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Acree ni caeeene aerate 75 Gilbert evel lserantlel en bye rani. eaters lets ais tk teetme eiceleercte end tae 563 (Goce) Olas Iie eina(o Gal lace Ate DERE An IO AeA OAGre sacar once 105 (GranGs, Jain Sy ein Vine asacoaseosandenocsonosmasgaces 24 Grose leawmence UR aAntiClebynant-rr acces cieleiseleeideisiers ister 469 HMarshberser a Ontiy Wry autiCle: Dy) sy-trariere setels terete erases eiebare = 687 lcGhleyee Gatley antiGle: Dynastar ls crlvetcia| ve c)-teteieleleleteler= eleterslerers 664 aes ar AIS times sclltiG en Dvameets eieiacini cle esis toxtiasls, sperterershoterete 3 281 level me anti chen viahercnsmrstaaetres aysierete otis cra weldcremmeye 685 EMC ans) res APRS el HL CLE DY per oyaicx.s-lavelclerereraraverexeisisi steven ef oeini ae 417 lonston lone Davide anticles bye tale) teeters eiete ciel 45; 153; 750 OGiei ATL UG matbCleM Dyn aincrlstercieici-rycrtalel stores slelcteaa ever 92 Weare Etons) Eran kelign ke atti Gle) Dyess erateyare/<1< aicieiciay>. 173 McAlester s Ieonew Piney sei cres-pacercs st touas beat tot os steters o/ei Seetatels 658 Maple Sugar, Making—Bristow Adams Sor coe eee eee 158 Maryland SS tate wbionestiyaimee cms artsekietetetetieiiertae rere atetel are 367 Medicines nnees in— ohm Ootercs «ste ieieleiicie-verne ante aeioerciere 648 Mesa Verde and Casa Grande National Parks—Mark Daniels 139 Mid oVWestmboLestry, Associations .c<-res eer aeecrisa 4 aments; one-ha size. 4 . . sion of burned forest 3. A winged seed. the commercial oil of d 1 4. A stroble scale, enlarged. ; 1 areas or abandoned 5. « winter branch. wintergreen. The pleas- 6. 7 fields, but is short-lived and unable to compete with other trees that spring up in its grateful shade. The European white birch (Betula alba) is often planted for ornament and is the only other tree that is liable to be mistaken for either white or paper birch. It is so closely related to paper birch that the latter is generally considered a botanical variety of the European species. A very common form has “weeping branches,” another has finely divided “cut” leaves. The bark at the base of large trunks has deep, dark-colored furrows. The outer bark has the chalky whiteness of paper birch, but does not so readily separate into thin layers. Sweet birch (Betula lenta) is also known as black or red birch, cherry birch and mahogany birch. It ranges from Newfoundland to northwestern Ontario, southward to southern Illinois and along the Allegheny Mountains to western Florida. Its average size is 50 to 60 feet . Section of a terminal winter branch, enlarged. ant-tasting bark is not the only delightful tid- bit this tree supplies to the woodsman. The sap is sweet and inviting, either in its natural state or when brewed. Strips of inner bark, dried in the spring when it is rich in starch and sugar, have been used for food. Yellow birch (Betula lutea) is an important timber tree of the northern forests. It grows on rich, moist, well-drained soil from Newfoundland to southwestern Ontario and northern Minnesota south to Delaware, and in the Appalachian Mountains to North Carolina and east- ern Tennessee. Its ordinary size is 60 to 80 feet in height, and 2 to 3 feet in diameter. In form it closely resembles the sweet birch, but tends to have a more spreading habit. Its bark has a distinct dingy yellow color and the outer portion can be pulled away in thin, filmy ribbons. Young trees have smooth, glistening, sil- very bark, and for this reason the tree is called by some THE BIRCHES } i; <=, OPS % es yyarnnt02 KSiLiMg AREA OF BIRCH GROWTH the silver birch. A little later in life the bark becomes tinged with yellow and the surface is broken in long lines and rolls back in a ragged fringe. Large trunks, especially near the base, lose most of the tattered silvery- yellow bark, becoming dark gray or reddish, and rough- ened by deep, irregular furrows and thick plates. The bark of the twigs has a slight wintergreen odor and a bitter taste. The bark burns very readily when dry and is often used for starting camp fires. Dead yellow birch trees are a danger in case of forest fires, because the fire flashes along the shaggy bark to the top of old stubs, and if a high wind is blowing, pieces of flaming bark are carried long distances ahead of the fire to start a new blaze. River birch (Betula nigra), frequently called red, blue, black or water birch, is a medium-sized tree, 30 to 50 feet high and 1 to 2 feet in diameter, but occasionally reaching a height of 100 feet and a diameter of 5 feet. As its name indicates, it is found along streams and on other moist soils. Nature uses this tree as a dyke- builder, as the matted roots hold the soil deposited along stream banks by floods. It is sometimes planted to pre- vent stream banks from washing away. River birch is native from Massachusetts to Florida and west to Minnesota, Kansas and Texas. The bark is even more ragged than yellow birch, and, like the latter, the outer layers peel off in lustrous, silky scales. The delicate pink-brown or chocolate color of the bark sepa- rates it easily from all other birches. The twigs are red and shining, and are especially graceful as’ they droop beneath the heavy masses of dark green foliage. Western birch (Betula occidentalis) is a tree 100 to 120 feet high, 3 or 4 feet in diameter, that grows very sparingly in northwestern Washington and southwestern British Columbia. Kenai birch (Betula kenaica) is a small tree found only on the coast of Alaska. Mountain birch (Betula fontinalis), as its name im- plies, is a mountain species. It is a small tree, or more often a shrub, growing from British Columbia to Colo- rado and west to the Sierra Nevada Mountains of cen- tral California. 197 Alaskan white birch (Betula alaskana) is also a small- sized tree. It resembles paper birch and in portions of Alaska it is quite abundant on sunny slopes. It grows from the Saskatchewan valley to the valley of the Yukon River. The different species of birch have a number of points in common. The bark has peculiar horizontal markings due to the lengthening of the breathing pores as the tree grows in diameter. The buds are small, pointed, and cov- ered by overlapping scales of various shades of brown. They stand singly and have an alternate arrangement on the stem. The leaves of all species are very much alike in appearance and occur singly or in pairs, but never stand opposite each other. They resemble an WHITE OR PAPER BIRCH Tangential or bastard cut, the common method of sawing this species of wood. Radial cut (quarter sawn). ‘The pitch rays are quite inconspicu- ous in the wood because o their small size. The pollen-producing and seed-forming flowers are borne on different parts of the same tree. spring before or with the leaves. The pollen-producing flowers are long, tassel-like bodies with a yellow or brown tinge, and hang down from the ends of the twigs. The greenish seed-forming flowers appear below those that produce the pollen and are rather small and slender, standing nearly erect. The fruit is a narrow cone- like structure one-half to three inches long. The scales which compose the fruit bear tiny, flattened chestnut- brown nuts. These nuts are provided with two small, arrowhead in shape and have saw-toothed edges. They appear in early 198 AMERICAN thin wings, by means of which they travel long distances through the air. Paper birch and white birch have especially light seeds and for this reason are among the first trees to come up where forest fires have killed the vegetation. The natural germinating bed for seeds of sweet and yellow birch is the ground of an old forest where there is plenty of shade and moss. Where birch trees grow near streams, great quantities of seed are carried by the water to points remote from the parent trees. ‘The birches bear seed in abundance, but the seeds must be kept moist after they fall or they lose their vitality. its fruit about June; the other species ripen and scatter their seeds in the autumn. In mid-summer it is not unusual to find the ground near river birch-seed trees entirely carpeted with birch 5) seedlings 2 or 3 River birch ripens inches high. Near a group of river birches growing in the Mississippi River bottomlands in Wisconsin, 19,790 birch seedlings, three months old, were counted on a plot 6.6 feet square. At this rate nearly 20,000,000 seedlings were growing on a single acre. Another plot measured in a nearby thicket of 3- FORESTRY year-old seedlings, 2 to 4 feet high, proved that 137,000 seedlings of this size would grow on an acre. Ina similar birch thicket where the trees were about 17 years old, 3,270 trees were still living in spite of their fierce fight with each other for the soil and sunlight necessary for their growth. They ranged in height from 25 to 50 feet. ‘The majority were only 1 to 3 inches in diameter, Properly thinned, according to the principles of forestry, this stand of although a few measured 5 inches. 17-year-old trees contained only 660 trees per acre. It was found that such thinning more than doubled the rate of diameter growth of the trees that were left. All kinds of birches grow rather slowly, but rank high for planting for ornamental purposes. The best for this use are paper birch, European white birch, sweet birch and river birch. They have a finely divided, spread- ing-root system that makes them easy to transplant. All grow best in rich, well-drained soil, but do well in dry, sandy land. River, yellow and sweet birches can be planted successfully in rather moist locations. ‘The white birches are comparatively short-lived, especially when growing in dry soils, and are frequently subject to attacks from bark and wood borers. The Products and Uses of Birch HE birches hold an important place in the list of American timber trees. Sweet birch and yellow birch are by far the most valuable, but the paper, gray, and river birches have a variety of practical uses. The species found in the westérn part of North America are too small or of too scattered growth to be commer- cially important. The wood of all birches is heavy, hard, strong and of fine texture. ‘The sap wood is white; the heartwood has a pleasing brown color tinged with red or yellow. ‘The wood shrinks considerably in drying and is not durable when exposed to the weather. How- ever, it works well, and because of its beautiful satiny luster it is exceedingly handsome when polished. Sweet birch lumber is produced in commercial quan- tities in all of the States east of the Mississippi River except Illinois and the Gulf States. It nowhere forms extensive stands but is found mixed with other hard- woods. Because of its valuable qualities, the supply of sweet birch is being steadily diminished. settlement of the country of the finest sweet birch In the early the fertile tracts where some grew were cleared for farms and the logs were burned. Birch is an ideal firewood and large quantities were used for fuel from Maine to Mich- igan, before the value of the wood was realized. Dur- ing the past thirty or forty years the sawmills have been cutting sweet birch and what now is left is a mere rem- nant of the former supply. The wood of sweet birch is stiff and strong and the principal objection to its use arose through the diffi- culty which was experienced in seasoning the lumber, since it warped badly. Probably the most important use for birch lumber at the present day is for various kinds of furniture. The advantages of the wood for this purpose are that it is dense and even-grained, has good milling qualities, and will take and hold almost any kind of finish. Boston furniture makers very early discovered that sweet birch wood could be treated so as to imitate mahogany in appearance. It can also be treated so that it closely resembles cherry. The dark red heartwood is so beautiful that today it is not necessary to sell it under a false name, although this is often done. As a furniture wood, chairs of all descriptions consume the largest quantity of sweet birch lumber. Desks, church fittings, tables, cupboards, bookcases and filing cabinets are a few of the important articles of furniture made wholly or in part of this lumber. The beauty of sweet birch has caused it to be selected for the outside wood of many musical instruments. Its hardness and strength make it valuable for piano ham- mers, the framework of pianos, and pipes for organs. Almost every kind of musical instrument in which wood is used has drawn upon sweet birch for material. This wood holds quite an important place as a vehicle wood. It is sometimes used in the bodies of automobiles and fine carriages, and also in other parts of automobiles, such as seat frames, floors, dash boards, steering wheels and spokes. Although used for the hubs of light carts and buggies, it is not so good as elm and oak for this 'The information contained in this article is drawn largely from Bul. 12, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. THE PRODUCTS AND USES OF yurpose. Birch is also employed to a considerable extent pury plo} for panelling in railway cars. The wood of sweet birch makes a handsome and dur able floor, if it is thoroughly seasoned when laid. It is a choice lumber for finishing the interior of high-class dwellings. Such use includes ornamental columns, newel osts, Stair rails and spindles, moldings, mantels, window I ] g and door frames. Doors made of sweet birch are especially attractive. Wood with a curly or wavy grain is often used in this class of work. Much sweet birch lumber is also used for ceiling and wainscoting. It is a favorite wood for finishing and fixtures in offices, stores, banks, bars and hotels. In the manufacture of artists’ materials this wood is selected for easels, rules, palettes and panels for oil paint- ing. Considerable birch is used in the finish of high- ALL is highly prized as raw material for THESE ARE MADE OF BIRCH 3irch novelty turnings. One fac tory alone manufactures nearly 1,000 different articles. The photo graph shows turned boxes, buttons, spools, shoe tree plugs, etc., made from paper birch. class canoes, motor boats and yachts. It is a favorite for billiard tables and cues and even billiard balls. Dumb- bells, Indian clubs, croquet mallets and balls, and build- ing blocks, and similar articles are mostly made of birch. Since the European war the demand for gunstocks has been so heavy that this wood has been extensively sub- stituted for walnut. It also enters into the manufacture of agricultural implements, broom and brush handles, tackle blocks, picture frames, tripods, instruments and tools. It is used to some extent in slack barrels, wooden- ware, coffins and work benches. A long list of other uses might be mentioned. Yellow birch is not so widely distributed in the United States as the sweet birch, but in New York and the BIRCH BIRCH PRODUCTS fhe annual consumption of yellow and sweet birch by the furniture in- dustry amounts to over 50,000,000 feet This material is purchased in the form of lumber and dimension squares and is used for all types of both house and office furniture Birch when properly finished makes a splendid imitation fur mahogany, and is often treated in this way Lake States it is a highly important lumber-producing tree. As a furniture wood it is not considered the equal of sweet birch, but cannot be easily distinguished and is much used. The natural grain of the wood, when fin- ished, is not as soft and lustrous as that of sweet birch, but the furniture made from it 1s handsome, strong and substantial. It is used both as an outside and inside wood in the manufacture of desks, tables, stands, chairs, benches, filing cabinets, and fixtures for stores, offices, banks and bars. In the manufacture of vehicles yellow birch is well fitted for certain uses because it is hard, strong and stiff, and is employed in much the same manner as sweet birch. It enters to a large extent into the manufacture of wooden dishes and handles of many kinds; also pill boxes, school supplies and other novel- ties. ‘The miscellaneous uses of yellow birch range from For either the sweet birch or the paper birch is preferred to grain doors down to toothpicks. most purposes yellow birch, but wherever the latter is used it gives good satisfaction because it is one of the stiffest and strongest woods obtainable. jj BIRCH IS HIGHLY PRIZED AS A TURNING WOOD lor this reason it is extensively employed in the manufacture of twisters, speeders and bobbins for use in textile mills The photograph shows various styles of thes« articles in the rough and the squares from which they are made 200 AMERICAN Yellow birch and sweet birch, with beech, furnish 90 per cent of all the hardwood used in destructive dis- tillation in the United States. Mull waste and cordwood from material that remains are carried to large plants, in the woods after logging where the wood is heated Wood alcohol and acetic acid are driven off in gaseous form by the heat, and the vapors are then condensed and purified. to a high temperature in retorts. FORESTRY heavy and hard to handle on account of the sap, but when dry it becomes fairly light in weight. The wood rots The bark is durable, because the oil it contains keeps out moisture The appearance of the bark often gives a clue to the quality of the wood. ‘Trees with dark-colored, close bark are apt to have tough, very quickly in contact with the ground. and prevents rapid decay. BIRCH READY FOR THE MILL Tog pond of a large Wisconsin sawmill containing several million feet of hardwood logs ready A large majority of to be manufactured into lumber and other logs are birch. timber products. charcoal which remains in the retorts is used as fuel for the home, bakeries and shops; in blast furnaces; in the manufacture of gunpowder, and for filtration in sugar refineries. ‘The wood alcohol is used for fuel, but principally as a solvent in making varnishes and shellacs, and in the manufacture of dyes, artificial leather and la The acetate of lime and is then refined to make ether, ace- other commodities. acetic acid is recovered as tone, acetic acid and wood vinegar. Acetone is a neces- sity in the manufacture of smokeless powder. The wood of sweet and yellow birch is so hard and strong, resisting the cutting of the rails, that it is now in demand for railroad ties. Since the wood in its natural state will decay in three or four years after it is placed in the ground, the ties are creosoted before they are put in the track. At the creosoting plant, after the bark is removed, the ties are loaded on trucks and run into long steel cylinders. The ends of the cylinders are tightly closed and creosote oil is pumped into them and forced into the ties under pressure. ‘The creosote penetrates deep into the wood and prevents fungi from attacking and rotting it. ‘The life of the tie is thus increased to 12 or 16 years, or more. Paper birch is at present commercially most impor- tant in New England, but Minnesota has a large supply This wood is of medium weight and hardness, strong, tough, that offers excellent opportunity for development. close grained and of uniform texture. Green wood is The stringy wood, while those with chalky-white, papery bark generally have smooth, easily worked wood. Its even grain and smooth, clean surface when worked, its ability to hold its shape after seasoning, combined with ithe ease with which it can be shaped on the lathe, makes paper birch especially valuable for the manu- facture of spools, shoe pegs, shoe shanks (used in moulding the instep of certain styles of shoes), dowels, toothpicks and many wooden novelties where a nice fin- ish is required. More than half the cut of paper birch in New England, exceed- ing 40,00 cords per year, is manufac- tured into spools. About 3,000 cords are used in New England each year in the manufacture of toothpicks, furnishing more than half the total output. Wood for this use is specially selected and is $20 to $25 for worth per cord. Wooden boxes tacks, face powder and these salves, one-piece trays, curtain rings, Lumberman. Americas A TYPICAL PIECE OF BIRCH TIMBER A yellow birch butt log lying in the forest ready for removal to the sawmill. ‘This is typical of the timber which the forests of Wis- consin produce. clothes pins, pail handles and hundreds of similar articles are very largely made of paper birch. The wood is too soft for hardwood lumber and not sufficiently striking in appearance to be popular for fur- nittre or interior finish. It is too perishable for use in the open without preservative treatment. It is adapted THE PRODUCTS AND USES OF BIRCH for making paper pulp, as are the other birches, but the supply is not large enough to make this use important. Some of this wood is also employed in the manufacture of excelsior, and for staves, heading and hoops for slack cooperage. For turnery and many other uses the white sapwood only is used. Trees 5 or 6 inches in diameter, growing under favorable conditions, are prac- tically all sap wood, but larger trees begin to form heart- wood, which has an objectionable red color—the so-called “red heart’’—that reduces the value of the wood. The Indians and early settlers used the bark of paper birch for berry buckets and containers for maple sugar, by stripping it off in rolls the size of a stove pipe or larger. Many thoughtless berry pickers still follow the custom, thereby causing the death of many trees. The Indian not only frequently covered his lodge with sheets of paper birch bark, but made the famed birch-bark canoes of it. These canoes were ribbed with cedar and then covered with large sheets of bark. ‘The seams were sewed with threads made of the roots of spruce or cedar and closed with the pitch from Balm of Gilead. John Burroughs writes: “The great triumph of the birch is the bark canoe. The design of a savage, it yet looks like the thought of a poet and its grace and fitness haunt the imagination. | suppose its production was the inevitable result of the Indian’s wants and surroundings, but that does not detract from its beauty. It is, indeed, one of the fairest flowers the thorny plant of necessity ever bore.” The principal use of the bark today is for souvenirs, in which there is a considerable trade. Ss GLACIER PARK LAUNCH FINISHED IN BIRCH In boat building a little over one million feet of birch is nually, the wood being employed principally as interior cabins of motor boats, launches and similar pleasure craft. used an- finish for White birch is found in commercial quantities in New England and northern New York. It has light, soft, weak wood, which decays quickly when exposed to the weather. It is used quite extensively in the manufacture of tools, shoe pegs, barrel hoops and wood pulp, and like all other birches is often cut for fuel. River birch is as plain a wood as can be found in the forests of this country, and all its uses are based 201 on service or convenience. In Louisiana it is considered one of the best obtainable woods for ox yokes, many of It is stronger and stiffer than white oak, and much lighter. It is also used to some extent for slack barrel headings and for the bands which stiffen the tops and sides of peach baskets. The wood bends in a satisfactory manner, which which are needed in lumbering operations. BIRCH FOR INTERIOR TRIM Birch is extensively employed as interior trim in house construction, It ranks eleventh in this industry and can be obtained in any of the various standard forms of finish into which other species of finish woods are manufactured. and panel work. Birch is especially prized for door is an important point in places where it is cheaper than elm. It makes a desirable flooring where hard service rather than handsome appearance is a requirement, as in It is employed as a overlaid with a warehouses, barns and factories. furniture wood for frames or to be veneer of more expensive woods. It is also a common wood for all kinds of woodenware, such as picnic plates, butter dishes, kitchen utensils, small handles, washboards, and ironing boards. It is light wood, impervious to water and easy to work. VERMONT ACQUIRES LARGE AREA HE Vermont Forestry Department has just con- clud the purchase of a tract of about 2,000 acres This property, added to the one acquired a year ago on the west lying on the east side of Mount Mansfield. side of the range, makes the total area about 5,000 acres. The Mansfield Forest thus becomes not only the largest State forest in Vermont, but, next to the Crawford Notch forest in New Hampshire, the largest in New England. It is understood that the State of New Hampshire paid $100,000 for the Crawford Notch property of 6,000 acres, Mansfield Forest Vermont about However, in the former case the timber was while the will cost $13,500. included in the purchase, whereas funds were not avail- able for the Vermont Forestry Department to purchase the merchantable timber. A fairly satisfactory arrange- ment has been made by the State Forester with the grantors whereby they agree not to cut spruce and fir trees which are less than 10 inches in diameter; and hemlock and hardwoods less than 15 inches, all trees to be measured at breast height. ihexGrand Canyon of the Colorado By Mark DANIELS Former Superintendent of National Parks OR years I have read descriptions of the Grand Canyon with about the same feeling one would peruse Joe Miller’s joke book. I have marveled at the conceit of those who had the temerity to essay the task and laughed at their frantic efforts to convey some- thing of its impressiveness by the mere use of words. Icarus, with his wings of wax, was not more presumptu- ous, though he came nearer to attaining his ambition. Yet, here am I, after marveling at the courage of those who have so fearlessly launched their frail bark of metaphor upon the tossing sea of description, engaged upon the selfsame task. free to state, however, that mine is the valor of ignorance. Senator James D. Phelan said, in native State, “You can’t tell the truth I am speaking of his about California without lying about it.” If this 1s true about California, and nothing has occured to my knowledge to justify a doubt of the Senator’s veracity, it goes double for the Grand Canyon. With the Senator’s recital as a premise, any little statement which may here appear that cannot be verified will be considered, I hope, as one made in order to bring out the truth about the Grand Canyon. The average person’s conception of a canyon is a gorge in which a river runs through the mountains. Mountains in some way seem to be part and parcel of a canyon. ‘The first feature at the Grand Canyon which strikes one, therefore, is the almost absolute level of the surrounding territory. One begins to wonder why the water did not spread over the landscape and thereby fail to cut a channel. It is these very level rims that add r LOOKING NORTHWEST This photograph, better perhaps than any other in this article, gives an idea of the tremendously impressive sight of the yawning gorges the canyons, peaks and plateaus. majestic boldness of 202 FROM NEAR PIMA POINT, GRAND CANYON and the THE GRAND CANYON OF THE COLORADO — This attractive place, so much to the grandeur of the spectacle, for they admit the of a sweep of the vision up and down the canyon for plateau which extends backward for a mile or so, grad- many miles. The Canyon proper is over 60 miles in length, from 10 to 14 miles in width and of 4,400 feet in the vicinity of El To- var. I have been that the about as advised above is far as any sane in- dividual should at- with serious description of this subject, but, like the tempt to go sirens of old, the coral cliffs, yawning abyss, glorious towering and like phrases sing their irresistible gehenna, temples such song that leads to liter- ary destruction. There are really canyons, one above the other. The lower one is two about one thousand feet deep and is in almost solid gran- ite. The walls of this portion are more like the can- yons of the Sierra Nevada in Cali- fornia and they form what is called HERMIT’S REST from \ the head of the Hermits Rim road. which there is a glorious outlook, is at “oranite gorge.” 203 THE EL TOVAR HOTEL From the windows, porches and grounds around this hotel one may see miles of the Canyon, and if no other was to be had the trip would be well worth while. view that is obtained here On the rim of this gorge is a ually merging into the talus piles of the upper cliffs an average depth of that rise 3,400 feet above the plateau. Photograph by Fred Harwey VIEW FROM NEW HERMIT RIM ROAD Here is to be had one of the most wonderful of the many wonderful views at the Canyon. It is on the way to the new Hermit Trail, which, because it is a much easier descent than the Bright Angel Trail, is yearly becoming more popular. From the upper rim the plateau, over a half mile below, appears smooth enough to make an afternoon ride on horseback a delight of cantering and posting, but as a matter of fact it is so rough and brol- en with piles of boulders as to make a trip over it well nigh impossi- le, Woere is a trail, so called, that leads from the Her- mit Trail along the rim to the Bright Aizwil, loys from personal ex- Angel perience it is not, in my opinion, ad- visable to take the trip, although quite a number of people have tried it. The Canyon bot- tom is reached by trail in two places, one right below the the other at a point about 20 miles up the river. These tiasulismeane the hotel and two known as 204 AMERICAN Bright Angel and the Hermit Trails. The former 1s perhaps the most terrifying horse trail in America, if not in the world. In many places it is built out from the vertical cliff and overhangs a thousand feet of depth below. While the trail it not as dangerous as some in the Yosemite National Park, or in the Mount Whitney country, it nevertheless possesses those curious character- istics which tend to make one recall the past with that suddenness which leads to prayer. From the upper rim none of those imps of terror are visible and the uninitiated approach the first few yards of the downward trail with just about that degree of nonchalance with which one might expect to see a professional golfer step on to a putting green. But he soon learns that this is no way to “address” the Bright Angel Trail, for his “stance” must be taken from the back of a long-suffering mule. Since we have fallen into the vernacular of golf, I would say that the carry is one that has never yet been properly estimated. At first glance, and even after some study, the distance seems moderate and the hazards The latter, however, is the greatest mistake of all for, with all due trivial, with few opportunities for putting. FORESTRY regard to the excellence of the hotel’s cuisine, putting is the principal pastime of the novitiate on the Bright Angel Trail. On one trip to the Canyon, I saw an elderly Irishman repeatedly calculating the distance to the bot- tom. I asked him if he intended to make an attempt and he said he thought he would, that he figured he would have just about enough time to reach the river below When I remonstrated he said it was an easy matter for him. I watched him start, and I saw him, less than a third of the way down, turn and head back. ‘That evening I said to him, “Did you reach the bottom?” “No,” he replied, “Oi didn’t get as far-r as Oi thot Oi wud—but thin Oi didn’t and return for dinner. about 2 p. m. think Oi wud Everyone who visits the canyon seems possessed of the ambition to descend to its bottom. No doubt he is led by that same ambition which prompts the average traveler, for the first few days, to order and eat everything upon The result, too, is about the same, for after the experiment he frequently can All admoni- tions of the guide to close the eyes and let the mule do an American-plan bill of fare. hold nothing on his stomach but his hand. Fred Harvey Photograph by LOOKING OVER THE RIM NEAR EL TOVAR HOTEL At this point the canyon is about 4,400 feet deep, and it is possible to see up and down the canyon for many of its sixty miles of length. are difficult to judge fourteen miles wide but does not seem so because distances here It is The Bright Angel trail starts close to the hotel. THE GRAND CANYON OF THE COLORADO the work are fruitless. You know you are going to fall off anyway and with your eyes open you may have your downward trip brightened by the sight of others in flight. To me, the trip down does not enhance the glory of the picture that one carries away after a view from the rim. In fact it detracts from it. The canyon is THE the monument to Major POWELL MONUMENT John J Wesley Powell showing the altar and bronze tablet. The monument was designed along the lines of the old Aztec sacrificial and ritualistic structures with as little of the elements of modern design as _ possible. A view of It is a sight to behold, one to study day after day from various points on the rim, and one the contemplation of which is calculated to the The effect of intimacy is apt to prove iconoclastic. Of course, not a place that invites intimacy. tax the imagination and inspire observer. if a trip in the canyon is approached in the proper spirit and is planned to admit of several days’ sojourn in its depths, the real inner spirit of the place is sure to be felt. I can imagine nothing more wonderful than a few nights spent on the lower plateau with the brilliant stars seen above as from the bottom of a well and the moon- light and dark shadows making vast temples and pyramids of the cliffs and buttresses of the canyon walls. But most people do not do this. They merely mount a mule and scream their fainting way down the trail and back again, after which they hustle aboard the train in frantic haste to reach home and tell their friends of the har- rowing experience. The Hermit Trail is a much less terrifying route. It is laid on an easier grade, is fairly wide and seldom skirts the face of the cliff. Were it not for the fact that it leaves the rim at a point some miles from the hotel, it Due to the fact that a certain active and imaginative resident of the would no doubt be universally patronized. State of Arizona has plastered almost all of the canyon with mining claims, it is impossible to build a train from rim to river without his consent. As a result the Hermit Trail only goes as far as the granite rim. The hotel interests wished to continue this trail to the river and to build some comfort stations and a structure to house tourists over night on the lower plateau. Such improve- ments are greatly needed, and, if made, would receive 205 But the owner of the claims will not permit any such thing— the hearty approval of those who love the canyon. except for a sum—despite the fact that this is a national monument and supposedly under federal control. Whether any mineral has ever been discovered there or not | has been found, but certainly no deposits in paying quan- do not know. Possibly a trace here and there tities. But then, possibly this enterprising person is going to transmute the metals or disprove the theory that it is impossible to get blood out of a turnip. I venture to say, however, that 1f any gold is taken out of these claims, it will not come from “pockets” in the cliffs. The places for accommodating the tourist in the canyon is most serious obstacle to the development of the lack of water. There are only two or three places above the river in the vicinity of the hotel where water can be had, and at these points the quantity is limited. Of course they are on mineral claims. Nearly every- thing but the scenery is, but this should not excuse the Government from the obligation to either develop or ON NEW HERMIT TRAIL This pathway down the precipitous sides of the Canyon was recently completed and is considered rather easier traveling and less of a strain upon the traveler who may be nervous about descending the steep slopes to the floor of the Canyon. permit others to open up the canyon to those who would like to go through it in some degree of comfort. If one is really bent upon doing the trip properly, and is willing to suffer a few frights, there is but one prac- tical route. rim Start from the hotel and drive along the road some 10 or 11 the the Hermit Trail. There, after due ceremonials incident to a change in the means of locomotion, some really trust- miles to head of worthy mules will be led forth to serve as the ship of 206 AMERICAN state. These mules are really possessed of an unusual degree of intelligence. Without dwelling at length in the usual established way upon the subject of these long- suffering beasts, it is only fair to say that while their appearance is not enticing, before the trip is over, for one reason or another, their riders invariably clasp them around the neck several times with an impassioned hug. The trail from the rim down to the camp on the pla- teau of the Granite Gorge, if taken leisurely, will prove to FORESTRY and the increasing heat brings back, with each step, a deeper longing for a return of the cool shades of the night before. If the heat is not disagreeable, the reck- less way in which the mule steers you around sharp curves, with swinging rudder hanging over cliffs of The trail is none too smooth, and this, coupled with the fact that it frequently runs within a few feet of the cliff, is well calculated to confine attention to that portion of the dizzy heights, is apt to prove very much so. landscape which is within strik- LOOKING EAST FROM HOPI POINT The Major Powell monument on the rim of the cliff may be seen to possess some of the inconspicuous- The materials are the country sandstone, which fact helps to make the The location selected commands a superb view ness which was striven for. structure blend into the landscape. prominent in the general surroundings. former Superintendent of National Parks. be a succession of astounding pictures which may be enjoyed with few distractions, and will bring you to the camp in time to admit of a bath before dinner. The plunge is a luxury seldom anticipated but always appreciated. About 400 yards below the camp there is a pool hollowed out of the sandstone, through which the small stream runs. The sides of the pool are smooth and clean and the bottom is sandy. Never was cool water more welcome to tender, burning feet than the crystal- clear water of this little pool. The spot, too, is in the shady depths of a tributary canyon, and screened from the outside world by towering walls of stone. The luxury of it relegates enameled tubs and crash towels to the realm of darker ages. When the stars come out and the moon rises, the place takes on the aspect of a fairy land, weird beyond the dreams of childhood. The next morn- ing begins the dangerous and terrifying part of the trip along the rim of the Granite Gorge. The sun comes out The monument was designed by the author, Mark Daniels, But to one who is trails, Views up and down the canyon are to be ing distance. accustomed to mountain the scenery is superb. had at every projecting point, with here and there a glimpse of If a day spent on this trail, with the river over a thousand feet below, and the rim over three thousand feet above, will not jar one’s mind the river below. back into a normal sense of the things, probably nothing will. Mr. Irvin relative importance of S. Cobb’s retort to a certain gen- about a trip tleman of San Francisco expresses the effect such has upon most people. Mr. Cobb, so the story goes, this gentleman when it came out that Mr. Cobb had just arrived from a sojourn at the Grand Canyon. was in conversation with In order to leave no doubt in the minds of those present of his own descriptive ability, and to prove that at least two of those present could wield the king’s English with eloquence, the gen- and is yet not tleman in question began a lengthy and glowing description of the canyon. After introducing all of the superlatives at his command, he wound up by asking Mr. Cobb if that great yawning chasm, with its unfathomable depths, its bastioned walls, et cetera, didn’t make him, Mr. Cobb, feel small as he Mr. Cobb hesitated a moment, and said in his drawling way, “It sure did. towering stood upon its noble brink. In fact, when [ got back to my room, I had to climb upon the bureau to shave.” No conscientious or honest description of the Grand Canyon is complete without a note or two on that genus, homo touristii, which does its traveling ‘‘en costume.” Whether this particular variety of the species carries a complete outfit for each stopping place or not cannot be stated, but that the same one will bob up in a different costume in several different places in the same season I can testify. It is not uncommon to see one solemnly stalking the terrace of the hotel on the brink of the can- yon fully arrayed in the accepted theoretical version of a THE GRAND CANYON OF THE COLORADO western bad man’s costume. High-heeled black boots, corduroy breeches, blue flannel shirt, red silk bandana carelessly tied about the throat, with the knot under the chin, sombrero, with the Montana peak, and, yes, the trusty dagger at the hip or fastened to the belt—these constitute the stock costume. Mr. Brandt, who has for the past eight or ten years devoted his energies to the operation of the hotel and the protection of innocent na- tives from wild tourists, described the raiment of one who came to the canyon possessed of a fierce determina- tion not to appear conspicuous amongst his western brothers. He wore the regulation boots, shirt, bandana, and in addition, perhaps to warn some presumptuous bandit of the futility of any attempt to violate his per- son, had thrust a long knife down each boot, while from his hip protruded a .44-caliber horsepistol. ‘Thus arrayed full panoplied for war, a lesson in preparedness, he sat upon the veranda of the hotel for three days without so much as setting foot upon terra firma, and departed silently in the night of the third day. For some time |] wondered at the name of “Montgomery Ward Cowboys” given to such men by the plainsmen and mountaineers of the localities most visited. Upon a recent trip to Chicago I saw in a show window just such a costume draped upon a waxen image, with a note beneath apprising all observers of the fact that such was the only costume that could be fittingly worn west of the Continental Divide. Despite my frequent visits in the Southwest and many friends of long standing who are engaged in various occupations in the arid lands, I have never been quite able to determine just where’ they leave off telling the truth about their country, and begin what they please to term stringing the tenderfoot. As a result, I inclined to be incredulous regarding the various tales of am wild animals, horrible accidents and hairbreadth escapes For instance, I have it upon the authority of no less a person than eters: that which Irvin Cobb jokes about is a living, odiferous reality. He tells me that there is no doubt that there is a Species of skunk infesting the vicinity of the canyon whose bite is hydrophobic. which the guides delight in repeating. Kyne the “hydrophoby skunk” How this can be proven is a mystery to me, for I should be inclined to consider that any person who was fool enough to let a skunk get sufficiently close to bite was possessed of an insanity worse than hydro- phobia before that animal entered the arena. I amalso informed upon the same authority that the tales of wild asses in the canyon are not myths. On the contrary, one may at times get close enough to them to distinguish between those that live on the north and those that inhabit the south side of the canyon. Perhaps one can determine on which side of the canyon an ass lives by the difference between the lengths of the legs on either side, for Tam also told that a wild ass always heads upstream. This naturally would wear the legs on the right side of the inhabitant of the south bank of the canyon shorter than the others, while the reverse would be true for those on the north bank. Be that as it may, there is little doubt that many animals have been frightened out of all 207 semblance of control by the hoards of strangely costumed tourists who visit the district, and choose to cast their lot with the hydrophobia skunk rather than to suffer longer the burden of tourist weight on the repeated trips down the trail. x) 7 Fy] 4 IN TUSAYAN FOREST Along this road and through this forest the visitor is taken to Grand View which, in greater measure than might be expected after see- ing other so-called grand views, justifies its name, The guides are peculiarly adept in fastening a new story upon the first thing at hand, and already new ones are being woven around the recently erected monument to Major John Wesley Powell which has just been com- pleted upon a point of the rim, the designing of which finally fell to the unfortunate writer’s lot. Many plans had been submitted, all of which were most excellent in themselves, but, in the opinion of the judges, not exactly appropriate. ‘To ask one what would be an appro- priate monument for the Grand Canyon is almost compar- able to asking what would be a fitting statue for heaven. In the opinion of many, a mere pile of stones with a tab- let might have been best, but there was the appropriation which Congress made way back in 1909, the bronze tablet to Major Powell already cast, and something had to be done for the money. ‘The monument, as built, is pat- terned after the design of an old Indian sacrificial altar, which consists of a pyramid forming a raised platform, on which the altar proper was placed to receive the bloody sacrifice. The monument is as like a pile of stones as any structure could reasonably be, and is perhaps as inconspicuous as might be desired. 208 : AMERICAN Not long ago, shortly after the monument was finished, He told her that it was on the spot where the last of the a tourist asked her guide what the structure was. Aztecs, a nomadic group since lost, had sacrificed an She seemed to sense a When she read American officer to their gods. certain tendency toward anachronism. the tablet she cried, “Why, this is to Major John Wesley Powell, who discovered the canyon.” Unabashed, he replied, “Sure, he discovered the canyon. That’s why they killed him.” Perhaps it is not right to write of the Grand Canyon in a light or bantering way, but then, what is one to do? No words can describe it. ‘Io one who has seen it any HOPI INDIANS READY FOR A DANCE Every night in the Hopi House close to the El Tovar Hotel the Indians give their folk dances for the visitors and are the chief attraction of the place when the night comes and the Canyon is robed in dark- ness. attempt at description seems puerile, while to those who have not visited the place serious attempts sound ridicu- It is a place that defies superlatives. It is the Go and see it, and lous. most amazing spectacle on earth. then listen to yourself as you describe it to your friends. $10,000 FOR FORESTRY WORK HE Virginia legislature has appropriated $10,000 a year for the operation of the State Forestry De- partment under the operation of State Forester ints (Ce by Virginia for forestry work. Jones. This is the first appropriation ever made SAMPLE COPIES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY EMBERS of the American Forestry Association having friends interested in trees, woodlands and forests are urged to send their names to the association, and a sample copy of the magazine, AMERICAN Forestry, will be sent to them with the com- pliments of the member. FORESTRY A TREE WITHIN A TREE ERE is a tree growing within a tree. The burned- out old stump of a goosequill redwood (Sequioa semperviren) is serving the excellent purpose of protecting its youthful successor from the winds. The stump and the young tree are on the property of the Glen Blair Lumber Company in Medocino County, Cali- While such a condition fornia. is not uncommon, it Photograph by S. M Bunnell, Pasadena, Cal. GROWING WITHIN ANOTHER TREE A young sequoia in Mendocino County, California, which selected an unusual place to grow and is making headway because it is so well sheltered from the winds is not often found so located that it can be readily pho- tographed. ‘The young tree within the stump, like others at the sides and back of the stump, is a shoot from the roots of the tree which formerly stood there. The original was about 11 feet in diameter and had been broken off in some storm and later burned. The Bird Department By A. A. ALLEN, PH.D. Assistant Professor of Ornithology, Cornell University PUANDING tO ADE RACT Bika ACH year in the United States it is becoming more and more evident that measures are necessary if we would preserve and increase the remnant of our native birds. While the change of con- ditions concomitant with the clearing of the land and the development of agriculture has undoubtedly aided the increase of a few species like the robin and house sparrow, the great majority of birds have decreased very rapidly. cause their food supply has become more plentiful and they require no more shelter than is afforded by the habitations of man and the few shade trees that he may plant about his dwelling. But most birds require more than this. The clearing of the forest and the woodlot, the mania for cutting down hedgerows and cleaning up all waste land has left the warblers, vireos, thrushes, fly- catchers and many others with no place td retreat, no place to raise their kind. It is true that great unbroken stretches of forest are remarkably poor in bird life, but the real deserts exist in the extensive grain. fields and the city parks. Between the forest and the grain field, however, there is a mean which is most favorable to bird life, which admits of ex- tensive and intensive agriculture, of cities and their parks, yet includes abundant provision for birds. This is realized in few places today. ‘The problem is one for the forester as well as for the farmer and for the state. More and more we are coming to realize that it is not sufficient merely to forbid the shooting of birds to promote their increase. We must provide a natural food supply and a place for them to nest. In the last number of AMERICAN Forestry we discussed the problem of the decrease of hole-nesting birds with the growth of modern forestry and the necessity for supplying nesting boxes to replace the natural nesting sites which are fast disap- pearing. The same argument obtains for birds nesting in thickets or cover of any kind. If the country is cleared and no consideration given to the needs of the birds, we must expect a great falling off in their numbers until we have made provision for them. Nor is it suffic- ient merely to set aside pieces of waste land, call them sanctuaries, letting nature take its course and expect these areas soon to supply the whole surrounding country with birds. } direction, be it established by the Government, the com- munity, or the individual, and will probably do more than any other one thing to reestablish our vanishing birds and game. urgent The robin and house sparrow have thriven be- The sanctuary is a long step in the right But just as the forest requires care in order to yield profits, so the sanctuary requires an ex- penditure of thought and: labor to yield birds. The or- dinary city parks are sanctuaries in so far as shooting is prohibited, yet they are usually poorer in bird life than the woodlot, teeming with bird enemies and echoing with the shots of hunters and boys. The reason is not diffi- cult to find. Most parks have been laid out with no A WINTER TABLE CLOTH Horned larks feeding on the snow. Many horned larks are permanent residents in the northern United States, although a distinct migration occurs during February—the lark being the first of the migrant birds to arrive in the northern States. thought as to the requirements of birds; they are lacking in some essential. And so will be our sanctuaries, our reservations, our estates, our farms, our back yards, unless we stop to investigate the needs of birds and seek This can be accomplished by the plant- ing and suitable arrangement of trees, bushes and vines which supply the best food and the largest number of nesting places. to meet them. PLANTING TO SUPPLY FOOD Let us first consider how we may increase the natural food supply. We will omit from consideration at this time the planting of such annuals as millet, sunflowers, buckwheat and kaffir corn which, while of great im- portance about the farm, sanctuary or game reservation, have no direct bearing on the problems of forestry. There are, however, many hardy shrubs and trees known to bear fruit attractive to birds which may well be in- cluded in a general scheme for planting in a sanctuary or in general reforestation. The number of birds which depend upon fruits for 209 210 AMERICAN their sustenance during part of the year, at least, is sur- prisingly large and includes birds of almost every type from the woodpeckers to the thrushes, even the warblers. vireos and flycatchers being fond of some varieties. In planting to supply fruit an effort should be made NEST OF THE HORNED LARK This nest was overtaken by a snowstorm during early April. The horned lark is the first of the smaller native birds to nest, often beginning to build as early as the middle of March so that fre- quently the birds are snowed in while incubating. to select trees and shrubs with different fruiting periods, so that the supply will be more or less continuous. Ii nothing but mulberry trees were planted, for example, the birds would have a surfeit during June, July and August, but would starve during September and Oc- tober. If wild black or bird cherries are added, the birds will be provided for until November. The Virginia creeper and wild grape will hold their fruit through the entire winter, and the hackberry, sumacs and barberry practically throughout the year. ‘These last mentioned, while not so attractive, in the fall, when other fruits are available, are often the means of saving birds during the storms of early spring. Mr. W. L. McAtee, of the Biological Survey, at Wash- ington, has prepared a list of fruit-bearing shrubs and trees attractive to birds, in which he gives the fruiting season of each species. Anyone considering the planting of fruits for birds should consult this list in Bulletin No. 621. Most of these bushes and trees lend themselves to orna Farmers’ mental planting quite as satisfactorily as the more popu- lar shade trees and could be used to great advantage about private grounds as well as in forests and sanctu- aries. Another strong argument in favor of planting the wild fruits is that of protecting the cultivated varieties. In some places the robins and waxwings do much damage to cherries, the catbirds and thrushes to berries, and the warblers to grapes, but in every case it is because there FORESTRY are no native fruits in the neighborhood to supply their need. It is well known that birds prefer the native to the cultivated varieties wherever they are allowed a choice. If one is planning to grow berries where there are birds, he should see to it that there are wild berries somewhere in the vicinity; if he is to grow cherries, he should plant mulberries, June berries, wild cherries, honeysuckle or red-berried elders about his orchard. If the birds bother the apples or pears, there are always the Asiatic service tree, the crab apples and thorn apples that can be offered to them in part payment for the ser- vices which they have rendered at all seasons of the year. The second problem in a bird’s life is that of shelter. Although an abundant supply of food will usually serve to detain birds, they will not remain to nest unless abundant and attractive shelter for raising their young is offered. Broadly speaking, birds prefer bushes and trees having a thick or scrubby method of growth in which to their They likewise show a preference for those which are easy of access to their feeding grounds. In nature, the best feeding grounds are about the edges of forests, in clearings or along streams. Nine-tenths of the birds of a region are found nesting in such places while the center of the woods On a smaller scale the conceal nests. is almost devoid of bird life. same holds true of the woodlot and the thicket, nests are arranged chiefly around the edges. In fact, we might say that the amount of available nesting ground varies directly with the circumference of the woodlots or thickets rather than with their area. A large number WINTER Robins feeding on the berries of the Virginia creeper. ‘These berries remain on the vine all winter or until consumed and are relished by all kinds of birds from the vireos to the woodpeckers. FOOD FOR ROBINS of small thickets or woods, each surrounded by a little open country, therefore, would shelter many more birds than the same area of woods or thicket all in one piece. A few species require extensive growth of forest all THE BIRD DEPARTMENT about them as though to insure safety, but the majority are more dependent upon the clearings. Ideal condi- tions for the nesting of the largest number of birds on a given area would be obtained by covering it with small groups of the proper kind of bushes and trees, each group surrounded by a little open space. This presup- poses, of course, that there is likewise a sufficient supply of food and water. The customary ideas of landscaping held today with scattered groups of bushes and trees are favorable to bird life, especially when consideration is given to the species planted or to the method of clear- ing. In the forests the cutting of fire trails and small clearings tends to increase rather than decrease the bird life for the same reason. This general arrangement of the planting is as important as the actual selection of the species. It is often possible to select for planting trees and shrubs that furnish available fruit as well as nesting sites. values, When the tree combines aesthetic and practical it is highly desirable. Such are the red cedar and Irish junipers among the evergreens, the elms, the hawthorns, the wild rose and Virginia creeper. Below is appended a list of woody plants suitable for attracting birds. Those unmarked bear fruit relished as well, eee”: ee eee: OO ee A FAVORITE LUNCH COUNTER Cedar waxwings feeding on the berries of the mountain ash. A flock will remain about one tree for days or weeks at a time until every berry is consumed. FRUIT-BEARING TREES AND SHRUBS ATTRACTIVE TO BIRDS *Five-leaved Ivy, or Virginia Creeper. Boston Ivy. Sept. -Mar. Red and Black Chokeberries. *Spicebush. July-Nov. *Japanese Barberry. (The berries are not often eaten when other fruits are abundant, but the shubs furnish good nesting sites.) *Common Baprberry. July-June. Black, or Cherry, Birch. Yellow Birch. Red Birch. (All the birches furnish food in fall and winter except the Red, or River, Birch, the fruit of which ripens from June to September.) White Birch. Hackberry. Jan-Dec. *Dogwoods. June-Mar. White-flowering dogwood. (Very desirable for its ornamental value, both in flow- ers and in fruits, as well as for bird food.) Aug.-Jan. Cornelian Cherry *American Hawthorns. Oct.-April. *English Hawthorn. Aug.-March. Weigela, or Diervilla. (The seeds are freely eaten in winter by slate-colored juncos, tree sparrows, redpolls, and pine siskins.) Oleaster, or Wild Olive. Sept-April. Gumi. Japanese Oleaster. (As soon as the fruit ripens in July it is attacked by robins, catbirds, and cedar waxwings, and the tree is soon stripped.) Spindle Tree. (Fruits are eaten by the myrtle warbler.) Wintergreen. Jan-Dec. Black Huckleberry. July-Oct. Shrubby St.-John’s-wort. (In winter slate-colored juncos, tree sparrows, and red- polls are always found feeding on the minute seeds of this plant.) *Common Juniper. *Trish Juniper. *Red Cedar. (A favorite food of cedar waxwings and myrtle warb- lers.) Jan-Dec. American and European Larches. *Common Privet. July-April. Aug.-Feb. July-June. Jan.-Dec. —<—$<$<—<—_—_$$_————— _____.. “Bush Honeysuckles. *Japanese Honeysuckle. *“Morrow’s Honeysuckle. *Ruprecht’s Honeysuckle. *Grapes. Aug.-June. *Tartarian Honeysuckle. *Matrimony Vines. Partridge Berry. Jan-Dec. Mulberries. (One of the best bird foods.) “Bayberry, or Candle-berry. (The best food to attract and hold the myrtle warblers.) July-June. Sour Gum, or Tupelo. July.-Oct. White, Black, and Japanese Spruces. Austrian Pine. Red Pine. White Pine. (All the Pines attract crossbills and grosbeaks.) Mahaleb Cherry. (The best of the wild-cherry European Bird Cherry. Wild Red, or Bird, Cherry Sand Cherry. June-Aug. Wild Black Cherry. July-Nov *FPlowering Crab. (The best winter food northern flickers, pheasants, beaks.) Sept -June. *Buckthorn. Aug.-April. Fragrant Sumac. Jan.-Dec. Shining Sumac. Jan.-Dec. Smooth Sumac. Jan-Dec Staghorn Sumac. Jan.-Dec *Blackberries and Raspberries *Black Elderberry. July-Oct. Red Elderberry. June-Aug Sassafras. July-Oct. Buffalo Berry. June-Oct *Greenbrier. Aug.-June. Nightshade, or Bittersweet. Mountain Ash. (As the bright red berries hang on the trees, about Christmas time, these trees add to a winter landscape by their ornamental appearance. They also furnish very good bird food.) July-April. (Very attractive to birds.) July-April. May-August. bird foods.) June-July. June-Nov robins, TOS- for cedar waxwings, and pine and evening g June-Oct. July-April ANG AMERICAN by birds; those bearing an asterisk furnish also satis- factory nesting sites. To this list, prepared by R. E. Horsey and Wm. L. G. Edson, of Rochester, N. Y., have been added the fruiting seasons as given by Mr. McAtee. Many trees and shrubs not included in the list can be made to serve as nesting sites by the proper sort of pruning. Cutting back such trees as poplars so that whorls of branches are formed, or tying together the branches of such shrubs as the dogwoods increases the number of available nesting sites and has the desired effect. A STAPLE WINTER DIET A gold finch attracted by sunflowers. Many birds are fond of these seeds, especially in winter, and many should be planted just for the birds. The list is not considered complete, but even a super- ficial inspection of it will show how one may very easily select a wide range of shrubs and trees suitable for al- most every kind of planting which will at the same time attract birds by their fruits and by the shelter which they afford. Care should be used to select none which would serve to spread fungus diseases, even though they may be very attractive to birds. The species of currants and gooseberries (Ribes), for ex- various ample, which are often highly recommended as supply- ing bird food, have been omitted from the list because they assist in spreading the dreaded pine blister. In wheat-raising districts, the barberry should be avoided likewise, because it harbors the intermediate stage of the wheat rust. BIRD LIFE IN APRIL “April showers bring May flowers” is a saying of our grandmothers, meaning that while April, itself, is rather unattractive it is a month of promise. And also in the realm of birds, it is scarcely more than a month of FORESTRY promise. The first of the month continues the wave of migration that characterized the end of March and the end announces what is going to happen after the first of May, while the whole middle of the month is rather uneventful. The migrants reaching the northern States during the first week are still those that have wintered in the Gulf States and it is not until nearly the last of April that the barn swallows, spotted sandpipers and chimney swifts herald the return of wanderers from Central and South America. It does not seem like a month conducive to the start- ing of homes and the assumption of family cares. Nevertheless many birds seem unable to await the more temperate May and some begin to build even before the snow has entirely disappeared. Some are those that have been with us all winter, like the chickadees, nuthatches, the South like the robin, the bluebird and the mourning dove. The horned larks begin to nest soon after the mid- dle of March and many are the nests overtaken by the snows of early April. We should expect that the hawks and owls would begin nesting as early as this because their food of mice and birds is ever present, and most of them are far advanced in incubation before the end of the month. One species, however, the sharp-shinned hawk, always waits until after the middle of May before starting to build. A similar paradox occurs with the gold- finches and cedar waxwings, which, while with us all winter, do not breed early lie the other permanent resi- dents, but wait until June or even July. Another strange case is that of the phoebe, which, al- though one of the flycatchers and dependent on insect food, returns to the northern States shortly after the middle of March and sometimes begins nesting before the end of the month while insects are still extremely scarce. They are hardy birds, these April nesters, and many of them raise two or even three broods during the season. GUARDING WHITE PINES N order to safeguard the enormously valuable Western white pine forests from the white pine blister rust now known to have foothold in six Eastern States, and perhaps also in the Ohio Valley, and, second, to avoid the necessity of a burdensome quarantine, the Federal Horticultural Board has requested all Eastern nursery- men not to ship white pines, currants or gooseberries west of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas. The white pine blister rust is a very destructive disease of all white pines, but occurs also in a different form, as a leaf disease, on currants and gooseberries, and may, therefore, be carried to new regions by any of these plants. Like citrus canker and chestnut blight, the white pine blister rust was brought to this country on im- ported nursery stock before the passage of the Federal Plant Quarantine Act. Ninety per cent of the infections now in North America came from a single German nur- An attempt is being made to control the disease in the Eastern States. If this disease should spread to the sery. A CENTURY IN Rocky Mountains and beyond, the Western forests of white pines, which are now among our most valuable trees, will be endangered. At a very conservative esti- mate, the government and private holdings in these for- ests represent a valuation of $240,000,000. Compliance with this request on the part of nursery- men may make it unnecessary for the Department of Agriculture to declare a quarantine covering the known infested States, prohibiting the further interstate move- ment of white pine, currants and gooseberries. With the cooperation of the nurserymen, as proposed, very little, if any, hardship will be experienced, and the protection which a quarantine would give will be secured without restriction on the general nursery trade in the Eastern half of the United States. The States within the range of the Western white pines will be warned of the danger from Eastern nursery stock, of white pines, currants and gooseberries, and the inspectors of all of the Western States will be asked to notify this board of the shipment into their several States of any of the stock referred to from points east of the western line of the States enumerated. If, as a result of this request, no such shipments are made, further ac- tion may be unnecessary. If, nurserymen should ignore this request, it is practically certain that a quarantine will have to be established at an early date however, prohibiting the interstate movement of these plants from the infested States. WOODEN PIPE A CENTURY IN THE GROUND OME exceedingly interesting specimens of wood that have stood the test of time have come to light in Philadelphia recently in the relocating sewers in preparation for the new subway system. At the southwest corner of Washington Square, a section of wooden pipe in excellent condition was chopped out work of where it crossed a trench that was being dug. It was A CENTURY IN THE GROUND This piece of pitch pine was used in Philadelphia as a water pipe. It has a 4-inch bore and the log was about 14 inches in diameter when taken up. It had been in the ground over a hundred years. THE GROUND ails about four feet from the surface of the ground to the center of the pipe. The wood was positively identified as Pinus rigida, or pitch pine. This tree grew to good proportions about here in the early days. From 1790 to 1795, Philadelphia was scourged several time with epidemics of yellow fever, and the water supply was blamed. A “Watering Committee’ accepted the plan of Benjamin Henry Latrobe; the entire system was of wooden pipes, as no others were known then. The total of wooden pipe in use by the city at any one time seems to have been forty-five and a half miles, and it was not until 1817 that the first cast-iron pipe used. was The specimens now being taken out were in the plans of the first system and were undoubtedly laid in the years 1799 to 1801. While the color has been changed slightly clear through the log, and the odor has been affected, the wood still retains a resinous aroma and is firm in texture. The logs used were of a size suitable to the size of bore, which varied from 3 to 6 inches. The specimen photographed had a 4-inch bore and the log was about 14 inches in diameter when taken up. Wood was practically the whole thing in this first water-works system, even the boilers and much of the pumping engines having been of that material. WILL PLANT NUT TREES HE Board of Estimates of Baltimore has approved the city forester’s plan for the planting of fifteen nut trees this spring. City Forester Maxwell ex- pects to use these trees on one of the city reservations where conditions of growth are good and if the experi- ment proves successful to extend the use of nut trees to other city planting. He is trying to initiate the European idea of getting something more than shade service from trees that are planted. He will use either English wal- nuts or pecans in the planting. IDENTIFICATION OF WOODS VER 1,000 samples of wood are annually submitted to the United States Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wis., for identification. ‘The requests vary in importance from one case in which a party wished to know from what kind of wood a particular chess pawn was made to that of a contractor who had thou- sands of ties rejected by a railroad on the ground that they were red oak instead of white oak as specified. As a rule experienced lumbermen can readily distinguish be- tween species commonly handled, but when a particular specimen shows some abnormal growth or discoloration they are in doubt. At the Forest Products Laboratory samples are usually examined under the microscope which makes visible many characteristics not visible to the unaided eye. ‘The distinguishing characteristics of over 400 native and 100 foreign words have been studied and arranged in systematic order for use in identifying samples submitted. The Man Who Loved the Birds John James Audubon, whose birth is commemorated by Bird Day, May Fourth By UESDAY, May 4, is official Bird Day, and the 136th anniversary of the birth of John James Audubon. Dime-novel fiction can produce no more fascinating tale than the life story of this man, whose love for birds was so great that the song of the wood thrush moved him to prayer. Passionately devoted to art and science, filled with boundless energy, he en- dured privation and over- SaMUEL B. DETWILER Within sight of the village, on the hills that line the south side of the Perkiomen Valley, are the ruins of the old lead mine, once the property of Admiral Audubon, the father of John James Audubon. It is reported that these mines furnished lead for many of the bullets used by the American army in the Revolutionary war. A path leads from the mines to Mill Grove, along the steep, forested hillside, and in this Ona 3 (Gass came difficulties that few men would have had the power or courage to en- counter. Aside from the wonderful work, “The Birds of America,’ that remains to perpetuate his fame, the nobility of his life places Audubon among the eminent menof ourcountry. Philadelphians have an especial interest in the life- story of this distinguished naturalist, since it was at his early home near this city that he first conceived his and executed great work. Twenty miles from Philadelphia, at the point where the Perkiomen unites with the Schuylkill and in close proximity to the historic hills of Valley partly Forge, lies Mill Grove Farm, which to Audubon Photo by J. Howard Fell was always “a_ blessed spot.” It was here he the Perkiomen unite that John SPOE oe manhood. spent the carefree days of his young manhood, a paragon of manly beauty, grace and accomplishment. Mill Grove is today as beautiful and peaceful as in Audubon’s time, and, as maintained by its present owner, it is an interesting memorial to the man to whom Bird Day is dedicated. Nestling among the woods that Audu- bon loved, on a sloping terrace overlooking the old mill and lands beautiful Perkiomen, it is still a haven of rest and quiet. Not far distant is Fatland Ford farm, and the mansion where he first met Lucy Green Bakewell, who afterward be- came Audubon’s devoted wife, and through her self- sacrifice enabled him to win success. Further on is the village of Audubon, which was renamed in his honor. 214 the peaceful farm across. the MILL GROVE [t was here, twenty miles from Philadelphia, where the Schuylkill and sylvan retreat the naturalist spent many of the happiest days of his life in studying the birds with which the locality still abounds, and making his drawings and paintings. Audubon has told of his immeasurable joy over the discovery of a method of using wires to mount the subjects of his drawings in attitudes true to life. This discovery was important since it was his ambition to make his paintings accurate not only in color but to portray the characteristic haunts and habits of the birds. A small natural cave formerly ex- tended into the — steep, wooded slope not far above the mill, and here Audubon lived with the birds, learning their ways and painting them in their natural surroundings. He records that it was in this grotto that his bride-to-be first confessed her love for him. The house at Mill Grove was built in 1762 by James Morgan, of Philadelphia. In 1778 it was purchased by Admiral Audubon after a visit to Lafayette at Valley Forge. The old sailor built an addition to the house and took great pride in laying out the grounds. Since 1815 the estate has been in the possession of the Wetherill The present owner, Mr. W. H. Wetherill, has his summer home here, and takes pride in preserving many interesting mementos of the great bird lover. Fatland Ford farm lies on the more elevated land im- mediately south of Mill Grove. ‘The mansion was built in 1760 by James Vaux, and in 1804 was purchased by William Bakewell, a descendant of the Peverils, made old James Audubon spent his young family. THE MAN WHO LOVED THE BIRDS famous in Scott’s novel, “Peveril of the Peak.” This estate also has for many years been the property of the Wetherills. The stately mansion stands in a command- ing position, affording a magnificent view of Valley Photo by J. Howard Fell THE OLD GRIST MILL Mill stone structure was built at Grove before Audubon lived there. This ancient Forge and the Schuylkill Valley. One end of Sullivan’s bridge was not far from the house. General Washington spent a night in this mansion when moving his battered army to Valley Forge, and twelve hours later the British army arrived and General Howe lodged there. ‘The quaint old walled rose garden, the big stone barn, and the old “spring-house’’—the first dwelling house in this locality— are in use today, in a fine state of preservation, monu- ments to the art of the early builders. Audubon’s father was one of a family of twenty children. At the age of twelve he was provided with a shirt, a suit of clothing, a cane and his father’s blessing and sent into the world to find his fortune—which he promptly did. He became a sailor, commanding a ves- sel at twenty-one, owning one at twenty-five, and in ten years more realizing a comfortable fortune. He pur- chased an estate in St. Domingo, and later, in Louisiana, he met and married Anne Moyette. ‘Three sons and a daughter were born to them, John James, the youngest boy, being born May 4, 1780, in New Orleans. A few years later, Madame Audubon was cruelly murdered The elder Audubon returned to France, where he became an admiral in the and the future brought up by a loving and over-indulgent stepmother. From his earliest years his love of nature was highly developed, and this led him to neglect studies for the investigation of the wonders of woods and fields. At this point his father mapped out a course of study, and insisted that he attend diligently to his education, but this program was seriously disturbed by the turmoil of the French revolution. His studies included mathe- matics, geography, drawing, music, fencing and dancing. during a revolution of the negroes in St. Domingo. navy, naturalist was PANS) At Nantes, under the instruction of the great drawing master, David, he first began to make drawings of birds, and completed 200 sketches. His father was anxious for him to win military honors, but this did not appeal to the young man, so he was sent to America to care for his father’s property. Yellow fever was raging in New York when he landed, and he was immediately stricken, but was taken to Morrisville, N. J., by friends and his life saved by care- ful nursing. On his recovery, he proceeded to Mill Grove and found it a delightful place, entirely suited to his romantic nature. After a time his happiness was marred by the arrival of his father’s agent sent to super- intend the who presumed to dictate to the young genius, but who encouraged him to make the study of birds his life-work. The authority ventured by this resented by Audubon, and when raised to his lead mines, great objection agent was Was proposed marriage with Lucy Bakewell, and a plot dis- closed to ship him to India, the spirited youth walked, in three days, in mid-winter, to New York, where he Photographed by J. HIGH Howard Fell THROUGH WOODS FROM COPPER MINE This road, as in Audubon’s time, is a place to delight and the nature student. PATH MILL GROVE TO the bird-lover borrowed sufficient funds to carry him to France. The father supported the son’s action and discharged the unscrupulous agent. However, the young nature student remained with his parents for a year, indulging his taste for hunting, fishing and collecting. At this time 216 Napoleon called for men for his campaign against Russia, and it was decided that John James should enlist in the navy rather than be drawn in a general levy. Later, he ob- tained leave of absence, and, in company with a young They landed in New York after an adventurous passage, and went at once to Mill Grove, where they were mutually happy. One writer gives an interesting account of a visit to Audubon at Mill Grove during this time: “On entering his room, I was astonished and delighted The walls were man named Rosier, sailed for America. to find it was turned into a museum. festooned with all sorts of birds’ eggs, out and thread. The chimney-piece was covered with stuffed squirrels, racoons, and opposums ; likewise crowded with carefully blown strung on a and the shelves around were specimens, among which were fishes, frogs, snakes, liz- ards, and other reptiles. Besides these stuffed varieties, many paintings were arrayed upon the walls, chiefly of birds. He had great skill in stuffing and preserving animals of all sorts. He also had a trick of training dogs with great perfection, of which art his famous dog, Zephyr, was a wonderful example. He was an admirable marksman, an expert swimmer, a clever rider, possessed great activity, prodigious strength, and was notable for the elegance of his figure and the beauty of his features, AMERICAN FORESTRY story of the destruction of a valuable painting by his favorite hunting dog. After finishing a painting of grouse, Audubon went out of the room, leaving his sleeping before the fire. canine companion Awakening suddenly, the dog was deceived by the life-like attitude Photo by J. Howard Fell RUINS OF All that remains of the stamping mill at the old Ecton Copper Mine. OLD STAMPING MILL for bullets This mine is said to have supplied much of the lead war and used by the American army during the Revolutionary it later produced considerable quantities of copper. and he aided nature by a careful attendance to his dress. 