fail. FOREST PLANTING by Federal and State governments and long lived corporations and acquirement of waste lands for this purpose; and also planting by private owners, where profitable, and encouragement of natural regeneration. FOREST TAXATION REFORMS removing unjust burdens from ownersof growing timber. CLOSER UTILIZATION in logging and manufacturing without loss to owner; aid to lumbermen in achieving this. CUTTING OF MATURE TIMBER where and as the domestic market demands it. except on areas maintained for park or scenic purposes, and compensation of forest owners for loss suffered through protection of watersheds, o1 on behalf of any public interest. EQUAL PROTECTION to the lumber industry and to public interests in legislation affecting private timberland operations, recognizing that lumbering is as, legitimate and necessary as the forests themselves. CLASSIFICATION by experts of lands best suited for farming and those best suited for forestry; and liberal national and State appropriations for this work. rrr eee 1f THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION OFFICERS FOR 1914 President DR. HENRY STURGIS DRINKER, President, Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa. Vice-Presidents JOSHUA L. BAILY, Pennsylvania ANDREW CARNEGIE, New York HON JOHNR CLANCY, New York FREDERICK A. DELANO, Illinois DR. CHARLES W. ELIOT, Massachusetts President Emeritus Harvard University DR. B. E. FERNOW, Canada Dean of Forestry, University of Toronto HON. WALTER L. FISHER, Chicago, IIl. Ex-Secretary of the Interior HENRY S. GRAVES, District of Columbia Chief of the Forest Service HON. CURTIS S. GUILD, Massachusetts Ex-Ambassador to Russia EVERITT G. GRIGGS, Washington HON. DAVID HOUSTON Secretary of Agriculture HON. HIRAM JOHNSON, California Governor of California HON. FRANKLIN K. LANE Secretary of the Interior HON. ASBURY F. LEVER, South Carolina United States Representative HON. THOMAS NELSON PAGE Ambassador to Italy GIFFORD PINCHOT, Washington, D. C. FILIBERT ROTH, Michigan aeae of Forestry, University of Michigan DR. J. T ROTHROCK, Pennsylvania JOSEPH N. TEAL, Oregon Chairman Oregon Conservation Commission HON. OSCAR W. UNDERWOOD, Alabama United States Representative DR. ROBERT S. WOODWARD, Washington, D. C. President, Carnegie Institution Treasurer JOHN E. JENKS, Washington, D.C. Executive Secretary P. S. RIDSDALE, 1410 H Street N. W., Washington, D. C. Directors E. T. ALLEN, Oregon Forester, Western For. and Conservation Asso. HON. ROBERT P. BASS, New Hampshire Ex-Governor of New Hampshire W. R. BROWN, New Hampshire Pres., New Hamp. Forestry Commission HERMAN H. CHAPMAN, Connecticut Professor of Forestry, Yale Forest School DR. HENRY S. DRINKER, Pennsylvania President, Lehigh University ALFRED GASKILL State Forester, New Jersey JOHN E. JENKS, District of Columbia Editor, Army and Navy Register CHESTER W. LYMAN, New York International Paper Company CHARLES LATHROP PACK, New Jersey Pres., Fifth National Conservation Congress CHARLES F. QUINCY, New York J. E. RHODES, Illinois National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association ERNEST A. STERLING, Pennsylvania Forest and Timber Engineer JOHN L. WEAVER, District of Columbia Real Estate Broker J. B. WHITE, Missouri Ex-President, National Conservation Congress Auditors E. A. STERLING, Pennsylvania C. F. QUINCY, New York Advisory Board, Representing Affiliated Organizations Yellow Pine Manufacturers’ Association OHN L. KAUL, Birmingham, Ala. . W McLEOD, St. Louis, Mo. E A FROST Shreveport, La. National Wholesale Lumber Dealers’ Association ROBT. C. LIPPINCOTT, Philadelphia, Pa. R. L. SISSON, Potsdam, N. Y JOHN M WOODS, Boston, Mass. Northern Pine Manufacturers’ Association C. A. SMITH, Minneapolis, Minn. WILLIAM IRVINE, hippewa Falls, Wis. F. E. WEYERHAEUSER, St. Paul, Minn. Massachusetts Forestry Association NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, Milton, Mass. FREDERIC J. CAULKINS, Boston, Mass. HARRIS A. REYNOLDS, Cambridge, Mass, Lumbermen’s Exchange 1s RANDALL WILLIAMS, JR., Philadelphia, Pa. REDERICK S. UNDERHILL, Philadelphia, Pa, ROBERT C. LIPPINCOTT, Philadelphia, Pa. Camp Fire Club of America we oan H. MILLER, New York H. VAN NORDEN, New York FREDERICK Ke VREELAND, New York North Carolina Forestry Association E. B. WRIGHT, Boardman, N. C. ALSTON GRIMES, Grimesland, N. C. J. C. SMOOT, North Wilkesboro, N. C. National Association of Box Manufacturers W. PORTER, Greenfield, Mass S. B. ANDERSON, Memphis, Tenn. ROBT. A. JOHNSON, Minneapolis, Minn. Carriage Builders’ National Association H. C. McLEAR, Wilmington, Del. D. T. WILSON, New York. C. D. FIRESTONE, Columbus, Ohio Boston Paper Trade Association N. M. JONES, Lincoln, Maine JOHN E. A. HUSSEY, Boston, Mass. ARTHUR a HOBSON, Boston, Mass. Philadelphia Wholesale Lumber Dealers’ Ass’n ROBT. C LIPPINCOTT, Philadelphia, Pa. i RANDALL WILLIAMS, JR., Philadelphia, Pa. RED'K S UNDERHILL, Philadelphia, Pa. New Hampshire Timberland Owners’ Association W. H. BUNDY, Boston, Mass. EVERETT E AMEY, Portland, Me. F. H. BILLARD, Berlin, New Hampshire Empire State Forest Products Association FERRIS J. MEIGS, New York City. RUFUS L. SISSON, Potsdam, N. Y. W. L. SYKES, Buffalo, N. Y. California Forest Protective Association MILES STANDISH, San Francisco, Cal. GEO. X. WENDLING, San Francisco, Cal. GEO. H. RHODES, San Francisco, Cal. Minnesota Forestry Association W. T. COX, St. Paul, Minn. PROF. D. LANGE, St. Paul, Minn. MRS. CARRIE BACKUS, St. Paul, Minn. American Wood Preservers’ Association GEO. E. REX, Topeka, Kan CARL G CRAWFORD, Louisville, Ky. F. J. ANGIER, Baltimore, Md. AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS ae Stee a | | : - | i Norway Spruce and White Pine |; | | | The two leading varieties for Forest Planting | | i AT ROCK BOTTOM PRICES | | | Order Early This is a special opportunity seldom | : © Off A | Reforestation work at (eee, Genie ae Bice one eee | | NOW for this offer may be withdrawn at any time. | | | | 1,000 10,000 100,000 | | NORWAY SPRUCE 4 year Transplants $6.56 $55.00 eat i a 0 ie eeinaee 3.50 28.50 | ot more, get'in | L . 2 “ Seedlings 3.00 22.50 | promptly. We | = WHITE PINE 4 year Transplants 8.50 75.00 ee eats | rf hs 3 ‘* Seedlings 4.50 36.00 teresting propo- | ‘i d: 2 “ Seedlings 3.50 Py RUINS ip apc | | ALL HARDY DOMESTIC NORTHERN GROWN STOCK | Write us regarding other Forestry Material. We are headquarters ! | 150 BROADWAY |! | F. W. KELSEY NURSERY Co., NEW YORK | | | fh LL EL | Ec me hh i 0 Bh a I Be Fe a eB eH EH ef mF mH || | GB Save Your American Forestry For Future Reference By special arrangement with the manufacturer, we have been able to secure the only practical magazine and periodical binder on the market. Dowst Magazine Binder which binds one issue, a dozen issues or more with a neat book appearance. This binder has no springs, catches, strings, clamps, laces or locks, and does not mutilate the periodical in the slighest manner. PRICE Postpaid $1.50 No mechanical labor necessary. Sim- ple, practical, durable. Complete with 13 Binding Rods, 10 Sectional Posts and name of Publica- tion Stamped in Gold on Front Cover. Send for Illustrated Descriptive Pamphlet Binder Open AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. ee ef BB fh ff ee | ‘f In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN ForEsTRY 3f AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS Lumber Conditions and Problems A SERIES OF IMPORTANT ARTICLES BY RECOGNIZED EXPERTS, PREPARED FOR AMERICAN FORESTRY What are the relations of Lumbering and Forest Conservation? What are the inside problems of the Lumber Industry? What are the economic conditions affecting the Lumber Trade? Here are three big questions vitally affecting the present and the future forest conditions of the United States and Canada. WHAT ARE THE ANSWERS? They will be found in the series of special articles prepared for AMERICAN FORESTRY by the big experts on the subjects. Recognizing that these questions are of such vital importance that they cannot be adequately presented except in a series of articles written by the men best fitted by experience and knowledge, AMERICAN FORESTRY has completed arrangements for getting them. They will form the most valuable contributions to forestry and lumbering literature ever published by any one magazine. The subjects are discussed under the following titles: “THE CALIFORNIA REDWOOD’’—by J. H. “CLOSER FOREST UTILIZATION” — by Browne, General Sales Manager of the Pacific George M. Cornwall, Editor of ‘‘The Timber- Lumber Company, appearing in AMERICAN man.”’ This is full of important facts regard- FORESTRY for November, 1914. ing the use of odd lengths, special products, by- Ai E products and how to secure more than is now SE ee ee secured out of each tree cut. To appear soon. Bryant, instructor in lumbering at the Yale “FOREIGN LUMBER MARKETS”—Author Forest School. To appear in December, 1914. to be selected. The European war and the This deals with opportunities afforded this trade contraction of the countries involved country by the war and with the losses caused gives special point to this article, which will by the restriction of lumber exporting. discuss the present situation, the natural probabilities, and the possibility of foreign “CANADIAN COMPETITION’’—by H. OD. extension through expert studies of foreign Langille, Portland, Ore., Pacific Coast manager consumption, transportation problems, etc. of J. D. Lacey & Co. This is a study of com- To appear soon. parative labor, transportation, taxation and “PROFITS IN LUMBER MANUFACTURE”’— other factors and is especially valuable owing 3 Z Author to be selected. An analysis of the ae chaiiges caused by the tariff bill. To existing profits and future possibilities which will be found of absorbing interest by the “THE AMERICAN LUMBER MARKET’’—by practical man. To appear soon. E. B. Hazen, of Portland, Ore. This discusses “FROM MILL TO MARKET’’—Author to be what the consumer should be taught and how; honesty, fairness and effectiveness in market extension campaigning and suggests methods. This is essentially practical and does not con- sist of general platitudes. To appear soon. selected. This will deal with the problem of transporting lumber from the mill to the mar- ket, by rail, coastwise and off shore shipments, and will contain many wise suggestions for overcoming difficulties. To appear soon. ARTICLES PUBLISHED PREVIOUSLY Fitting in with this series are these articles recently published: “THE LUMBER TRADE AND THE CANAL”’— by Robert Dollar, of San Francisco, Cal. In AMERICAN FORESTRY for July, 1914. “THE WORLD’S GREATEST WOODLOT”’— by George S. Long, of Tacoma, Wash., in AMERICAN FORESTRY for September, 1914. “FORESTS, LUMBER AND CONSUMER”’’— by E. T. Allen, of Portland, Ore., in AMERI- CAN FORESTRY for October, 1914. Everyone interested in the conservation and the utilization of our forests should carefully read and study these articles. They are the best that can be secured. They are worth while. IF YOU DO NOT GET AMERICAN FORESTRY, ORDER IT NOW 4f In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN FORESTRY AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS ey a ee ee ee of eB ee ee eG fe EE ee ad | | | | | | ! | | | | | ! ! ! I | | | | | | | | | | | —a | 6030 Metropolitan Bldg., New York City te 8 9 ma mg ee | | Shortleaf and Longleaf Pine | st I M B E R i S Ji I M ATE S i Southern Appalachian Timber SURVEYING | Postpaid, 20 cents JAMES W. SEWALL jj ; HOWARD R. KRINBILL CENTER STREET OLD TOWN, ME. Forest Engineer NEWBERN, N.C. ll Ot —s mm TIMBER ESTIMATES, FOREST CROWBAR A) for U Do Not Delay Ordering Your Oaks and Pines HEY take care of themselves and grow rapidly. Nothing is gained by delay, and for extensive landscape or forestry | planting, but little is gained by planting larger sizes. The small trees establish themselves quickly and soon begin to make the maximum annual growth. The oaks will keep on growing during a drought. Do not despise them because of their reputation for slowness. They are the quickest permanent trees on soil that is too dry for poplars. They will often grow two and three feet per year. For important situations where you cannot afford to wait, we offer several thousand large pines and other ever- greens that save you ten years. They can be safely shipped with large balls of earth. held by canvas and platform of our invention. Send for Hicks Evergreens for August-September, 1914, and Price list. They tell about acid soils and the trees to fit, and explain climate map of the world and how to fit trees to this climate. The best evergreen hedge for the northeastern part of America is the white spruce. This is native from Maine to Alaska and has a cheerful blue-green foliage. Our trees have been grown in squares three feet apart and frequently root-pruned or transplanted. Every tree is a perfect cone with a dense ball of fibrous roots. They are sure to grow. They are grown economically and offered at a low price. There has not been heretofore an opportunity to secure an abundant supply of such stock. We guarantee evergreens purchased in August-September. Send for bargain list evergreens 4 to 25 feet high. HICKS NURSERIES I. HICKS & SON WESTBURY, L. I., N. Y. READY NOVEMBER 1, 1914 SURVEYS and MAPS oe te re D.E. LAUDERBURN FOREST ENGINEER A New Booklet on Estimating Southern Timber Southern White Cedar I] Forestry Quarterly The technical forestry journal of North America TIMBER ESTIMATES We make accurate cruises of standing timber, topographical maps, and advise as to forest management for— TIMBER OWNERS BONDING HOUSES MILL OPERATORS MUNSON-WHITAKER CO. Consulting Forest Engineers NEW YORK, 676 Fourth Ave. CHICAGO, 516 Comm. Bk. Bldg. BOSTON, 622 Tremont Bldg. PITTSBURG, 906 Arrott Bldg. $2.00 a Year Address AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION Washington, D. C. Se See a Rhee cael eter | In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN ForESTRY 5f me 0m 1 fh FB Bh A Bh 8h ES A LY HH Lf if he me me of ee 9 0 fh ef ee = —o— 1 AMERICAN FORESTRY'‘S ADVERTISERS A] FF 1 ff LS | HEY RB 6 BLY TB LY Uf | BIRD HOUSES Made by the BOYS OF ALLEN- DALE FARM, Lake Villa, Illinois Wrens lousesie een $1.25 Blue Bird Houses........ 1225 RUStiCHELOUSES ons) e clele« 3.00 Winter Food Shelters..... 2.50 Martin Houses... .3.00 to 25.00 {| Directions for placing houses fur- nished with each order. {| These houses are strong, well built and will last for years. {] Write for descrip- tions and pictures of jthe models. Address ALLENDALE FARM Lake Villa, Illinois S aa EH Fh es Fh a fh aa Fh aa oe eaaaaaaeeaaSSsma-=s oa we ae - OE eS The North-Eastern Forestry Co. CHESHIRE, CONN. Growers of Evergreen Seedlings and Transplants for Forest Planting Catalogue sent on request ES | LS | |] LS | | ff | | fj || | |) Lf) || A | ff co | 80 eet meme me FG mm Nf i em fh Ee a A a BR Seeds for Forestry Purposes We offer a most complete list of both Deciduous and Evergreen Tree and Shrub seeds for forestry purposes. Seeds that are cf best germinating quality. Qur catalogue contains a full list of the varieties we offer, which include the best and most rare species. Send for a copy, it will interest you. THOMAS MEEHAN & SONS Wholesale Nurseryvymen and Tree Seedmen DRESHER, PENN., U. S. A. me H ILL’S SEEDLINGS AND TRANSPLANTS Also Tree Seeds FOR REF'ORESTING Best for over half a century. All leading hardy sorts, grown in immense quantities. Prices lowest. Quality highest. Forest Planter’s Guide, also price lists are free. Write today and mention this magazine. THE D. HILL NURSERY CO. Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in America BOX 305 DUNDEE, ILL. a Bc i ef ee ee fe ee Er i he hm me hh fe Hh ef | | | YH 8 Grade One > (Liquip ae Creosote Oil Cuts your wood preserving bills in hali— Especially adapted for preserving tele- phone poles, telegraph poles, cross arms, railroad ties, fence posts, mine timbers, underground sills, sleepers, bridge timbers, planking, ice houses, wood tanks, shingles, poultry houses, silos, boat timbers or any exposed woodwork. ‘Booklet on request. ‘BARRETT MANUFACTURING CO. New York Chicago Philadelphia Boston St. Louis. Pittsburgh angi Cleveland Cincinnati Kansas City ‘ - Minneapolis Seattle Birmingham ENGRAVINGS for this Edition made by National Engraving Co. EDWARD B. MARTIN, President 506-508 Fourteenth St. N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C. Engravers to the Government Pan American Union Smithsonian Institution Agricultural Department U.S. Geological Survey Patent Gazette Experimental Stations and State Institutions HALF-TONES LINE CUTS THREE-COLOR PROCESS PLATES ELECTROTY PES Printers Demand Our CUTS 0 me ee 6f In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN ForESTRY ES ES YE A BH ES I | fH EB American Forestry The Magazine of the American Forestry Association PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor LIBRA! EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Ww ¥¢ HERMAN H. CHAPMAN FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL + VANKC ERNEST A. STERLING JOHN E. RHODES GAuDE S. T. DANA S. N. SPRING November CONTENTS 1914 FRENCH FORESTS IN THE WAR ZONE—By Samuel T. Dana............0.00..... . 769 With fourteen illustrations. Pines —CA;Poem)—By Bristow Adams. .2: s.2. sua eees tr .o Sean toe coe eae 786 With two illustrations. CHE MEADOWS OF THE SIERRA—By, Neal TI Childs). ....:..+-.000+70 sees see 788 With seven illustrations. thibek EO wWOOD OF CALIBORNIA=—By Jbl. Browtles 2. vzclsehn eels ion dcscene aves 795 With seven illustrations. ANSERRECDIVE FORESTRY eESGHIIBIVISs a stasia ae Anas voto olen eee 802 With one illustration. VWiOODBEULE FOR SAUSAGE CASING 7.2. perietn etn en ae eee 804 BALTIMORE’S SHADE TREES—By R. Brooke Maxwell..................8.ccceeeee 805 With six illustrations. Ae hele shOR. REINDEER—By- Aroldetlianssenmpsenisneic parti ace set ene are reece erent 810 With five illustrations. BENCE ORE WOODLOTS sacar te orca ctor reer e eae rr rT nce ee ne ee 813 THE EARLY LOGGER IN THE SIERRAS—By Alexander W. Dodge............... 815 With six illustrations. PRIVADE REFORES LATION—Byy Mere HOOVer-s. ae. iaecericeciin ean ieee ae 820 With four illustrations. CANADIAN DEPARTMENT —By, Plwood Wilson... odes eee ce ee eer 825 RORESERY “AT: THE: EXPOS TDION Recep celts a te See ie eee ae oie eee 828 DBT AHO YCS 00 PEERS Ree yn Role Cnt ARMED (Fen a ame Ec Mee URLs a erect ny Ramee, Ug Shot BRN Abe El Te ON cae 829 ROREST NOTES pine ie post hea e ere te co Rae at te tatoneo tae RIL a Done eee 831 BOOKS RE GCE LVEDD eretrc tires cen rile etre roneoee Tvct cee tesa see AE ee Oe ae *, 834 CURRENT LUT ERAT URI > a aeciscyre rer iee etka see NT ee ree eee ee en hee ees 834 AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, two dollars per year; single copies, twenty cents. Copyright 1914, by the American Forestry Association Entered as second-class mai] ‘matter December 24, 1909, ns fhe Post-office at Washington, under the Act of March 3, 187 7£ AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS , i ‘ROPIC damp and heat—the frigid rigors of northern lands—and the variable _climate of the temperate zones cannot affect the stout construction of Globe- Ww ernicke Sectional Bookcases. Their durability is the lasting strength of fine cabinet-making and materials carefully seasoned to withstand the extremes of climate. There’s a Globe-Wernicke Bookcase in just the right finish and right size to match your color scheme and wall space. ‘Then, as your library expands, more sections are always in stock. Built to grow and endure, they cost no more than the ordinary kind. Write for Catalog No. 445. Jt be G lobe “Wern icke Co, Cincinnati Makers of Sectional Bookcases, Filing Equipment (Wood and Steel), Steel Safes, Stationers’ Supplies. On sale by 2000 Branch Stores and Agents everywhere. Globe-Wernicke pays the freight. ( BRANCH STORES: New York. Chicago, Philade]phia, Boston, Cincinnati, Washington, D. C. ee t NN PILES] Vell 8f Jn writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN FORESTRY American Forestry VOL. XX NOVEMBER, 1914 No: it PAE NCH FORESTS tN. tre WAR ZONE By SAMUEL T. DANA HEN the history of the present European war comes to be written, it will prob- ably be found that the forests of the regions involved have played a much more important part than is suspected by the ordinary reader. A hint of this is contained in a German news despatch of October 14, which read, ‘‘Heavy fighting continues in the Argonnes. Our troops are mov- ing through dense underwood in very difficult ground with siege trains for use against the fortifications. The French troops offer obstinate resistance, firing from trees where machine guns are posted.” It is stated that this same forest of Argonne, which has been the scene of such vigorous and continued fighting during the present war, enabled the French to repulse the Prussian attack of 1792, and nearly eighty years later, in 1870, at the time of the Franco- Prussian war, concealed the maneuvers of the Germans before their crushing defeat of the French in the battle of Sedan. To the westward the forest of Orleans is said to have given the French the opportunity of rallying for their final stand in 1871; while to the east- ward the forest of Soignes, by the shelter which it offered to Wellington’s forces, contributed to the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo. That the French Government itself recognizes the forests as a means of defense is shown by a provision in the Code Forestier, adopted in 1829 and still the forest- law of the land, that private owners can be prevented by the Government from clearing away forests at the frontier wherever these are deemed necessary for defensive purposes. There can be no question but that they are in fact a decided advantage to the army having possession of them. First of all they offer a serious obstacle to the advance of the enemy. Troops can not march nor can artillery trains be trans- ported rapidly through dense woods, particularly when it