3esides other accomplishments, he was musical, a good fencer, danced well, had some acquaintance with leger- demain tricks, and could plait willow baskets.” Audubon had a great fondness for animals of all kinds, especially dogs. His patience is illustrated by the Photo by J. Howard Fell RUINS OF THE ECTON MINE This mine was developed from the mine originally owned by Admiral Audubon, and the ruins are now frequently visited by tourists. of the birds and fell upon them, ruining the canvass. On his return Audubon mildly remarked, “Zephyr, you little know what mischief you have done,” and pro- ceeded to repaint the picture. His love for Lucy Bakewell led Audubon to ask her father for her hand in marriage, but Mr. Bakewell ad- vised him to first enter commercial life and establish a With his friend Rosier, he went to New York and entered a counting house, but quickly lost a con- siderable sum of money through speculation, and demon- strated his lack of business ability by devoting most of his time to the gratification of his natural tastes for the woods. He was given up as a hopeless case by his friends, and returned with Rosier, who was also unsuc- cessful, to the more congenial surroundings of Mill Grove. During the following two years they made sev- eral trips to Louisville, Kentucky, as partners in trading ventures, and then they decided to set up a permanent establishment there. Mill Grove was sold, and on April 8, 1808, Audubon was married to Miss Bakewell, and started on his wed- ding journey to Louisville, arriving after an eventful trip in which his bride was nearly killed. He and his partner were soon settled in business, but while Rosier stayed behind the counter and took care of the trade, Audubon enjoyed the hunting and social life of the planters, with whom he quickly became a favorite. He continued his studies of the birds, and his plan for a “biography of the birds” took definite shape, but the business. THE MAN WHO LOVED THE BIRDS war of 1812 came on and diminished the revenues from their business. ‘They moved to Hendersonville, and started a new enterprise, but this proved a failure. A removal of his business to St. Genevieve, on the Miss- issippi River, below St. Louis, was planned, and Audu- bon set off with his remaining goods loaded on a barge. The trip afforded him a fine opportunity to gratify his taste for the wilderness, for the country through which they passed was an almost unbroken stretch of magnificent hardwood forest, and they were delayed by many mis- haps. Continued bad fortune followed them, and Audu- bon started to return to his wife and family at Hender- sonville, traveling on foot. With this journey began a long series of stirring and strenuous experiences that make his biography read like a romance. Poverty and privation made his life sad, for it brought suffering to his brave wife, who in spite of all their troubles en- couraged him to continue the great work on which he was well advanced. Often penniless and earning a scant living with his brush as a portrait painter, and in other ways, he went from place to place, sometimes taking his family with him, but more often wandering alone. Dressed in the rough leather shirt and leggings of the trapper, sometimes weeks and months in the primeval forests, subsisting on wild fruits and meats, often forced to beg his way, he faced danger and difficulty with unlimited enthusiasm. He was happiest in the woods, and his patience and perseverance in the conquest of science and art were boundless. Years passed in this manner, then his wife conceived the idea of assisting her husband by teaching, and even- tually to send him to Europe for the purpose of finish- ing his instruction in oil painting (his previous work having been done with pencil and crayons). From 1822 to 1826 they labored with this end in view, and in July, 1826, Audubon landed in Liverpool, exhibited his draw- ings in various cities, and opened a subscription for their publication. The following December this dream came true, 170 subscriptions to “The Birds of America’ at $1,000 each having been made. Not only was he thus put at financial ease, but great honors were accorded him by Cuvier, Humboldt, Sir Walter Scott, and other great men of the day. Although he might well have retired to a life of com- fort, he soon returned to the wilderness to continue his great work. He journeyed from Florida and Texas to Labrador, and from the Atlantic Coast to the Rocky Mountains. When over sixty years of age, after the completion of his work on birds, he began a similar work on animals, “The Quadrupeds of America,” with un- diminished enthusiasm. But before the completion of this volume his physical powers failed him, and on Jan- wary 27, 1851, he died peacefully at his home near Tar- rytown, New York. But his memory lives, for as one who loved him has said: “While the little wren chirps about our homes, and the robin and reed-bird sing in the green meadows; while the melody of the mocking bird is heard in the cypress swamps, or the shrill scream of the eagle on the frozen shores of the northern seas, the name of John James ily Audubon, the gifted artist, the ardent lover of Nature, and the admirable writer, will live in the hearts of his grateful countrymen.” RAILROAD SAVES THE TREES HE, Sharpsville, Pa., station of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad is being cited as evidence that some of the so-called “soulless corporations” are not so soulless after all. At Sharpsville the railroad com- pany purchased extra land for tracks and a station in order to allow two beautiful specimens of the silverleaf RAILROAD SAVES MAPLE TREES The unusual consideration shown by the B. & O. R. R., at Sharpsville, Pa., in saving two fine maple trees. maple tree to keep on growing on the right of way, although by chopping them down many hundreds of dol- lars would have been saved. When the engineers ran their lines into town the plans called for the tracks to be laid over the ground now occupied by the trees. Then some of the officers of the company inspected the route and discovered the trees, and some lovers of trees made pleas for the preser- vation of the trees. The pleas were heeded and the engineers had to run new lines and make plans for a curved track in order that the trees might stand undisturbed. A similar condition cannot be found throughout the country, according to traveling men. It is not uncom- mon for strangers to stop and wonder at the sight of the trees growing between railroad tracks. JANUARY, 1915, COPIES NEEDED HE American Forestry Association will be glad to buy copies of AMERICAN Forestry for January, 1915, and members having copies of that month and not needing them will confer a favor on the Associa- tion by mailing them to the office at Washington, D. C. Have you invited a friend to become a subscribing member? THE CHILDREN’S DEPARTMENT BY BRISTOW ADAMS FAIRIES LONG with the maple, the lumbermen in zag the North woods cut beech and birch trees @ oni the hemlocks, since all of these are A likely to grow together and to be lumbered together. This forest, as we have seen, is one of great beauty, especially in the fall, and a large part of it is all of the same age and all of the same height. A man in an aeroplane flying over the tops of the woods, especially in the fall, would see a OF THE WOODS pine mice and white-footed mice. On still nights the voices of the little creatures of the wood can be heard on all sides, from the great cry of the horned owl to the twitterings of the little birds half-awakened from sleep but still drowsy, and the tiny squeakings of young mice in the hollow logs. ROM the ground to the very tips of the trees there is a succession of growths of mosses and lichens in colors of soft grey, and green, and lavender, and Stone King Drawing by Walte FAIRIES OF FACT Besides the four fairies of romance there are eight tiny living succession of plains, and hills, and valleys carpeted with the most wonderful colors, with here and there a few dark, tall pine trees with their heads sticking, like little islands, above the rest. Here and there will be deep holes in this layer of trees, and these would seem to be fringed with a darker green, where spruce, or arbor vitae, or tamarack grow around the edge of lake or swamp. which are all that the aeroplane fiyer would see, there is a rich and varied life. Many birds build their nests in these trees; squirrels have their homes; and in the ground beneath there will be frogs and chipmunks, 218 B wnich a the ground itself and the topmost twigs CAN YOI creatures Can you find FIND THEM fairies of fact—of the ground, the trees and the air them all in this picture even a brilliant red. The granite rocks on the ground are spread over with these mosses so that their color blends with that of the trees. In the shadier places the waxy white Indian pipes grow in their season, the jack-in- the-pulpit, and the moccasin flower. Toadstools and mushroom growths vary in shape and color from masses like carved ivory, as delicate as coral, to tiny, round- headed ‘‘toadstools’’ of most startling red and orange. When the woods are cut, many of these little fairy-like forms are likely to be torn up and destroyed—not only the homes of the birds and squirrels, but the homes of crea- tures so small that we cannot see them. Yet man needs the lumber to go into homes for men, and to be put to his use in many other ways. CHILDREN’S DEPARTMENT of agiant maple. Up in the top of it a flying squirrel is in hiding. He has stayed there in the tree even after all of the other trees near at hand have been cut away. His little heart beats faster than ever with each thud of the ax into the tree, and with the vibrations of the saw which go through the wood fibres from the base to the highest leaves. Soon the tree begins to sway, and the squirrel knows that he is no longer safe there. He leaps clear of the branches with a long, slanting, downward shoot, using his aeroplane to reach the nearest tree in that part of the woods which is still uncut. It is a slender, yellow birch, and as he comes near it, his flight takes a sharp upward turn. By the time he nears its trunk, he is headed up the stem full-tilt, and so on up to a branch that goes off and gives him a passageway over to another tree. In fact, all the treetops are full of these well- known runways, and certain limbs get worn smooth with the passage of the feet of the squirrels—red squirrels, flying squirrels, and all—just as man’s feet will wear a smooth pathway across the ground. He: are two lumberjacks sawing away at the base HE woodchoppers see the long air-dive; out of Ty curiosity one of them takes the long stick with which he measures log-lengths and measures off on the ground the distance which the squirrel has flown. He finds that there are just five lengths of his light 16-foot pole between the stump of the maple tree, which has just been felled, and the base of the slender birch which marked the end of the squirrel’s flight. He thinks that 80 feet is a long leap for one little squirrel to undertake. As for happenings of this sort and of even more exciting kinds—well, ‘‘the woods are full of them.” FTENTIMES children, and sometimes even the O grown-ups say that they are sorry that the age of fairies seems to be over, and yet there are more wonderful fairies of fact than the old romancers ever 219 dreamed of. Creatures tinier than any they could imagine are working day and night building things for man, and others, again, tearing them down. The birds themselves can be thought of as fairies with wings, working every moment for man’s good, searching out the insects from the crevices in the trees and adding beauty in color and sound to man’s life. The scientist has found more real fairies than all of those which have added to the lore of elf and goblin, gnome and sprite; and the scientists’ fairies are more wonderful because they are tinier than was ever thought to be possible. Then, too, they have such changing and marvelous shapes. The old-time fairies were always thought of in terms that the folk-lore gatherers could understand—that is, they were in the general form of man, only much smaller. But the scien- tist finds that the new fairies do not have to be limited to any such forms. O DO not be downcast when any one tells you that there are no more fairies, but rather be glad that there are new and different ones—ones that you can study and find out about for yourself, and ones that you know are really alive today. Ah, little lad, that seeks for fairy lore, Think not that all is gone—that cold dry facts Must do away with elves and sprites of yore With all their witching ways and kindly acts. Here in this time, if we will only learn The ways of wood-folk in their work or play We may be sure of fairyland’s return In living wonders of the present day. | Tree first burned | when 66 years old o (/744 A.D) 45 years ago | (/744 A.D) SCARS OF FOUR FOREST FIRES ON THIS TREE A section of a tree trunk showing how the dates of forest fires are ascertained from the remaining surviving trees in the fire-swept tract. Each fire which injures a tree leaves a permanent scar and the date when it occurred can be determined, or at least very closely, approxi- mated by counting the number of annual rings between the scar and the outer circumference of the tree. This photograph and estimate were made by the Commission of Conservation of Canada SECTIONS OF TREES SHOWING and are of a species that stumps, and he manages his tract so that the next HOW The beaver is a true conservationist, because the trees that he cuts up to store have little value to man As a lumberman, he is admirable; for he beaver colony THE BEAVER away for DOES HIS CUTTING a winter food supply are of only small or medium size, prevents forest fires, he leaves no high finds more timber and better conditions than did the first one. Protection of Beaver in Wisconsin By F. B. Moopy Of the State Conservation Commission of Wisconsin HE beaver, one of the most wonderful creatures in the animal kingdom, who was the pioneer lumber- man, engineer and architect on this continent, has entered upon a new industry. He is now trying to regu- late and manage a railway in Wisconsin. An official of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad has had to apply to the State Conservation Commission for relief from an artificial lake that a colony of beaver has created upon the main tracks of the railroad between Harshaw and Goodnow by damning Bearskin Creek. The beaver might even be considered a shrewd lawyer, for, although he is interfering with the passage of the United States mails and delaying interstate traffic, he seems to know that he is secure in his person from at- tack or arrest, just like a member of a legislature during a session, and he calmly proceeds, without the shadow of a franchise, to build and maintain a dam, and also to walk, loiter and be upon and along a sacred railroad right of way. It is perfectly evident that the beaver will have to get into politics soon, and will probably need to be repre- sented in the Wisconsin Legislature. It is not known just what his political affiliations will be. The railroad interests find it difficult to decide whether the beaver is Although he works a good deal in the dark, some consider his 220 more of an ultra-progressive or a standpatter. methods decidedly Rooseveltian; and, again, he seems to be a staunch upholder of the Wilson policy of pre- paredness. Possibly the beaver knew that the United States Goy- ernment reserved the flowage rights on many of the Government lands that were sold; or possibly they re- sented the fact that, although they were there first, the railroad corporation, without consulting the community at all or securing any authorization, laid its ties and rails right where the beavers’ city planning commission had always intended to erect an elegant four-story swimming hole. At any rate, a great clashing of two public inter- ests is imminent, and, so far, the hero of Cameron Dam has nothing on the beaver. The wonderful knowledge and industry and persever- ance of the beaver have won the enduring interest and admiration of man. As an engineer, he so wisely selects a narrowed place in a stream for his dam, a site with good banks. If the stream channel is very wide, he accepts the inevitable and curves his dam upstream Then the wonderful, patient labor of cutting his logs, getting them down stream and plac- ing them, of swimming again and again, with his little load of mud or stone clasped to his body with to chink in the dam. against the current. forefeet, He is mason as well as engineer and builder, and even a landscape architect; for he PROTECTION OF BEAVER IN WISCONSIN DPA brushes in his dam with pieces of tree branches that so that the next beaver colony finds more timber and often take root and grow, such as willow, birch and _ better conditions than did the first one. alder. In time these form a hedge or timbered ridge. He prevents fires by lopping tops and branches, thus Dams have been found that were a quarter of a mile long destroying his own slash, and also by creating a lake that forms a barrier to fires and perhaps by cleaning out the timber along the canals that he digs, which extend up into timbered areas. The beaver is a true conservationist. The trees that he takes and cuts up to store away for a winter food supply are of only small or medium size, and are the species that are of little value to man. Moreover, the broad lake above his dam is a great bowl that holds the soil washed in, and ultimately becomes a level, fertile tract, supporting a fine growth of timber. So the beaver takes only the poorer trees and near to the water. Wherever he cuts his timber he must first make a waterway by lake or canal, and wherever he makes his waterway he is laying the foundation for level, fertile valley and fine forest. In fact, it has been found that a large part of the fertile meadows and bottom lands east of the Mississippi are the result of his indefatigable industry. And all of this work is merely inci- BEAVER DAM ON BEARSKIN CREEK, WISCONSIN As an engineer, the beaver wisely selects a narrow place on the stream for his dam, a site 2 ake a lake. < hus secure < with good banks. If the stream is very wide, he accepts the inevitable and curves his dam the dam to make a ake, and thus secure a upstream against the current. Dams a quarter of a mile long and seven feet high have been found. dental to his making a living. He builds safe depth of water over the entrance to and seven feet high, and beaver canals ; ; a have been excavated back into the woods to a distance of 200 feet and with a width of 3 feet and depth of from 18 inches to 2 feet. Like the settler in the West, the beaver lives in a dug-out for the first year or two after he settles in the country; that is, he makes a burrow in the river bank. Then he fells his timber and builds a house, cutting his logs about 6 feet in length; and a wonderful house it is—a wigwam of logs and brush, cemented with mud just before freezing weather begins, so that it becomes impregnable to attack from other animals. Its entrance is through the floor and from the water. Each family of from four to eight — === —— ea beaver has its own house, and each indi- A BEAVER HOUSE =5 al Fee . Be ee Jue ae This is made of logs about six feet in length and of brush cemented with mud just before vidual its Own bed ma dry plac e at one freezing weather begins, so that it becomes impregnable to attack from other animals. Its ed c ¢ rance is ougl asf Z fr the water. side of the room. In the center of the Spimancesie through) the: floor ands tom’ tiepates room the beaver eats his food, brought up from the his house. By means of the lake he transports the timber water depths, carefully clearing away all refuse for his house and for his food, and in the lake, which afterward. must be deep so that there will be water below the ice in As a lumberman he is admirable, for he prevents forest winter, he stores his winter supply of food, sections of fires, he leaves no high stumps, and he manages his tract trees from which he can strip and eat the bark. 222 AMERICAN Now and again the flowage from the beaver dams affects the land of some farmer or damages some enter- prise, and as the beaver are protected animals under the State laws, relief can be had only by destroying their dams. This often gives only temporary relief, for the beaver hasten to rebuild or repair the dams, and it is really pathetic to see such monumental industry exercised for naught, as the dams are again destroyed. The problem is to protect the few scat- FORESTRY south and west of St. Regis Mountain. In 1904 the Legislature appropriated $500 for purchasing beaver to restock the Adirondacks. The next spring six beaver were secured from the Canadian exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and were released on Moose River and Big Moose Lake. In 1906 fourteen more were pro- cured from Yellowstone National Park. In all twenty- one beaver were released by the State and several by pri- vate citizens. In 1910 sixty families of beaver tered individuals whose undertakings are damaged by beaver and at the same time to preserve business the few re- maining colonies of this highly interesting ani- mal, which once ranged the continent in large numbers from coast to coast. It is certainly dis- couraging to a poor, hard-working beaver to have his rights as a squatter disregarded. The famous Husting waterpower act, which was said to have stopped waterpower de- velopment in Wiscon- sin, failed to block the development of beaver dams, but now that the State Commission may insist Conservation on fishways in beaver dams the State Railroad Commission is likely to require boat hoists in new dams and to marks to regulate the and establish bench water levels, it looks as if the game wasn’t go- fertile valley and fine forest. It i and bottom lands east of industry. ing to be worth the for the poor yeaver, to say nothing about his difficulties in getting an indeterminate franchise. The State Conservation Commission of Wisconsin is investigating the best methods of catching and transport- candle | ing beaver alive, with a view to removing them from localities where they are damaging private property to some selected area in the State. It is certain that the majority of the people want the beaver colonies pre- served, even if a few farms have to be purchased to pro- tect the animals in their activities. In New York it was believed for a number of years prior to 1904 that beaver had been exterminated. How- ever, there were perhaps twenty left in the lake region BEAVER CANAL TO A CREEK Wherever the beaver cuts his timber he must first make a waterway by canal, and wherever he makes his waterway he is laying the foundation for level, found a large portion of the fertile meadows the Mississippi were known to be scat- tered through the Adi- rondack region and were breeding rapidly. For the last three of four years reports show that the beaver are con- tinuously increasing, and some reports of damage to private prop- erty have been coming in. In some instances it was found necessary to disturb the houses of the beaver so as to cause them to seek new In one case quarters. 140 rods of fine woven wire fencing were placed by the State to keep the beaver from cutting poplar trees on the land of two private The fenice owners. proved a success. Wisconsin has not imported any beaver, but has protected them by law for twelve years. There not large numbers yet, but from time to time reports come in of damage to private property through flowage from beaver While this damage is real in first and last the beaver colonists do more good than harm, are lake or dams. are the result of his indefatigable some instances, improving the country rather than damaging it. Two very high tributes have lately been paid the beaver as a desirable citizen—one by the county judge of and one by the land commissioner of a large and wealthy lumber com- one of the northern Wisconsin counties, pany of northern Wisconsin, as follows: “Personally, and generally speaking, I am opposed to I think a good deal of the beaver, especially for the following reasons, among others : the extermination of our wild life. “They furnish one of the very best examples of co- PROTECTION OF BEAVER IN WISCONSIN operative industry and perseverance, backed by foresight and good sense; and I believe our children of the present day may well be acquainted with their work and habits. My own boy, going on ten, has been very much interested 225 the best class has enjoyed looking over their work. “But for the present and for many years to come | am in favor of their absolute protection, so far as may be possible, excepting only in particular localities where they Where they flood lands which the owner are doing real damage. really desires and intends to use, or where they persist in flooding highways and bridge approaches, they must, of course, go. “Tt must be borne in mind, however, that many complain- ants have no real use for the land, over the flooding of which they express such deep solici- tude, and simply want to start a howl that will lead to their being permitted to trap the ani- mals; and, in fact, in my opinion, most of the ‘holler’ comes from Photograph by courtesy of “All Outdoors.” A BEAVER AT WORK By his industry and perseverance, the beaver has won the enduring interest and admiration of man. that class or from men who are easily convinced by and repeat the noise.” The Land Commissioner His wonderful, patient labor of cutting his logs, getting them down stream and placing them, of swimming again and again with his little load of mud or stone to chink the dam sets a good example for all of us. in what he has seen of their activities, and the things I have told him of their habits; and I figure he has gained some good, sound ideas that will help him. “Then, again, the beaver help a lot by clearing the land along streams, not only by the actual falling of worth- less brush and small trees, which means that most of the undergrowth decays, root, stock and branch, before the settler ever gets to clearing the land, so that there is that much less work to do, but also by the flooding of the land, which in itself kills the small growth on the land flooded, And in a country like this, this with the same result. is a much more important con- sideration than might think. No doubt you have ob- served for yourself in your trips up here the many acres of good hay meadow that were originally cleared by the beavers, and which need only to be burned over occa- many sionally to keep them clean. “And, of course, as the beaver increase, the State has a larger and larger potential investment in valuable fur. “Of course, it must be ad- mitted that the beaver is not a ‘game’ animal, not being consid- ered good to eat, and not being the subject of pursuit by sports- men, although many an outer of writes as follows: “The beaver actually causes but very little damage to the farmer on account of flood- ing agricultural land. ‘The lands flooded by beaver dams are always swamp lands, and in all cases have been flooded by beavers before there were any farmers in this country. The writer does not know of a single instance where actual damage is being done to agricultural land. AN EXAMPLE OF CLEAN CUTTING This shows how the beaver cuts his timber. This cutting has not been removed. He leaves no high stumps, lops off the top and branches, and uses the slash as well as the logs. He also, by creating lakes and canals, establishes fire barriers which have been found of great service in fighting forest fires. 224 “No damage is being done by beaver to timber anywhere. The animals cut down small poplars and eat the bark. This is not marketable timber. The dams do not flood and destroy marketable timber, because the lands flooded are swamp lands and have been flooded by beav- vers before, and not a tree grows upon the land that can be killed by flooding except wil- low and alder brush and small second-growth poplar. “Nine-tenths of all plaints have originated com- from people who merely want the privilege of trapping and sell- ing the fur. Great numbers of beaver have been killed in this country during the past few years, and the fur shipped out of the State and sold. It is hardly fair to call it trapping, AMERICAN FORESTRY The beaver formerly existed in enormous numbers across the whole American continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Today they exist in a few localities—but in very small num- bers—from the Rio Grande, in Texas, northward through the mountain regions to the limit of trees, and southeastward through Canada to northern New England. Ten years ago it was estimated that there were about a thousand left in Colorado. They are present in a few localities in Wisconsin after having been pro- tected by law for twelve years. In Europe there are so few of these animals left and they have to live under such unusual conditions that they have lost their natural habits. The flesh of the beaver was formerly esteemed for food and a substance called castoreum was taken from the animal, but the reason for trap- ping and killing such enormous numbers was the demand for the skins for furs and for the making of beaver hats. These animals do much more good than harm, and when it was found that their numbers were decreasing with startling rapidity, some of the states began to afford them protection by law. In 1904 the beaver was considered extinct in the following states in which it had formerly many people who are land own- ers that want the beaver pro- tected as there are people who are not land owners and who want the innocent creatures de- stroyed.” An experience in Canada demonstrates the truth of the observations in the two letters quoted. The inhabitants of a certain district complained to the government of damage that beaver were doing. When the government authorities ar- ranged to capture and remove the beaver a protest against such action was sent. This pro- test was signed by some of the very individuals who had made the complaint. Here again it was evident that men wanted to trap beaver, and, failing in this, they were anxious to have the animals left in the locality. : P been found: because instead of traps dyna- mite is used with which to Alabama Kansas Ohio A LARGE CLASS slaughter the defenseless ani- Pee asian pee EGISTRATION for the mals while their houses are Georgia Missouri Vermont second semester of the frozen. Indiana New Jersey West Virginia ; College of Forestry at “Forest fires are the greatest Towa North Carolina Syracuse has just closed, with menace and drawback to the prosperity of this country, for the farmer as well as the lum- berman, which confronts us today. In unsettled districts the beaver is the only fire- fighter and the only protection that we have. Their dams, which have been built along small streams, have had several states. the effect of raising the water level in this part of the country on the creek bottoms and marshes, which form most effective barriers against fire. In some cases these barriers extend across entire townships. “Until within a few years ago there were no beaver in the country, and the water level lowered over three and one-half feet. This had the effect of draining the swamps so that the front went down below the roots of tamarack and cedar timber. “Such timber did not begin to leaf until as late as the month of August, and finally began to die from want of nourishment. or cedar is dying; their dams protect us from fires and Since the beaver came back no tamarack floods; the waters of the country have been conserved, and we have had no drouth. “There are large lakes in this country that would be dry were it not for the work of the beavers a century ago. The Government surveyors meandered lakes in many places that became dry land after the early trappers had destroyed the beaver. We hope the time will come when the beavers may reconstruct such dams, and there is plenty of room for all the farmers and all the beaver. We want both, and we assure you that there are just as Protective legislation has been enacted in 261 men and 1 woman regis- tered as applicants for the de- gree of Bachelor of Science. No special students are accepted in the college at Syracuse. Already twenty-five men have signed up for the year of practical work in the State Ranger School, at Wanakena, which opens the first Tues- day in March. Out of the thirty-five men who have been graduated from the State College of Forestry at Syra- cuse, twenty-eight are in some phase of forestry work. It is not expected that 80 per cent of its graduates will continue to go into forestry, and yet this answers, in a way, the question which is commonly asked as to what men who are going into forest schools may do. ARBOR DAY IN WASHINGTON RBOR DAY in the State of Washington is April 14. a On this day much interest will be manifested in forest and bird life through exercises conducted by the various public schools throughout the State. The State Department of Forestry has suggested to teachers and children that the forests may be considered an inheri- tance given mankind for use, not for destruction by fire; necessary for health, happiness, beauty and_ service. Health by the purification of the atmosphere; happiness in the home of which some part is constructed of forest material; beauty in the forest verdure; service in the industrial development of the forest resources; and of revenues derived from the sales of timber on school lands belonging to the State of Washington. The 1915 Forest Fire Season By ALLEN S. United States HE, past fire season on the National Forests, while not so severe as either of the two extremely dan- 1910 1914, spects an extraordinary one, and on quite a number of gerous years, and Was in many re- forests tested the efficiency of the protection forces quite as severely as did either of the two abnormal years. The snowfall last winter was generally deficient, except in the Southwest, where it was much heavier than usual. Lack of rainfall throughout the Northwest and on the Coast made a dangerous season alarmingly probable, but late spring and early summer rains remedied the situa- tion, so that it was unusually late in the summer before conditions became especially serious. In the Southwest, after a late start, dangerous conditions continued until the third week in July, when the situation was relieved by In the Central Rocky Mountain region, while the season started later than the coming of the summer rains. PECK, Forest Service usual, conditions were such as to make possible on one of the Wyoming forests, about the middle of July, the In Utah and southern Idaho the fire season was the longest of most dangerous fire recorded in that district. any in the history of District 4, fires occurring as late as November. Thus the season throughout the West was character- ized by unusual length, which resulted in many fires, in spite of the late start. On the eastern forests and pur- chase areas in the White Mountains and Appalachians there is very little fire hazard in the summer, most of the The total number of fires in the National Forests and purchase fires occurring during the winter months. areas during the calendar year just closed was some- thing over 6,000, as compared with 7,108 for the year 1914, of 1300. Eighty (80) per cent of the total number of fires were and a normal annual number about THE Service HIGHEST FIRE Recently the United States Forest established a permanent PROTECTION fire lookout station on the peak of Mt STATION IN THE WORLD Hood, in the Oregon National Vorest, where the observer, at a height of 11,255 feet, was able to pick up many fires which would not have been visible to lookouts located at lower altitudes and much nearer the fires. to its) on 226 successfully held by the regular protection forces within an area of ten acres, only 1,200 fires exceeding this In District 1, comprising the Montana and northern Idaho forests, acreage and doing any material damage. where the season was comparatively short but very se- vere, only 7 per cent of the fires burned over more than the ten-acre limit. While the percentage of fires held within this acreage is considered to some extent as a gauge of efficiency, it is not altogether fair, since the fire- FIRE LOOKOUT STATION ON THE Last year four fires out of every five on the National fighting expenditures are regulated, so far as possible, by the value of the resources threatened and the risk of the fire spreading beyond ultimate control; in other words, a smaller force is used and less money spent in attempting to suppress a fire burning in brush cover which has hittle value than in the case of one located in valuable timber. This obviously results in the burning over of consider- able acreage of brush and open country, which could be greatly lessened through the expenditure of more money, if this were felt to be justified. The total area burned over during the past season in the Western districts was 235,000 acres, or an average oT 40 acres per fire. This compares favorably with the average area of 60 acres burned over the previous sea- Preliminary estimates of the damage done indicate that it will be but about $280,000, as against $500,000 in 1914. nearly $15,000,000 in 1910, when approximately the same number of fires occurred as dur- son. and a loss of ing the past season. Comparatively little timber was burned in the past year, except in the forests of Oregon and Washington, where 80 per cent of the total loss occurred. District 6 these two States, had more than one-fifth the total num- which comprises the forests of ber of fires. The extraordinary duration of the danger period in the Northwest is well shown by the fact that while the peak of the fire season usually occurs by the middle of August in that district, it was not reached this MOUNTAIN Forests were put great wilderness areas depends out before they on continued national ownership AMERICAN FORESTRY : SUMMIT IN _ THE had burned over ten acres SHASTA NATIONAL FOREST Adequate protection of these The total of 579 fires reported during the month of September year until well after the first of September. exceeded by 32 the total number recorded during all previous Septembers from 1908 to 1914, inclusive. In California the fire season was not considered as closed until November 10, after a period of over five months, during which it was necessary to keep the forests manned FOREST RANGER PACKING SUPPLIES It is a long, hard climb to the top of Mt. Hood, and the supplies for the observer in the fire lookout station there have to be taken up on horses or mules The forest ranger here shown is about to start with a pack train for the top THE 1915 FOREST FIRE SEASON with protection forces, in addition to the regular year- long personnel. Reports thus far at hand indicate a very marked in- crease during the past season in the percentage of fires traceable to lightning. ing the year just ended are attributed to this cause. In Over 40 per cent of the fires dur- the Montana and northern Idaho forests 60 per cent of 1914 lightning and railroads caused approximately an equal the fires this year were caused by lightning. In number of fires in this region, amounting together to 70 per cent of the total number, whereas in 1915 less than one-tenth of the 970 fires which started were traceable to ON TOP OF MT. HOOD The fire lookout station, built by the Forest Service at an elevation of 11,225 feet, where the observer can pick up fires which are not visible to observers at lower altitudes who are much nearer to the fires. railroads. On the California forests the number of man- caused fires showed a substantial decrease compared with previous years. In view of the increasing use of the California forests, both by the residents of that State and by tourists, this showing is very satisfactory, as it indi- cates that the aggressive campaign of education in the matter of fire protection which the Service has been pushing for a number of years in California is having tangible results. When, a year ago, Congress was asked for a deficiency appropriation to meet the expenditure of nearly $700,000 for fire fighting during the season then closing, it was pointed out that that year had been more dangerous and severe from the standpoint of fire hazard than any previ- ous year in the experience of the Forest Service, with the possible exception of 1910. That greater loss was not Sustained and greater expense not incurred was due very 224 largely to the fact that the field force of the Service was better organized to meet the situation than it had been in any previous year. During the past season, with five- sevenths the number of fires that occurred the year pre- vious, only $207,300 was spent, while the average cost per fire was but 40 per cent of the 1914 cost. ‘This is in addition to the cost of fire fighting done by regular offi- cers and special protective summer forces on the National Forests. This extraordinary drop in the cost of fire suppression is undoubtedly due in part to the fact that in the regions of highest hazard fires occurred later in the season than usual, when the days were becoming shorter and the nights cooler. Other factors, however, are the continued development of permanent lookouts for detection and the use of firemen, or “smoke-chasers,’ who are sta- tioned at strategic points during the dangerous periods and are at all times ready to go to a fire on instant notice. Preparedness pays in fire protection. Quick detection and swift attack by a regular or two often saves a long, expensive fire fight with a hastily recruited crew of vol- unteers. One especially notable development in detec- tion this past season was the use of Mount Hood, on the Oregon National Forest, as a permanent lookout station. At a height of 11,225 feet the observer at this lookout picked up many fires which were not visible to lookouts located at lower altitudes and much nearer to the fires. A substantial cabin has been built on the summit for use next season, and the demonstration of Mount Hood’s efficiency may result in the testing of some of the other higher peaks in the Northwest. COST OF MAPLE SUGAR N a few days the Department of Utilization of the New York State College of Forestry will inaugurate some experiments at the Forest Experiment Station, at Chittenango, with an idea of determining the cost of production of maple syrup and sugar with reference to the small sugar bush, such as is often found in the small farmer’s dooryard. It is proposed to ascertain as def- initely as possible whether it will be worth while for the small farmer to indulge in the tapping of the dozen or so trees that he may have around his house. The profit- able utilization of such small groves may very probably reduce the bills at the grocery store. FOREST PLANTING IN VERMONT HE report of the State Forester, recently published, shows that the interest in forest planting is still More people planted Altogether over four million trees have been planted in the State by about 500 people since the establishment of the Forestry De- In order to give a better idea of what this increasing in Vermont. trees in 1915 than in any previous year. partment. number really means it may be said that the trees are planted in rows 6 feet apart, and there are, therefore, about 4,500 miles of such rows in the State. @imamentraleand ohade » Drees A Department for the Advice and Instruction of Members of the American Forestry Association EDITED BY J. J. Levison, B.A., M.F. DAMAGE BY SPURS By JosepH L. Ricwarps, B.S., M.S.F. “6 OBODY loves a lineman.” to be the case among people who appreciate the beauty and utility of roadside trees. Certainly, great numbers of the men in that trade On the other hand, neither the men of the wires nor the have done much to create this undesirable situation. policies of the public utility companies which ‘employ them are entirely to blame for the condition of the shade trees that have stood in the way of electrification. In many instances the tree-loving public has blustered much and done little to supply the means of preventing dam- age to their trees from this cause. Too often it has relied upon legislation instead of cooperation. In communities where a municipal arborist is able to keep the wires clear or assist in doing so by detailing the city’s trained tree men to work with the line gangs and do all the tree climbing, much damage and discord is avoided. Such arrangements keep men who have neither the training nor the equipment for doing scien- tific tree work, and whose feet are shod for climbing dead poles, out of living trees. Every wire-stringing public utility company will maintain that it is unreason- able to require it to supply to each of its line gangs the The great majority of them, however, will agree to cooperate arborist’s outfit necessary to do proper tree work. in undertakings that will free them from the interfer- ence of trees either by planning the arrangement of the trees and wires on the highways or by proper training and care of the trees. For several years a number of tree wreckers were at large whose activities were nothing short of crim- inal. Even the excuse of the necessity for maintaining right of way for transmitting messages and power was lacking for the damage which they did in the localities where they operated. These men represented them- selves to be tree trimmers. After securing the assent of an owner they proceeded to butcher his trees and trim his pocketbook. The tree trimming consisted of stub- bing off the branches without taking any precautions against decay which the arborist takes when he cuts back a failing old tree in order to reduce its top to correspond with the lessened efficiency of the root system and so pro- long the life of the tree for a few years. The amount which the trimmer cut off depended largely upon his dar- ing. The size of the stubs left was directly proportional to his caution or fear of falling. In some places, docked trees became stylish, and as a result of this service, the trimmed trees sprouted vigorously for a few years and 228 At least, that seems then began to fall apart owing to the decay that had got- ten in through the unprotected wounds. a a5 : (he difference between the tree trimmer who uses climbing irons (i.e., lineman’s spurs) and the vandalis- tically inclined lineman is only one of degree. The tree WOUNDED BY LINEMAN’S SPURS Section of trunk of Norway Maple, showing 4-year-old wound started from two adjacent spur-marks, both of which are vis- ible. Note the crack through the lower one caused by the dry- ing out of the exposed wood. Cracks like this one hasten the entrance of heart-rots He is in a class with the M. D. who treats a wound and trimmer that uses spurs is a strange contradiction. then pricks his patient in several other places with un- sterilized instruments. To ‘get the force of this comparison it is necessary to recall the structure and physiology of trees and point out attack their relation to the disease organisms which them. ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREES For the purpose of discussing the effects of wounds upon the life of a tree its stem may be considered to consist of five components, each completely surround- Naming them from the inside outward, cambium, live bark and ing its axis. they are heartwood, sapwood, Sapwood, cambium and live bark are always ms The heartwood and dead bark. present, even in the smallest twigs. dead bark develop as the stem gets older. Heartwood is formed from sapwood by the deposits of waste compounds which accumulate in the older cells and kill them. ‘These waste products have preservative AN OPENING FOR DISEASE Trunk of chestnut tree showing effects of chestnut bark disease which entered through the spur-mark the center of the picture. slightly above and to the right of properties which make the heartwood relatively resistant Nature has evolved fungi adapted to living upon heartwood. to fungi and other agents of decay. They are com- paratively slow-going so that considerable time elapses before the growth of the rot overtakes the growth of new wood outside. When it does, the tree either dies slowly from inability to supply its leaves with moisture or is so weakened that it breaks to pieces. ‘The wounds through which the heart-rot fungi get into the wood are usually large enough to be easily detected. If a heart rot is dis- covered in time it can be gouged out and the sound wood protected from further infection by a preservative coat- 229 ing or by a coating plus a filling which new growth may cover over and seal up inside the tree. The live cells of the sapwood contain more moisture and less of the preservative compounds found in the heartwood. The fungi which thrive upon them are more A small wound exposes the sapwood to infection, so that discov- ery often comes too late. ‘The sapwood, as its name may suggest, is the part of the stem that carries the sap or water supply of the tree from the roots up to the leaves. rapid growers. New wood is attacked readily. When it is attacked by a fungus, the water supply of the branches which are dependent upon the sap currents that formerly passed through the diseased tissue is cut off. branches die. tree dies. Then their leaves wither on the twigs and the If a sap rot encircles the trunk the whole Photo by Alfred Macdonald DEVELOPMENT OF WOUND Wound surrounded by a fungus (Schizophyllum commune) by spur injury. caused The cambium layer between the wood and the live bark is by far the most sensitive part of the tree. Its individual cells are as delicate as those of the tiny shoots inside the buds before nature has prepared them for exposure to the outside air. One has only to peel off a bit of bark in the spring and see how quickly both the outside of the wood and the inside of the bark change 230 AMERICAN color to realize how delicate and sensitive the cam- bium is. The live bark is made up of a number of different kinds of cells each having their own functions. Some are long, thick-walled and tough to give the bark the neces- sary strength. Others are specially formed to conduct the plant foods manufactured in the leaves down to the roots and trunk, where they may be used or stored. There are grit-cells to impede the progress of boring insects, and layers of succulent active cells which, when the time comes, produce layers of cork. These layers of cork are impervious to water. The new layers of cork repeatedly cut off, from water and food, eventually pro- duce the patches of dead bark. The dead bark acts as a mechanical protection to the vital parts of the tree. It is constantly sloughing off and being renewed from within. it are effectualy excluded from the live bark by the inner cork layer. The fungi which attack the live bark and cambium are diseases of ‘the active succulent tissues. ‘They are known as bark diseases. They cause the death of the inner bark and cambium and the separation of the bark from the wood. These fungi spread most rapidly through the cambium, because it is made up entirely of delicate, thin-walled, active cells. In the live bark, their progress is impeded by the woody fibers and the grit cells. Once they reach the cambium they use this vital layer, in which all new growth of wood and bark orig- The fungi which attack inates, as their line of communication and base of opera- tions and strike out from it into the adjacent tissues as they spread up and down and around the stem. As they spread around the stem, they cut the connections which carry the food compounded in the leaves down to the roots. The roots dependent upon the diseased portions of the bark are starved out and cease to gather moisture for the parts of the tree which they formerly supplied with water. As in the case of the sap rots, when a bark disease encircles the trunk the death of the entire tree results. All of these fungi, heart rots, sap rots, bark diseases, and those which act in more than one of these capacities are carried from tree to tree by microscopic bodies called spores. The spores are the seeds of the fungi. Great numbers of these spores are produced, and many of them drift about in the air without finding a good place to germinate. All the heart rots and sap rots fail to get a foothold unless they settle upon the wood exposed by a wound in the bark. The disease of the cambium and live bark must find an entrance which reaches past the inner cork layer and leaves these delicate tissues without effective protection. Thus every unprotected wound greatly multiplies the chances for the development of one or another fungous diseases. For this reason, the arborist protects all openings in the bark of the trees by disinfecting them and water- proofing them as well as possible. Coal tar has disin- fectant as well as waterproofing properties so that it is generally used for these purposes. More effective com- pounds are being sought for each of these uses. In any FORESTRY case, the protection should be inspected at least annually and renewed at intervals until the new growth or callus which starts from the cambium around the edges of the wounds closes them. Where it is worth while to take these precautions against invasion by fungi, it is worth while to see to it that neither “tree doctors” nor linemen are allowed to clamber over the trees and poke the bark full of little cuplike holes especially suited to catch the spores of fungi and to conduct them directly to the susceptible tissues. Spur marks are shaped like three-cornered funnels, with the point down, and usually reach to the sapwood. PROGRESS OF DISEASE Chestnut log showing rings of bark-disease fungus about spur-mark from which the growth started. Each ring marks the limit of a season’s growth. Not very often, but still in an appreciable number of ceses, spurs open the way for heart rot. Figure 1 shows a wound in the bark of a Norway maple caused by spurs. The season during which the spurring occurred was evi- dently a dry one, for the cambium dried out around the wounds and the process of healing started before any bark or sapwood disease got a foothold. The exposure of the wood caused it to dry out, shrink and crack at The crack exposed still more wood to The drying out of the live wood kills it. Thus do spurs open the the surface. drying out. Hleart rots live on dead wood. way for heart rot. The spur wounds that happen to result in the drying back of the cambium without immediate fungous infec- tion have in them the probability of other bad results. While working on a fine old elm on which the owner had previously spent considerable money, an arborist noticed numbers of light-colored streaks like those which are common below old wounds, but which at a little distance appeared to come out of sound bark. These streaks proved to come from pockets under the dead bark caused by the drying back of the cambium around spur wounds. i ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREES 2 The pockets were inhabited by a kind of borer that feeds upon the sap which it gets from the tree by irritating the delicate skin of the callus. the surplus sap which, mixed with the excretions of the borers dries on the bark as it runs down the outside of the tree. These borers multiply very rapidly. Their eggs are blown about by the wind in much the same man- The streaks are formed from ner as fungous spores. Close examination of the bark disclosed numbers of similar dry pockets which harbored all sorts of insect life. four inches long and two inches wide. Most of the pockets were about One caused by a single spur prick was nine inches long and three inches wide. The greater part of the damage to come from these wounds had been done or was already brewing. bility there were not less than two hundred of these pockets on that hundred foot elm. It would have taken three men at least two days to go over the tree and hunt out and treat all these wounds. This damage to elm is by no means unique. chusetts town damage of this sort was called to the attention of the tree warden by a telephone lineman. Oak and ash suffer in the same way. In the formation of such pockets, the loss of sap- wood and bark impairs the circulation of the tree and reduces its vigor. The loss of sap through the feeding of the grubs is a further drain upon its vitality. The insects, hiding in the pockets where the birds that patrol the crevices of normal bark do not get them, eat the leaves and so reduce the supplies of plant food needed to repair the damage. Healing had been going on four years. In all proba- case of spur In one Massa- In this way, even without in- fection, the odds against the life of the tree accumulate from these inconspicuous wounds. When the fungi that attack the sapwood, cambium and live bark cooperate with spurs, the damage 1 quickly, stealthily Figure shows a sample of the results of spurring followed by sap rot infection. The triangular opening in the bark, to the left of the crack from which the fungus brackets protrude, is a spur mark. The upper sides of several limbs of this Norway Ss done. 2 and thoroughly Maple were spur-marked every few inches for from eight to twelve feet. center of infection. Almost every spur mark was a The entire upper side of each of these limbs was dead when the withering of the leaves and the appearance of the fungus brackets disclosed the injury. The damage to the tree was too widespread te be remedied. The fungus which did this damage is a common native species that attacks wounds on many of our broad-leaved and evergreen trees. ‘There are many others with similar habits which mycologists consider more dangerous. Maples are relatively thin-barked trees. Infection of thick-barked trees through spur marks would seem less likely. Unfortunately, thick bark is not uniformly thick. The crevices afford better holds for spurs than the ridges do. Even on old thick-barked trees, where the dead bark is tough enough to hold and thick enough at the base oil of the trees to keep spurs from reaching the live tissues, the bark on the upper part of the trunk and upon the branches is relatively thin. Chestnut is a fairly thick-barked The one shown in Figures 3 and 4 had been failing noticeably tree. the summer before it was examined. ‘That spring the new leaves on several large branches had dried out when only partially expanded. Those on other branches were dwarfed. The bark over a large part of the trunk, within reach of the ground, sounded hollow. The first patch of it which was removed disclosed the conditions shown in Figure 3. Near the center of the dead area there was a dimple in the wood which corresponded with a spur mark in a crevice of the bark. The spur appeared to have only just pierced the cambium, for the wood was deformed but not splintered. About this dimple was a series of bands of the fungus known as Chestnut Bark Disease. On the other side of the trunk was another dead patch which came from a spur wound (Figure 4). In this case the spur penetrated the sap- wood and splintered it. The rings of fungus growth show clearly how the disease spread fromr the jab. In five seasons, unheralded by any outward signs, the fun- gus had grown more than a foot around the trunk and several feet lengthwise. The damage from the other wound was even more extensive. The upper sides of the lower limbs of this tree were honey combed with spur marks for a foot or so from the trunk. There was no thick bark there to prevent each jab from puncturing the cambium. One hundred and fifty would be a conservative estimate of the number of spur marks on the tree. The infected branches had, of course, been encircled by the fungus and their sap- wood had dried out. Under the circumstances the only question which could arise as to the fate of the tree was whether it should be removed by inches or all at once. From what has preceded, it is evident that when used on living trees spurs can cause heart rot, disfigure their victims superficially, aid the insects and other small animals which attack them, and infect them with sap-rots and bark diseases in so many places at once that treatment is generally futile by the time the damage is doscivered. ‘The carelessly used hatchet or saw can not cause any greater variety of tree troubles, and has the advantage of showing the location of the damage done in time for proper treatment. The arborists in charge of valuable collections of trees, belonging to both public and private institutions, have long appreciated the risks run in using spurs and do not permit them to be used upon their trees. Lay owners, who have learned the lesson through the un- timely death of a pet tree, refuse to add to the dangers with which their trees must contend by taking these risks. [here are special considerations, such as the economical control of pests upon trees whose replace- ment by other kinds, less attractive to the insects, would be beneficial, which would justify taking the spur risk. But, anyone desiring to prolong the life of a tree will keep spurs away from it. bo ies) bo AMERICAN QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Q. I have been asked to outline a plan for a shade-tree department to systematically plant and care for the city’s shade trees. Can you give me an itemized estimate of the probable annual cost of maintaining such a depart- ment, including city forester, necessary assistants and material, for a city of 100,000 population. The work needed includes a shade-tree survey to determine the needs, pruning and spraying established shade trees, replacing partly-grown cottonwoods and other poor stock, and making new plantings. About what salaries are city 1g) IIR Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. A. Generally speaking, a shade-tree commission should foresters receiving ? consist of five members responsible to the mayor, and appointed on terms expiring in different years so that it may always have among its members someone who has It should be also allowed certain fixed revenues with which to carry had more or less experience in the work. on its work. This may be done by providing an annual tax levy of say three-fourths of one mill tax for shade- tree purposes, and, as has been done in some cases, an ad- ditional tax of 10 per cent of all licenses and fines collected The latter should only be resorted to if the insufficient. A technically trained forester should be appointed from the start and a set of tree ordinances, such as Mr. Levison has drawn up for the by the city. revenue is city of Rome, N. Y., long ago, a copy of which we are sending you, should be installed. After this, the forester should be provided with a good foreman, a set of equip- ment and a crew of at least six men. The salary of the forester should be at least $1,200 to $3,000, but $1,200 is the usual price for a beginner. The annual wages of a foreman will be about $900, and the wages of the six men will be about $3,600. sary to spend about $1,500 on teams, about $200 on In addition to this it will be neces- tools and about $400 on a spray outfit, if conditions war- rant it. The cost of material and the trees for the first year will vary with the amount of work done, but $500 will be least estimate of cost of such work. ‘The cost of the survey should not be included as an item, because that will be done by the forester and the foreman along the lines suggested by Mr. Levison, in the Shade Depart- If, in work- ing out your system, there are any specific questions you ment in this issue relative to a tree census. desire to put, do not hesitate, and we will give you our best information, on request. ©. Please advise what practical method you would advise for taking a shade tree census. N. R. M., Harrisburg, Pa. A. In Brooklyn, N. Y., a census of city trees was taken ten years ago and consisted of the following method: On one side of a plain card was indicated the approxi- mate location of the trees on the block, using a system of colors to designate good, bad and dangerous trees; those that had a cavity were marked with a small “‘c,” and those that were particularly dangerous, or otherwise FORESTRY important, were noted with the number of the house alongside of it. Cards were made out for each block and were filed consecutively for each street and the dif- ferent streets were then filed alphabetically. In this way it was possible to locate any block in the street and tell, in a general way, the condition of the trees on desired Whenever there were any trees removed from the city streets, any new block and their approximate location. ones planted, or any other changes made, it was noted on the card and in that way they kept changing the records and always had the census up to date. This plan entailed no laborious work such as would be required in the making of maps and, for practical purposes, served better than any formal maps or elab- orate sheets would have done; as a matter of fact, it was found that the tree census has its principal value in the beginning of shade-tree work, in helping the tree warden or city forester to acquaint himself with the condi- tions of trees, their number and the need for additional planting; but after its first or second year’s service, the census becomes less and less important until, eventually, it is nothing but a matter of record rather than a practical help in the field. QO. | am sending you two small branches from the limb of a tree that retains what would seem to be the seed pod of last year, and showing new budding, to ask if you would kindly designate the kind of tree. It is a very much-admired tree, the four or five specimens hav- ing been brought here more than 45 years ago, and we have been told it is a cypress. But there are no cypress knees apparent (if there were very small ones, the filling in of the ground covered them) and there is doubt as to the kind. ‘The foliage is as dainty as a maiden-hair fern, and a few of the townspeople have been very anx- ious for their preservation. A man who bought part of the lot with two or three of the trees, raised the grade, regardless of those valuable trees, and badly injured the bark on one, but so far they have stood even that ill treatment. I have been told some trees stand the raising of the grade close to the tree trunk; is this one? [i Aateles Asheboro, N.C. to your inquiry, would say that the tree you have submitted a specimen is a_ Bald The which are characteristic in its native locality, are not always present and all the trees of this species which The pose of absorbing A. Replying of which cypress. knees, you find in cities do not show these knees are an adaptation for the pur- air and are only important in cases knees at all. where the trees stand in swamps and cannot get the air directly from the roots. ‘The knees, under the circum- stances, serve to draw the air above water. On city streets or on lawns, there is no reason for the presence As to the filling of soil around such trees, I have seen many cases where a slight filling of about one foot or even two feet has not hurt the tree at all, but it is important in all cases to keep the soil away from the bark of the trunk of these knees and consequently they are lost. ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREES in order to prevent decay, which may set in in due time. The specimen which you sent shows the presence of the “bag worm,” an insect which spends the winter in a baglike covering and which emerges in the early sum- mer and feeds on the foliage. You probably have not noticed this bag worm, and I am, therefore, returning the specimen so that you may see it. If these bag worms are numerous on the trees it is a wise thing to remove and before the mature destroy them at once caterpillar emerges from those winter nests. ©. We have just organized a shade tree commis- sion in our city and would like to know what to do lal, ©, Ua, Ice next towards caring for our trees. 233 A. Appoint a city forester or obtain the services of a consulting arborist to make an inspection of the trees and to prepare a detailed working plan for the first year’s work. He will soon be able to report on the number and variety of trees growing and extent of work neces- sary. He will point out the trees and branches that are dangerous and should be removed at once. ‘The con- trol of insect pests, the protection of trees from muti- lation by horses, ete., the need of planting new trees and the kinds suitable, the incorporation of a street tree ordi- nance, etc., will receive his further consideration. From his report you will be able to determine what appropriation is absolutely urgent for the first year and just how to organize the force of men that will take care of your trees. ADVICE OR APR Te SPRAYING Prepare for spraying campaign during May and June. It would be well to procure at an early date the following chemicals in proportion varying with the quantity of work to be done: Arsenate of Lead, Whale Oil Soap, Bordeaux Mixture. PLANTING TREES This is the month for planting, and the following suggestions on how to plant are of value: 1. Plant when frost is out of the ground. 2. Keep the roots well protected from the minute the tree leaves the wagon or trench to the minute it is planted. Do not take more plants from the wagon than is absolutely necessary. 3. Cut all broken roots and cover wounds with coal tar. 4. Cut back the branches, but do not remove them With some trees like the sycamore, oak or poplar, you can entirely unless they interfere or are too thick. cut back more than with the others. Do not cut the leader, and do not cut evergreens. 5. Let only good soil come in close contact with the roots, and have the good soil well packed around the roots; work it in with the fingers and stamp on it. Place the poor soil only on top. 6. See that the tree is planted upright and firm. v. Plant the tree no deeper than it stood in the nursery. 8. Water the tree only after good soil has been put around its roots and the hole filled. CARE OF TREES AND SHRUBS ON ARRIVAL Before the plants arrive, dig a trench from two to four feet wide, one foot deep and long enough to hold them all. As soon as the trees or shrubs arrive, untie them, keeping each kind separate, and place the plants in the trench temporarily until they can be set out in their proper places. Very carefully cover the roots with earth and give a copious watering. In unpacking the plants, in placing them in the trench, or at any other time, be care- ful not to expose their roots, even for a moment, to sun or wind, and at all times keep the roots moist. In case of evergreens, the slightest exposure is apt to prove injurious. WHAT TO DO AFTER PLANTING 1. It should be borne in mind that when a tree is transplanted, no matter how carefully the work is done, it is impossible to take up the entire root system, and, therefore, before it is able to care for itself, new roots must be formed to take hold of the soil. In the mean- time, the moisture is being continually evaporated from the trunk and branches by the action of the wind and sun, and this must be balanced by an artificial supply. During the dry spells and hot weather of the following around the base of the tree, for a space wider than the hole, should be stirred up and watered. WATERING DURING THE FIRST SUMMER IS VERY ESSENTIAL AND MORE IMPORTANT THAN WATERING DURING THE SUBSEQUENT SUMMERS. The water make the ground soggy. season, the soil not be sufficient to For a tree about 21% inches in diameter, two pails of water applied twice a week is should enough. 2. In the fall a layer of old manure 3 to 4 inches thick should be spread over the surface around the tree to a distance of a foot or two beyond the line of the newly filled hole. This treatment will enrich the soil, shade the ground and help to hold the moisture. AMERICAN FORESTRY FREE Have you friends who love trees, woodlands, forests? Send their names and addresses to the American Forestry Association. A free copy of American Forestry will be sent them with your compliments. Do it now before you forget. First Fire Protective Organization 3y W. R. FISHER Sectretary the Pocono Protective Fire Association HE Pocono Protective Fire Association, of Mon- roe County, Pennsylvania, incorporated in 1902, was the first private organization formed in the United States for the protection of the forests from fire, and it stood alone for four years before a second asso- ciation was organized, in Idaho. It is said it should have been called a fire protective But the question of an appropriate name was fully discussed when association, not a protective fire association. the association was year, attracted by its scenic and climatic advantages, seeking for rest, for sport, for recreation, or for health. Many of these own little or no property in the county, but they are deeply interested in the preservation of the woods as objects of beauty to the landscape, as shelters to game, as protectors of the water supply; and they willingly pay a yearly fee to help on the work of the association. Fight States, extending from Massachusetts to Maryland, have representatives upon its roll of mem- bership, and thus the the words formed, and ar- rangement of as they now stand was deliberately adopted by the founders. The association had its origin in the office f railroad The to blame ot a com- pany. railroads shoulder sO have much and so much_ responsibility for damage done to the woods that it is a satisfaction to be able to record the fact that credit belongs to the Lehigh Coal and Nav- igation Company, of f or yr. A. HOOPES President Pennsylvania, first carrying into successful operation the idea of organ- izing a group of citizens and banding them together to prevent and suppress forest fires. This corporation owns large tracts of land in other parts of the State, outside of Monroe County. AMERICAN Forestry for August, 1915, gives an interesting account of recent work by this com- pany in reforesting some of these lands in Carbon and Schuylkill counties. association widens its influence and helps to spread abroad an in- terest in forest pro- tection. We have more than doubled membership our during the past year, and now 992 aA Carry Names on our roll. The association has lines of two distinct work—one is to ren- der direct assistance to the State Depart- ment of Forestry ia The Pocono Protective Fire Association of Monroe County, Pennsylvania fires ; fighting forest W. R. FISHER Secretary the other is to keep before the public mind the value of trees, and to teach the individual what each may do and ought to do The State is helped by contributions of money for the support of a to protect the forests from damage by fire. fire patrol by the erection of observation towers and by printing and posting warning notices about forest fires throughout the county. The educational phase of the work, although less conspicuous than an activity dis- played in fighting fire, is in reality more Another peculiarity that marks the Po- cono Protective Fire Association and dis- tinguishes it from other protective associa- tions, is to be found in the character of its membership. Most of the private protec- tive forestry organizations of the country are carried on with the avowed object of preserving the trees as timber for future Such influence with some of use. utilitarian motives have their our members who own large tracts of land, but the greater number have been led to join for esthetic helpful to the State and more productive of lasting results. Practical foresters agree that a to respond promptly to calls for fire fighters ready and willing disposition on the part of the residents in wooded dis- tricts is essential to a successful fire service. Little can be done by legislation without It is the province of associations like ours to a favorable public sentiment to back it. develop and to foster this sort of coopera- tion; for a private association is able to reach the people of a community in a direct reasons only. Hundreds of people from many States visit Monroe County every 234 J. A. SEGUINE Vice-President and friendly manner, where formal and impersonal methods of State officials THE FOREST PLEADERS might not succeed. Most people are entirely ignorant day. Conse- quently, there is no popular interest in such objects. The public needs information about the frequency, the extent, of forest fires, and the losses that result from about the forestry problems of the them; about the dangers of the careless use of fire in the woods; about the best methods to control and suppress fires, and many similar subjects. Our association is dis- tributing such information by means of articles in the newspapers, by advertisements, and by circulating printed matter of various kinds relating to forest protection. 