is possible to block the few roads leading through them by fallen trees. In Alsace, so I was in- formed by an eye-witness, the first step taken by the Germans after the declara- tion of war was to barricade every road as effectively as possible in this way. Presumably the French did the same thing in their own country wherever they were forced to retreat. That the blockades established in this way were effective in checking the advance and wasting the strength of the enemy can hardly be questioned. Furthermore, the forest forms an excellent shelter from which an army can fire upon an advancing enemy, while itself remaining in comparative security. It is easy to imagine an infantry or a cavalry charge across an open plain against an opposing army entrenched on the edge of a forest being repulsed with tremendous loss. On the other hand, there would be situations, par- ticularly in level country, where the forest would present a serious obstacle to artillery fire, and considerable areas have probably already been cut over, in this as in other wars, to afford a 769 AMERICAN FORESTRY ¢ RAS GH:3 ; s ce. CRE P™ 4 A Se3 a a A A Forest IN NORTHEASTERN FRANCE. ON SUCH LAND AS THIS THE TROOPS OF BOTH SIDES FIND HIDING FROM THE SPYING AIRMEN, AND THE COMMANDERS CONSIDER IT A GREAT STRATEGICAL ADVANTAGE TO THUS BE ABLE TO MASK THE MOVEMENTS OF THEIR MEN. clearer field and wider range for the batteries. The value of a wooded cover in mask- ing fortifications must also not be over- looked. A correspondent with the German army in describing the fortifi- cations about Metz has stated that they were so skilfully concealed by woods and blended with the hillsides that nothing out of the ordinary was apparent. This is in striking contrast to the forts at Liége which, being un- protected in this way, stood out so boldly against the sky line as fairly to invite bombardment. The correspon- dent further stated that in one particu- lar battery which he visited overlook- ing the River Meuse, the guns were placed behind a screen of thickly branching trees with the muzzles point- ing to round openings in this leafy roof. Even the gun carriages and tents were screened with branches, while a hedge of boughs was constructed around the entire position as a protection against spies. This battery had been firing for four days from the same position with- out being discovered, although French aviators had located all of its sister batteries so accurately that they had suffered considerable loss from shrapnel fire. The present war is, of course, the first in which the forests have exercised this important function of concealing the positions and numbers of the various armies from the vigilance of the enemy’s airmen. In open country noth- ing is more simple than for an aviator to determine with considerable accuracy the strength, position, and movements of the enemy’s forces. In a forest this is impossible, and to the concealment which it affords can probably be attrib- uted mainly what few surprises the strategists of the contending countries have been able to bring about in spite of aviators and spies. To the latter the “NOILINYLSHO WOUA AXIN AO ANOZ AHL UVATID OL NMOd LIND NAA OSTV SVH HIMOUSD ONNOA AHL TIV MOH HLON ‘SdauL GUTIAA GNIHEA NAW AHL YALTAHS OL AIAVNTVA GNNOA SVM LI ANAND AHL AO ADNVAGV FHL ADAHD OL ALINNLYOddO SVM AUAHL AAAATUAHM “AdvOIuavgG V SV AGXL V ONISQ SNVIDIAG "YdOX MAN ‘poomséaspugqn Q poomaaspuy_n kq 7y4s1AkgGoD 3 . ~— . re a 71” a ‘ 4“ be . a .# y « From The Illustrated London News. AMERICAN FORESTRY Havoc AMONG WAYSIDE TREES. ON ROADS ALONG WHICH THERE HAS BEEN MUCH FIGHTING MOST OF THE TREES ARE DESTROYED EITHER BY ARTILLERY FIRE OR ARE CUT DOWN TO MAKE BARRICADES OR HAMPER PURSUIT. ON THIS ROAD THE GERMANS PASSED ON THEIR RETREAT FROM THE MARNE. forest offers an excellent opportunity for effective scouting. Natives of the country, thoroughly familiar with local conditions, find it comparatively easy to steal by outposts and to observe the enemy without being detected. In the war zone of northeastern France conditions as regard forest cover vary widely. In the roughly rectangular area to the northeast of the Seine and northwest of the Oise, the country is for the most part very flat, and is almost wholly given up to agriculture. To the south of the Oise and the Aisne, it be- comes more undulating, with low hills, and here the farming land is inter- spersed with patches of forest and wood- land. Still farther to the south and east along the Meuse River and in the Vosges Mountains, the country becomes still more rugged and the forests more abundant. The topography and the distribution of the forests throughout this region probably account largely for the decision of the Germans to hurl their main attack against France through Belgium rather than through the more difficult route to the south. To these factors can also be attributed in large measure the rapid advance of the right wing of the German army in the early stages of the war, while the left made little or no progress. In the north the comparatively level, unwooded country interposed practically no obstacle to the free movement of the armies, and as a result the early advance of the Germans here was al- most incredibly swift. During the same period, farther to the south in the region of Verdun and Nancy, the rugged, heavily wooded country, in conjunction with fortifications and strongly en- trenched troops, held both armies practically stationary. To what extent the forests in the war zone will be injured during the progress of the war is problematical. That they will suffer more or less, however, can not be doubted. Much wood will be “SAVG ANVW YOH GAOVA ATLLVA AHL ALINIOIA AHL NI SGOOM AHL NI *HIMOUSD ONNOA ANV SAAAL AMALVN HLO# OL ANOG SVM HOVWVC SOOGNAWAUL AYIA OIMTAAAL SIHL NI ‘ANSIV AHL AO ATLLVA ADAIS AHL ON(IWNd NOILISOd GHHONAALNY NVWAAD V NO MOVLLVY HONAN V “da TTHHS SVM TVACHAHLVD SWIAHY HOIHM WOU LUO AHL AVAN "SMa AT UOPUOT pajDAjsn]]] 3Y} UWOAy 774 AMERICAN FORESTRY 2) ae es 3 2 ¢ wt ee eat ee - we a ees a rece 8s " THE FOREST OF FONTAINEBLEAU. HERE WERE GATHERED MANY THOUSANDS OF FRENCH RESERVES, DURING THE TIME THAT THE GERMAN ADVANCE WAS DRAWING CLOSE TO PARIS. THIS IS A WELL STOCKED MIDDLE AGED STAND OF EUROPEAN OAK. cut for fuel and construction work; trees will be felled to block roads; whole stands may be leveled to clear the way for artillery fire; and the rain of shot and shell will do much damage to stand- ing trees, much more than the damage done similar forests in the Franco- Prussian war. Equally serious will be the havoc wrought by forest fires. These will be set not only by accident, but also purposely in order to harass the enemy. This was the case in the Forest of Com- piégne, which is said to have been fired by the British in order to drive out the Germans. While the fire may have been effective from this point of view, it also doubtless destroyed very largely the natural beauty of the famous forest and seriously disarranged the carefully laid plans for its management. If the war lasts as long as experts predict, it is certain that large sections of the forests in which the armies will operate will be cut down for fire wood. To date it is evident that there has been much cutting’ of young growth to use as screens in. hiding entrenchments and masking batteries. Cathedrals and other edifices are not the only objects that have been devastated. Like the cities and towns, the forests will for many years bear unmistakable evidence of the ravages of war, and in many cases the damage done them will take much longer to repair. And what of the character of the forests which are having such an im- portant influence on military operations and which will in turn be so profoundly affected by them? ‘The achievements of the French foresters in reforesting large areas of barren sand dunes and limestone wastes and in controlling mountain torrents have been widely proclaimed. Less is known, however, of French forestry and forest conditions in general, and a brief account of a few typical forests in the war zone may therefore be of interest at the present time, : Néar Compiégne, the scene of Joan of Arc’s capturé in 1430 and of a Ger- Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, New York. GERMANS ON DEFENSE IN THE VOSGES FORESTS. GERMAN INFANTRY TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THE SCREEN AFFORDED BY A PATCH OF WOODS WHILE BEING ATTACKED BY THE FRENCH IN THE VOSGES MOUNTAINS. HERE THEY WERE EXPOSED TO A GALLING RIFLE AND ARTILLERY FIRE AND MUCH DAMAGE WAS DONE TO THE TREES BY THE BULLETS AND SHELLS. THUS PIERCED AND INJURED THE TREES ARE EASY PREY FOR INSECTS AND DISEASE, 776 AMERICAN FORESTRY Courtesy of the New York World. TREES FELLED TO DEPRIVE THE ENEMY OF COVER. HOW MANY A TRACT OF WOODLAND AND OF FOREST WAS CUT DOWN TO PREVENT THE GERMANS TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THE GOOD COVER AFFORDED BY WOODED LANDS. TREE TRUNKS THUS SECURED ARE FREQUENTLY USED IN BARRICADES OR IN TRENCHES. man victory in the present war, lies the state forest of Compiégne where there has been severe fighting. This forest, which is situated at the junction of the Aisne and Oise Rivers, only 52 miles northwest of Paris, comprises 36,- 072 acres and is the fourth largest state forest in France. As in most of the other forests in this part of the country, the principal trees are oak, beech, and hornbeam, with a few other broadleaf trees and a small representa- tion of conifers. Although the growth in general is rather slow because of the poor soil, one oak, popularly known as the ‘‘king of the forest,’’ is said to be the largest oak tree in France. It hasa total height of 118 feet, a circumference of 17 feet at breast-height, and* an estimated volume of 1,120 cubic feet. While these figures do not seem very large in comparison with the sizes com- monly reached in this country by such trees as yellow poplar and cottonwood, its estimated value of nearly $500 un- doubtedly exceeds that of any indi- vidual tree of these species here. Previous to thes war the forest of Compiégne, with its wealth of old oaks and its network of roads, was regarded as one of the finest in France, rivalling even the famous forest of Fontainebleau. One section of the forest, known as the Beaux Monts and comprising some 1,753 acres, hasin fact been set aside for special treatment to preserve its natural beauty. Near by is the fine old palace of Compiegne, which, with its valuable decorations and furnishings, was a favorite residence of the two Napoleons. A striking feature of the scenery here is an avenue 150 yards wide and 5 miles long, cut through the forest by the first Napoleon in order to afford a pleas- ing view from the palace. All of these facts, together with its proximity to Paris, have combined to make the forest of Compiégne a favorite hunting resort. Up to 1870 it had been for centuries the hunting and shooting ground of the rulers of France, and since the establishment of the present republic it has been equally popular with the nobility and wealthy members of Parisian society. Some 2,000 acres are now reserved as a game preserve for the President of the Republic and the State guests. In fecént‘ years- ihe revenue from hunting licenses alone has amounted to nearly $20,000 a year, out of a total gross revenue of $167,000. It is interesting to note, however, that this use of the forest has its drawbacks from a strictly forestry point of view. The preservation of the game, and especially of rabbits, endangers the young growth to such an extent that.it is necessary to fence most of the areas under reproduction, of course with greatly. increased expense of manage- ment. A short distance to the southeast of Compiégne lies the little village of Villers-Cotterets, the birthplace of the elder Dumas and formerly the seat of an important secondary forest school ‘ONINIA ANAARS AHL ONIaNnd GAAOULSAG UAIWOAN AOUAV’T V AO ANO SVM ANV ‘SGOOM AAVAH NI NAGGIH SNVWYAD NO MOVLLV NV ONINOC TIAHS HSILIMA V Af NOAALS SVM AAUL SINI ‘aAaAXL V NO TISHS V HO LOFAAT “SMA NT UOPUO'T pajvajsnjj]] ay] wory AMERICAN FORESTRY A Forest IN NORTHWESTERN FRANCE. FOREST OFFICERS SUCH AS THESE SEEN IN THE PICTURE WERE AMONG THE FIRST CALLED TO THE FRONT AND ALREADY MANY OF THEM ARE NUMBERED AMONG THE DEAD, WOUNDED OR MISSING. SUCH AREAS HAVE BEEN THE SECNE OF MANY VIOLENT ENCOUNTERS BETWEEN THE ALLIES AND THE GERMANS. for the training of subordinate forest officers. The town is surrounded on three sides by the state forest of Retz, where French reserves were encamped at the time the Germans were so close to Paris. This is an area of 32,044 acres situated between the Aisne and the Oureq Rivers. In many respects this closely resembles the forest of Com- piégne, with which it compares favor- ably, having, indeed, the reputation of being one of the finest and best managed beech and oak forests in France. Al- though situated at a slightly higher elevation, from 200 to 800 feet above sea level, the topography is practically the same and in both forests the stand is composed mainly of oak, beech, and hornbeam. A century or so ago the forest contained some splendid speci- mens of oak, which were used for the French navy. Since then, however, the oak has been largely cut out and the proportion of beech has increased to an undesirable extent. Consequently the aim of forest management here, as in most of the broadleaf forests of France, is to increase the amount of oak. In 1672, during the administration of Colbert, Louis XIV’s noted minister of finance, a system of cutting known as “tire et aire’? was introduced, which provided for what was practically a clear cutting with the retention of about 8 beech or oak trees per acre to serve as standards for the production of large- sized material and to furnish seed for natural reproduction. Although not entirely satisfactory in its results, this system was continued until 1830, when it was superseded by the shelterwood system, which is still in vogue. Natural reproduction is also assisted to some extent by oak planting, at a total cost of nearly $20 per thousand plants. Like the forest of Compiégne, the forest of Retz ia also a favorite hunting ground because of its proximity to Paris, FRENCH FORESTS IN THE WAR ZONE By Courtesy of the New York World. BARBED WIRE ENTANGLEMENTS OUTSIDE OF ANTWERP. BOTH THE ALLIES AND THE GERMANS HAVE FELLED THOUSANDS OF TREES TO MAKE POSTS FOR STRINGING BARBED WIRE ENTANGLEMENTS LIKE THESE SHOWN IN THE PICTURE, OUTSIDE OF CITIES AND IN FORTIFIED PLACES ALONG THE BATTLE FRONT. its natural beauty, and the abundance of game. It is, however, not quite so popular, and the annual income from hunting and shooting leases averages only about $7,000. When damage to surrounding crops is caused by the game, particularly the red deer, the lessee of the hunting license is forced to make good the damage to the injured farmer. An interesting feature of the timber sales here is that they are all made in September of each year by ‘Dutch auction.’”’ The trees are first offered at a price higher than it is actually expected to realize, and this is then called down by the auctioneer until some one cries out ‘je prends” (I take). An annual revenue of about $122,400, or approx- imately $3.80 per acre, is received from sales of wood alone. Another interest- ing feature is the utilization of the heavy crops of beech nuts which occur about once in every seven years. One year, salad oil to the value of $30,000 was made from them, in addition to 300 bushels of seed being sent to other forests in France and sufficient seed retained to restock the cut-over areas. Among the various wood-working in- dustries in Villers-Cotterets is an estab- lishment which turns out annually 400,000 pairs of wooden soles. These are made chiefly by boys and cost 2 cents per pair for labor and 5 cents for wood. In the extreme north of France, only 65 miles from the North Sea and almost touching the Belgian frontier, lie the state forest of Amand and the private forest of Raismes, in which desperate fighting has recently been reported. Near them is situated the town of Valenciennes, formerly best known as the birthplace of Froissart and Watteau and as the original source of the famous lace of the same name, and recently unenviably prominent in the war de- spatches. The forest of Raismes forms a com- pact area of 3,500 acres, which is sur- rounded on three sides by the State forest of Amand, comprising 8,190 acres. The latter formerly belonged in part to the abbeys of Vicogne and St. Amand, but at the time of the French Revolu- tion these ecclesiastical possessions were confiscated and joined to the rest of the state forest. The country here is low and flat, having an elevation of only 50 to 100 feet. Owing to its nearness to the coast, the temperature is more equable than farther inland, but because of the lowness of the land late spring frosts are likely to be severe. The forest areas are underlain with coal, and mine galleries extend in all directions below the surface. These often cause a sink- ing of the land with the formation of swamps and subsequent death of the trees. Sometimes the swamps are filled up with refuse from the mines and replanted. AMERICAN FORESTRY SCENE OF CONSIDERABLE FIGHTING. IT IS IN SUCH A COUNTRY AS THIS IN WESTERN FRANCE THAT MANY OF THE MOST STUBBORN CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE FRENCH AND THE GERMANS ARE REPORTED. Unlike the forests nearer Paris, al- ready described, those near Valenciennes contain comparatively little beech. Oak and hornbeam form the chief species, while nearly a fourth of the State forest is composed of Scotch pine. The latter has mostly been planted since the Napoleonic wars on areas which were previously bare heather land. Parts of the forest are managed as coppice under a rotation of from 14 to 25 years, usually also with some standards, while in other parts an effort is made to secure nearly all seedlings. The importance which the French attach to the protection afforded the soil by a forest cover is shown by the fact that they actually plant such species as hornbeam, ash, alder, and sycamore, to serve as an undergrowth and to prevent the drying out ‘of the soil which might result from the exces- sive opening up of the main stand. To the southeast of Valenciennes and Maubeuge, where the big fortress was aptured by the Germans early in the war, lies the region known by the general name of Ardennes. Long ago in the days of the Roman occupation this region occupied a vastly greater area than at present, and extended eastward as far as the Rhine. Caesar in his Commentaries described it under the Latin name of ‘“‘Arduenna silva” as the largest forest in Gaul. With the advance of civilization, however, the forest was gradually cleared away until now the region is restricted to an area some 100 miles long by 40 miles wide divided about equally between France and Belgium. Topographically, the region consists of a series of plateaus, with an elevation of from 900 to 1300 feet and much cut up by deep ravines and valleys, in some places with pre- cipitous cliffs 600 feet high. These con- ditions contributed largely to the des- perate character of the recent fighting in this region. The area is now drained by the River Meuse, a tributary of the Rhine. Geologists believe, however, that in prehistoric times the rivers from this area deposited their sediment on what is now the city of London, since the London basin is the only other place ‘Sdvou ASAHL MOO 1d OL GAT1Iaa AYAM SAAUL AO SAGNVSNOHL ‘SNVNAAD SHL ANOAAA UAGNOM WAINIA AHL WOUA AANILAY GVH SAITIV AHL HOIHM UAAAO Savou HHL NO ANOG GVH AHL SV SHGVOINNVEA ATAVAINGY WHOA OL GNNOA AYMAM SHAUL GATIAA ‘“SLYUIMSLNO AHL NI SLAAALS AHL AO ONIGVOIIUNVa HHL GaLOaaIG SHAANIONA AUVIITIN ANALdVD SLI GHYVEHAH INAWNYAAOD AHL AGNV SIYVd DNIHDVOUddVY ATGIdVY SVM AONVAGCVY NVWUAD AHL NAHM ‘SLUAALG SMAVd ONIGVOIMUAVG SAAA], AGVHS "BIUAIS SMINT [DUONDUAIJUT BYdIAK GoD - . - ~ ay Ab aor >. as AMERICAN FORESTRY FOREST ON THE VOSGES MOUNTAINS. MUCH OF THE FIGHTING IN EASTERN FRANCE HAS BEEN ON GROUND SUCH AS THIS. YEAR OLD STAND OF SCOTCH PINE AT AN ELEVATION OF 5,500 FEET. HERE Is A 100 To 150 CONIFEROUS FORESTS OF THIS SORT OCCUPY THE UPPER SLOPES IN THE MOUNTAINS. where the particular clay soil character- istic of this region is found. While a large’ part of the Ardennes is forested, there are also considerable areas of marshes, heaths, and barrens. Agriculture is mostly confined to the valley bottoms and is not extensive, but large numbers of sheep and cattle are ay grazed. The forests are for the most part composed of the oak and beech typical of so much of France. As else- where the stands are managed both for coppice and seedlings. Like the country to the northwest, the region is underlain with coal which is being brought to the surface by numerous mines. The ugly FRENCH FORESTS IN THE WAR ZONE piles of slag and pit rubbish which are so abundant in similar mining districts in England are, however, apparently scarce. This is due to the fact that these heaps are frequently planted with larch, birch, and other trees, which grow surprisingly well on such sterile soil. In spite of the fact that it is usually necessary to bring in small quantities of earth in which to plant each tree, the result is said to be fairly profitable to the mine owners and is certainly a great benefit to the public from an artistic and health point of view. A part of the Belgian Ardennes of special interest to foresters is the private forest of Mirwart, which from 1891 to 1903 was the property of Dr. Schlich. When he acquired possession of the area it consisted of some 100 acres of Scotch pine and 2,700 acres of mixed broadleaf trees in a most irregular state. Having observed that Norway spruce had grown remarkably well in the few experimental areas and that the wood was in much demand in the neighborhood for pit props, he deter- mined to convert the greater part of the forest to spruce as rapidly as possible. This work, which has been carried out at a cost of about $20 per acre, has ap- parently been very successful. One of the principal difficulties encountered was the fondness of the red deer for young spruce shoots. It was found that this damage could be prevented, to a considerable extent at least, by sprinkling the trees liberally with white- wash, particularly in the spring. South of the Ardennes is the forest of Argonne, concerning which so much has been heard in the present war as the scene of many vigorous encounters. The region to which the name is com- monly applied comprises a rocky, for- est-clad plateau some 63 miles long by 19 miles wide extending from the plateau of the Ardennes on the north to the plateau of Haute Marne on the south. On the east it is bounded by the River Meuse and on the west by the Aisne and the Ante. In this district have been some of the most sanguinary engagements of the war. The plateau has an average elevation of about 1,150 feet, and, like the Ardennes, is much dissected by many precipitous gorges. 