235 With the same object in view, prize essay contests have been established in the schools of the county to interest the young people in the forests and to carry into the homes of the people the discussion of the subjects of these essays. Little by little the foundations of a firm and perma- nent structure are being laid. Indifference and preju- dices are breaking down before enlightenment, and the future the association prosperity of appears to be assured. The Forest Pleaders (Arbor Day Recitation For Six Pupils) By E. T. ALLEN First Pupil (Carrying Evergreen Branch) : 1AM THE FOREST. I clothe this glorious land With beauty and on every hand You turn to me in daily need. Your best friend I have always stooa; You could not live not using wood. For our protection now I plead. Nor do I bid you take my word; Let these my witnesses be heard. Second Pupil (Carrying Pail of lVater) : IAM THE STREAM. From my woodland springs ‘To river mouth where the white gull wings Over the ships from the ends of the earth I flow to your homes and mills and fields And carry the freight that the harvest yields, But shady forests gave me birth. Third Pupil (Carrying Pet Animal) : I AM THE WILD THINGS. I speak for graceful deer And flashing trout in brook, pools clear, For singing birds and squirrels pert, And all the wearers of feather and fur. What should we do if no forests were To shelter us from fear and hurt? Fourth Pupil (Carrying Ax): I AM INDUSTRY. To me the forest brings Reward for labor and all things That money buys, for in this state So much of our wage-earners’ pay Comes from lumbering in some way. The fate of forests is my fate. Fifth Pupil (Carrying Fishing Rod) : TAM PLEASURE. Happy vacation days, Camping, hunting, and all the ways Of nature in her gladdest moods, The forest holds for girls and boys Who love out-doors and wholesome joys— There is no play-ground like the woods. Sixth Pupil (Strikes Match and Holds it Burning) : I AM THE FUTURE. Shall all these pass away? Must we look forward to a day Of fire-charred, lifeless, streamless slopes Where thoughtless match or unwatched brand From man’s ungrateful, careless hand Has destroyed his own children’s hopes? All (Future blows match out, watches as he then tramps it out): drops it, FIRE IS-OUR ENEMY. Won't you help us, then? Learn yourselves, and teach all men, This, the lesson all must learn: Put out the campfire and the match; Careful with slash and clearing-patch; Leave no fires in the woods to burn. Electric Power Development in the U. 5S. Review of a Report of Secretary of Agriculture Houston to the United States Senate By H. H. CoapMan HE policy of the nation with regard to its publicly- owned waterpowers is now under consideration by Congress. The many technical difficulties sur- rounding the subject and the absence of authoritative information have led to misstatements and misunder- standings. ‘This report is peculiarly welcome. Setting forth, as it does, a summary of statistics dealing with the total amount of power of all classes available and utilized, by regions, the rate of development and its rela- tion to demand, it will do away with much superfluous discussion. The total available waterpower for the United States, owing to dependence on fluctuations of stream flow, is calculated as minimum, representing the capacity during two weeks of minimum flow, and the maximum, given as the average for six months of maximum flow. These figures are, respectively, 27,900,000 horsepower and Of this quantity 31 per cent Yo 53,900,000 horsepower. is located on lands owned by the United States within National Forests in the West. Seventy-two per cent of all waterpower lies in the western or “National Forest” States and of this total, 42 per cent is on national for- ests. The regulation of publicly-owned waterpower sites is, therefore, a question which intimately concerns the Forest Service. By far the most interesting facts brought out are the summaries which show the relation of waterpower to the total present developed power from all sources in different States, including steam and gas power. In 1912, power, including steam, water and gas, totalled 30,450,000 horsepower, of which steam generated 24,540,- 000 horsepower or 80 per cent, and water 4,870,000 horsepower, or 16 per cent, a proportion Ot aillentonp: Waterpower in the last three years has developed more rapidly than steam. ‘The increase in primary power for municipalities, street railways, and commercial purposes using in 1912, 11,190,000 h.p., or 36.8 per cent, added 2,770,000 h.p. by 1915, of which 1,668,000 h.p. was waterpower, and but 1,100,000 h.p. steam. But it appears that in every group of States except the western moun- tains and Pacific coast (containing 72 per cent of all waterpowers) the present total combined power installa- tion already exceeds the minimum capacity of all the waterpower sites, and in five out of seven groups of States it exceeds the maximum capacity of all water power that can be developed. ‘This excess, due to steam, and dependent on coal, amounts in New England, the Middle Atlantic States, the North Central and the West South Central States, to 171 per cent of waterpower capacity. Two points are at once clear: waterpower can never 230 supersede steam power as a whole, and waterpower must always compete with steam in the power market. Claims have been boldly and repeatedly made that the policy of regulation in force on the National For- ests has produced complete stagnation and prevented the development of the waterpowers on these lands. ‘The In the decade 1902-1912, total com- bined power installation increased in the eleven western facts are as follows: States by 240 per cent, as against 98 per cent elsewhere. Electric power in the entire country increased by 226 per cent, but in the West, by 440 per cent, which was two and a half times as rapid as a per capita increase as the average. Waterpower increased for the country by 98 per cent, and for the West by 451 per cent, the per capita installation now being four times as great as for the rest of the country. In the three years since 1912, in the West, primary installation has increased 47 per cent, or at the rate of 296,000 horsepower per year, of which three- fourths is waterpower, the additional annual installation being twice as great as for the five previous years. Instead of stagnation, overdevelopment of power exists throughout these western States. Especially in Cali- fornia, Washington and Oregon installation is far in excess of demands. ‘There is more developed power than can be disposed of, and the need is for more markets. Instructive figures are given showing that by contrast with municipal plants, private waterpower corporations are capitalized for at least twice the cost of develop- ment and that the so-called “cost” of these plants is, as usual, merely the “value as an investment” on the basis of probable income. With reference to national forest lands, it is shown that out of 1,800,000 h.p. of waterpower alone, represent- ing the development in 1915 in the West, 30 per cent is in plants located wholly or in part on National Forests. while an additional 12 per cent depend in part on National Forests for their storage reservoirs. Fourteen per cent are on other public lands. This makes a total (exclusive of plants touching national property by transmission lines alone) of 56 per cent of the total developed water- powers of the West which has been installed under per- mits issued by the Forest Service or the Interior Depart- ment and in spite of these facts, we have heard reiterated claims that the present system of permits and regulations In addition, there is under construction on National Forests, plants aggregat- ing 123,000 h.p., while final permits are issued for 420,- 000 h.p. additional, and preliminary permits for 354,000 h.p., a total of 897,000 h.p., of all waterpower now in use in the West. has made development impossible. equalling 50 per cent That this ELECTRIC POWER DEVELOPMENT IN THE U. S. increase of 50 per cent will actually take place wnder pres- ent regulations as rapidly as the market permits is clearly evident by the fact that no applicant can hold even a preliminary permit without an investment in surveys and plans and evidence of good faith, while for the final permits, construction must be commenced within a given time or the permit lapses. The report, while indicating a rapid concentration of waterpowers in the hands of a few large companies, also indicates some of the reasons for this concentration. Fixed or permanent investment in waterpower is much greater than for steam power, and in 1912, only 24 per cent of the installation capacity was actually used or marketed, due to the necessity of providing for “peak” loads, maximum demands for service, and growth of service. ‘“To secure advantages attendant upon diversity of demand is one of the chief reasons for joining many plants and many markets into one combined system.” Public service corporations in 1915 owned 90 per cent of primary power in the western States as against 50 per cent in 1912. In the country at large 35 corporations control by direct ownership one-half the total public service powers and 6 corporations own over one-fourth of this total and in addition there is “a marked tendency towards association or community of interests, particu- larly between principal-holding companies that cannot be viewed without concern.” Perhaps the most significant fact brought out in this report is that 120 public service corporations out of 1,500 claim to own or control 3,683,000 horsepower undevel- oped. This equals 80 per cent of the total waterpower developed and used in public service operations in the entire country. No permit restrictions prevent the imme- diate development of this unused waterpower which is annually wasted. Under government permits these water- powers could not be held without development and use. The report does not discuss waterpower legislation or existing policy and regulations, but the facts set forth cannot fail to remove many prejudices and enable Con- gress to approach the subject on a clearer basis. NATIONAL CONSERVATION CONGRESS HE National Conservation Congress has called a conference for the mobilization of America’s re- sources for national defense to be held in Wash- jIngton, D. C., May 2, 3 and 4. nounced for the purpose of devising an answer to the following question: The conference is an- “The world crisis has awakened the American people to the imperative need of immediate steps toward greater national strength and efficiency. ‘The first step is the or- ganization of the country’s natural resources. Can the magnificent resources of the United States—men, indus- try, power, and the riches of the earth—be organized into a single co-ordinate unit that will be the sure de- fender of democracy in her hour of greatest peril and her greatest support in time of peace ?” 237 The idea of the development of the country’s re- sources will loom large, so the call for the conference states and it adds: “President Wilson has been advised of the plan and will be invited to speak on the subject. Foremost government and state experts in every line of industry and commerce are already at work with a view to laying before the conference, immediately on its as- sembling, the exact status of the country’s resources and plans for their development and use with the idea of pro- moting the greatest possible national strength and ef- ficiency. “To the conference have been invited the Governors of the States, Senators and Representatives in Con- gress, members of the Cabinet, the Justices of the Su- preme Court of the United States, the heads of State and government departments and bureaus, representatives of the leading organizations of the United States and ex- perts, leaders of commerce and industry, transportation and labor, scientists, college presidents and noted men generally, whose expert ability in special lines of the country’s resources is widely recognized. “At the conclusion of the conference, it is hoped there will be ready to present to the President of the United States and to be given out to the country a practical plan for the mobilization of the country’s resources for what- ever purpose it may be desired. The conference will awaken a greater interest in America’s resources and will instill a spirit of greater patriotism. “The conference will continue three days. The first day will be devoted to topics tending to bring out the idea of a patriotism for national development. On the second day, will be taken up plans for the mobilization of the country’s resources. Accurate data on the mobilization of resources from authoritative sources of the states and of the government and from outside experts will be presented and given to the public for the first time. On the third day, the conservation of human efficiency will be considered. Besides addresses by the leading men of state and nation, there will be reports from every sec- tion of the country relating to every phase of the national resources. A special feature will be addresses by promi- nent representatives of foreign countries, now naturalized .\iericans. “At the evening sessions and other times, there will be illustrated lectures with thousands of feet of moving pic- ture films, showing the development of the nation and also the possibility of its further development.” NORWEGIAN FORESTERS COMING DELEGATION of forestry experts from Norway is to spend six or eight months on the western coast of Canada and the United States this spring, obtaining information as to the various kinds of timber and pulp wood tree species growing on that part of this continent which are likely to prove suitable for plantation in western Norway. Western Norway is but sparsely forest covered and it is intended to replant it. Wood Preserving Department By E. A. STERLING Ex-President American Wood Preservers Association OR the past year preliminary reports have indi- cated the successful development of improved methods of creosoting Douglas fir timber. Mr. O. P. M. Goss, engineer of the Association of Creosoting Companies of the Pacific Coast, who has been directing the investigations, presented a very interesting report at the meeting of the American Wood Preservers Associa- tion in January. The association he represents has now published a bulletin on “Creosoting Douglas Fir Bridge Stringers and Ties Without Loss of Strength.’ While the details may not be of interest to the readers of AMERICAN Forestry, the general results are important to any one in any way interested in the use of timber. The practice of creosoting Douglas fir has been followed on the Pacific Coast for approximately twenty-five years, but the boiling process which has been used has been rather severe, because of the resistence which fir offered to penetration by creosoting. ‘This resulted in consider- able loss of strength, which was not a desirable factor in structural timbers. The new method which has been de- veloped consists in boiling under vacuum in order to re- duce the high temperature previously necessary. Mr. Goss’s bulletin outlines the detailed procedure, including strength and spike pulling tests. He summarized these conclusions before the Wood Preservers follows: Association, as “The above results show conclusive proof that Doug- las fir stringers can be effectively creosoted without in- juring their strength, a fact which will be of interest par- ticularly to railroads, and also to other consumers of structural timber.” DDITIONAL, data of great value on Dauglas fir bridge stringers were presented by H. B. MacFar- land, engineer of tests of the Santa Fe Railroad, in connection with the report of the committee on wood preservation of the American Railway Engineering As- sociation, at its meeting in Chicago on March 21-23. Mr. MacFarland’s tests are on the comparative strength of treated and untreated Douglas fir stringers in order to determine the effect of the treatment on the physical properties of the wood. This report is very complete, and fully illustrated by photographs of cross sections, and by curves and diagrams of each piece tested. URTHER evidence of the long life of creosoted material is hardly necessary; yet each year and each meeting of railroad wood preserving and At the recent meeting of the American Railway Engineering As- seciation, and at the January convention of the American engineering associations bring out new data. 238 Wood Preservers Association, committees on service tests presented many records, among which was men- tioned creosoted piling and timbers in coal docks of the Lehigh Valley Railroad at Perth Amboy, N. J., which were still in good condition after thirty years. Other complete records run back twenty-six years; while from other sources are data on creosoted piling which have resisted decay from marine bores for forty years in the Gulf of Mexico. Some later experimental test tracks are now giving results, cross ties from the Santa Fe Railroad, for example, being shown at Chicago in March, which were treated by the Reuping process with five pounds of oil per cubic foot in 1904, and are still en- tirely sound. The deduction is that timber well treated with a good grade of coal tar creosote will resist decay almost indefinitely. ‘The same evidence, however, shows the necessity of proper protection from mechanical wear, since there are many records of ties and timbers which have failed because the protective treated portion was worn through, exposing the untreated center. T THE various lumber association meetings during the past winter exhibits have been shown which are of particular interest to the farmer and small consumer of creosoted wood. ‘These included results trom brush and open tank treatment of fence posts and small timbers, and included a model of an inexpensive open tank which any one can build for a few dollars. It was shown by actual specimens that posts of non-durable wood, for example, would decay in two to five years; whereas a brush and open tank treatment with creosote would preserve them for fifteen or twenty years, and in some cases more. NEW National feature was added to the exhibit of the Appliances Association in Chicago in March, in connection with the annual increased space taken by lumber manufacturers, and the very instructive demonstration which they arranged. In addition to many sections, diagrams and models of untreated timber, the Railway Railway Association meeting, by the results from proper treatment were also shown. There were, for example, well preserved sections of creosoted timbers taken from trestles of the New Orleans & North- eastern Division of the Queen & Crescent, and from the Louisville & Nashville, built in 1883. Samples of paving blocks were also shown which were laid in Galveston in 1875; while another part of the exhibit illustrated methods of preventing mechanical wear of cross ties by the use of screw spikes, large tie plates, dowels, etc., the possibilities of the dowels having been previously men- tioned in this department. Uses of Lumber 3y WaRREN B. BuLLOCK NE of the biggest educational movements in America today is the teaching of the man who uses wood, the proper use of lumber for struc- tural work in the factory, house or farm building, or any of the thousand and one purposes for which wood may be used. Every part of the country is feeling the impetus of the new movement, fostered by the national manufac- turers of all kinds of lumber, and spreading down through the wholesalers, jobbers and retailers to the every-day man on the job. Even the schools have taken up the movement. The organization by the University of Wisconsin of an extension course for users of lumber to teach the natural properties and best uses of wood, a course which has in its first year included hundreds of correspondence students all over the country, with sixty- three men in regular classes in Milwaukee, has spread to twelve other educational institutions, State universities, State colleges of agriculture, and private educational in- stitutions. another year, according to plans being made by various A dozen others will institute the course in extension course leaders. The theory back of the whole movement is that wood “the indispensable,” is the best material for many kinds of construction work, and that the industry should not try to force the use of lumber where it does not fully meet all requirements, but should concentrate its efforts on the education of the public to use wood where wood is best. This national movement, backed by the trade exten- sion department of the National Lumber Manufacturers Association, has its local manifestations in the Southern pine, and cypress men in the South, the Douglas fir and redwood men in the West, the hemlock manufacturers in Wisconsin, and so on all over the country, until the national movement has been taken up in a dozen ways by associations representing district or species, which first study the qualities of their own output and then prepare educational literature plans and specifications for the use of architects, engineers and consumers, to show where and for what purposes spechic woods are the best. There is no longer any excuse for the ignorant use of wood in any work, and any prejudice which may exist against the use of wood is due to lack of knowledge of how to build well with wood. Every one of a dozen or so lumber organizations is ready to provide any builder with de- tailed general or technical information as to how best to use wood, and what woods to use for special purposes. One of the great problems of the lumberman today is that of fire, not only the fires in the forest, but the fires in buildings, and there has been an enormous amount of work done throughout the country in studying the prob- lem of how to build structures so as to minimize the danger of damage from fire. The whole question is be- ing worked out on the basis of proper construction, ade- quate safeguards, elimination of hazardous contents and carelessness, and the use of automatic sprinklers. A great many reports on fire prevention and the use of structural material in buildings, state that a carefully de- signed timber structure is as safe against fire as any other type of structure if all floors are isolated, elevators and stairways enclosed in fireproof shafts with all open- ings protected by self-closing doors, and proper sprink- ler systems used throughout. A heavy timber which has been charred by fire becomes of slow burning nature due to the charred coating, in the same manner that a solid log burns slowly. This is only one of the phases of education being de- veloped by engineers on behalf of the campaign for the use of wood where wood is best. HE immense possibilities of developing southern pine and Douglas fir waste into wrapping paper have been reviewed for the members of the United States Senate Committee which has under discussion the proposal to increase the scope of the laboratory investiga- tions, in the following memorandum on the production of Kraft wrapping paper from southern pine and Doug- jas fir, by Chief Forester Henry S. Graves: “The waste incident to the production of southern pine lumber is of sufficient quantity to produce the enormous amount of approximately 20,000 tons of paper per day. Laboratory experiments have determined the suitability of this material for the manufacture of Kraft wrapping paper by the sulphate process and it now only remains to determine to what extent the laboratory results are ap- plicable on a commercial basas. “What has been said of the possibilities of southern pine is largely applicable to Douglas fir. While the Laboratory with this species have not progressed to the same point as with the southern pine, the indications are that Douglas fir is also well adapted for production of Kraft paper and subsequent to the completion of the suggested work on pine, it would be my idea to utilize the experimental equipment secured for this purpose in similar work in the West with Douglas fir. Wrapping paper in this territory is at present se- cured from either western paper mills using sulphite pulp or from eastern and European mills supplying either sul- phite or Kraft wrappings. In the latter case, it is of course necessary for the western consumer to pay freight charges amounting to about $15 per ton. The Laboratory recently made paper of Douglas fir which tested a point to the pound, putting it in the class with the strongest wrapping papers made in the United States.” experiments 239 240 AMERICAN Brother Jonathan By CHARLES ALEXANDER RICHMOND President of Union College Reprinted from the Outlook by permission I Brother Jonathan sat by the kitchen fire, Nursin’ his foot on his knee. “Tt’s a turrible fight they're havin’ out there, But they can’t git over to me.” And Jonathan jingled the coins in his han’ An’ thanked the good God for the sea. Il “They'll be wantin’ my cattle and hogs and corn An’ powder and guns, mebbe, But they'll pay on the nail! cash down, by gum! For all they git from me.” An’ he smiled kinder slow and jingled the coins ; “It's good for business,” sez’ee. Il “They're killin’ ’em off like flies, they say. They can’t blame it onto me. It ain’t my war, yet I do feel bad For them poor Belgiums,” sez’ee. And he took a few dollars out of his jeans And sent it across the sea. IV Then he heard they'd drowned a thousand men, And some from Amerikee. So he said right out, “If you do that ag’in You'll git me mad,” sez’ee. An he kep’ on jinglin’ the coins in his han’ An’ thankin’ God for the sea. V They did it ag’in and then ag’in. “You quit that now,” sez’ee. “Tll give you fellers a piece o’ my mind If I git hol’ 0’ ye.” An’ he winks one eye with his tongue in his cheek; “Tm too proud to fight,” sez’ee. VI Then they got to plottin’ and blowin’ up things, An’ he sez: “You let me be. I won't stand these furrin tricks 0’ yourn In this here land o’ the free.” And it got old Jonathan all het up, An he took his foot from his knee. VII An’ he got to thinkin’ and thinkin’ hard, Worryin’ how it would be, An’ wonderin’ what in Sam Hill he’d do If some pesky enemy With all them dreadnoughts and submarines Came a-rippin’ across the sea, FORESTRY VIII An’ he thought of the army he wished he had, An’ he reckoned up his navy. “T guess I’ve set here long enough; I'll have to get busy,” sez’ee. 3ut the last I saw he was a-settin’ there yit An’ strokin’ his long goatee. IX It ain't no time to be settin’ ’round, I kin tell ye—no sirree. He better be gittin’ up and out o’ that cheer An’ git outdoors and see, An’ do his chores and fix things up The way they oughter be. x He might be helpin’ them cousins 0’ his’n To fight fer liberty, An’ he might git in a few licks hisself Jes’ fer humanity. Anyhow, I wish he’d quit jinglin’ them coins An’ thankin’ God fer the sea. MORE LAND FOR NATIONAL FORESTS HE National Forest Reservation Commission has approved the purchase by the Government of 47,600 acres of land, comprising sixty-one tracts White Approxi- mately 25,000 acres of this lies in the western part of in the Appalachian and Mountains. Maine, contiguous to the Government's previous pur- chases in New Hampshire, and is the first land to be acquired in the State of Maine for National Forest pur- More than 300,000 now been quired in the White Mountains in New Hampshire and Maine, the area acquired and approved for purchase being almost one-half of the total area which it is ex- poses. acres have ac- pected that the Government will acquire in the principal White Mountain region. Additional tracts were also acquired in the Southern In Macon and McDowell Counties, North Carolina, a number of small tracts were acquired Appalachian States. which together comprise 2,060 acres. In Virginia, the purchases were mostly in Shenandoah, Amherst, Augusta and additional Counties, where amounting to 7,300 Rockbridge acreage Some 3,000 acres of the new lands are situated in Polk, Carter and Unicoi Counties, Tennessee, while in Rabun and Fannin was acquired. Counties, Georgia, about 1,100 acres were acquired and, in Oconee County, South Carolina, 300 acres. Unless provision is made by this Congress for addi- tional funds the work of purchasing additional areas can- not be continued. In order to keep the machinery intact and to make reasonable progress it is essential that at ieast one million dollars be available for the fiscal year 1917, and two million dollars for the fiscal year 1915. It is understood that proposals have been made in the Senate to include an item appropriating these sums in the agricultural appropriation act for the fiscal year 1917 when it is under consideration by that body. CORRESPONDENCE COURSE IN FORESTRY CORRESPONDENCE COURSE IN FORESTRY NE of the methods used by State Agricultural Col- () leges for carrying information to the people is the correspondence course. By many it is considered one of the most effective employed. Thousands of people are reached every year in this way. These courses cover a wide range of subjects relating to agriculture. They are written in a simple manner and frequently revised in order that they will contain the latest ideas and infor- mation on each subject. The object in issuing informa- tion in this way rather than in bulletin form is to make sure that the information sent is carefully read. The correspondence courses are divided into short lessons, each covering a particular subject or problem. Together with each lesson is sent a question paper relating to the text. To answer these questions it is necessary that the text be carefully read. The next lesson in a course is not sent until the questions relating to the previous lesson are answered satisfactorily and returned to the college. In the fall of 1914 a correspondence course in Farm Forestry was issued by the Pennsylvania State College. It has proven one of the most popular courses issued. The first edition of five hundred copies was exhausted within a year. It showed that farmers are interested in the care of their woodlots and eager to secure knowledge as to how woodlots can best be managed. Some of the subjects discussed in the different lessons are: The tree, its parts and their uses, the factors influenc- ing the life of trees, starting a woodlot from seed or by planting, how to care for a forest plantation, managing the ordinary farm woodlot, woodlot protection, and esti- mating the woodlot for lumber and cordwood. Many of the questions asked in the lessons refer di- rectly to the farm woodlot itself, making it necessary in answering them to visit a woodlot for observation or for taking measurements. Those taking the course in farm forestry are encouraged and urged to ask questions in re- turn, relating to the particular problems they find in their own woodlot. FOREST CLUBS MEET HE second annual meeting of the Intercollegiate Vik Association of Forestry Clubs was held at Ann Arbor, Mich., recently. The association was formed at Ithaca, N. Y., in 1914 at the time of the conference of forestry schools held in connection with the dedication of the new forestry building, the object of the association being to create interest in scientific forestry and to promote good fellowship among the for- estry students at different schools. At the meeting held this year the delegates met in business session and were entertained at a banquet given in their honor by the Forestry Club of the University of Michigan. Included in the business transacted was a complete revision of the preliminary constitution drawn 241 up at Ithaca, N. Y., in 1914, and the election of the president school for the ensuing year. The University of Washington was chosen as president school to suc- ceed Cornell University. ; The Forestry Clubs of the following universities were represented by delegates at the meeting: Cornell Uni- versity, president school, M. B. Haman; University of California, A. E. Wieslander; Michigan Agricultural College, E. Hamlin; University of Michigan, O. L. Love- joy; Ohio State University, J. D. Sayre; Syracuse Uni- versity, J. I. Neasmith; University of Washington, D. H. Clark ; Yale University, G. H. Lentz. The Universities of Idaho and Montana were represented by proxy. The phrase “of United States” was struck out because the clubs of forestry schools in Canada have been invited to join the association. IN CHARGE OF YOSEMITE Salone LANE has announced the appoint- ment of Washington B. Lewis as supervisor of the Yosemite National Park, California. Mr. Lewis graduated from the Engineering Department of the University of Michigan in 1907 and since that time has been a member of the United States Geological Survey. During the past nine years, in addition to work done in several of the Western States, he was furloughed for survey work with the First and Second National Geo- graphic Society expeditions to Alaska, and, in 1911, went to Argentina where he was engaged for four years in making studies and surveys in connection with the in- vestigation of the industrial possibilities of northern . Patagonia for the government of Argentina. Mr. Lewis is an associate member of the American Society of Civil Engineers and a member of the Cosmos Club of Washington, D. C. CHANGES AT WYMAN’S SCHOOL YMAN’S School of the Woods at Munising, Michigan, has filled the vacancy in its teaching staff by the appointment of Raymond J. Guyer, a graduate of Pennsylvania State College, and by the fur- ther addition of R. R. Fenska, who finished at Yale. Some few changes have been made in the course to bring about even greater practical training. The school will continue to place Forest Engineering and Logging and Milling in the lead with the technical forestry sub- jects and constant practical demonstration and work as a filler for the two practical subjects. BIRD AND TREE BOOKS FREE Members have an unusual opportunity to acquire valuable bird and tree books without any charge. All that it is necessary to do is to secure one new subscribing member. See the an- nouncement at the bottom of the table of contents on the first page of this issue. Editorial AGRICULTURAL COMMITTEE'S SURPRISING ACTION HE Agricultural Committee of the House of Representatives, by a vote of eight to seven, struck out of the appropriation bill the sum of $3,000,000 for continuing the work of land purchases under the Weeks Law. If this action stands, the policy of acquisi- tion of mountainous area in the Appalachians and White Mountains by the National Government will come to an abrupt termination, and the government will be left with the nucleus of seventeen administrative areas, each re- quiring supervision and protection, but none large enough to effectively accomplish the purposes for which they were intended. This action is the more surprising when it is known that this sum represents the amount previously appropriated by Congress, but which lapsed by time limitation because the Government refused to be hurried into unwise or ill- considered purchases previous to creating the proper ma- chinery for appraisal and the perfection of titles. Congress cannot plead failure for this work as a reason for its discontinuance. At the recent hearing before the Agricultural Committee all sections were represented here, and the demand for its continuance was unanimous. No breath of criticism attaches to the purchases. The areas already acquired, totalling 404,984 acres, though scat- tered and small, have been wisely grouped in definite dis- tricts in which it will be possible with continued appro- priations to secure tracts large enough to permit of economical and effective fire protection. Already these tracts have been brought under control, fires stopped, trails, lookouts and telephones installed and the mountain- eers educated to a new attitude towards the care of the forests. 874,498 acres have been approved for pur- chase and if secured would make the total acquired 1,279,482 acres. This work, pushed forward, means the regeneration of vast areas, not merely through forest restoration, but by a distinct uplift in social conditions as well. The physical benefits will not be confined to the mountain counties within which the lands lie, but by ef- fective watershed protection stream flow will be regu- lated, power sites will increase in value, navigation will be protected, erosion and silting up of streams retarded or prevented and the entire economic life of the States affected will be permanently bettered. There is yet time to save this appropriation. Senator Gallinger has introduced in the Senate an amendment to the Agricutural Appropriation bill. This amendment was referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry, Senator Gore, chairman. It is hoped this com- mittee will report favorably on the améndment and that it will be adopted by the Senate. If it is it will go to conferees of the Senate and the House and will finally get back into the House for a vote. It is essential that every Senator be petitioned to give the amendment his consideration and approval. The American Forestry Association has already requested such consideration from each one. Members of the As- sociation are now asked to personally write to each Senator and each Representative from their district urg- ing support of the measure. Such personal letters will have considerable weight and will be invaluable in the effort to secure the appropriation. Please write now. Waterpower Legislation By H. H. Coarpman is largely in private hands, as contrasted with almost universal public ownership in Europe. In its initial stages of development, American communities were more keenly alive to the benefits of these enterprises than to the rights inherent in the public. The ground lost by perpetual franchises and other onerous conditions, often obtained by bribery, is only recently being partially recovered by means of limited franchises, profit sharing and the right of recapture and public operation at expira- tion of leases. The prolonged agitation over waterpower legislation is explained by the development of waterpower, through US (ee development of public utilities in this country 242 long-distance transmission, as a public utility of the first magnitude, furnishing power, not only to public service corporations engaged in transportation, lighting and heat- ing, but to the manufacturing industries and even prom- ising to invade the homes as a substitute for fuel. Rail- roads in mountain districts may in the near future be operated entirely by electricity. The enormous impor- tance of this development of waterpower as a public utility cannot be minimized. Waterpower development tends naturally towards monopolistic control. A power site is capable of develop- ment by but one corporation. Immense sums are required for long periods to install the dams, power plants and EDITORIAL distributing systems, and to create and maintain a profit- able and economically administered power business. The consolidation of many waterpower sites in a few strong hands cannot be successfully prevented, any more than that of the development of large and efficient railroad systems. But this very tendency carries with it, as in all other instances of monopoly, the danger that the public may eventually be forced to pay tribute by overcharges for services which have become indispensable. The specific means by which this might occur are monopolistic con- trol of all available waterpower sites, with the ability to limit developments and raise rates; and the inflation of the capitalized value of the corporation’s business by which the per cent earned upon the watered capital ceases to indicate the returns upon the capital actually invested. The legality of inflated values is accomplished through sales, and consolidations or reorganizations by which the plants are actually transferred at the advanced values, which then become the basis for rate charges. Short of enforcing competition, which is not always economically sound, the public can protect itself in three ways—by the regulation of rates, based on fair earn- ings; by restricting overcapitalization, and by prevent- ing the monopoly of the natural resource, making devel- opment a condition of control. Good waterpower legislation must make possible the development of publicly-owned power sites, but must rigidly prevent the acquisition of rights under leases which do not require development. If market conditions do not demand the use of a waterpower, control of the site should remain in public hands for the present. The public must not be left with the husk of ownership, sim- ilar, for instance, to that possessed under 999-year leases. The right of recapture of these sites must be protected, and the terms must be such as to exclude the value of the rights granted and of public property or land used, as well as intangible values based on income. The principle should be to return to the lessee his actual capital invest- ment, but not to sanction the very process of inflation of values which it is the principal object of public owner- ship to prevent. This same inflation should be checked by power to withhold consent to sales or transfer of lease, except upon terms approved by the public official responsi- ble for the administration. The above objects may be best attained through the retention of practical or actual public ownership of waterpower sites. The third object, regulation of rates charged for serv- ices, may be exercised by States or for interstate busi- ness by the national government. This power alone forms an entirely inadequate control of the situation, since it does not prevent inflation nor require develop- ment, as indicated by the government report reviewed on page 236 of this issue. The Ferris Waterpower Bill, as passed by the House of Representatives, provided adequate measures for de- velopment of waterpower sites on public lands under proper control. As amended by the Senate, this bill 243 1. Permits the acquisition of leases controlling unlim- ited waterpower sites by the same corporation without requiring prompt development. 2. Prevents States, municipalities or other public bodies acquiring these sites, even at the expiration of the lease, unless at the option of the lessee. 3. Permits inflation of capital by removing all control over transfer of leases, and failing to properly safeguard the provisions of recapture. These alterations work, in effect, to rob the public of the substance of ownership and to make the lessee to all intents and purposes the owner. This course is justi- fied by its advocates on the ground that capital requires these guarantees as a condition making possible the financing of the projects. But the statistics of actual development cited on page 236 show that under present regulations, which grant none of these “rights of owner- ship,” 56 per cent of all western waterpowers are now being operated, with an equal amount in process of development or under application. This means that the financial interests which are at present capable of developing public waterpower sites are also capable of operating under the conditions now imposed, and which thoroughly protect the public at all points. Unless the amended Ferris Bill sanctions regu- lations equally efficient, it should be summarily disposed of. In its present form it is unfit for passage. The bill contains two further features, both objec- tionable. In the interest of an organization of promoters, it would sanction a commercial power site in the Grand Canyon of Arizona, known as one of the wonders of the world. As well permit the harnessing of the geysers in Yellowstone Park. The second feature, which we are at a loss to account for, is the provision transferring .the administration of the waterpower sites situated within National Forests from the Forest Service to the Secretary of the Interior. The entire policy of leasing and use of waterpower had its origin and was developed to an efficient practice in the Forest Service. Three-fourths of all the waterpowers in use on pub- lic lands are now handled by Forest Service officials, and a still larger percentage of the unused power lies within these national forests. These sites are situated hundreds of miles from any existing Interior Department lands or officials. Expensive and useless duplication of work would result—with no attendant benefits. Any such wholesale transfers must be justified either on the grounds of incompetency of existing service, or a large resultant saving and increased efficiency. This feature of the Ferris Bill is absolutely unjustified by existing conditions. EXHIBITS WIN DIPLOMA XHIBITS sent to the Panama-Pacific Exposition, EB at San Francisco, by the State College of For- estry, Syracuse University, have been returned to the college and are being unpacked. The models, show- ing the practical work done at the college, won a diploma. 244 AMERICAN FORESTRY Canadian Department By Ettwoop WILSON Secretary Canadian Society of Forest Engineers P. Z. Caverhill, Director of Forest Sur- vey of the Province of New Brunswick, has commenced his important work of mapping and estimating the timber lands of that Province. Mr. Caverhill is attack- ing this problem in a very practical and thorough manner and his results will be looked forward to with much interest. The Canadian Forestry Association has brought out a very well gotten up “Boy Scouts’ Book” which gives information about the forests, their use and protection, which every boy should know, and is now engaged in drawing up a set of examina- tion questions which will entitle a scout, after answering them successfully, to his “Forest Badge.” J. F. L. Hughes, a student member of the Canadian Society of Forest Engineers, and formerly with the Laurentide Com- pany, has been taking a course in avia- tion and is now on his way to England to continue his training. A letter recently received from Mr. Stuart, formerly with the Laurentide Com- pany, says that he has been eleven months in the trenches near Ypres after spending some time at Shornecliffe He says the mud is terrible, but that otherwise there is less hardship in the trenches than on a forestry survey in the Canadian woods. He is one of five sergeants left out of an original sixty. George H. Mead, of Dayton, Ohio, has been elected President of the Spanish River Pulp and Paper Company. Letters recently received from foresters in Spain and Sweden complain that Ameri- can writers do not use the scientific names of trees and plants, ‘but only the common names, which are of course unintelligible to them. The scientific names should be used much more freely than they are at present. The Commission of Conservation has just issued a book, “Altitudes in Canada,” compiled by Mr. James White, which gives the altitudes above sea level of all the most important places in the Dominion. This represents a large amount of work, and Mr. White is to be congratulated on preparing a work which will be very use- ful. The annual meeting and banquet of the St. Maurice Forest Protective Association was held at the Place Viger Hotel, Mon- treal, recently. This was a very successful meeting and the Association showed that it had progressed during the past year. An appropriation was made for building ‘telephone lines to connect some of the lookout towers erected last year and to make other permanent improvements. A committee was appointed to draw up a form of order to be issued by all the mem- bers to their foremen in charge of woods operations, giving them instructions about fighting fires, reporting them, guarding against fires set by smokers and smudges and by men coming into and going out of the forest. The following officers were elected: President, Ellwood Wilson, Lau- rentide Company, Ltd.; vice-president, R. E. Grant, St. Maurice Lumber Company; Henry Sorgius, manager and secretary. The annual meeting of the Canadian Pulp and Paper Association was held at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Montreal and was a great success. The paper business was reported to be in a flourishing condi- tion and everyone was pleased with what had been accomplished through coopera- tion. Mr. J. H. A. Acer, of the Lauren- tide Company, Ltd., was elected president. The technical section meeting was very interesting, one of the papers on welfare work among mill employes being espec- ially so. The Candian Pacific Railway will begin the planting of trees along their eastern lines to take the place of the snow fences at present in use. This has already been done on western lines with success. The Geo. A. Fuller Co., Ltd., of Mon- treal, have obtained a contract to build three mills for the St. Maurice Paper Company, Ltd., at Cap Magdalaine, Que. This company is a subsidiary of the Union Bag and Paper Company, of Hudson Falls, INGE The Crown Lands Department, of Nova Scotia, reports about 13,000 acres burned over during the season of 1915. An article published in the Canadian Pulp and Paper Magazine of March 1, written by Mr. R. H. McKee, head of the Pulp & Paper School, of the University of Maine, about the possibility of obtaining hybrid poplar trees which will grow very much faster than the present species, opens up a most interesting field for experiment. If hybrid trees can be obtained which will produce pulp wood in ten to twenty years the industry would be placed on a new and absolutely firm basis, with raw material which would be much cheaper, and which, being produced right at the mills, would greatly reduce the present cost of trans- portation. It is hoped that experiments along this line will be undertaken at once. The bill to amend the forest fire laws of Quebec has passed third reading. The annual meeting of Mountain Lum- bermen was held at Nelson, B. C., and reports showed that the outlook was bet- ter than for some years. Mr. C. D. Mc- Nab, was elected president; Mr. A. J. Lammars, vice-president, and Mr. I. R. Poole, secretary-treasurer. Lieut. Jos. Power, son of Mr. Wm. Power, past president of the Canadian Forestry Association, has returned from nine months spent in the trenches in Flanders, with nerves shattered. He spent two months in the hospital in London and has two months leave. His brother, Lieut. Charles Power, is in hospital with eighteen shrapnel wounds. The report of the Conservation Com- mission, “Forest Protection in Canada, 1913-14,” has just been issued and is a very interesting volume. The 215-foot flag pole made of Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga Mucronata, Sudw., re- cently shipped from British Columbia to Kew Gardens, London, Eng. arrived safely. A London dispatch, referring to its arrival, says: “Once the pride of a Brit- ish Columbia forest, a 215-foot flag staff now lies in the Thames off Kew Gardens.” The clerk at Kew wrote out a receipt for 215 feet of flag pole, on a two-inch piece of paper: “Received in good condition, one log.” The adventures of the pole are by no means at an end. The Garden authori- ties are now faced with the big task of raising it across the moat which bounds the river front of the Gardens and then drag- ging it a quarter of a mile to the mound where the old pole stood for so many years. The Lower Ottawa Forest Protective Association increased its area by 944,640 acres during 1915 and now patrols 8,504,320 acres. 155 fires were extinguished, and of these 113 were put out without extra labor by the ranger. 322 permits were issued for burning slashings, and these fires were supervised by the rangers. Timber is becoming so scarce in Eng- land and high freights and scarcity of ships have rendered the situation so acute, that the War Office has asked the Cana- dian Government to enlist a battalion of woodsmen to cut timber in England. Re- cruiting will start at once. Lt. Col. Alex. McDougall, of Ottawa, will be in com- mand. Mr. J. B. Tyrrell, F. G. S., has written, for the February number of the Canadian Forestry Journal, a very interesting ac- count of the District of Paricia, a sec- tion of 150,000 square miles to the north- west of the Province of Ontario which has just been given to that Province by the Dominion Government. It has a popula- tion of 3,000 Indians, nine whites, and will cut about two cords of wood per acre. AMERICAN FORESTRY 245 Wood Preserving Made Easy By the Use of an Improved Creosote Oil AILROADS have adopted creosoted ties; cities recognize creo- soted wood block as the highest type of pavement; the Depart- ment of Agriculture urges the wider use of wood preservatives. Yet, creosoted wood, with all its advantages, has generally been out of the reach of ordinary timber users. Ordinary crude cresote is all right for ‘“vacuum-pressure treatments”’ in the large creosoting plants, but its use is practically out of the question in ordinary field work. It develops greasy crys- Err ratus. This special creo- tals in the barrels and Il galls - u cans, and also on the sur- face of the woods treated | G Le Oi with it, and it contains |!) (i) : a “a ip considerable amounts of |) MUITGQS al te (i ae Grade One Liquid Creosote Oil. With Grade One Creo- water, which cause sote, successful creosoting trouble in application. can be done by the lum- In fact, its physical properties vary ber dealer or by the actual lumber greatly and do not permit of uniform consumer, the farmer, the builder, etc. results when handled in any other All that is required is an inexpensive method than the pressure treatment. tank large enough to hold the timbers, with provision for heating the oil. Grade One Oil applied with a brush will also give effective results. Timber that has been treated in this manner will have its life doubled or trebled when put in service. sote is called Barrett's Accordingly, we have developed a re- fined creosote, especially adapted to use in the field with the simplest appa- All kinds of woods that are exposed to dampness should be creosoted. This includes not only fence posts and vine- yard posts and sticks, but sills, base- ment flooring and planking, steps and stoops, wooden sidewalks, greenhouse benches, shingles, silos, etc. Booklets and further information free upon request. The Company New York Chicago Philadelphia Boston % St. Louis Cleveland Cincinnati Pittsburgh . TIME and MonEY IONAL ENG, © Inc DESIGNERS-ENGRAVERS 506 I4rm, STREET NW . WaAsHIneTON. D. C ay) CCE z) 7) y) y) y) ) HILL’S Seedlings and Transplants Also Tree Seeds FOR REFORESTING Best for over a half century. All leading hardy sorts, grown in immense quantities. Prices lowest. Quality highest. Forest Planter’s Guide, also price lists are free. Write today and mention this mazazine. THE D. HILL NURSERY CO. Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in America DUNDEE, ILL. BOX 501 PARK and ESTATE FORESTRY Logging Reports _ Utilization Studies Timber Estimates Forest Planting Ete. Methods and Cost of Mosquito Eradication P. L. BUT TREE Forester and Mosquito Expert P. O. Box 607 New Haven, Conn. Allthe way, AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS of Arizona “A stupendous intaglio carved in the silent Arizona desert by river, rain and wind. There is nothing to compare with it any- where in the world. It is impossible to exaggerate the gran~ deur, the sublimity, the 1 impressiveness of the scenery; and 1 its fascination can not be accurately described. Four daily California trains via Santa Fe. One of them — the Cali- fornia Limited — carries through Pullman sleeper to the rim of the Grand Canyon. ” May I send you our pees folders of trains and trip ? W. J. Black Passenger Traffic Manager A.T.&S.F.Ry. 1105 Railway Exchange Chicago bo on un BOOKS ON FORESTRY 0 0 AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the benefit of those who wish books on forestry, a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American Forestry Association, Washington, mm D.C. Prices are by mail or express prepaid.* BE 26 ae st BORESM VAL WADION—Filibert (Rotheen eee ectrctiatiatack eiiiceieieciae nee $1.50 HORE SIRE GUlUATION—BiibertsRotheeeemeenmeeicnatinne ricetceieiiceteitieleciels 2.00 PRACTICAL TREE REPAIR—By Elbert Peets.............-..-ceeseeeecceees 2.00 DHE LUNE REIN DUSTRY —By Ro Sa Eellogoicrertateeicle ole /ol= tele jat oles afelstelelelsyelaterele 1.10 LUMBER MANUFACTURING ACCOUNTS—By Arthur F. Jones.............. 2.10 HORE STAVAUUALION—By, BH. Hs Chapmankaseaicereieniiriiscds sneer it) vere 2.00 CHINESE FOREST TREES AND TIMBER SUPPLY—By Norman Shaw....... 1.60 TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS—By John Keir aan eae act cos trors\ esa; a) ovesesailetavettone te ANA SEM Tey ole Renee rare cese atau voressic laietoral vaya ater 1.50 TREES AND SHRUBS—By Charles Sprague Sargent—Vol. I and II, 4 Parts toa WolumeqperlParters ctorecisiass .57 THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS (in forest organization) —— AD INCCKTAG EN, sate rasoich ave state ne eer nee Meron Caled sbefetokstemecersiers eheieys) stele eh aus/ejrse) 76 2.10 ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY—F. F. Moon and N.C. Brown..............+-++++: 2.20 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD—Samuel J. Record.............-.++-- Te SRUDIESTORSMREES—Je Je luevisonleeemrereitecieeleracreirictetatteielssieteeterieleatetatere eas MREEEPRUNING—A: Des Carsier acme crite romicroveiisver detetetenGeisicls ier olstaneieiel«e .65 THE PRESERVATION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER—Howard F. Weiss........ 3.00 THE PRACTICAL LUMBERMAN—By Bernatd Brereton (third edition)......... 1.50 ae a tna — eT * This, of course, is not a complete list, but we shall be glad to add to it any books on forestry or related subjects upon request.—Editor. | Yellowstone : A. M. CLELAND, General Pass. Agent AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS VISIT National Park Largest, most phenome- nal and oldest of our National Parks. Geysers,cataracts,rivers, - lakes and superb moun- tain scenery. hotel accommodations. Northern Pacific through Gardiner Gateway The Original, Scenic and Only Northern Entrance - Travel the scenic highway of the Northern Pacific Railway crossing three ranges of moun- tains to Spokane, Rainier Na- tional Park and North Pacific Coast points. Wonderful mountain scenery. Send for free literature and in- formation and let us assist you in planning your 1916 vacation. 572 Northern Pacific Railway ST. PAUL, MINN. SEE AMERIGA Excellent - Trail of Arizona. your journey to or from the West via New Orleans Los Angeles San Francisco New York City Visit “Oldest America” The wonderland of the vivid and the pict eats along the Apache Here are the curious ruined homes of the ancient cliff dwellers—the great copper camps—the famous Roosevelt Dam. See this enchanting country in a delightful motor side-trip, a part of SOUTHERN PACIFIC—SUNSET ROUTE The Sunset Limited and other splendid trains afford luxurious daily service = No Extra Fare. Water or rail route between New York and New Orleans. GENERAL OFFICES Gs New Orle: 366 Broadway Flood Building Metropolitan Bank Building aan Pacific Building San Diego San Francisco White for booklets. RR FOREST FORESTRY Your opportunities are as unlimited as our forests if you study at WYMAN’S SCHOOL OF THE WOODS Incorporated Munising, Michigan Pe Do You Love Birds? ‘ Encourage them to livein your Gardens. se our successful bird houses for > Wrens, Chicadees, Blue Birds and . Purple Martins. Strongly made— well painted, to resist weather. Prices # 35 cents to $10. Design illustrated $1.50. Our sor wire Sparrow Trap endorsed by . S. Government, $3 F.O.B. Dubuque. House Write for free illustrated Folder No. 233F No. 6 FARLEY & LOETSCHER MFG. CO., Dubuque, lowa -\\ Let us present you with this \\ guide to good literature if you want to acquire the right kind of books. W Jith your growing \ book collection don’t fail to secure a Globe-Wernicke Bookzase, which can grow section by s section as your ff library increases. j Ask for Catalog THE GL OBE-WERNICKE COMPANY CINCINNATI, OHIO FiREPROTECTIONPLANS Maps. LoccincRePorts EMPIRE STATEFORESTERS 156 FirtnAve.New Yorn City OOOCOLOOLOCOCLOOOL OOOO OOOCOCOLO LOC OC OOO OO OOOO OL OC COEF In the National Forest Region Colorado _ School of Forestry A DEPARTMENT OF COLORADO COLLEGE 2292000000 HE course in theoretical and applied forestry lead- ing to the degree of Forest Engineer covers a period of two years and is open to students who have completed two years of college work, including a sufficient amount of Botany, Geology and Surveying. Graduate students may enter as candidates for the de- gree of Master of Forestry. Fall and Spring Terms in the Manitou Forest, the College Re- serve, 6000 acres of pine and spruce timberland on the borders ig the Pike National Forest. Winter Term at Colorado Springs. For particulars address Colorado School of Forestry Colorado Springs, Colo. (e000 0000 0000009009 009999 9999 009999989990 509029999299 0990 9908 99999999 999099999229 9909999099099999099900909090090000098 (7299009009000 0900000099 9999099999999999009999 0009 2909 29990020 90990099:09990000 9999999029909 29999999909999000 PLOCEEEEOEE LOS OOOOELEEOEOCOLOCOC OSES OO OOOO OS SOOO OLOO PLOCSSOE CECE EOECEOEL OO CL OO OL OL OO OO LS OCEOOESO OOOO OSES, Georgia State ‘Forest School UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA OMPLETE four-year undergrad- uate course in theoretical and applied forestry leading to the degree: 9 Bachelor of Science in Forestry 4] Wide range of specialization offered— Logging Engineering Commercial Administration Forest Management City Forestry Dendropathology State Forestry Research | Provision for four months’ field Worle —two following each of Freshman and Sophemore years—on McHatton Forest, a large forest estate in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Numerous excursions in Dendrology and Logging. Provision for practical work in special- ization during Junior-Senior vacation. For announcement address FOREST SCHOOL Georgia State College of Agriculture ATHENS GEORGIA PPPereerrrrerr re rererereT rr ti ittiiiitiie it teeter fee er Tort Titi tir ore erred arr MOE OE OOO OLE COW OCA ECKL CLOUD BBV COOL CLEL O€ OL UC © OCCEL OOO OOOO OOK OO 9 999-729299999092030000302>9> PPPIPPIAODIDD CD COOOL OV OO OOOO OOOO OOOO OOOOLELOOOOOOL OC OCLO OLOL OOOH OOOO: The New York State College of Forestry at 2 Syracuse University Syracuse, N. Y. Undergraduate courses leading to degree of Bachelor of Science; Post-graduate course to Master of Forestry. One year Ranger Course on the College Forest of 1,800 acres at Wanakena in the Adirondacks. August Forest Camp on Raquette Lake open to any man interested in For- estry. TheState Forest Experi- ment Station of 90 acres and excellent Library offer unusual opportunities for research work. For particulars address HUGH P. BAKER, D. Oec., Dean (00000000 00000000059009580see eee ee eesssOSSSS F9F0SSSSSSSSSO99 99S 9 SSSISIIS F999 998999999909 999999999999 22999999 99999909 PEO POCO CSCO OSES EES OL OE EEESED EL DOL SOS ES OU ELE EEE OS CS EESS ESSE OE OS COLE COLE EL OL OOL EOE OE OE OLED UO OE EL OOO ELO EEO EO LES OSOLLE CF 00 09009200990 0000699909 0009290 0SEOOEEEOSOSOSOOOOOS ery 22S 9999999999999 9999299 999999992229 PPIIIIIO SSSR SISOLY Yale University Forest School 92902909 929099000990 992999892222 99 IPP ISOPSSIIS® NEW HAVEN, CONN., U.S.A. 290099299200 999099909939992999999929 200999202208 ALE University Forest School is a graduate department of Yale University. It is the oldest exist- ing forest school in the United States and exceeds any other in the number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the degree of Master of Forestry is offered to graduates of universities, colleges and _ scientific institutions of high standing and, under exceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training, including certain prescribed subjects. Men who are not candi- dates for the degree may enter the School as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course, by submitting evidence that will warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and ad- vanced work in Dendrology, Silvicul- ture, Forest Management, Forest Technology, and Lumbering. The regular two-year course begins the first week in July at the School camp near Milford, Pennsylvania. For further wnformation address JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director NEW HAVEN CONNECTICUT Voccvecccccccccscesccevecee Cee esse ee ee CSeSeS OSS SesSEl OSES OSESEEES ELSE OO ESSSOS SOO OSESSEESEE SOS SOOSOOSESEOSCSOSOSOSSS (190000090 00900090 0890 0c ee eeee oO eS SOS I999 SOO OTeOe OTS CSS SPOS SSOSSSSE SITS SESS IIISIIIGISIODIFISISOIIIGISISOSSSOOSO DDD CLO PPDIOC OO COCO OOOOCO OOOO OOOOOELOEEEE (2222999999999 06 OOCLOCOCOLIFIIIIIIIIIOIIIIIOPIPIIIPIIEY DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY | The Pennsylvania State College SOCOOCOOL ELEC OOOO OOCE OOOO EO OE OOOO EL OOOEOOEOES C0COOC 0000000060 009000 6092000029 0000 PROFESSIONAL course in Forestry, covering four years of college work, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science 3 in Forestry. ; Thorough and practical training ; for Government, State, Municipal 3 and private forestry. 3 Four months are spent in camp 3 in the woods in forest work. i Graduates who wish to specialize i along particular lines are admitted to the “‘graduate forest schools” as candidates for the degree of Master of Forestry on the success- i ful completion of one year’s work. 3 | e eoscccscccceusecsouecacccecseecceoccoeereere For further information address Department of Forestry Pennsylvania State College State College, Pa. CPSP OPeeeeeeeeoeeCeeeeSee lL SSO OO SO SPOS OSOCESOLSSESES 9 ISSESES BOLD OOOS OPEL SELL OOUS OOOO OE OOOO EO OOOEOEEE DIIIEOOODI99OCOE: POPOL OCO9 2992992 2OSOOSOOOSCOO OOO OCOS OSS OOSOSSSSOSSOCS a ae a a ne) HARVARD UNIVERSITY SPOS 29 IO 299 909999 99999909009900992090009009 DEPT. OF FORESTRY BUSSEY INSTITUTION PIOOSSLO 202000090009 0099000000990980 00080008 FFERS specialized gradu- ate training leading to the the following fields:—Silvicul- ture and Management, Wood Peas Forest Entomol- , Dendrology, and (in co- oe with the Graduate School of tration) the Lumber Business Business Adminis- For further particulars address RICHARD T. FISHER Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts (229 900000090000000000 000800 e8 OOOO SOOSSO DISS OO SOSSSS SSID ISSSSSSSSSO SI PSSSIOI IIOP ISSPISOSPSODIFD IP IISIPIPISSPPPOSI DOL 3 degree of Master of Forestry in 3 | | ; i ceed PC OOOCLOCEOOOOEL SOOOOOOH OL OOOO OO OLOOOO The hours need never drag for lack of entertainment if you have a Columbia in your home. And the longer you own a Columbia, the more you will enjoy it—the more you will know what it means and what it caw mean in pleasure. COLUMBIA" RECORDS bring you the liveliest of times: joy-filled evenings, impromptu parties—no end of ways in which the Columbia may be used. There’s a Columbia dealer near you who can bring these delights—the delights of commanding “All the Music of All the World’’—into your home soday. New Columbia Records on sale the 20th of every month. American Forestry aL. 22 MAY, 1916 No. 269 AMERICAN ELM Grade One One Creosote Oil Will prevent decay of fence posts, base- ment plankings, sills, stringers, telegraph and telephone poles and exposed timber. AMERICAN FORESTRY The Magazine of the American Forestry Association PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD HERMAN H. CHAPMAN S. T. Dana Joun E. RHopEs Ernest A. STERLING FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL S. N. SPRING May, 1916. Vol. 22 CONTENTS No. 269 The American Elm ( Ulmus americana)—Cover Picture. Fighting Gully Erosion—By W. R. Mattoon................. 286 TheYAmerican Elm—lIdentification and Characteristics—By With four illustrations. = 2 Seu (08), Iii alles gab Vesta oepen > gan ona tEpS Eos o°20e 259 The Greenheart of Commerce—By C. D. Mell............... 288 With eight illustrations. With six illustrations. i ; 262 Commercial Uses of the White Elm.....................--.. 2 62 Rife) ah thes Wieode= By abestan With nine illustrations. ING AMS: 5.2. eyes hee Fhe I ee ne ETO 292 Magna Charta of China’s Forestry Work—By Dr. Joseph Bailie 268 With three illustrations. With seven illustrations. Ornamental and Shade Trees—The Tree Faker—By Hermann : : WeMerkel=].Ji.evisoniags = etn nates toe eae The Bird Department—The Return of the Birds—By A. A. zs See | J eve z = Aiea, IES O ara ee ee etiam Mem ete Eee 273 With three illustrations. With six illustrations. How, toyBuild:aiCamp) Rirese eee er eee 298 * i =f ~ With two illustrations. Blasting and Tree Planting—By F. W. Wilson............... 276 a MSA SURI ORS With one illustration. the Lwin! Beech Trees 2c. tec a nee eee 299 ne Pe ENT ‘ 177 With one illustration. ‘ree Bark as Human Food—By Hu Maxwell................ 2 : : 3 ‘ = Wood — WA. rhahades Hee eget ALi arc atte Poca llusteations. ood Preserving Department—By E. A. Sterling bao S00) 4 ari Sunil ti Lumber Uses—By, Warren B. Bullock. "eee... - seesOOM eorge Washington Profile................ 0.0.20. ce eee eaee 2 : é : P E Arbor Daysinnssconkiststastoee secs tee eee ene With one illustration. La areata Day 302 Plan'for Tree; Exhibite 3235 oc0 eo ee ee Ee 303 A Private Forestry Vad eae ey Ie, WE WCSicocucosecuas Zell maonee illustrati ets coun tusieations, The Failure of Louisiana’s Forestry Policy—And Its The Conifer’s Curse—By R. E. Taft...............-.------- 283 Remedy iii. Je Fi Sard a) eer cc ny ohana name eae 304 With three illustrations. Book Reviews=20 fancier eee eee PTT A iit ote as 306 Huge Dome of Granite—By Guy E. Mitchell................ 285 Canadian Department—By Ellwood Wilson.................. 307 With one illustration. Current Literature Ae ee SEIS Sooo She Crd menor s CHECK OFF BOOK DESIRED. 4 THE BIRD BOOK BOOKS FREE TO MEMBERS ion Cet eee ae as Gat Nee Lee ctiity To any member of the American Forestry Association securing ONE Birds in Natural Colors. Egg of each Bird in Natural Size. NEW SUBSCRIBING MEMBER any one of the books to the left will be : 472 Pages, size 7 by 10; fine paper; heavy binding. sent free of charge. i | Ol TREES, SHRUBS, VINES FILL OUT THIS BLANK i | AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS i] = By Kirkegaard, formerly director Royal Botanical Gardens, AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, Washington, D. C. = | Copenhagen, Denmark. Its 410 pages are brimful of valuable Enclosed is $3 for Subscribing Membership fee ($2 of which is a subscription ] = data. Has sixty beautiful full page sepia photographs; chapters for one year for American Forestry Magazine). = | on pruning, insect pests, etc., also an exhaustive planting list. I 1 (Name 22a a5 ae ne eo ee ee re ee | © THE TREE GUIDE om i | By JULIA ELLEN ROGERS dy a ei mg 9 ee = 265 Pages, Over 250 Illustrations | A compact pocket manual of trees to aid the student and the (COS ase ee ee as SOS SSS PS ee Sas ores Sees esses I 7 beginner to distinguish and identify the trees and to tell why they ee 2 rt | are recognized. Every lover of trees should have this book. SEND BOOK TO | ! 1 Trees Every Child Should Know IN airig hee Tite Poo ee RON ee a ! | By JULIA ELLEN ROGERS } | 263 Pages, 47 Full Page Illustrations. Street__--------------------------=------=--------2-----------=----------- j . All parents wish their children to know about trees, their uses Cit = | and how to identify them. This book will be found interesting OR aaa agae a aye os a> ck ad ee ae ae ER ao 2S j and helpful not only to the child but to the adult. i AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, three dollars per year; single copies, twenty-five cents Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Post-office at Washington, under the Act of March 3, 1879 | Records at Your Service The offices of James D. Lacey & Company contain a scientifically ordered body of international timberland information, records and reports which would be a revelation to you tf you have never inspected them. Having taken 36 years in the gathering, it 1s by far the largest and most accessible re- source of its kind in existence. Naturally, as nearly everyone who contemplates the purchase or sale of timbertands turns to us sooner or Later, our fund of information is being augmented from day to day. The full benefits of this resource may be shared by you if you contemplate anything which has to do with the sur- est, safest and most profitable investment of today—timberlands, well purchased. Send for our booklet, ** Pointers.”’ | | Lacey Files of [nternational Timber | INT: 4 NATIONAL FACTOR CHICAGO SEATTLE PORTLAND, (ORE. ) NEW ORLEANS 4750 McCormick Bldg. 1009 White Building 1310 Northwestern Bank Bldg. 1213 Whitney-Central Bldg. American Forestry VOL. XXII No. 269 The American Elm (Ulmus americana) By SamueEL B. Detwi Ler. “Wise with the lore of centuries, What tales, if there were tongues in trees, That giant elm could tell.” F all our shade trees, the American elm is the most aristocratic; wherever it is seen it produces the impression of dignity and courtliness. Michaux, the great botanist, commended it as “the most magnificent vegetable of the temperate zone.” It is fitting that be- neath a noble elm, at Cambridge, Mass., Gen. Washington 1. (6 ARiz~| N Bei a on Gane AREA OF GROWTH OF AMERICAN ELM took command of the Continental Army; it is equally in character that William Penn made his solemn compact with the Indians in the shade of a great elm at Shacka maxon, on the banks of the Delaware. Voltaire refers to this agreement as “the only treaty never sworn to and never broken.” Although the Treaty Elm was destroyed by a storm more than a century ago and only a monu- ment now marks the site, the tree has been immortalized in the famous painting by Benjamin West. Before the days of the American Revolution American elms were selected for planting as symbols of liberty; the most famous Liberty Trees were in Boston, Provi- dence, Newport and New York. The Liberty Elm at Providence, R. I., stood in Olney’s Lane, and was dedi- cated to the “Sons of Liberty” on July 25, 1768, before a great gathering of people, in the following words: “We do, in the name and behalf of all true sons of liberty in America, Great Britain, Ireland, Corsica, or where- soever they may be dispersed throughout the world, dedi- cate this tree of liberty. May all our counsels and delib- erations, under its venerable branches, be guided by wis- dom and directed for the support and maintenance of that liberty which our forefathers sought out and found under the trees in the wilderness; may it long flourish, and may the sons of liberty often repair hither to confirm and strengthen each other. When they look toward this sacred elm may they be penetrated with a sense of their duty to themselves and their posterity, and may they, like the house of David, grow stronger, while their enemies, like the house of Saul, shall grow weaker and weaker.— Amen.” In England it was customary for the people to gather under an elm on the village green to debate public ques- tions. Memories of home probably inspired the early settlers of New England to plant elms in their dooryards and on the village greens, and today these elms and LEAF BUDS AND FLOWERS OF THE AMERICAN ELM The leaves are from 4 to 6 inches long, thick, rough, unequally based, acute at the apex and doubly toothed on the margin. ‘The flowers occur in three or four flowered clusters on drooping stalks about one inch long; the buds are reddish-brown, the leaf buds are smaller than the flower buds and are located toward the end of the twig. The flower buds are larger and are located along side of twig. 259 260 AMERICAN their successors have become the most valued ornamental feature of the New England landscape. An invading army of pests threaten the existence of these cherished trees, but a determined fight is being made to save them. The American elm is a tree that well deserves first place in the list of our ornamental trees. It is even more beauti- ful in winter than summer, unless, perchance, some mis- guided individual has attempted to improve on nature THE PALM LEAF FORM OF ELM The one-sided character of this tree is not well seen in a photograph, but the name describes it well; it is just like a huge palm leaf fan. This variety of the elm must be seen in the field to be thoroughly appreciated. by pruning it and has thus marred its natural symmetry of form. When the elm grows all its life in the open it has a broad, rounded top, occasionally shaped like that of an oak, but with more gracefully extended limbs. One of the most common and striking forms has a vase-shaped top. The trunk rises, a single shaft, for many feet above the ground and then separates into several large branches, which sweep upward and outward into wide arches and terminate in masses of slender drooping twigs. Very rarely the top is umbrella-shaped, the trunk remaining entire nearly to the full height of the tree, and then abruptly branching into a wide arch, fringed by long drooping branchlets. With a shorter trunk an elm of this type with its pendant sprays sweeping nearly to the ground rivals the weeping willow in grace. Sometimes the branches are stiffer, the long, straight trunk is feath- ered with short branches and the top resembles a beautiful plume. If it is desirable to plant an American elm that will develop any particular form of top, elm seedlings should be grafted with scions from a tree of the type desired. The American elm is not only picturesque, but is also a large and useful lumber tree. In the forest it holds its head aloft on a clean, straight trunk. Its medium- sized flattened top is composed of many heavy twisted FORESTRY branches. ‘The usual size is 2 to 4 feet in diameter and 80 to 100 feet in height, but elms 8 to 11 feet in diameter and 120 to 140 feet high have been known. One of the largest American elms on record was the Hatfield Elm, in Massachusetts, which had a circumference of 34 feet at a point 3 feet above the ground. The elms belong to the nettle family, and about fifteen species are known in the world, most of which are trees. Six species are native to North America. The American elm is commonly known as white elm and sometimes as gray elm or water elm. It is found growing native from Newfoundland across Canada to the Rocky Mountains and south to Florida and Texas. Few of our trees have Associated with it in portions of its range are the slippery or red elm, the cork or rock elm, and the winged elm or wahoo. The English elm has also been planted in the eastern United States to a limited extent. The American elm is so well known that it requires The bark of the trunk is rather thick and rough, dark gray in color, irregularly furrowed into The ridges are sometimes covered with flaky scales, or, on old trees, with corky plates, that give the trunk a somewhat shaggy appearance. The twigs at first are greenish and covered with down, a wider distribution. little description. wide, flat, firm ridges. THE OAK TREE TYPE OF ELM In this type is seen all the sturdy dignity of the oak, which it greatly resembles. The tree is not, however, of frequent occurrence. Older branches have ashy, gray bark. The symmetrical development of the elm top is due to the regularity with which the branches divide and subdivide by forking. The twigs of the American elm are readily recognized from those of the slippery elm by their lack of the mucilaginous inner later they are smooth reddish-brown. THE AMERICAN ELM bark, which characterizes the latter. ‘The twigs of the cork elm have irregular corky ridges ; twigs of the winged elm also develop corky ridges which are wide and much flattened. The leaf buds are small, sharp-pointed, usually smooth and covered with six to ten overlapping reddish-brown scales. The flower buds are larger than the leaf buds, somewhat flattened and farther from the end of the twig than the leaf buds. told from those of white elm because they are larger and coated with an abundance of golden-brown hairs. The buds of slippery elm are easily Photograph by C. C. Laney THE VASE TYPE OF ELM This tree, which is on the Latta Road near Charlotte, N. Y., is known by the residents in that vicinity as the “Golden Rod” and the “Boquet.” Frequently the vase type of elm is feathered, as is this tree, but elms of other forms are also feathered, the small branches on the trunk growing nearly to the ground. The effect thus produced is very pleasing. The leaves are spaced singly on the branches. When they first come out of the bud they are folded like little fans; when full grown they are 2 to 5 inches long, 2 to 3 inches wide, sharp-pointed, with prominent, evenly spaced veins that run straight from the midrib to the saw-like edges. The upper surface of the white elm leaf is fairly smooth to the touch; that of the slippery elm is rough whichever way it is rubbed. The two halves of the elm leaf blade are unequal at the base. It is interesting to study the arrangement of elm leaves on the branches in the summer. It will be seen that the leaves are so shaped as to fit closely to the branch and each leaf in relation to the others stands so that all receive full benefit from the sunlight which they require to elaborate the food of the tree. 261 ONE TYPE OF AMERICAN ELM This is known as the low-headed form of the willow type. Note the flat spread and compare it with the other forms of this well-known and well-liked tree. The flowers of the white elm appear in March or April before the leaves, and are among the first heralds of the coming spring. ‘They are perfect, that is, each flower has the pollen-forming and seed-forming elements, but they are so small and so inconspicuous in color and size that they may be mistaken for unfolding buds. ‘The fruits (samaras) ripen before the leaves have fully de- veloped and themselves look like tiny, oval leaves. The seed is small and flat and surrounded on all sides by a wing which is deeply notched at the tip and the margin of the wing is fringed with hairs The strong. wood of the American elm is heavy, hard and Because of its interlacing fibers the wood is very A RARE FORM OF AMERICAN It is not often that this form of the elm is found. ELM bo nN i) AMERICAN ELM IN WINTER It is easy to identify the elm in winter. This is the winter form of the feathered type of the white or American elm. difficult to split. Oliver Wendell Holmes graphically describes this quality of elm wood in “The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay:” “The hubs of logs from the settler’s ellum, Last of its timber—they couldn't sell ’em; Never an axe had seen their chips, And the wedges flew from between their lips, Their blunt ends frizzled like celery tips.” AMERICAN FORESTRY The wood of the elm is easily recognized by the pecu- liar wavy arrangement of the fibers when a smooth cut is made across the ring of annual growth. American elm grows in almost any soil but prefers It has been little used in planting for But in reforesting soils too wet for deep rich loam. forestry purposes. farming it will undoubtedly prove valuable in many localities. eter in two or three years, but ten or twelve years to an Young elms sometimes grow an inch in diam- inch is nearer the average growth. As an ornamental and street tree the American elm is unsurpassed, but it is sub- ject to so many insect enemies that it cannot be recom- mended for planting in New England. It is a favorite feod of the gypsy moth, leopard moth, brown-tail moth, and the elm-leaf beetle is its special destructive pest. The beetle and its larvae feed on the elm leaves from May to and by preventing the growth of new foliage, exhaust and kill the tree. The erally with an arsenical solution as soon as the insect begins its work, and spray again after a ten days’ August, remedy is to spray lib- interval, to destroy young larvae that hatch after first application. On account of the toughness of its wood it is little injured by storms, but in a smoky atmosphere this tree does not thrive because its leaf surfaces become thickly coated with soot. Because of its fibrous, shallow root sys- tem, the elm is easily transplanted and even very large trees may be successfully moved. The roots run out to a great distance from the tree and will clog the drain pipes if the joints of the pipes are not thoroughly closed. Too little attention is given to arousing public interest in the splendid elms or other notable trees which exist in most localities. Trees prized because of large size, perfect form or historical associations should be known and enjoyed by all, and should be carefully preserved for the benefit of future generations. Passers-by would be glad to know the life-stories of famous trees, and public- spirited citizens and associations might well make system- atic efforts to have appropriate tablets erected, giving the history of every noted tree in the community. Commercial Uses of the White Elm HOUGH the white elm has long been held in es- teem as an ornament, it has been in use a still longer time. In some regions, in early times, the bark was more valuable than the wood, because it could be stripped from the trunk during most of the year and could be separated into strands of which cordage was made. ‘The Iroquois Indians in western New York were able to of elm bark. Such canoes were all one piece, not many pieces sewed to- make serviceable canoes gether, as when canoes were made of birch bark. An elm trunk 20 feet or more in length was peeled, the bark turned inside out, the ends rolled up and tied, the central part spread wide and secured by thwarts, and the It is recorded that Cap- tain Blacksnake (an Indian) once visited Pittsburg in such a canoe which he made on the head of the Alle- gheny River; and Peter Kalm long before that described the process by which the Mohawk Indians made them. Ropes of elm bark appear to have been in pretty gen- eral use. They were common in New England, New York, and North Carolina. With such ropes the In- dians dragged their canoes, tied their tent poles, hung up canoe was ready for service. COMMERCIAL USES OF THE WHITE ELM 263 their fresh game, and trussed up their luggage when on the hike. In the south, strands of the bark (also of wing elm) were used in bagging cotton, and thin strands were sometimes employed in bottoming chairs. It was woven into large, coarse baskets for use about the farms, but such baskets were not good for as much wear as baskets made of hickory or oak splits. SHIPS AND BOATS The English who settled in New England were constantly on the lookout for ship timber. There was abundance of white pine for masts, but hard- woods for ribs and planking were needed, and elm was one of the earliest of American woods to be given a trial. Shipbuilders in Maine appear to have been the first to use it for keels. It stood strains and shocks remarkably well and offered reasonable resistance to decay. It was tried near the same time for piling, and it is so used to this day. It stands the pounding of waves and resists the impact of vessels snubbing up to piers. The wood enters into boat building, from the longest ship down to the canoe where its place is the bottom board laid inside, on which occupants stand and walk. Barge builders use it in practi- : TRS AE EUGENE ‘ONNECLICUT, ELD cally all parts of those huge clumsy vessels. It is MSDS WV/RAAMISUS ES UIEIL ID), CONNIE RUC, Wil . s It is claimed that this is the largest elm in Connecticut. Its circumference is 27 recommended by Its toughness and strength, and feet 1 inch; its spread 142 feet 8% inches and it is about 175 years old. also by its wearing qualities. It was one of the early exports to England where the vessels. It was employed for similar purposes by ship- builders of ships used it for gunwales, garboards, slips, builders in this country. It was sometimes laid for decks grating, fenders, planking, ladders and the lining of the but objection was urged against it because it became rough, and was sometimes in- clined to rise in splinters. One of the properties which made it popular was its whiteness. No matter how stained and foul it became, a vigorous application of soap, sand, water, and the scrub brush made it white. That quality is said to have given it the name white elm in the ship- yards, but the light color of the bark appears to have been re- sponsible for the name in other regions. The whiteness of the wood, after an application of the scrubbing brush, is still appre- ciated; not only among boat builders but by makers of refrig- erators and cold storage plants where unpainted woods must be used and it is desirable to keep them clean and attractive. An examination of detailed reports of boat building in the THE BENEDICT ELM principal states where that in- This elm is in Wilton township, Fairfield County, Conn., its circumference is 14 feet 1134 inches; and pts Sains Helaea ays Rie vee ‘ its spread is about 105 feet. It was photographed and measured by Norman De W. Betts. dustry is carried on shows that 264 white elm is employed in small quantities only. It is probable, therefore, that the wood was more important in boat and ship building a century or more ago than it is now. COOPERAGE White elm is one of the most important slack cooper- age woods of this country and it has long held that place. THE JUDD KLM Main Street, New Britain, Conn., was planted by Morton Judd in 1822 and the bronze tablet on it notes the fact About 5 feet from the ground it measures 10 feet 10% inches in circumference and its spread is 105 feet. A nephew of Morton Judd occupies the house in front of which the tree is planted This elm on West Vessels belonging in this class of cooperage are intended for commodities other than liquids, and the number of such commodities is very large. Flour, sugar, and cement are among the most important. Formerly flour barrels were made of red oak to the exclusion of most other woods. ‘Then cottonwood came into use in regions where it was abundant, but white elm later became the prevailing material, and it still holds that place, but is manufactured into barrels of many other kinds. It meets practically every requirement of the slack cooperage industry. It is tough, light, cheap, and possesses the necessary strength. The wood is easy to season and is not difficult to work. It is employed not only as staves but also as heading and hoops. It was one of the first woods utilized in making flat hoops in large numbers. AMERICAN FORESTRY Elm staves are produced in a score of states, and the rumber in 1910 was 130,374,000. Red gum, pine, and beech were above it, and all other species were below. Michigan led all the other states in quantity, and was followed, in the order named, by Missouri, Indiana, [li- nois, and Arkansas. The output is declining, and this is apparently due to lessening supply of elm timber near the centers of stave manufacture. Elm not only leads all other woods in the production of hoops, but it exceeds twenty-fold all other woods com- Elm, therefore, becomes practically the only hoop There is an apparent tendency to bined. wood in the country. fall off in number, but the loss in elm is not made good by increase in the output of any other woods. The sub- stitution of wire and other metal hoops accounts for the decline in wood. ‘The elm hoops reported in 1910 num- bered 283,029,000 and Ohio ranked first in production, followed in the order named by Michigan, Missouri and Indiana. Though red gum is the leading stave wood for sugar barrels, white elm is important; and it is likewise im- portant in the manufacture of apple barrels, butter tubs, candy pails, and buckets for tobacco. Pails and tubs are usually listed as woodenware, but they are none the less in the cooperage class. Many sizes of vessels are made other than those of regular barrel dimensions. FURNITURE does hold a place of Elm not first import- ance as a fur- niture wood, vet it is use- ful inthe man- ufacture of a number of commodi- ties. It was not muchused for furniture making in early times, as it was sel- dom mention- ed. Such was naturally the case, for bet- ter woods were plentiful in all regions where elm abounded, and it found Simmions. Photograph by J. R. THE CENTER OF MASSACIIUSETTS pla (SAS only This elm, near Paxton, Worcester County, Mass., y marks the exact center of the State. The cir- after others cumference is 14 feet 8 inches and the spread hat had bee before the removal of the largest branches was that had been 85 feet. The tree, like many famous elms in New England is entering the last stages of preferred be- old age and decay. COMMERCIAL USES OF THE WHITE ELM came scarce. The ‘“orham wood” of which sometimes made in England i said to from the eastern United States. In recent years elm has been successfully finished in a num- ber of styles highly attractive. Some of the wood thus finished resembles the heartwood of sweet and yellow birch, other is of lighter tone and might pass for the sawwood of birch, or for maple, and by deepening the color the wood becomes an imi- tation of cherry. The blance to other woods is by giving elm colors similar to those of the woods imitated, and not by copying figure and grain. Few woods possess as little nat- church pews were S elm the white part of have been resem- secured ural figure as elm, and stains and fillers do not impart much figure because the annual rings are not clear cut, large pores are not numerous, and medullary rays are small and inconspicuous. Elm’s place is in cheap furni- ture or in the interior parts of more expensive kinds. Reports by manufacturers indicate that the total demand for elm by fur- niture makers is above 20,000,000 feet a year. The Ohio Valley, with Michigan, Wisconsin and Missouri, use most of this wood that goes into furniture. A rather large quantity is employed in chair making, including The wood This is on the estate of Mr. above the ground it is chairs for children, invalids and for camps. Bill! HOOPS MADE FROM ELM Elm is the principal wood used for hoops in the slack cooperage industry. In 1910, the last year that statistics of this kind were gathered, there was produced a total of 29,571,200 hoops. Of this quantity 28,302,900, or nearly 96 per cent, were of elm. THE STIRLING ELM Pellew of Sharon, Litchfield County, Conn. Its greatest spread is about 90 At a point 4 feet Henry E. feet. It was 18 feet in circumference. planted between 1750 and 1755. is employed in the manufacture of kitchen tables and other furniture, because of the ease with which it may be kept white by scrubbing. Its usual place in furniture making is as frames. It is listed as material for mission furniture, billiard table rims, bed slats, china closets, and benches and stools. Elm is well suited for bentwood work. It bends nearly as easily as hickory, but is not as strong and does not take as smooth polish. Splinters are more liable to rise from the surface than when hickory In Michigan white elm is is the wood employed. re- ported as church pew material. BOXES AND CRATES The facility with which elm may be bent without steaming or otherwise heating it makes it excellent crate stuff, particularly where long pieces are wanted as when furniture and machinery are shipped. Thin elm boards, 10 feet or more in length, may be bent in the form of a circle without breaking. That quality is valuable for certain kinds of crating. The annual demand for elm for boxes and crates ex- 266 ceeds 40,000,000 feet about 15 per cent of wood. Baskets when made of elm are classed as boxes, since they are generally of the kind used as shipping contain- a year in the United States, or the total sawmill output of this AMERICAN ELM Radial or quarter sawed section. Rows of pores in a vertical line. Pith rays or “silver grain” in- conspicuous. Tangential or bastard cut. The rows of pores which mark off the annual growth rings form wavy lines. ers. Frequently a part but not all of a basket is of elm. The hoop or band round the top of the vegetable or fruit shipping basket may be of this wood, while the veneer or thin splints composing the sides is of another, and the bottom may consist of a third. Smaller boxes of finer finish are made of elm. The best example is the cigar box, which has a core of this wood with a veneer of Spanish cedar. The purpose of the cedar is to supply the odor which is usually insisted upon by the purchasers of cigar boxes. Recently, how- ever, a finish for elm has been perfected which 1s accept- able in the box trade without any veneer. The odor is lacking or is artificially imparted, while the elm is bought and sold as “Michigan cedar.” Manufacturers of small boxes, such as are used for knives, forks, spoons and similar ware in dining rooms and kitchens, list white elm among the woods used. Some of these boxes are so nicely finished that they pass for cherry or birch. VEHICLES Elm wagon hubs have been in demand since the first wagons were made in this country. The wood is valuable chiefly because it is difficult to split, and hubs stand hard AMERICAN FORESTRY It is not quite as hard as oak and much softer than hickory, and large spokes of heavy wagons are liable to wear the hub mortises and work loose. Other- wise, this elm would be as good hub material as the forests produce. The latest demand for white elm by vehicle makers amounts to about 20,000,000 feet a year; but this goes into various kinds of wheeled vehicles, con- stitutes different parts, and is important in the manu- facture of sleds and wheelbarrows, and also automobiles. In Missouri white elm is much employed for cart axles, in Michigan for auto bodies, in Kentucky as wagon tongues, while numerous patterns of sleds are made of it from the strong and clumsy steamboat to the hand sled which children use. It is likewise manufactured into accessories of vehicles, particularly singletrees, double- trees, eveners and neck yokes. usage. MISCELLANEOUS White elm enters into a large number of miscellaneous articles. There are few industries which use wood that do not find place for more or less elm. It is said to have been split for rails on the western frontiers in early times, particularly in Iowa. But that use could not have been extensive because elm is difficult to split and no rail maker would tackle it unless nothing better was available. In the paragraphs which follow, mention is made of some of the uses which white elm has been reported. It supplies timbers on which heavy cannons are mounted, either in place or on carriages; fixtures for banks, offices, stores and saloons; interior finish for A FAVORITE FOR HUBS In the vehicle industry elm is highly prized as raw material for hubs. It is especially important for use in the manufacture of wagon wheel hubs. The accompanying picture shows the interior of a hub factory with a number of finished elm hubs in the foreground. houses. As fixtures and finish it generally occupies a place out of sight, and serve as frames, braces and stays. In some instances it is given artistic finish and there compares favorably with birch and cherry. A lower class of service is given when elm is employed as stall and COMMERCIAL USES OF THE WHITE ELM ELM USED FOR MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Elm stands sixth in point of quantity among the woods used in the manufacture of musical instruments, a total of over 15,500,00 board feet being required by this industry. It is required for various purposes and is particularly adaptable for being work. The accom- panying photograph shows an elm log being cut up into bolts pre- paratory to its manufacture into banjo rims. stable fittings, floors, mangers and stanchions. It finds a place as henroosts in poultry yards, and when reduced to rods and dowels of small size it is utilized in making coops. especially as It is likewise listed as ma- terial in the manufacture of brooders and incubators. Makers of wooden pumps have places for elm. It is good for handles and sucker rods, and is placed as floor- In kitchens and pantries it is regarded as very good wood for drain boards, because it is easily kept clean. Makers of ice boxes like it for its good, scrubbing qualities, and this consideration, as well as its wearing qualities in water, makes it popular material for parts of washing machines, washboards and wash benches. In the manufacture of agricultural tools and implements it goes into cultivators, seed boxes, root cutters, potato diggers, sieve frames, bushel measures, riddle rims, and horse powers. Car builders make grain doors of it and it enters into different parts of freight cars. Considerable quantities of elm are used by makers of trunks, chiefly as slats for the outside and three-ply ve- neer for the inside. Few woods are considered equal to elm for trunk veneer, woodenware makers draw sup- plies from this wood for ironing boards, sleeve boards, ing over wells where pumps are employed. sign boards, and it is likewise worked into brush backs, game boards and apparatus of various kinds, stepladders, merry-go-rounds, music cabinets, picture molding, tele- phone accessories, parts of various musical instruments, including pianos, organs, and banjos, cant hook handles, pulpits, croquet sets, roll paper cutters, tanner’s liquor logs, shoe heels, and printers’ supplies. These indicate the wide range of elm’s uses in the wood-consuming industries. YALE SUMMER CAMP HE a summer camp for young men will be held at Mil- Yale School of Forestry has announced that ford, Pike County, Pa., for eight weeks beginning July 1, 1916. The course is designed to give a clear view 267 of forestry in a general way, its ideals, and the qualifica- tions and requirements of a student in technical forestry. It has been particularly planned to meet the needs of young men who are looking toward forestry as a pos- sible profession, but who are uncertain as to their fitness for the work and who are not prepared to begin the technical training necessary for professional standing. It is also designed for those who are not contemplating forestry as a profession but who are interested in wood- craft and wild life and who wish to learn something of the broader aspects of forestry. In addition to the regular course prominent lecturers on wild life and other subjects allied to forestry will address the students at the weekly camp fires. FOREST FIGHTING EQUIPMENT OTOR cars equipped with fire extinguishers will be operated by the Boston & Maine Railroad on the Portland division this spring and summer to guard the forests along the lines from fires. Mem- bers of the fire patrol squad will be trained men, con- versant with local conditions and the topography of the woodlands they are protecting. The motor cars will have in addition to patent fire extinguishers, pail, shovel, hoe, etc., for fighting grass as well as wood fires. The railroad officials believe they can save thousands of dol- lars in this way. In the past fires caused by locomotive sparks have burned into adjoining timberlands and caused serious loss before they were discovered and re- ported to the railroad men, while the railroad, of course, is responsible for the damage. The motor cars are built to travel over the rails as fast as an express train. If a patrol discovers a fire which he cannot extinguish un- aided, he is expected to race to the nearest telegraph office to summon aid. ‘The section gang of this division are also being organized as an adjunct of the fire patrol system. MONUMENT TO A TREE ERHAPS one of the most curious monuments in existence has recently been built in Ontario by Canadians, says the Popular Science Monthly. The farmers have just erected a marble pillar to mark the site on which grew a famous apple tree. More than a century ago a settler in Canada named McIntosh, when clearing a space in which to make a home in the wilderness, discovered among a number of wild apple trees one which bore fruit so well that he cultivated it and named it McIntosh Red. The apple became famous; seeds and cuttings were dis- tributed to all parts of Canada, so that now the McIntosh Red flourishes wherever apples grow in the great Do- minion. In 1896 the original tree from which this enormous family sprang was injured by fire, but it con- tinued to bear fruit until five years ago. ‘Then, after fifteen years, it died, and the grateful farmers have raised a marble pillar in honor of the tree which did so much for the fruit-growing industry of their land. The story of this apple tree illustrates the African proverb that though you can count the apples on one tree, you can never count the trees in one apple. Po Wen. wei Wa bo Shei Va Pin-ban Chin ¥ Chieh:chang si Shao-eheng Tuan Chi.jai Shih Ch'so-ch Ping AS eR FRY 3 BA, OE wh BB a Bh et By Pe oe He Aen sett ee rip ae ‘a HO be wh We BN 1% ¥ 4 A A> & SEM eR Oh ts SO we Sa = Hwang Hsing Sun Wen Wen Toung:yso THE MAGNA CHARTA OF THE REFORESTATION MOVEMENT IN CHINA This document was the means of permitting Professor Joseph Bailie of the University of Nanking, China, to start the work of reforesting Purple Mountain near Nanking, which is now the inspiration of a main portion is composed of the signatures and seals of the noted men who signed the document. names as spelled in English widespread movement in China to teach the Chinese the need of forestry. The Below the signatures will be found their Magna Charta of China’s Forestry Work Dr. JosEPpH BarLie Instructor in Forestry, University of Nanking, China HE November, 1915, number of AMERICAN For- ESTRY contained an article by W. F. Sherfesee, Director of Forestry, Philippine Islands, entitled “The Reforestation Movement in China.” In that article Mr. Sherfesee describes his visit to China to help us in opening our school of forestry in the University of Nanking and the survey he mad2 of the southern part of the province of Antrim at the invitation of Governor Han. work already done by our university on the slopes of Purple Mountain, and draws conclusions from what he observed. The object of this article is to add a few touches of human interest to what Mr. Sherfesee has written and to carry the history of the development of our College of Agriculture and Forestry up to date. The illustration at the top of this page may seem to some a meaningless waste of printers’ ink. To others it may seem a proof of the superannuation of “old Bailie.’ To the writer and those associated with us in the beginning of this work it is the Magna Charta of “The Reforestation Movement in China.” It had its origin in the following way. The fall and winter of 1911 found the writer engaged in giving relief work around the University of Nanking, China, and in the Mission compounds to 700 or more famine refugees. We made roads, filled ponds, drained unusable lands, and did other work. The object, however, behind the coloniation movement was not to engage a He also refers in rather flattering terms to the 268 horde of laborers during famine times, on our own com- pound, letting all the advantage gained by the labor ac- crue to us in the form of rendering our residence less un- sanitary, or to enable Americans to reach their own doors without having to wade knee deep through mud, however desirable all these results might be, but to use money contributed for the relief of the poor to produce results which would also be for the poor and not for their wealthy benefactors. It was only after the republic was set up in Nanking that we were able to inaugurate this movement, by the purchase of about one thousand Eng- lish acres of the northwest slope of Purple Mountain. Prior to this we had already organized the Coloniza- tion Association, which is composed of foreigners and Chinese, with Chang Chien as the national head. As one of the main functions of this Association is to hold lands in trust for the poor and as, according to present Treaty Rights, foreigners can not hold land in China, our board of trustees had to be all Chinese. So the land on Purple Mountain, though paid for out of money contributed both by Chinese and foreigners, was held in the names of five Chinese, though the documents were left in my possession as manager, pro tem. On acquiring the Purple Mountain estate we were enabled to carry out the idea of accumulating for the good of the poor the results of their own industry, and to raise the number of those employed. We dug canals, grubbed stones out of the land, made roads and drives with these stones, levelled uneven places and made an MAGNA CHARTA OF CHINA’S FORESTRY WORK orchard and plantation of mulberries on the place, up to that time inhabited only by the ghosts of the departed. It was not until after consultation with some wide- awake Chinese friends that | dared to remove the graves scattered over about 100 acres and form a neat little cemetery, thus leaving the rest for the use of the living. This happened close on the heels of the establishment of the republic. Though the parties really interested in these graves were perfectly satisfied, others, no doubt, from a sense of mistaken public duty, organized a campaign to stop us in our work. Hearing of this and knowing that any day a proclamation might be forced from the Tutuh’ of Nan- king stopping the whole work, I went to Shanghai to ask advice of Chinese friends. One of these, Mr. Huang, then Chinese secretary of the Famine Relief Committee, told me that I could never succeed as I was doing. I asked him what he thought I should do. He put his hand in the drawer, pulled out a sheet of paper and wrote the Chinese characters which form the solid block of 269 Chinese on the photo at the top of this article and when he had finished handed it to me and said “Go and get [ was nonplussed, didn’t know where to begin, and with heavy heart, took the document to Nanking. somebody to sign that.” Something had to be done because the forces against us were coming to a head. Dr. Macklin, as soon as I showed him the document, rubbed his hands with glee and said, “We'll send it in to Sun (the provi- sional president of the new republic) before he leaves for Peking.” We did so and he wrote the first two char- acters, Sun Wen (the official title of Sun Yat Sen) and stamped it with the seal of the republic. Not only so, but Tang Shao I, who had been sent down as representative of the northern forces to induce the Nanking govern- ment to go to Peking, also signed it, but as he hadn’t his seal with him, no seal mark is attached to his name. Next day we sent the document to Huang Hsing, who was then the generalissimo of all the southern forces, and he signed and sealed it. ities. Now we were ready for eventual- Two days after Huang Hsing’s signature the con- THE NANKING BRANCH OF THE COLONIZATION ASSOCIATION This Picture was taken on the occasion of the visit of His Excellency Chang Chien, then Minister of Agriculture and Commerce, when he, with Consul Williams, representing the American Minister, Dr. Reinsch, arrived to plant trees commemorating the opening of the School of Forestry in the University of Nanking, March 14, 1915. His Excellency is the central figure in the front row. Front row—left to right; (1) Dr. Williams, Vice-President of the University of Nanking; (2) Dr. Macklin, who the Chinese say prevented the burning of the city of Nanking; (3) Wu Chi-chang, Magistrate or Mayor of Nanking; (4) of the one-third of the province of Kiangsu, of which Nanking is the capital; Wang She-tong, the Taoyin or official in charge (5) His Excellency Chang Chien, Minister of Agriculture and Commerce and as a private individual the greatest developer of industry in China and National head of the Colonization Association; (6) Yu Chi-chi, representing the Civil Governor who was absent on a tour of inspection of the General; (8) Wang Kwei-ling, Chief of Police, Nanking; (9) Hsish-ren; (4) Wu Tsing; (5) Chen Sien-chah; ? Secretary for Colonization Association; (9) Kang Hung. Third tow: (1) Shen Tung-Fang; (2) Ping-sun; (3) Su Chang-sih (6) Joseph Bailie; (7) Tao Pao-tsing, (10) Yang Hsi-chang. Si-tai, Back row: (1) Wu Chiu-hsiu, President of Nitrate Mines; (2) Ku Chi, Investigator at (7) Nagan Han, President of Nanking Chamber of Commerce; formerly representative province; (7) Ma Ting-Shu, representing the : Tang Tan-yai, Manager of the Nanking Branch of Kiangsu Bank. Second row: (1) Pu Chi, Secretary to Civil Governor; (2) Lu Tien-hu, Commissioner of Education for the Province of Kiangsu; (3) (6) Li Mun-tsing; Secretary in Bureau of Forestry in Ministry of Agriculture, Peking; (8) Chan Ann Arbor, Michigan, and office of Road-builder and graduate Chief in forestry, Chang Tsen-pi, Auditor for (4) Tsui Kuei-sung; (5) Su (8) Yeh MHsi-chi; (9) Chu Shou-ren; Governor’s; (3) Li to National Assembly; Civil Si-yuen; (4) Huang Kuci, Director of Agricultural Station of Colonization Association on Purple Mountain; (5) Chiu Tsai; (6) Chiu Fu-ching, President of Law School of Kiangsu; (7) Chiu Lai-chih, formerly Vice-President of Kiangsu Provincial Assembly, head of the gentry of Nanking, and President of the Nanking Branch of the Colonization Association; (8) W. R. Stewart, Y. M. C. A. Secretary for Nanking. *The Tutuh was an official position created under the New Republic exercising the power of Governor and General combined. 270 servative forces at work in Nanking had succeeded in having the Tutuh issue a proclamation prohibiting my going on with the work on Purple Mountain until the matters brought against me by these societies had been discussed and disproved. This I knew meant a full stop to the work as I would not attempt to disprove facts. However, I reasoned thus. a Tutuh. Here is the proclamation of But prior to the Tutuh’s issuing this procla- SCIENCE HALL, UNIVERSITY OF NANKING This substantial building, thoroughly modern in every respect, is an indication of the up-to-date methods of education at this university. mation, the generalissimo had endorsed our work. He cannot use soldiers without the permission of his superior. His superior will not stultify himself by sending soldiers to stop what he has signed to support. Here I am with about a thousand able-bodied men with picks, shovels and spades, and no paper emanating from any source but that of brute compulsion is going to drive us off this mountain, seeing we are fighting literally for the right of the poor to work to keep life in. The morning following the posting of the proclamation in the tea house at the foot of the mountain, I was detained in the city seeing after other matters, and it was nearly 9 o’clock when I reached the place of roll call. When I reached the place, all the squads of workmen were standing ready for work, but the foreman and students in charge did not dare to order the men to turn a sod in face of the proclamation. Pretending to be incensed at the remissness of all and pretending also to be ignorant of the proclamation (of course nobody was deceived), I asked each squad leader what he had been doing yesterday and ordered him to take his men and go on with the work. They all went quietly and as if in dread of some evil. But 12 o’clock came and no squad of soldiers appeared to stop us. Night came and we were still in possession. The next day everyone expected something dreadful. But nothing came and by night they had all settled down to the belief that they must have behind them good, if not better, backing, than the Tutuh. The political game threw the Tutuh out of office three days after the issue of this proclamation, and it would be hard to make these one thousand workmen believe that his issuing of this proclamation had nothing AMERICAN FORESTRY to do with his dismissal, though as far as I knew it had nothing to do with it. As soon as we heard that Cheng Leh Chuan was to be appointed new Tutuh, Dr. Macklin and myself jumped on the train and went down to Soochow and presented the document to him for signature. “Of course, I shall sign it, for this is just the sort of work that is going to save As soon as he came to Nanking we were safe from any further China,” was the prompt reply of the good man. direct attacks. We were allowed to go on and gain by active philanthropy those who opposed us with their theories. This opposition was not fully overcome till after the second revolution. At that time, the city of Nanking was taken and sacked by the barbarous soldiers of Chang Had it not been for Dr. Macklin, for whom the old general held a high regard on account of having Hsun. saved the lives of some of his generals, the city would As it was all the gentry that could get away fled to Shanghai, where they were safe in the have been burned. foreign settlement, leaving their wives and children in the university and mission compounds, and leaving us to look after them as best we could. To alleviate the suffering from cold and hunger that HIGH SCHOOL LITERARY STUDENTS From this class of bright, capable young men is recruited the students who take the course of instruction at the University of Nanking. The future of China depends largely upon such of her young men as these. came in the wake of the looting of the city, money and rice began to be sent. But how were they to be brought to Nanking, seeing that Chang Hsun had threatened to commandeer all the Red Cross supplies and use them for his soldiers. At this point the foreigners in charge of this work in Nanking sent the writer to Shanghai to bring up relief in the shape of money and help in any way MAGNA CHARTA OF CHINA’S FORESTRY WORK possible. On the day of my leaving Shanghai to bring money, rice and clothes to the sufferers in Nanking, there awaited on me at the Shanghai station of the “Shanghai- Nanking Railway” not a delegation of the gentry of Nanking, but practically the whole of the Nanking gentry, thanking me personally for what I was doing and espe- cially Dr. Macklin for having saved the city, and all the missionaries for having remained and saving the people, when they themselves, who ought to risk their lives as “fathers and mothers of the people,” had deserted their post. ‘They expressed regret for having opposed us in the work of the Colonization Association and said they were now shamed into cooperating in what they now knew was an unselfish enterprise. As soon as order was established and the city of Nanking had paid an indemnity of 800,000 taels the gentry were allowed to slip back into Nanking. No sooner than it was safe to organize a meeting they met with us and established the Nanking Branch of the Colonization Association, appointing three of their mem- bers as trustees. At the next meeting I handed over all the documents of Purple Mountain to the president of the Nanking branch, Mr. Chin Chiheng, the head of the Nanking gentry and a Hanlin. Never have I seen more astonished faces than on that day when the deeds of the land over which there had been so much fighting and on which close on to thirty thousand dollars had been spent in developing, were handed to the legal owners. The association had been formed and the burden of Briotias® > EXAMINATION TOWER A close view of one of the towers at the examination halls at Nanking, China. EXAMINATION CELLS AT NANKING In these cells the Chinese students took their examinations while keen- eyed observers in the towers placed at intervals watched to see that the work was done fairly. holding these deeds was taken off my shoulders. Since then any doubt that existed that what we were doing has anything of selfish motives in it was entirely removed. They look upon us Americans as their friends. The American government’s foregoing its legal right to take from the Chinese government the Boxer indem- nity; the turning of this indemnity money into a fund to found the Tsing Hua College at Peking to prepare students to come to the United States for a university training and then after being prepared to come here, to pay their expenses while here; this generosity of the American government has made America beloved by that But we need also the personal element to cement that friend- very class that is to rule China in the near future. ship of the two nations and this we believe is found in such institutions as our College of Agriculture and For- estry of the University of Nanking. The Chinese nation is unconquerable. It swallows up its conquerors. ‘The Manchus came and subdued the nation, but where are the Manchus now? They are lost and are absorbed by the great Chinese people. Nor are the Manchus the only conquerors that have been absorbed. Let others that think of the partition or subjugation in part or in whole of the Chinese nation keep these facts in mind. America has the confidence of every Chinese of intelligence both in the United States and in China. Any approaches now made to help the nation to develop 272 AMERICAN its national resources and then alleviate the condition of the worthy poor will be appreciated and backed by cooperation from the Chinese. As an instance of the readiness of the Chinese to benefit by any help we can afford, the minister of agriculture and commerce has shut the Government School of Forestry in Peking and sent twenty-four of the best students to our school, thus making ours the national school of forestry. Not only so, but on my departure from China for the United States he gave me a letter of commendation in which he stated that if we can establish cer- tain institutions in connection with our school, the university, he will cooperate with us. Not only have I his letter commending this work to the American public, but Dr. Reinsch, the American minister in Peking, has given his letter recommending the work to his govern- ment and the American people. In response to this, Secretary of Agriculture Houston has offered to grant leave of absence to those in the government employ who can be spared and may desire to spend one, two or more years helping us to develop the work around Nanking. Mr. Graves in the Forest Service has done likewise. FORESTRY of agriculture would do a great deal to seal that friendship. But as I cannot hope for this goy- ernment grant I appeal to the patriotism of our countrymen to assist in one of the greatest schemes now before the human race, the afforestation of China. We have arrangements made for the carrying out of plans in connection with our university. The government of China has given us as first install- ment of lands a grant of ten square miles. The minister has asked us to the Chinese nation, on this and other tracts that will be donated when this is planted in trees, how to go about the forestation of the country. The American government is willing to aid in lending men who know how; who will help out in giving the salaries of these men? My trip from California to the East was made possible by Major Ahern’s kindly enlisting the financial help of Charles Lathrop Pack, of Lakewood, N. J., the president of the American Forestry Association; Dr. Henry Sturgis Drinker, former president of the American Forestry Association, and Capt. J. B. White, Kansas City, Missouri, a director of the same asso- show But these officials cannot provide pay- ment for such men without an act of Congress. Were I position to do so I should urge the granting of the money by act of Congress or the using of some part of the indemnity money for this work, and my reason is as follows: First, we can help a great nation in need. Second, we can help a great nation that will appreciate the help. Then comes the selfish reason. China is to be the greatest nation on earth when she is developed. her as a close friend? ‘The opportunity is now given to the United States to save China from her enemies and to seal her as an eternal ally. No one who knows the Chinese character as those of us who have spent over a quarter of a century among them, can doubt of the undying friendship that the Chinese have for those whom they trust. I can reckon among my very stanchest friends the very men that fought me from a mistaken fear that I was going to “do” them. They had good reason to fear me and I don’t blame them. Foreigners have come and have done things in the name of helping China that make us all hang our heads. But once the Chinese trust you, there’s no such a thing as trusting half way. You're a bosom friend. America as a nation is on the straight road to become that bosom friend of China, and a grant now in response to the appeal of the minister Of the University of Nanking, China, who is now in the United States en- deavoring to arouse interest in China’s in forestry problems Are we to fight her or are we to have DR. JOSEPH BAILIE ance in reforestation work. ciation. Anyone desiring to help this work kindly address Dr. Robert E. Speer, president of the board of trustees of the University of Nanking, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City, or President A. J. Bowen, University of Nanking, Nanking, China. and secure assist- FERTILIZER FROM WOOD ASHES. HE present isolation of the large potash beds at Stassfurt, and the consequent rise in the price of this important fertilizing ingredient, have led the Department of Forest Utilization of the New York State College of Forestry to make some few tentative studies into the commercial production of potassium oxide from hardwood ashes by burning and leaching. The Department is tempted to state that there is a good market for the soluble salts that can be thus obtained, in view of the fact that such salts are at present bring- ing from ten to twelve cents per pound, with a very good prospect of their going much higher in the near future. POTASH IN WOOD ASHES HE increase in the demand for potash has resulted in a number of inquiries of Government officials concerning the amount of this chemical contained in wood ashes which may be available at sawmills operat- ing on the National Forests. The Bird Department By A. A. ALLEN, PH.D. Assistant Professor of Ornithology, Cornell University THESREP URN OF THE BIRDS T is now nearly three months since the first horned larks started northward over snow-covered fields. Already they have their young on the wing and are ready to start another brood; yet there are many birds that still have hundreds, even thousands of miles to travel before they will reach their nesting grounds. The March robin brought forth its crowd of admirers, the call of FOUR HUNGRY BABES A Louisiana water thrush feeding its young. This bird winters from Mexico to Colombia and arrives in the northern United States during the first of April. the bluebird drew a response from others, but now when every hedge-row and thicket resounds with musical voices and even the trees of the city streets flash with brilliant warblers, everyone likes to stop and listen and notice the unusual number of birds. And we cannot help wondering whence have come these little wanderers, where they are going, and what is the meaning of their journeys. In great waves they come from the South, flood us with beauty and song for a few days, and then pass on. Wave after wave passes over us during the course of the month until June arrives, when the last immature birds hasten on to their nesting ground and leave us with only our summer birds until the fall migration shall bring them back once more. A little observation from year to year shows us that these May birds are extremely regular in their appear- ance and disappearance. One can soon learn just when to expect each species, and if the weather is normal, it will arrive on the day set. The earlier birds such as the robin, bluebird, blackbirds, Canada goose, meadow- lark, and mourning dove, which come during March, are much less regular because of the idiosyncrasies of ihe weather. If there were no such thing as weather and if food were always equally abundant; if it were one great level plain from the Amazon to the Great Slave Lake, the birds would swing back and forth as regularly as a pendulum and cross a given point at exactly the same time every year. For this migrating instinct is closely associated with the enlargement and reduction of the reproductive organs, a physiological cycle which, un- der normal conditions, is just as regular as the pulsing of the heart and records time as accurately as a clock. With most species the organs of mature birds begin to enlarge before those of birds hatched the preceding year, Be- cause of this, the male birds arrive first and are followed by the females and later by the immature. With some species like the robin, bluebird and phoebe, there is very little difference in the time of arrival, but in the case and those of the males before those of the females. A BANK SWALLOW burrow, arrive in Hovering over its America and April. South last of northern States during the birds winter in United these northern of the red-winged blackbird, often a period of two weeks or even a month intervenes. This may be a wise provision of nature to insure the selection of a nesting area that will not be overcrowded for once the male has established himself, and it is often at the same spot year after year, he drives away all other males from the vicinity, awatt- ing the arrival of the females and particularly his mate of the previous year. to ~ ios) 274 But with the later migrants, such as the shorebirds, that have a long way to go, the females usually arrive with the males, and with some species, courting takes place en route and they arrive at the breeding ground fully mated and ready to nest. In the October number of AMERICAN Forestry, in considering the departure of the birds, mention was made of the distance traveled by different birds in their migra- tions and here again it is interesting to note where birds have wintered as explanatory of the time of their arrivals in the spring. The early migrants are those that have spent the winter entirely within the United States. This is true of all the March birds in the northern states but during the last of the month, the first birds from the West Indies and Mexico begin to arrive in the southern About the middle of the month of the birds that have wintered still further south begin to ar- states. many A BUSY WORKER This red-eyed vireo is busy repairing its nest. The bird winters in northern South America and arrives in the northern States during the first part of May. rive, including the swallows, the spotted sandpiper, the black and white warbler and the water-thrush. The last of April and first of May brings even to the northern states the initial wave of birds from Central America and perhaps even northern South America and about the middle of this month, when occurs the height of the migration thousands of tiny warblers, vireos and_ fly- catchers that have been wintering on the slopes of the Andes or the pampas of Brazil, are winging their ways Alaska. The shortest route which one of the very last to arrive, the overhead to Labrador, Hudson Bay and 3,500 miles, while 5,000. blackpoll warbler, may traverse, is which Alaska must travel Some of the shorebirds which bring up the close of the those nest in over migration in late May or early June have undoubtedly come from Chile and even Patagonia and still have sev- eral thousand yet to go so that before they reach their nesting grounds again, they will have traveled 16,000 miles since leaving in the fall. This constrains us to wonder how these tiny wayfarers are able to traverse such tremendous distances and still AMERICAN FORESTRY return so accurately to their homes. That they do so is certain, for many birds have been marked so that we know that the same bird often comes back to the same place year after year and builds a nest close to the one of the previous year. At one time it was though that they had well-marked A RING as far NECKED PLOVER South as Patagonia and does not reach the until the last of May or the first of June. This bird winters northern States highways in the mountains, rivers and coast lines, sur- veyed, as it were, by their ancestors and unfailingly fol- lowed by all descendants. But now it is believed that these highways are followed only so far as they afford abun- dant food and when the food supply les in some other direction, they are regardlessly abandoned. What is it then that guides them mile after mile in their flights, flights made mostly under cover of darkness and often at altitudes varying from 2,000 to 5,000 feet above the earth? A sense of direction, it is now called, an instinct for recording directions as accurately as a compass which we, having only so crudely developed in ourselves, are J at a loss to understand; an instinct which permits birds to travel north, south, east or west and not loose their bearings. For the migration route of most birds is not north and their southerly journeys by long flights directly east or west. directly south, and many _ preface The bobolinks and vireos of the northwestern states, for example, leave the country by way of Florida or the Gulf coast and first fly directly east to the Mississippi Valley The white-winged scoters which nest about the lakes of cen- tral Canada, upon the completion of their nesting duties, fly directly east and west to the Atlantic and Pacific where they winter. Some herons preface their migra- tions by long flights, even to the north, so that occasion- ally little blue herons and egrets are found in the north- ern states during August and September. to join the others before starting southeasterly. THE BIRD DEPARTMENT With birds that travel such enormous distances, it is interesting to note their rate of advance. While it is possible for birds to travel great distances without rest, as witnessed by the fall flights of the turnstone from Alaska to Hawaii or of the golden plover from Labrador to northern South America, distances of over 2,000 miles across the open sea, they do not ordinarily progress far in single flights. The spring advance of the robin, for example, averages only 13 miles a day from Louisiana to southern Minnesota. The rate increases gradually to 31 miles a day in southern Canada, 52 miles per day by the time it reaches central Canada and a maximum of 70 miles per day by the time it reaches Alaska. It should not be inferred from this that each robin does not ever migrate less than 13 or more than 70 miles in a single day. Probably they often fly more than a hundred or two hun- dred miles in a single flight, as do, undoubtedly, many of the smaller birds, but after each flight they dally about A PIED BILLED GREBE The mother bird and two youngsters out for a swim. This bird spends its winters from the southern States southward and arrives in the the northern States during the last days of March. their resting place for several days before starting on again, and this brings down the general rate of advance. The rate of speed at which birds travel is rather diffi- cult to estimate except for the homing pigeons which can be timed from one place to another or the ducks and geese whose conspicuous flocks traveling high over cities and towns can easily be followed. The championship speed for homing pigeons has been recorded as 55 miles per hour for a period of four hours. A great blue heron has been timed by a motorcyclist keeping directly below it and found to be 385 miles per hour. A flock of migrating geese has been found to be traveling at a speed of 44.3 miles per hour and a flock of ducks at 47.8 miles. The speed of flight of smaller birds is usually less although when they mount high in the air and start on their migratory flight, they doubtless travel faster than the birds one so often passes flying parallel to a passenger train or suburban car. The vast majority of birds migrate during the night; some mitgrate both by day and night, and others only by 275 day. The latter are, for the most part, birds that find their food in the open and can feed as they travel. Such are the robin, the kingbird and the swallows. Other birds, like the sparrow, vireos, warblers and march birds, that find their food in the seclusion of trees of dense vegeta- tion, migrate entirely by night. The necessity for this is shown when they arrive at the Gulf of Mexico or other REDWINGED BLACKBIRDS These birds spend their winter in southern United States and arrive in the northern States during the last of February or the first part of April. The males often arrive two weeks to a month in advance of the females. large bodies of water where it is impossible to get food of any kind. If they started early in the morning so as to be across by night, they would not be able to secure much food before starting, and by the time they reached the Mexican side, it would be dark and again impossible to feed. Thus an interval of thirty-six hours would elapse without food, a period that might result disas- trously for many birds because of their high rate of metabolism. If, however, they spend the day feeding and migrate by night, their crops are full and when they arrive at the other side of the Gulf, it is daylight and they can begin again to glean their living. During these night migrations birds are attracted by any bright steady light, and every year hundreds and thousands themselves to death against light houses, high monuments and buildings. While the torch in the Bartholdi Statue of Liberty was kept lighted, as many as 700 birds in a month were picked up at its base. On some of the English lighthouses where bird de- struction was formerly enormous, “bird ladders” have been constructed forming a sort of lattice below the light where the birds can rest instead of fluttering out Again in crossing large dash their lives against the glass. bodies of water, they are often overtaken by storms and as their plumage becomes water-soaked, they are beaten down to the waves and drowned. Sometimes thousands of birds are killed by a single storm. But of course the vast majority sweep on and arrive at their destinations in safety. 276 And so if we step out on a cloudy night this month, when the birds are migrating low to escape flying through the mist-laden clouds, and hear their strange calls only faintly resembling their familiar daytime notes, we can picture to ourselves, the thousands of winged travelers returning from a sojourn in the tropics and pushing on through the black night, guided, by an innate sense of di- rection, pursuing their course straight to their old homes. We can think over the past ages through which this migrating habit has evolved to the days when all North America basked in a tropical sun and birds darted among the palms and tree ferns without ever a thought of leav- ing the land of their forefathers. Then we can picture to ourselves the coming of the ice age and the destruc- tion of all the life that could not adapt itself to the changed conditions or flee before it. We see the birds gradually pushed to the southward, encroaching upon those already there. We understand the crowding that ensued and how these birds spread northward again as the glaciers receded, only to be forced back once more with the coming of winter. Then, with the withdrawal of the ice and the evolution of the seasons, these migra- tions, by repetition through the ages, became permanent habits or instincts; and with the ensuing modifications in the contour of the continent, and the changes in the location of the food supply, many variations developed in the migration route of each species which seem inex- plicable today. We picture these things to ourselves; we understand a little better the great mystery of the bird’s life, and per- haps we can appreciate somewhat more fully the pres- ence in our thickets and gardens of these songsters, whose lives are ever one series of hardships and dangers, and yet which, withal, are so expressive of the happiness and joy to be derived from nature. BLASTING AND TREE PLANTING By F. W. WiLson ECENTLY, nurserymen who make a specialty of shade and ornamental trees have been making ex- periments and a special study of transplanting large trees and they have been successful beyond any- thing that was ever dreamed of ten years ago. Nowadays a man can buy a suburban or a country property and have old shade on it within a few months after building his home. Park Commissioners throughout the country have been especially interested in these experiments with the trans- planting of old shade trees. It has been a serious mat- ter until recently to have a beautiful old tree in one of the city parks die. It was regarded almost a national calamity when the old elms in Harvard yard at Cambridge, Mass., became diseased and died. A wealthy Harvard Alumnus has recently agreed to provide the money to replace these old elms. The planting of a large old shade tree is not the sim- ple matter, however, that is the planting of a young year or two old seedling direct from the nursery. It is con- AMERICAN FORESTRY sidered an art to be able to transplant one of these large old trees and have it grow and thrive. G. W. Sherman, a Park Commissioner of Brecken- ridge, Mo., has been carrying on some interesting experi- ments in transplanting of old shade trees in the Breck- enridge Park. ‘The accompanying pictures were taken by him. One shows an old dead tree being blasted out with THE OLD TREE AND THE NEW After the old dead tree had been easily removed by dynamite the tree seen on the right was planted, the hole being large enough to accommodate its extensive root area dynamite. A number of these trees ranging in size from 12 to 18 inches in diameter were disposed of in this way. The other picture shows a tree about 24 feet high that was planted in the same hole out of which the old dead tree was lifted. Mr. Sherman is very enthusiastic over this method of planting. he hole made by the explosion is large enough to accommodate the new tree and gives the latter an ex- ceptional chance to grow rapidly and thrive well be- cause the blasting breaks up and pulverizes the soil within a radius of several feet, making it easy for the newly transplanted tree to throw out its new rootlets and feed- ers and making available plenty of moisture and plant food to give the new tree a good start and ample sus- tenance to insure its steady growth. Tree Bark as Human Food By Hu MAxwe .t. HEN the many kinds and great numbers of trees constituting the American forests are considered, it is remarkable that the bark of so few of them is of value as human food. Many an ex- cellent woodsman has starved to death in the forest be- cause he could not find in the bark of trees the means of sustaining life. Nuts and other fruits in season sup- ply food; and many herbs possess edible roots which In- dians and frontiersmen of early days knew how to pre- pare and use as food; but the bark of trees was usually of no avail as a means of preserving human life in time of famine. WESTERN YELLOW PINE BARK AS FOOD These trees are in the State of Washington It was in this region in 1805 that Lewis and Clark first recorded the fact that Indians used this tree’s bark for food. The bark has been so used, in a small way, over an area of nearly a million square miles. That, however, has not been the popular belief. It is quite commonly supposed that in the days of the pioneers when forests were everywhere, that the hunter or traveler who knew the woods was able to peel a tree trunk, skin out the soft inner bark and make a tolerable meal of it and thus appease hunger and sustain life in times of adversity. That did sometimes happen under certain conditions; but it was unusual. Some theorists who know very little of woodscraft and of the real re- sources of the primeval forests, have lately amused the public by writing articles pretending to point out how a man can go into the forest and without clothes, food or shelter, remain indefinitely without assistance other than that found naturally in the forest. Such a thing may be possible, but it is barely probable In summer when fruit is ripe and the weather is warm it is more and then only under favorable circumstances. nearly possible than in winter or when conditions are not the best. At any rate, the bark of trees could be depended upon to a very limited extent only to supply food. No fact of than that the Indians often died of hunger in the primeval wilder- forest history is better known ness. They knew the trees well and were acquainted with the food value of all the nuts, buds, roots, and bark that existed in the regions over which they ranged, and yet large numbers sometimes perished of sheer hunger. It is true that life was often prolonged or saved by a bark diet, but evidently it was not always possible to do so. Much depended upon the region, the season of the year, and the kind of trees within reach. Much light is thrown on this matter in a series of books known as the “Jesuit Relations,” consisting of some INDIANS ATE WESTERN RED CEDAR Formerly Indians of the Northwestern Pacific Coast made much use of the soft inner bark of this cedar as an ab- sorbent of fish oil and bear fat, and ate the mixture, which they said was palatable. The custom, however, no longer exists. 278 eighty volumes, made up chiefly of letters and reports by French missionaries among the Indians of Canada, the Great Lakes region, and the upper Mississippi valley. The period embraced about 150 years, dating from 1630. Starvation was one of the common matters discussed by those missionaries who lived with the Indians and shared their sufferings; yet hardly ever was bark referred to as an article of diet, though the famine might be appalling, and though almost every possible food resource was tried by the starving people in seasons of sore distress. One of the few allusions to bark eating in all the volumi- the here nous correspondence of Jesuits in America is quoted, in translation from the It occurs in a letter written by Louys Andre in 1670, from the vicinity of Lake Ontario. In vol- ume 55, page 135, he writes: “All of these poor people have for some time been suffer- French. Nippissing, ing from a famine, and I found them reduced to a fir tree diet. I never would have believed that the inner bark of that tree could serve as food, but the savages told me that they liked it. I know whether it would always be so, but I do know that, when hunger forced me to seek some sort of food to keep me from not very well dying, I could not swallow fir bark. I did, indeed, eat some bark of another tree, and hunger made me find therein the taste of bread and the sub- stantial quality of fish.” SLIPPERY ELM IS WELL LIKED AMERICAN FORESTRY have been eaten much oftener by the Indians and other It is often eaten at the present time, not from That is true particularly of hunters. necessity but from choice. the bark of the sweet birch in eastern forests and of the yellow pine in the forests of the western country. The writer of this once happened upon a camp of Mono Indians on the headwaters of Finegold River among the Sierra and found them feasting in great hilarity Nevadas, upon the inner bark of the western yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa) which they had peeled from the trunks of the neighboring trees. That was in the spring when the young bark was forming. I sampled the uncooked bark and the taste was not bad; but no trial was made of the boiled product, because the culinary practice of the Indians was not appetizing. Those people were not driven to bark-eating by famine, but were doing it because they liked the taste. A deer they had killed that morning was hang- ing unskinned on the limb of a tree in camp. It may be men- tioned incidentally that one of the Indians who seemed to find special pleasure in the pine bark soup took pains to tell me that he could “sing” in Latin, and i i rf | to prove it he recited an extract from Virgil’s Aeneid in the original tongue. He could “sing the whole busi- ness.” Possibly he might have done so, for he seemed to get along nicely with the dozen or so lines, which he chanted for the visitor. said he the edification of I'he precise tree species here The thick, soft inner bark will allay hunger, but it is be 1 was told that he had been ae: eos * ieieee M lieved to have very low food value for human beings, ~ ~ : : spoken of is not certain, the though the lives of horses may be sustained by it educated for a Catholic priest, French word “sapin” has been translated “fir tree.” It probably the balsam fir (Abies balsamea), but possibly them to chew gum. Was the hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) was meant. The soft inner bark and the adjacent layer of jelly- like new wood of many trees are not offensive to the taste and possess some food value, but this material is procurable only in late spring and early summer, for it is at that season that active growth is taking place. Later in the season this new material hardens into wood and is then difficult to chew and is apt to be offensive to the taste. At the time of year when this growing inner bark is at its best, there are other foods in the forest, and hunger can be appeased by them. If this growing layer of wood and bark were available in winter, when nearly all other eatable things are lacking, it would no doubt Children chew the bark for the same reason that induces but he had failed to make good, chiefly because of an appetite for liquids stronger than pine bark soup. The use of yellow pine bark by Indians seems to have been of long standing, and was not and is not confined to any locality or region. The habit has had a wide geo- grapical range. It was mentioned in the journals of Lewis and Clark during their expedition across the conti- tent in 1804-1806. In speaking of a locality near the head of the Missouri River in what is now western Montana the journals say: “We saw where the natives had peeled the bark of the pine trees about the same season (spring). This the Indian woman with us informed us that they do to obtain the sap and the soft part of the wood and bark for food.” The custom of eating this pine’s bark was referred to TREE BARK AS HUMAN FOOD later in the journals of the expedition. The region was the western part of the present State of Washington. Government agents nearly a hundred years later re- ported that the bark-eating Indians in the State of Oregon were injuring the pine forests. The report was by John B. Liebig and may be found in the United States Geological Survey’s twenty-first annual report, part V, page 290, as follows: “The custom of the Indians of peeling the yellow pine at certain seasons of the year to obtain the cambium layer which they use for food, is in some localities a fruitful contributory cause toward the destruction of the yellow pine by fire. They do not carry the peeling process far enough to girdle the trees, but they re- move a large enough piece of bark to make a gaping wound which never heals over and which entrance to fire. Throughout the forests on the Klamath Reservation trees barked in that manner are very common. Along the eastern region of Klamath marsh they are found by the thousand.” The bark of another far western tree has long served the Indians as food, but it does not appear that white have ever been forced to use that resource to preserve life. It is the gigantic western cedar (Thuja plicata), often known as the shingle cedar, because furnishes an excellent men most of the shingles used in the United States and Canada are made of this wood. Indians inhabiting this tree’s range, from Oregon to Alaska, make use as food. Children = tender bark of twigs is use of the wood and bark for various purposes. Most of the huge totem poles which stand like sentinels at the doors of wigwams, or on hills overlooking villages, are carved from the trunk of this tree. The largest canoes in the world have been hewed from the enormous boles of this cedar; and the Indians’ dishes, platters, troughs, and their grinning clawed, and fanged graven images of idolatry are carved from the soft wood of this gigantic coniferous tree. The bark is as useful as the wood. Its long, tough fibers are spun into threads and woven into mats for beds, blankets, and por- SWEET BIRCH IS TASTY to the taste in early tieres for wigwam doors; ropes for manufacturing dog- harness, and lines with which to haul canoes up rapids of rivers on the native’s long journeys. But the uses of the bark does not stop there. It is pounded in wooden mortars until reduced to pulp, is then mixed with as much whale oil, fish oil, or bear grease as it will absorb, and is then kneaded into loaves, cakes, and cookies, which are baked inner bark or cambium layer of this birch summer, and peeled trees in many parts of the range of the tree betray the extent of its are the also gnawed and eaten. 279 in ashes of the camp fire and become bread. It is said to be palatable and nourishing, but it is probable that the nourishing property is due more to the grease and oil than to the bark. At any rate, the Indians of Vancouver, Queen Charlotte, and other islands, and on the mainland of British Columbia, like it and seem to flourish on the In color the cedar bark bread resembles a choco- late cake; but it is tough and it requires the strong jaws of an Indian to negotiate it, and it may be supposed that as a regular diet it would not suit the stomach of a dys- peptic person. The slippery elm tree (Ulmus pubescens) grows throughout the eastern half of the United States. Its inner bark consists of a thick, soft, brittle muci- laginous layer. It is quite dis- tinct from the cambium layer, which is the spring growth of new wood and bark. In that respect it differs from most of the other barks used for human food. The elm’s edible bark may be taken off either winter or summer. Its charac- ter is little influenced by the season of the year. Physicians have always used it for medi- cine and poultices. And old-time medical book declared that elm bark was worth its weight in gold, because it is a life saver when employed as medicine. It may not be esteemed as highly now as formerly, yet all drug stores keep it for sale. Per- haps more slippery elm bark is sold for medicinal purposes than any other bark native to the United States; certainly more of it is eaten than of any other. It does not rate high as a food. In fact, analysis shows that the bark contains very little that can be classed as human food. Records. from starvation by elm bark are few Yet it is diet. is pleasant greatest eaters. The of lives saved and doubtful. habitually eaten in all regions where it grows. It is difficult to find slippery elm trees in the vicinity of towns, for the reason that children single them out and peel them of their bark which they chew for the same reason that they chew gum—not for food but as a habit. It has no more taste than remains with gum after the flavoring has dis- appeared; yet it satisfies the desire of the jaws to be chewing something. The bark is usually swallowed, and seemingly it does little good or harm, although it is in- digestible. Horses may be kept alive and in fairly fit condition on an elm bark ration, as was demonstrated in the war of 1812 during the Lake Erie campaign; but when men try 280 AMERICAN to live on it they rapidly lose strength. It appeases hunger but does not repair the waste of the body. The native tree bark most pleasing to the taste is that of sweet birch (Betula lenta), which is one of the birches whose woods contribute lumber for doors, furni- ture, and interior house finish. The tree ranges from Newfoundland to Minnesota, and southward along the Appalachian Mountains to Georgia and westward to Ili- nois and central Tennessee. This is the birch from which the “oil of wintergreen” is usually made by the distilla- tion of the wood and bark of small trees. Early in summer the new growth beneath the bark is of considerable thickness and is rich and starchy, with a pleasant taste. Trunks may then be peeled and the edible portion may be scraped from the underside of the bark. It needs no cooking or other preparation but is eaten raw, and hunger is satisfied. It is at its best only during a few weeks in early summer. After that, the edible portion becomes woody. The food value of birch bark seems to be well es- tablished, but it is not known how long it is capable of sustaining human life in the absence of all other food. During the Civil War it was, on one occasion, put to a severe test. It was during the campaign in what is now West Virginia by Gen. McClellan in 1861. At the battle of Carracks’ ford, where the town of Parsons now stands, several companies of Confederate troops from Georgia were cut off from the rear of Gen. Garnett’s retreating army, and fled into uninhabited mountains. Several hundred of these soldiers, who were already in a famishing condition, escaped through a pathless wilder- ness, across Tucker, Randolph, Pendleton, and Highland Counties, with practically nothing to eat except birch bark. It was in early summer. Not a man starved to death during the long retreat through the forest. Many years afterwards the writer of this was able to follow the route of the retreat by noting the peeled trunks of birch trees from which the soldiers had secured the bark for food. CORRESPONDENCE COURSE IN LUMBERING HE correspondence course in lumbering which is being offered by the State College of Forestry at Syracuse through its forest extension service is attracting wide attention in New York State. Already a number of men have enrolled, and it is believed that this taking of instruction out into the State to those who are handling or using lumber and other products of the forest will mean much in developing more extensive utilization of forest products now wasted. The course is open to any man or woman in the State, and one may enroll at any time. GEORGE WASHINGTON PROFILE. HE Natural Bridge of Virginia was one of the earliest discovered natural curiosities of America, but it was only a few years ago that in the apera- ture beneath the bridge there was seen to be a huge, distinct profile, assuredly the head of George Washing- FORESTRY ton. At least the profile is that of a man and moreover it is that of a patrician with a prominent, slightly aquiline nose and good forehead. It will be seen by examination of the photograph that the nose and mouth are formed by the projection of small bushes from the side of the bridge and it may be considered quite probable that prior Photograph by Dr. Charles D. Walcott. PROFILE OF GEORGE WASHINGTON Natural rock heads and faces are not uncommon, but a profile due to the absence of rocks is unusual. This is looking through the gorge of the Natural Bridge of Virginia, and the profile is that of George Washington. The nose and mouth are outlined by the bushes. to the signing of the Declaration of Independence the verdure of this side of the gorge grew in such a manner as to cause the face to have no resemblance whatever to the Father of his Country. But few people know of this profile today, and of those who do, some have tried in vain to get into proper position to show it up for photo- graphing. The present photograph was taken by Dr. Charles D. Walcott, when Director of the United States Geological Survey. A Private Forestry Undertaking By A. F. Hawes, State Forester of Vermont N the summer of 1909 the newly created Vermont Forestry Department made a working plan of a tract belonging to Dr. Wm. Stanford Stevens in Enosburg, Vermont. Since that time the owner of this nine hundred acre tract has consistently followed out the recommen- NATURAL MAPLE REPRODUCTION A sugar orchard from which the poorer trees have been cut in order to permit natural maple reproduction. dations of this plan. As Dr. Stevens lives on the place only a portion of the year he was unable to give it the attention necessary to make it successful as a dairy proposition. The plan, therefore, contemplated the dis- continuance of active farming by the owner. He has continued to sel! ‘iis hay from the mowings, and by the application of commercial fertilizers has aimed to keep up their fertility. The pastures were all in bad condition owing to the fact that fully half their area was taken up with ferns, which could not be eradicated without the expenditure of considerable money. The chief expense called for in the working plan was for the reforesting of these run-out pastures. About one- third of the area was typical northern hardwood forest, and part of it had been used as a sugar orchard as a large part of the trees were maple. These were badly in- fested with the borer. There were also a great many dead and down trees, and a good many large mature hemlock, that were ready to cut. The plan outlined sys- tematic reproduction cutting throughout the wooded por- tions, with a view towards securing natural reproduction of sugar maple, white ash, basswood and yellow birch. During the six seasons which have followed the mak- ing of this plan, Dr. Stevens has planted 262,000 trees, including 25,000 used for filling in vacant places, cover- ing about two hundred acres. ‘here still remain 144 acres of pasture to plant, and this will be completed at the rate of 50,000 trees a year. The total cost of the planting thus far completed is $2,282.42, or an average of $9.22 per thousand for those now living. Practically all of these trees have been purchased from the State Nursery. The species used are: White pine, 237,000; Norway pine, 12,000; Norway spruce, 13,000; making a total of ~62,000 trees. With the exception of the trees planted in 1911, a very dry season, most of them have lived and are now making a rapid growth. In fact the planting is such a SCOTCH PINE PLANTATION Four years ago Scotch pine seedlings were planted here and the vigorous growth they have attained is evident. success that the owner is now contemplating the refor- esting of the poorer meadows. The material removed in the reproduction cuttings has sold for more than enough to cover the cost of cutting. The total sales of wood lumber have amounted to $3,239.54, while the cost of getting out this material was $1,357.75, leaving a profit on the operation of $1,881.79. The appearance of the woods has been and much improved thereby and reproduction, especially of maple, has followed in a very satisfactory degree. 