783 In addition to its numerous forests of oak and beech, the region is excellently suited to form a natural barrier to any hostile invasion because of the fact that the Aire and other rivers traverse it lengthwise parallel to the French border. The heavy forest cover, the roughness of the country, and the necessity of crossing instead of following up the streams, all conspire to render difficult the advance of an army. It was here that Dumouriez in 1792 held the Duke of Brunswick in check and, by giving the French forces time to rally, made possible the subsequent defeat of the latter at Valmy. In the present war history seems to be repeating itself, and the forest of Argonne has evidently been largely instrumental in helping to prevent the advance of the Germans in that region, when in the more open, level country to the north the move- ments of both armies covered much wider areas. Southeast of the forest of Argonne on the Moselle River, only about 10 miles from the border of Lorraine, is the town of Nancy, one of the principal military posts in France and one of the chief objectives of the attack by the German left wing. It is the seat of the only French forest school for the train- ing of technical foresters, although there is another school for the education of subordinate forest officers at Barres. The school at Nancy was established in 1825, up to which time the Government forest service had been made up chiefly of retired army officers who were not specially trained for the work. One of the interesting points connected with the early history of the school is that its first directors were severely criticized for their ‘unpatriotic’? tendency to advocate methods of forest manage- ment in vogue in Germany, where they themselves had received their education. So deep-seated was this feeling that the very existence of the school was several times threatened and the first director, Bernard Lorentz, is said to have been dismissed for this reason. The school is organized along military lines and offers a three year course including both theoretical and practical instruction, with considerable field work in the neighboring forests. Only a limited 784 AMERICAN FORESTRY WHERE War's DAMAGE WILL BE SLIGHT. A SERIES OF DAMS ON A MOUNTAIN IN NORTHWESTERN FRANCE, FOR CHECKING EROSION. WERE REFORESTED WHEN THE DAMS WERE CONSTRUCTED. THE MOUNTAIN SIDES THERE HAS BEEN MUCH FIGHTING ON SUCH TERRITORY AS THIS WITHOUT MUCH DAMAGE TO THE FORESTS. number of students, chosen from gradu- ates of the Institut Agronomique, are admitted and on completion of the course are employed by the Govern- ment. West of Nancy lie the two state forests of Champenoux and Haye. The former with an area of 3,509 acres, is situated on the plain between the rivers Meurthe and Seille; while the latter, comprising nearly 16,000 acres and forming part of a larger wooded area of 27,210 acres, occupies the plateau between the Meurthe and the Moselle. East of Nancy are the forests of Bazange and Parroy where battles were fought during the last week of October. In the forests to the west the principal species are oak, beech, and hornbeam in all stages of conversion from coppice to seedling stands. An _ interesting feature of the forest of Champenoux is the arboretum of 25 acres established in 1900. Here the various trees planted are grouped both by species and by the countries of their origin. Of the American species experimented with, the white ash, yellow poplar, and west- ern red cedar are said to be particularly thrifty. The soil in the forest of Haye is remarkable for its tendency to dry out, and must be kept constantly covered by a crop with dense foliage in order to maintain its fertility. Parts of both forests are under the manage- ment of the forest school at Nancy, which uses them for experimental pur- poses. The forests in the Vosges Mountains, to the southeast of Nancy, where there have been numerous engagements, are of a very different character from those already described. The state forest of Celle, for example, which includes an area of 2,925 acres near the town of St. Dié, not far from the border of Alsace, comprises 90 per cent of silver fir and only 10 per cent of beech with a few scattering Norway spruce and Scotch pine. The area has an elevation of from 1,300 to 2,600 feet, and in places the mountain slopes are so steep as to make it impossible to use horses for logging. The forest has some fine FRENCH FORESTS IN THE WAR ZONE specimens of silver fir. Many of them are 111% feet in circumference at breast- height and 130 feet tall, while one is 1314 feet in circumference and 140 feet tall. In the best parts of the forest the older stands yield 7,000 cubic feet per acre with a money value of $1,000. For a time the forest was managed under the shelterwood system, but serious windfalls showed that this sys- tem was not suited to mountain condi- tions, and it has now been superseded by the selection system. Farther south in the Vosges Moun- tains lie the communal and state forests of Gérardmer, comprising respectively 2,359 and 11,897 acres. The former has 58 per cent of Norway spruce, most- ly planted, 40 per cent of silver fir, and 2 per cent of Scotch pine; while the latter has 50 per cent of silver fir and 25 per cent each of Norway spruce and beech. One tree, known as the Géant Sapin (giant fir), has a circumference of 141% feet, a height of 157 feet, a volume of 1,095 cubic feet, and is valued at nearly $135. Curiously enough the beech is particularly abun- dant at high altitudes, and near the top of the Hohneck occur pure stands of stunted beech with an occasional dwarf silver fir. The general elevation, from 2,000 to 4,000 feet, is considerably higher than that ‘of the forest of Celles, and windfall is more frequent. In 785 February, 1902, for example, a severe storm blew down 292,500 cubic feet of timber and emphasized strongly the necessity of substituting the selection for the shelterwood system of cutting in the mountains. The forests described briefly in this article have since the war began played an important part in the operations of both sides. Offering, as they do, an effective and very mecessary screen from the vigilant airmen, it has been considered of marked advantage by commanders of the armies, to hold them. They are more easily defended than open country, the trees and underbrush are of immense service in making entrench- ments and in blocking roads during a retreat, and they have been used where- ever possible for masking artillery. Military men assert that forests and woodlands have been of greater prac- tical service in this war than ever be- fore, chiefly owing to the protection they afford bodies of troops from spy- ing airmen who direct artillery fire on the enemy’s positions. Hence it is certain that any forests or woodlands within the fighting zone will be an objective for opposing com- manders, and that these forests and woodlands will, during the progress of the war, continue to be the scenes of hard-fought engagements. Wood Preserving Pointer Recent experiments indicate that round timbers of all the pines, of Engelmann spruce, Douglas fir, tamarack, and western larch, can be readily treated with preservatives, but that the firs, hemlocks, redwood, and Sitka spruce, in the round, do not take treatment easily. This information should be of value to persons who contemplate preservative treatment of round posts, poles, or mine props. 786 AMERICAN FORESTRY WZ —— GAZ YZ | AVE Z | FIRES By Bristow ADAMS NO The District Forester Speaks: I wish I were out with the fellows— Just my luck to be stuck here in town; But I’ve got to sit tight when I’d heap rather fight To help keep these brush blazes down. I’m sick of this end of the business. The ring of the querulous phone,— The telegrams, too, of flames breaking anew While I have to stand it alone, And I'll own It’s hell to be watching alone. | There’s Bill—he’s gone out with the pack train, | And Jim—he’s to rustle the grub || For the men on the line, and. he’s doing it fine While I’m sitting here like a dub; The fellows are working like demons, They’re scorched and they’re blistered—no less, While I stay and chafe and am damnably safe When I'd like to mix up in the mess; Well, I guess! That the buck-brush ablaze is a mess! In a swivel chair—well, it’s the limit— With the rest in the thick of the fight With their lungs all a-choke with the dust and the smoke, And sweat in their eyes day and night; But I’ve got to look out for the labor— This calling for troops makes me sick; There’s none seems to know if the troops ought to go; Neither begging nor blarney nor kick Brings ’em quick, So it’s no use to blarney or kick. FIRES So here I am pacing the office And “watchfully waiting” returns From lookouts for days all enveloped in haze Where half of a mountainside burns; I’ve drawn in my men to where danger Is worst where dry desert winds go, And I'll be in a hole if my extra patrol Can’t hold in the face of a blow; And I know They can’t hold in front of a blow. I’m afraid there will be a hitch somewhere, There’s no telling where it will be, But I’d rather be found right there on the ground— Right out there to think, act, and see! I won’t care for second-hand versions Of how the disaster befell, But I’ll choose all the brunt of the scrap ‘atthe front Instead of this telephone bell; And it’s hell, To depend on this telephone bell! Out there are my Supers and Rangers, ~ With lumberjacks, men from the mills, From fields and from slums, hoboes, tie hacks, and bums, And ranchers who know all the hills; While I’m here with no smoke in my nostrils, I am here with no scorch on my cheek, When I’d rather be there with singed eye-brows and hair Than stuck in here week after week. Hear me speak! I’ll be bughouse inside of a week! i ! AN imi i yy | Wi j lif 5 as Re Pri We | Mi Me y whi YN 4 Ny ih Photo by Neal T. Childs. TypicaL MoOuNTAIN MEADOW IN THE SIERRAS. THIS IS AT AN ELEVATION OF 6,000 FEET. HERE IS THE GREENEST OF GRASS, THE RICHEST OF FORAGE, AN UNLOOKED- FOR BEAUTY SPOT IN THE HEAVY FOREST COVER. THE, MEADOWS OF 7 Elites tities By NEAL HE mountain meadows are the most distinctive feature of the Sierra landscape. They im- press the new traveller the most, and the impression remains longest. The mental picture of count- less mountain meadows lingers longer than the majestic quiet of Sequoia groves or the glint on the lofty granite needles of the High Sierra. In the Rockies, the Cascades, and the Coast Ranges, the traveller is content with an occasional meadow; in the Sierras he depends on them. He may rein his horse from Tehachapi Pass on the south to Mt. Shasta on the north, a journey of five to seven hundred miles, and camp in a meadow every night, provided only that he keep above 3,000 feet. The Sierra meadows vary in size from a grass plot the size of a respectable city lawn to areas covering two town- ships. Such a one is the great Monache Meadow at the head of the Kern River. 788 TT; ‘CHILDS The Monache includes about 40,000 acres of grassland. Some are quite regular in shape, being almost perfect circles or ovals cut in the forest canopy; others are irreg- ular, with many grass arms or “‘string- ers’? running into the timber. These stringers usually follow gurgling brooks to their source in some springy swale. So far no one has ever made a count of the meadows, though the Forest Service through its grazing and timber reconnaissance has a fair idea of the amount of grass land contained in the meadows on each National Forest. To the easterner, the first mountain meadow is a distinct surprise. He walks his horse through the gloom of a heavy fir cover around a twist in the trail, through a thicket of saplings out into the bright sunlight lying on a lawn- like floor of the greenest of grass. The change from heavy tree trunks, purple shadows, and a brown carpet of needles is so abrupt that it startles one. Im- “ONIHIVOUINA A'ILNVLSNOD SI LSAYOA AHL HOIHM NO SVUNXIS AHL AO SMOCGVAW AHL AO ANO SI SIHL “ONICHA LNATIAOXA GNNOA SI LAX GNVSOOHL LHOIN AO NOILVAN TA NV LV SYNAH “MOGV4AJ NIVINODOJ VY NO SHHALS AHA ONINALLVY “SPIIYD *L 109N XQ Of04yg 790 AMERICAN mediately he is seized with the desire to stop in this pleasant place. His horse is already cropping. He unsaddles and seeks out the brook which he knows must be running through the grass. The meadows are the favorite camp- ing place of the Sierra tourist. Here under the fringing Lodgepole pines he may pitch his tent, build his rock fire- place, and find abundant down wood. His tired and sweaty pack animals find rest and food, while the meadow stream furnishes water for the pot and often trout for the pan. So popular are certain meadows as camping places that the Forest Supervisor sets them aside for Tourist Pastures, the Govern- ment cooperating with the counties and recreation clubs in fencing them. Here the camper may for a number of days rest and feed his stock, while he enjoys camp life. As grazing grounds mountain mead- ows are invaluable to the cattlemen. When the California sun has made the foothill pastures unbearable and the first lush grass of spring is gone, the cattle climb to the higher hills where the meadows furnish abundant food and water. Under the wise policy of the Forest Service these sky scraper FORESTRY grazing grounds are proportioned out among the cattlemen. Each permittee has sufficient range for his cattle. For this privilege he pays perhaps sixty cents per head for the entire season. From April to September his cattle range through grass parks or over bushy slopes where tender browse is found. In addition he may for a moderate rental hold a “special use’? on a moun- tain meadow. He may fence it, irrigate it, and enjoy complete use of it so long as he fulfills the simple requirements of a permittee. These fenced meadows where the grass is protected during the early summer make wonderful fattening pastures for the beef cattle. One often sees bands of splendid horses in these upland pastures. From a standpoint of beef and horse flesh, the mountain meadows are a very valuable asset to the California cattlemen. At elevations below five thousand feet, mountain meadows, while of little value for grazing, often prove valuable for agriculture. The deep black silty loam produces excellent rye, corn, potatoes, and garden vegetables. If a little water can be led in from above, so much the better. One thing must be guarded against—rapid erosion of the Photo by Neal T. Childs. Horses GRAZING IN A MOUNTAIN MEADOW. FROM A STANDPOINT OF BEEF AND HORSE FLESH THESE MOUNTAIN MEADOWS ARE A VALUABLE ASSET TO SETTLERS AND CATTLEMEN. ‘SUH JO ISAM ATW ATVH VY ADVAOA GOOD SI FUAHL “dAAd LAIA NATLUNOA LNOAV SI LI “AAIOVID AATAO TIVGNAL JO GVAH AWAULXA AHL LY SI AXV1 TIVNS SIHL "“MOGVAJY NIVINONOJ. V JO YANNOUTNOY ABI—AAV] AAIOVID VW "uOSUuIYAD 202S0N Kq O0YT ~I \o ie) AMERICAN FORESTRY Photo by Neal T. Childs. A Worn Out MEaApow. THIS IS NOW COVERED WITH SAGE BRUSH, JUNIPER AND YELLOW PINE, SOLVE. THIS IS A PROBLEM FOR THE FORESTER TO SHALL THE MEADOW BE IRRIGATED AND MAINTAINED AS GRAZING LAND, OR SHALL IT BE ALLOWED TO REVERT TO A FOREST AND BECOME A TIMBER PRODUCING UNIT? soil by a meadow stream cutting back. This may be prevented, if taken early, by proper diversion, riprapping, and damming. The higher meadows will never be agricultural ground because of frequent frosts. In addition to the cattle and horses that one sees in nearly every meadow, there is much wild life. Deer frequently graze along the marsh stringers in search of succulent plants. Occasionally a bear hunting ants or honey will blunder into a meadow. Of small mammals there are numbers, such as the woodchucks (ground bears), goph- ers, ground squirrels, and badgers who find good burrowing places in the soft soil. Grey squirrels, douglas squirrels, and chipmunks scamper about the edges of every meadow. Of birds there are many, attracted by water and the abundant insect life that swarms in every meadow. Perhaps the most common bird is the Western robin. Robins in flocks of a half dozen or more hop about on these forest lawns as much at home as their eastern cousins in a well-kept park. Swallows are frequently seen skimming the sur- face of the larger meadows. The great grey marsh hawk finds good hunting along the little swales of meadow brooks. The beautiful mountain quail are often seen trotting in and out of the scrub on the borders of the meadows, while a heterogeneous crowd of wood- peckers, creepers, warblers and other industrious entomologists flit among the fringing pines at’ the meadow’s edge. To the student of evolutionary geol- ogy and physiography, the mountain meadows are as a fascinating serial story. Each meadow is a chapter in that story that begins back in the Ice Age and comes down to the present day. One may lead his pack train over a trail of broken granite to some lonely cirque high on the shoulder of the great Sierra. There he may pitch his tent on a lichen floor close to a mountain tarn in which no fish swim and along whose shore an ancient wall of ice adds drop by drop its grudging toll of crystal water. This glacier lake over whose surface no birds skim or insects hum and whose stillness is as the stillness of the eternal, is the forerunner of a mountain meadow. To prove the case, the traveller may drop down a thousand feet and tramp over a springy lichen-covered bog, once the bed of a glacier lake. Further down ‘TI6L ‘TI “1ddS NANVI SVM HdVUDOLOHd SIHL NAHM ANAOA AYAM ANON LNA SITTIA ‘N ‘Ss AM OI6T NI LNOUL NAGIOD HLIM GANSOLS NAIM AAVH OL GaSOddNS SVM ANVI AHL ‘AYVAN MOCGVAW GOOD SI AYAHL ‘“SMOTIVMS GNV SNIGOUY NYALSAM SLOVULLY AUAH AAIT LOASNI INVGNOV AHL ‘SADGAS AM GAONIMA AAV SAUYOHS AHL ATHM ‘ANId IIVLXOA NAAS AYV ANVI YAIOVID SIHL AO AGIS YUVA AHL NO “SVAUNFIS AHL NI ANVT]T VILANOJ : "mosoWy *S “MM &q O04 ~ ee en m, ¢ - pee Wee 6 Pere pe . vee gang ae Ne - Ca v 33 nneen Mee > “A * 794 AMERICAN FORESTRY Photo by Neal T. Childs. A Merapow REVERTING TO A Forest. HERE THE MEADOW HAS GONE FAR TOWARD BECOMING A PORTION OF THE SURROUNDING FOREST AND IS NOW WELL COVERED WITH A NATURAL SEEDLING OF JEFFREY PINE. he will come into a meadow where lichens give place to sedges, but along its lower borders he will find the tell- tale marks deep in the granite where the ice slipped over the saucerlike brim of what was once a glacier lake. Per- haps only stunted foxtail pine or white barked pine fringe its border and frost is here every night in the year, but the succession is plain till he reaches a level of eight to nine thousand feet when he comes to a normal meadow lush with grass and spangled with flowers. White Fir, Red Fir, and Sugar Pine come down its borders, and cattle munch knee deep in content, but along its rim lie the shells of mussels that lived in the ancient lake now long gone. Nor is the evolution complete. Still the meadows change. You will find meadows that are changing today, meadows that have gone dry, as the mountaineer says. When the water level is lowered owing to erosion or other cause, the grass in a meadow gives way to other vegetation. Sage brush generally is the first intruder. This in turn is followed by a sprinkling of mountain juniper (J. occidentalis), and lastly by Yellow Pine and Incense Cedar. There are many meadows in the Sierras today which are quite rapidly reverting to the forest. Thrifty stands of pine and cedar are found where only grass cover was known. It is in these ‘“‘worn-out meadows” that the forester has a problem to solve. Shall the meadow be irrigated and maintained as grazing land or shall it be allowed to revert to the forest and become a timber producing unit? Here is a nice problem for the forest student who is interested in land values. To the average citizen, however, it is as a natural feature that the mountain meadow will always be of chief interest. Coupled with their natural beauty there is also a thread of romance that appeals to the traveller. Once the graz- ing lands of the Spaniard where the herds of the great haciendas roamed at will in the far-off times before the Gringo came, the mountain meadows hold in their names some of the charm of the halcyon days. Such names as Albinita, Paloma, Bonita (pretty little place), Casa Viejo—musical names whose charm lingers like the morning mist over meadows and in these Anglo- Saxon days of grazing fees and water- power sites keep for the tourist high in the Sierra fastnesses a whisper of the romance of life in Old California. THE REDWOOD OF CALIFORNIA By J. H. BROWNE the Northwestern Pacific Rail- road into Humboldt County, California, will mean more to the Red- wood industry than anything since the manufacture of Redwood began. With the canal, will come the opportunity of marketing Redwood throughout the world in parcel lots of 25, 50 or 100,000 feet, where, heretofore, it has been necessary to sell in cargo lots of 1,- 000,000 feet or more to obtain advan- tageous freight rates. Direct rail con- nection with the mills in Humboldt County means a saving of from $2.00 to $5.00 per M in the cost of making Eastern Redwood shipments. This will assure the mills a better return on such of their product as is now being shipped East, and will enable them to market a large quantity of by-products which are now burnt up or sold at cost locally. The market for Redwood was for many years uncertain and limited, its sale depending chiefly upon the Cali- fornia demand. The development of the Eastern and foreign business was slow, because there was no direct rail connection with the Redwood country, it being necessary to bring all shipments into the harbors of San Francisco or Los Angeles for reshipment. The earliest logging of Redwood for- ests was by the Spaniards near San Francisco Bay, but their operations were very small. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, a Russian colony near Fort Ross in Mendocino County, cleared a tract of Redwood which has since grown up and again been cut over. It was not until 1850, however, that small sawmills were started at various points along the coast. These have grown until there are now eighteen or twenty more of the important mills in operation with a total annual output of 550,000,000 to 600,000,000 feet. HE opening of the Panama Canal and the completion of The biggest stands of Redwood tim- ber are in Del Norte, Humboldt and Mendocino Counties, but there are isolated groups as far north as the Chetco River in Curry County, Oregon, and as far south as the Santa Lucia Mountains, Monterey County. The Redwood belt is from twenty to forty miles wide, the trees growing on the west slopes of the coast range. The enormous height and diameter of the Redwood is due to the great rainfall in the autumn and winter, from thirty to sixty inches, and to the sea fogs which bathe the coast in the summer. There are two types of the Redwood, those which grow on the slopes and those on the flats or bottom lands. The Redwood slope is the common type, and it grows mixed with other woods such as Red Fir, Tan Bark Oak and White Fir. As the slopes become moderate, the altitude lower, the soil deeper and the water supply better, the Redwood steadily gains on the other species until on the rich flats there is no other tree. The extreme form of the Redwood flat is along the Eel river, and here the trees attain their greatest known height and clear length. Under best conditions these trees grow to be 350 feet high with a diameter of twenty feet. Most of the Redwoods cut are from 400 to 800 years old, and the oldest tree found during the Government investigation in 1900 was 1373 years old. The tree when normal has a straight, slightly tapered bole clear for more than 100 feet, and a crown of horizontal branches that may occupy from one third to one-half of its total length. The enemies of Redwood are few and it suffers from them less than other trees. The wind can scarcely uproot it, insects seem to do it little harm, and fungi seldom affects it. Even fire, the great enemy of all trees, though it may occasionally kill whole stands of young Redwood growth, is unable to penetrate 795 796 AMERICAN FORESTRY WHERE SHADOWS ARE DEEP. THE ROAD AFTER WINDING THROUGH A REDWOOD FOREST WHERE THE TREES ARE SO THICK THAT THERE IS LITTLE SUNSHINE SUDDENLY TURNS INTO AN OPEN SPACE WHERE THE SUNSHINE IS STARTLINGLY VIVID. the fireproof sheathing of shaggy bark with which the old trees protect themselves. The yield of the Redwood will average from 75,000 to 85,000 board feet per acre, but some of the flat lands will show-a stand of 1,000,000 feet or more to the acre. It is estimated that there is standing today about 75,000, 000,000 feet of merchantable Redwood timber, so that at the present rate of production there is more than acentury’s supply to look forward to. The value of the stumpage varies from $1.50 to $5.00 per M feet, depending upon the character of the timber and its location and accessibility. The flat timber is less expen- sive to log, and produces a greater amount of the upper grades. Redwood lumbering is expensive and difficult. The average cost is $5.00 to $6.00 per M. On the flat lands it will go as low as $3.00 per M. The greatest care must be taken by the choppers in felling a tree so that it will strike throughout most of its length at the same time, other- wise the wood will break and splinter badly. After the choppers have done _ their work, the bark is peeled and the tree cut into lengths from 16 to 40 feet. | Skid roads are constructed over which the logs are hauled to the land- ings and loaded on cars by donkey engines on their way to the sawmills. The cost of converting Red- wood logs into lumber is from $2.50 to $3.00 per M, this cost being increased because of the waste in manufacture, and because of the large amount of small sizes which the market calls for. Some logs are so large that they have to be split before the carriage will handle them in the mills. All machinery must be of the heaviest in order to stand the strain. THE REDWOOD OF CALIFORNIA 797 In this country Redwood is used very largely for exte- rior finish. It is particularly valuable for this sort of work because of its lasting qualities and its resistance to fire. Redwood contains _a pecu- liar acid which preserves the wood. Many examples can be given of buildings sided with Redwood! soards: and cov- ered with Redwood shingles that are today in first- class condition after fifty or sixty years of continuous use with- out paint or treatment of any kind. Redwood contains no pitch of any kind, will not ignite easily, burns very, slow- ly and absorbs moisture read- ily, making it easy to put out a fire. After the great San Francisco earthquake and fire in April, 1906, the Building Committee appointed by the Mayor to determine the char- acter of buildings and mater- ials to be used 1n constructing same, adopted the following resolution: “RESOLVED that no per- mits will be given at the pres- ent time for the construction of any buildings in San Fran- cisco, but owners of property will be allowed to proceed and erect upon their premises temporary one-story build- ings constructed of galvz wnized iron or Redwood, without a permit.”’ The United States Govern- ment has compiled a list of woods designating the degree of inflammability by the po- sition on the list. Redwood heads this list. Redwood is also peculiarly fitted for the better class of interior finishing. The nat- ural grain of the wood is beau- tiful, so that it is not neces- sary to select special pieces in order to obtain a hand- some effect. It is easily worked and takes a beautiful polish. When the wood is once properly dried, it will not shrink or swell, there- i “ % Vig # a 4 : a DEEP IN THE REDWOODS. A TYPICAL SCENE AMONG THE BEAUTIFUL TREES WHERE JOURNEYING IS ALWAYS A SOURCE OF WONDER AND DELIGHT. F THE LUXURIANT UNDERGROWTH FOUND A (e) ] = Q Q fa = < S B os [i ..cicrevo os fee = o> see 887 With five illustrations. FIRE CONDITIONS IN CALIFORNIA—By Alexander W. Dodge.................... 893 THE CANADIAN DEPARTMENT—By Ellwood Wilson.........2..00c0ccesccceenves 894 ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF UO Gy 5 tik ciiszio ds a. tet + heels chia 12 pie are 897 BOL ORLATS,, «2 4 aig Hele 2% Sc tsae Sis tote ane Oia od Sik haat) se al ae is ead aces She 898 HOR BST : NOTES .ctesa' ts seas ee ge eS ea ees Pak tine hase dive WAT at Ass oy tees 901 ARBORIST—FPORESTER.—By Alfred Gaskall, sis 0e.. cits i crave acre vlaicieseu pea ates oe 906 CURRENE- LITERAL URE vsatase gait teats eu 5 eee nave Ahonen teen nk ee en ees 907 AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price. two dollars per year; single copies, twenty cents. Copyright 1914, by the American Forestry Association Entered as secona-ciass maij matter December 24, 1909. at the Post-ofice at Washington, under the Act or March 3. i879. 31 AMERICAN FORESTRY‘S ADVERTISERS BIRD HOUSES Made by the BOYS OF ALLEN- DALE FARM, Lake Villa, Illinois WWinenmElOuSeS eee eee $1.25 Blue BirdeHousess 2... 6. 1225 asticmh Gusesieiaerene eee Y Winter Food Shelters..... 2.50 Martin Houses....3.00 to 25.00 {| Directions for placing houses fur- nished with each order. {] These houses are strong, well built and will last for years. {J Write for descrip- tions and pictures of the models. Address ALLENDALE FARM Lake Villa, Illinois 0B ee 8 ee fe ft 9 ef 0 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ee ee i i Li 2 WwW i=) oO he ef FH Eh Ef 6 A BB | The North-Eastern Pobestey Co. CHESHIRE, CONN. i Growers of Evergreen Seedlings and Transplants | ; H for Forest Planting Catalogue sent on request hh | : : : | | | | | | | | Seeds for Forestry Purposes | We. offer a most complete list of both | Deciduous and Evergreen Tree and # Shrub seeds for forestry purposes. { Our catalogue contains a full list of the # varieties we offer, which include the best | and most rare species. | will interest you. THOMAS MEEHAN & SONS j Wholesale Nurserymen and Tree Seedmen | DRESHER, PENNA., U.S. A. Seeds that are of best germinating quality Send for a copy, it ee EE HILL’ S SEEDLINGS and Also Tree Seeds TRANSPLANTS | =] FOR REFORESTING Hes Bet for over a half century. All leading | hardy sorts, grown in immense quantities. s Prices lowest. Quz ality highest. Forest | Planter’s Guide, also price lists are free. | Write today and mention this magazine. THE D. HILL NURSERY CoO. | Evergreen Specialists | Largest Growers in America 7 BOX 501 DUNDEE, ILL. ns a a a ee SB 0 mF Sf BH HD Grade One Oil Creosote Cuts your wood preserving bills in hali— Especially adapted for preserving tele- phone poles, telegraph poles, cross arms, railroad ties, fence posts, mine timbers, underground sills, sleepers, bridge timbers, planking, ice houses, wood tanks, shingles, poultry houses, silos, boat timbers or any exposed woodwork. Booklet on request. BARRETT MANUFACTURING CO. New York Chicago Philadelphia s Boston St. Louis Pittsburgh wm <->» vane = 854 AMERICAN were ice four months of the year, and you could not find a rock the size of a base ball. The old guide thought be- cause I climbed rocks well that he could lead me to a path above the ice seracs, cross the snow nevé and bring me down a precipice on the other side of the snow field. It entailed a walk of twenty-five miles; but the guide made a mistake. He lost his way down the three mile precipice and to avoid being benighted decided to take me, by glissading, home down the icy bank of the steep glacier. He thought because I could climb rocks well I could slide ice well. Well—lI did. I slid so well that to this day I don’t know how I didn’t carry him 4000 feet down with me. He had crawled down the precipice to find me foothold. I had stepped from his shoulder to the alpinstock, and from the alpinstock to a niche for foothold, when a bit of icy rock gave way and I shot out to the arm pits above nothing. I don’t know how or what my feet found; but I lighted on my feet with a rock slide clattering below me that rumbled and gathered force as it roared below the precipice. Old Jacob came up with a blanched face and took me home over the ice. He would cut a place for his feet, let out the rope, and I would slide till the rope yanked me facing him. Then I would cut a place for my feet and he would slide. It isa point worth noting—in cutting foot- hold, the Swiss guides always notch in and down—coal scuttle fashion—not in and up, where the feet could slide out. We neither of us missed footing once glissading down; but I fell fifteen times to the second mentally and have hated ice ever since. It was only by a miracle I did not break his and my own neck. That same week the university men had climbed an unconquered peak. Just as they reached the summit three men unroped and raced to see who should have the honor of placing a flag on the peak first. Snow sagged omi- nously over a hidden crevasse. A little light man skipped across the bridge of snow in safety. A big Chicago man came next. The snow sagged and sank. His companions saw the snow bridge fold in the middle; and the last thing FORESTRY seen of the Chicago man was his heels. They looked down the icy blue crevasse. He was wedged shoulders down in- sensible. An unmarried man _ volun- teered to go down after him. They let him down on the rope. The insensible man was wedged so tightly they almost dislocated his arm pulling him out— the moral of which is, never unrope on snow or ice; and always go at least three on a rope. The only death among mountain climbers in the Cana- dian Rockies occurred through unrop- ing at the last lap of a climb. For~this kind of climbing, one, of course, must go to Northern Mountains; but you can enjoy sheer height and bliz- zards, too, far South as Colorado, and in balmy climes as California if you go high enough. People have asked why I like mountain climbing. It is not the dare deviltry of it—it is the conquering spiritual and physical that adds zest to the joy. In these Northern mountains, too, one finds the best of trout fishing and boating. Though my first mountaineering was done in the North, my last has been done in the South; and I confess it is hard to say which is the more fascinat- ing. There is a marvel of color; there is a mysticism as of the soul; there is a peace as of God in the Desert just as there are a grandeur and a robust zest in the North: You don t.need ‘ta climb mountains in the North unless you want to; and you can see the Desert from a motor car and a palatial hotel if you want to; but there is a better way. Both North and South, you can never feel the wild toss of the unleashed winds, the mystic touch of midnight under stars in Alpine meadows, the secret, furtive, almost fairy, message of the shy mountain flowers—unless you go out and camp far from motor road and hotel luxury. In the Painted Desert I have driven fifteen miles through the lilac bloom of sage brush high as the hubs of the wheels; and I have stopped on the edge of some precipice to make myself realize that the shifting, shimmer- ing panorama of landscape painted in fire below was a fact, not the misty mirage of some dream. Color, color that defies pigments and words, moun- ‘MUOA MUN 4O TTANNIYD GUIS ‘OD AALAV GAWVN SI ‘LAHA BERg AO NOILVAR1H NV SVH HOIHM ‘NIVINOQOW AHL ‘“GNNOUDaAAOA ALVIGAWWI AHL NI NAUS SI LLOWAAGOW ANY NO dWVD YAINVID ANYW JO NOILUOd ¥ ‘NIVINOOJ TIANNIID) GNV STIVY LLOWYAQIV "YY UAIYIAON 14d) AOL OD ‘ojOYT aasty q 1481AKdoD a re a pe Copyright by Kiser Photo. Co. for Great Northern Ry. Rep EAGLE MouNntTAIN FROM Heap oF St. MARyY’sS LAKE. THIS MAJESTIC MOUNTAIN WAS NAMED AFTER CHIEF RED EAGLE (MACHT-OH-CHEE-PEE-TOW) OF THE BLACKFOOT TRIBE. THE LAKE WAS NAMED ST. MARY AFTER THE CATHOLIC ST. MARY, BY OLD HUGH MUNROE, MANY YEARS AGO. THE SWITZERLANDS IN AMERICA tains blood red with peaks of fire, scene shifted as if by the gods of some great amphitheatre—these are the character- istics of the Painted Desert and Grand Canyon. The South is, perhaps, the better region for invalids and those who must have a quiet holiday. Don’t imagine the Desert is a thing of sand dunes and red mountains. It is that and more. Grand Canyon is 200 miles long. In it lie ranges high as the Canadian Rockies and a river tempestuous as the Colum- bia. The Desert, too, has its mountains, and its areas of petrified forests—huge sequoias turned to agate and onyx by the centuries’ wash—and its prehistoric cities and caves. At the 7,000 foot level in the Desert are the yellow pine forests —God’s own hand-made parks, clear of under brush as a garden, tall, towering trees all free of under branching, liter- ally surcharging the atmosphere with steam of resin. This resin atmosphere is of itself sheer healing to weak lungs, though a care must be taken of the altitude for weak hearts. How to do it—that is the point! Fare West and back by train is much the same as fare across the ocean and back. If you want to see the mountains at closer range than through hotel windows, how are you to do it? Forest supervisors can send you to little inns higher up the mountains, where you can live at $1 to $2 a day. Local outfitters will supply you with tent and camp outfit and horses for 857 $4 to $5 a day; or if you buy your own horse and tent, you can cater for yourself; and this runs about $10 each a month, if you have a careful cook. Two or three points should be empha- sized: Do not go into the Desert without a guide; for the Desert is more dangerous than a glacier. A dust storm may wipe out all sign of trail; and lack of water is more perilous than ice or snow. In the heavy forests of the North do not venture new ground withcut a guide. You may think you can keep the compass, or find your way out by following sunlight and stream. What if a fog shut out sunlight, and the stream loses itself in a gorge you can’t follow? What if you break your leg? I have known of mountaineers, who do not tell about it, reduced to killing their horses for food in such emergencies; and pleasure seekers do not go out seeking emergencies. Two more points: dress warmly; for the nights are cold even in the Desert. Dress very warmly. Next—officers say that an army is just as efficient as, and no more efficient than, its feet. To en- joy roughing it, you must have boots strong in the ankle, thick and pliable in the sole, boxed enough in the toe to protect the sides of the foot from bruises. Go to the wilds warmly dressed and comfortably shod; and nature will do the rest with distilled sunbeams and ozone and winds sent down from the zenith of heaven ! Fire Losses Small Although there were an unusual number of forest fires on the national forests of Oregon and Washington this year, the loss of merchantable timber has been relatively small. Wood for Aeroplane Propellers The propellers of aeroplanes such as are used in the present European war may be made of selected ash, which is both strong and light and will not split under vibration or shock, or of built-up layers of spruce with mahogany centers. The framework of the machines, too, is generally made of wood, spruce being much used on account of its straight grain and freedom from defects. For Wood Preservation A surprisingly large number of substances, ranging all the way from the condensed fumes of smelters to the skimmed milk of creameries, have been tried or suggested as means of preserving wood from decay. Most of them, however, have been found to have little or no value for the purpose. Certain forms of coal-tar creosote and zinc chloride are the most widely used wood preservatives. FORESTERS IN THE GREAT Vas By s OME 40,000 foresters are now, in all likelihood, fighting on the battle fields of Europe. Prob- ably no other profession, aside from the regular officers in the army and navy, has so large a proportion of its members engaged in the struggle, nor will any other profession pay such a heavy toll in men. It seems to be the irony of fate, one of the many inconsistencies of war, that menwho are engaged in one of the most peaceful of professions, whose daily life is spentin the woods and mountains in the protection of the forests and of its wild life, should be among the first to find themselves suddenly involved in a deadly combat, the main object of which is destruction. Yet in Europe there has always been an intimate relation between the forest service and the military service. In the early history of the profession foresters were almost universally appointed from those who had been army officers and soldiers on the theory that their phy- sical constitution and training par- ticularly fitted them for the work; now the case 1s 1n part reversed, and foresters are drawn upon, when need arises, to swell the ranks of the army. Obviously the life of a forester fits him pre-eminently for military service. Out of doors the greater part of the time, he must be physically fit, pos- sessed of a strong constitution, and ready at any time to undergo ex- posures and hardships that would be beyond the endurance of the ordinary city dweiler. Candidates for the forest service in the various European countries must, in fact, measure up to the physical standards that are required for the military service. Furthermore, the very na ure of the forester’s work is such as to make himsturdy andself-reliant, accustomed to handle a gun, and ready for any SAMUEL T+ DANA emergency. Moreover, in most of the European countries the lower grades of forest officers are recruited largely from men who have served their time in the army, and this training, together with the semi-military organization which generally prevails, gives them the discipline so necessary in the efficient soldier. ae j é é 4 Far 2 i, o: RusstAN Forest OFFICER. NOTE HOW SIMILAR THIS UNIFORM IS TO THE REGULAR MILITARY UNIFORM OF RUSSIAN ARMY OFFICERS. * For much of the information contained in this article, the author is indebted to Mr. Raphael Zon and to Dr. B. E. Fernow. 