281 282 AMERICAN COWS PREVENT MAPLE REPRODUCTION The effect of permitting cows to graze on this character of land is evi- dent. Maple reproduction has been prevented. To summarize the results of the six years’ work it may be said that about three-quarters of the woodland has been improved and 200 acres of nearly worthless land have been reforested, and thereby made productive. When the provisions of the present working plan are completed, a revised plan will be made for another ten-year period. The financial summary for the first six years is as follows: CostrORCA thing. occ che Saeko eels eee $1,357.75 Costiot plantinoe mercer ace tae eta ee eck 2,282.42 Eexpentiassistamces aerate ere eater 103.76 Total cost of operations Total receipts Neti costof alll improvements) faee. sees ee $504.3 NO COWS ALLOWED HERE From this orchard the cows have been excluded and as a result there is a vigorous reproduction of maple. FORESTRY Yield tables are not available to estimate the future value of the hardwood forest, but it is safe to estimate that it will be worth considerably more in twenty years than it would have been, had it been left to itself, and the revenue has been used to reduce the carrying charges on the plantations. It is safe to estimate that the plantations when forty years old will be worth $250 Considerably higher prices have been paid for pine plantations of this age. ‘Iwo hundred acres at this price will be worth $50,000. An investment of $504 for forty years at 5 per cent amounts to $3,548. Leaving taxes out of con- sideration, therefore, the profit on the operations thus far undertaken should be about $46,000, over and above 5 per cent compound interest on the investment. an acre. FIRE WARDEN’S MEETING HE Fire Wardens of Monroe County, Pa., held their third annual meeting at Pocono Manor re- cently on’ invitation of Edwin A. Hoopes, presi- dent of the Pocono Protective Fire Association. The State Department of Forestry was represented by Chief Forest Fire Warden George H. Wirt and District For- ester John L. These annual meetings are regarded by the Department of Forestry as very impor- tant aids to an effective fire service. They bring the men together in a social way that develops comradeship, they furnish opportunity for instruction in the duties of fire wardens. The idea of an annual meeting and dinner originated with the Pocono Protective Its results have been found to be so satisfactory that wardens’ annual meetings are now re- quired by the department in each Pennsylvania county where forest fire service under the new law has been Strobeck. and, besides, fire Association. organized. WHAT SAWMILLS WASTE HE waste product of sawmills in the United States including that fed to the furnaces as fuel is estimated to be 36,000,000 cords per year, and the equivalent of 2,880,000,000 cubic feet of solid wood substance. About half of it has no use whatever, but is usually burned to get rid of it. DRYING LONG-LEAF PINE MPORTANT laboratory experiments at the Federal Forest Products Laboratory at Madison, Wis., are be- ing followed by practical commercial experimenting in the Louisiana field, by members of the federal-staff, on No report can be made on these experiments as yet, but it is under- stood that the experimenters demonstrated a commercial saving of about 20 per cent in the new method of drying the southern pine. the saving of time in drying long-leaf pine. As successful in the laboratory, the time of drying is cut from forty-eight hours, the old time, to thirty-nine hours, about 20 per cent, meaning that much saving in the operation of the kilns. Following the laboratory experiments, the experimenters are now try- ing out the new method commercially for the Tremont Lumber Company, at Winfield, Louisiana. The Conifers Curse Baz IR, JE), ADA NE pleasant day in June, a matter of twenty years ago, a party of sightseers were strolling through a dense forest of spruce and pine in the Rocky Mountains. A young man suddenly stopped, set his foot on a decaying log and delivered a few ill-chosen and evidently hasty remarks. A “splinter” had penetrated the toe of his shoe and caused some inconvenience The death-dealt tree was one of hundreds noted in the course of the day that brought from one of the com- pany the query of, “What is a porcupine good for?” In the good old orthodox days the inquiry would have been dismissed with the simple statement that all things were created for a beneficent purpose ; that the purpose became to one of his pedal extremi- ties incased therein. The writer, with an ac- cumulated mountaineering experience of fifteen years, was prepared for such emergencies, and with a small pair of steel pincers soon removed the “splin- ter,’ which proved to be a porcupine’s quill. While this “surgical op- eration” was in progress a little girl, with curiosity and sympathy equally divided, came rushing down the mountainside. An un- noticed bush caught her feet and sent her headlong upon the ground. Scream upon scream of agony rent the atmosphere and the writer’s pincers were again called into action to extract two porcu- apparent upon close investigation. The close investi- gations of those days brought the conclusions that the fly was a scavenger that preyed upon and de- stroyed disease-breeding filth—that the mosquito re- moved bodily impurities that lodged near the human epidermis. The science of the day has upset and revised those old theories and a war of extermination is now being waged upon those pests. An acquaintance with and study of the habits of the porcupine, extending over a generation of time, has convinced the writer that this rodent has not one redeeming trait, nor can a good reason be given why he should be permitted to exist. Like his brethren, the gopher, the rat and the mouse, he should be pine quills from the palm of one hand and a dozen more from her body and clothing. Five years previous to this time a hunter had emptied both barrels of a shotgun into a belated porcupine. As time passed, his adamantine and seemingly imper- ishable barbs had become scattered over about ten square rods of ground, to the inconveniences and results afore- said. A few minutes later the party came upon a huge spruce tree with a large section of the trunk near the ground showing clear and white in the rays of sunlight that shot through an open space in the forest. The porcupine that had chosen the inner bark of the tree for his midday lunch stopped his work to gaze with apparent wonder at the intrusion upon his domain. A well-directed pistol shot put an end to his depre- dations. porcupines. HOW PORCUPINES KILL TREES They eat the bark, girdling the tree near the ground, or climbing the tree and stripping the more tender bark from the top. the author found forty-two out of fifty-seven trees destroyed by billed for extermination. In furtherance of this be- lief I began a warfare upon the species with gun, pistol and trap and found at the end of a dozen years that no inroads had been made In one tract upon the number in my vicinity. Every day or two I would find a tree girdled near the ground or denuded of bark to the top. In one instance I measured off a block of ground 50 by 100 feet and found forty-two out of fifty-seven trees therein destroyed by porcupines. Their nocturnal habits made it out of the question to rid a neighborhood of them by shooting, while traps can only be used at the entrance of their dens. There are but two months in the year (May and June) that they are found at large in daylight, and dens are used only while breeding or during cold weather. In summer their nights are spent in foraging and with the approach of daylight they take refuge under a log, rock, clump 283 284 of sage brush or grass for the day. In the latter retreat they are a constant menace to stock. A frequent sight in our mountain grazing areas is a cow or steer with nose fairly bristling with quills, due to the animal having suddenly thrown its head down into POISON BOARDS FOR PORCUPINES things and finding something saline in a newly painted board chewed the board. This gave the author an idea and soaking boards in brine he sprinkled them with strychnine, placed them in the forest and killed many porcupines. Porcupines love salty a clump of grass or bushes only to land upon the barked back of a slumbering porcupine. Nor is this all—the animal is extravagantly fond of salt. is food for his teeth. Anything containing the slightest taint of salinity A prospector’s tool handles, ropes, ore buckets, etc., are speedily gnawed to pieces, while the homes of all mountain residents are rarely free from their nightly maraudings from spring till fall. For years the writer obtained some relief from their depredations by the use of a shot gun or six-shooter at all times of night, but the annoying destruction to buggies, sleighs, boxes, barrels, etc., went on, and the work of burning their bodies and clearing the premises of quills was still more exasperating—for when a porcupine is shot or struck with a missile or club the quills fly in all directions —a fact that probably gave rise to the story of our grandfathers that a porcupine possessed the power to throw his quills at an approaching enemy. Five years ago the writer moved into a newly completed house, but the quiet of night was soon disturbed by the grind and rasp of a porcupine’s teeth. I found that one of them had discovered something saline in the paint on a veranda railing. This gave me an idea and I carried it out in the way shown in the photograph. A quart bottle was filled with strong brine and a set of boards was thor- oughly soaked with it. While still damp, strychnine was liberally sprinkled over them. (The photo shows the boards, brine and one ounce of strychnine bottles, also a small tree girdled and killed by porcupines.) These AMERICAN FORESTRY boards were distributed in two square miles of forest area and had the effect of completely ridding a half town- ship of the pests. Some of these poisoned boards were placed in their winter dens; others were nailed to trees above the reach of horses or cattle or under trees whose low lying limbs prevented stock from getting to them, while others were fenced in. tree areas were protected from rains and wet snow by The poisoned faces of those used in small boards nailed across the tops. The dead porcupine at the foot of the large tree was the third destroyed during May, 1910, at an expense of about one inch eaten from the side of the board. ‘The tree was debarked by the rodents three years previously. It was the only instance where one of them was found near the boards. Porcupines are very tenacious of life, but it can be taken as a certainty that when their teeth marks are found on the boards a dead pest will be found in the vicinity. Complaints of the destructive work of these animals are heard from all sections of our country where conifers grow. I have read of instances where tree owners were paying $1.00 for each porcupine killed on their grounds. The method I have used will quickly and cheaply put an end to their work, and I would not have given it to the public had I not reached the belief that this most repulsive THE One of the many which the author killed by poisoning, strychnine being PORCUPINE placed upon the board nailed to the tree. Note how the bark has been stripped from the tree by the animals. THE CONIFERS CURSE of all animals should be condemned as a nuisance and its ravages minimized, if he is not entirely exterminated. This can be done by concerted action on the part of private owners, the special agents and forestry officials in charge of the public domain. NATIONAL FORESTS’ TIMBER F the 688,922,000 board feet of timber cut on the National Forests during the fiscal year ended June just compiled by taken under free-use permits given to settlers and others living in or near National Forests. There were 40,000 free-use permits, and the value of the timber they cut was $206,464.13. The remainder, or 565,745,000 board feet, was cut under sales contracts, for the most part with lumber oper- ators, but including 19,246,000 feet sold at cost to farmers and settlers, as required by a special provision of the law. The prices received for all sold timber varied from 50 cents to $5 per thousand feet, and the total value was $1,179,448.39. EXPERIMENTAL NUT ORCHARD HE New York State College of Forestry is planting an experimental and demonstration nut orchard on its Chittenango Forest Experimental Station. English walnuts, Paragon chestnuts, pecans and Hardy almonds in different varieties, also hazelnuts and filberts, will be tested for hardiness, growth and adaptability to New York conditions and bearing proclivities. The Eng- lish walnuts secured from the Jones Nurseries at Lan- caster, Pa., and planted last season, have grown vigor- ously, the seedlings having attained a height of 27 inches. The fact that these seedlings have come through the winter in perfect condition is very gratifying and shows the possibilities of nut culture throughout this region. HUGE DOME OF GRANITE By Guy E. MrrcHe tt. NE of the mose remarkable masses of solid granite in the world is the huge bare dome surmounting fa ra a high mountain of the same imperishable roc The mountain itself rises very steeply from the almost fiat floor of the Yosemite Valley and the view shown in the photograph is an unusual one of the rear of ‘Half Dome” taken from the crest of the beautiful Nevada Falls. The hugeness of this dome may be better appre- ciated when you know that the tiny looking trees at its base near the arrow, Straight up from the are big pines over 100 feet high. arrow to the top of the dome the distance is 1,400 feet. The other side of the granite dome is a sheer perpendicular face of 2,000 feet. Incredible as it appears, it is possible for a good mountain climber to scale this dome and crawling to the edge to look over and even drop a stone straight down over a third of a mile before it will strike. The remaining 2,500 feet to the bottom of the valley is only a little less sheer, and 285 objects in the valley 4,500 feet below, such as horses and people, appear smaller than ants. Only those with well seasoned nerves dare approach the edge of this half dome without being fast tied with ropes. The great rock is of course immovable, but with most people there is a vivid impression that it is falling, and a strong tendency to become panic stricken and pitch over the edge to ter- HALF DOME, YOSEMITE VALLEY of Half Dome, Yosemite Valley, Cal. A great granite mass from an altitude of 4,756 feet above its Rear view which overlooks the Valley floor. rible destruction. ‘The great granite sentinel must have been shorn apart by some mighty cataclysm in past ages. Half Dome is the commanding feature of the upper end of the Yosemite Valley with Tenaya Creek passing by one side of it and the Merced River on the other, uniting in the main Yosemite Valley. DAMAGE BY WILD ANIMALS HE annual losses of live stock on the National Forest ranges of the West due to predatory ani- mals are over $500,000. An organized campaign is now going on to exterminate these animals. Wolves are responsible for about 70 per cent of the cattle losses, Approximately 75 per cent of the sheep losses are due to coyotes, 20 while bears cause most of the remainder. per cent to bears, and 5 per cent to lynxes and wild cats. Mountain lions are charged with killing only a few head of cattle and sheep. Photograph by R, S. Maddox. FEARFUL WASTE FROM EROSION Showing how millions of cubic yards of rich agricultural soil have been washed away by erosion and have become a menace to bottomland fields, streams and the Mississippi River. The planting of trees and grasses has proven a very practical and effective means of stopping gullies. All of these thrive when planted on ‘‘made land” if they get the proper protection Fighting Gully Erosion By W. R. Marroon, State Forest Examiner URING the last few years both public and pri- vate interests have become very active in efforts to check extensive soil erosion in western Tenn- essee. The State Government, the industrial depart- ments of at least two large railroads, many private own- ers, and the U. S. Department of Agriculture, through the County Agents connected with the States Relations Service, are all engaged in this work. The situation has been brought to the serious attention of the public by the widespread depreciation in value of farm lands amount- ing in the aggregate to many millions of dollars. The very deep, mellow, siliceous loam of the Lafay- ette, or “orange sand,” formation which spreads widely over west ‘Tennessee is easily workable and for the same causes very susceptible to erosion and transportation by water. In good agricultural practice, constant care is re- quired on slopes to plow, cultivate, and sometimes ter- race parallel with the contour lines in order to stop in- cipient gullies that may start. The general surface of the region is gently undulating, rising gradually eastward in a plateau slope to the ridge near the Tennessee River where it becomes broken. ‘The region includes most of the State west of the Tennessee River, an area about 60 miles in width by 100 miles in length extending in a north and south line across the State. ““The Resources of Tennessee,” January, 1915, p. 13. 286 In about eight counties, nearly every farm contains portions of land lying waste because of gullies, and there are many large tracts each covering several hundred acres in area that have been abandoned for the same cause. The character of these is shown in the accompanying illustra- tions. The result is a sparse population of an unprogres- sive class and a general depreciation in all property values in a region where the soil is capable of being maintained in a highly productive state. Mr. R. S. Maddox, Forester, State Geological Survey, Nashville, who has devoted most of his time during the past two years to gully recla- mation work, estimates the area of land thus affected at 230,00 Gullies usually are from 15 to 25 feet deep. At La Grange, Fayette County, gullies not less than acres.’ of immense size, 70 to 100 feet in depth, have encroached to the very edge of the town center, and the main highway leading south is retained only at high expense of grading, filling and concrete work. The pernicious, long-standing habit of “clearing up,” “working out,” and “turning out,” or abandoning, pieces of land as soon as they lose their natural fertility is un- questionably the underlying direct cause for the present situation. The birth of gullies usually takes place in cul- tivated fields where they might have been easily put out of the way by a little timely attention. They increase FIGHTING GULLY EROSION 2 CO ~I with astonishing rapidity, and soon outgrow the fields where they started, invading adjacent territory. An ac- companying photograph shows a main public road re- treating before the advance of a large gully. Many of the present larger gullies no doubt started during the “trouble in the sixties,” continuing afterward when there was neither money nor labor for improvement. Prior to that time for about ten years under the leader- ship of several public spirited Tennesseeans, the people began to study out and apply the best methods of “pre- venting their lands from running away.” The planting of trees and grasses has proven a very practical and effective means of stopping gullies. Black locust, yellow poplar, ash, red oak, black walnut, catalpa, cottonwood, and other trees, also bermuda grass, when started on “made land” in gullies, all thrive under the APPROACHING THE HOME At the present rate of progress made by this gully, the home buildings of the owner of the farm will be engulfed within a few years. PLANTING NECESSARY HERE This farm gully was planted with 12-inch black locust seedlings at the rate of about 1,200 per acre, and within a year they had grown to a height of 4 feet. In seven years the gully slope was completely reclaimed by the black locust trees. protection afforded. Preparatory steps to planting consist of constructing compact brush dams _ across narrow places in the gully, thus securing “made land,” and in grading down by hand or team sufficient loose soil to enable the young sapling to secure a foothold. Many of the woodlots in the region have been reduced to cull trees only, and since they exist on good agricultural land are more than likely to be cleared. The best policy for the future would be to convert the larger gullies into farm woodlots by the methods suggested, serving the double purpose of checking further destruction of land and growing a supply of farm timber on the least valuable An expensive gully which year by year approached a country road part of the farm which has several times had to retreat before it and now runs in 2 almost a half-circle around it. ENGULFING A COUNTRY ROAD “Bulletin, University of Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station, vol. 8, No. 3, page 107. The Greenheart of Commerce By C. D. MELL HE wood known to the trade as greenheart or bibiru is produced by a massive tree growing in the Suianas and in parts of Venezuela in South America. It is called greenheart because the heartwood of this tree is yellowish-green. It is highly esteemed for its usefulness in marine construction and other work requiring a strong and durable wood. LEAF AND FRUIT OF The leaves remotely resemble the tupelo, but are larger, being from 6 to § inches long and 2 to 3 inches wide. The fruit, like a large walnut, when ripe falls to the ground, soon germinates and sends down a stout tap root. The young tree grows rapidly at first. THE GREENHEART TREE The greenheart tree is easily recognized in the forest by its long, clean and cylindrical bole and its light gray, thin, flaky bark, which contrasts very strongly with that of its associates. It ranges from 60 to 120 feet in height, and from 2 to 4 feet in diameter. Chief among the trees which in height and circumference vie with greenheart are the mora and the West Indian locust. Mora is a tree which grows to an enormous size, frequently attain- ing a height of 100 to 150 feet—sometimes it reaches a height of nearly 200 feet, but when it is as large as 288 this the tree generally has a hollow trunk at the base The West Indian locust usually grows very tall and produces a trunk that is without branches for more than 80 feet. The stems of greenheart are often without branches for more than three-fourths of their total height, and are usually cylindrical to the first branches for 50 to 90 feet, and logs from 12 to 24 inches square can be obtained. A number of logs 70 feet long and 14 inches square are shipped to the English markets. Logs 85 feet long, 14 inches square and perfectly straight, are occasionally met with. The crowns in old, mature trees are usually open, round and small, as compared with those of large trees of other species in the tropical for- ests. It has a few large branches at the base of the crown, which extend at right angles to the main axis; the upper branches are more ascending and are rather twisted and knotty. The small branches are more erect and bear the leaves which are comparatively large and elongated, remotely resembling those of our tupelo,. only they are larger, measuring from 6 to 8 inches in length and from 2 to 3 inches in width. ‘They taper to an acute point at both ends, have a smooth glossy surface, a leathery appear- ance, especially when old, and are arranged alternately on the twig. The flowers are more or less inconspicuous in comparison with a good many other large tropical trees; they are at first greenish but later turn whitish or pinkish in hue. The fruit of greenheart is large, and in general outline favors a large walnut. Its thin peri- carp is light brown in color, almost smooth, and encloses a single large seed. When the fruit is ripe it falls to the ground and soon germinates, sending a stout taproot down through the leaf mold into the sandy or gravelly clay soil beneath; at the same time it develops a stem with large leaves which secure part of their nourishment from the large cotyle- dons in the seed during the first six or eight weeks of the life of the young plant. It makes a rapid growth at first, while the stored-up food in the seed lasts, but its struggle for existence becomes keen when this source of nourishment is exhausted. The first year the seedling attains the height of about 12 inches and develops from 2 to 4 large leaves; the second year it shoots up to the height of 2 or 3 feet, after which it goes on increasing until it attains the height of about 20 feet, when its rate of growth in height and diameter decreases. It is during the first four or six years when the young greenheart trees are liable to suffocation from other more vigorous trees and shrubs. Only one out of hundreds of greenheart seed- lings may grow up to become a tree. The old trees pro- duce seeds every year, and practically all of them germi- THE GREENHEART OF COMMERCE 289 nate, but one rarely sees greenheart saplings from 2 to 4 inches in diameter in the virgin forest. Those who have lived among greenheart trees all their lives, and who have watched them grow from year to year have observed that the rate of growth of trees over 4 to 6 inches in diameter is exceedingly slow, and that it varies according to the locality and soil. It grows fastest in forests of deep, alluvial soil. Here the roots can spread far and find more nourishment than in the sandy clay region on the uplands. The rate of growth is so slow that the annual rings on a transverse section of a greenheart stem are not visible with a hand lens magni- fying from 4 to 6 diameters, but from general observa- tions it is known that even young trees on the hills and drier slopes with soil or with rock near the surface, grow very slowly. It is considered that at least 100 years are required for a greenheart tree to acquire a merchantable size, and a good many of the large trees that yield logs 24 inches square are doubtless over 300 years old. The period varies much, however, in regions of its range of growth and also upon vironment of the individual trees. Greenheart is known to occur in British, Dutch and French Guianas and in parts of eastern Venezuela. ‘The reports that this tree is found in Brazil and in Colombia have not yet been authenticated, but it is quite likely that it grows in Brazilian Guianas near the mouth of the Amazon. It grows chiefly on the moist slopes and ridges where the tops are exposed to the rays of the sun. On the dry, exposed ridges as well as in the wet soil along the rivers, it becomes scarce or disappears altogether. In the regions where it occurs most abundantly, the soil is a sandy clay, or, in some localities, almost pure sand and gravel. A stiff clay soil with a_ sufficient amount of sand to render it loose is favorable to its complete de- velopment. In the lowlands where the soil consists of sand and loam, greenheart occurs less abundantly. In its habits greenheart may be considered to be partly gre- garious, for although it always grows more or less intermixed different immediate en- with other trees, it is generally confined to certain areas of rather limited extent. It may constitute the prevailing tree for a few hundred yards, but seldom Such localities are the moist lopes that receive the moisture-laden air from the ocean, and it is here where it attains its best development from a commercial point of view. It is obvious that a tree local peculiarities cannot occur continuously to any great extent. The Colonial Forest Office of British Guiana determined by actual count that on a sample area which contains greenheart in merchant- able quantities, there were on an average about 150 tim- the cent of the greenheart trees were found for a mile continuously. S depending on so many ber trees to About 73 per acre, 32 of which were greenheart. to range in circumference from 48 to 180 inches. Trees which will not square 10 inches are not permitted under the Crown Lands Regulations to be cut. The quantity of greenheart in British Guiana has been, and still is, very great, although the lower forests have been heavily worked, and now the best greenheart is to be had only farther inland and in the less accessible places above the cataracts in the rivers. This observation MADE OF GREENHEART These large dock gates at Wallsend on Tyne, England, are made of greenheart timber imported from British Guiana especially for this purpose. 290 applies more particularly to the forests along the Demerara and Essequibo Rivers in British Guiana, though it obtains also in part to the regions in Dutch Guiana, where the rivers are not so long and present less formid- able rocky impediments. The transporting facilities which the rivers in a country without railroads afford is very ] ms HAULING GREENHEART LOGS Iarge quantities of this wood have been regularly exported to Europe for over a hundred years. It is popular for permanent marine ‘struc- ture. great, even from the extreme sources. ‘The small tributaries are made passable by removing all the dead logs (locally called tacubas). which have accumu- lated for hundreds of years. In some instances it costs almost as much per mile to clean and straighten a creek in the interior as it would cost to grade for laying the ties and rails of a All the meandering and in a good many railroad. streams are places new channels have to be excavated in order to facilitate This quently necessitates the removal the carrying of logs. fre- of massive trees and old stumps before logs can be carried down stream, which is often done in less than 2 feet of AMERICAN FORESTRY extraordinary freedom from decay is due, at least in part, to the tyloses in the pores of the wood and prob- ably also to the presence of the alkaloid biberine. Green- heart has no decided characteristic odor, even in the fresh state. This is contrary to expectation, because a great majority of the trees related to it have wood with very pronounced pungent or spicy taste and odor. ‘The wood is very hard, heavy (about 70 pounds per cubic foot), very strong, though brittle, and exceedingly durable. It is probably the most durable wood known, and is espec- ially valuable, therefore, in a climate like that of tropical America, where the elements favoring decay are so numerous and powerful. Greenheart in the unseasoned State dry it becomes so hard that sawing or nailing becomes difficult. being free from tannic acid, it does not injure iron to is moderately easy to work, but after it is thoroughly It seasons rapidly and shrinks very little, and, any appreciable extent. Greenheart is said to be one of the strongest timbers in use, with a crushing strength of 12,000 pounds per square inch, 65 per cent greater than that of English oak. The shearing strength parallel to the grain is between 1,800 and 2,000 pounds per square inch. From all the records of tests made on greenheart it appears that it is superior to oak in all its properties, except perhaps in While the made on greenheart vary considerably, the variation is toughness. results of the mechanical tests water by chaining one or two logs on each side of a flat-bottom boat locally known as ballahoo. Greenheart wood varies from a greenish-yellow color to dark or nearly black. The heartwood is always darker than the sapwood, though the latter becomes deeper in color upon exposure, and it is often difficult for the inexperienced man to distinguish the sapwood from the heartwood in the sawn condition. ‘The color of the wood is due to the presence of a greenish color substance known as greenheartin. It is believed that its SNAKING GREENHEART LOGS BY GANGS OF MEN not so great as in the case of our white oak, whose properties vary exceedingly according to the locality. Users of greenheart have frequently noticed that logs apparently sound lacked in strength and toughness, and that the darkest colored wood is the most durable. It does not vary so much in density and all of it is very The bulk of the Some fine-grained and takes a very fine polish. wood that comes to the market is straight-grained. of the old trees are curly-grained, locally known as “bull- THE GREENHEART OF COMMERCE forehead,” but the logs are frequently defective and the difficult to checked and partly rotten along the pith or center, but wood work. The logs are often slightly if the center is boxed it will not be considered a defect. It is not attacked by white ants in the tropics, and, from long experience, it is learned that the heartwood is proof against the attacks of all marine borers and is superior to every other wood, both in or out of the water. Differences in quality according to soil, situation, and moisture are often observed. It is commonly claimed that the greenheart from the region along the Demerara River in British Guiana is superior to that from other regions, or that from the basin of the Essequibo sur- passes the wood from all other sources. During the last year or two a great deal has been said and written in favor of the greenheart from Dutch Guiana, indicating that it is of greater strength and endurance than that from British Guiana. For these distinctions there is evi- dently some foundation, but by no means to the extent alleged. There may be a few logs of greenheart from the Essequibo River region that are inferior in strength and compactness of grain and texture to the general run ot logs from other sources, but this cannot be said as a general thing. It is true that greenheart obtained from the low, flat land is inferior in strength and durability to that from the moist slopes in the interior above the first cataracts. Indeed, the varying qualities of the green- heart from different regions have long been well known to practical men, but the Demerara and Essequibo greenheart has been generally esteemed the best and always pre- GREENHEART LOGS AT WISMAR, BRITISH GUIANA ferred by the English dock builders. ‘The Dutch Guiana greenheart is not used extensively in England and Amer- ica, and very little is known here in regard to its lasting and other qualities, but the wood has been used success- fully in the Netherlands, and eventually will become an important article of export. The bulk of the wood that is now exported from Paramaribo is obtained from the lowlands, and is probably slightly inferior to that from the uplands in British Guiana. In British Guiana greenheart is commercially the best known and most valuable wood. Large quantities have been regularly exported to Europe for over a hundred 291 years, and greenheart has since been the most popular wood for permanent marine structures where durability Its not consist merely in its durability; another greater ad- is highly desirable. value for marine works does vantage is that the wood does not warp or twist after FIFTY MILES UP RIVER LOADING GREENHEART Demerara River, British Guiana, loading green- A great deal of the wood is taken out by water This steamer is up the heart for England. in this way. it is thoroughly seasoned and put in place. A ship planked with greenheart is at all times ready for service, while boats constructed of most American woods often warp and require caulking. Rated as a first-class wood at Lloyds, it is used largely for all kinds of submerged work, such as wharves, piles, docks, and lock gates. It the the was used in construction of Nansen’s ship, the Fram, fame, was built of Demarara greenheart. and good ship Discovery, of Antarctic The dock gates in the Mercy harbor and the lock gates of the Manches- ter Ship Canal were all built of this wood. The lock gates of the Panama Canal were in part constructed of ereenheart from British Guiana, and it has been recom- mended for the fenders, miter posts, sills, and quoins of the dock gates at Balboa, and also for the keel blocks in these two dry docks. One of the earliest uses of green- heart in this country was for the manufacture of fish- ing rods, and it is still considered one of the best woods for this purpose. MAKING MAPLE SUGAR HE New York State College of Forestry is carrying out experiments in the manufacture of maple sugar on its Chittenango Forest Experiment Sta- tion. The conditions under which this experiment is being conducted will show, from a small number of trees, the return which can be anticipated from a farm woodlot. Very gratifying results have thus far been obtained and the experiment will be continued for three years more. THE CHILDREN’S DEPARTMENT BY BRISTOW ADAMS FIRE IN THE WOODS MAY day in 1903, a small boy in Hamilton iN County, New York, was sent out to find a cowbell which had been lost in the aa brush at the edge of the field in which the cow grazed during the summer. This field also furnished a supply of hay to carry it over winter. Hamilton County is covered almost entirely by the Adirondack Mountains, and is a succession of dense forests and beautiful lakes, with here and there a small farm clearing in between. On all of the maps issued by the Government to show by colors WATCHING FOR FOREST FIRES The lookout, perched on a high point of the mountain, is able to see miles in all of a forest fire is seen, its location is telephoned to the fire fighters in the valley below, and they are soon at work. directions As soon as the smoke how much crops are grown, how much goods are manu- factured, or how many people there are to the square mile, Hamilton County appears in a very light shade or even white. Even though it does not take a high rank in crops, in goods, and in number of people, it serves a good purpose as a playground and source of health for all of New York State, and for much more of the surrounding country. So much for the geography of Hamilton County; now let us return to the small boy who went out to find the cowbell in the corner of the field. This cowbell was worth 20 cents. When the boy went out to find it he went through the kitchen on his way to the back door, because that was the shortest to the meadow. As he went out he took some matches in order that he might burn away the brush and last year’s trash and leaves so that he could the easier see the bell. The fire would not hurt the bell at all and would readily dis- close its hiding place. 202 To make the story short, the boy started a little fire, and before it was out there was no more use for the bell. The fire swept over all the field and burned up the fences; it burned the cow which had worn the bell, destroyed the barn and the hay which had housed and fed the cow, and even the little house in which the boy, his father, mother, and sister had lived. Then it swept on and destroyed acres of beautiful timber. That it did not actually con- sume the boy himself and his family was due to the fact that they were fortunately able to get into a nearby lake and stay there, almost submerged, until the roaring flames had passed over their heads. LL forest fires are not so damaging; some are much more so. There are many examples of fires in the Lake States, the Rocky Mountain States, and on the Pacific coast, which have meant great harm and the loss of many lives. But every little fire which goes through the woods does more damage than can be counted. It may be one that will set back the starting of a new forest for several years. FIGHTING A FOREST FIRE These men are not trying to quench the flames, but are clearing away inflammable material which lies in the path of this forest fire so that it will quickly burn out for lack of fuel. Many of the cone-bearing trees, for example, bear good crops of seed only at long intervals, of from five or seven years. Possibly one of these seed years comes when conditions are favorable for the growth of the little seed- lings and they spring up all through the woods. Thena spring fire goes through and seems to do no more harm than to burn off the leaf litter of the preceding fall; yet it will kill all of the tender pine trees which have just started. There will be no other seed year for a number of years, and then, when it does come, it is not unlikely that unfavorable weather conditions such as drought will THE CHILDREN’S keep this new crop of seeds from getting started. The trees of the fire year by this time would have been some half dozen years old, and able to survive this lack of moisture; but the new crop, after getting a start, will dry out and die. Then there will ensue another period without seed and no new trees to form the new forest for another half dozen years. is the most dangerous fire season—the time when there is most likely to be damaging fires in the woods. In the West, especially on the Pacific coast, the danger season is in the fall after the long, dry summer. In any case, fall and spring are the times when boys and girls are most likely to go to the woods. Spring calls them to the gathering of wild flowers and to watching the new growths. In the fall, the gathering of nuts and taking farewell of the woods until they shall be in leaf again takes young folks out into the open. These two are the periods when the weather is most delightful and the heat of the sun is not oppressive. Boy Scouts and Campfire Girls, in particular, are likely to ‘‘take to the woods” at these times. Because of their pledges to do a good turn every day and to think of others, because of their interest in wood- craft, and because of their joy in outdoors, the Boy Scout, and the Campfire Girl, and members of kindred organizations have a special duty to see that forest fires are not started by them, and to take pains to put out or get aid in putting out any fire which comes to their attention. [i the East it is generally considered that the spring various States through their own organizations, have built up well-planned, well-trained fire-fighting forces, yet it is literally true that these have less effect on the question of forest fires than do the common people, and, in some measure, the boys and girls in our wooded regions. For example, if all the boys and girls in the country were impressed with the idea that no forest fire should be started or if started that it should be immedi- ately put out, there would be no forest fires left for those organizations to cope with except those which might be started in out-of-the-way places by lightning. It is true, of course, that some boys are careless with fire in the woods, and that they go away from camp and leave their fire-places burning, or that they will start to make a fire without clearing from around it light stalks,leaves, and trash which would help carry the flames into the surround- ing brush and trees. It is carelessness of this sort that has led to the statement that a boy and a match in the Wises SAM through the Forest Service, and the woods is a greater source of danger than a boy with a. stick of dynamite in a city alley. In the latter case, the boy may demolish himself and a woodshed or two, but in the former he may lay waste a whole province. you are going to the woods it is particularly neces- | BB soa aco it is the blessed spring time and because sary that you keep in mind this question of forest fire, and that you realize that only harm is done by them, and that good never can result. Even if the fire did no damage whatever to growing things it would destroy de- caying vegetable matter which helps to make a fertile soil and also which is able to hold many times its weight of water as a part of the spongy mass, which on the forest DEPARTMENT PATH. OF THE From the burned logs in the foreground to the timber line on the A FOREST FIRE distant snow-capped Mt. Shasta, California, a forest fire swept, leaving desolation and ruin in its path which covered several thousand acres. floor has a large part in regulating stream flow and in preventing floods on the one hand and low water on the other. HEN you build a fire in the woods, hem it in W with stones so that it cannot spread; or if there are no stones available, scrape away the duff so that your fire will be on an earth foundation and will not be able to spread past the defensive trenches which you put around it. And before you go into the woods at all memorize this little verse written by State Conserva- tion Commissioner George D. Pratt, of New York, who does not want any more hunting of cowbells with matches in his State. % “Only a man in a forest green, Only a match that was dropped unseen, Only a flame—some leaves and wood, And only a waste where the forest stood.” THE FOREST FIRE By CHARLES H. WINKE } On, on, dread Flood of Devastation; sweep All living things before thee; wrap in flame The crackling, crashing forest; lay hot claim On cot and clearing; through the grasses creep Like angered reptile, hissing; wind-lashed, leap From blazing hill to flame-swept waters; frame The very heavens in red, for naught may tame Thy fury till, too long unmoved, they weep. Though naught but desolation mark thy train, Rage on, red King of Ruin!—not for long Shall thy dire victory remain complete; With dauntless courage man shall claim again The ashen waste, and fruitfulness shall throng Up from the soil in gardens green and sweet. Ornamental and Shade Trees A Department for the Advice and Instruction of Members of the American Forestry Association EpitEp By J. J. Levison, B. A., M. F. IPI AKER HERMANN W. MERKEL President American Academy of Arborists All who have lived in the country will probably remember HERE are various kinds of tree fakers. the appearance at your door of a venerable gentle- man, more or less seedy in appearance, who had with him, carefully tucked from sight, a book of chromos, repre- senting the latest atrocities of the color press, alleged to be faithful reproductions of all that was best in fruit and flower, tree and vine. This volume would usually after the assured himself that he was talking to the “lady or gentle- not makes its appearance until bearer had man of the house,” but after that it would be a most difh- eT hk ALLEGED EXPERTS PRUNED THIS TREE Tree badly pruned by men who posed as experts Such trees are common sights in every locality and are a daily example of the need of ascertaining if tree surgeons and tree repairers are com- petent men. 294 cult task to get rid of him and his book for a long time, and usually he would take with him an order for a golden elder, a purple-leaved plum, a Carolina poplar, and a How- ever, | have no quarrel with this gentleman, for he Ben Davis apple tree, from all of which deliver us. filled the proverbial long-felt want, and he was really the first propagandist who worked towards the beautification of the surroundings of many dwellings. The real tree faker is harder to describe. His tribe is large and varied. Sometimes he owns a ladder and a saw as his whole stock in trade. Sometimes he has arrived at the dignity of owning a spray pump, and others have real offices, and get out beautiful literature which is sent broadcast into the hands of an unsuspecting public. Then again he may only own a pot of some mixture, the ingredients of which are a deep mystery to everyone except the mixer, and he won't let the secret out because by means of this mixture, this particular faker is able to cure everything that ever ailed a tree from blind staggers to pip. I met the work of one of his species one day while in company with Mr. Solotaroff, then of East Orange, when we noticed that a number of beautiful elms on a private place in East Orange, had assumed a reddish bark, and upon inquiry it was discovered that a suave individual had called at this place the day before, and persuaded the owner to let him treat the elms in question by means of a compound which he, the tree faker, had discovered and would paint upon the bark for a consideration. He had stated that he was willing to guarantee that no pest of any kind would ever attack the elms after they had been treated by him, and as a guarantee of good faith, he would collect only one-half the cost of treat- ment per tree, and come back for the other half the following year. It is hardly necessary to say that he has not yet returned to collect the remainder of his fee. Another individual, and I think he was the first of his kind that I ever saw, once came to me with a proposition that he would kill any tree that I wanted to get rid of for the sum of one-half dollar. Being pressed as to what means he would employ, he stated that he would bore a hole right into the heart of the tree “where it lived,” and then pour in a spoonful of another mystery, which would kill it, and that I could then sell the owner a new tree on which I could make much more than the fifty cents that I would have to pay him. ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREES Of sprayers there are countless numbers, many of them good, honest workers, but unfortunately some that are unscrupulous and will do anything to get money without giving adequate returns. In one case that comes to my mind, I was on an estate with some of the State inspectors, a spraying contractor was working there and came to the owner, with whom we were engaged in con- versation at the time, stating that he had sprayed all the maples and elms, and wanted to know whether he should spray the rest of the trees on the place. This privilege, however, was denied him by the owner who had, in the This There were no pests worth meantime, gotten some information from us. occurred late in August. mentioning on any of the trees, at least none that could be controlled by spraying at that season of the year. The owner had found out from us that he was wasting his money, and I believe that the spraying contractor knew it, too, because when I met him later on at the railway station he accused me of trying to take his busi- ness away from him. “‘Butting in,” he called it, and when I pointed out to him the error of his ways, he excused himself with the words, “Aw, that fellow has got so much money he won't miss a little of it!” In addi- tion to which he intimated that he would make it worth my while not to interfere with him on other places. Then there is the individual who makes a specialty of filling up hollow trees, rarely using precautions to prevent further decay, and nearly always willing to operate on trees so old and decrepit that their death is only a question of a short time. ‘The worst case of this I ever saw was on the estate of a prominent New York archi- tect, near White Plains. Here a hollow great many trees, mostly apple trees, had been filled up with loose stones, and the openings covered over with a sheet of paraffin. Needless to say there had been no cleaning or disinfecting, and later on when proper work was finally undertaken on some of the best of these trees, the owner was put to the expense of removing the loose stone filling. Yet this man had been able to collect ten or fifteen dollars a day for his services. These are all cases in which the operators were igno- rant men, but I am sorry to say that there are among the tree fakers many men who know better, and some of the largest advertisers are among the. These will undertake work on old and worthless trees that cannot live, charg- When the chestnut tree blight was at its worst, I received a letter You all In this letter he stated that he could cure ing outrageous prices for useless work. from a man high in the world of art and letters. know him. chestnut blight by the simple means of introducing iron into the sap of the tree, and to prove his theory stated that oaks contained iron which chestnuts lacked, and that oaks were therefore immune. Another one, a physician, got out pamphlets advertis- ing a “tree serum,” though that is not exactly what he called it. This substance to quote from his circular “was introduced into the sap of the tree, and experiments have shown that it is a cure for elm blight, hickory borers, as well as fruit tree blight, and San José scale.” This 295 man got himself into the daily papers, who lauded to the skies both him and his “discovery.” In due course of time he came to me, and, as the tree faker has ever been an interesting personality to me, I allowed him the chance A FINE TREE MISTREATED This magnificent sycamore tree had a neglected wound which was made worse by a covering of tin. Note the tin partially removed and the whole interior badly decayed. Many trees on the same estate were treated in a similar manner. of proving his contentions on a tree of his own selection. He picked a large elm, applied some cans, bored holes into the tree which he connected with the cans by means of a rubber tube, filled the cans with his “dope” and de- parted. I have not seen him since, but the poor elm still shows four great scars around and below the places where his wonderful serum had gotten in its deadly work. Quite recently a company has been advertising a won- applied to the roots. Their pamphlet gives very minute directions, which remind one derful discovery which is of the hokus pokus of the ancient alchemists, but it very carefully refrains from mentioning any specific pest or ailment that can be cured, though it shows a number of testimonials. A faker that I well remember came to me with the information that the chestnut tree bark disease, then at its worst, was alla mistake. In fact there was no such thing. The chestnut trees were being killed by ants, and not by a blight. He had invented a compound that would coax all of these ants out of the ground and trees into the jar containing his “dope,’ and then they would promptly lose all interest in life. This man was sent to 296 me by a gentleman of wealth and standing, who had been asked to invest some money in the scheme, and when I stated to my visitor that I would discourage such invest- ment, he became greatly exasperated at first, so that I But I was undeceived before long, for as soon as the inventor thought him an honest though misguided person. had cooled down he offered to go halves with me in whatever he could get. In closing I cannot, therefore, but warn the tree owner to look into the record of any tree pruner, tree doctor or whatever he may call himself, more carefully than he would into that of a lawyer or physician or veterin- THIS MIGHT HAVE BEEN SAVED This tree had its cavity filled with cement and stone without regard to the decayed condition of the interior. Soon after treatment the tree broke apart as shown in the photograph. arian, before he employs him, for these are examined by the State and governed by laws, and the tree faker is not. Above all, remember that in the profession of abori- culture like that of medicine or law there is nothing of a mysterious character that professional men would not care to give to the world or write about for everyone’s use. The forestry departments of many of our greatest universities have gone into the subject of ornamental and ready shade tree care quite thoroughly, and are always to give you their best advice , or, where necessary, recom- mend the men that will examine your trees or do the Ask the city forester or the tree warden, or a professional arborist to give you his advice, and let him work. employ or recommend a contractor to do the work. AMERICAN FORESTRY Surely your tree is worth at least as much trouble as your dog or your cow, and if your animals are ill or injured, you would not engage the services of a faker, if good men are available, just because the former sent a solicitor to see you, or because his ad confronted you in every magazine. Shun like poison the man with the mysterious mixture or the only methods. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS QO. Will trees grow in our shopping districts ? L. S., Morristown, N. J. A. There is no reason why trees should not grow in your shopping district any less than in the shopping It is all a matter of selecting the right kind of tree, planting it districts of Washington, Paris and other cities. properly, and, later on, watering and keeping the crown compact. Q. Will the asphalt pavement interfere with the growth of our street trees? Will it be serious enough to kill them; L. S., Morristown, N. J. A. Asphalt pavement, while to a certain extent inter- fering with the luxuriant growth of trees, will not be sufficient cause to prevent growth altogether. ‘The streets in most of the large cities are asphalted and still there are trees growing on them. Q. As a new subscriber, I was examining yesterday the January issue just received. I found a statement that it was possible to kill weeds in a lake by scattering port- land cement. The question is of vital importance to me, as I am in general charge of a real estate develop- ment upon the brackish waters of the Severn River. We have a beautiful bathing beach whose only drawback is a growth of water-weed. I have tried cutting it out with only limited success. I told that a deposit of clean sand four or five inches in depth will be have been effective, and I have visited places where the beach was absolutely clear for several years after this treatment has been applied. ‘The treatment which you suggest, however, is so much simpler and so much less expensive that | am anxious to know more about it. Is it applicable for brackish water-weed? Is it in any way injurious to fish? How thickly must it be applied? W. H. M., Baltimore, Md. A. Relative to your water-weed question, while we have had no personal experience with the method, I can quote from a letter received in 1909 from Mr. J. C. Clyde Power, of Los Angeles, who claims to have used it with success. His letter and the series of questions put to him appeared in a bulletin of the American Association of Park Superintendents, and I will send it to you. Our personal experience has extended to destroying weeds by passing through the water a mass of copper sulphate put into a bag and suspended from a string which was held from the back of a boat that passed around the lake, but this method will kill the fish also. Sometimes it is successful to cut out the weeds with scythes. The printed matter may give you other ideas. ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREES ©. In the forest under my care there are a number of historic trees, some of them battle-scarred, which I wish to preserve. Some of these trees are quite old and beginning to show serious signs of deterioration. These, I wish to care for by cleaning, properly treating and fill- ing all cavities. As a member of your association, I take the liberty of asking for such information as may be at your command regarding work of this kind. What I particularly desire to know is the proper chemical to use in painting the wood before filling is made. Some of these veterans have died, and I wish to preserve their trunks standing, as high as 8 or 10 feet. Can you tell me what chemical should be applied to the exterior of these stumps to best preserve them? D. L. R., Pittsburg Landing, Tenn. A. Trees with decayed cavities should have the lat- ter cleaned out thoroughly and freed from decayed wood ; the interior of the cavity should be painted with creosote and then a coating of coal tar. After that, if the cavity happens to be very deep and likely to hold moisture, it may be filled with cement and bricks as set forth in the article sent under separate cover, which will give you a complete description of this sort of work, its remedies and possibilities. As to the stumps which you want preserved, I would suggest painting those with creosote. This material is the best preservative as well as the least obtrusive looking. Of course, in any of these cases, if the trunks or cavities are so badly covered with fungi that the latter can not be eliminated, it is not worth keeping them because the fungi are bound to turn the wood into dust in course of time. ADVICE FOR MAY April and May is the time for planting and because of the short season to do this work all other forms of at- tention are generally subordinated to the planting work. The following brief notes on planting may, therefore, prove timely. CARE OF TREES AND SHRUBS ON ARRIVAL Before the plants arrive, dig a trench from two to four feet wide, one foot deep and long enough to hold them all. As soon as the trees or shrubs arrive, untie the bundles, keeping each kind separately, and place the plants in the trench temporarily until they can be set out in their proper places. Very carefully cover the roots with earth and give a copious watering. In unpacking the plants, in placing them in the trench, or at any other time, be care- ful not to expose their roots, even for a moment, to sun or wind, and at all times keep the roots moist. Check up the number and kinds of plants received and O. K. the lists submitted with the stock. HOW TO PLANT 1. Determine the location of the plants and prepare the holes. 2. Plant when the frost is out of the ground. 297 3. Keep tne roots well protected from the minute the tree leaves the wagon to the minute it is planted. Do not take off more plants from the wagon than is absolutely necessary. 4. Cut all broken roots and cover wounds with coal tar. 5. Cut back the branches, but do not remove them With some trees like the sycamore or oak or poplar, you can entirely unless they interfere or are too thick. cut back more than with others. Do not cut the leader, and do not cut evergreens. 6. Let only good soil come in close contact with the roots, and have the good soil well packed around the roots; work it in with the fingers and stamp on it. the poor soil only on top. Place 7. See that the tree is planted upright and firm. 8. Plant the tree no deeper than it stood in the nursery. 9. Water the plant only after all soil has been put around its roots and the hole filled. 10. Leave the place clean and do not leave tools behind. WHAT TO DO AFTER PLANTING 1. Cultivate and Water.—It should *be borne in mind that when a tree is transplanted, no matter how carefully the work is done it is impossible to take up the entire root root system, and therefore, before it is able to care for itself, new roots must be formed to take hold of the soil. In the meantime the moisture is being continually evaporated from the trunk and branches by the action of the wind and sun, and this must be balanced by an artt- ficial supply. During the dry spells and hot weather of the following season, the soil around the base of the tree, for a space wider than the hole, should be stirred up and watered. /Vatering during the first swmmer is very essential and more important than watering during subse- quent summers. ‘The water should not be sufficient to make the ground soggy. Two pails of water applied to each tree on a city street twice a week is enough. On lawns and for smaller trees, the quantity of water will be much less, and in woodland a little water three or four times during the summer is sufficient. 2. Fertilize—In the fall, a layer of old manure or leaf mold, 3 to 4 inches thick, should be spread over the surface around the tree to a distance of a foot or two beyond the lines of the newly filled hole. This treatment will enrich the soil, shade the ground and help to hold the moisture. = share in the extension of the lumber industry by marketing a wooden farm gate, of a special design, solid lumber, and solid hanging, which is painted yellow with the name of the owner or occupant of the farm in black, with his rural route number. The experi- ment resulted in the sale of three hundred gates in a single Wisconsin county in one month, and in cleaning up the lumberman’s yard of short and almost unmarketable material. NEW STYLE OF FARM GATE WISCONSIN lumberman has begun to do his How to Build a Camp Fire ITH the camping season due there come the usual questions on how to build camp fires. There are several varieties, most of them simple and effective and easily constructed even by a novice in camping. There must be considered not only the kind Camp Fire-Places. yy Sis . MY 4. = Big PRS olan: AIS = b a Sik z 2 SOL yw eA clear IE sy Bi sale tas We ef camp fire which gives the best service but the kind which is least dangerous. ‘Ihe man who is careless with his camp fire should not be allowed in the woods for all too frequently he is responsible for forest fires which do tremendous damage. The Forest Service has issued a hand book for campers in which the following excellent instruction regarding ‘igi: Toe De camp fires is given. oe cron ee pe ete eee sere Camp stoves should be taken whenever they f Beoeele. “ale senha. 6 can be transported. They are safer than open fires, more convenient, require less fuel, and do not blacken the cooking utensils. Collap- sible sheet-iron stoves may be obtained. In the absence of a stove an open fire must be built. A safe and serviceable fireplace can be made of rocks placed in a small circle so as to support the utensils. (Figs. 4 and 5.) Where rocks are not obtainable, poles may be used as in Fig. 2 For permanent camps it pays to build a stone fireplace. One is shown in the illustra- tion. A piece of sheet iron will prevent the blackening of the pans.and makes a_ better draft. For temporary camps the fire should be built as follows: D> Fire irons are often a great convenience. tant a tool as an ax in camping. Dig a hole about a foot deep and about 3 or 4 feet in diameter. Shovel away the side toward the wind. Lay green poles across the hole to support the pots and pans. and build the fire underneath. (Fig. 1.) A piece of three-eighths-inch round iron 4 feet long is bent at right angles a foot from each end and the ends are sharpened. Two of these irons are placed side by side, the ends are driven into the ground and the fire kindled beneath them. Instead of be- ing made in one piece, the pegs and cross-bars may be connected by rings in the ends. (Fig. 3.) They will then fold and be easier to pack. Camp fires should never be larger than necessary, and the utmost care should be taken to prevent sparks from being car- ried into the neighboring forest. Clear away the litter for a con- siderable space about the fire. And be sure to put the fire out before you leave it. A shovel is nearly as impor- Do not count on finding one along the way, but put one in your outfit. During wet weather look for kindling in burned sugar pine or yellow-pine butts or in pine knots. The under Details of Camp Fire-Place Construction. (@ |= Sa ahs Note. = The raised back pre< 4 vents the wind from Seen i blowing smoke and fire + out of the hole hy causing » @ certain amount of draft. Half-inch gas-pipe can be used for fire-irons. A on top of these trons and one or two joints of four NZ, Inch pipe placed at the Me) back, will increase the * ey dratt and prevent pots, &. Se he *. \ y Fi $3 / Yi Cross Sections Yy Se) ae eae 306 AMERICAN FORESTRY They Like American Forestry “You certainly are to be congratulated on the new numbers of the AMERICAN ForESTRY magazine. Not only is its appearance and form greatly improved; but the division into classified departments is a distinct and notable improvement in itself. There is no doubt that the magazine, in this new form, will increase not only in its circu- lation, but in its usefulness as well.” Joun M. Briscor, University of Maine, Orono, Maine. “When the announcement was made a few months ago that a change would be made in the size of AMERICAN Forestry, I was not favorably impressed, for I thought it meant another magazine in cum- bersome form. When I received the August number I was greatly pleased with the improvement in the illustrations and the general makeup of the publication. All the numbers since then are also equally satisfactory. I feel that it is due you that I admit the error of my first impression regarding the change of form of the maga- zine, and that I give you whatever en- couragement you may derive from the ex- pression of my satisfaction in the im- provement which has been made in this publication.” J. P. Kinney, Washington, D. C. “T am delighted with AMERICAN ForEstRY in its new form and think both you and the Association should be complimented on the excellence of the get-up and of the matter and arrangement. It is most inter- esting.” Exiwoop WILson, Grand Mere, P. Q., Canada. “T am glad to take the opportunity of offering my congratulations upon the splen- did magazine you are now turning out, and I hope it is receiving the additional support which it deserves.” ARTHUR SMITH, Reading, Pa. “T am certainly delighted with the new magazine.” T. D. Hopart, Pampa, Texas. “T like the improved magazine very much indeed. Keep the good work up.” ; L. D. Sweet, Denver, Colo. “T am reading the AMERICAN Forestry Macazineé with the greatest interest and admire its very beautiful pictures and very good articles.” Count ‘Louris Amsrozy, Piazza San Marco, 51, Palazzetto, Venezia, Rome, Italy. “Your magazine is elegant in its way, and constantly improving.” C. B. Fin_esrown, 77 Summer Street, Boston, Mass. “We wish to commend you for the splendid work you are doing and the im- provement made in the magazine.” Tue Lourstana Rep Cypress Co., Hibernia Bank Building, New Orleans, Louisiana. “AMERICAN ForESTRY is a very interest- ing and instructive paper. I enjoy reading it as much as a Forester does.” I. D. VAN VALKENBURG, Johnstown, N. Y. “The magazine has improved wonder- fully during the past year, and I believe the Association has also become more ef- fective than ever.” H. R. Curistie, Forest Branch, Victoria, B. C., Canada. “Am delighted with AMERICAN Forestry, which gets better and better month by month. Here's wishing you every satis- faction and success in your work this year.” J. R. Dickson, Forest Branch, Ottawa, Canada. “We congratulate you upon the maga- zine you are editing.” Everitt G. Griccs, President, St. Paul & Tacoma Lumber Company, Tacoma, Washington. “JT just can’t resist wanting to reproduce your whole magazine every time a copy reaches my desk, all of the stories are so interesting. We are reprinting the ex- tracts in all our editions—English, Spanish, Portuguese and French—so you can see that AMERICAN Forestry is spreading its good work over the entire hemisphere.” FRANKLIN ADAMS, Editor, Pan-American Bulletin, Pan-American Bldg., Washington, D. C. “I have for some years been reading your magazine, AMERICAN Forestry, and the insight on forest conditions in this country and subjects relative to them has amply repaid me.” Rosert H. ForMAN, Washington, D. C. “Surely you are to be complimented and congratulated on the wonderful improve- ment that you have brought about in the AMERICAN Forestry Macazine. Each number for the past year has shown a marked advance, but your last number stands out as the most readable and most attractive magazine one would want to pick up.” E. Cassipy, Philadelphia, Pa. “We read your magazine every month, and we are very much pleased with it and congratulate you on the work you are doing.” GrorcE W. Harrzetu, President of the George W. Hartzell Lumber Company, Piqua, Ohio. “Permit me to congratulate you upon the very great improvement that you have given your readers in the late issues of your magazine. It has so many excellent, helpful and inspiring features I cannot begin to enumerate them; I can only ex- press my sense of deep personal gratifica- tion and approval and wish you unbounded success such as your efforts truly merit. I gladly endorse every word and sentiment so beautifully expressed by Mrs. Emmons Crocker in a recent edition.” CHar.es S. Mann, Hatboro, Pa. Book Reviews Irrigation in the United States, by Ray Palmer Teele, 253 pages. Price $1.50. D. Appleton & Company. Because of the poverty of authentic in- formation for the prospective land buyer, the purchase of advertised irrigated lands or irrigation securities has been looked upon as a doubtful venture. Realizing the great need of reliable information on the subject, Mr. Teele, who has been con- nected with the U. S. Government’s investi- gations of irrigation for sixteen years, has prepared this book for the benefit of per- sons contemplating settlement in the arid sections of the country, and in its pro- vides just the information the prospective settler should have. The author discusses climate, water supply, crops, laws, water rights, securities, organization, and finances, all from the standpoint of the intending purchaser of lands, water rights or se- curities. The book contains also a large amount of statistical matter relating to ir- rigation taken from the report of the thir- teenth census and other Government re- ports, showing the results of the various Federal and State laws relating to irriga- tion, such as the desert land law, Carey Act, reclamation law, and irrigation dis- trict laws. The Holy Earth, by L. H. Bailey. 171 pages. Price, $1. Charles Scribner’s Sons. Dr. Bailey, of Cornell University, con-— tributes another volume to the series of valuable books from his pen. In this he presents his personal views, formed by many years of thought, study, and contact, of man’s relation to the soil, both physical and spiritual. That is, he treats of the practical questions involved, such as the conservation of resources and the like, tut in such a way as to arouse the sense of the basic character of nature with re- spect to intellectual and spiritual as well as physical life; and to do this he reveals rare poetic gifts of vision and expression, employing them in such a way as to make the reader not only understand but feel the truth. A Thousand Years of Russian History. By Sonia E. Howe. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia. Price, $2.50. The authoress, who is a Russian by birth, the wife of an English clergyman, and a prominent member of the Russian society, offers in this volume a review of Russian history dealing with civic and na- tional life, as well as with the political annals of the empire and its rulers; a con- nected series of pictures of the Russian na- tion at various stages of its growth, drawn in the hope of interesting readers in the real story of Russia’s past. The numerous illustrations, in color and by a special gra- vure process, have been carefully selected from the archeological treasures of Rus- sian libraries, in order to illustrate, as far as possible from contemporary sources, the life, manners, and customs of the people, while the territorial growth of the empire is illustrated by a series of maps. CANADIAN DEPARTMENT Canadian Department By E,iwoop WILson Secretary, Canadian Society of Forest Engineers Mr. H. R. MacMillan is now in Calcutta, India, investigating conditions and mar- kets and will proceed from there to China and Japan. Mr. R. H. Campbell writes that the ac- tivities of the Dominion Forest Branch will continue along the same lines as last season. A. H. Unwin, of England; writes that he is going to Nokling, via Lagos Nigeria, Africa, for the next twelve months. B. K. Ayers writes from Ansonia, Con- necticut, where he is forester for the An- sonia Forest Products Company: “That circular letter should prove a good idea. Business is very good with us, particu- ‘arly so on account of embargoes on the N. Y.. N. H. & H. R. R. which shuts out lumber shipments from connecting lines both north and south. There is an immense volume of war business in this immediate section, as there are large brass mills of all sorts outside of the strictly munition works of Winchester and Marlin at New Haven, Remington and Lake Torpedo at Bridgeport, and Colt’s at Hartford. The whole Naugatuck Val- ley is one large brass center and is work- ing overtime. At the same time that prices are good and orders plenty for lumber, wages have increased for both teams and men.” . R. C. Sweezy writes from the Royal Military College at Kingston that he is carrying on a detailed survey for M. J. O’Brien in the Upper Ottawa, area 1,125 square miles and that he gets away occa- sionally from his military duties to see how his parties are progressing. Recently he made a brief examination of the lim- its of the Mattagami Pulp and Paper Company in Northern Ontario. G. H. Gutches, superintendent of The New York State Ranger School, has re- signed, and will return to the Dominion Forest Service. P. Z. Caverhill, forester for the Prov- ince of New Brunswick, is preparing his plans for a forest survey of that province and has mapped out a most excellent scheme. Mr. Caverhill will make a trip to Grande Mere in April. R. R. Bradley, of the New Brunswick Railway Company is preparing his final maps of the territory owned by that com- pany, and expects, in the spring, to un- dertake planting operations on a large scale. Henry Sorgius, manager of the St. Mau- rice Forest Protective Association, made a trip to Michigan to attend the meeting of the Northern Forest Protective Associa- tion. Sorgius is very busy with his plans for the season’s work and is equipping a gasoline speeder and a Ford automobile with the new pump designed by Mr. John- son, of the Dominion Railway Commis- sion. Circulars are also being sent out to the settlers explaining to them the changes in the fire laws and asking their cooperation. Ellwood Wilson is going to Syracuse on April 1 to lecture to the students of The New York State College of Forestry. A. C. Volkmar, forester of the Riordan Paper Company, St. Jovite, Quebec, has been elected an associate member of the Canadian Society of Forest Engineers. Roy L. Campbell, secretary of the Cana- dian Pulp & Paper Association, did a great deal to make their last meeting the wonderful success it was. George Chahoon, Jr., president of the Laurentide Company, Ltd., is going to spend the month of April with F. A. Sab- bation, vice-president of the Laurentide Power Company, at Hot Springs, Virginia. Mr. Chahoon is an enthusiastic golfer, and Mr. Sabbation is a tennis player of no mean order. B. M. Winegar, of the C. P. R., reports that he will begin the planting of trees for snow sheds along the eastern lines of that road. Arnold Hanssen, of the Laurentide Company, Ltd., has been busy all winter clearing off the flood basin of the River St. Maurice, about to be flooded by the company’s new dam, hauling the wood and trying to dispose of it to the best ad- vantage. Prof. R. B. Miller, of the University of New Brunswick, has been getting out some very creditable reconnaissance maps made by his students. H. R. Christie, of B. C., is going to Ot- tawa for the purpose of enlisting. In the issue of “El Correo Espanol” of March 7, published in Madrid, there is an article commenting on the scarcity of paper and urging the founding of a For- est Products Laboratory modeled on that at McGill, to which it pays high tribute. 307 Current Literature MONTHLY LIST FOR APRIL, 1916 (Books and periodicals indexed in the library of the United States Forest Service.) FORESTRY AS A WHOLE Proceedings and reports of associations, forest officers, etc. British Columbia—Dept. of lands—Forest branch. Report for the year ending December 31, 1915. 56 p. Victoria, 13} (Cr, UNG, Connecticut—State forester. Eighth report, 1915. 40 p. maps. New Haven, Conn., 1916. India—Baluchistan—Forest dept. Progress report of forest administration for 1914- 15. 32p. Calcutta, 1915. India—Bihar and Orissa—Forest dept. Annual progress report on forest ad- ministration for the year 1914-15. 56 p. Patna, 1915. India—Jammu and Kashmir—Forest dept. Progress report of forest administration for the year 1914-15. 81 p. Lahore 1915. India—Madras_ presidency—Forest dept. Annual administration report for the twelve months ending June 30, 1915. 171 p. Madras, 1915. India—Northwest frontier province. Pro- gress report on forest administration for the year 1914-15. 44 p. Peshawar, 1915. Indiana—State board of forestry. Fifteenth annual report. 168 p. il. Indianapolis, 1915. Ontario—Dept. of lands, forests and mines. Report for the year ending October Sil 1915. 89p. il. Toronto, 1916. Sweden—Domanstyrelse. Forvaltning ar 1912. 163 p. Stockholm, 1914. Sweden—Forstliche versuchsanstalt. Mit- teilungen, heft 12, 1915. 189 p. il. Stockholm, 1916. Vermont—State forester. Seventh annual report, 1915. 55 p. pl. St. Albans, 1915. Forest Education Forest schools Yale forest school. Summer camp for young men, Milford Pike County, Pa., under the auspices of the Yale school of forestry. 8 p. il. New Haven, Conn., 1916. Arbor day Indiana—State board of forestry. Indiana centennial patriotic arbor and bird day manual. 54 p. il. Indianapolis, 1916. Ohio—Dept. of public instruction. Arbor and bird day manual. 96 p. il. Colum- bus, Ohio, 1916. Woods: classification and structure Prichard, Reuben P. The structure of the common woods of New York and the wood collection distributed by the college of forestry. 31 p. il. Syracuse, N. Y., 1915. (New York state college of fores- try, Syracuse university. Bulletin, v. 15, no. 3.) 308 Forest Influences Mougin, Paul. Les torrents de la Savoie. 1,251 p. pl., maps. Grenoble, J. Besson, 1914. Silviculture Planting and nursery practice Barnard, W. D. Forest planting in Wiscon- sin. 34 p. il. Madison, Wis., 1916. (Wisconsin-Conservation commission. Bulletin 1.) MacDonald, G. B. Renewing the shelter- belt. 16 p. il. Ames, Iowa., 1916. (Iowa-Agricultural experiment station. Cir- cular no. 27.) Scott, Charles A. Trees for Kansas. 19 p. il. Manhattan, Kans., 1916. (Kansas- Agricultural experiment station. Cir- cular 55.) Stewart, V.B. Dusting nursery stock for the control of leaf diseases. 12 p. il. Ithaca, N. Y., 1916. (Cornell univer- sity—Agricultural experiment station. Circular 32.) Forest Protection Insects Patch, Edith M. Woolly aphid of elm and juneberry. 8p. il. Orono, Me., 1915. (Maine—Agricultural experiment sta- tion. Bulletin 241.) Swaine, J. M. (1) A new species of Pityo- genes, by J. M. Swaine. (2) Observation on the life history and habits of Pityo- genes hopkinsi Swaine, by M. W. Black- man. 66p. pl. Syracuse, N. Y., 1915. (New York state college of forestry, Syracuse university. Technical publica- tion no. 2.) Diseases Meinecke, E. P. Forest pathology in forest regulation. 63 p. Wash., D. C., 1915. (U. S—Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 275.) Fire Black, Robson. The boy scout’s forest-book. 31 p. il. Ottawa, Canadian forestry association, 1916. Cox, Wm. T. Railroad fire prevention. 