858 FORESTERS IN THE GREAT WAR 859 VIEW OF PART OF THE CITY OF NANCY. NEAR NANCY THERE HAS BEEN ALMOST CONTINUOUS FIGHTING SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR. AT THE LEFT OF THE PICTURE ARE SHOWN THE GARDEN AND BUILDINGS OF THE FOREST SCHOOL, THE ONLY SCHOOL IN FRANCE FOR THE TRAINING OF TECHNICAL FORESTERS. THE NAMES INDICATING ITS LOCATION WERE WRITTEN ON THE PHOTOGRAPH BY PROF. HENRY, ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OF THE SCHOOL. The importance in warfare of all these qualities can hardly be exaggerated. Modern war is not, as the present titanic struggle has proved, entirely a question of heavy guns. The man behind the gun is still the most impor- tant factor, and it is mainly upon the physical hardihood. the moral stamina, and the enduring powers of the men on the firing line and in the trenches that the final outcome will depend. It is, therefore, perfectly natural that fores- ters, who possess all of these qualifica- tions in a peculiar degree, should be looked upon by the military experts as too good material not to be put to use in time of need. The military qualifications of foresters have been especially recognized in France—notably since the Franco- Prussian war of 1870. Previous to the establishment of the forest school at Nancy in 1825, most of the higher forest officials were appointed from retired army officers, but up to the time of the Franco-Prussian war the personnel of the forest administration did not form a part of the regular army. Events in that war, however, proved conclusively what valuable military service could be rendered by foresters. The subordinate forest officials everywhere voluntarily offered their services and acted effectively as guides and as bearers of despatches between the ines of investment at Strassburg, Metz, Sedan, and Paris. After the first disasters to the, French arms, the higher forest officials, wnan- imously offered to assist in the organization of new corps, and some even joined the ranks of the active army before the mobilization of the new troops could be effected. In a letter of June 30, 1871, to the Minister of Finance, General Cambriels gave the highest praise to the foresters who had served in the war, stating that they had given such striking proof of their courage, patriotism, devotion to duty, and disinterested self-sacrifice as to command the respect and admiration of all. S60 As a result of the Franco-Prussian war, therefore, a law passed on July 27, 1872, made all forest officers a part of the army, subjected them to military law, and placed them at the disposal of the Minister of War or the Minister of the Navy. In accordance with this JupeicH, A GERMAN FORESTER. AMERICAN FORESTRY and companies, which formed a part of the regular military force of the nation, both in France and in Algeria. In order to fit the higher grades of foresters to perform efficiently their duties as army officers, an officer from the army was detailed by the Minister of War to the forest school at Nancy to give military instruction. When called to military service, the various higher forest officials assume the following ranks in the army : Conservator (conserva- teur)—Lieutenant Colonel. Inspector (inspecteur ) — Major. Assistant inspector (inspec- teur adjoint)—Captain. Technical assistant (garde général)—Lieutenant. Probationary technical assistant (garde général stagi- aire)—Sub-lieutenant. The conservators and in- spectors serve in their mili- tary grades only as staff officers, or in the quarter- master’s department, or on special missions; while the assistant inspectors and tech- nical assistants may serve either as staff officers or as infantry officers in direct charge of companies or sec- tions. The non-commissioned officers of the forest light infantry (chasseurs forestiers) are chosen from among the rangers (brigadiers) and some- times the guards (gardes). Guards who receive no ap- pointment as subordinate officers are ranked as soldiers of the first class. THIS PICTURE OF ONE OF GERMANY’S MOST FAMOUS FORESTERS, LOOKS F ili h MORE LIKE THAT OF AN ARMY OFFICER OF HIGH RANK THAN THE or military purposes the AMERICAN CONCEPTION OF A FORESTER. JUDEICH WAS AT ONE . : iW TIME DIRECTOR OF THE AUSTRIAN FOREST SCHOOL AT WEISWASSER forest officers are divided AND LATER OF THE GERMAN FOREST SCHOOL AT THARANDT. into two classes—(1) those law a decree of April 2 18/5. “wito various subsequent modifications, cre- ated the military corps of forest light infantry (chasseurs forestiers). This decree organized the various higher and lower forest officials into sections assigned to the defense of the fortresses within their districts, and (2) those assigned to the various sections and companies of the active army. Undoubtedly in the present war the foresters included in the first class have been doing their part in the FORESTERS defense of the fortifications in the war zone, while those in the second class have probably been used largely for reconnaissance work. This wor ky, which has been steadily increasing in importance and difficulty, is one which foresters are especially qualified to perform, and in connection with it they have undoubtedly rendered valuable service as guides and scouts. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia have not gone so far as France in making the forest organization an integral part of the army. In Germany the bulk of the higher forest officers are merely subject to the ci ympulsory service which may be required of all able- bodied citizens in accordance with the general military laws. Some of these higher officers do, however, voluntar ily become a part of the army as guides or couriers (feldjager). In Prussia the “feldjagerkorps’”’ consists of about seventy-five forest officers who receive the same education as other foresters but in addition have military organiza- tion and are from time to time assigned to duty in Berlin. The origin of this IN THE GREAT WAR 861 corps dates from the time of Frederick the Great, who conceived that foresters could find their way through the wilds better than any other men. In times of peace the members of the corps are still used for such duties as transferring despatches between the different courts. The lower forest officers, on the other hand, are much more closely connected with the army through the organization of special ‘ jagerbattalions.’ Foresters belonging rs these battalions owe not only the usual military service required of every one, but are subject to certain special military obligations. Candidates for the lower grades in the forest service, after serving an apprenticeship in forestry work and undergoing from one to three years of military training, must pass an examination known as ‘“jagerprtifung.’’ If successful in this they are recommended for appointment in one of the ‘‘jagerbattalions,’’ which are organized as part of the regular army. In connection with their military service they are specially trained as sharpshooters and also receive instruc- tion in forestry from competent fores- AUSTRIAN ForeEST SCHOOL STUDENTS. NOTE PARTICULARLY IN THIS GROUP THE MILITARY UNIFORMS AND THE GENERALLY SOLDIER LIKE APPEARANCE OF THE STUDENTS, B62 ters. After several years of service in this corps, during part of which time they may be granted leave of absence in order to take part in actual forestry work, they are eligible for appointment to the forest service. The object of this training is evidently to secure men of good physique and of certain moral and intellectual attainment for the A RussIAN CossACk. NOTE, HOW CLOSELY HIS UNIFORM RESEMBLES THAT OF a THE FOREST OFFICERS. forest service, and at the same time to make them available for military service. In Russiasboth the upper and lower grades of forest officers were for many years recruited directly from the mili- tary service. In 1837 the first technical forestry education in the country was AMERICAN FORESTRY given as a part of the training at a regular military school. In 1867, how- ever, the forest service began to be transformed from a military to a civil organization, and since that time the higher officers, at least, have as a rule not been men trained primarily for military service. The lower officers, such as guards, however, are still recruited as far as possible from those who have already passed the military service to which all able-bodied citizens are liable, and particularly from those who have served as non-commissioned officers. While it is impossible to state exactly how many men are included in the State forest services of the warring countries, a rough estimate of their total number is as follows: Higher Lower Grades Grades 3,500 31,000 34,500 Gernratiyeeeeees 1,500 7,800 9,300 Austria-Hungary 11,000 6,600 7,600 Branca. fee 700 3,800 4,500 Total France also has some 600 forest officers in its province of Algeria, many of whom are undoubtedly engaged in the war. Belgium, with only 450,000 acres of State and communal forests, has only abcut 150 foresters in its State service. In Servia and Turkey forestry has not as yet been developed to any extent, and the number of men employed is undoubtedly very small. England itself has practically no State forests and only a few foresters in private employ. In British India, however, a large force is employed for the handling of the 149,000,000 “acres under the management of the forest department. Canada also has a moder- ately large and steadily growing forest force, and foresters from both of these countries are certainly fighting for their mother country. In round numbers, then, there are probably in the neighborhood of from 55,000 to 60,000 foresters employed,.by the Governments of the various cotin- tries and their provinces engaged in the present war. Of these it can safely be assumed that from two-thirds to FORESTERS IN THEVGREAT WAR three-fourths, or some 40,000 men, are actually taking part in the fighting. It must also be remembered that there are a very considerable number of foresters in private employ, many of whom must also be involved. The fate of many European foresters now fighting for their respective coun- tries will be watched with the keenest interest by foresters in the United States. The connection between the forestry profession in the Old World and the New has always been a close one, and many of the men who have been instrumental in shaping the forest policy and introducing the methods of forest management now practiced in this country, such as B. E. Fernow, Gifford Pinchot, Henry S. Graves, Over- ton W. Price, and Filbert Roth, received their forestry education in Europe. Re- cently American foresters have been 863 visiting Europe in constantly increasing numbers, and have formed personal acquaintances with their professional brethren on the other side of the water, many of whom are now undoubtedly with the various armies. Of all the foresters engaged in the war, Americans are undoubtedly most interested in Dr. C. A. Schenck, who has for many years been a reserve Lieutenant in the Light Artilleryyof the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, and corteerning whose fate rumor has already been busy. Coming to the United States twenty years ago to succeed Gifford Pinchot as forester to the Biltmore estate of George W. Vander- bilt, at Asheville, N. C., Dr. Schenck’s brilliance and thorough knowledge of forestry soon made him one of the prominent men in the profession. ‘The Biltmore Forest School, which he estab- Dr. C. A. SCHENCK. THE HEAD OF THE RECENTLY DISBANDED BILTMORE FOREST SCHOOL, WHO WAS POPULARLY KNOWN IN THE WORDS OF A SONG WRITTEN BY ONE OF HIS BILTMORE STUDENTS AS ““THE MAN WHO LOOKS LIKE THE KAISER.” AN OFFICER IN THE GERMAN ARMY. DR. SCHENCK HAS BEEN FOR MANY YEARS 864 AMERICAN FORESTRY Russ!IaN ForEST GUARD. NOTE THE UNIFORM AND THE CONSPICUOUS BADGE AS WELL AS THE ARRAY OF TOOLS IN GENERAL USE BY FORESTERS IN RUSSIA FOR FOREST PLANTING. lished in 1898, was almost the first forest school to be founded in this country, and throughout its existence remained a unique institution. Nearly a year ago, however, feeling that the school was not filling the place which he had always hoped it might, he decided to discontinue it and to return for good to his old home in Darmstadt. From his first arrival in this country Dr. Schenck’s virile personality made itself strongly felt, and his loss would be sincerely mourned by foresters and lumbermen generally should he fall a sacrifice in the present war. Reports of individuals who have been killed in battle are naturally slow in reaching this country, but on November 13 a brief news despatch announced the death of Professor Fricke, one of the foremost German foresters and _ for several years past director of the forest academy at Munden, where Dr. Fer- now, now Dean of the Faculty of Forestry at the University of Toronto, studied forestry. Prof. Fricke has been a frequent writer on mensuration and silviculture, and is probably best known in this country because of his efforts to show that tolerance is sometimes, at least, as much a matter of available moisture as of available light. His investigations of this subject not only aroused European foresters to the necessity of looking down as well as up in their studies of tree development, but did much to give a new direction to investigations along this line in this country. While American foresters have lately acquired a better understanding of the scientific work of Russian foresters, and have even formed ties of friendship with those who have visited this country, FORESTERS IN THE GREAT WAR 865 FRENCH FOREST RANGER AND His WIFE. THE MILITARY APPEARANCE OF THE COAT IS AT ONCE APPARENT. OF THE FRENCH MILITARY OFFICERS OF MINOR RANK. IT IS BUT SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT FROM THE UNIFORM THE HOUSE IN THE BACKGROUND IS OWNED BY THE GOVERNMENT AND IS A TYPICAL FRENCH RANGER STATION. the many exemptions from military service granted to educated persons in Russia make it difficult to state defi- nitely who of them are now at the front. There is no doubt, however, that many foresters are in active service for their country. Another German forester who in all probability is involved in the strife is Prof. Fabricius, a comparatively young man who has been in charge of the work in silviculture in the forest school at Munich since the death a few years ago of Prof. Mayr, under whom many American foresters have studied. Among the prominent French fores- ters who are placed at the disposition of the Minister of War as members of the ‘‘chasseurs forestiers,’’ and who are therefore undoubtedly involved in the war, are Cuif, Jacquot, and Cardot. Cuif is associated as a professor with Jolyet at the forest school at Nancy, where they are in charge of the research and experimental work. Nancy has been one of the main storm centers since the beginning of the present war, so that any French foresters who have been involved in the operations in its vicinity have been fighting for their school as well as their country. Gifford Pinchot first undertook the study of forestry at this school, which has since been visited also by other American foresters. Jacquot is best known to foresters in this country as the author of an exhaustive book on the valuation of forest fire damages (Incendies en Forét) which was awarded a_ gold medal. Cardot has written extensively on forest influences and the reclama- tion of denuded mountain lands, and has also done much to arouse public interest in forest preservation by the publication of a popularly written, attractively illustrated book known as ‘L’Arbre.”’ AMERICAN FORESTRY Group OF FORESTRY STUDENTS. THESE MEN ARE FROM THE FOREST ACADEMY AT MUNDEN, OF WHICH PROF. FRICKE WAS DIRECTOR. Among the Austrian foresters who are probably with the army may be mentioned Prof. Zederbauer, who is in charge of the silvicultural investigations at the Mariabrunn Experiment Station. Zederbauer has written widely on silvi- culture in many of its phases, but is best known in this country for his interesting investigations regarding the light requirements of trees and methods of measuring light in the forest. In conclusion it is interesting to speculate a little as to the effect which the war will probably have on the future development of European forestry. Many forests will undoubtedly be seriously injured and even destroyed, working plans will have to be revised, and opportunities will be offered for the introduction of new silvicultural systems and methods of forest management. Perhaps of even greater importance, however, will be the heavy thinning which will take place in the ranks of the foresters. Strange as it may seem, this loss will probably in some respects be particularly serious in Russia. There the proportion of forest officers in the higher grades to those in the lower grades is only about half what it is in Germany, Austria-Hungary, and France. The death of any considerable number of the higher officers, therefore, will decrease the comparatively small num- ber of leaders in the profession. In the other countries, on the other hand, both the higher and lower grades are overcrowded, and there are more men ready for service than there are positions to fill. The war will therefore make room for many men who would other- THE NATIONAL FOREST ADMINISTRATION wise have no chance to attain positions of responsibility. Deplorable as is the destruction of forests and _ foresters which the war will cause, there is, how- ever, hope that some good may come in the long run. The introduction of 867 new blood which will be necessary, and the opportunity for original work in repairing the damage to the forests, may be expected to give a new stimulus to the profession in which at present practice lags behind theory. THE NATIONAL POR =m ADMINISTRATION* By Davip F. Houston, Secretary of Agriculture [A change in administering the national forests in undeveloped sections is recommended by Secretary of Agriculture Houston in his annual report, so that they will yield, at once, revenue that can ~ ments. This plan is for Congress e applied to lccal development and thereby further assist settlers and inspire settle- to provide money in advance for local improvement, especially road construction, and charge this against a county’s share of timber sales when the timber is sold by the government. extracts from his report—Editor.] income-producing resource absence of demand for it often works a serious hardship upon those who have entered the region as the advance guard ofcivilization and are seeking, in the face of many difficulties, to establish homes. There are counties in which a sparse local population of pioneer settlers find themselves surrounded by a wilder- ness largely consisting of national forest land, which is almost idle so far as any form of present use is concerned. In other words, a great, if not the greatest, of the potential sources of wealth in such counties, held in trust by the Government for the benefit of the public, not merely contributes nothing now to the upbuilding of the communities which will give value to the forests, but actually adds to the burden which these communities must assume. Were the forests private property they would pay their fair proportion of the cost of road development, public schools, and other public activities, through taxation. The Government, unlike the private owner of timberland in such regions, is holding the timber, not in order to make a profit later by its advance in value, but in order to make it promote the public welfare. That it should be made to serve the local as well as the national public welfare has been definitely recog- : |: regions where timber is the chief * From the annual report of Hon. David F. The Secretary’s recommendations ate in part given in the following nized in the provisions of law for the use of 35% of all gross receipts from the forests for local public purposes. “To carry more fully into effect this already established principle a further step should be taken. It should not be necessary to wait until the period of hardest struggle is past before these public resources begin to assist local development. Before the national for- ests begin to yield large incomes, as well as after, they should be made to participate in the work of building up the country and giving value to all its resources. “The first need of the public in unde- veloped regions is for more and better roads. Without them the struggle of individuals to gain a foothold is much more difficult, while isolation from neighbors and the outside world means meager educational opportunity, a lack of comforts, and conditions unfavorable to community life. A road system, however, constitutes a capital invest- ment which a handful of settlers must make a little at a time. When their roads must be built largely through national forest lands, which pay no taxes, their case is much more difficult. In such regions the Secretary of Agricul- ture should be authorized to make a study of the local conditions and to gather all the data necessary to formu- Houston, Secretary of Agriculture. 868 late a plan for public-road development based on local needs. These plans should be carried into sufficient detail to provide a reasonably accurate esti- mate of the cost of the road construction which it is proposed that the Govern- ment shall undertake. They should be accompanied by careful and conserva- tive appraisals of the value of the nation- al forest timber in each locality and a forecast of the future income which the forests will bring in from all sources. On the basis of the showings of fact regarding the value of the Government’s property, its potential income-yielding capacity, and the needs of the public, Congress should be asked to appropriate for the construction of specific projects recommended by the Secretary of Agri- culture. The cost of such road con- struction by the Government should constitute an advance of the amounts which the forests would later make available for local use. In effect, there- fore, the roads would become an obliga- tion upon the forests, to be extinguished as their resources come into commercial demand.” EXCHANGES OF LAND WITH STATES The Secretary then recommends changes in the system of homesteading, and suggests the wisdom of releasing certain parts of the forests by exchange of property with the States, as follows: ‘An important part of the forest prob- lem is to get the right line drawn be- tween farm and forest. Under private ownership considerations enter which do not always lead to the best use of the land. On the national forests the ques- tion is determined by a careful study of what the land is best fitted to produce and what the public most needs. Agri- cultural development is provided for either by excluding from the forests land chiefly valuable for other than forest purposes or by listing land for settlement under the forest homestead act. The work is carried out through land classification, which was aggres- sively pushed last year. The elimina- tion made or determined upon totaled over 2,000,000 acres, while systematic classification was conducted on 100 of the forests, and over 280,000 acres of AMERICAN FORESTRY land were listed for settlement under the forest homestead law. The area in the forests at the close of the year, exclusive of land not the property of the Govern- ment, was slightly over 165,000,000 acres. “There is need for similar classifica- tion work outside of the national forests wherever the public domain is timbered. There are still many areas which should be added to the forests. Wherever the land will have largest permanent value through use for forest production it should be held in public ownership. Timbered portions of the public domain are now unprotected against fire and trespass and are often a source of danger to adjacent lands. Under existing law the President has in the seven States of California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, ‘Montana, Colorado, and Wyoming no authority to add such lands to the pres- ent national forests. Legislative pro- vision should be made for applying the classification principles in these States. “There is also need for legislation to permit the consolidation of national forest holdings through land exchanges with States and private owners. Some of the forests contain a great deal of land which was acquired from the Govern- ment before the forests were established. Exchanges of land on the basis of equal values would be very advantageous to the Government, since the cost of administration and protection would be materially reduced.”’ TIMBER SALES The report outlines the policy of the department regarding timber sales in the national forests as follows: “Tn its handling of timber sales on the national forests the department is confronted with a situation radically different from that which obtains with respect to the grazing. While almost all the range on the forests is in demand, most of the timber is not. To a large extent development work here means so handling the timber that it will be an important factor in opening up the country. Wherever and whenever gen- eral business and market conditions make it possible to sell large bodies of now inaccessible timber, the aim is to THE NATIONAL FOREST ADMINISTRATION offer the timber on terms which will tend to increase transportation facilities, promote settlement, and build up per- manent communities. Where timber can be sold the benefits of Government management of the forests as public resources are apparent now. Where, however, the timber is not in present demand. a difficult situation sometimes exists. “Tt has been urged that, with the vast supplies of virgin national forest timber, the Government should greatly increase its sales by lowering the price asked for stumpage. To the extent that such a course had any effect at all it would be, in the long run, an effect unfavorable to the public interest. Upon the greater part of the timber it would have no effect, because no manufacturer could, under present conditions, afford to cut the timber at any price: Where timber is thus not in demand because still inaccessible, as a rule the possibility of marketing it depends on the advent of a period of greater activity in the general lumber trade. When, as at the present time, lumbermen are forced by general market conditions to curtail output, the department can not expect to make many large sales. Nevertheless, it is wise even in such times not to cease offering large bodies of timber on terms which may attract purchasers, and this is being done. At the same time all York, Woolworth Building, 233 Broadway. in the discussions. KL | | | | The sessions will be at 10 a. m.; 2 p. m., and 7 p. m. _ This is a departure from the usual custom of holding the meeting in Washington, D. C., the change being made because New York is more accessible to the many thousand New England, New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey members than is Washington, and because members of the Society of American Foresters and of the Society of Eastern Foresters will assemble in New York on the same day. _ ‘ The meeting will consist of a series of addresses and discussions on what the American Forestry Association can do to aid during the coming year in national, state and private forestry and in encouraging the use of forests for recreation. sion of measures for aiding by careful investigations of conditions affecting them, and other- wise, the lumbermen, timberland owners and pulp and paper interests. f make the meeting an eminently practical one, one at which the addresses and discussions will be of great service in outlining the important work of the Association for the coming year. The complete program will be announced in the January American Forestry Magazine. Members of the Association and their friends are requested to attend and to participate 869 possible effort is given to develop small sales for the supply of local needs, and sales to industries which require wood for special purposes, since sales of this character provide a fairly steady market for national forest stumpage, even when the general market is depressed. In a word, the timber-sale policy, no less than the grazing-regulation policy, aims to make the resource serviceable to the public now, as well as in the future, in the fullest degree which scientific pro- duction and utilization can make pos- sible.”’ In the section dealing with forestry the Secretary also points out that the forests have passed through an unusually dry and dangerous summer without serious fire damage. He indicates that the present emergency fund of $100,000 for fire protection of one billion of dollars of public property is inadequate even in ordinary seasons. In discussing the recreational use of the forests, which he holds to be the chief of their secondary uses, he urges that the department should be enabled to grant term leases to persons wishing to use the land for summer homes or hotels. He also emphasizes the importance of protecting the watersheds in the forests, so that the water supply of the 1.200 communities supplied from this source may not be polluted. 1 THE ANNUAL MEETING The annual meeting of the American Forestry Association will be held on Monday, January 11, in New York City at the headquarters of the Merchants Association of New There will also be discus- It is proposed to = LLL LL ff fl Ht : : i ; 4 a % : TRADING SCHOONERS ON THE BEACH AT PAPEETE. THIS WAS THE TOWN ON TAHITI ISLAND WHICH WAS ON SEPT. 22 SHELLED BY THE GERMAN CRUISERS GNEISENAU AND SCHARNHORST. THE 4000 RESIDENTS FLED TO THE HILLS. TAGE! ysis aie HORTLY after day break, Sep- tember 22, the German cruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau ap- peared outside the coral reef that guards the little palm-fringed har- bor of Papeete. An hour or two later they steamed away, leaving only smok- ing ruins to mark what had been the main portion of the romantic South Sea capital immortalized by Melville, Loti, Stoddard, Stevenson and a score of lesser writers. Unfortified and unde- fended, except for a handful of men kept for island police duty, sleepy picturesque Tahiti found her isolation and innocence no safeguards against a world war. The port’s native population of 4,000 was driven terrified to the hills. As it was the trading center as well as the 870 ALLEN capital, of French Oceania, and the bombardment destroyed stores and warehouses, whole archipelagoes were left stricken and in want. Since this episode aroused mutterings throughout the world because all the allies’ navies were apparently unable to protect defenceless ports against three or four roving and merciless German warships, the name of remote Tahiti has met more eyes than since “Otaheite”’ was first described by enthusiastic voyagers nearly 150 years ago. Tahiti, the largest island of the Society Group and by many travelers believed the most beautiful in any sea, lies nearly south of Hawaii and about 17 degrees south of the equator. First touched by Portuguese and Spanish TART TANTERA, NEAR STEVENSON’S HOME. STEVENSON LOVED THE BEAUTY OF THIS PLACE AND HIS DESCRIPTIONS, WONDERFUL AS THEY ARE, FAIL TO DO IT JUSTICE, BUT FAIL ONLY, BECAUSE NO WORDS OF TONGUE OR PEN COULD ADEQUATELY DESCRIBE IT. “I THOUGHT I WAS WALKING IN THE GARDEN OF EDEN. VILLE, A FAMOUS FRENCHMAN, SAID OF IT, navigators, it was described to Europe by Wallis (1767) and Bougainville (1768). They gave such a lively account of the beauty of both island and people, and of what they considered the idyllic perfection of its semi-wild, semi-devel- oped society, that much was written, especially in philosophical France, to argue that here was proof of the neces- sity for return to nature by the human race. Bougainville named it New Cytherea. His companion, the naturalist Commer- son, called it Utopia and wrote extrava- gantly of the virtues which he said flourished because the natives had no conventional restraint. Diderot wrote imaginary dialogues between Tahitian philosophers and ship’s chaplains, prov- ing the immorality of marriage. In England, Hawkesworth embroidered Wallis’ reports of the newly-discovered Paradise until Horace Walpole de- nounced him for his sentimentality. By BOUGAN- some authorities it is believed that these early reports of the remarkable island, corroborating the theories of Rousseau, actually influenced the French Revolution and thus all Europe. Cook’s and Forster’s visits soon fol- lowed (1769 to 1774), bringing fuller information, and in 1788 England sent Lieutenant Bligh in the Bounty to get bread-fruit for introduction into her tropical colonies. How his crew muti- nied later, put back to Tahiti, sailed from there again with a party of native men and women, and disappeared from the world until found long after on Pit- cairn Island where they founded an isolated colony that exists today, is perhaps better known than any other episode in Polynesian history. On the whole, England seems to have been more skeptical than France concerning Tahitian manners, for her next step was to send missionaries to improve them. “NOILVLODUA AAVAH ATAWHAULXA AHL ALON ‘SUaASINUD NVWUAD AHL Ad GAGUVAWOE ATINAOAY GNV HONAUA AHL AX GANMO ‘SISIOVd NUAHLNOS AHL NI dNOUD SGNV1ISI ALAIDOS AHL AO ILIHVL NI ANADS TVOIdAL V ‘WVSULS NIVINONOW V ARNON yiyey Pow) CocoaANuT TREES ON TAHITI ISLAND. COPRA, WHICH IS A DRIED COCOANUT MEAT FROM WHICH AN OIL IS EXPRESSED THAT HAS COUNTLESS USES FOR SOAPS, COSMETICS AND FOOD PRODUCTS, IS THE CHIEF SOUTH SEA ISLAND COMMODITY. The social system of Tahiti and neigh- boring islands of the Society Group, which Europe first lauded and later destroyed, was a peculiar one and by no means wholly barbarous. It was very similar to that of Europe in the Middle Ages. There was no king, but each district or chiefery had an inde- pendent ruler who inherited under the law of primogeniture and traced his descent by a most carefully-kept genea- logical system to almost incredible an- tiquity. These nobles had courts con- taining heralds, astronomers, jesters, minstrels, priests, and indeed nearly all the retinue of a feudal barony. Ath- letics, dancing, and music, the last quite highly developed, were the common pastimes. Navigation was a science. Tahitian voyagers sailed thousands of miles to Hawaii and New Zealand, with- out compass; indeed the Maoris_ of New Zealand are now generally believed to be a race resultant from the conquest of an aboriginal savage race by Society Island war chiefs who colonized and carried their customs and_ religion. War was both pastime and vocation, for quarrels between clans were inces- sant, but was much in the nature of duels ocr tournament. Cause was de- clared and the victor withdrew after honor was satisfied. Conquered terri- tory was never held. On the whole the people were social, gay, and pleasure- loving to a degree which has given them a rather bad reputation with conven- tional moralists. Of Aryan ancestry, practically or wholly escaping Mongol or Negroid infusion by their exodus from the mainland in the remote past, they were and are still about what would be expected of a people much like Southern Europeans but who have been isolated for ages under all the passionate influences of the tropics. A TAHITIAN ATHLETE. THE NATIVES HAVE INHERITED SPLENDID PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT FROM THEIR WARLIKE AND ATHLETIC ANCESTORS, THE MEN ARE OFTEN OVER SIX FEET TALL AND WONDERFULLY MUSCULAR. FISHING GIRLS AT TAHITI. THE SEA ALWAYS PROVIDES FISH]AND THE LAND FRUIT AND IT REQUIRES BUT LITTLE EXERTION TO GET ENOUGH TO EAT. Ail 875 oe ach Ege House BuIiLt By EUROPEANS. A RESIDENCE NEAR PAPEETE, THE ONLY TOWN IN TAHITI. THIS IS A THATCHED DWELLING, WITH A PORCH AND FAR BETTER FITTED FOR COMFORTABLE LIVING THAN THE NATIVE HOUSE, To such a people, who welcomed the white man with every hospitality, his weapons, liquors and religion soon proved bewildering. By the time the missionaries arrived in 1797 they found English firearms aiding a single chief to subdue his neighbors with the new European idea of kingship. Throwing in their lot with him, as probably their strongest protector, they aided this am- bition. Tahitian history during the first 30 years of European influence can perhaps be best epitomized by a com- parison of the population of 150,000 which Cook found with the population of about 10,000 which survived. Step by step the resentful nobles were driven back, measles took a frightful toll, and in 1815 the chief who had been fortunate enough to command gunpowder estab- lished a dynasty which continued until the island was finally taken by the French after several decades of squab- bling by various European interests. During the heyday of the whaling industry Papeete was a popular rendez- vous. Herman Melville’s ‘‘Omoo’’ de- scribes his adventures in Tahiti as an escaped mutineer from a whaleship that touched there, although it is far less creditable than his more famous ““Typee’”’ and “Moby Dick.” As South Sea trade in copra, shell and pearls devel- oped, the port began to assume impor- tance as its principal center. The Mar- quesas, the Paumotus or Law Archi- pelago, the Gambiers, the Austral group, Manahiki, Easter Island, and other less known palm-clad and surf- beaten islands came to support a fleet of picturesque schooners of the ‘“Cur- rency Lass” type Stevenson loved so well to describe. Papeete beach, where the sorry adventurers of “The Ebb Tide’ pooled their misfortunes and Captain John Davis performed for his breakfast on just such a vessel as may be seen there in numbers today, is elo- AMERICAN FORESTRY A Native House ON THE BEACH. THERE IS ALMOST A CONTINUOUS SETTLEMENT ALONG THE BEACH FRONT AROUND THE ENTIRE ISLAND, THE HOUSES BEING ERECTED IN GROVES OF COCOANUTS, BREADFRUIT, MANGOES, ORANGES, BANYANS, AND BAMBOO. quent of pearls and divers, blackbirding and piracy, typhoons, wrecks, and all the adventures of beach and lagoon that make up South Sea history. Yet so charming a scene hardly befits such themes. Rainbow colored fish play through the coral along the very seawall at your feet, the placid green lagoon meets a skyline of palms on either hand, and seaward, beyond a tiny palm-covered islet where a queen once had her fortress, the surf rolls creaming on the barrier reef from the blue tropical ocean, rippling in the soft fresh Trades. Behind the town, itself hidden in verdure, green slopes rise quickly to splintered volcanic peaks nearly 8,000 feet high, carved by pre- cipitous valleys with countless flashing waterfalls. Melville wrote that the ineffable repose and beauty of the Tahitian landscape was such that every object struck him like something seen in a dream and he could scarcely believe such scenes had real existence. “‘Of- ten,” said Bougainville, “I thought I was walking in the Garden of Eden.”’ Papeete is the only town, but the fertile level shores of the island are so thickly populated as to form almost a continuous village along the road that skirts the beach for its circumference, of nearly 100 miles. Yet there is prac- tically no open land except in the unin- habited mountains. Houses and vil- lages are beneath endless groves of cocoanuts, breadfruit, mangoes, oranges, banyans and bamboo, with occasional ornamental exotics from other tropical lands. Alligator pears, native “chest- nuts,’? mummy-apples and bananas, are in almost every dooryard. Except for two small sugar plantations, a few half- hearted cotton patches, and small clearings for taro, yams and other vege- tables, there is no farming as we know it. Copra and vanilla are the island crops. EXER IE 877 ONE OF THE RARE OPENINGS IN THE FOREST. GREEN SLOPES RISE QUICKLY BEHIND THE TOWN OF PAPEETE TO SPLINTERED VOLCANIC PEAKS NEARLY EIGHT THOUSAND FEET HIGH, CARVED BY PRECIPITOUS VALLEYS WITH COUNTLESS FLASHING WATER FALLS. Copra, which is dried cocoanut meat from which an oil is expressed that has countless uses for soaps, cosmetics and food-products, is the chief South Sea commodity. Hundreds of islands have practically no other trade. Indeed the cocoanut has no rival among trees for all round usefulness. Its fruit supplies food, drink and money. It feeds pigs and chickens with no labor beyond splitting the fallen nuts. Its leaves furnish building material and sleeping mats; the nut husks are excellent fuel. Dominating the landscape by its indi- viduality and grace, it appeals to the forester as the king of trees. Vanilla, of which Tahiti furnishes per- haps a third of the world’s supply, is also largely grown in the forest, the vines climbing rooted and growing poles in partial shade. The hermaphrodite flowers are ‘‘married’’ by deft native AMERICAN FORESTRY BATHING IN THE VILLAGE STREAM. THE MEN, WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN TAHITI ARE THE MOST ADEPT SWIMMERS IN THE WORLD. THEY LEARN TO SWIM AS CHILDREN AND SPEND MUCH OF THEIR TIME BATHING AND FISHING. girls and the bean-like pods cured by hand by a delicate process requiring several months. Diving for pearls and mother of pearl shell is not carried on at Tahiti but on neighboring atolls for which it is the outfitting and trade center and the diving season is one of great interest and excitement. On the whole, however, industry has small part in the daily life of the inhabi- tants. Very little work suffices to pro- cure all that is essential where nature supplies food and shelter. The writer once asked a native to bring him some fish. ‘‘Why don’t you catch your own fish?’’ was the response. ‘‘That isn’t the question; I'll give you a dollar for a good string of fish,’ was parried. The answer to this was unanswerable and final: ‘I don’t need any dollar.”’ Such is island philosophy. The sea will al- ways provide fish, the land all other actual requisites, and since this will be as true in the future as today, why trouble to lay up for one’s children? Even tobacco and coffee are home- grown, so only imported luxuries require effort to obtain. Most of the real work of the island, such as curing vanilla, is done by Chinese who value money for its own sake. They bake the bread, run the restaurants, and own most of the small stores. Nevertheless the natives are splendid people physically, no doubt an inherit- ance from their warlike and athletic past. The men are often well over six feet and tremendously muscular. The women are erect,’ graceful, beautifully formed, and often very handsome. Their brown eyes are unusually fine; their black hair long and waving. Polynesian races differ slightly in color, that of pure Tahitians varying also with caste and exposure, but the com- monest type is an olive-gold not darker in shade than the skins of Chinese and TEE S19 A TAHITIAN CANOE. THE CANOES HAVE GRACEFUL LINES AND THOSE BUILT FOR RACING ARE INCREDIBLY FAST. THEY ALSO HAVE SAILING CANOES WHICH CARRY AN IMMENSE SPREAD OF CANVAS, AND ARE TRIMMED BY THE GYMNASTICS OF THE CREW WHO BALANCE THEMSELVES ON LATERAL SPARS EXTENDING FROM THE SIDES. Japanese but warmer and less yellow- ish. Their features are pleasing and con- tain nothing Negroid or Mongolian. The typical native dress is the pareu, a bright-colored patterned cotton cloth much like the Burmese sarong, twisted by the men around the waist and by the women around the breast. The lat- ter, however, rarely wear it away from home, except when bathing or fishing, without a loose overdress. The men also are more and more coming to regard the pareu as informal, comfortable for home and work wear, but to be replaced by coat and pants on dress occasions. These customs vary much with the dis- tance from town. Flowers constitute the chief adornment, worn in wreaths and singly over the ear. Carriers come in from the mountain valleys with loads of plantain, naked except for a loin cloth but with garlands of ferns and flowers. The chief Tahitian characteristics are social. Feasting, dancing and sing- ‘ing are always in progress, usually on a wholesale scale. The entire village participates on the slightest excuse. Anything that can be done alone is unpopular. Even in fishing, the single venturer is regarded as a pot-hunter and no sportsman, the gentlemanly way being to set a net in the lagoon and invite the neighborhood to a drive affording much noise and frolic, or to organize a deep sea expedition for albicore. In several stays on the island the writer was never allowed to fish with hook and line from a single canoe because, while all right for a commoner who needs fish, it 1s not the thing for “quality” to do. The visitor is struck with the invariable good nature of the people. They rarely quarrel, drunk or sober. Violence is practically unknown Murders are so infrequent as to be little 880 more than traditional and even fighting is extremely rare. Like all Polynesians, they are won- derful swimmers, and probably excel all others as canoemen. Whereas in Hawaii the canoes seen today are purely utilitarian, the Tahitian retains his navigating ancestors’ love for naval architecture. Racing canoes carrying twenty paddlers or more are built with great ceremony and beating of drums and carefully kept from the weather in houses constructed by the district. These canoes have beautiful lines and are incredibly fast. So are also the sailing canoes, which carry tremendous canvas and are trimmed by the gym- nastics of the crew who balance them- selves on lateral spars extending from the sides. They also have outriggers, but in racing these are not allowed to bury themselves and so impede progress. In several visits, with intervals of years between, the writer has observed some change in dress and customs due to the inroads of “‘civilization.”’ Return after one four years absence to find a moving picture show near one of the AMERICAN FORESTRY ancient chieferies was a disillusionment. But it will be long yet before modernity makes any conspicuous alteration in the palm-fringed skylines and surf-bound lagoons of Tahiti, or more than veneers the careless kindly nature of its people. To the traveler who wishes to see the tropics at their loveliest, to swim and fish and idle where no newspapers and telegrams remind him of his troubles, it will offer no disappointment unless he expects to survey the primitive with all the civilized luxuries of Palm Beach also at hand. To make the most of it he must leave the port and live a simple life with many petty annoyances. If he is willing to do this, without insisting upon his own ways or patronizing a people who are as sensitive as they are kindly, he will be excellently treated. No attempt has been given in this article to discuss commerce, govern- ment, business opportunities, or other like phases which might be important from certain standpoints. The bom- bardment of September 22 is too recent and significant. BUYING HANDLES BY WEIGEE f | \HROUGH new specifications for ax, sledge, adz, pick and other hickory handles, the Panama Canal authorities have recently purchased large quantities of this class of material for one-fourth less than formerly paid, and at the same time are getting just as serviceable stock. The war department and the navy department, as well as the Panama Canal commission, have adopted these specifications, which were prepared by the forest service primarily for the use of the various branches of the federal government. Subsequently, however, they have been approved by the trade, both manufacturers and dealers, and adopted by several of the leading rail- roads. The new rules are the result of a long study of the subject, covering exhaust- ive strength tests, investigations of the growth of hickory in the woods, proc- esses of manufacture, and market con- ditions. Under the new specifications handles are selected according to weight, as influenced by the density of the wood, and they now include material which may be either partly or wholly of heart- wood, known generally as red hickory. Red hickory was formerly discriminated against in commercial grading, but it is now accepted, since it has been found that weight for weight, it is just as serviceable as the white hickory. Handles which contain small sound knots or bird pecks, so located as not to affect the strength, are also accepted. fie LUROPEAN- WAR-AND ie CU Ue Dee I MeceW be By RoC. BRYANT Professor of Lumbering, Yale University URING the early days of the > European war, many expressed the conviction that all forms of business in the United States would profit to some extent because of the disturbance of the commerce of the belligerent nations. The war has now progressed far enough to show that, with the exception of a few industries, this benefit will be deferred for some time at least and that the losses sustained in the meantime through the disturb- ance of our own business conditions may prove greater than any future gains. The lumber industry, the third among our great industries in point of money invested, is undergoing a period of depression such as it has not experi- enced for some years, due, in large measure, to the marked depression of our domestic trade caused both directly and indirectly by the present war, although the actual loss of our export lumber trade has been a secondary fac- tor as compared to the reduction of the home demand. Lumber is a commodity which is a necessity to civilized man, but unlike foodstuffs and articles of clothing its purchase can be delayed temporarily without serious consequences. During periods of financial depression from any cause whatever, we find that the purchase of lumber in large quantities is early discontinued and is resumed only after conditions have again begun to assume a normal state. More than ninety per cent of our total lumber production is consumed by the domestic market and in order that the lumber trade may be brisk it is essential that our banking resources shall be abundant, since this means minimum interest rates and ready loans, both of which foster railroad develop- ment and building construction, two factors of great importance in the lum- ber market. Previous to 1906 the lumbermen en- joyed prosperity, due to the rapid devel- opment of domestic trade in general. The demand for lumber was great and the f. 0. b. mill price of all construction woods rapidly increased, culminating in 1907 in prices for yellow pine, for instance, which were in excess of those received at any period either before or since. Stumpage also increased in value at a very rapid rate, and lumbermen were encouraged not only to make heavy investments in raw material before the price became too high but also to add greatly to the mill capacity of the country. Many new mills were con- structed and existing plants were also enlarged to meet the insistent demands for construction lumber and railroad material. The panic of 1907 had a demoralizing effect on building con- struction and also curtailed the exten- sion of the railroad mileage of the country. Lumbermen found them- selves with a heavy investment and a mill capacity greatly in excess of the normal demands, and the price of lumber dropped from $5 to $7 per thousand feet at the mill, reaching such a low level that many found it difficult to prevent their business from going into bankruptcy. Since that time there have been periods when lumber market conditions have shown a change for the better, but as a whole the level of prices has not been high enough to enable the average operator to earn a legitimate profit on his investment. The railroads which in normal times are very large consumers of lumber, using several billion feet annually, have purchased only sufficient material to keep their plants in operation and, for 881 AMERICAN 882 some time previous to the war, had failed to buy even enough lumber to keep their rolling stock in repair, ac- cumulating ‘bad order’ cars by the tens of thousands on sidings, awaiting an improvement in financial conditions in general and also the clearing up of investigations being made by the Gov- ernment. Just previous to the outbreak of the war, however, there were signs of renewed activity on the part of the purchasing department of railroads, and lumbermen began to feel optimistic in regard to an increased trade with them. The liquidation of very large amounts of railroad securities held by European investors immediately checked buying on the part of the railroads, and the loss of this trade has been one of the depressing features in the lumber bus- iness. Another factor which has a marked bearing on the present unsatisfactory state of the industry, especially in the South, is the inability of producers to market certain staple articles, such as cotton and naval stores, valued at hundreds of millions of dollars. The cotton crop of the present season, one of the largest grown for several years, comprises the chief money crop of the farmer. European countries, mainly the belligerent nations, normally take more than one-half of the crop, but the indications now are that they will pur- chase only a small percent of the usual quantity. Not only is it impossible to successfully market this crop in other countries, due to their lack of plants suitable for working up the product, but also it has not been possible to increase the consumption in this country. In fact, the demand in the United States for cotton goods has decreased since the outbreak of the war; hence, the pur- chases of the raw supply are visibly affected. A satisfactory method of financing the crop has not yet been reached, and until this is done the purchasing power of the lumber consumer of the South will be extremely limited. The pool of banking interests which proposes to raise and administer a fund of 135 mil- lion dollars for loan on the security of cotton may be a partial solution of the FORHS TRY problem, yet this will scarcely counter- balance the shrinkage of income of cot- ton farmers, due to low prices, (6.3 cents per pound on November 1st, as com- pared to 13 cents on the same date last year), a shrinkage which the Bureau of Crop Estimates of the United States Department of Agriculture places at 435 million dollars. The effect is far reaching since the farmer receives credit from the country merchant for supplies and sometimes cash advances; the country merchant, in turn, receives credit from the jobber, and the jobber from the manufacturer. The entire credit system is thus crippled. The ““buy-a-bale’”’ movement which has been advocated by some as a solution of the disposal of the cotton crop is totally inadequate to meet the present string- ency, since at best it would probably take care of only a small per cent of the surplus, and, furthermore, the holding of this cotton in warehouses for an in- definite period awaiting a satisfactory price merely jeopardizes the next year’s crop. What is needed is a market for the product which will convert it from a raw into a manufactured state. Cotton is the staple crop of a large part of the southern rural population, many of whom have always operated on the “‘one-crop”’ plan and are incap- able of substituting other products for cotton because they do not know how to grow them. One feature which may have a marked bearing on the extent of the acreage planted next season is the inability of the planter to secure the usual amount of fertilizer required for his field. In the past, phosphate, an important element in the commercial fertilizers, has been secured chiefly from Germany, and the elimination of that source of supply will undoubtedly em- barrass the fertilizer manufacturers in this country. With a low price for their cotton this year and a probable decreased acreage next year, the southern farmer will not be inclined to purchase com- modities not absolutely essential to his existence, and he certainly will not buy lumber with which to make im- provements. The lumbermen of the South depend on marketing a large percent of their THE EUROPEAN WAR AND THE LUMBER TRADE low grade product either in the state in which it is produced or in neighboring states on a low freight rate, hence the elimination of the farmer as a consumer is of vital consequence. Another strong element mitigating against the Southern lumbermen is the fact that the naval stores crop, valued at nearly thirty million dollars, has not been successfully marketed. The bulk of the naval stores products are sold in Europe, and the elimination of the greater part of the demand from this region has caused financial loss not only to operators but to thosuands of em- ployees who were discharged at an earlier date than has been the custom. Competition from sawmills in British Columbia, and over-production in local mills, with the resulting unloading on the market of large quantities of lum- ber are among the chief factors which have wrought havoc with the lumber industry in the Northwest. The removal of the tariff on forest products has been a severe blow to lumbermen on the Coast, since it has opened our western markets to Canada —an especially unfortunate circum- stance at this particular time. The in- dustrial depression prevailing for the past year in Canada has greatly reduced the local demand for lumber and shingles, and, in order to keep their mills running, Canadian lumbermen have made a strong effort to dispose of their products in the United States. Some idea of the extent of our trade in Canadian lumber may be gained by an examination of our imports previous to and following the removal of the tariff. Canada, chiefly British Colum- bia, sold in this country, during the first six months of the present year, nearly 170 million shingles more than she sold to us during the entire year of 1913. This was an increase of 217 per cent. The lumber imports from western Canada are still more striking, those for the first six months of 1914 exceeding the total for the entire year of 1913 by 246 per cent. The western lumber manufacturers, as a whole, are facing serious financial difficulties due to their heavy invest- ments in stumpage and the rapidly 883 increasing carrying charges. Taxes and the cost of fire protection have increased yearly, and in order to prevent these charges and also interest on the invest- ments from compounding and auto- matically doubling the cost of the raw product every nine or ten years, stump- age owners have increased their mill capacity to a point which now exceeds the present market requirements. The over supply of lumber has led to such keen competition, during the present business depression, that lumber prices f.o.b. mill are now so low that the best grades are selling for about $22 per thousand board feet; an excellent qual- ity of building lumber for about $8 per thousand feet; and low grade lumber for $3.50 per thousand feet. The aver- age price per thousand feet, f.o.b. mill for all grades marketed has not aver- aged, during the present year, more than $11, a drop of several dollars over the average mill value of two or three years ago. The lumber-consuming population within a given radius of the western manufacturing centers is much less than for an equal radius in the other lumber-producing centers of the United States. The high freight rate into the most desirable consuming centers, name- ly, the great prairie region of the Middle West, combined with the very low price at which lumber is now sold, due to unrestrained competition, has prac- tically made it impossible to conduct the business so as to yield even a small profit. It will take more than a revival of good business conditions to patch up the badly demoralized industry in this section, and some means must be found to increase the efficiency of the market- ing methods and curb the ruinous com- petition which now threatens to sap the life of the industry. The money stringency which has pre- vailed in this country during the last three months has been reflected most markedly in the amount of building which has been done, reports for the month of September showing a decrease of from 25 to 32 per cent over the previous month. This is due to the decreased banking resources of the 884 country and to the resulting increased interest rate. The rural sections of the farming regions of the Middle West have not felt the money stringency to as great a degree as many other sections since their farm products are in great demand and prices for farm products are high. The trade, therefore, in that section does not show the fluctuation that is evident in large centers, especially in the East. The loss of foreign trade in lumber has not been so vital to the lumber industry, except in an indirect way, since recent estimates show that only ap- proximately eight per cent of the lumber cut of 1913 was marketed abroad. European trade in lumber almost ceased during the early period of the war, due both to the cessation of purchases abroad and also to the withdrawal of vast numbers of vessels from the carge carrying trade through fear of capture by the navies of hostile nations. This trade has been resumed only to a limited extent, and it is doubtful if the amount forwarded to the European markets for some time to come will be of sufficient importance to have any appreciable effect on the industry in this country. Lumber trade with South America was reported unsatisfactory for a year previous to the war, due to unfavorable crop conditions especially in Argentina, the largest South American consumer of our lumber, but gave promise of marked improvement about the time that the war broke out, when it again became depressed due to the disorganization of the credit systems of the South Ameri- can countries. We always have supplied a large part of the lumber imported by South American countries and will still con- tinue to do so, but at the present time their buying power has been greatly curtailed by their inability to make settlement for goods purchased. Our imports of all commodities from South America during the fiscal year 1913-14 were valued at approximately 223 million dollars, while our exports of all kinds to that continent during the same period were approximately 125 AMERICAN FORESTRY million dollars. The balance of the imports of South America amounting to nearly 900 millions came largely from Europe. We have had no direct bank- ing facilities with our sister republics and because they owe heavily in Lon- don the trade accounts between the two American continents have been normally adjusted at that place. Under existing conditions this is impracticable. We are ready and willing to purchase and pay for South American products, but lumbermen, along with other mer- chants, are reluctant to sell their com- modities in countries which have de- clared moratoria, as have several of those in South America. The future holds promise for better things since American banking firms are now permitted to establish branches in foreign countries and steps have already been taken by at least one banking firm to do this. However, it will be some time before the situation will be relieved to the extent that the trade in lumber and other commodities will again resume its normal course. Indirectly the loss of foreign trade has been a hard blow to the lumber industry. There are many sawmills along the South Atlantic, the Gulf Coast and the Pacific Coast, which have been engaged to a large extent in supplying lumber to foreign countries, and with this field cut off they have naturally turned to our domestic mar- kets and have invaded the field previous- ly occupied almost exclusively by in- terior mills. The interior market, already in an unsatisfactory condition, has been un- able to assimilate this increased output at a price which would yield a reason- able profit to the producer, and, as a consequence, many have been liquidat- ing and still continue to liquidate on their investment in stumpage at a loss. It may be asked why production does not follow the law of demand and adjust itself to market conditions. There are many reasons why the industry responds rather sluggishly to the general trade barometer. The lumber manufacturer has a large invest- ment in plant and often in raw material, on which he must pay interest or else THE EUROPEAN WAR AND THE LUMBER TRADE 885 turn over his property to his creditors. He, therefore, attempts to secure ready money to continue his business by marketing his product at a price below its actual worth. He can rarely secure loans from banks when markets are depressed, because banks then refuse to loan in sufficient amounts on satisfac- tory terms. Overhead charges are an important item in the cost of placing lumber on the market, and a curtail- ment of cut or a total cessation of opera- tions seldom reduces this to a marked degree, hence a large deficit rapidly accumulates and may ultimately mean bankruptcy. The manufacturer 1n some sections of the country, such as the Northeast and the Lake States, often transports his logs to the mill by water, cutting the timber during the fall and winter previous to the sawing season—the warmer months of the year. He must, therefore, anticipate market conditions months in advance, and having invested his money in logging and in placing the timber in the stream he feels forced to manufacture the logs into lumber, both to save themfrom deterioration and to get them into marketable form. Even with railroad operations it is costly to close down since a large amount of valuable equipment becomes idle and must be cared for at consider- able expense, even though it is not earn- ing anything for the owner. A large labor organization is essential for the operation of a big lumber plant, and an efficient force may be the result of several years’ effort on the part of the operator. A cessation of operations means the dissipation of the crew, who are either forced to remain idle or else seek employment elsewhere. It is usually the case that a total or partial cessation of operations is general throughout a section and all industries are more or less affected, hence the labor supply exceeds the demand and there is but little opportunity for even a good workman to earn a living. Many lumber manufacturing plants are lo- cated more or less remote from the large centers of population, and fre- quently the lumber manufacturing plant is the only industry of the community and the sole means of earning a live- lihood for the citizens. Under these conditions an added hardship is laid upon the woods or mill worker who finds himself without employment. It is greatly to the credit of many lumber- men that today they are operating their plants at least on partial time, chiefly to provide employment for their workmen who have been faithful to them, although it means a financial loss to do so. Another reason why the large lumber manufacturer who caters especially to the domestic trade cannot cease to pro- duce lumber is that he has built up his trade and customers demand some lumber even during periods of financial depression. If the manufacturer ceases to produce lumber, buyers seek out other sources to supply their needs and the seller may lose in a short time many desirable