29 p. il. St. Paul, Minn., 1914. (Minne- sota—Forestry board. Bulletin no 2.) Kennebec valley protective association. Fourth annual report. 16 p. Bingham, Me., 1916. Kennebec valley protective association. A manual for the use of lumbermen, woods- men and sportsmen. 32 p. il. Bing- ham, Me., 1916. Forest Management Tillotson, C. R. The care and improvement of the wood lot. 24p. il. Wash., D.C., 1916. (U. S—Dept. of agriculture. Farmers’ bulletin 711.) Forest Legislation Michigan—Laws, statutes, etc. An act to encourage private forestry, the care and management thereof, and to provide for the exemption from taxation of such private forest reserves. 3 p. Lansing, Mich., 1913. (Michigan—Public domain commission. Bulletin no. 2.) AMERICAN FORESTRY Forest Utilization Wood using industries Greig, A.R. & Shaw, A. M. Beef cattle barns for prairie farms. 51 p. il. Victoria, B. C., 1915. (British Columbia—Dept. of lands—Forest branch. Bulletin no. 3. Farm buildings series.) Greig, A. R. & Shaw, A. M. Combination barns for prairie farms. 54 p. il. Victoria, B. C., 1915. (British Columbia —Dept. of lands—Forest branch. Bul- letin no. 1. Farm buildings series.) Greig, A. R. Dairy barns, ice and milk houses for prairie farms. 65 p. il. Victoria, B. C., 1915. (British Columbia —Dept. of lands—Forest branch. Bul- letin no. 2. Farm buildings series.) Greig, A. R., & Shaw, A. M. Horse barns for prairie farms. 50 p. il. Victoria, B. C., 1915. (British Columbia—Dept. of lands—Forest branch. Bulletin no. 4. Farm buildings series.) Greig, A. R. Houses for prairie farms. 70 p. il. Victoria, B. C., 1916. (British Col- umbia—Dept. of lands—Forest branch. Bulletin 10.) Greig, A. R., & Shaw, A. M. Implement sheds and granaries for prairie farms. 38 p.il. Victoria, B.C., 1915. (British Col- umbia—Dept. of lands—Forest branch. Bulletin no. 8. Farm buildings series.) Greig, A. R. & Shaw, A. M. Piggeries and smoke house for prairie farms. 38 p. il. Victoria, B. C., 1915. (British Columbia —Dept. of lands—Forest branch. Bul- letin no. 6. Farm buildings series.) Greig, A. R. Poultry houses for prairie farms. 35 p. il. Victoria, B. C., 1915. (British Columbia—Dept. of lands— Forest branch. Bulletin no. 7. Farm buildings series.) Greig, A. R. Sheep barns for prairie farms. 34 p. il. Victoria, B. C., 1915. (British Col- umbia—Dept. of lands—Forest branch. Bulletin no. 5. Farm buildings series.) Greig, A. R. Silos and root cellars for prairie farms. 38 p. il. Victoria, B. C., 1915. (British Columbia—Dept. of lands— Forest branch. Bulletin no. 9. Farm buildings series.) Forest by-products Benson, H. K. By-products of the lumber in- dustry. 68p. il. pl. Wash., D. C., 1916. (U. S.—Dept. of commerce—Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce. Special agents series no. 110.) Wood Technology Armstrong, A. K. Greenheart: a timber with exceptional qualities. 7 p. N. Y., Engineering record, 1916. British Columbia—Dept. of lands—Forest branch. British Columbia Douglas fir dimension. 15 p. il. Victoria, B. C., 1916. (Bulletin 14.) British Columbia—Dept. of lands—Forest branch. British Columbia western soft pine. 15 p. il. Victoria, B. C., 1916. (Bulletin 17.) Lazenby, Wm. R. Qualities and uses of the woods of Ohio. 37 p. il. Columbus, Ohio., 1916. (Ohio—Biological survey. Bulletin 6.) Auxiliary Subjects Botany Bray, Wm. L. The development of the vegetation of New York state. 186 p. il., map. Syracuse, N. Y., 1915. York state college of forestry, Syracuse university. Technical publication no. 3.) Parks Cox, Wm. T. The source of the father of waters. 20p. il. St. Paul, Minn., 1914. (Minnesota—Forestry board. Bulletin no. 3.) Erosion Baker, F. R. The prevention and control of (New — erosion in North Carolina, with special — reference to terracing. 27p. il. Raleigh, N. C., 1916. (North Carolina—Agricul- tural experiment station. Bulletin 236.) Drainage Minnesota—State drainage commission. Re- port of the state drainage commission of Minnesota. 66 p. pl., maps, diagr. St. Paul, 1915. Minnesota—State drainage commission. Re- port of the water resources investigation Minnesota, 1911-12. 602 p. and atlas. pl., diagr., maps. St. Paul, 1912. Minnesota—State drainage commission. Re- port on drainage work in Minnesota. 214 p. il.,diagr. St. Paul, 1913. Palmer, Ben. Swamp land drainage with special reference to Minnesota. 138 p. Minneapolis, 1915. (Minnesota, Univer- sity of. Studies in the social sciences, no. 5.) Periodical Articles Miscellaneous periodicals American city, Feb., 1916—Value of the linden as a street tree, by E. H. Bennett, p. 191-2. American journal of botany, Jan., 1916.— Notes on the anatomy of Peridermium galls, by Alban Stewart, p. 12-23. Country life in America, April, 1916.—The biggest trees, barring the conifers, p. 32-3. Garden magazine, March, 1916.—Types of the black walnut, by Archibald Rutledge, p. 120. Gardeners chronicle, March 11.—Charcoal, p. 152. Harper’s weekly, Dec. 25, 1915.—Why are national forests? by W.P.Lawson, 616-17. Journal of accountancy, Feb., 1916.—Logging in western Washington, by W. Jensen, Dp: 125=305 National wool grower, March, 1916.—Lamb- ing methods in national forests of south- west, by Robert R. Hill, p. 7-10; Our remaining public lands, by Dwight B. Heard, p. 34-7; The brome grasses, by Arthur W. Sampson, p. 38-40. Outing magazine, Jan., 1916.—Day with the Forest service, by J. A. Cope, p. 405-8. Outlook, Dec. 22, 1915.—Break your match in two, by T. H. Simpson, p. 971-8. Outlook, Feb. 2, 1916.—Pine blister rust, p. 2545. Outlook, March 22, 1916——The Alaskan forests: an interview with Henry S. Graves, the United States forester, by L. M. Lamm, p. 679-82. Overland monthly, Dec., 1916—Monterey cypress, by L. Kothe, p. 469-73. Overland monthly, Jan., 1916.—Giant trees of Sequoia, by H. Rankin, p. 75-80. Overland monthly, Feb., 1916.—In a Forest service camp, by C. E. O’Brien, p. 146-52. Plant world, March, 1916—The weight of physical factors in the study of plant dis- tribution, by Forrest Shreve, p. 53-67; Notes on the ancestry of the beech, by Edward W. Berry, p. 68-77. Proceedings of the Pan-American road con- gress, 1915.—Road-building in the na- tional forests, by Henry Solon Graves, p. 43-50. Reclamation record, March, 1916.—Tree planting: Yakama project, Wash., p, 125. Reclamation record, April, 1916.—How na- tional forest administration benefits water users, p. 170-1; A cooperative sawmill, by H. L. Hull, p. 173-5. Rhodora, Feb., 1916.—The name of the red oak, by C. S. Sargent, p. 45-8. Scientific American, March 25, 1916.—Our vanishing export trade in the products of American forests, p. 319, 334. United States—Dept. of agriculture, Journal of agricultural research, April 10, 1916.— Oviposition of Megastigmus spermo- trophus in the seed of Douglas fir, by J. M. Miller, p. 65-8. United States—Dept. of agriculture. Weekly news letter. March 29, 1916.—Wood ashes and bone meal contain all the necessary constituents of a complete fer- tilizer, p. 2. United States—Dept. of agriculture. Year- book, 1915.—Pointers on marketing woodlot products, by Stanley L. Wolfe, p. 121-30; Osage orange waste as a substitute for fustic dyewood, by F. W. Kressman, p. 201-4. World’s work, April, 1916.—A new west: the attempts to open up the natural treasures of the western states; utilization and con- servation vs. monopolistic greed; the Dept. of the interior, by James Middle- ton, p. 669-80. Trade journals and consular reports American lumberman, March 18, 1916.— Authorities say wood block is best paving, p. 32; How to build and operate a saw- mill, by L. L. Shertzer, p. 33-36. American lumberman, March 25, 1916.—Rail- way engineers discuss utility of wood, p. 40-1. American lumberman, April 1, 1916.—Rail- road aids reforestation, p. 32; Forest ex- hibits comprehensive; government has good showing at California fair, p. 33; Making by-products investigation: For- est products laboratory giving special at- tention to new manufactures of wood,p.33. American lumberman, April 8, 1916.—Utiliz- ing osage orange for dye, p. 31; South Africa needs lumber: most of native prod- uct unfit to be sawed, p. 42; Nova Scotia forests decrease: have timber supply for only sixty years, p. 42; How war has affected Italy’s lumber supply, p. 43; Timber importations by France are light, p. 51; Britain pays high for lumber, p. 56. CURRENT LITERATURE Barrel and box, March, 1916.—Butter pack- ing in Ireland, p. 75-6; Statistics of the American veneer industry, p. 93; The wooden handle trade, p. 94; The shoe peg business, p. 94; Manufacture of wooden- ware and novelties, p. 95; Excelsior industry, p. 96; Manufacture of matches, p. 96; Manufacture of tobacco pipes, p. 96; Woods used for specialties; Amer- ican wooden toys, p. 97; The toothpick business, p. 97. Canada lumberman, Feb. 15, 1916.—Struc- tural qualities of British Columbia fir, by H.-R. MacMillan, p. 28-30; Variation in weight and strength of timber, by J. A. Newlin, p. 34-5; Central British Colum- bia forests, p. 35. Canada lumberman, March 15, 1916.— Market for Canadian timber in France, by H.R. MacMillan, p. 28-9; Briquetting of sawdust on a commercial basis, by R. Thelan, p. 39-40; Utilizing wood waste in the paper industry, by E. B. Biggar, p. 50. Canada lumberman, April 1, 1916.—Canadian timber trade in South Africa, by H. R. MacMillan, p. 28-31; Increasing use of treated wood block, by W. G. Mitchell, p. 34-5; Opportunities for Canadian lumber in France, p. 38; Wooden goods for South Africa, p. 38; British Colum- bia’s fine finish materials, p. 38-9; Making bungs and faucets, p. 40-1; The shoe peg business, p. 52. Engineering news, Dec. 23, 1915.—Continu- ous wire winding for wood-stave pipes, p. 1210-11; Monumental timber building endangered by rot, p. 1221. Engineering news, Feb. 3, 1916.—Causes of failure in creosoted wood-block pave- ment, p. 204-6; Why the Seattle wood- stave water pipe failed, by R. H. Ober, p. 242-4. Engineering record, April 8, 1916.—Test Douglas fir stringers; new method of creosoting, p. 479; How the Forest service bridges the more remote stream crossings, p. 485. Hardwood record, April 10, 1916.—Steam specialties in saw mills, by Anthony S. Hill, p. 16-17; English and French timber trade, p. 18; Wood for tobacco pipes, p. 18; Practical mahogany planting, p. 19-20; Saving waste by using it, p. 22-3; Oil of wintergreen, p. 23. Holzwelt, Dec. 10, 1915.—Von den eigen- schaften des holzes, by P. Martell, p. 5. Holzwelt, Jan. 7, 1916.—Trocknungsanlagen fiir die holzbearbeitung, by Fred Hampe, Danlos Holzwelt, Feb. 4, 1916.—Ueber das verblauen des kiefernholzes, by A. Schwappach, pal—2. New York lumber trade journal, March 15, 1916.—National canners and national grocers specify lumber for boxes, p. 20. Paper, March 15, 1916.—The manufacture of paper pulp from straw, p. 18-19. Paper, March 22, 1916.—Modern develop- ments in pulp and paper, p. 11-15. Paper, March 29, 1916.—The Swedish wood- pulp industry, p. 11-17. 309 Paper, April 12, 1916.—Woodpulp manu- facturing processes, by Allan Smith, p. 11-16; The paper pulp of the future: lumber shortage leads to speculation con- cerning new sources of raw material, by P. Ebbinghaus, p. 17. Paper mill, Feb. 19, 1916.—Planting forests for profit in Canada, by Ellwood Wilson, p. 164-6; How paper is made by hand in the Orient, p. 170-2. Paper mill, March 25, 1916.—American trees in Norway, p. 34. Paper trade journal, March 9, 1916.—The origin and development of paper making in the old world, by Albert Komp, p. 35, 38, 44, 46. Philippine trade review, Dec., 1915.—Timber market in China, p. 6-8. Philippine trade review, Feb., 1916.—Uses of Philippine woods, p. 7-10. Pulp and paper magazine, Feb. 15, 1916.— Some valuable conditions affecting the manufacture of ground wood, by G. W. Dickson, p. 83-4. Pulp and paper magazine, March 1, 1916.— Review of the paper textile industry, p. 103-6; Proper reforestation, by Ralph H. McKee, p. 106-7; Important points in the manufacture of ground wood, by A. O. Bowness, p. 107-9. St. Louis lumberman, March 1, 1916.—Mount Mitchell forest to be opened to the public, p. 16; Cost economics, by Robert B. Goodman, p. 70-1. St. Louis lumberman, March 15, 1916.— Lumber trade conditions; the average F. O. B. mill prices for eleven months, or from April, 1915, to Feb., 1916, inclu- sive, p. 42-4; List of associations and officers, p. 62-3. Southern lumberman, April 1, 1916.—Sani- tary handling of timber, by C. J. Humph- trey, p. 39-40. Timber trade journal, March 4, 1916.—Pre- vention of breakage in felling, p. XIII. Timberman, March, 1916.—New principle in spark arrester, p. 32M; Average cost of manufacturing fir lumber, by Austin Cary, p. 46-7. United States daily consular report, March 21, 1916.—Canadian offer benefits American lumber company, by R. M. Newcomb, p. 1122-3. United States daily consular report, March 23, 1916.—Need of lumber in Italy, p. 1155. United States daily consular report, March 24, 1916.—The timber trade of France, p. 1178-80. United States daily consular report, March 27, 1916.—Conditions in the French lumber trade, p. 1188; Lumber market of South Africa, p. 1209-12; Imports of chicle for chewing-gum manufacture, p. 1213. United States daily consular report, March 28, 1916.—Rattan-furniture industry at Hongkong, by Leroy R. Sawyer, p. 1222-3. United States daily consular report, March 30, 1916.—Norwegian pulp situation, by A. G. Schmedeman, p. 1249; Dye- 310 woods in the Dominican republic, by Carl M. F. von Zielinske, p. 1254-5. United States daily consular report, April 1, 1916.—Lumber shipments from Pacific ports, by W. B. Henderson, p. 1. United States daily consular report, April 5, 1916.—Douglas fir tested by British railway, p. 55. Veneers, April, 1916.—Mahoganies and their characteristics, by G. D. Crain, p. 11-12; Those very thin Japanese veneers, by H. W. M., p. 17. West Coast lumberman, March 15, 1916.— Production and consumption of forest products in Pacific northwest, by Clark W. Gould, p. 30-1, 87; Lumber; Pacific northwest cargo shipments for the past 22 years, p. 34-5; Douglas fir saw mill waste can be used in manufacture of producer gas, p. 38; Well-known forester presents standing timber case to Federal board, by E. T. Allen, p. 41; How Washington timber is taxed, p. 43; Creosoting by new process strengthens and increases life of Douglas fir, by O. P. M. Goss, p. 47; Pioneer days of lumber manufacturing in territory of Washington, by Grace Pulliam, p. 81, 86. West Coast lumberman, April 1, 1916.— English railway officials announce amaz- ing results for fir tie tests, p. 21, 30; Wood waste alcohol vs. gasoline, p. 36; University of Washington to stage exhibit of interest to lumbermen, p. 28; Italy asa lumber market, p. 30; France not a big importer, but consumes more lumber than England, by H. R. MacMillan, p. 36. Wood turning, April, 1916—The helve maker, by Samuel J. Record, p. 5-7. Forest journals Allgemeine forst- und jagd-zeitung, Oct.-Nov., 1915.—Zur schatzung des festgehalts von baumen und rund-hdlzer, by Robert Fischer, p. 225-34; Zwei Wimmenauer- sche hdéhenmesser, by Hemmann, p. 234-9; Fichtenlohrinde, by Wiener, p. 240 Die besteuerung der waldungen, by Karl Friedrich Wimmenauer, p. 247-S1. Forest leaves, April, 1916—The flora of Surinam, by T. B. Purcival, p. 115-17; The state forest academy, by J. T. Roth- rock, p. 119-21; Silviculture for Penn- sylvania, by George A. Retan, p. 122-7. Forestry quarterly, March, 1916.—An effi- cient system for computing timber estimates, by C. E. Dunston and C. R. Garvey, p. 1-2; Concerning site, by Filibert Roth and H. A. Parker, p. 3-13 Silvicultural problems of Canadian forest reserves, by B. E. Fernow, p. 14-23; The costs and values of forest protection, by P. S. Lovejoy, p. 24-38; Making box boards from sawmill waste, by P. L. Buttrick, p. 39-45; Teaching dendrology in the Hawaiian Islands, by Vaughan MacCaughey, p. 46-9; Forest provisions of New York State constitution, by C. R. Pettis, p. 50-60; The professional and economic situation of the technical AMERICAN FORESTRY forester as seen by the forester in Switzerland, by R. H. Campbell, p. 61-5; The Algerian forest code, by T. S. Woolsey, Jr., p. 66-80. Forstwissenschaftliches centralblatt, Feb., 1916.—Der gang des hohenwachstums in jungen fichtenbestanden im Jahre 1913 un die begleitenden bedingungen, by Nachtigall, p. 61-77. Hawaiian forester and agriculturist, March, 1916.—Arbor day in Hawaii, Nov. 19, 1915, by C. S. Judd, p. 78-80. Indian forester, Jan., 1916.—Suggestions for a new system of royalty payment for teak forests in Burma, worked by lessees under purchase contract, p. 1-4; Teak working-plans in Burma, by H. W. A. Watson, p. 4-17; Teak wood, by S. F. Hopwood, p. 18-22; An administrative aspect of the coppice-with-standard working in the Bhandara forest division, C. P., by M. Narasinga Rao, p. 23-7; Pterocarpus santalinus; some observa- tions regarding reproduction, germina- tion and growth of seedlings, by Saiyid Abdul Qadir, p. 27-33; Sandalwood: its parasitic habit, by K. G. M., p. 33-4; When You ‘‘Turn In’ — Dog-tired and ready for a good sleep, you “turn in’’—only to find the camp mattress a thing designed for harder bodies than yours. Imagine the different sort of comfort offered by the soft, conforming “Perfection” Pneumatic Mattress With or Without Sleeping Bag Mattress and Sleeping Bag roll to a small, light bundle, easily carried, and the mattress is quickly inflated for use. It conforms to your frame and takes up all unevenness of the ground. Absolutely impervious to water and per- fectly sanitary—no place for dirt or vermin to lodge. Comfortable in wet, dry, cold or hot countries. Lasts indefinitely. Used by the Federal Government, Steam- ship Lines, Forest Service, and well-known sportsmen and explorers. Read what users write about it and see our illustrated Cata- log. Complete information on request— write for it now. d PNEUMATIC MFG. COMPANY } 552 17th Street Brooklyn, N. Y. You Can Save That Tree By using HOYT’S TREE REPAIR MATERIALS The only correct way of filling tree cavities is by the Asphalt Briquette Method and the Use of Anti- septic Tree Varnish. Writeforfree folders on tree repair. c. H. HOYT 410 Citizens Building Cleveland, Ohio “This prevents wood from warping!” HIS hardwood trim won't warp, shrink, or twist out of shape because I am protecting it against damp- ness in the plaster wall with a coating that makes protection absolutely sure.” Ordinary metallic paints coat, but they don’t protect. The alkali in the wall masonry makes them saponify and become useless. Tere TRIMBAK AEO.U.S. PAT. OFF. on the other hand, can’t possibly saponify. It remains a perfect protection, permanently. Used in a luxurious down-town club, the Woolworth Building, the Metropolitan Tower, the Bankers’ Trust Co., and other prominent places. Full details upon request from Department I. TOCH BROTHERS Established 1848 Inventors and manufacturers of R. I. W. Paints, Compounds, Enamels, elc. 320 Fifth Avenue, New York City Works: New York, London, England and Toronto, Canada Miniature Construction Landscape and Architectural Models Topographical Maps and Paintings for SCHOOLS—COLLEGES—MUSEUMS Government work a specialty MORGAN BROS.CO., Inc. Model Makers Room 1650 Grand Central Terminal Phone 7720 Murray Hill NEW YORK CITY The opening of the buildings of the Madras forest college, p. 34-40; Propel- ling power from wood-pulp, by Walter F. Reid, p. 41. Naturwissenschaftliche zeitschrift fur forst- und land-wirtschaft, Jan., 1916.—Die europaischen Diprionarten, by E. Enslin, pa i-20; Veranderlichkeit der forstlichen bodenbonitat, by Bernbeck, p. 20-7; Ueber seidengewinnung, by J. Dewitz, p. 27-36; Ueber jahresringbreiten und alter der bergkiefern, by Karl Miller, p. 36-42; Die von parasiten bewohnten griinen inseln vergilbender blatter, by Carl von Tubeuf, p. 42-46. Naturwissenschaftliche zeitschrift fur forst- und land-wirtschaft, Feb., 1916—Karl Eduard Ney, by Munch, p. 51-3. North woods, March, 1916.—In regard to the efficiency of an aeroplane and ability of a pilot in locating forest fires, by F. B. Moody, p. 25-7. Proceedings of the Society of American for- esters, Jan., 1916.—Forest service silvi- culture plans, by Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr., p. 1-16; The utilization of a tropical forest, by George Patrick Ahern, p. 17-26; Notes on forest cover and snow retention on the east slope of the forest range in Colorado, by Norman De Witt Betts, p. 27-32; Chemistry as an aid in the identification of species, by A. W. Schorger, p. 33-9; Forests have a vital interest in the white-pine blister rust, by Perley Spaulding, p. 40-7; The American forester: his opportunities, by Coert DuBois, p. 48-51; Professional ethics, by B. E. Fernow, p. 52-8; The American forester: What the Society has _ done and may do for him, by D. T. Mason, p. 59-65; The forester’s duty towards lumbering, by George M. Corn- wall, p. 66-74; The place of logging engineering in forestry, by Judson F. Clark, p. 75-8; The lumberman’s duty toward forestry, by Frederick E. Olmsted, p. 79-83; Working plans on national forests, by W. B. Greeley, p. 84-5; Weight of western yellow pine logs in Arizona, by Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr., p. 85-6; The stability of aspen as a type, by Arthur W. Sampson, p. 86-7; Notes on trees, by W. W. Ashe, p. 88-96; Annual meeting of the Society of Amer- ican foresters, p. 105-54; Abraham Knechtel, by Clyde Leavitt, p. 155; Members of the Society of American foresters, and constitution as amended to date, p. 156-70. Yale forest school news, April 1, 1916.—The place of silviculture in the utilization of our forests, by Raphael Zon, p. 19-21; Michigan forestry school, by Filibert Roth, p. 22. Zeitschrift fur forst- und jagdwesen, Nov., 1915.—Die waldsamenprtfungsanstalt Eberswalde und die methoden der prifung von waldsamen, by Adam Schwappach, p. 631-51. CURRENT LITERATURE SU Relative Values § A beautiful house on a bare plot loses caste. It lacks a natural setting. §] Nature requires time to remedy it. {| By setting out grown trees and shrubs you can SAVE TEN YEARS Send for our booklet and enjoy a well-shaded Ere oniscae” harmonious home at once. ISAAC HICKS & SON Westbury Nassau County New York Our Trees HOW TO KNOW THEM Photographs from Nature By ARTHUR I. EMERSON WITH A GUIDE TO THEIR RECOGNI- TION AT ANY SEASON OF THE YEAR AND NOTES ON THEIR CHARACTER- ISTICS, DISTRIBUTION AND CULTURE By CLARENCE M. WEED, D.Sc. Teacher of Nature Study in the Massachusetts State Normal School at Lowell One hundred and forty illustrations Size of book, 7}4 inches by 10 inches Cloth, $3.00 net Postage extra LL nature-lovers will hail this book with delight. Its purpose is to afford an opportunity for a more intelligent acquaintance with American trees, native and naturalized. The pictures upon the plates have in all cases been photographed direct from nature, and have been brought together in such a way that the non-botanical reader can recognize at a glance either the whole tree or the leaves, flowers, fruits, or winter twigs, and thus be able to identify with ease and certainty any unknown tree to which his attention may becalled. In the discussion of the text especial attention has been given to the distinguishing character of the various species, as well as to the more interesting phases of the yearly cycle of each, and the special values of each for ornamental planting. Publishers J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY Philadelphia mm a a I | | | | | | | | | Seeds for Forestry Purposes We offer a most complete list of both Deciduous and Evergreen Tree and shrub seeds for forestry purposes. Seeds That Are of Best Germinating Quality Our catalogue contains a full list of the varieties we offer, which include the best and most rare species. Send for a copy, it will interest you. THOMAS MEEHAN & SONS Wholesale Nurserymen and Tree Seedmen DRESHER, PENNA., U. S. A. SS ey Se “THE BEST MADE” ee D iS ADS

. TIME and MongEY if 4 TIONAL EiNG. © Inc DESIGNERS-ENGRAVERS 506 [4m STREET N W B WASHINGTON. D. C vARAW ALAA SWhaw Wie tet te cece “HILLS Seedlings and Transplants Also Tree Seeds FOR REFORESTING BE for over a half century. All leading hardy sorts, grown in immense quantities. Prices lowest. Quality highest. Forest Planter’s Guide, also price lists are free. Write today and mention this mazazine. THE D. HILL NURSERY CO. Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in America DUNDEE, ILM. BOX 501 PARK and ESTATE FORESTRY | Logging Reports _ Utilization Studies Timber Estimates Forest Planting Etc. Methods and Cost of Mosquito Eradication P. L. BUTTRICK Forester and Mosquito Expert P. O. Box 607 New Haven, Conn. AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS 317 Yosemite Valley and the Big Trees In the Sierras of California, a mile above the sea, 1s Yo- semite Valley and the largest and oldest trees in the world. This most beautiful of mountain valleys is rim- med by sheer cliffs, thou- sands of feet high, over which tumble snow-fed streams in cascades of marvelous beauty. The interesting side ride from Yosemite to the big trees is made by auto. The way to Yosemite 1s via Santa Fe to Merced —thence the Yosemite Valley RR. to El Portal = the gateway. May I send you one of our picture folders of this won- derful region ? W. J. Black, Passenger Traffic Manager A.T. &S. F. Ry, 1105 Railway Exchange, Chicago, III. BOOKS ON FORESTRY ot Oe BD AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the benefit of those who wish books on forestry, a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American Forestry Association, Washington, D.C. Prices are by mail or express prepaid.* ae Be Bg ae IROIUDSIY WANLIU/ NITION —Ainibhoysets, NCW bo nciuonhancoodvogdocgosooddcoguenbooded $1.50 HORE Sieh GUAR ON—FilibertuRotheer parenteral irae reeir ies rersteieteer= 2.00 PRACTICAL HORE ERE PATR—By, Elbert Peetstspniaeieeriinccisseiciiiciesiciioes 2.00 DHE LUMBER IN DUST RY—ByiRoS. Kelloggs cee muvee +) slelelelere -teletelelerelere 1.10 LUMBER MANUFACTURING ACCOUNTS—By Arthur F. Jones.............. 2.10 RORESIVAUUATION—By iH. EH. Chapmansacniittine seein celica 2.00 CHINESE FOREST TREES AND TIMBER SUPPLY—By Norman Shaw....... 1.60 TREES, SHRUBS, VINES. AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS—By John LEGGE i6 his doe DOC DEE eae OEP oie Aelocodt caso cdcabduGD oboe bencoaeta 1.50 TREES AND SHRUBS—By Charles Sprague Sargent—Vol. I and II, 4 Parts to a Wolttme S persParteyyeretcss ein cro scot: siste.cyaal alenertce cealonctorebeccre ole tatenetene totevenarecolelsrshevereteisreice 5.00 FAGOTS OF CEDAR (Poems and ballads)—By Ivan Swift...............-.++-50: 1.00 THE eWOOMS—-Douglasi Malloch. ssc. o 55.2 ceiccle at cee oe tetaialora overeteetetetevelelcistavee «/ Tere ih SS RESAWE DEAE nSo—Douglas) Malloch jas ser cetaeclatteeeeeetnteeitererieier sls) -eare 1.15 THE TRAINING OF A FORESTER—Gifford Pinchot..............2.2.++eseees 112 LUMBEREAND ME SnU SBo—R. oO. Kellog pence eieiiemisiie sy tiete clateltlevetenlel|=tieleeiorele A) THE CARE OF TREES IN LAWN, STREET AND PARK—B. E. Fernow...... Diode, NOR REAPAMERTCAN REE S—NivL.) Brittomeyefles\s1svereterstereclvelieleielenstetsietettelerelotal= 7.30 Keb YS tOMhHib ah RIE EB o— Collins) and Preston --tlve eer teitersieieteeiielieie eisai aelsiolelele 1.50 THE FARM WOODLOT—E. G. Cheyney and J. P. Wentling..................... 1.70 AMERICAN FOREST TREES—Henry H. Gibson.............0020ceeeccseeeces 6.00 IDENTIFICATION OF THE ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Dan Cel MR ECOL LT. chara ) WILL NOT TURN WATERY IN COLD WEATHER THE LATHER STAYS MOIST LATHERS QUICKLY WILL NOT HARDEN IN HOT WEATHER Colgate’s Perfected Shaving Cream has several points of superiority besides the generally recognized Colgate qualities —a quick, abundant lather that needs no mussy “rubbing in” with the fingers. It gives satisfactory results with hot or cold in cold weather also it maintains the proper water— consistency instead of becoming watery— it remains creamy in warm weather instead of itis economical. The very last bit can be squeezed drying out and becoming hard— from the tube to give you a comfortable shave, —a delightful shampoo. After moistening the hair put a little Colgate’s Perfected Shaving Cream on the wet hands and make up the fine white lather. It cleanses scalp and hair. For those who prefer another form of shaving preparation Colgate’s Shaving Stick and Rapid-Shave Powder give the same perfect lather. Sold everywhere—or a trial size of Stick, Powder or Cream sent for 4c in stamps. Colgate & Co., Dept. 59, 199 Fulton St., New York City € Canadian Address: Drummond Euilding, Montreal cOLGATES Makers of Cashmere Bouquet Soap—luxurious, lasting, refined ppPiDSHA | f POWDER 11O years ago was founded the House of Colgate & Co.— today the world’s largest makers of fine soaps and perfumes. i ‘ mo, re : + oN nae eae & ican THE REDWOODS > & 59 ES Hee —Grade-One Oil Creosote Oil || ! Decay in braces at joint where moisture tends to collect. (Courtesy of U. S. Forest Service) Preserving Outdoor Timbers How Barrett’s Grade-One Creosote Oil Solved a The following question was put up to us recently by a lumber dealer. “T have a problem right now in which you may be able to help me. I have just sold some yellow pine timbers to a customer for a coal trestle. He is afraid they will decay and has asked me whether a brush treatment with a preservative will be of any value in preventing decay.” We answered, “Yes, brush treatment will certainly be of some value but immersion of the timbers in a bath of Creosote Oil would be much better if it is possible to manage it. The Creosote should penetrate into the sap of the wood as completely as possible. In almost all cases, the entire sap wood of yellow pine can be thoroughly treated by open tank treatment along approved lines. This result can hardly be obtained by brush treatment, although the penetration obtained by brush treatment, so far as it goes, is well worth its small cost.” Question, ““Can I use the ordinary Commercial Creosote, such as is used in the regular treating plants ?” Reply, ‘‘Commercial Creosote is not well adapted to either brush or open tank treatment of timber, because of the prac- tical difficulty that it is solid or semi-solid at ordinary tem- peratures. This makes it difficult to remove from the con- tainer and interferes with proper penetration of the oil. Commercial Creosote is also very apt to contain small amounts of water, which cause the oil to boil over when heated. In regular vacuum treating plants, these features of Commercial Creosote make no difference, but in field work they form troublesome obstacles “ Accordingly, we have refined and standardized a special product known as ‘ Barrett’s Grade-One Creosote Oil’. It is designed for exactly such purposes. It is liquid at ordinary temperatures, works readily with a brush, penetrates very Problem rapidly and freely, causes no trouble in tank work, and requires no skill or apparatus except an iron tank with pro- vision for heating the Creosote. “Treatment with Creosote is very simple and inexpensive. Simply put the Grade-One Creosote Oil into the tank, heat the tank by a fire underneath or with live steam until the Creosote Oil is hot, then plunge the timbers into it for half an hour. It is a good idea to transfer them after half an hour from the hot bath to a cold bath of Creosote Oil, where the cooling process will give still further penetration. “Such treatment will double the life of timber. In a trestle great trouble results from dampness collecting in the f the timbers, where it dries out very slowly. )soting postpones and retards this process so that it eases to be a problem.” rgest field of usefulness for Grade-One Creosote Oil is > posts. A post of soft cheap wood can be made rable than a hardwood post at insignificant expense. ors, platforms and all other woodwork exposed to of weather or soil benefit immensely by the dealers can make good profit by treating and selling 1 timber. We shall be glad to give advice regarding )f apparatus, methods of handling, etc.,on request. > is also good profit in retailing Barrett’s Grade-One 1 Creosote Oil. The profit margin is ample and thrifty ers are glad to find a Creosote Oil which they can ipply themselves, with a certainty of results and free- trouble Detroit M ea eatt e0) THE PATERSON MANUFACTURING CO imited; Montreal Toronto W - yuver St. John, N.B Halifa N.S. Sydney, N.S AMERICAN FORESTRY The Magazine of the American Forestry Association PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD HERMAN H. CHAPMAN S. T. DANA JOHN E. RHODES ERNEST A. STERLING FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL S. N. SPRING June, 1916. Vol. 22 CONTENTS No. 270 The Redwoods—Cover Picture. The Bird Department—The Nesting of the Birds—By A. A. Allen, Ph.D... ‘ ‘ a ‘ : 354 The Redwoods—Identification and Characteristics—By Samuel TVithain oul eten ene Ba Detwilen. .-c-..04- rar : : 323 With six illustrations. The Children’s Department—The Woods Are Calling—By Bris- x tow Adams........ APES Sogn ol sbeonaye iste iryicee ences cotnscad pe) Cok Redwood Lumber and Its Uses. . eee . 324 With eight illustrations. Ornamental and Shade Trees—How to Get Your Streets ; z ane Planted with Trees—By J. J. Levison. ; 360 Operations on Pennsylvania Forests. 332 Wath hieoullneeeone: Shot, Shell and Soldiers Devastate Forests—By Percival Mr. Pack as a Philatelist.... 375 Sheldon Ridsdale........... : ; : : 333 With eight illustrations. Wood Preserving Department—By E. A. Sterling... . 364 Preparedness and Forest Products—By Charles Lathrop Pack.. 340 Lumber Uses—By Warren B. Bullock................, 365 Our Forests in Time of War............. see at . 341 Editorial— Pre-Revolutionary Forestry 344 New National Parks and Their Administration 366 i StatetHorestry inyMianylanda eer era ee ere eer Ori Yosemite National Park—By Mark Daniels a S50) aphesSpint of Cooperationseeee eee ee eee nes 67 With ten illustrations. ; . fo Canadian Department—By Ellwood Wilson Perak were OS Mirror Lake, Yosemite—Poem by E. Dithridge........ . 346 : Bae pa Some Words of Praise for American Forestry : 369 Vernal Falls, Yosemite—Poem by E. Dithridge _ SY : e ; Book Reviews... mp — 2 : 370 The Conservation Congress and National Forest Conservation— By Charles Lathrop Pack......... BE cate Pear eenvora ite esis, Current Literature..... =e AIM ootinereTS aie bcnutta® casa ae 371 CHECK OFF BOOK DESIRED BOOKS FREE TO MEM BERS To any member of the American Forestry Association securing ONE O THE TREE GUIDE NEW SUBSCRIBING MEMBER any one of the books to the left will be sent free of charge. A pocket manual of trees to aid the student and the beginner to FILL OUT THIS BLANK distinguish and identify trees. Invaluable in readily acquiring a knowledge of trees. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, Washington, D. C. | | Enclosed is $3 for Subscribing Membership fee ($2 of which is a subscription XO THE BIRD GUIDE | | | | | | | | 265 pages, 250 illustrations for one year for American Forestry Magazine). Names =o ser Se Sao NS aS es SO eee oe fea ee Se eee aasees 415 colored illustrations This names, :llustrates and describes all land birds east of the Street____~------------------------------------~--------------------------- Rockies, and is of the utmost assistance to anyone, adult or child, Cit 1 a a ep ae RE A ae te ea wishing to know birds and their habits. 0 THE FLOWER GUIDE Namircous ks De Nias ON.) NOOR CERT ato i te 230 pages, 400 colored illustrations RET ae A Re a ee Ss Ne ee SS a ne ee If you wish to know flowers and to acquire this knowledge readily : . 42 (CO ease ce ee ee ed Bee SES ee BE ee ee a oe ee this book will be found of very great assistance. A A a A oe 8 AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, three dollars per year; single copies, twenty-five cents Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Post-office at Washington, under the Act of March 3, 1879 Lhe Lime to Invest in Timber ls NOV. We can take advantage of market conditions for you as you cannot for yourself. Either of two systems may be followed in buying timber. One contemplates buying properties at recognixed market values to accord with individual ideas as to what a timber tract should be and hold tt in anticipa- tion of steadily increasing value; the other, the Lacey way, contemplates taking advantage of opportunities that come to an organization like ours, buying at prices much below recognized values and gaining profit both from the purchase and from accretion. Obviously the latter plan 1s most inviting from the standpoint of speculation or for those who do not contemplate future manufacturing. It permits carrying charges to be reckoned merely as deferred payments on the purchase price, “and of course means larger profits. The present 1s a most opportune time for such investments. After a period ¢ af depression, in common with other industries, lumber ts coming into its own again. There are, however, many nmber OWNETS, finance ‘ially unable to carry non-productive investments, who musi sell. We can make a selection for you in the Douglas Fir Forests of British Columbia, Washington or Oregon; the White Pine of Idaho; the Western Pine of Oregon or California; in the Redwoods of the latter state or elsewhere. Prices range well below the market values. Send for further information and booklet described as *‘ Pointers.’ CHICAGO SEATTLI PORTLAND, ORE. NEW ORLEANS 1750 McCormick Bldg. L009 White Building 1310 Northwestern Bank Bldg. 213 Whitney-Central Bldg. American Forestry No. 270 VOL. XXII JUNE, 1916 The Redwoods Identification and Characteristics NEW ¥ GR SOT AN CA 3Y SAMUEL B. DETWILER By UEL B. DETWILE! OARDEWN, Father, Thy hand 3,000 feet, but not at higher altitudes. The Bigtree Hath reared these venerable columns . . . is confined to about 50 square miles of territory in They stand, massy, and tall, and dark, central California, on the western side of the Sierra Fit shrine for humble worshipper to hold Mountains. Other kinds of trees are numbered Communion with his Maker. by the millions, but the Bigtrees are so rare that a list —Bryant. of trees of any considerable size would contain but few thousand entries. Except for occasional stragglers, the HE Bigtree, sometimes called the giant redwood Ligtrees are grouped in small groves or well-defined (Sequoia Washingtoniana), and the redwood forests as indicated in the table accompanying this article. (Sequoia sempervirens), are the most magnifi- These venerable trees inspired John Muir, and to cently proportioned trees in the world. So impressive are him we are indebted for words that express the profound the forests of these gigantic trees that they are justly emotions felt by thousands who have viewed these ranked among the chief natural wonders of America. mighty lords of the forests and learned that “there may There are a few trees in the world that have attained be worship without words.” Describing the “Giant For- greater diameters and some that grow to greater heights, est” of the Kaweah basin, but no other tree with a trunk of huge size rises so grace- he writes : “When I entered fully to the majestic height of the Sequoias. the sublime wilderness the Sequoia, as the Bigtree and Redwood are day was nearly done, the | classified botanically, is an Indian name given in trees with rosy, glowing honor of Sequoyah, the inventor of the Cherokee Eonininenamices alphabet. Ages ago, Sequoias grew in what is seemed to be now the Arctic Zone. ‘Today only hushed and two kinds of Sequoias are in exist- thoughtful, aS ence and their nearest living rela- te Warne tive is the bald cypress, found in Ones” ae the Southern United States. The principal body of redwood ligious de- pendence on ; the sun, and one naturally extends through the coast region 2 of California to Monterey County, and some grow in the extreme . Y southwest corner of Oregon. It is yy walked softly and awe- 8 Kuin@tengr rm stricken among them. I 4 DY ORS ay wandered on, meeting nobler & WZ 2, trees where all are noble, yy J rarely found further than 20 to 30 oz VW subdued in the general calm ‘ 2 al calm, miles from the ocean and as if in some vast hall pervaded by the is limited to localities deepest sanctities and solemnities that where heavy sea fogs are sway human souls.” frequent. It grows prin- The distinction between the Bigtree cipally on the western and the redwood is best impressed by slopes of the coast moun- again quoting from John Muir: “The red- tains from sea level to wood is the glory of the coast range. It 95 a r o 2,500 feet eleva- extends along the western slope, in a nearly HON Ole inm tie continuous belt about 10 miles wide, from SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS southern part of (COMMERCIAL REDWOOD) beyond the Oregon boundary to the south its range, up to pees Dace ihe ieee seas of Santa Cruz, a distance of nearly four = d =! Ca suds 292 323 THE OHIO AND HAVERFORD IN MARIPOSA GROVE These two giants are among the most notable trees in the grove. The view of the cabin through the opening in the base of the Haverford, and the whole condition of this tremendous base is not only most impressive but most convincingly indicates the great age of the tree and of its mates. a swab AD OR IDO BIGTREE GROVES Name North Grove Calaveras Grove Stanislaus Grove Puc tumne Grove | Yosemite Merced Grove } were : Park Mariposa Grove Fresno Grove 1 1 th HL Dinky Grove Fresno County, Cal. Government. 170 trees Converse Basin Forest Fresno County, Cal. Private. About 10 sq. mi., mostly lumbered General Grant Grove Fresno County, Cal. Private and Government. 262 trees Redwood Mountain Forest Tulare County, Cal. Private. Several thousand trees—partly lumbered Sequoia National Park Tulare County, Cal. Government and private. Eleven groves and more than 7,000 trees. Tule River Forests Tulare County, Ca Private. A large area; partly lumbered. Dry Meadow Grove Tulare County, Ca Government, small area. Deer Creek Grove Tulare County, Ca About thirty large trees. ee Location Placer County, Cal. Calaveras County, Cal. Tuolumne County, Cal. Tuolumne County, Cal. Mariposa County, Cal. Mariposa County, Cal. Madera County, Cal. Ownership and approximate size 6 trees 102 trees 1,380 trees 40 trees 100 trees 545 trees About 2,000 trees, many cut Private. Private. Private. Private. Private. Government. Private. 0) THE REDWOODS hundred miles, and in massive, sustained grandeur and closeness of growth sur- passes all the other timber woods of the world. from 10 to 15 feet diameter and 500 feet high are not un- Trees in common, and a few attain a height of 350 feet or even 400, with a diameter at the base of 15 to 20 feet or more, while the ground beneath them is a garden of fresh, exuberant ferns, lilies, gaultheria, and This grand tree, Sequoia sempervirens, is surpassed in rhododendron. size only by its near relative, Sequoia gigantea, or Bigtree, of the Sierra Ne- The sempervirens is certainly the taller of vada, if, indeed, it is surpassed. the two. The gigantea attains a greater COMPARISON Most of these wonderful trees, which are so large that they have been Giant, with its broken top, is 204 feet, while the Columbia is OF A GIANT REDWOOD AND A RAILROAD TRAIN OF 294 feet. EIGHT CARS dignified by individual names, are about 250 feet in height. The Grizzly Many are between 80 and 90 feet in girth at the base and some few over 90; and the diameter at the base is between 20 and 30 feet for the larger ones. girth, and is heavier, more noble in port, and more sub- limely beautiful. These two Sequoias are all that are known to exist in the world, though in former geological times the genus was common and had many species. The redwood is restricted to the coast range, and the Bigtree to the Sierra.” The greatest size of the Bigtrees is 300 to 330 feet in- height, and a diameter, 10 feet above the base, of 30 to 7 feet. Exceptionally large specimens of the redwood are 325 to 350 feet high and 18 to 20 feet diameter, 10 feet above the base. Ordinarily, the Bigtree does not exceed a height of 250 to 280 feet, and a diameter, above the swollen base, of 12 to 17 feet. The usual size attained by the redwood is 8 to 12 feet in diameter and 190 to 280 feet in height. For about 10 feet above the ground the trunks of both the redwood and Bigtree are fluted and much enlarged, but above they are well rounded, with an even taper. Until several hundred years of age, Bigtrees growing in the open have branches the entire length of the trunk. The slender branches droop gracefully, curving upward at the tip. The young tree forms an attractive pyramid of dense foliage, broad at the base and tapering to a sharp tip. As old age approaches, the trunks are practically branchless for 80 to 125 feet or more. The remaining branches are massive, and curiously twisted. The top is In open orest, the largest redwoods are free from branches f t, the largest red ls are free from branches for open, irregularly rounded and picturesque. 50 to 60 feet, and where the trees stand close together, it is 80 to 100 feet to the first limb. Young redwoods may have branches extending to the base, forming a slender spire. Old trees have rounded or flattened tops, heavy- branched, open and irregular, appearing small in con- trast with the great height and size of the trunk. The bark of young trees has an attractive purplish shading. Large sequoias have cinnamon brown bark, with deep furrows between wide, rounded ridges. The outer surface is tinged with gray and covered with fibrous scales but small checks, crosswise, disclose the inner bark of brighter red. The bark of the Bigtree has a lighter reddish tinge than the redwood. Both trees have exceedingly thick bark. A mature Bigtree is to 2 feet thick; a large redwood may have bark 6 to 12 protected at the base by bark 1 inches or even a foot, in thickness. The redwoods are evergreen trees, with bright, deep ereen foliage. The leaves remain on the trees three or four years after they develop. The redwood has two forms of leaves. On the lower side branches and on young trees the leaves are about one-half inch long, 326 AMERICAN FORESTRY narrow, flattened and with stiff, sharp points resembling a small lance. These leaves arrange themselves along the opposite sides of the branch into a flattened spray. The second type of leaf is scale-like and sharp-pointed ; these closely overlap each other. When they die they turn reddish-brown and cling to the branch a year or two before falling. These leaves occur irregularly on _ the branches and vary consider- ably in size, some being short and closely pressed to the branch, others longer and with tip pointing out- ward. The leaves of the Bigtree vary considerably in size but all are sharp-pointed and uniformly © scale-like, much like those of the cedar, but longer and with more of an outward spread at the tips. The redwood has small oval buds covered by loose scales; the buds of the Bigtree have no covering of scales. Late in the winter while the snow is still on the ground, the Sequoia flowers appear. The pollen bearing flowers are little scaly bodies about a quarter of an inch long, borne singly at the tip of the twig. These tiny, pale- yellow flowers are inconspic- uous until they begin to send out clouds of bright yellow pollen. The seed-producing flowers are also borne singly at the ends of the twigs. At first they are small and pale green, but they mature into egg-shaped cones composed of thick woody scales closely packed together. Four to seven little brown seeds, sur- rounded by small gauzy wings, are borne under each cone scale. The cones re- main on the trees until early winter; in the meantime the seeds are gradually shed. The cones of the Bigtree are larger than those of the red- wood, sometimes being more a eee : For ages before the road was built this great tree stood sentinel than oO inches long, and on the hillside awaiting the coming of man who built the road and so brought its lordly form within close view of the they require two years in aeeles which to ripen their seed. Redwood cones are about an inch long and ripen in a single season. The Bigtree bears heavy crops of seeds every few A STURDY ROAD SENTINEL years, and the seed has mod- erately strong germinating power. Contrary to general belief, it is not uncommon to find Bigtree seedlings. The seed grows best where a forest fire has burned the refuse and exposed the bare soil; under such conditions, an average of 9 to 10 seed- lings per square foot has been found. Under favora- ble conditions, the seedlings may reach a height of 6 feet in as many years, and at 10 years old it may grow to be 60 feet high and a foot in diameter. Its ordinary growth is much slower, but it continues developing steadily for centuries. By counting the rings, it is known that the Bigtree may reach the age of at least 1,000 years, and it is thought by some that the age of some of the trees now standing may be 5,000 years. The Bigtree does not thrive at any stage of its growth if it does not have an abundance of sunlight, and prefers to grow on cool, moist, sandy or rocky soils, but at times it is found growing on dry slopes and ridges. The Bigtree is at home between the elevations of 5,000 to 8,000 feet above sea level, where the temperature may fall to 12 degrees below zero or rise to 100 degrees (F.) and the annual rainfall may range between 18 and 60 inches. It seldom grows alone; its usual companions are sugar pine, white fir, and in the northern part of its range, Douglas fir. At lower elevations western yel- low pine and incense cedar grow with it. A single Bigtree may con- tain more than 100,000 board feet of lumber. Twenty of the largest trees in the Cala- veras Grove were estimated to contain an average of $1,386 board feet each, the largest tree being estimated to contain nearly 120,000 board feet. of trees that would yield four times this amount of lum- The weight of the largest Bigtree was ber are reported. estimated to be in excess of 1,000 tons. The secret of the long life of the Bigtree is its free- dom from destructive fungus and insect enemies. may gradually burn away the wood at the base of the trunks if it finds an open- ing thick bark. Lightning frequently shat- ters the tall tops, but the Bigtree has power above all in the other trees to recover from such injuries it may receive. Occasionally the roots are and tlng of the huge trunks the to overthrown, but apparently undermined the set- may cause tree be most failures are due to the of the limbs which grow on the weight enormous sides where light is most abundant and which may gradually cause the trunk to lean and finally fall. The Bigtree widely has been planted in Europe and grows well. It is adapted to conditions in the Eastern United States, as is shown healthy of which Pennsyl- New York. Great care in selecting the by specimens good proportions are growing in vania and proper soil is undoubtedly necessary if this tree is to be grown successfully. The large quantities of seed but redwood produces only one out of four or five is perfect and capable of producing a_ seedling; for this reason it is not to young common find dense of seedlings, and most of the stands redwood new growth of redwood is the Some from sprouts from stumps or roots. species of small pine produce sprouts from the stumps after the trees are felled, but the redwood is the only cone-bearing tree that depends on this un- Even with difficult realize Unverified estimates such for how THE REDWOODS amount of sunlight. Fire in the forest. 80 feet high, and yield 2,000 board feet per acre. IN CALIFORNIA REDWOOD a comparison as is shown in those who have not actually awe-inspiring and impressive they PARK this seen are. photograph it the big trees to 327 usual power as the principal means of perpetuating itself Redwood sprouts grow very rapidly and may develop in 30 years into trees 16 inches in diameter, Seed- lings grow more slowly than sprouts and need a greater The sprouts from the redwood stumps may live in dense shade for a century, growing slowly, and then when the trees above them are removed, spring into vigorous growth. ‘The red- wood requires a moist cli- Few trees grow outside the re- mate for its growth. gion where sea fogs are frequent and heavy, and in such cases the trees are small and scattered. In the region in which it grows the temperature rarely falls lower than 15° F. or rises above 100° F., with a rain- fall of 20 to 60 About 50 square miles of inches. forest 1s composed almost entirely of redwood trees. On 1,800 redwood about the prises half to three-quar- square miles com- ters of the stand, the other species being principally Douglas fir with some tan- bark oak on the upper slopes, and with western hemlock and western red cedar on the lower slopes. The redwood reaches its yest development on moist, sandy soils, and does not grow in extremely wet or oggy situations. Exposed to the winds on dry soils or steep slopes the trees are smaller and less numerous, Douglas fir quickly taking the place of the redwood. The yield of merchantable redwood forest is very large. Al- though 400,000 board feet per acre is an exceptional lumber from a yield, a cut of over 1,000,- 000 feet per acre is on rec- ord. A single tree is said, on good authority, to have cut logs that scaled a total of 66,500 feet board meas- The ordinary acre from 10,000 to feet. ure. yield is 75.000 board 328 Redwood lumber is clear red-brown in color. It is light in weight and varies in grain from fine to coarse. It has a high value commercially because of its ex- ceptional durability, its resistance to fire, the ease with which it is worked and the large size of clear lumber which it furnishes. It is also highly prized in the tropics AMERICAN FORESTRY comfortably sit. because it is one of the few woods which white ants do an old-fashioned 3-cent not attack. The wood of the Bigtree is of less weight and strength than that of the redwood, but so closely re- sembles the latter that it is sold under that name. The lumber is bright rose-red when first cut, but in time becomes a dark reddish- brown. It contains much tannin and resists decay to a remarkable degree. The redwood tree has no enemies except forest fires. It is very long-lived, but attains a greater age. A redwood the Bigtree 20 feet in diameter, 350 feet high, was found to be 1,000 years of age, another tree 21 feet in diameter was 1,373 years old. The red- wood has been planted as an ornamental tree in Eu- rope, but in the United States it has so far been little used. It is a very beautiful tree, surpassing the Bigtree in gracefulness of form and in the attrac- tiveness of its foliage. Al- though it is very exacting in regard to conditions of soil and climate, it thrives near Charleston, South Carolina, and it is probable that it can be grown in many other places, but the chances for its successful growth are much less than the Bigtree. New Yorkers and visi- tors to that city may gain an idea of the size of the Bigtrees by examining in the American Museum of Natural History a circular slice cut straight across the grain of a Sequoia Gigan- tea, whose trunk was 16 feet in diameter or 50 feet in circumference. Placed in a horizontal po- sition, says Garrett P. dollar. THE GRIZZLY GIANT COMPARED WITH A CHURCH This tree, the famous Grizzly Giant in Mariposa Grove, Yosemite National. Park, is 204 feet high; 93 feet in circumference and 29 feet in diameter at the base; 64 feet in circumference and 20 feet in diameter at a point 10 feet above the ground. Serviss in his description of it, this huge section would form a round table at which 20 or 25 persons could Its area is 200 square feet. It would cover a large room. A similar section of the biggest oak or elm or pine or sycamore or tulip tree that grows in the Eastern states, placed beside it, would resemble silver piece beside a_ trade “Yet this imposing specimen of the ‘big tree’ is really undersized. The av- erage diameter of a fully developed Sequoia is 25 feet, and a section from a tree like that would be nearly 80 feet, instead of 50, in circumference. At least one sequoia has been cut down whose diameter was almost 31 feet and cir- cumference 96. That tree was 302 feet in height. The average height is 275 feet, but a few attain 350 to 400 feet. Still, the Se- quoia is not the tallest tree in the world, though it is by far the largest or most The eucalyptus trees of Australia exceed massive. it in height, but are more slender. “There is a feature of the exhibit in the museum that adds greatly to its ef- fect. Beginning at the center or heart of the tree. a series of figures con- tinued outward to the bark indicates the lapse of the successive centuries during which the giant was Every year a growth’ was growing. ‘ring of formed, and a hundred of these rings, of course, fill the space of a century on the section. The rings are plainly seen, but so crowd- ed that the eye could not count them but for the aid afforded by the grouping into century periods. “From thisitappears that the tree began growing in the year 550 of the Chris- tian era—at the time when Justinian was emperor— and continued until it was cut down in 1891.” Redwood Lumber and Its Uses EDWOOD lumber was first cut in an extensive way about fifty years ago. Prior to that time the Spaniards and ‘California little of it, but when the gold fever was at its height, the early American settlers made considerable use of Russians in used a this valuable lumber. Although the redwood forests have already been heavily cut, it is probable that 50,000,000,000 feet can still be produced before the supply is ex- hausted. Redwood contains a large amount of tannin which probably explains its great resistance to rot and insects. The annual cut of redwood lumber in recent years has averaged about 250,000,000 feet board measure. Most of this out- put is used in house construction, and while by far the greater portion so was bought by Cali- fornia home build- far used nn Gis, ms ERS 7 steadily spreading over the entire country. Siding is one of its impor- tant uses, but the lumber is used for every part of the house, such as raf- ters, joists, stud- ding, cornice and porch columns. Even floors of red- wood are laid but the wood is con- sidered by many to soft for For be too this years, use. largely on account of lack of transportation fa- cilities, redwood little known outside of the Pa- Coast terri- tory, but with the was cific recent completion of direct rail con- nection from red- larger, than it is now. THE BASE OF From two to three thousand years ago this majestic growth was a thin and tender redwood sprout seeking its way skyward in a grove of patriarchal redwoods as large, and doubiless wood stands and the Panama Canal this lumber prom- ises to soon become one of the important building woods. The imperviousness of redwood to decay has long been known, and therefore its use by the home builder for foundations is not only natural but advantageous. Homes in Humboldt and Mendocino counties, California, were built on redwood foundations as long as fifty years ago, and the original sills are at the present day as sound as when first laid down. ‘The weather resisting qualities of redwood, even when unpainted, are proverbial, and Barns erected in Humboldt Mendocino make it preeminent for exterior use. and coun- ties as early as 1855 were sided with un- painted redwood boards and covered with redwood shin- gles and_ shakes, none of which to- day show the slight- est deterioration from The Church erected at Fort Cali- fornia, in 1811, was built hewn redwood, and exposure. Russian Ross, entirely of although the build- ing was completely wrecked by the earthquake in 1906, the redwood itself is as sound today as when the trees from which it was hewn were felled. Redwood for in- terior finish gives the home builder a wide range of possibilities. It has, in the first place, all the any other wood ex- merits of cept the hardwoods, and in addition, the entire absence of pitch renders it es- pecially adapted to take and hold paint A BIG ONE or enamel. How- ever, the beauty of 329 AMERICAN the natural grain is so great that it is now common practice to finish the wood in its natural state. The deco- rative effects of the natural wood are richly varied; the shades of color which may be selected range from deep A HOUSE IN A This house is hollowed from a single redwood log at Eureka, California. It takes hundreds of years to “erect”? this type of residence. The house has two rooms, each 10 feet square with ceilings 14 feet high. REDWOOD LOG mahogany to light cherry. Redwood produces excellent imitations of rosewood and mahogany. It carves beauti- fully and is much used for this purpose. An increasing amount of furniture is made from redwood, either from the plain wood or from wood with curly or wavy grain. Stumps and burls supply beautifully figured wood and the furniture made from it commands prices equal to Cireassian walnut or English oak. It is also employed A GANG OF REDWOOD LUMBERMEN Posed at the foot of a tree which they are ready to cut down. This tree is typical of the best of the redwoods in the northern California coast forests. FORESTRY in making novelties such as napkin rings, pin trays, match safes and can crooks. The special feature of redwood that appeals to the wood-worker, in addition to the ease with which it is worked, is that absolutely clear and uniform boards of great width (boards 10 feet wide have been sawed) may be obtained in practically any desired length for panels, doors, tables, counter tops and the like. When it is considered that the redwood is highly fire resistent and neither warps, shrinks nor swells to an appreciable extent, it is easy to explain the popularity of this unique wood. ‘The fire resisting qualities of redwood are well attested. No forest fire, no matter how severe has ever destroyed a redwood forest or killed a sound mature red- STILL STALWART AND STRONG this and rot until remain stand- fire likely Although the base of redwood it is hollow the tree is so sturdy ing for scores of years out by will 1s eaten that it wood tree. In the Great San Francisco fire of 1906 this characteristic was put to a most severe test, as houses enclosed with redwood siding and covered with redwood shingles were saved. Although redwood will burn, it burns more slowly than any other wood, and when satu- rated with water, scarcely at all. Railroads use redwood for ties and many other pur- poses. The ties resist decay, but are deeply cut by the rails, under heavy traffic, unless protected by tie plates, and the wood holds spikes poorly. Redwood is also used in culverts, trestles and bridges. ‘fhe roofs, sides and in- teriors of cars are sometimes made of redwood because REDWOOD LUMBER AND ITS USES it holds paint well, and shrinks and swells but little where the cars are exposed to rapidly varying extremes of heat moisture. and Redwood lumber used in freight cars has given 20 years service—an excellent record. On the Pacific Coast, tanks and vats are commonly constructed of redwood. water pipes are made of redwood, as are also aqueducts The largest and best wooden and flumes built to supply cities and irrigated lands with water. Eave troughs and gutters of redwood are used not only in houses on the Pacific Coast but in distant regions. Redwood shingles are one of this tree’s best known products. In some years seven hundred million redwood shingles are produced. Redwood “shakes” are still on THE REDWOOD EFFECT HERE IS MOST RESTFUL This is an unrelieved redwood interior in the home of Otis Johnson at Fort Bragg, California, in the heart of the redwood district. the market; these are boards used like clapboards for covering the sides and roofs of barns, sheds and other buildings, and are manufactured by splitting them from So easily does redwood straight-gained, perfect logs. split that boards 2 inches thick and a foot wide may be rived from a log 10 or 12 feet long. Such boards may have a surface so smooth that they may easily be mis- taken for sawed lumber. It has served fairly well as a paving block for city streets. It is Redwood has many miscellaneous uses. valuable for pattern making and for cigar and tobacco boxes, meeting all requirements for the latter purpose. It is used to a limited extent for fruit boxes, sign boards, musical instruments, coffins, and in the manufacture of 331 vehicles. Redwood bark is of value also, being made into souvenirs that find a ready sale; because of its lightness it serves for fishing floats, cork carpet sub- stitutes, insulation, and many other purposes. The lum- A SUPERB REDWOOD ROOM The entire interior of this room is executed in California redwood. Note the carvings and the great breadth of the panels. ber is also used extensively for grape vine stakes and fence posts. Some of it is used for shingles, shakes, con- struction lumber, furniture and other uses described for redwood. The enormous size of the Bigtree and the redwood is responsible for great waste in lumbering, in spite of the care taken in felling the trees. It is customary to clear a space so that the tree can strike the ground with the least possible breakage. Usually the choppers can cause the trunk to fall exactly where it is desired; a slight deviation from its expected course may waste thousands of feet of lumber or result in the splintering of an entire trunk, so tremendous is the force with which these giants fall. A REDWOOD INTERIOR Rivers Farm,’’ Dover, N. H., the Note the great width of the red- This is the dining room at ‘Three country estate of E. W. Rollins wood boards in the ceiling. 332 AMERICAN To facilitate handling the logs, the bark is removed from them and the debris is usually cleared away by burning. These fires frequently damage the logs and may also injure or kill standing trees. If the logs are very large, they must be split with dynamite before they can be transported to the saw mill and some of the best wood is shattered by the explosion. Other waste occurs in the woods through leaving crooked logs and wind shaken or otherwise defective trees when part of them might be used. Shake making is an especially wasteful A REDWOOD LOG This is an average specimen, and hundreds like it may be seen at redwood logging camps in the northwestern section of California This log is stripped of bark and it shows the preponderance of heart wood over sapwood. process. However, as the price of lumber increases, a premium is placed on the more conservative handling of logging operations, with benefit both to the lumberman and the public. Lath, shingles, ties and similar minor products are now being manufactured from much of the material that was formerly left in the woods. AMERICAN Forestry is indebted to the California Red- wood Association, Col. A. A. Taylor, secretary of Cali- fornia Redwood Park Commission, and others for photo- graphs accompanying this article. OPERATIONS ON PENNSYLVANIA FORESTS ROM reports submitted by its foresters the Penn- sylvania Department of Forestry has made up to date a summary of cost and extent of major opera- tions conducted on the State Forests. The total area owned by the Commonwealth for for- estry purposes is now a trifle over a million acres, ac- quired by purchase at an average cost of about $2.27 per acre. Since the first land was bought, eighteen years ago, about $2.25 per for all exclusive of purchase price. acre has been spent by the Depart- ment work connected with the State Forests, Four large nurseries and twenty small ones have been established, in which are now growing almost 20,000,000 seedlings. Woods roads existing when the forests were established have been opened by the Department to the extent of 1,250 miles; 316 miles of new roads have been built at an average cost of about $200 per mile; 525 miles of trails have been opened; 1,050 miles of boundary FORESTRY lines have been brushed out to trail width; 725 miles of fire lanes have been brushed and burned, ranging in width 60 feet; the total number of miles of roads, trails, fire lanes, and boundary lines opened is almost 4,000. In addition to this, 1,600 miles of boundary line are surveyed but not yet opened. from 4 feet to One hundred wood, steel, and tree observation towers have been built at a total cost of a trifle over $3,000. Oven 250 miles of telephone line have been built to con- nect the towers with foresters’ headquarters. Houses, barns, and other buildings to the number of 122 have been built for the Department’s field force; 1,168 springs have been cleaned, walled, and made accessible for camp sites; over S00 fires have been extinguished on State land only; 825,000 fish have been planted in streams which originate in State Forests; 180 miles of compart- ment lines are opened; chestnut blight has been removed from over 40,000 acres. In this connection it is inter- esting to note that 28 foresters report the blight spread- ing rapidly in their districts; 8 report it apparently sta- tionary; 14 report no blight, or do not report; and but The reported are found from the New York line to the Maryland line, and one reports it receding. infections from the New Jersey line to the extreme northwestern part of Clearfield County. statement that the blight is dying out in the State. This effectively nails the Exact figures are not yet available for the reforesting done by the Department. However, at a low estimate, at least 16,000,000 seedlings have been planted to date on about 8,000 acres of the State Forests. It is esti- mated that about 350,000 acres of their present area must be artificially reforested, and special effort is being made to enlarge this branch of the work. This year about 7,000,000 seedlings will be available for spring planting, and at the present rate of increase in nursery production, it will be only a few years until from 10,000,000 to Counting 2,000 trees to the acre, this will mean the annual reforesting 20,000,000 wall be planted every spring. of from 5,000 to 10,000 acres, and the completion ot the work in about thirty-five years. The total income from the forests to date is $125,000. Most of the revenue is derived from the sale of fire- scarred or otherwise damaged timber, and from the sale of stone. The whole sum has been paid into the State School Fund, in accordance with a recent act of the Legislature. MAINE BALSAM FIR DYING T IS reported that the balsam fir in Maine is grad- This tree is very susceptible to attacks of fungi and begins Much of it is diseased in this country, and its gradual elimination and ually dying out from some unknown disease. to suffer from heart rot at an early age. replacement by spruce would be perhaps a good thing. Of course, from the standpoint of the camper this would be a hardship, as a bed of spruce boughs is neither so fragrant nor so comfortable as one of balsam. It is a curi- ous fact that bears like to sharpen their claws on balsam trees, and it is very common to see the marks of their claws, and in this way many trees are injured. Shot, Shell and Soldiers Devastate Forests By PercivAL SHELDON RIDSDALE HAT has the war done to the forests of Europe? What will be the condition of these forests when the war is over? To what extent have they been cut down for military purposes? How badly have they been damaged by shot and shell? All these and similar questions have been in the minds of foresters and lovers of forests since the great war started, but com- paratively little information has come from the fighting front in either the east or west. Efforts of the Ameri- can Forestry Association to secure statements from Germany on the condition of the forests in territory captured by the Germans, and on German soil, have so far failed. mission to have a representative of the association en- rolled in the ambulance corps with permission to make The French government was asked for per- inquiries regarding forest land in northern France and to take photographs of forests which have been dam- aged or destroyed, but this was refused with apologies as a military necessity. Occasionally statements have come from. Canadian soldiers who are members of the Association, from French, English or Belgian officers who are interested in forestry, and from newspaper and magazine corre- spondents on different fronts and on the whole it has been possible to thus obtain a fairly satisfactroy general idea of what effect the war has on the forests in the area of the fighting. BELGIUM DENUDED EKLGIUM, the major portion of which is in posses- sion of the Germans, had some forested land, which was, as it might well be termed, more of a scenic than a commercial nature. Advices indicate that Much of the timber was used by the Germans for military pur- poses; in the construction of trenches, in road building, these forests have practically been destroyed. in the erection of shelters, barracks, etc.; considerable was used for fire wood, and it has been stated, with what accuracy it is impossible to say, that timber not used in this way or needed in the military zone has been shipped to Germany for home consumption. Most probably this is so. Before the war Germany imported large quantities of timber from Russia and in the last few years preced- ing the war these imports greatly increased. English Copyright by Underwood & Underwood. THE VALLEY OF View of a small wooded valley on the heights of the Meuse River near Note the numerous small pools of water, each indicating where a shell struck. bombardment, which killed every tree in it. trees were blown into splinters. DEATH NEAR VERDUN to a terrific Many of the Verdun. This wood was subjected by the Germans 222 Porele} 334 writers, calling attention to this fact, insinuate that the Germans knew the war was coming and imported as much timber as possible in order to conserve her own supplies, and to be able to provide for the expected large demand by the military in case of war. AMERICAN FORESTRY that they will die; others, pitted with bullet holes or wounded by other shot, are now open to disease or in- sect attack, while there are long stretches of forested lands the condition of which is so graphically illustrated by some of the photographs used with this article. A war As regards Belgium then, it would not be at all sur- story from France recently contained the following prising to learn, when statement: the war is over, that “On a trip behind there remains on Bel- the French front one is gian soil no timber of commercial value; that her scenic forests have out, and been wiped that thousands of her roadside and __ street trees have been used for fuel and for other purposes by the Ger- mans. THE DAMAGE IN FRANCE N northern France, on both sides of the fighting front, great damage has been done the forests not only by the bardments which have the there, and by the hail tremendous bom- marked fighting of bullets from small arms which have swept forested spaces, but by the trench builders, the and road engineers, others who needed timber for construction work. Thousands of new roads or passage- built for the rapid transpor- ways have been inevitably impressed by the immense amount of work not strictly of a military nature which First have had to be the army does. there built hundreds of miles of new standard and narrow gauge railroad to feed the trench line. Then comes the ques All ola highways are kept in tion of roads. perfect repair and thousands of miles of new road structed. In the region called the Champagne the question was a particu- difficult Loads of chis - Voit Pouilleuse road larly one. stones are swallowed up without much effect. So logs are laid side by side and corduroy roads built. There are hun- dreds of miles of these and over them pass heavy corduroy roads artillery, motor trucks filled with shells, and tation of guns, muni- ; : 5 3 Photograph by Underwood & Underwood. tions, supplies, and men, to thousands of THE TOOTH-PICK other large vehicles. “Immense quantities FOREST of wood are used by This is the name given by the Germans to this devastated woodland where the : points along both artillery and small-arm fire has stripped the trees left standing of their the army. Soldiers’ 5 = branches. This forest is in Flanders and the ground has been fought over fronts. Many of the several times. The picture is a striking indication of the quantity of lead and cantonments, amb u- = iron which must have swept through the trees to damage them as they are 3 roads or passageways damaged. lances, water installa- are of the type known as corduroy roads, the base being made of tree trunks, overlaid with branches and these branches overlaid with earth. ‘These roads alone have necessitated the cutting of thousands upon thousands of trees. In the lining of trenches and the building of shelters there has been un- ceasing demand for more and more timber, and when it has been on hand in the shape of single trees, groups of trees, woodlands or forests it is fair to assume that it has been freely used. In addition the destruction by shot and shell has been tremendous. Trees that have not been blown down or cut through or shattered have been so badly damaged tions and the corduroy roads all call interminably for wood. For this purpose temporary saw-mills are established just in the rear of the fighting zone. All this work is done with a remark- able elimination of waste.” What has happened in the forest of Argonne where there has been so much desperate fighting is indicated in a newspaper dispatch which says: “When the history of the present European war is written, the forest of Argonne will be recorded as the place where more blood was shed than in any other spot on the wide fields of conflict. ‘he French made a stand there on the first German drive towards Paris, SHOT, SHELL AND SOLDIERS DEVASTATE FORESTS and, later, when the Germans were forced back, it was the scene of weeks and months of desperate struggle. “Not a bird is left in the forest and practically every tree, which remains standing, bears the mark of battle. It was swept by artillery fire time after time, and was the scene of desperate hand-to-hand fighting. “But it was not the first time, for in the campaign pre- ceding the battle of Se- the Franco- 250) hurled by guns of all calibers, which, in a hailstorm of iron, mow down everything before them, breaking the trees and leaving, instead of a thickly-wooded area, a mere strip of land covered with dismantled trunks, and dead snags; the construction by the engineering corps of works of defense; the consumption of firewood; the erection of log shelters, in short, of many works necessi- tating an extensive fell- ing of trees, and, fin- dan, in German war of 1870, the scene of many sanguinary strug- it was gles. “The forest covers a number of wooded heights, 800 or 900 feet high, in the northeast- ern part of France in French and Champagne. Ie is about thirty miles long, and from one to eight miles It is bounded by the sources of the Aisne, runs along that river to the Meuse and northward to Chene-Populeux, separating a stretch of fertile plains from the barren steppes between Vitry and Cezanne.” Much of the most recent hard fighting in northern France wooded Lorraine wide. has been in and forested land and the damage done in actual fighting and the cutting of trees necessitated by military operations ally, the hewing down of an enormous num- ber of trees of all sizes the range of the artillery. “Everywhere, forests have been of precious our diers; it is while con- cealed in them that we have lost the least men. From the point of view, in this war of trenches, which which obstructed assistance to sol- offensive has been waged for long months, it is where our positions were protected by woods that we have gained more ground. From the defensive point of view, they have fully favored our troops. ‘The woods of Argonne, however re- duced from Dehouriez, have set up in the way of the invaders the bar- riers of 1792, and thus the investment of Ver- dun was averted. The woods of Grand-Cour- ronné have contributed daily continues. Perhaps it is not taking too pessimistic Copyright by Underwood & Underwood. SCENE ON THE VERDUN FRONT This once well forested hillside presents now a scene of utter desolation. a view of forest condi- tions in that section to say that it will be a hundred years before the forests of northern France are restored to anything like the conditions they were before the war, and that restoration largely depends upon the action of the goy- ernment in relation to them when the war is over. A FRENCH WRITER'S VIEW UITE the best description of the situation in France is from the pen of Louis Marin, député _ of Meurthe-et-Moselle, who in a recent article says: “What have been, during the war, the causes of our forests’ destruction? The building of trenches on two adverse fronts; the ravaging effects of projectiles shell fire swept these hillsides for days and destroyed every tree. é made in the ground by exploding shells may be seen and the bullet holes in the trunks of the trees left standing make some of them resemble a sieve. to the halting of the retreat of Mor- hange and to the re- sad Le Terrific The holes sistance in the defense of Nancy. ‘These sery- ices are recorded in the thus learns the names of the woods of La Grenrie, Bolante, La Cheminee- Saint-Hubert, Le Petre, of the forests of Apremont Grand-Couronne, etc.; our brave boys describe them in orders of the day; the country their letters.” M. Marin. says of the future of the forests: has brought out the strict and urgent necessity of re- “The war building the forests. It is impossible to neglect our muti- lated forests; it would be a crime to not take up now steps in order to ensure, in a comparatively near future, their reconstruction.” M. Marin then enumerates the wooded regions that AMERICAN FORESTRY Photograph by Underwood & Underwood. NOVEL prove the fortification. An incident is related of branch and hung balanced in a horizontal cross. Nearby are the graves of thirty have been subjected to the mili- tary operations of this conflict. He finds that, in general, the for- ests at the front have been laid waste; the soil as well as the for- ests themselves has been de- stroyed. At those places where the struggle has been most acute, the land will have to be com- pletely razed. With regard to the trees injured by bullets, it has been found that their wounds, unlike those of man, do not heal. After a few years the trees die, and can then only be used as firewood; as they are liable to rot, it is better to fell them soon so as to obtain the best possible tise of them. The writer then discusses a bill he has prepared with a view to overcome the disaster caused by this war, and in which he suggests a thorough reconstruc- tion of the ruined forests of his country. The bill deals with “the gravity of the damages caused to our woods and forests ; the calculation and the estimates | | EFFECT OF SHELL FIRE A German shell struck this tree adjacent to a French trench and it fell in such a manner as to im- how between Barcy and Varreddes the top of a tree was blown off by a shell. In falling the severed part of the tree was caught on a projecting position at right angles to the trunk, thus forming a soldiers killed in September, 1914. of these damages, the means and methods to be adopted in the re- construction of the said forests; the necessity of special legisla- tion in connection with these im- provements; the difficulties of all kinds to be confronted in the application of the present law; the solution of the problem in the purchase by the state of all forests affected.” In explaining his bill, he ad- mits that it will be difficult to ascertain the whole extent of the damages. A committee of ex- perts would be entrusted with this task. M. de la Roussiere, general secretary to the Forest Committee, is quoted as saying: “About 515,000 hectares of our forests are damaged. It is not completely devastated, but in es- timating the loss at two-thirds we should not be far from the truth. It will take at least a century before our forests are restored to their original condi- tions.” Referring once more to the Photograph by Underwood & Underwood. ONE LARGE SHELL DID THIS This tree, within the French lines near Verdun, was destroyed by one large German shell. The shell struck at the base of the tree and the splintered f t { is evidence of the tremendous shattering power of the explosive with which the missile was loaded. SHOT, SHELL AND SOLDIERS DEVASTATE FORESTS damages to which the war has subjected the forests of France, M. Marin does not lose sight of the fact that the devastation is still going on as violently as ever, and that it is impossible to foresee all the efforts which will be re- quired of the nation. But France must be interested now in this great problem in order to be ready to proceed, when the time comes, with the least delay possible to the reconstruction of her forestrial resources. “All delay in the rebuilding of this heritage,” he says, “would spell losses impossible to estimate to thousands of people living on the forests.” 337 be doubtless of some military value to her enemies, and so in America nothing of importance has been heard regarding her forests. Recently three small news stories have appeared. One forest or other land in Germany that is not being used for agricul- says: “All owners of tural purposes are to be compelled to open up their prop- erty for the purpose of affording pasture to cattle and swine, according to an order issued by the Federal Coun- cil on April 15 and reported in the Frankfurter Zeitung. The authorities are also empowered to oblige these land- Of forests in parts of France where there has been no fighting not much is known, but the in- ference is ‘that owing to the un- ceasing military demands timber the annual cutting is very for much greater than it was in times of peace, and this means, doubtless, that practically all timber that has matured has been cut and used, for France, like England, was in times of peace a large importer of timber, and like England, her supply from Russia, whence most of it came, has been cut off since the war started. RUSSIA’S SLIGHT LOSSES HERE is no occasion for concern Rus- sian forests, for the losses regarding due to warfare are infinitesimal when compared with her tre- mendous forest resources. “Then, too, so Stanley Washburn told readers of AMERICAN FORESTRY in an article last year, even in the forests where there has been severe fighting the damage done the trees is hardly worthy of note, because the forests are so dense and so extensive. Russia with her wonderful forests will have a glorious oppor- tunity for an immense lumber business when the war is over, and if she can take advantage of it she will be- come the main source of timber supply for all the war- ring countries of Europe. Practically no advices have come from Italy regarding any destruction of forests due to the war, nor has much been reported or written about Austria’s situation in this respect. NO NEWS FROM GERMANY T IS certain that Germany has done a great deal of cutting in captured enemy territory, chiefly in Poland and western Russia, and that she has conserved her own forest resources in the thoroughly efficient and sci- entific manner in which she has for so long managed her forests, but news of what she has or has not done would THESE It frequently happens that artillerymen on each side cut down trees which are in their line of fire. Here the stream of battle swept through a wood and the trees were cut down so the French guns would have a clear line of fire. F L evidently thrown about by the explosion of the shell which killed him. Photograph by International Film Service. TREES WERE IN THE LINE OF FIRE Note the dead German soldier lying partially covered with earth owners to erect the pens and shelters necessary to care for their animal guests, but they will be recompensed for this work. The pasturage is to be free to the persons or societies needing it. Furthermore, the people are to be permitted to clean up such forest and similar unused lands in search of litter for bedding for their livestock.” Another story tells of forest planting. It came by wireless from Berlin to Sayville, L. I., and said: ‘Four hundred acres of land in Grunewald Park, a favorite re- sort of the people of Berlin, lying southwest of the city, has been converted into a forest. A report issued today by the Berlin Forestry Department shows that 1,600,000 trees have been planted.” A third article declares that: “Paper beds, with paper sheets and paper pillow cases, are now being used in Germany by the poor. The material for mattresses and bedding has became so dear that it is impossible for any but the comparatively rich to afford them. The mattresses are now made of strong sheets of paper pasted together The and filled with dried leaves of beech and oak trees. se AMERICAN leaf mattresses are said to be as comfortable to lie on as any filled with feathers. The paper used is toughened by The leaves for filling the mattresses and pillow cases have a special process, which prevents tearing easily. been collected in the great German forests by bands of children at a practically negligible cost.” Copyright by Underwood & Underwood. STRUCK BY A GERMAN SHELL The tree is that it is This shows the damage done by one _ shot. killed, the top portion being so weakened broken off in the first wind storm. practically likely to be ENGLAND'S FORESTS GOING HE effect of the war on the forests of the British Isles will likely be the utter destruction of most of them. ‘The war has created imperative need of lumber, and at the same time has cut off England’s main source of supply as well as made prices for what can be imported almost prohibitive. In time of peace England’s timber imports were valued at about $215,000,000 a year FORESTRY and this figure gives some idea of the amount she has needed since the war started. So great is her need, in fact, that already many of her home forests have been cut down, and as everything must be sacrificed to the war, it is altogether probable that trees on many estates and on many private parks and woodland have been turned into lumber for barracks, ete. An interesting feature of the situation is the organiza- tion of a Canadian forestry battalion, the 224th Overseas Battalion, consisting of expert Canadian lumbermen and woodsmen, to the number of 1,500, who have been sent tc England and been used in lumbering operations in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. This unique bat- talion is commanded by Lieut. Col. Alexander McDougall of Ottawa, Canada, a well-known railway contractor. The men came from British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatch- The battal- ion was reviewed at Ottawa before its departure for Eng- ewan, Quebec, New Brunswick and Ottawa. land recently and the commanding officer, in speaking of it, said: “The men of the battalion carried, during the The parade was not intended to show what implements they parade, peavies, camp-dogs, cross-cut saws, etc. should carry, but merely for inspection by His Royal Highness the Governor General. Our equipment alto- gether will be that used in the lumber industry in Canada.” The battalion is already at work in England’s forests, and while the number of trees daily cut down and sent to sawmills is not stated, the progress that 1,500 expert lum- bermen can make in felling trees can readily be imagined. An Ottawa despatch under date of May 28, states that the War Office has called for another Canadian Forestry Battalion of 1,500 men. The 224th Battalion, under command of Lieut.-Col. Alex. McDougall, has done such excellent work in England and Scotland in aiding the naval and shipbuilding industries that a second battalion of this nature has been authorized at the request of the British authorities and recruiting will be- gin immediately in the lumbering districts. Lieut.-Col. J. B. White, of Montreal, formerly of the Riordon Pulp and Paper Company, who is now with the 224th Overseas Battalion, has been recalled to organize and command the new regiment. A third Battalion is also to be raised, with Lieut.-Col. W. R. Smyth, M.P.P. for Algoma, in command. This battalion will be raised in Ontario. WHAT OF THE FUTURE? F ‘THE situation in England and the need for future action, Edward Percy Stebbings, F.L.S., F.R.G.S., a well-known expert on forestry, writes: ‘‘We are now engaged in cutting down, in sacri- ficing, such woods as we have in this country. And we have, say, some 5,000,000 to 9,000,000 acres of land in these islands which expert opinion is unanimous would grow timber, and a considerable proportion of which would carry fine crops of commercially profitable timber trees. “Heavy fellings are being made in our own woods under the auspices of the Home Timber Committee in SHOT, SHELL AND SOLDIERS DEVASTATE FORESTS order to supplement our imports. Lord Selborne’s well- timed action in appointing the Home ‘Timber Committee was wise. home timber fellings, however, which might, without undue hardship, be insisted upon, (a) all woods pur- chased and felled by government at the present high There are two points in connection with these rates should be at once replanted by the owner as a condi- tion of contract; (b) the Home ‘Timber Committee should keep a careful record of the amounts of material cut from the areas they purchase, its nature, locality in which grown, etc., for this will prove a valuable record in future planting operations. “My proposition is that the Allies should place them- selves in a position to control the European timber mar- ket at the end of the war—to exercise, in fact, a state control over prices for a time, as the only effective means to cope with the enormous demand which will exist, and to prevent the formation of timber “rings,” either by the Central Powers or others. It is no plea that sucha thing has never been done before. ‘The end of the war will find us, the war itself is finding us, doing a good deal we never thought to have to do. “First, then, we want to place our finger on accessible supplies in large quantities and owned by the Alles; and, secondly, to come to an agreement by which these sup- plies can be made available at the earliest possible mo- ment with the object of bringing down the present pre- posterous rates. “Tf we examine the forestry resources of the Allies, the one great fact which immediately becomes apparent is the gigantic area of the forests in Russia, the Land of Forests, as it has been termed. “My suggestion is that Russia should be asked by the Allies—by the British Government, if necessary, since we are very deeply concerned in this matter, as, unlike our other Allies, we have no forest resources of our own at our backs—to institute fellings on a large scale in those of her forests which are adjacent to the most suit- able ports. Every saw-mill in these regions should be set to work converting timber at high pressure and stack- ing it in suitable depots for transport to the areas re- quired at the earliest possible moment. “Tf afforestation is taken up in this country on the scale now so urgently needed, we shall have to wait about thirty-five to forty-five years to obtain pit props from the woods, and longer for large timber. “T would suggest that to tide over this long period we should lease for a period of years a large area, or sev- eral areas, of the Russian forests and work them our- selves, in order to ensure that this country obtains a pro- portion of what she requires in timber, etc., independent of extraneous imports and at a reasonable price. “There are 3,000,000 so-called afforested land—of woodlands, in Great Britain, and we have, say, 9,000,000 acres of afforestable land; put it at 7,000,000, or even 5,000,000. It will do to go on with. It has been stated by many who know what they are talking about, that this land, or much of it, will bring in more acres of 339 under trees than under any other form of cultivation; or, to put it in another way, that this land will prove a greater national asset under woods than managed in any other way. Why not, then, set to work and get it planted up? If for no other reason than the one of national economy, the matter must be regarded as one of urgency. Photo by Underwood & Underwood. WHAT TWO SHELLS DID This tree, just above the post of an officer in command of a line of trenches on the French fighting line, was struck by two shells. The first bit a large piece out of it and the second shattered and over- threw it. We can no longer afford to leave any source of national wealth unexploited. We must all agree that it has be- come a duty—a national duty—to see that every acre of land in this country is made to bring in the best return possible in the interests of the community as a whole. Well, there exists a considerable acreage of land which experts are agreed is not bringing in anything like an adequate return. This land can be made to grow produce which is in great demand in the country, and which in the absence of homegrown supplies, necessitates large imports that have to be paid for, and are going to be more expensive in the future. The aspect of the forestry problem has entirely changed from its pre-war position. The prices of timber are not likely to fall to their former level. So long as prices were low there was a good deal to be said for those who were against afforestation in 340 AMERICAN this country. They put forward arguments which had certain elements of soundness in them, the contention that forestry would not return even the 214 to 3 per cent claimed for it. The Great War has swept away such doubts and arguments. Prices have gone up, and the nation is now assured of successful financial results from afforestation work. On all counts the planting of this land will be of immense advantage to us. It will save imports, employ labor, and help home industries. In the last connection it will do more than help. It will result in establishing new ones. For the maintenance of a con- siderable area of forest in a country leads to the estab- Preparedness and ag HE enormous amount of timber that has been cut in France in particular, and also in Rus- England, has produced an economic condition in relation to lumber which is unprecedented. While we do not look upon England as a forest country, there is in England and Scot- land a considerable amount of timber and some fine old forests of hardwood. These have been slaugh- sia and in tered since the opening of the war because of the great lack of timber in England. The British need is evident from a statement by Walter Runciman in the House of Commons a few days ago that 1,500 Canadian lumbermen had arrived in England to cut timber for mere props and other necessities to avoid, as far as possible, importations from other coun- tries. Much cutting has been done in France, while in captured Belgium the Germans have cut a large proportion of the forest land and used the timber in military operations or shipped it to Germany. “While lumber has been imported into the belli- gerent countries to some extent from the United States and elsewhere, such importations have by no means that has usually come under normal conditions from This necessitated the Large amounts have been compensated for the large amount of lumber Germany and Russia. has slaughtering of timber. used for the trenches and larger amounts have been LL LC SL [A warning that the forests and forest products of this country will play a large part in our economic preparedness as a result of the Great War is sounded by Mr. Pack in the following statement based upon a close study of the’ situation and an intimate knowledge of forest conditions in Europe—The Editor.] 3y CHARLES LATHROP PACK President American Forestry Association FORESTRY lishment of subsidiary industries such as paper-pulp mills, saw-mills, bobbin mills, furniture manufactories, and so on. And these afford employment to a considerable head of population. THE LESSON N all of this there is a lesson which the people of this country should not be slow in learning. What that lesson is is forcefully outlined in the article on page 341 of this issue, and in the statement on this page by President Charles Lathrop Pack, of the American For- estry Association. Forest Products used for temporary buildings for the shelter of armies, and other important amounts for economic purposes of manufacture, while there has been a tremendous destruction of standing timber by ar- tillery fire. All this means that the potential value of the forests of France, Belgium and England in par- ticular has been greatly reduced. “The great depletion of these forests of Europe increases the economic world importance of Ameri- can No economic preparedness in the United States will be complete without due regard to the value of forestry. We must mobilize the in- dustrial resources of this country if we are to go forward as a nation in proportion to our opportuni- ties. After the world war is over the industrial competition will be far-reaching and for us there forests. will be a victory or defeat just in proportion to our preparedness. If we are unworthy we shall fail. The forests and forest products will play a large part. A country which continually abuses its timber resources as we do cannot expect to continue with economic “CESS This is our opportunity and if we properly read the signs of the times we will fully realize the great value of our forest inheritance and prepare to use it with economic foresight and not abuse it as has been our wont.” ll | ll ll Our Borests in Time of War “| ALTHOUGH the bulk of the forests contributes largely to the peaceful development of our coun- try, the part which forests play in the time of war cannot be disregarded,” so said the Forestry Com- mittee at the meeting of the Conservation Congress in Washington early in May. The committee added: “Wood enters in large quantities in the manufacture of powders, particularly of the ordinary black powder. In spite of the advent of smokeless powders, enormous quantities of black powder are still used in the making of shrapnel and in the manufacture of most armor-piercing shells. Rosin, another product of the forest, is also employed in the manufacture of shrapnel in filling the spaces between the bullets. There are also indications that wood is being used in the production of smokeless powder. The famous English chemist, Sir William Ram- sey, is of the opinion that the Germans are now using wood to obtain nitro-cellulose in the manufacture of the propellent explosive. If this is true, then wood cellulose has taken the place of guncotton in the manufacture of smokeless powder. Acetone, which is used in the manu- facture of propellent explosives for all calibers of guns, is a product of the destructive distillation of hardwoods. Since from 75 to 100 tons of wood are required to pro- duce one ton of acetone, enormous quantities may be needed for this purpose alone. In addition to acetone, alcohol is used to a large extent in the manufacture of explosives and this again may be obtained from wood cellulose. Wood is also used in surgery; it is made into a soft, surgical absorbent cotten, now in use in Ger- many; it is made into tough crepe paper and used for slings, and into fiber boards for splints. “Although the forest area of the United States is esti- mated at 550 million acres, a large portion of it has been cut over, and the present area of standing timber available for the manufacture of lumber cannot be over 300 million acres. Nearly half of the original stand is already gone. One-third has been destroyed by for- est fires, one-third cut and used, and one-third has been wasted. About one-fifth of the standing timber is publicly owned and four-fifths in private hands. The most important of the public timber lands are in the National Forests, aggregating 165 million acres, in the Indian Reservations, aggregating 7 million acres, and in forest reserves owned by various states, aggregating upwards of 3%4 million acres. Most of the National timber lands are largely in mountainous and in the less accessible regions. “The annual growth of wood in the forests, most of which is a matter of chance, while it cannot be defi- nitely determined, is without question much less than that of the amount used (100 billion board feet) and the country is drawing upon its forest capital to the extent probably of many billions of feet each year. “The moving of the lumber industry from the place which it has exhausted to another place where there is a plentiful supply has been characteristic not only of the lumber industry itself, but of the industries depend- ing upon timber. It is evident that such a system of development of our forest resources, while it may possi- bly have helped to build up quickly all sections of the country, has resulted in most cases in weakening the local communities where the forest has originally been found and increased the cost of lumber to the consumer. This method of cutting has another drawback which may become a source of great weakness in the time of national stress. If, as our military friends point out, in case of invasion by a foreign nation, our Pacific coast should become cut off from the rest of our country, the bulk of our timber resources would become inaccessi- ble to us unless the southern and other timber regions of the country are built up and placed on a permanent basis. “Similarly, should the Southeast become the field of invasion, our naval stores industry, so essential both in the times of peace and of war, would be lost to us, and we would have to depend on other portions of the coun- try to secure our naval stores. This is just what hap- pened during the Civil War when the North was forced to tap the western yellow pine to secure the needed supply of naval stores. TWO SOURCES OF WEAKNESS ac HE lack of permanency in our lumber industry and the consequent failure to develop the timber resources Of various sections systematically and cn a permanent basis where agricultural development is not replacing the forest, is also responsible largely for creating conditions unfavorable for the employment of labor. Because of the transient character of the in- dustry nothing could be built but temporary camps or shack towns. Few laborers who choose the logging industry can ever expect to live in a permanent house. Family life, therefore, is impossible to the majority of employes in the industry. “Here again is a source of national weakness. Na- tional interests demand care of the laborer. ‘The human product of the timber land is, as the history of our Revo- lutionary and Civil Wars teaches us, one of the most important assets in our national life. During our Civil War the Southern Confederacy was ‘practically cut in two by the wedge of loyal mountaineers from the Appa- lachian chain,’ and they startled the nation on the scene of this war by sending 180,000 of their riflemen into the The mountain men, saved Union Army. unassisted, ‘Extracts from the report of the Forestry Committee of the National Conservation Congress which met in Washington in May. 341 AMERICAN North and South Carolina and Georgia during the Revo- lutionary War and paved the way for the final surrender at Yorktown by their victory at Kings Mountain. It was the woodsmen of Tennessee that saved the day for Jackson at New Orleans in the war of 1812. It was the lumber camps of Pennsylvania that formed the first rifle regiment—the famous ‘Bucktails.. It was the taineers of New Hampshire who prevented the escape of Burgoyne at Saratoga, and it was in response to Ethan Allen’s emphatic demand that Ticonderoga surrendered to the ‘Green Mountain Boys.’ “The transient character of our lumber industry when not followed by agriculture has produced another source As the timber has been cut in such regions the population has moved away and the moun- of national weakness. congestion in and near the cities has been growing. “The Pacific Coast and the Northwest, to which the center of lumber production is now being transferred, is the last field in this country where the timber supply is plentiful and will afford opportunities, at the present rate of cutting, for lumbering operations during the next 40 or 50 years. The bulk of the private timber holdings in this region is in the hands of a compara- tively small number of companies. Since the carrying charges, such as taxes, fire protection and interest on the investment, are rapidly accumulating, while the lumber prices remain practically stationary, the holding of the properties, even for a period of 40 or 50 years during which they can be cut out, becomes a heavier burden Within the last few years the country has been brought face to face every year to many of the stumpage owners. with a most significant economic fact—that the devel- opment of the timber resources, so vital to the economic and social life of the nation, proves to be a rather unprofitable business when it is handled by private in- dividuals. Instead of being a source of permanent reve- nue and stability to the nation, it is full of uncertainty, hazard, and financial loss. Such a situation from the standpoint of national efficiency cannot be considered other than a case of weakness which calls for careful con- sideration and adjustment. REGULATING FLOW OF WATER SAS LD, which the country is suffering because of the from wwiese material disadvantages from present system of utilizing our timber resources there is another effect which is equally vital as the and that is the effect which the indiscriminate cutting of the mountain forests In America in its continuous forest cover, material resources themselves, has upon our rivers and streams. state the especially on the mountain slopes, acted as a stream regulator. ‘To make this regulation complete and attain still more equal distribution of river flow, artificial stor- The forest cover needed aboriginal largely age reservoirs were needed. to be supplemented. “What has happened, however, is that the forest cover, instead of being supplemented was, over a large portion FORESTRY of the country, depleted and thus on many strategic watersheds our natural storage reservoirs have been ren- dered less effective and the efficiency of other still un- touched watersheds menaced. In consequence, an over- whelming portion of our national physical power runs wild in floods and is thus used up in rendering further desolation. ‘The sources of much of our national energy have been weakened—not by a thirty years’ war—but by a thirty years and more of state and national neglect. “The mountain forests of the West are still further They are an important factor in supplying water for the fif- teen and one-half million acres of lands now irrigated in the United States, with their annual crop production of 277 million dollars, and they will be needed more and indispensable in the irrigation of our arid land. more if the irrigated area is to increase in the future. To forests, then, hardly less than to the water itself, is due the fact that Colorado, once thought to be practically worthless for agriculture, now grows crops that exceed its mineral production; that the once arid wastes of Arizona and New Mexico now vie in productivity with the humid regions of Indiana; and that the famous orange lands of Southern California are now one whit more useful than the dreary expanses of the Mojave Desert. “A country depleted of her forests with a soil exposed to erosion or to the blowing by the wind, with alternate floods and drought, with rivers rendered unnavigable, with people losing the admirable traits which come from constant contact with nature; in a word, a nation which cannot husband its own wonderful resources and save them from destruction and devastation, is not an effi- cient nation and does not possess the essential elements of resistance which are needed during a great crisis. WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE HE majority of the American people have now come to recognize these facts as fundamental, and a change is gradually coming over our There is a growing feeling that individual initia- tive alone is powerless to bring about the permanency and the proper development of our forest resources which As there have come now into land. are basic to our national efficiency and strength. a result of this awakening, existence the National Forests, which have been created from the forest lands These in the western mountain regions. The National Forests include also the south coast forests of Alaska and several forests in the Lake States, in Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Florida, and a small area in Porto Rico. Not only have National Forests been estab- lished out of the public domain, but under an Act of Congress in 1911 eight million dollars have been made on the public domain. lands are located chiefly available for acquiring by purchase forest lands at the headwaters of navigable rivers. Under this law there have already been acquired or contracted for nearly one and one-third million acres in the White Moun- tains of New Hampshire and in the southern Appala- OUR FORESTS IN TIME OF WAR chian Mountains. There are today 155 National Forest units in addition to the new forests now being ac- quired by purchase. 162,773,280 acres of land. These public holdings include Excluding Alaska, the Na- tional Forests comprise about 30 per cent of the public land, the balance being chiefly grazing lands; there are still, however, several million acres of forest land that should be added to the National Forests. The National Forests of Alaska occupy about 7 per cent of the pub- licly owned land in the territory. In addition to Na- tional Forests, there are 14 National Parks, occupying 4,481,606 acres, areas of exceptional scenic features set aside and administered for the recreation, exclusive purpose of “Tn addition to the Federal Government, several of the more progressive states have now acquired forest land and established state forests similar to the National Forests. New York has a state forest of a million and a half acres, Pennsylvania has an aggregate of more than one million acres. The aggregate area of state forests amounts to upwards of three and one-half mil- lion acres. The movement for building up state for- ests will grow and result in a very considerable increase of forest land owned and controlled by the public. In addition to acquiring land, many of the states are making effective progress in the direction of safeguarding the forests against fire, the first step in forest conservation, No less than 20 states have made some appropriation for fire protection work. Furthermore, private owners in many states, particularly in the Lake States and the Pacific Northwest, have organized for forest fire pro- tection and have given the states an active and valuable cooperation. The annual loss by fire, which has been the scourge of our forests in the past, is thus being grad- ually reduced. There are still probably about 125 mil- lion acres of private timber lands which, because of their location either on critical watersheds or on soil which, if deprived of the forest cover, may become a menace to the public interests, should be protected and made a productive asset to the nation. “The mountainous portions of all watersheds should be protected. About 70 per cent of the mountain land of the United States is, or should be, in forest—the re- mainder being largely grazing land. Forest operations and grazing on these portions intimately affect stream- flow and so all mountain land, whether forest, grassland or other, should be under some form of public regulation. “There are about 260 million acres of mountain land in the United States, or 14 per cent of the total land area. ‘Twenty million acres of this are on the Atlantic Coast drainage; 60 million on the Mississippi drainage— east and west; and 180 million on the remaining far- western watersheds. Half of the mountain land is now owned by the nation, almost all of this being contained in the National Forests of the Rocky Mountain, Sierra and Cascade ranges. ‘The National and State Forests con- tain over 60 per cent (about 130 million acres) of the mountain lands in this western region; but they con- tain less than 10 per cent (about 4 million acres) of the 343 important Appalachian and Atlantic watersheds. Hence nearly 40 per cent of the far-western mountain land is privately owned, and over 90 per cent of the eastern mountains. A small part of these private holdings can be bought by the nation or states and added to the pub- licly-owned forests, but all forest and grazing operations on the rest of these lands, if they are to serve their national purpose, must be conducted under some form of public regulation. ESSENTIALS FOR PREPAREDNESS oc T is essential, therefore, that the existing National Forests should not only be maintained and the necessary machinery for their protection and man- agement fully provided, but their area should be ex- tended; in the Appalachian region by purchase and in the western forests by consolidation and extension, wherever possible, through the exchange of timber for privately cut-over land and inclusion of the remaining timbered domain. This should become the recognized policy of the Government. ef “The most wealthy and progressive states should set the example of acquiring for permanent forest purposes land which is unfit for agricultural use, particularly that to which title is surrendered for nonpayment of taxes. The acquisition of timber lands by municipalities, also by corporations of long life and semi-public nature which may be interested in the holding and management of such timber lands for financial reasons and which at the same time would guarantee their perpetuation, should be encouraged. In the case of municipalities in particu- lar, the communal forests may be utilized not merely as a source of revenue to the city or village but serve as a recreation ground for its population and as a means of giving employment in the time of industrial depression. “The proper development and protection of our forest resources could be made to help to solve, at least to some extent, the problem of unemployment and in this way alleviate a great social evil. It is of vital economic importance that the timber resources of a country should be handled in such a manner as to provide continuous and permanent work for a large number of people away from the industrial centers. The unrestricted exploita- tion of timber resources by private initiative gradually reduces the opportunity for employment of labor on land. Such labor then naturally drifts to the cities and aggravates the labor situation. It should then be the policy of the Government, states, and municipalities, to maintain and develop the forest resources under their control and adopt such constructive measures as may tend to stabilize the condition in the lumber industry, and in this way keep as many people as possible permanently employed on the land itself. In big cities in which unem- ployment during the winter months is now almost a chronic condition, a municipal forest of several thou- sand acres could absorb at least a part of those unem- ployed who have had experience in the woods or on the farm and would tend to relieve the situation. A NATIONAL, CONSTRUCTION RESERVE ce HIS brings up another possibility which deserves careful consideration, namely, the use of the organizations charged with large conservation undertakings such as forestry and use and control of water, in the actual defense of the country in the time of need. It has been suggested that the system for national defense in the United States should embrace a national construction reserve organization primarily to fight nature’s forces. Such a reserve enlisted in the name of constructive human advancement will provide the best school for the development of true patriotism and knit this nation more closely together in one common purpose. Whatever merit such plan may have, efficient national and state forest organization may be counted upon to furnish splendid material for such national re- serves. They could be used as an adjunct to the military forces in mountainous and forest regions. ‘Their intimate knowledge of the country and its scanty population, their ability to construct trails, bridges, telephone lines and signals and act as scouts and patrols will make them invaluable in local operations. “In addition there is now a large body of technically trained foresters in this country who, because of their intimate knowledge of forest utilization, can contribute in a large measure to the most advantageous use of the forest resources now available, discover new uses, and find new fields for wood where possibly some other more valuable material has been used before. The services of such a profession, which is comparatively new and is inspired with the desire to serve the country, are bound to bring about more efficient use of our forest resources and add strength to the nation. “Tt is not enough for as large a continent as the United States to have a great portion of its land under timber. It is also essential that this forest area should be as equally distributed as the soil and climatic conditions permit. In the older countries of Europe with a dense population it has been found that it is inadvisable in any locality to reduce the area under forest to less than a quarter of the total land area. In this country there are probably states where it will be advisable to maintain the greatest part of the land under forest cover as the most suitable and profitable crop. ‘There are other states, like our prairie states, where, because of the high agricul- tural value of the soil and climatic conditions, the area under forest need not be very large. In most states which originally were largely timbered and which because of the large area of nonagricultural land there should be maintained a fairly large area permanently under grow- ing timber crops. Wherever there is a question of the use of land for the production of agricultural crops or production of timber crops, the land if it is suitable at all for farming should be devoted to the production of agricultural crops; but land which is not suitable for agriculture should always be maintained under timber crops. Such balance between agricultural and forest land AMERICAN FORESTRY will prove most advantageous to both agriculture and forestry. “In a word, what is needed, as far as forest resources are concerned, in this country to make it truly efficient and strong is to place the utilization of these resources upon a permanent basis. Wherever forests exist on non- agricultural land they should be handled so as to be both a source of permanent employment and ever-increas- And if national efficiency and strength mean anything more than a decorative phrase ing national wealth. all those having the best interest of the nation at heart will work to bring about the permanency of the forest industry in the United States.” The committee said in conclusion: “Recognizing what can be done and what has already been accomplished in the conservation of American for- ests, we as a committee of this Congress stand firmly behind the great constructive work of the National Forest Service and the Forestry Departments of the several states. We believe that the progress of forestry is inti- mately dependent upon forestry research and public We, therefore, approve of the great work of the Forest Products Laboratory at Madison, Wiscon- sin, and of the forest experiment stations maintained by the nation and by the States and educational institutions. We believe that the well-organized work in forest educa- education. tion in this country assures permanent progress in Ameri- can forestry. We commend the new spirit of cooperation on the part of the lumbermen in the solution of the problem of efficient forest utilization and conservation.” PRE-REVOLUTIONARY FORESTRY VERY interesting booklet has been issued by Cornell University on pre-revolutionary forestry in America. Contrary to the general impression that American forestry is of very recent growth, it is pointed out that such first principles as the prevention of forest fires developed with the first American settle- ments. Only six years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock, the colony passed a law aimed to pre- vent the exhaustion of the local timber supply, and soon after a forest fire law was enacted, prohibiting the set- ting of forest fires or even the burning of private lands except during certain seasons. Similar laws were en- acted by the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the New Haven Settlements, the Providence Plantations, Pennsylvania, and others at about the same or even earlier dates. Some of the penalties prescribed were very curious. The law of North Carolina compelled the offender to pay a fine of 25 pounds, or, lacking this, “to receive on his bare back thirty-nine lashes, well laid-on.” Burn- ing of the woods, the law declared, is “destructive to cattle and hogs, extremely prejudicial to soil, and often- times of fatal consequences to planters and farmers, by destroying their fences and improvements.” The Yosemite National Park By Mark DANIELS Former Superintendent of National Parks ERHAPS the greatest blessing which we enjoy in the possession of our scenic reservations is their great diversity of character and the unique indi- viduality of each. It cannot be said of our National Parks that after you have seen one you have seen all of them, nor can the comparative merits of one be weighed against those of the other. In fact, it is im- possible to honestly state that one is more attractive or fascinating than another after the individuality and unique characteristics of each are understood and appre- ciated. It is fair, however, to state that the individuality of the Yosemite National Park is more quickly grasped and will frequently leave the most lasting impression in the mind of the itinerant visitor. The Yosemite National Park lies on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada and extends from the end of the foothills to the very crest of these wonderful moun- tains which John Muir has named “The Range of Light.” It was first brought to the attention of the people as an area justifying reservation when it was made a state park by the State of California. The boundaries of the state reservation, however, were just enough to enclose the Yosemite Valley itself. Perhaps this is the reason why so many consider the Yosemite Valley as consti- tuting all of the National Park instead of its being only, in area, a very small fraction of the reservation, or it may be possible that the innumerable wonders and-mar- vels of the Valley itself hold the visitor in silent con- LAKE MERCED AND TRAIL Lake Merced lies in the bottom of the Merced Canyon, a few miles above the upper end of the Little Yosemite. the Desmond Park Service will be built in the vicinity of this lake, within a few hours’ walk from the top of Nevada Falls. Another mountain inn of 345 346 AMERICAN FORESTRY of its beauties un- til ly realizes that his allotted stay templation he sudden- 1S ati dluiae fact remains, however, that the impression generally is that nothing to the Na- tional Park other than the Valley itself. The Yosem- ite National Park readily sible than most the others, being there is Yosemite is more acces- of reached branch the lines of Southern by a line from main the Ravcibtace ama Santa Fe Rail- roads which traverse the great central valley of the San Joaquin. The terminal of the branch line is El Por- tal, from which the hotel on the floor of the Yosemite Val- ley is reached before the in an hour and a half by mo- tor bus. El] Portal is at an elevation of approximately two thousand feet above the sea level and is just a mile the Park The stage road or so outside boundary. the climbs follows Merced River and two thousand feet beside a roaring cascade to the floor of the Yosemite Valley. From El Portal to the floor of the Valley is but ten miles and in this distance River drops through a dif- the entire Merced ference in elevation of nearly ONE OF canyon et 0 0 at tt 0 np a to 0 ge 0 SS breeze Mirror Lake is the Morning Mecca of the tourist in the valley. is astir, its placid surface is a mirr¢ MIRROR LAKE, YOSEMITE By E. Diruripce Before the sun has climbed the rocky wall Or yet the woodland day is well begun, Perfect the mirror lies, revealing all, Before the sun. 0 rn Down the steep cliff the lessening shadows run, While startled echo answers when we call, And earth and mirrored image seem as one. Dimpling the lake, the fishes leap and fall; Oh, hasten ere the web of morn is spun, To gain this valley, this enchanters’ hall, Before the sun. THE MANY BEAUTY SPOTS OF THE YOSEMITE When seen in the early morning, or that joins the “clothing the palpable and familiar with the golden exhalations of the dawn.” 282 — 9 — > ee ee 1 tS) two thousand feet, hurling its white spray against the can- yon walls and moss- covered banks that bor- der its course to the Valley below. As the road climbs, the walls canyon become more and more precipitous, until, near the top, a distant view of the top of the great El Capitan is had from occasion- al turns in the Water- pouring road. falls over the sides of the cliffs become more numerous and impressive. The road comes out upon the floor of the Valley after crossing the river at Poho- no Bridge and swings along the southern side of the Val- ley close to the foot of Bridal rl Wan lea ills. Bt a where the tol- erant driver will stop the machine long enough to permit the enthu- siastic photographer to ex- ercise his kodak on the Falls the great El Capitan across the Valley. The floor of the Valley from this point to its head is almost level and and the drive along it, were it improved even as well as the drives in our small vil- lage parks, would be one of the most fascinating and gloriously beautiful to be had in the world. Stretches of the river flowing between Na SARDINE LAKE, This lake is on the Bioody Canyon Trail to the east of the crest about glaciers in the neighborhood whose waters mingle with the little stream from an automobile can be driven to within a few miles of this spot seems incredible. that grassy banks and meadows are visible here and there. The shadows of cliffs half a mile high are thrown like patrician gules across the golden green of the meadows and the tawny road. At the head of the Valley, for- ever dominating the entire gorge with its dignified and imposing sculpture, the great Half Dome rises to a height four thousand feet above the floor of the Valley. On the south side opposite the hotel, the Sentinel Rock seems to have been set on a cross-axis as an opposing feature to the half-mile-high Yosemite Falls on north. the In the early part of the season, say in June, the roar of the river as it drops in three leaps through exactly one-half mile of vertical distance, will set the windows of the old frame hotel a half-mile across the Valley rattling like castanets. The contrast between the where waterfalls and cascades abound, and the dessicat- ing dryness of the Cliff Dwellings in Mesa Verde Na- tional Park is an excellent example of the extremes that With the unlimited amount of water, it naturally follows that all conditions in this Park, are encountered in our scenic reservations. YOSEMITE PARK two miles from the eastern border of the park. There are several Sardine Lake in the salt waters of Lake Mono. The fact verdure is growing in superabundance. As a result, it is my opinion that the most striking characteristic of the Yosemite is the profusion and lavishness with which nature has planted and built. Some people contend that Yosemite means Big Bear and others have their own preferred interpretation, but whatever it may mean when literally translated, the many months I have spent there have inalienably associated it in my mind with Abun- dance. ‘The Valley in the early summer, wtih its roar- ing waterfalls, the beautiful Merced River nearly over- flowing its banks, the fields of azaleas, the wildflowers, the blossoming dogwood and the golden green meadows brings nothing to my mind so strongly as the thought that here is nature’s cornucopia. Mr. Muir tells us that while the whites have named the Valley “Yosemite,” it is still, as ever, in the mind of the Indian “Ahwahnee.” It is a pity that we did not cling to the Indian name and it is to be regretted that one by one the musical Indian names are being supplanted by the harsher English ones. I wonder how long it will be before Pohono will be a forgotten word and a new 347 348 AMERICAN bridge in the location of the present named ‘“Smith’s Bridge.” How long will it be before that glorious can- yon named after the great Chief Tenaya will be called “Brown’s Fork? Photograph by Mark Daniels. AWE INSPIRING IF NOT BEAUTIFUL Isberg Pass presents a cold and sinister front. It is pervaded with an atmosphere of desolation that fills the traveler with trepidation, dis- courages small talk and stifles any budding inclination to levity. FORESTRY identical with the scenery of the Whitney country, the difference being a more plentiful supply of snow and water and a little less impressive height. The trails are so arranged and constructed as to make certain circuit trips quite practical. The visitor may choose a one, two, three or four-day trip and so on up to twenty days. There is the trip to the Hetch Hetchy Valley going over by the Yosemite Falls trail and return- ing by the road. There is the circuit that runs out from the Valley along the Tuolumne Canyon and back by Tenaya Lake and there are a dozen others, but the one that is most interesting to me is the circuit that takes you out of the southeast corner of the Park and back It cannot be said that this is more beautiful than many of the other circuits, by Merced and Washburn Lake. but there is a wonderful diversity of scenery along the trails interspersed with occasional stretches of soft and comparatively level trail through the meadows and great forests. The circuit begins with the trail up to Glacier Point, from whence one of the finest views of the Valley may be had, providing the observer is so fortunate as not Even if such a misfortune might close one’s eyes temporarily, there is plenty of snow water which, added to sooth- ing lotions that may be purchased at the little store on to be in the rear of several dust-kicking horses. the top of the point, will adequately serve to restore clear vision. From Glacier Point the trail follows along Ililouette Creek to its junction with Buena Vista Creek. From this point a new trail has been built along Buena Vista Creek past unnamed lakes, over the summit of Buena Vista Crest to join the old Moraine Meadow Trail. of shade. The entire trip on this new trail is a succession wonderful views, beautiful lakes and cool forest Until recently a more or less unhappy state of affairs has existed in the Yosemite National Park. There has been a superabundance of that class of competition which ruins service. In their efforts to satisfy the demands of their constituents, those with authority have granted permits with a lavish hand, excusing their ac- tions with the statement that this was compe- tition. As a result, there has been little or no service until recent years, and as to getting out into the Park and climbing to the high levels, such a thing was only for the man whose wealth placed the necessary pack train, horse wrangler, cook, etc., at his disposal. As to service stations in the Park outside the limits of the Yosemite Valley, that cherished competition which broke down all possibilities of a living profit made such a thing entirely out of the question. Yet there are in this vast park five hundred and ninety miles of trails and circuit after circuit c of the most beautiful scenery that can be had in these United States. It is of course almost Photograph by Mark Daniels. HOW THE TOURISTS TRAVEL Approaching Fernando Pass is like playing hide and seek with a phantom, for each turn shows the pass apparently as far away as it seemed to be from the last. The pass is at an elevation of 10,175 feet above the sea. THE YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK The ordinary traveler will not be able to reach Buena Vista Crest on the first day, providing his trip has been prompted by a love of scenery, and a camp of unusual charm may be found in any one of several meadows along Buena Vista Creek. stopping before reaching Buena Vista Crest is the glory An additional advantage in 349 frog jump in comparison to the greater heights that must be scaled in order to get out of the Yosemite Valley. more open and interesting so that the ascent is made In addition to this, the view along the trail is with comparative ease. On arrival at the summit, the minarettes and the Photograph by Boysen, Yosemite. the near future, a mountain inn on the shore of the lake and will valley to the lake and the snow-capped peaks beyond. of an early arrival at the summit of the ridge from whence the Valley of the Ililouette and the peaks to the east of the Yosemite Valley form a startling array in the early morning sun. There is nothing really difficult after Glacier Point is The trail to the Pass leads through some rather rocky coun- left, until the ascent to Fernandez Pass is begun. try and skirts the northern side of the glacial cirque which holds Breeze Lake cupped in the hollow of its granite walls. From the the trail that gives a view of Breeze Lake, the way steepens and the going becomes less and less easy. The total ascent from Moraine Meadows, which is generally made the second night’s camp out, to Fer- nandez Pass, is only about fifteen hundred feet, a mere last turn in LAKE TENAYA IN YOSEMITE PARK This lake is about half-way from the Yosemite Valley to the summit of the Sierra Nevada operate a line of No longer shall this exquisitely beautiful lake be a hidden gem of the Sierras. The Desmond Park Service Company will build, in auto stages from the new hotel on the floor of the Ritter group burst on the view with startling sudden- ness. ‘This group of saw-tooth peaks is the finest to be had in the northern Sierra and was at one time con- tained within the boundaries of the Yosemite National Park. ommendation of some official whose knowledge of snow- The Government, however, no doubt on the rec- clad peaks was born of long experience in the fastnesses of Long Island, saw fit to eliminate a great area to the southwest of the Yosemite National Park which contained not only the Ritter group but hundreds of lakes and unusual examples of volcanic formation. As a result of this action, the trail after crossing Fernandez Pass is outside the present boundaries of the Park until it again crosses the line at Isberg Pass. The trail, of course, cannot be kept up with the same care that National 350 Park trails do, or should, receive, and here and there, between these two places it is rather indistinctly marked. The passage from Fernandez Pass, down to the ravine below, is perhaps the most difficult and terrifying portion of the entire circuit, but it is not in any way dangerous. After reaching the headwaters of the Granite Creek, AMERICAN FORESTRY home is near at hand that warms the heart and steadies the shaking knees of him who recognizes Red Peak, Gray Peak and Mt. Clark silhouetted against the western sky. ‘These peaks were on the east for the first day out, and te find them again, this time to the west, makes one feel the character of the scenery changes mate- tor anlilives Inhite tara! through forest leads cover and over more or less rolling country until it begins the ascent of Isberg Pass on its way into the Park again. The Indians once had a pic- turesque name for Isberg the committee on but Pass, names saw fit to change it to Isberg. Would that they might in their fran- tic efforts to change names revert to some- thing more in keeping with the dignity of lofty places! From the base of the pre- cipitous —_por- tion of the slope, leading to the Pass, to west fork of that they are a sort of anchor to the windward. The view from Isberg Pass is one of the finest to be had in the Park, for from this ridge the minarettes and Ritter group are prominent to “the while Gray east, Peak and Red Peak cast their long afternoon shadows almost at the foot of the ridge over which the trail palsisiesue Lelie descent from Isberg Pass is not at all ardu- bly, del ie O)sanl the summit to the small pla- teau at the foot of the ridge Ela orgiall ae in decomposed granite and earth almost throughout. As a matter of fact, from Is- berg Pass back THE YOSEMITE The camp lies at the foot of the falls, cooled by the breezes created by the half mile of falling water. The camp is operated by the Desmond Park Service Company to the floor of the Yosemite Valley, with FALLS CAMP under the direction of the Secretary = a of the Interior, and offers, for the first time in the history of our National Parks, that degree s Be ES S| the top there of privacy in camping life which is so essential to comfort. The enthusiastic approval with which the exception is little or no the establishment of this camp, where real service is rendered, has been greeted by the public, of one or two foliage and for the last thousand feet of the climb boulders. The marked and rather difficult to keep on. of the fact that it would be practically impossible to there is nothing visible except great trail is poorly The knowledge cross the summit at any other point than at the Pass is not particularly encouraging even though one is repeat- edly told that if upward progress is continued the Pass All thoughts of safety and the the curiously desolate and abandoned aspect that pervades must eventually be found. security seem to be driven from mind by the entire scene surrounding Isberg Pass. It is with a sigh of relief, therefore, and a feeling that should be a source of real satisfaction to the Secretary short There is a steep pitch into the Lyell Fork Canyon of the Merced but the trail is very good. passes, the trail is surprisingly easy going. Just before reaching Lyell Fork, there is a promontory to the left of the train which overhangs the upper basin of the Merced, in which is Washburn Lake. The prom- ontory is almost half a mile above the Lake below and from it a view down the Canyon of the Merced shows Washburn Lake in the foreground with a tip of Merced Lake visible in the distance. If there are any views in the Sierra which I would travel fifty miles on horse to wit- ness, this is certainly one of them THE YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK 351 From the Lyell Fork on to the floor of the Canyon of the Merced River, the trail is well built and easily negotiated. It reaches the River at the Junction with the McClure Fork, at which point the trail forks, one branch leading to the Yosemite Valley and the other leading a few miles up the river to Washburn Lake. If fishing grounds are one of the objectives, the Washburn Lake Fork is by all means worth taking. The Lake lies in the bottom of a great granite canyon protected from nearly all winds so that its smooth sur- The banks are sufficiently free of growth in places to make face looks like the polished facet of a sapphire. fishing, even for the amateur, a delight by obviating the necessity of climbing trees to release vagrant fish hooks. The trip down the Merced Canyon passes along Merced Lake, another and larger sheet of water, climbs the shoulder of the upper end of the Little Yosemite Valley, skirts the base of the towering tops of Cloud’s Rest and Half Dome and enters the Valley by the way of Nevada and Vernal Falls, alongside which the trail drops through an altitude of over two thousand feet in about a mile and a half. way of Tenaya Lake. If a fifteen or twenty-day trip is wanted, there is the northeastern corner of the Park and the Tiltill Mountain district away to the north of the grand canyon of the Tuolumne and the Hetch Hetchy Valley, where few people ever go. And there is the circuit that skirts the upper rim of the grand Tuolumne Canyon, the easy trip either by motor or horseback to the Hetch Hetchy Valley, the motor or saddle-horse trip to the almost Mariposa Grove o xiao ‘Trees and Mariy ( i Teits innumerable others. Photograph by Mark Daniels. CANYON The view across the upper reaches of the canyon shows Mt. Clark, Gray MERCED RIVER Peak and Red Peak towering between three and four thousand feet above the river. While they are not as high as the peaks of the main ridge, they present a most imposing spectacle from the east side of the canyon. This circuit, properly taken, should occupy from six to eight days in order that the scenery along the route may be properly appreciated and when it is realized that after such a trip only a very small portion of the Park indeed has been seen, some conception of the magni- tude of the area of the Yosemite National Park can be obtained. In addition to this trip, there is the circuit which leads one over the Tuolumne Pass down into the Lyell Fork of the Tuolumne River, with a side trip to the Mt. Lyell Glaciers and back to the Valley by the Photograph by Mark Daniels TWO FAIR TOURISTS An unnamed lake at the foot of Buena Vista crest. Fortunately some of the beauties of this park have escaped the fate in names that befell “Rafferty Peak’? and ‘“Isberg Pass.” What the future holds is a matter of conjecture The fact, however, that these trips necessitate the employment of a pack train, cook and horse wranglers makes their cost prohibitive to many. As a result, only an extremely small percentage of those whose foot- steps lead them to the Yosemite National Park ever see much more of the Park than the Yosemite Valley itself. This condition of affairs has really been tantamount to making two parks out of the Yosemite National Park, one for the poor people, which is the Valley itself, and the great hinterland of the Park, which is only for those whose purses are well lined. The concessionaires, until recently, have taken full advantage of this state of affairs, and have dictated not only to the tourist, but to the Government, as to who, when and how they would take tourists into the remote regions of the Park. ‘There being no one in Washington who was thoroughly familiar with conditions, it was a simple matter for the conces- sionaires to make plausible excuses for lack of service, and combinations were made amongst concessionaires to the end that one should perform a service in one district and another in another. Two years ago Secretary Lane took it upon himself to investigate conditions and determine whether or not something practical could be done in the way of open- 352 AMERICAN ing up this vast area in which there is much more scenery condensed in the space of three-quarters of a million acres than there is in all Switzerland. There had been in the Valley so many concessionaires striving for the patronage of almost each tourist as he came into the Valley, that conditions were rapidly be- coming so obnoxious as to discourage travel. In addi- tion to this, there were in certain instances two or three times as many concessionaires as the revenue could sup- port. Without entering into details it is sufficient to state that eventually a concession was granted to the Des- mond Park Service Company which calls for the operation of a motor transportation line over the Tioga Road, Photograph by Mark Daniels. THRIVING THE The wonderful trees of the region give evidence of the fact that strength and sturdiness are frequently the result of overcoming obstacles. The mountains are granite and the fact that trees can find nourish- ment is a never-ending source of wonder. GROWING AND AMID GRANITE traversing the Park in an easterly and westerly direc- tion, approximately in the center of the reservation. ‘This company will, in addition to the operation of trans- portation by motor bus over the roads in the Park, establish a chain of mountain inns to be built along the lines of the various circuits in the Park so that in the course of several years it will be possible for a tourist to take these circuit trips on foot or mounted on the hurricane deck of a trusty mule carrying with him noth- ing more than the proverbial tooth brush and kodak. The Park Service Company will also build a large hotel which they will operate in addition to the camps now es- tablished on the floor of the Valley, to the end that all FORESTRY classes of those whose love of scenery and nature leads them to this glorious Park, shall find it within their means to enjoy the glories thereof. to the Yosemite National Park as a heritage that the time has It seems incredible those who cherish at last come when real service with a capital S is going to be rendered to all comers regardless of their financial status or the degree of their intimacy with either mem- bers of Congress or active concessionaires. Think of the possibility of a sojourn in the Yosemite National Park, driving from one mountain inn to another, each only a few hours’ walk from the other, with no thought of hobbled horses or spoiling provisions and marking the days of the calendar with notches in the Such is the dream that Secretary Lane and his assistant, Mr. Stephen T. Mather, have bark of a walking stick. undertaken to bring into realization in the Yosemite National Park and, with the great problem of select- ing the right man to carry on the work properly solved, their task seems to be in a fair way of eventual solution. VERNAL FALLS, YOSEMITE By E. DirHripcE “T will open rivers in high places and fountains in the midst of the valleys. Beautiful! Dost know how I love thee? Others have gazed on thy beauty and gone their way; 1 worship the rainbow that hovers and bends above thee, I bathe my face in the cool of thy drifting spray. Here is the isle thou hast kept for the traveler weary, and sheltered from sun and dust; Here would I rest for an hour, who love and fear thee, Safe and shaded, Learning thy secret of strength and unfaltering trust. There is no sound in my ears but the voice of thy thunder, Hymning an anthem of confident faith and praise, There is no thought in my heart but a reverent wonder, A joy that is pain, and a knowledge of God as I gaze. Here is the place that the ages have treasured holy, Here is the haven that waits when the height is won, Far from the crowd, where the worshiper wanders slowly, Loath to leave thee and go at the set of sun. Beautiful! Dost know how I love thee? Soon, too soon must thy beauty be left behind ; Still shall I dream of the rainbow that floats above thee And hear thy call in the voice of the winter wind. PREMIUMS FOR MEMBERS If readers of AMERICAN FORESTRY will look beneath the table of contents in this issue they will see an attractive offer made to those who wish to aid the Association by helping to secure new members. LH | I | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | l l | I | I l The Conservation Congress and National Forest Conservation N passing the resolution on public lands, the Sixth National Conservation Congress at its Washington conference intentionally or otherwise, placed itself on record as diametrically opposed to the policy of National Forests, and in favor of their dissolution. The resolution reads: “The established traditional and sound policy of the United States with respect to the disposition of its unappropriated public lands is opposed to the mak- ing of a direct revenue thereby, beyond the expense incident to the surveying, classification and disposing of such lands; on the contrary, said policy is intended to encourage and promote the settlement and develop- ment thereof; and any act of Congress, or any ad- ministration construction thereof which is not in har- mony with this policy does an injustice to the new states by placing them on an unequal footing with the original states, and by preventing the settlement of such new states and the development of their resources.” It is needless to point out that since 1891 it has been the “traditional” policy of the United States to retain permanently as public domain forest lands more suitable for forestry and watershed protection than for agriculture or mining, and that six successive presidents have set the seal of their approval upon this policy by withdrawing, under proclamation, and not by act of Congress, a total of 160 million acres of such lands. The law of 1891 authorized “the making of a direct revenue thereby” in providing for the sale of timber and other resources. “Admin- istration construction” of this law inaugurated the custom of charging grazing fees to National Forests, by which it became possible to regulate the use of this resource. This construction, which the resolu- tion condemns as “opposed to the traditional and sound policy of the United States,” was upheld by a decision of the Supreme Court in two separate in- stances and is as much a part of our public land recent has, (9) policy as the Homestead Law itself. By stating that this * discourages and prevents settlement in these states, the policy” resolution conveys the impression that agricultural lands are being withheld from set- tlement by these reserves, wnile in fact, the policy of the government is to list for settlement every acre of true agricultural soil lying within the reserves, as fast as it can be examined and classified as such. “Retardation of development of resources” is equally misleading. meant? Not forest grazing, which is developed on more favorable terms to the stockman than could be secured from states or individuals; not agriculture, for agricultural lands are never retained; not mining, for mining claims can be located on any public land inside or outside of National Forests. Not even timber, as lumbermen can buy National Forest timber on terms so liberal that there is a tendency on the part of some other owners of forest lands to.complain of unfair compe- tition in sale of National Forest stumpage. Perhaps waterpower is meant, and the entire purpose of this resolution is to create the thought that the Govern- ment should not retain title to waterpower sites nor charge anything for the use of such sites on terms both fair to the public and the capital to be invested for fear of blocking the development of the resource. But if this is the real meaning of the resolution. it has not been clearly expressed. As it stands this resolution places the Washing- ton conference of the Conservation Congress on rec- ord as repudiating the National Forests and conser- vation policy of six successive administrations, a policy firmly rooted in the institutions of the West and of the entire nation. Such action will not receive the support of the public and will go far to discredit the National Conservation Congress as a means of expressing popular thought and public policy on national conservation. What resource is Cartes LatHrop PAck. SA Ce SpE D BACALL ae gee w On w 0 The Bird Department By A. A. ALLEN, PH.D. Assistant Professor of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. THe sNESPING OF THE BIRDS NYONE who examines the beautifully woven nest of the oriole, or inspects the tiny lichen-covered home of the humming-bird, or even watches the robin plastering his rough abode, must wonder at the skill No shuttle is necessary to tie the knots that fasten the oriole’s with which the coarse material is so neatly arranged. nest to the branch, no loom to weave the bag that must NEST AND EGGS OF THE KILDEER evolution of a no lining. Showing what is perhaps the first stage in the simple depression in the gravel, with nest, a hold the growing family. Very deftly the bird’s bill plys in and out and fashions a nest that might well defy the skill of man to imitate. Why do birds build such elaborate structures? How do they come by such ingenuity? What is the meaning of the many kinds of nests built by different birds and how has it all come about? Nest building is not restricted to birds, not even to the higher animals, for many insects make quite elaborate structures for protecting their eggs. The strange nests of many ants and bees and the care that is bestowed upon the eggs and young are in many respects much more wonderful than the structures built by birds and the attention given to their offspring. With the vertebrate animals, we find true nest-builders among the fishes. ‘There are many species of bass and catfish which deposit their eggs in shallow depressions in the lake bottom and remain to guard them and protect 354 the streams build young. The little sticklebacks of our ponds and real nests of leaves and stems of water plants and fasten them into the aquatic vegetation like But it is from none of these that the We must look to the reptiles for its origin because it is from the nests of birds. birds have developed or acquired the nesting habit. lizard-like creatures that the birds have sprung. The earliest known creature which we can recognize as a bird was found in the lithographic stone of Bavaria im 1861 and is called the archaeopteryx or ancient bird. The chief differences between it and the bird as we know it today is the presence of teeth upon its jaws, a long lizard-like tail bearing feathers upon each side, and three free fingers upon each wing, showing that it climbed about the trees in addition to sailing from one to another. Whether it was a cold-blooded or a warm-blooded animal, we are unable, of course, to determine, but 1t was prob- AS IN THE EARLY BIRD DAYS The nest and eggs of the green heron, a crude platform of sticks repre- sentative of the earliest tree nesters. ably intermediate, having a body temperature above that of its environment but subject to variation. Its nesting habits were probably but little more advanced than those of reptiles today which deposit their eggs in the sand, in decaying vegetation or in holes of trees and leave them for the heat of the sun to hatch. In fact it was not until birds became truly warm-blooded creatures, with the THE BIRD DEPARTMENT 595 necessity for keeping the body heat at a fairly constant temperature that the need of incubation arose. The heat of the sun or the decaying vegetation proved too in- constant to satisfy this requirement of the embryo and sa it became necessary that the heat should be supplied by the body of the parent bird. The birds then ceased burying their eggs and began laying them in places where they would comfortably sit upon them. Those that had been laying them in holes in trees perhaps con- tinued to do so and their descendents still do today so that we find all of the woodpeckers, the rollers, the bar- the still The saw dust or soft wood at bets, the toucans, the hornbills and trogons nesting in holes in trees. the bottom of the cavity has served as a nest and, even today, no nest is built at the bottom of the hole by these birds. ‘The same is true of the kingfishers and_ bee- eaters and some of their allies which make burrows in Birds like the chicadees, nut- hatches, that build nests at the bottom of the cavities have probably come the banks of streams. wrens and bluebirds well-formed back or reverted to a hole-nesting habit and are de- scended from birds that nested among the branches of trees. The descendants of those birds which scratched holes in the ground and buried their eggs, when the time came that 1t was necessary to incubate, met with more difficul- ties than the hole-nesters. There storms and floods to combat, the coldness of the ground, and nu- were EGGS OF ANSUD This bird builds no nest whatsoever, laying its eggs on the leaves of the WHIP-POOR-WILL forest floor with apparently little concern for location. merous terrestrial enemies. The various ways in which the different species of birds adapted themselves has given rise to the many types of nests which we find today serving as receptacles for holding the eggs and young and giving protection to them and to the incubating bird. A consideration of the resulting structures proves a most interesting subject for thought and conjecture for among our present day birds we find every gradation from the ancient reptilian habit of burying the eggs to the more elaborate affairs we first mentioned. Among the brush turkeys and mound birds of Aus- tralia and the