customers. A resumption of business on the part of the producers means the development anew of trade connections, since old customers who have been lost seldom return in normal times. Extremely low mill prices, such as prevail today, mean greater waste both in the forest and in the mill, since the poorer grade of lumber cannot be sold at a price that will even approximate the cost of manufacturing and selling it. It is of direct interest, therefore, to each and every citizen of the United States that some steps should be taken which will make it possible to market, without loss, the poorer grades. Poor grades can be marketed only when the supply of all grades is not in excess of the demands of the country. In times of business depression this means a cur- tailment of cut on the part of the larger operators, as well as scientific marketing of the product, both of which are largely dependent on close cooperation among manufacturers. This does not exist today because the members of the lum- ber industry and lumber trade associa- tions of the country have been harassed during recent years both by courts and by the Federal Government, with the result that such cooperation as formerly existed has largely been destroyed and both the industry and the public have 886 suffered by the demoralization which is now present in the lumber business, caused first by investigations and later aggravated by the business depression caused by the war. The ‘‘bogey,”’ in the shape of an al- leged lumber trust which has been flashed before us constantly in the newspapers during the last few years, is a figment of the sensationalist, since there has never been an organization of lumbermen in the United States that has ever dominated the entire lumber trade and controlled output and prices. From the standpoint of the economical use of our forest resources, it has been AMERICAN FORESTRY ourj misfortune that a “governor” of some character has not been in power. The lumber industry in its present trouble deserves the good will and co- operation of both governmental and private agencies, and it is to be hoped that this will be granted it in fuller measure than has been meted out to it in the past. The lumber industry is essential to our well being and pros- perity, and every encouragement should be given for its development on a basis which will give assurance of the fullest and most economical utilization of the forest resources. PENNSYLVANTA’ FORES Tiki PROG Mfs> A letter from Robert S. Conklin, Commissioner of Forestry of Pennsyl- vania, says: “T call your attention to the activities of the Pocono Forest Fire Protective Association in the north eastern part of Pennsylvania. They have increased in membership almost two hundred per cent. in the last year and instead of operating simply in a few townships on the Pocono mountains, are now exerting their influence over the entire county cf Monroe and may possibly extend into Pike and Wayne counties. They were very active in helping pass some im- provements to the forest fire laws in the last Legislature, and expect to be of considerable service in the coming session of the general Assembly. At their request a District Forester was appointed for Monroe county and through his activities the fire wardens have been thoroughly organized and a patrol system has been worked out. As soon as the association gets a little better financial support, through cooper- ation with the Department of Forestry, the district forester will institute a complete system of patrols for the entire county. In October practically all the papers of the county issued a conservation number. The matter of forest protection is becoming a real live subject in the neighborhood, and in October Dr. J. T. Rothrock delivered a lecture in Stroudsburg on the subject ‘Forests in the Life of the Nation.” A year ago the Pennsylvania Forestry Department published some large fire posters and some small forest fire stickers. Both of these features have met with such great success throughout the State that the department has had to have the third printing of fire posters and is now awaiting the second order of fire stickers. This fall the merchants throughout the forest regions of the State placed the fire sticker upon each box of cartridges which goes out from the stores. In this way it is certainly possible to reach a great number of hunters. Speed in Fire Fighting What is supposed to be record speed in getting men to a forest fire is reported from Oregon, where on one of the National Forests, a ranger went to town, hired ten men, and got this force to the fire twelve miles away within 48 minutes after he was notified by telephone. A SunpAY Crowp ON TAMALPAIS. ON SUNDAYS AND HOLIDAYS THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE INVADE THE TAMALPAIS REGION, SPENDING THE DAY ON THE DELIGHTFUL MOUNTAIN SIDE. TAC MEING. TAVIS e kr By FREDERICK E. OLMSTED Forester for the Tamalpais Fire Association ROM the earliest days fires have always raged on Mt. Tamal- pais, California, during the dry seasons. Every summer has brought numerous burns, some large, some small; and once every dozen years or so great conflagrations have swept the hills, licking the cover clean and causing more or less consternation in the region ‘round about. The fire of 1913 was probably no worse than some of the periodical con- flagrations of the past. It was taken more seriously, however, because more lives were threatened than ever before, because the property narrowly escaping destruction totaled several millions of dollars, and because public interest in the Tamalpais region as a vast mountain park has recently become intense. The fire of last year burned for five days, covered 2,000 acres, nearly wiped out the towns of Mill Valley, Corte Madera and Larkspur and was fought by some 887 888 AMERICAN FORESTRY A Fire TRAIL. THESE TRAILS, CLEARED THROUGH THE HEAVY BRUSH COVER OF THE RIDGES ON MT. TAMALPAIS, PERMIT QUICK ACCESS TO ANY FIRES. 4,000 men at an expense to the commu- nity, state and nation of more than $30,000. Not to be overlooked, more- over, were the indirect losses in property values which followed as a result of the scare. The fire was finally checked with the assistance of troopers from the United States Army acting under advice from officers of the Federal Forest Service and old-time fire fighters of the locality. To avoid a repetition of such a calamity the Tamalpais Fire Associa- tion is carrying out a scheme of sys- tematic fire prevention which bids fair to become permanently established. The jumbled hills of Marin County end abruptly at the Golden Gate on the south, are pounded by the Pacific on the west, slope gradually to San Pablo Bay on the east and stretch northwards to join the great redwood covered mountains of the Coast Range in Mendo- cino and Humboldt. Mt. Tamalpais is a sort of jumping-off place at the ex- treme southern end of the hills and rises sharply from San Francisco Bay to an elevation of 2,600 feet. A large part of the land is covered with a dense and difficult growth of high and low chapar- ral—all the many species common to the Coast Range. There are scattering patches of timber in the canyons, largely redwood and douglas fir, while on the slopes of Lagunitas Canyon and in Muir Woods National Monument are ex- TACKLING: TAMAL PATS Mr. TAMALPAIS. THE TOWNS SEEN IN THE DISTANCE AT THE FOOT OF THE HILLS ARE IN REAL DANGER OF DESTRUCTION FROM THE BRUSH FIRES. tensive and heavy stands of these trees. Hardwood forests of oak, laurel and madrone have smothered out the brush cover here and there. The whole effect is one of exquisite softness; combined with delightful views of ocean, bay and distant hills the restful impression con- veyed by this unique and remarkably NOTE THE SMOKE OF A FIRE ON THE LEFT. beautiful little region is beyond descrip- tion. All of which goes to say that the top of Marin County is a most wonderful natural park, a great recreation ground, and should be treated as such. It is now used as a play-ground by thousand of people from San Francisco and the 890 oo wh. id .. # Et . ul, 7 ’ he, 7 a 1 -. AMERICAN FORESTRY feds oh vf M ri es mie BRUSH BURNING ON TAMALPAIS. THIS BRUSH IS CUT OFF LEVEL WITH THE GROUND, PILED AND CAREFULLY BURNED. IT IS SOAKED WITH KEROSENE ON WET DAYS. near-by towns and in years to come sit use for this purpose will be largely increased. It follows, as a matter of course, that the highly inflammable growth must be protected against fire and that this protection must be ex- tremely thorough. Fire must be pre- vented from starting, rather than fought after it has spread. All the land is in private ownership. This public park (which it is, in effect) 1s privately owned and is enjoyed by the people through the generosity of the owners. Thus, in many ways, the situation 1s complicated. _ The plan calls for a construction per- 1od of three years, during which time forty miles of fire trails, numerous foot trails, a telephone system and several lookout stations are to be constructed. Within this period, also, the district to be protected must be thoroughly supplied with fire fighting tools and other necessary equipment. Last winter some thirteen miles of fire trails were completed. These run, for the most part, either along the tops of the ridges or about a hundred feet below the crests on the leeward sides. In the latter cases the trails are ‘‘one way”’ fire trails, designed for the protection of towns or property threatened chiefly by fires which are almost certain to come from one direction only. As these TACKLING TAMALPAIS trails are slightly below the tops of the ridges they are out of the prevailing winds, thus affording safe opportunity for backfiring and, in many instances, stopping the slow down-crawling fire without the assistance of back-fires. The trails vary in width from eight to thirty feet, depending upon the nature of the locality, the heighth of the brush, and the fire hazard. The brush is cut off level with the ground, piled and burned. For the present, at least, grubbing out the roots is too expensive and the new growth will have to be cut back every two years. The average cost has been $114 a mile. Fire fighting tools, brush hooks, shovels and axes, for a total of 600 men, are distributed in boxes located at con- venient points along the trails and roads. Each box, also, contains lanterns and five gallon water bags. Mounted patrolmen are employed during the dry season, from the middle of May to the first of November. These patrolmen are supported by numerous volunteer fire fighting forces with head- quarters at the little towns around the mountains. Each of these forces is thoroughly organized under definite and well understood leadership. There is in each instance a captain of fire fighters with a couple of assistants and squad leaders, and the commissary and other routine business of the organization is tended to by an agent who, in case of fire, sticks to his post in town and car- ries out instructions from the field. The leaders and agents, as well as the patrolmen, are deputy state fire wardens with power of arrest and authority to compel men to fight fire. As before mentioned, the prevention of fire is the most important and by far the most difficult job to be tackled by the association. Although the causes of fire are similar to those on the Na- tional Forests—matches, tobacco and camp fires—it should be remembered that there are a hundred people roam- ing about the Tamalpais country for every one on the National Forests. On Sundays and holidays it is not at all uncommon for 5,000 people to tramp over and camp upon a district not exceeding 10,000 acres, and as a part of 891 this throng is made up of the careless and irresponsible element from the city the fire risk on such days is ex- tremely high. To fight this condition a great deal of publicity has been given to the work, stress being laid upon how easy it is to prevent fires from starting and how difficult and costly to stop them after they have spread beyond the control of a few men. Thousands of fire warnings have been posted along the trails and at camp sites and these seem to have served a useful purpose. Here is one sample: Was your match coLD when you | threw it away? | LOOK BACK! Here is another warning which proved effective. DANGER! PREVENT FIRES (1. Break your match in two before you throw it away. 2. Stamp out lighted tobacco before you leave tt. The camp fire nuisance has been well controlled through a system of permits. Fires are allowed at certain designated places only where the ground has been made as nearly fool-proof as possible, and even at these places camp fire per- mits are required. The public has not shown the slightest objection to such regulations. It is considered better policy to control the building of camp fires than to endeavor to prohibit them. General prohibition is both easily pro- claimed and quite impossible to enforce. Regulation is thoroughly effective. Moreover, there is no good reason why camp fires should not be permitted at certain locations and under suitable restrictions. Such a privilege adds greatly to the enjoyment of the park lands. The most interesting part of the associations’ work is the financial or- AMERICAN FORESTRY ON THIS ARE TACKED MAPS OF THE TAMALPAIS REGION, PHOTOGRAPHS OF IT AND A VARIETY OF SAMPLE FIRE WARNINGS. 892 ADVERTISING FIRE PROTECTION WORK. A LARGE BULLETIN BOARD IS USED. ganization. The tracts of land in private ownership vary in size from a few acres to large estates of 12,000 acres and more. For the three year construc- tion period all the landowners are con- tributing on the basis of 10c per acre per year. The towns, which are vitally concerned from the standpoint of self- preservation, are subscribing largely according to their assessed valuations and the danger to which they are exposed. Lastly the public, enjoying the use of private lands as a public park, shares in the expense of protection through membership dues in the associa- tion. Eventually, if the organizaton is to be a permanent one, Marin County must cooperate financially by means of FIRE CONDITIONS IN CALIFORNIA a general tax levy, and in case the county does share the expense it is not at all unlikely that the State of California will become a partner in the work. A precedent for state coopera- tion has already been established in the admirable fire prevention organiza- tion of Los Angeles County. Moreover, the systematic protection of Tamalpais is much more than a local matter; it concerns both the state and the nation. The methods of fire prevention were 893 entirely successful during the dry season of 1914. Only eight fires occurred, and these were all in the grass country of the foot-hills, burning over but a few acres in each case. They were promptly tackled by the organized fire fighting forces and extinguished with practically no losses. Of course some fires must be expected in the future; but they should be limited to comparatively small areas and should be squelched without a rumpus. hike CONDEFIONS IN CALIFORNIEE By ALEXANDER W. DopceE, Deputy State Forester IRE conditions in California dur- Joins the past summer have not pre- sented a problem as difficult as the one dealt with in 1913. The fire season of 1913 was exceptionally severe; a great many large fires occasioned an enormous loss, namely $511,077.00, an amount far in excess of the financial lcss sustained during 1914. The total money loss, due to forest fires in Cali- fornia in 1914 is $179,025.75. Fires have been well reported on the National Forests and the United States Forest Service has devoted special attention to the prevention and suppression of forest fires this year. However, since a great many fires without the National Forests have occurred and have not been reported, owing to the inefficient system of voluntary fire-wardens, it is impos- sible to secure an accurate total. The figures of loss, then, during 1914, are necessarily incomplete for areas outside the Nationai Forests. During the year there have been comparatively few heavy winds, such as marked the summer months of 1913. Although the vegetation became dry, the atmosphere has been exceptionally cool and moist during the greater part of the summer. This, naturally, had its fortunate effect upon the number and seriousness of forest fires. The Federal Forest Service has given the fire situa- tion added consideration by maintaining extra fire patrols and forest guards. The State Forester, so far as his limita- tions would permit, has made every effort to reduce the fire damage by making forest fire prevention popular. There has been rigid prosecution of offenders against the State and Federal forest laws. Throughout the summer it has been proved that the damage actually done has been small in com- parison to the damage averted. The Sisson fire was controlled at an expense to the Forest Service of about $25,000.00. However, a great many thousand dollars worth of property would undoubtedly have been destroyed had the fire not been fought. Our inadequate state forest law handicaps the State Forester in handling just such fires. There were 1,971 forest fires reported in 1913 within the State, while the incomplete report for 1914 shows 1,330. Forest fires, since January, 1913, have caused the loss of four human lives in California. Forest fire conditions, outside the National Forests, are going to remain approximately the same, modified slight- ly each year by favorable or unfavorable weather conditions, until the State establishes and maintains an adequate protective policy. And this can be done only through proper legislation. The attempt to secure such legislation is constantly being made by promoters of an effective state forest law. In the past these efforts have been defeated by opposition based largely upon selfishness. THE CANADIAN DEPART VIE Ne By Ev_twoop WILSON The Hon. O. T. Daniels, Attorney General of the Province of Nova Scotia, is investigating the practicability of reforestation by planting in his Province and also the methods of fire protection in use in various sections with a view to improving local conditions. Since the survey made of the Forest Resources of Nova Scotia by Dr. Fernow in 1911 there has been an awakening of public sentiment to the necessity of conserva- tion. The Maritime Provinces have been a little behind the others in this work and Nova Scotia is to be con- gratulated on making a start. Mr. G. C. Piché, Chief Forester of Quebec, with his Assistant, Mr. A. Bedard, have just issued as “Bulletin No. 2” a pamphlet entitled ‘Etude sur les Forets de la Province de Quebec.”’ This is largely a compilation from the records and shows: the forested areas of the Province, the forested areas of the whole of Canada, the value of forest products by kinds for Canada, the areas privately owned and under license in Quebec, Quebec’s Forest Reserves, list of names of trees occurring in Quebec, in Latin, French and English, the total quantities of wood cut since 1871 and the revenue derived therefrom. There is also a table show- ing the number and species of all the trees on forty-five acres of land. 894 Mr. Alan Parlow, of the Canadian Society of Forest Engineers, has gone to England with the first Canadian Contingent. Owing to the urgent need of pit props, telephone and telegraph poles in England, the Quebec Government has removed the restriction which forbids the export of unmanufactured wood, insofar as it applies to these articles. The Quebec Government held a sale of timber lands to be operated under license on October 20th. 1,036 square miles were sold, mostly in small tracts, for an average price of $238.00 per square mile. The Forestry Department of the University of New Brunswick has opened the scholastic year under favor- able auspices, with about thirty-two students. Under Professor R. B. Miller, this Department has done excellent work, the graduates showing up well. Three are District Foresters in British Columbia. Professor W. N. Miller, formerly Inspector of Forest Reserves in the Dominion Forestry Service, has been appointed to succeed Mr. A. H. D. Ross as lecturer on Mensuration, Utilization and Protection. THE CANADIAN DEPARTMENT Mr. J. -E. Rothery, of the firm of Vitale & Rothery of New York, has just finished the field work of a survey and reconnaissance for the James McLaren Co. of Ottawa, covering about 2000 square miles. The Forestry Work of the Canadian Pacific Railway, with Eastern Head- quarters in Montreal, has been trans- ferred from The Department of Natural Resources to that of Operating. This work is in charge of Mr. B. M. Winegar, who studied at the University of Michigan. Owing to the war it is probable that the Forestry Congress which was to have been called by the Premier Sir Robert L. Borden, in Ottawa in January, 1915, will be postponed. All the lumber Companies in Eastern Canada are curtailing their cut some- what on account of the war. In common with the Pacific Western States, British Columbia experienced a very dry and bad fire season, the worst in many years. Figures so far available are as follows: Total area burned, over 300,000 acres; of this over 200,000 was old burn or slash. Nearly 50,000 acres was valuable second growth. Over 15,000 was mer- chantable timber. Over 60,000,000 F. B. M. merchantable timber was killed, of which over '/; is salvageable. Nearly 400 miles of fire lines were built in fighting the different fires. The total number of fires was about 1500, of which over 400 cost money to extinguish. The total cost of fire fighting was approximately $100,000. In one big fire on the tributary of the Barriere River a whole train was chartered to carry fire fighters from Kamloops, the nearest town, to the scene of the fire. The figures above show that the expense of fire fighting has been great and that a large area has been burned over. The amount of merchantable timber destroyed is, however, compar- atively small, the chief damage being 895 young growth.