South Sea Islands, for example, we still find birds which come down from the forests to the ocean beaches at the breeding season and scratch holes in the warm sand in which they deposit their eggs and after of the sun to develop; just as their relatives, the great sea covering them, leave them entirely to the heat turtles, migrate from the sea to the same beaches to deposit their eggs. The Egyptian plover and the os- trich are likewise said to cover their eggs with sand and leave them for long intervals to the heat of the sun. The regular practice of the ostrich, however, is to incu- bate much like other birds, the female taking her turn during the day and the male at night. The Australian SOMEWHAT OF A CARPENTER Nest and eggs of the catbird, built of sticks, but well lined with rootlets mound birds scratch together huge mounds of earth, leaves, and decaying vegetation of all kinds in which to fact young of these birds is that they are said to hatch in a lay their eggs. A curious in connection with the much more advanced stage than any other birds, acquir- ing feathers while still in the egg and being able to care for themselves and even to fly almost as soon as they have dug their way out of the mounds, and like young reptiles, it is probable that they never see their parents. The number of birds which have advanced but a step further and, although they practice true incubation, build no nest at all or at least very crude affairs on the ground, is still quite large and varied in its relationships. Among our familiar birds the nighthawk and whip-poor-will make no pretense at a nest, laying their eggs upon the bare gravel or upon the Jeaves of the forest floor with The habit of building no nest is true of many of the sea birds apparently little concern for the location. same AMERICAN 356 such as the auks, murres and guillemots which nest upon cliffs and rocky islands. These birds lay but a single egg which is pointed at one end to keep it from rolling of the ledge. The next stage in the evolution of the nest is shown by many of the terns, plovers and grouse which scratch depressions in the earth to keep the eggs from rolling and to permit of their being better covered by the parent bird, no nesting material at all being used. The sand- BUILT WITH PAPER Nest of a robin built largely from narrow strips of from the waste pile of a nearby paper factory. selected simply because it was the most aesthetic sense or desire to make the paper gleaned This material was convenient, not from an home beautiful. pipers have advanced a step further and usually line the depression with grasses, likewise the ducks which use feathers from their breasts. The bobolink and many sparrows make well-formed nests in the depressions and the and Some of the thrushes, sparrows, and warblers and many meadowlark ovenbird even roof them over. of the marsh birds, which nest upon the ground, raise the nest above the surface by a platform of leaves or other material and perhaps by so doing secure better drain- age. Probably the desirability of raising the nest from the ground into the bushes and trees was felt very early for we still find among the tree-nesters those which build very crude nests, birds in which the nesting instinct is still poorly developed. The herons, for example, build crude platforms of sticks hollowed only very slightly to keep the eggs from rolling out and so thin that the eggs can be seen from below. The nests of the mourning dove and the cuckoos show but little advancement. A few rootlets may be added but the whole affair is flimsy and crude. ‘The crows and hawks have progressed further for, although their nests are built of coarse sticks, they are always well hollowed and lined with bark and softer materials. From this stage on, the tendency is FORESTRY for the reduction of the coarse material and the increase of the lining, greater choice being exercised in the selec- tion of material and more skill evinced in building. The nest of the catbird would represent the next stage where sticks are still used in the outer layer, but the lining is neatly woven from rootlets. Straws and grasses next re- place the sticks and hairs and strips of soft bark, the coarse rootlets as in the nests of the various sparrows and many of the warblers. The use of feathers and down for a lining might be considered further progress as in the nests of the goldfinch and yellow warbler. In addition to the change from coarse to softer ma- terials there has come greater skill in fastening the nest to the branches so that it has been possible to move them further and further from the center of the bush or tree to the outer branches where they are less accessible to the many enemies. And finally we have developed the beautifully woven pendant nests of the orioles and vireos, THIS IS PARTLY DISGUISED Nest and young of the hummingbird, the nest “decorated” with lichens to make it less conspicuous. the strange nests of the Indian tailorbird, sewed into a large leaf; the wonderful balanced nests of the Indian and African weaver birds and the deep pockets of the South American cassiques, which are hung from the tip of a branch by a single strand. The so-called “ornamentation” of nests we might like- wise consider a recent development although little can be said in support of the idea that it is done from an aesthetic to make the home The nests of robins, thrushes and vireos, sense or a desire more beautiful. “decorated” with bits of paper or ribbon are the result either of the birds utilizing the material nearest at hand and therefore most convenient, or else an attempt, as in the case of the hummingbird and wood pewee where lichens are glued to the outside of the nest, to make it less conspicuous. ‘The materials selected by birds are THE BIRD DEPARTMENT always the most abundant ones in the vicinity, provided they lend themselves to the general type of nest which is characteristic of the species. ‘Thus the bobolinks and meadowlarks use grasses, the woodland birds use leaves and rootlets, and the garden birds use strings, grasses, paper, etc. If some unusual material is very abundant, (as like as not) the birds will select it. There are in- stances of a European rook building near a clock factory and using broken springs instead of twigs, of crows using the old-fashioned wire stoppers of bottles, of house wrens using clippings from the wire netting and hair pins, of wood thrushes using rags instead of leaves and robins using almost anything provided for them. The accom- panying photograph of a robin’s nest built largely of narrow strips of paper is explainable by the nearby paper factory. This gradual development of more elaborate and bet- ter constructed nests is due probably to the change from ONE OF THE Nest and eggs of the yellow warbler, built entirely of soft materials and BEST ARCHITECTURALLY representing one of the higher types of nests. the precocial to the altricial type of young that has oc- The former as in the case of the young grouse here shown are covered with down when hatched and able to run about and fol- low the parent bird so that no nest is required for their protection. The latter are hatched blind, naked and help- curred with the evolution of the species. less and for a considerable time require every protection and attention. Some species are less helpless than others and these usually build less crude nests. The young herons, for example, which are hatched in crude plat- forms of sticks, soon crawl out on the surrounding branches and would be able to survive even should the 3) nest be entirely destroyed. Young hawks, on the other hand, are helpless for nearly a month and the nest is correspondingly superior. There remains to be mentioned those birds in which the nesting instinct has become aborted, birds which never build nests of their own but depend upon other birds to hatch their eggs and raise their young. ‘The European cuckoo and the American cowbirds are the THIS TEACHES A LESSON The nest and eggs of the Florida gallinule. Here a platform of reeds raises the nest above the water of the marsh and indicates the course that may have brought birds to nesting in trees. best known of these parasites. The American cuckoos occasionally lay eggs in each other’s nests as do also some of the species of wild ducks, rails, etc., but the European bird never builds a nest of its own, depositing its egg in some convenient place and then taking it in its bill and dropping it into the nest of a hedge sparrow or other small bird. Our cowbirds lay their eggs directly into the nests of smaller birds such as the warblers, sparrows and vireos. ‘The young cowbird grows much more rapidly than the rightful young and is considerably larger from the start so that usually it gets most of the food and the other young are either starved to death or crowded from the nest. If the cowbird deposits its egg before the owner of the nest has laid any eggs, a few species of birds like the yellow warbler, redstart and vireos will build another floor over the strange egg, but seldom, if ever, is the egg thrown from the nest. Most birds, how- ever, never seem to notice the intrusion and are quite as solicitous for the young cowbird as they are for their own young. BIRD LIFE IN JUNE June is the month for nesting. Of course many species begin to nest in May, some in April, and a few in February or March, but in the north temperate zone, 358 AMERICAN June is the month when by far the largest number of It is the month when insect life abounds, when the weather is birds of all species are raising their young. mild, when storms are few, the month, by all odds, the most propitious for the birds to undertake to increase their numbers. It is a month, however, when probably the largest number of birds are killed, should we take into account all of the young that meet an untimely VESPER SPARROW’S NEST The nest and eggs of the vesper sparrow, showing another stage in the nest-building instinct where the depression is well lined with grasses death, and the month when we should do everything we can to reduce the numbers of their enemies. The maternal instinct, which knows not fear, brings many a mother bird into the claws of a marauding cat or makes it an attractive target for the untrained boy or When the young birds first leave the nest they are just learning the untutored foreigner with slingshot or gun. to fly and they perish by the hundreds from storms and from scarcity of food. But chief among all the agents of destruction is the stray cat and second we must put the well-fed cat. Every cat is naturally a bird catcher and those that are not sufficiently active to catch grown birds find an easy prey in the newly fledged young. It is during the early hours of the morning that most young take their initial flight and it is at such times that the cats go unrestrained. Every owner of a cat, every cat lover, and every bird lover should see to it that during this month, at least, cats with homes are kept indoors, caged, or tethered and that every stray, ownerless cat We can do a great deal toward increasing our native birds by at- is captured and mercifully put out of the way. tracting them to our gardens, with food, water and nest- ing boxes, but unless we feel some responsibility toward protecting them from this unnecessary and very danger- ous enemy, the cat, it will not avail. FORESTRY RESOLUTIONS ON FORESTRY T the conference of the Sixth National Conservation Congress, in Washington, D. C., early in May, the Forestry Committee presented the following reso- lutions: Whereas, The conservation of our natural resources, the perpetuation of our forests, the regulation of our waters, and the development of agriculture are of vital importance for the highest national efficiency, commer- cial independence, and permanent prosperity to the American people, and are fundamental to true pre- paredness, be it Resolved, That it is the sense of this Congress that public control of all of our natural resources by Nation, State and communities should be extended; and IVhereas, All the desirable influence of the forests in the mountainous regions, especially water regulation, are best conserved by public ownership, be it Resolved, That the area of National, State, and com- munal forests be extended to include ultimately all such mountainous lands as are essential in the conservation of water and are more suitable for timber production than agriculture. The Resolutions Committee of the conference recom- mended the following resolutions: IVhereas, In this great nation the forests are being consumed much more rapidly than they are growing, and Whereas, An abundant supply of wood material is essential to the continued prosperity and strength of the nation whether at peace or at war, and Whereas, Under an act of Congress approved March 1, 1911, popularly known as “the Weeks Act,” purchases have been made at the headwaters of navigable streams, particularly in the White Mountains and Southern Appa- lachians, with the view to controlling the flood waters in all of the great rivers that rise within them, including the head waters of the Ohio River, therefore be it Resolved, That the National Conservation Congress requests its members throughout the country to favor the continuation of this policy without cessation, and urges the Congress of the United States to reappropriate dur- ing the present session the three million dollars for this purpose that were appropriated in 1911, but which were not used at that time. We reaffirm the principle heretofore enunciated by the National Conservation Congress to the effect that as conservative forest management and reforestation by private Owners are very generally discouraged or pre- vented by our methods of forest taxation, we recommend state legislation to secure the most moderate taxation of forest lands consistent with justice, and taxation of the forest crop upon such lands only when the crop is harvested and returns wherewith to the. revenue pay taxes. THE CHILDREN’S DEPARTMENT BY BRISTOW ADAMS THE WOODS ARE CALLING Y THE time this reaches you, wherever you may be, B the trees will be in full leaf and calling you to the woods. They will still have the tender green of spring, whether they are broad-leaf trees or cone- bearers. With the former the new foliage takes the place of bare branches; with the latter the tender green seems almost to shine out in contrast with the older needles of last year. Each year the ends of the branches push out a little farther. Already this spring the trees have added to their girth. Possibly it is only a little, some of our weeds which spring from a seed and complete their whole life before frost cuts them down, grow faster than most trees will. The wonderful thing about the tree, however, is that it keeps growing year after year, and thus takes its place as the oldest living thing. All over the northern half of the world at this time of year the trees are growing at their fastest, whether they be tropical evergreens or the little elfin trees which brave almost continuous arctic winter. Strange as it may seem, the willows, which grow their largest in the warmth of the lower Mississippi Valley, can be found beyond the Arctic Circle. There, in order to live at all, they are little, creeping, vine-like plants almost like the trailing arbutus of our Eastern States. Of course, you are going into the woods these days for Boy Scout hikes, or for picnics, or for the gathering of wild flowers, or to see the birds. HOLES IN THE TREE’S ARMOR AST month we spoke of the possible danger to the ip woods from carelessness with fire. There are other forms of carelessness which are likely to do a good deal of harm. If you feel that you must cut your initials or ‘‘Hers’’ in the smooth bark of beech or cottonwood, do not get in too deep. The initials will last just as well if they do not reach quite to the growing tissue between the sapwood and the bark. You must remember that the bark of the tree is its armor and its protection against all sorts of enemies. The germs of disease can get in through these wounds, for the tree is just as likely to get diseases in this way as you are to get a disease germ through a cut in your finger. Insects, too, enter the wood of healthy trees when the armor furnished by the bark is removed. Boy Scouts should keep these things in mind also when they ‘‘blaze the trail’? through the woods. For their pur- poses, since the record does not need to be permanent, a slight scar of the bark will suffice. Also in the care of trees about the home a coat of paint or tar over a wound will help the tree recover from injuries. This is the simplest form of the tree doctoring or tree surgery, about which we hear much nowadays. Long before men took to the work of tree doctoring the tree itself had its own way of healing wounds by throwing a growth of callus over them. And their struggle against insects has always been aided by the birds as policemen. Doctor Allen, in the Bird Department, has told you of this service of the birds. WHAT YOU CAN DO UMMING up, every boy and girl can do something S for forestry and in a very practical way, by protecting the birds, by avoiding or repairing injuries, by plant- new trees, by protecting insect friends and destroying insect enemies. If they can do no more than just pass their knowledge of trees ‘‘across to the other fellow” they will help create a good citizenship and an active public opinion for the support of forests. When the writer of these articles was a boy, more years ago than he cares to think about, the study of hygiene, through what were known as health primers, was just being introduced in the public schools. These primers told a great deal about the bad effects of smoking and drinking. It is not too much to say that the present widespread sentiment against drinking, which used to be quite fashionable, is due to the lessons learned from the health primers by the children of yesterday. In the same way a sentiment for the preservation of our forests is: bound to come, and every boy and girl can do something. to hasten its coming. LET US ALL DO OUR PART F WE do our part inthe woods this summer and if a I little more and a little better thought is given to the trees not only in each succeeding summer but all the year round, the United States can still be, as it ought to be, in its foremost place as a producer of the greatest number of different kinds of valuable timber, and in the greatest quantity. And the trees and the forest spaces will react upon our people in a constantly growing love of beauty and love of nature, which are very precious things for a nation to have. 359 Ornamental and Shade Trees A Department for the Advice and Instruction of Members of the American Forestry Association EDITED BY J. J. Levison, B.A., M.F. Arborculturist Brooklyn Park Department, Author of “Studies of Trees,” and Lecturer on Ornamental and Shade Trees, Yale University Forest School HE planting of street trees is a modern problem commanding the interest of communities, city offi- ae In the street tree the average citizen takes proprietary interest. cials and foresters all over the country. It is his tree; he sees it daily, is directly benefited by it and expects it to be thrifty and sightly. citizen, however, is in no position to undertake, indepen- The individual dently, the planting even of his own tree because one of the most important essentials of successful tree planting is uniformity in every detail; only one kind of tree should be used on the same street or block, all must be of uni- all at form size, and must be set out equal distances apart. Individual planting will not produce this uni- formity, and just how to accomplish the best results is the problem that we aim to discuss in this paper. The ideal way is to have the city un- dertake the planting of its city streets. But some cities are not yet with ganization to under- prepared funds or or- take the work, and the course left for such cities, for the residents of only feasible therefore, is each street to coop- erate and plant their own street unt- formly. This been tried with ab- solute success on several Brooklyn and other cities, and the cost to abutting property owners ranged from | $6 to $8 per house number. Why not try it on your street, has streets in and we will tell you 360 instead of poplars, their value A WELL-SHADED NEWTONVILLE, The trees on this street are valued at $2,616.61. how to go about it. Someone on the block to be planted must be prompted by civic pride to become the moving spirit in the realization of the street beautiful. That per- son must be prepared to take considerable responsibility, to face many obstacles and with determination to pro- ceed in this way: First. Determine how many trees are needed, assum- ing that they are to be planted at thirty feet apart. Second. Determine whether the soil will have to be replaced with material of better grade and see whether holes will have to be cut out in the pavements. Third. Consult someone who knows and the local conditions as to what species would be suited for that particular street. If there are many trees already present on the street, be guided, to a cer- tain extent, by the predominating — spe- cies and have the re- trees best » maining trees of the same kind. Fourth. Ask your local nurseryman to give you a price on the block trees of the species, planting with particular 21% inches in diam- and well formed. His price should include the cost of the tree, cut- ting the hole in the sidewalk, excavating and filling the cav- ete, ity, cost of soil, guard, stake and guarantee for two years’ growth. Fifth. Find out how many house / numbers there are 7 on your street and MASSACHUSETTS, STREET block: and determine ean ee These: aaricen Suna mTALICS how much each ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREES property owner should be taxed for the trees needed. Sixth. Get one or two of your neighbors to help you, thus organizing a nucleus, and send out postal cards call- ing for an evening meeting of the block residents at your own or at your neighbor’s house. State briefly the pur- pose of the meeting and make it a semi-social affair. Have some prominent resident lay the prop- osition before the meeting and, if possible, , let some park officials or someone else versed in the value and growth of trees pre- sent the benefits of cooperative effort and the need of the movement on the block. Seventh. With the data on hand, you can present the proposition to your neighbors in definite form and ask them to contribute their share. ‘This cost will vary with the city, local conditions and kind and character of tree, and will range from $6 to $12 per tree. In Brooklyn the cost is $8 per tree; in Manhattan it is $13 or more, and in some cities we have known it to be much less. Eighth. With your neighbors pledged, get to work at once to procure the planter and the trees. While the above all seems systematic and necessary easy of attainment our experience has been that there are many snags to overcome, and for that reason the work cannot be started too soon. Where planting is contemplated in the spring, it is wise to commence prep- On Waltham Street, West Newton, this street are valued at $20,467.05. 361 them In Chicago several of the largest boulevards are laid important boulevards, beautifying greatly. out in the form of a parking, planted with both shrubs and flowers. In Brooklyn all the newly built private residential streets are laid out with an oblong parking in the center FES IDEAL PLANTING EFFECTS Massachusetts, small park in foreground. Trees on There are 1.4 miles of roadway and 221 trees. planted with shrubs, and in some even with flowers. In cases, many of these avenues there are oblong spaces reserved along the between the which side of the street curb and the are planted with shrubs. In Boston the great system of sidewalk, boulevards which take the form of parks are planted with heavy masses of shrubbery along the edge. This is also true of the Essex County Boulevard in Newark, laid out and planted in recent years by one of our fore- A WELL-SHADED STREET IN WINTER GARB Value of trees on this street $7,752.92. arations the previous summer, selecting the trees in the nursery in late summer and preparing the holes with soil, etc., in the fall. When spring arrives, there will then be ne delay and the planting can be accomplished with greater success. PLANTING PARKWAYS AND BOULEVARDS Answering many inquiries regarding the planting of parkways and boulevards, I would say that in many of our cities it has been the practice to plant shrubbery along 5 ’ Only the trees shown in picture included in this valuation. About one-half mile in length and 89 trees in that distance. most landscape architects. The shrubbery used for that purpose varies with the locality and the personal taste of the designer, but consists principally of such species as: Dogwood Kerria Symphoricarpus Rhododendrons Judas Tree Yucca Euonymus alatus Japan Quince Ligustrum Ibota Ligustrum Regelianum Deutzias Weigelas Forsythias Hydrangeas Bush Honeysuckle Spirea Thunbergii Spirea Van Houttei Spirea Anthony Waterer Lilacs Viburnums 362 AMERICAN Barbery Ligustrum Ovalofolium, Rosa Rugosa Ligustrum Vulgare and Ribes Red-stemmed Dogwood In some cases evergreens are used, but these are not generally advisable because they will not stand the dust and abuse of the average city street, as well as some of the shrubs mentioned. ADVICE FOR JUNE 1. Destroy nests of tent caterpillars. Use torches, or kerosene, or spray. 2. Remove trees hopelessly infested with borers before the end of June, if you have not already done so. This only applies to cases which are so badly infested that treatment for the individual insect would be a hopeless task. 3. Spray for elm-leaf beetle in the early part of June. 4. Spray for red spider with tobacco solution, or fish- oil soap, in early June. 5. Cultivate, mulch and water newly planted trees and shrubs. 6. When blossoms have nearly fallen, spray apple and pear trees with Bordeaux mixture. Add three pounds of arsenate of lead to every fifty gallons of this spray for leaf-eating insects. 7. If aphis appears on elm, etc., spray with fish-oil soap. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Q. Two years ago I planted fine large specimens of Austrian and other pines around my residence in this city. These were obtained from the Hicks Nurseries, Westbury, L. I. Last spring, and now this spring, the yellow-bellied sap-suckers, a variety of woodpecker, have attacked some of these trees and are prac- tically girdling them. Several of the trees, if not killed, will at least be badly devitalized. I write to ask if you have had any experience with these destructive birds and if you can sug- gest anything to be done, both preventive and remedial. C. H. L., Buffalo, N.Y. A. The woodpecker and other birds very commonly attack pine and other trees, through the bark in the method you de- scribe, but it has been our experience that it never injures the trees seriously. In fact, in many cases the trees are benefited because the birds are almost always seeking insects, particularly the boring insects, which they dig out and eat. In the case of your pines especially you need not be greatly concerned, unless of course there is a very unusual condition, because the gum that exudes from pine trees immediately takes care of the wound, keeping out both disease and insects, and protecting it until it heals of its own accord. Q. We would be pleased to have you advise us what is the best solution for spraying trees in this section of the State, such as Silver Maple, Norway Maple, and the ordinary trees that grow in this section as well as apple, pear, plum, etc., and what time the spraying should be done. We Eee ie, Uitcay Ne Y: A. The question is put in such a general way that no definite answer can be given, because different insects require different sprays, and also require the sprays to be applied at different seasons of the year, depending on how early or late the young of the various insects emerge and crawl. As a general rule, all leaf- eating insects must be sprayed with arsenate of lead at the rate of one pound to ten gallons of water. All sucking insects, such as would be apt to affect the fruit trees, must be sprayed with oi! emulsion, such as lime sulphur solution. kerosene emulsion, or FORESTRY fish-oil soap. These solutions must be used with great care, and the strength of the solution will depend upon the individual insect to be attacked, and the particular season. If a specimen of the infested twig, or any particular problem is presented to us we can answer that particular question with greater definite- ness and prescribe just exactly what to do. There is another class of insects which I have not mentioned, and those are the boring insects, and in fruit trees they can best be handled by digging them out with a knife. In other trees, like the maples, they can be treated by an injection of carbon bisulphide, and in oaks, hickories, etc., they can only be eradi- cated by destroying the infested trees before the beetles emerge. Q. We are developing several tracts of land, but are un- decided as to the best method of laying out our streets, that is with respect to the position of our sidewalks and trees. The plans in question are as follows: Original plan: Thirty (30) foot roadway, four (4) foot tree lawn between sidewalk and curb, four (4) foot sidewalk, and house fifteen (15) feet from the sidewalk. Planting in the space provided, or two feet from the curb line, would place the trees twenty-one (21) feet from the houses or thirteen (13) feet from the porch line. Suggested plan: Thirty (30) foot roadway, four (4) foot sidewalk, adjacent to curb and house nineteen feet from the sidewalk. Planting trees two (2) feet inside the sidewalk would place them seventeen (17) feet from the houses, or nine (9) feet from the porches. We are not in favor of placing the sidewalk so close to the street, as mentioned in the suggested plan, and our original plan seems to be the better from every point of view. Not wishing to permanently mar the beauty of our tract and realizing our need of assistance, we are therefore seeking your good advice in this matter. D. R. G, Bethlehem, Pa. A. Your original plan seems to me to be the best from every point of view. The trees being in their natural locations with plenty of room for growth, the appearance of the street would be far more uniform than the suggested plan. Q. I have a small elm about 2 inches in diameter which has been barked. One of the small limbs was injured and when it was broken a strip of bark was torn down the trunk about 34 of an inch wide and 15 or 18 inches long. I will, of course, cut off the broken limb, but how should I treat the barked trunk ? A. P. F., Bridgeport, Conn. A. Cut off the rough edges of the torn strip of bark, removing it completely, so as to leave a clean, smooth edge of tight live bark. Cut this so that the upper and lower ends of this per- pendicular wound taper, as this will facilitate the healing process. Never square such a wound at the top and bottom. Then cover your exposed wood within the wound with a coat of coal tar. Apply this with a small hand brush, neatly and carefully so that it will not drip over the bark of the tree, and be sure to see that every bit of exposed wood is covered. Such treatment should in time heal the wound and new bark will gradually cover the break. Q. Can you give me information on tree-growing at the sea- shore. I have tried for three years, unsuccessfully, to have trees grow. I used the Carolina poplar and the Oriental plane. Am within, say, 200 feet of the ocean. On side protected by house trees grow well. On side unprotected have had no success at all, the trees having the appearance of being seared or burnt by fire. When planted they were all well developed. Can you suggest any species of tree, or give me any advice or suggestions to help in making trees grow where evidently Nature never intended they should. W.N., Atlantic City, N. J. A. In the first place, I think you would find the Red oak the best and most durable species for planting on your ocean side, with Scarlet maple as a second choice. The Red oak is a quick grower and a very beautiful tree, and if you secure the trees from the Hicks Nurseries, at Westbury, L. I., N. Y., and they are handled by the Hicks men, I think you would be safe in using trees from 15 to 20 feet high, but you will under- stand these large trees should only be planted and handled by experts. If you are planning to have the work done under private supervision, it would be much wiser to use the smaller trees. The soil should be rich with well rotted manure and bone dust—the richer the better—and the trees should have judicious watering. Perhaps the species you used before were not hardy enough or the soil conditions were not right. For hardy shrubbery | would suggest the Rosa rugosa, Rosa nitada, Spirea thunbergii and Van Houttei, tamarisk and _privets. These last two are particularly good for your location, some~ times thriving even where washed by the surf. Mireseack as a Philatelst R. CHARLES LATHROP PACK, president of the American Forestry Association, is not only deeply interested in forestry and the general conservation of natural resources, but he has—besides extensive many other interests—a world-wide reputa- tion as an expert philatelist, or collector of stamps. Hav- ing taken up this work many years ago as a hobby, Mr. Pack has acquired a collection of very considerable value and his researches, his discoveries and his contri- butions to philatelic knowledge have won him many honors. He is a Fellow of the Royal Philatelic Society, of London, of which King George, of England, was presi- dent when he was Prince of Wales, and Mr. Pack has personal letters from the King in regard to his collec- tions. He is also an honorary member of the Sydney Philatelic Club, the Philatelic Society of New Zealand, the Philatelic Society of Victoria and the Philatelic So- ciety of South Australia in addition to being a member of various other philatelic societies in this country and abroad. An evidence of Mr. Pack’s world-wide reputation in this respect is found in quotations from two journals which have just come to hand: The Australian Philatelist of April 4, 1916, says: “There are few men better known in the philatelic world than Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack, one of the giant collectors in the United States, and a good many of us in Australia had the pleasure of seeing one of his fine collections at the last Philatelic Exhibition held in Syd- ney. But it is not as a stap collector we have recently come across him. AMERICAN Forestry, the official organ of the American Forestry Association, one of the leading—if not the lead- ing—institutions of its kind in the world; and in its A friend of ours sent us a copy of pages we came across the announcement that Mr. C. L. Pack, forester, conservationist, and financier, had been elected president of the association. A full-page portrait told us that it is the same Mr. Pack we know. “Although this journal is published in the interest of philately only, we cannot but add our tribute to the re- markable qualifications of Mr. Pack, in one of the grand- Having our- selves had over 40 years’ experience of all that pertains est pursuits in life, such as forestry is. to the cultivation of the soil and the production of stock, and reading what Mr. Pack has done for forestry in the United States and part of Canada, an unceasing work starting from the 70's, we cannot but acknowledge that his specialism in philately is thrown far into the back- ground by his specialism in forestry. His address to the annual conference, in reply to his being toasted as the new president, shows what a remarkable grasp he has of all that relates to forestry, and we feel confident that, if not the whole, the main part of it will be reproduced in all countries where forestry has become a national ques- tion. We offer Mr. Pack our hearty congratulations.” The Australian Stamp Journal of April 10, 1916, com- ments on Mr. Pack’s election as follows: “We con- gratulate Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack, of Lakewood, New Jersey, U.S. A., on his election to the presidential chair of the American Forestry Association. We gather from the February number of AMERICAN Forestry, just to hand, that this association is a very important one, amongst its vice-presidents being such people as Andrew Carnegie; Dr. Charles W. Eliot, President Emeritus of Harvard University ; Hon. David Houston, Secretary of Agriculture; Hon. T. N. Page, Ambassador to Italy; Hon. William H. Taft, Ex-President United States, and other prominent American citizens. Although philately and forestry have nothing in common, we feel that the ac- tion of the association in electing Mr. Pack president re- flects a certain amount of credit on philately, seeing that of its most prominent students.” that gentlemen is one SOUTHERN FORESTRY CONGRESS SOUTHERN Forestry Congress will be held at Asheville, N. C., July 11 to 15, inclusive. The work of the congress will be of a two-fold nature, part of the time being devoted to the study and inspec- tion of forests, forest plantations, methods of lumbering, and means taken to prevent forest fires and results ac- complished, and part to discussion of various problems relating to forestry. On Tuesday, July 11, there will be an excursion over the Biltmore estate for the inspec- tion of the various forest plantations; on the 15th a trip in automobiles from Asheville to the top of Pisgah, through the Pisgah National Forest, then on through the Pink Beds and down Avery’s Creek, to inspect the natural regeneration of hard woods where fire has been kept out, and also to inspect the cuttings that are being made under forestry supervision. The other three days, July 12, 13 and 14, will be devoted to pertinent questions relating to many forestry problems. ‘These questions will be discussed by foresters of national reputation, by lumber- men and public men who are not professional foresters, but are interested in the protection and conservation of our forests, and members of women’s clubs who are ex- tremely interested in many of the problems relating to our forests, and who, through the conservation departments of their various clubs, are assisting in a very substantial way the forestry work in this country. One day will be given over to a general forest fire At this session methods of preventing for- The general subject of reforestation will also be considered, 363 conference. est fires and putting out fires will be discussed. 364 AMERICAN and owing to the important educational work in connec- tion with the development of forestry, considerable time will be devoted to discussing the best method of carrying on this work and keeping the question of the need of the protection and conservation of our forests before the people. The Association of Eastern Foresters will hold a sum- mer meeting with the congress. Governor Locke Craig, of North Carolina, who is very much interested in for- FORESTRY estry and who was very instrumental in the passage of the various satisfactory forestry laws of North Carolina, expects to attend the congress and make an address. The American Forestry Association is cooperating with the Congress and many officers and members expect to attend; the Society of American Foresters will meet in Asheville during the session of the Congress, and alto- gether it is expected several hundred forest conservation- ists will attend. Wood Preserving Department By E. A. STERLING E-x-President N investigation which may materially influence the best methods of computing creosote oil pene- tration has been made by Mr. Lowry Smith, superintendent of Tie Plants of the Northern Pacific Railroad. Mr. Smith has supplemented the recommen- dations and conclusions of the committee on wood preservation of the American Railway Engineering As- sociation, to the effect that the unit measurement of pounds per cubic foot is not in all cases desirable, by an interesting table which shows an inconsistency from using this basis of measurement on timbers of different size. ‘The data he has compiled all points towards the advisability of using superficial area instead of cubic contents as a measure of proper creosote retention in ties and structural timbers. Mr. Smith’s table and studies will be given consideration by engineering bodies during the coming year, and will probably be the basis for definite recommendations. HE Boston Elevated Railway Company, realizing the economic importance of treated ties, bridge timbers, etc.; the service of which is double and treble that of untreated wood, states through its presi- dent, Gen. Wm. A. Bancroft, that his company will build a small treating plant equipped for the Full-Cell or Ruep- ing Process, to be located at their general yard, South Boston, Massachusetts. This plant will have a cylinder eight feet in diameter and fifty feet long. It will be modern in every respect. Plans and specifications are now being drawn up by Mr. Grant B. Shipley, the well-known mechanical engi- neer of Pittsburgh. It is expected that the plant will soon be completed. Mr. EK. W. Bright, Tie and Timber Agent, will have charge of its operation. N general it is not feasible, says Howard F. Weiss, Director of the Forest Products Laboratory at Madi- son, Wisconsin, for lumber companies and wholesalers to build and operate their own open-tank or pressure wood-preserving plants, but he believes that there are a few such concerns that might give this matter serious consideration. Mr. Weiss made this statement at the annual conven- American Wood Preservers’ Association tion of the Wisconsin Retail Lumber Dealers’ Associa- tion at Milwaukee. He strongly recommended that re- tailers should carry in stock appreciable quantities of creosote oil, together with appropriate literature de- should sell such preserva- tives along with their lumber whenever it is needed. The preservative could then be applied by the con- sumer in much the same way that paint is now applied to lumber. It will find its particular usefulness in the treatment of timbers which can be kept dry only with scribing its proper use, and considerable difficulty, such as sill timbers in ice houses, silos, etc. In places where decay is very prevalent, such as the foundation timbers in contact with the soil, it is Mr. Weiss’ impression that it would be best to build the foundation of concrete or some other material which does not rot, and place the wood structure on top of such a foundation. CCORDING to statistics just compiled jointly by the American Wood Preservers’ Association and the Forest Service at Washington, D. C., there was treated at 102 plants in the year 1915 a total of 141,858,963 cubic feet of timber, which compares with 159,582,639 cu. ft. by 94 plants in 1914; a decrease in quantity of about 11 per cent in 1915. Of the 1915 out- put, cross ties contributed 78.4 per cent of the total, construction timbers, 8.3 per cent, paving blocks, 5.4 per cent, piling 4.4 per cent, poles 1.7 per cent, and the balance consisted of cross arms, lumber, etc. ORTY-SIX per cent of all the coal-tar creosote used in the timber-treating industry last year was imported from Germany and Great Britain. In 1914 the quantity was equivalent to 65 per cent, the fall- ing off in 1915 suggesting a scarcity of foreign supplies as a result of the war, HE new timber-treating plant at Brunswick, Georgia, which was built, but never operated, by the Brunswick Creosoting Company, has been pur- chased by the Georgia Creosoting Company, a subsidiary of the American Creosoting Company, of Louisville, Ky. The plant consists of two retorts, each 84 inches in diam- eter and 121 feet long. Lumber Uses By WarrEN B. BULLOCK HE national movement among the colleges to teach the proper uses of lumber as part of the educa- tional correspondence courses for the instruction of men in the business has been one of the fastest- spreading educational movements of the day. Started last fall by the University of Wisconsin, the course adopted there has been copied or is in preparation at nearly a score of universities. In each the basic idea of the course is that if lumber is properly used, there will be less waste of good material and the life of the nation’s forests will thus be prolonged. Harvard, however, has announced the installation of a more extended course, along the same lines, but a full school course instead of merely a correspondence course, excellent as those courses are proving to the man already in the business. The Harvard course is a two-years’ course granting the degree of Master in Business Ad- ministration, and those taking the course in the depart- ment of forestry are given the degree of Master of Forestry. The Harvard course is of importance not so much in itself, from the standpoint of the man whose life is de- voted to forestry or the manufacture or sale of forest products, as it is indicative of the modern trend of opin- ion toward the lumber industry. The recognition that the future of the industry rests as much in the conserva- tion of the tree after it is cut, and its proper use after conversion into lumber, as in the conservation of the original forests is evidence that a new view of the lumber industry is forcing its way into the mind of the public. This is evidenced by the introduction of the Harvard announcement when it says: “With the changes that have taken place in recent years, the lumber business has come to offer an attractive field for trained men. In the earlier days of the indus- try, with timberland was abundant and relatively cheap, lumbering was largely a business of speculation in stump- age, and the rise in the value of the timber often made up the bulk of the profit. Since the supply of timber has become greatly reduced, the business of handling it has become large and complicated, and the costs of labor, materials and other factors have gone up rapidly. To secure profit is more and more plainly a problem of management, of manufacture, and of distribution.” * * * NEW method of preventing sap stain in lumber is being developed at the Forests Products Laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin, in an effort to reduce the waste in lumber, and thus again make the lumberman more efficient in conserving his supply. It has been the practice of the lumbermen to dip their product in a solution of sodium bicarbonate in an effort to overcome the blue-stain difficulty, checking the fungus growth which causes this stain. The laboratory has found that this stain can also be prevented by dipping the lumber in a solution of sodium fluoride. In addition to preventing the stain, this salt is found to render the surface of the wood antiseptic, thus destroying the spores of any fungi alighting upon it, and prevents the start of decay between the time that the lumber leaves the manu- facturer and reaches the consumer. “The appearance of the lumber,” announces the labora- tory, “is entirely unaffected by the sodium fluoride treat- ment, whereas it is claimed that a sodium bicarbonate solution sometimes causes yellow or brown discoloration of the surface. The laboratory is conducting further experiments to determine the exact strength of solution which it is necessary to use to produce the best results.” = = T is probably outside the scope of this column to discuss the work being started in the middle west toward municipal forests, but the conservation of the forests already existent cannot be of any greater im- portance to the future than the development of these municipal forests, if this movement becomes in any way general. HE use of artificial silk made directly from wood is increasing by leaps and bounds. Originally its principal use was in the manufacture of braids and trimmings, but recently the manufacture of hose from artificial silk has become an industry of vast im- portance. Other uses for artificial silk are woven goods of all kinds, linings, tapestries, etc., neckties, ribbons, sweater coats, etc. About five and one-half million pounds of artificial silk are used annually in the United States. There are several methods of manufacture, but that from wood pulp is usually made by treating the wood pulp with caustic lye after which it is dissolved in car- bon bisulphide. This is then diluted with more caustic lve to form a viscose which is allowed to age for some time. It is then forced through dies to form threads which are hardened by a treatment with sulphuric acid, ammonium sulphate, and sodium borate, or formic acid. After washing and drying, the silk is ready for use. The Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, is in- vestigating the artificial silk problem as a possibility for utilizing wood waste and has on hand a variety of articles made from this material. 365 Paittorial NEW NATIONAL PARKS AND THEIR ADMINISTRATION INCE the outbreak of the war, the tide of tourist travel, diverted European sought out every nook and corner of our own land, from objectives, has and the numbers of visitors to our great National Parks, the Yellowstone, Yosemite and Glacier, has more than doubled. As a result, a wide public interest has arisen in the entire subject of national parks, which has focused in numerous definite projects, eagerly championed by various localities, which would be benefited by their establishment. The existing National Parks, with their great number of visitors, and extensive advertising and support by railroads, not only bring in considerable local revenue but aid in securing large congressional appropriations for good roads within and to the parks. New National Parks are seldom established by the pur- chase of private lands. Even the groves of Giant Sequoias were obtained by the Government largely by exchange for other timber. In nearly every instance, these new proposals involve the reservation of property now owned by the nation. With few exceptions the areas desired for their scenic beauty now lie within National Forests, and are under the administration of the Forest Service. Since every acre of National Forest land is open to the free use of the public for recreation, it is evident that there must exist some specific reason other than the right to enter and enjoy the beauties of nature, for setting aside as National Parks, lands now administered as National Forests! This reason lies in the fact that the existing National Parks are reserved wholly for recreation, and that com- mercial uses such as grazing by domestic animals, lum- bering, mining, agriculture and power development are rigidly excluded. ‘There exists a deep-rooted sentiment for itself The lum- in the minds of the public who seek nature that such commercial uses are a desecration. berman’s ax must be forever barred—the older and more decrepit are the veteran trees, the greater the charm of their presence. Overgrazing by wild game as seen in the immense herds of elk in the Yellowstone Park, which have to be fed with hay in the winter to escape starva- tion, is wholly in harmony with the true objects of parks as such—to preserve nature in all its wildness—but the presence of sheep and cattle, which destroy the same wild flowers and eat the same browse as the elk, is wholly incompatible with these objects. These convictions and prejudices are so strongly rooted that the wisdom of administering areas designated as parks under a separate organization is apparent. ‘Those areas like the Yellowstone upon which the public has placed a high sentimental value must be free from all suspicion of commercial spoliation. 366 But how many large areas exist in the West whose scenic features are so strikingly unique and beautiful as to demand their unconditional reservation as parks? The setting aside of several hundred thousand acres, upon which every resource must lie idle except the exploitation of the tourist, will in most localities result in greater loss than gain to the local community. ‘The timber is needed for local industries, and mines would he idle for lack of it. dreds of small settlers would be expelled from these Sheep and cattle which formerly supported hun- national lands. Waterpower development would be pre- vented. Under these circumstances, such reservations would be fiercely opposed by the very communities which might benefit by the tourist. Actually confronted by this dilemma, our statesmen representing these localities have resorted to the simple device of trying to eat the cake and have it too. Numer- ous bills, among which may be mentioned those to create the National Park of the Cliff Cities, New Mexico, the Mount Baker National Park, Washington, the Sawtooth National Park, Idaho, the Cabinet National Park, Mon- tana, the Sequoia National Park, California, and others, deliberately grant the power to the national government to conduct lumbering operations, grant rights of way, relinquish lands for agriculture, permit mining and graz- ing, in exactly the same manner, on these proposed park on these same areas under their present classification as national The areas is to be deliberately marred to silence local opposition, and to secure the areas, as 1s now permitted forests. vital distinction of “park” advantages of a “national park,” including additional federal appropriations for roads, with none of its restric- tions or drawbacks. Aside from the dishonesty and deception inherent in the additional that every bill of this kind proposes to remove the such proposals, there is serious defect suggested areas from the present jurisdiction of the Na- tional Forest Service and transfer them bodily to the Department of the Interior. As long as the existing National Parks are few, large and segregated from National Forests, as at present, the waste and friction inherent in having two parallel administrations of national But should this movement result in the creation of numerous smaller areas, upon lands is not so apparent. which all sorts of commercial activities are legally sanc- tioned—the proper administration of the resultant lum- bering, grazing and other uses would demand a complete duplication—in the Interior Department—of the organi- zation of the Forest Service over contiguous areas. No argument can be fund for such a wasteful plan. EDITORIAL The proper solution of this problem demands attention. The American public will not permit the administration of the Forest Service to be rent asunder by wholesale transfers of forest lands to the Interior Department un- der the guise of creating National Parks which are parks in name only. Jt is the fixed policy of the Forest Service to protect scenic features, lake shores and camp sites from spoliation and to develop to the fullest extent the use of the forests for recreation, which is recognized as the most valuable of all uses for such areas as are endowed with especial features. Over most of the 160,- 000,000 acres of National Forest land this problem is 367 being solved to the perfect satisfaction of all—except for the one element of advertising. There are probably other areas beside the existing National Parks, whose exclusive use for park purposes is justified by peculiar natural features. These will in time be set aside as national parks. But to secure the har- momous development of the entire park policy, there should be created a Bureau in the Department of Agri- culture, of equal rank with the Forest Service, which should assume the care and management of these dis- tinctly park areas. By this means, perfect harmony and cooperation may best be secured and the legitimate demands of every locality be determined and satisfied. STATE FORESTRY IN MARYLAND OR many years, since forestry became a State and National issue in this country, the attempt has been made, repeatedly and in many sections, to have Boards of Forestry and the Forest Departments of various States consolidated with other interests. We could almost term it absorption instead of consolidation, for while forestry may continue to labor along with a certain degree of success under or with fish, game, agri- cultural or other fields of work, it never is the vital sub- ject which may be expected when it is independently conducted, It is most unfortunate that efforts made from one or another motive, should ever be able to jeopardize work satisfactorily carried on for years, work planned and con- ducted by an out-and-out Forestry Service on a substan- tial footing of its own. In Maryland, this year, a strong attempt was made to have the status of the present Board of Forestry, now in its eleventh year, absorbed by a new, untried Board of Agriculture which had a few argu- ments to favor it, and a great deal of experienced pro- fessional opinion dead against it. Testimony of recognized experts in the profession was brought to bear upon this question before the legislative bodies of the State, and the showing made proved so conclusively that this absorption, if tolerated, could only step in the wrong direction, that the move was at : once Next a cut in appropriations was considered, until it was shown he a dropped by those who had been backing it. that, even with the present general appropriation, funds were insufficient to adequately carry on the field of work open to the Board. Especially was it desired to secure funds for fire protection, and the fact that the General Assembly finally did vote $5,000 to this latter purpose, in addition to a fair general appropriation measure, and a smaller one for the care and improvement of a newly- acquired State Reserve, is regarded as reasonably satis- factory in a year when “economy and efficiency” were made to figure in every bill and appropriation that was passed. As for the proposed absorption, the prompt disposal of it only adds to the weight of experienced and un- biased opinion that forestry is sufficiently large, and ad- mittedly vital enough, to have a department by itself. THE SPIRIT TOR EADERS of American Forestry will be inter- ested in knowing more of that spirit of true cooperation which is becoming so manifest in the National Forests of the West, as evidenced by the sub- stance of a letter to District Forester Riley at Denver from Supervisor Langworthy of the Uncompahgre Forest in Colorado. The letter, date May 6, reads as tollows: “Upon a recent trip to the Cimarron district I was told of the assistance rendered last summer by Mrs. E. A. Duling on the Jackson fire which I consider worthy of mention. “The Jackson fire was probably the most difficult to control of any which has occurred on this forest. It burned for eight days, fifteen men being employed to extinguish it. Ridgeway, the point where supplies were purchased, is 211% miles distant—eight miles of wagon road, the balance trail over Owl Creek Pass. The COOPERATION rangers on this forest carry quite a stock of supplies at their stations, but so many men at the Jackson ranger station soon caused a scarcity of some of the staples, and the ranger ’phoned to the Duling ranch on Owl Creek asking that someone be sent for food. Mrs. Duling was alone at the time and instead of waiting for the men folks to return and go to Ridgeway, which would have caused a day’s delay, she got together what she had at the ranch, borrowed the balance from neighbors, caught up horses, packed them in approved style, and rode with the much needed supplies to the top of Owl Creek Pass—a stiff 6-mile climb—where she was met at 5 p. m. by a ranger. “Mrs. Duling is a typical Colorado girl—a good rider, a good shot, and knows how to pack, as evidenced by her help at the Jackson fire. She is a fine type of American womanhood, and has been a great help on many other occasions.” 368 AMERICAN FORESTRY Canadian Department By Etiwoop WILson, Secretary, Canadian The Riordan Paper Company of Mont- real have decided to commence planting operations on their limits, and their for- ester, Mr. Volkmar, has been investigating the plantations and nursery methods of the Laurentide Company of Grand’ Mere. It is interesting to note how the progress- ive paper companies are taking up the planting idea and there is no question but that such a policy will prove highly pro- ductive in the long run. The Canada Paper Company, Ltd. of Windsor Mills, Quebec, intends to cut fire lines and clean up the debris on their hold- ings this spring. This company is espe- cially fortunate in having freehold lands within easy reach of their mills and they are in a position to get the greatest possi- ble value out of forestry methods. It is the intention of this company also to plant up their waste lands and lands not fully stocked. Mr. Piché, Chief Forester of Quebec, re- cently made a visit to Grand’ Mere, and while there mentioned the fact that settlers in the Abbitibi region were having difficulty in selling their pulp wood. Mr. Piche recently purchased eighteen Jensen tree planters for use in the government plant- ing operations. Mr. P. Z. Caverhill, Forester for the Province of New Brunswick, recently made a visit to Grand’ Mere to discuss methods and costs of forestry surveys with Mr. Wilson. Mr. Caverhill has already begun his survey and inventory of the Provincial Crown lands. The Dominion government has decided to exclude all foreign lumber in connec- tion with the public work carried on by it. At the present time the Parliament build- ings at Ottawa are being rebuilt, but only Canadian lumber will go into the new structure. A short time ago the Canadian Pacific Railway issued a similar order. Both movements have been made for the purpose of encouraging the industry in the Dominion. Last year, although the country was at war, Canada imported 95,- 000,000 feet of southern pine, valued at over three million dollars. These figures were much below the previous year, but show something of the heavy importations of pine from the United States. Practically all our hardwood has been imported from Society of Forest Engineers south of the forty-ninth parallel, but ac- cording to the new arrangement, only Canadian hardwoods will be utilized in the public works of the Dominion. At the present time a number of important works are going on in addition to the rebuilding of the Parliament buildings, harbor im- provements are being made at Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, and in connection with the Hudson Bay terminals. In these works Douglas fir will take the place of Southern pine, formerly used. For the interior deco- ration of cars and the wood used in their manufacture, Canadian woods will here- after be used. It is said that the movement will spread and that big implement manu- facturers will take it up. Mr. J. R. Booth, the veteran lumberman of Ottawa and Hull, has just celebrated his ninetieth birthday. Despite the fact that he is now twenty years past the three score years and ten allotted by the Psalm- ist, Mr. Booth continues to take a very active interest in all his companies’ activ- ities, even to helping around the mills. Messrs. J. O. Mason and J. H. Cunning- ham, superintendent of manufacturing and statistician of the Laurentide Company, have gone to Kalamazoo to attend the meetings of the Taylor Society and the Technical Section of the American Pulp and Paper Association. The report of the British Columbia For- est Branch for 1915 is just out and is a The reports of its activities in trying to increase the timber trade of the Province are good reading and the successes of both its foreign and domestic trade commissioners have been marked. The bulletins issued advertising its woods and showing the best ways to utilize them are well gotten up and thor- oughly practical and the illustrations add much to their value. very interesting pamphlet. Mr. Austin F. Hawes, State Forester of Vermont, was on a visit to Montreal re- cently. The Laurentide Company, Ltd., of Grand’ Mere, Quebec, has a large tract of land, at present about twelve hundred acres, de- voted to planting and experimental cut- ting operations. Different systems of cut- ting are being tried out and experiments in natural regeneration also. In all these thinnings or cuttings the slash is piled and burnt. Plots have also been marked off and all the trees numbered and a band painted about them at breast height, and each year the diameter growth is measured. Plantations have been made not only in the open but under different kinds of stands and on different soils. Experiments in draining swamps are also to be undertaken and a system of good dirt roads and fire lines is also kept up. The Canadian Forestry Association is enlisting the help of the boards of trade of the different Ontario towns and cities in its fight for better fire protection and administration of the forest lands of that province. The association has gained one hundred and forty new members since Feb- ruary and is in better condition than ever. The Hon. Jules Allard, Minister of Lands and Forests in Quebec, has been made a member of the Legislative Council of the Province. Mr. Ellwood Wilson recently made a trip to an aeroplane factory to examine aeroplanes and see if they would be prac- tical for forest fire ranging work. There is no doubt that for finding fires they are entirely practical, but they are so difficult to launch and to land with at present that they are hardly practical as yet. A suggestion made by someone that clearings of seven or eight acres in extent be made at con- venient places in the forest for landing and starting is out of the question, as such clearings would be too expensive to make and keep clear, and the great value of the aeroplane would be its ability to travel fast, see over a large area at once, and to alight near a fire and extinguish it. This latter is the most important and the most difficult thing for an aeroplane to do. Of course, a flying machine travels so fast that a fire could be reported without delay, but by the time a crew was organized and transported some fifty or one hundred miles the fire would have gained a big start. It is certain, however, that these disadvantages will soon be overcome and the necessity for lookout towers and slow- moving rangers will be done away with. Messrs. D. A. Macdonald and C. H. Morse, of the Dominion Forest Service, have been elected associate members of the Canadian Society of Forest Engineers. Mr. E. H. Roberts, acting district in- spector for Saskatchewan, of the Dominion Forest Service, reports that the fire season is beginning later than last year and the outlook is more favorable due to consider- able rain and snow flurries every few days. SOME WORDS OF PRAISE 369 Some Words of Praise “The new magazine is fine. I find it a great help in Botany and other science teaching in the high school. We are get- ting acquainted with the important tim- ber trees of the United States. A. E. WARNER, Allegan, Michigan. “No forest officer should be without your magazine. I like it very much indeed.” E. W. Searcy, Elsinore, California. “T think AMERICAN Forestry is very at- tractive—the illustrations are wonderful.” Miss Cora H. CLarKE, Boston, Massachusetts. “T want to take this occasion to con- gratulate you on the improvement in the organ of our association, and also upon the very interesting and readable material which it has contained.” R. P. Bass, Ex-Governor of New Hampshire, Peterborough, New Hampshire. “AMERICAN ForEstRY MAGAZINE is ex- cellent and deserves success and wide dis- tribution.” D. L. PickMan, 53 State Street, Boston, Mass. “We like AmeErtcAN Forestry. It is educational in the line of forestry. Your effort in conserving the forests for the use of present and future generations is a noble one, and should have the help and support of every one interested in the wel- fare and prosperity of mankind.” RicHArD BENNETT, Bennett, Wisconsin. “T want to compliment you on your very beautiful issue of AMERICAN ForEs- TRY. It is certainly very pleasing in every particular.” E. W. MEEKER, Mgr. Editor Hardwood Record, Chicago, III. “T wish to congratulate you and every- one else who may have had a hand in the recent change in the get-up of the magazine. It is excellent. At the last meeting of the Botanical Society of Western Pennsyl- vania a couple of our members took up the larger part of the time in reviewing and commenting upon the August and Sep- tember numbers—and it would not at all surprise me if you get a few subscriptions as a result of the favorable comments.” Dr. O. E. JENNINGS, Editor, The Bryologist, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa. “T have very great pleasure indeed in reading your journal, both the literature and illustrations of which are most excel- lent.” J. A. Durute, Aberdeen, Scotland. “AMERICAN Forestry is a thorough treat to me every month and something which I look forward to for weeks before it is due.” ALAN L. HANSBEN, Upper Montclair, N. J. “T want to congratulate you on the publi- cation you have been putting out for the past season. It is a live one and up to date in every way. I trust it will accom- plish the good that you are striving to accomplish with it.” W. S. Taytor, Austin, Texas. “AMERICAN Forestry arrived this morn- ing, and I wish to congratulate you most heartily on its splendid appearance. The cover is very attractive and excellently printed, and the stock used throughout the whole job is certainly of the finest. The cuts are well etched and show up details magnificently, and altogether I think you certainly ought to be highly congratulated on the typography and general appearance of the issue.” A. C. JENNINGS, Toronto, Canada. “T want to congratulate you upon the appearance of AMERICAN Forestry in the new size. The illustrations are beautiful and the general character of the magazine is so high class in every respect that I feel you have good cause to be proud of it.” Rosert E. MIier, Lancaster, Pa. “T had®occasion to visit some friends of mine in Rochester a few days ago and found the AMERICAN Forestry lying on the center table. I commented upon its pres- ence and found both of the men of the household extremely enthusiastic about it. The father, a man of 83, told me in its new form it was one of the most interest- ing and up-to-date magazines he knew of. I am frank to admit I have also become converted and like your new form, com- menting especially upon the columns or page for children,” F. F. Moon, Syracuse, N. Y. “The magazine published by the Asso- ciation is a beauty, is very interesting, and I have passed it around to my friends in all parts of the State, urging attention and interest in the work. I congratulate you on your success and hope that the plans of the helpful, efficient men that are inter- ested in the Association will work to the advantage of the organization and of the whole country.” Epwarp V. PRESTON, Travelers Insurance Company, Hartford, Connecticut. “T consider every issue of AMERICAN Forestry a treat.” H. L. CHuRCHILL, Forester, Glenn Falls, N. Y. “While I may be somewhat late in ex- pressing my thorough appreciation of the new magazine, nevertheless, I trust it is not too late now, and not only are the ar- ticles in it of interest, but especially did the children’s department catch my eye.” R. S. Mappox, Forester, Nashville, Tenn. “T am a member of the Association, and I cannot refrain from expressing my ad- miration for AMERICAN ForEstry in its new form.” E. W. Bricut, Boston, Mass. “Tn looking over the recent numbers of AMERICAN Forestry I am much impressed with the remarkable change and improve- ment both in the make-up and matter of this publication.” FrepErtcKk W. KELsEy, 150 Broadway, New York City. A Beautiful Calendar. James D. Lacey & Company sent out early this year a calendar on the prepara- tion of which they expended the best of taste and not a little money. It consists of a large original photograph about ten by nineteen inches, of a beautiful group of Sitka Spruce trees. This is handsomely mounted and tied with a satin ribbon, and bears a calendar pad of practical size at the bottom. This calendar has had a rather wide distribution and its beauty has brought forth many an ex- pression of praise for it, the firm receiv- ing compliments upon the beauty of the production from practically every one who became a fortunate possessor of one of the calendars. Wyman’s School of the Woods The forestry students of Wyman’s School of the Woods, Munising, Michigan, have completed the winter term as con- ducted in Munising, and are now com- fortably located in their summer home on Perch Lake, about four miles from the city. The field work during the summer term will include surveying, topographic map- ping and estimating, besides dendrology, ornithology, forest botany and woodcraft. The great activities in woods operations in the immediate vicinity will give the men the best of opportunity to study logging and forestry work as it is actually carried on by the lumber companies in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Some of the stu- dents have built their own log cabins and will do their own cooking, while the others, living in tents, will eat at the regular camp table. The work will be carried under the direction of Thomas B. Wyman and R. R. Fenska. 370 Use of Dynamite in Rubber Cultivation The use of dynamite in the cultivation of rubber in the Federated Malay States is discussed in an article in the Agricul- tural Bulletin of these states. After de- scribing the operations in detail it says: That dynamite is unequaled for fbreak- ing up hardpan or layers of impervious subsoil, which not only prevents the roots from going down to the subsoil but inter- fere with the drainage. It is most effective on heavy clay and hard laterite soils and least effective on light or loose soils, which offer no resist- ance to the explosion. That it might be profitably employed in holding previous planting, especially in heavy soils, half a charge of dynamite be- ing sufficient for this purpose. It may be successfully used in breaking up logs and tree stumps infected with termites in rubber clearings. That the value of dynamite for cultiva- tion is not doubted but the high cost of the explosive prevents its more general use. University of Georgia The Forest Service is conducting a co- operative woodlot study with the Forest School, University of Georgia, the object being to ascertain the methods of mar- keting the farm woodlot products and to suggest improvements. The data will be placed before the farmers of the State in a publication of the university. The Forest Nursery is in a flourishing condition. Some 30,000 seedlings, repre- senting about 50 species, were set out this spring. The nursery, as a project, provides for the sale of surplus nursery stock at cost to residents of the State. Many of the colleges, academies and high schools of the State plan to share in the distribu- tion of this surplus stock. Forest Camp has been permanently es- tablished on the Georgia tract, in northern Georgia. As soon as possible buildings will be erected and arrangements made for permanent field equipment. Both fresh- men and sophomore forestry students are required to complete summer terms of nine weeks in Forest Camp. Work is also offered for those mature men who desire practical instruction in forest mensuration and to those men and women who desire a knowledge of nature. The Ranger School has a duration of eight weeks, the Nature Study School of six weeks. W. G. M. Stone Dead William G. M. Stone, of Colorado, died May 8, in Longmont, Colorado, at the age of 84 years. During the last thirteen years Mr. Stone was president of the Colorado State Forestry Association, resigning be- cause of infirmities less than a month be- fore his death, which was hastened by his AMERICAN FORESTRY activities in preparing for and attending the annual meeting of the association, held in Denver late in April. Mr. Stone and the organization over which he presided exerted a great influence in Colorado, and probably throughout the entire West, dur- ing the critical period when forestry was first introduced as a national policy in the newly established National Forests. His untiring devotion to the cause of conserva- tion, his patience and calm, good sense, to- gether with the great respect accorded to him, were no small factors in overcoming the well-organized, determined opposition to National Forests in the West a few years ago. It is given to very few to ac- complish as much as Mr. Stone has in any matter of great public benefit. .His influ- ence will be felt for many years, and ap- preciation of his services will increase. Acquire Large Property The properties of the L. E. White Lum- ber Company at Greenwood and Point Arena, Mendocino County, California, have been sold to the C. A. Goodyear and James D. Lacey interests of Chicago, and James A. Mackenzie of San Francisco. The tim- ber lands, town site, mills and other as- sets are valued at upwards of $3,500,000. The transaction involves one of the old- est and largest operating redwood proper- ties in the State of California and identifies with California lumber production, one of the oldest, most successful and most widely known groups of lumbermen in the United States. The new organization will be known as the Goodyear Redwood Com- pany. ® The L. E. White Lumber Company founded thirty-five years ago has grown steadily until today it includes over 85,000 acres of timber, grazing and agricultural lands; cattle, mills, town, and landings at Greenwood and Point Arena and a line of lumber carrying vessels. For the past fifteen years the enterprise has been un- der the ownership and direction of F. C. Drew of San Francisco. The officers of the Goodyear Redwood Company are C. A. Goodyear, Pasadena, Cal., and of the C. A. Goodyear Lumber Company of Chicago and Tomah, Wis., president. The Goodyear family is also prominently identified with the Great Southern Lumber Company at Bogalusa, La., which operates the largest sawmills in the world. Extensive holdings of Douglas fir in Clallam County, Washington, are owned and being developed by the Good- year Logging Company. In California they have some 25,000 acres of White and Sugar pine in Glenn County. Lamont Rowlands, Chicago, Ill., of the C. A. Good- year Lumber Company, vice-president James A. Mackenzie, San Francisco, Cal., vice-president and treasurer. W. G. Collins, formerly assistant manager of the Port- land office of James D. Lacey & Company, secretary and general manager. The new company will be represented by J. A. Mackenzie at San Francisco; and W. G. Collins at the Greenwood and Point Arena plants. James D. Lacey, founder of the firm that bears his name, and who for more than thirty-five years has been prominent as a successful operator in standing timber, and as a capitalist with broad and varied interests, is chairman of the board of di- rectors. Mr. Lacey was a pioneer in the Southern Cypress industry and with the depleting of the cypress forests his inter- est naturally turns to redwood. The Good- year Redwood Company has entered into an arrangement with the Union Lumber Company of San Francisco and Ft. Bragg, to handle locally the product of the mills at Greenwood; while the Goodyear Lumber Company, through its Eastern and Middle- Western affiliations will vigorously exploit California Redwood in those markets. After his long and prominent career as president and manager of the L. E. White Lumber Company, and his active interest in movements for the extension and bet- terment of the California Redwood indus- try, Mr. Drew’s retirement is a matter of regret to his former lumbering associates. BOOK REVIEWS The Conquest of America. By Cleveland Moffett. $1.50. George A. Doran Com- pany, New York. A book graphically treating of the story of an imaginary invasion of America, tell- ing how unprepared the country was to repel invaders and how after a tremen- dous struggle the victory was won. The Cruise of the Tomas Barrera. By John Henderson. Putnam Company, New York. The author, a Washingtonian, tells in narrative form of a scientific expedition to Western Cuba and the Colorados Reefs, with observations on the geology, fauna, and flora of the region. He was a mem- ber of a party of scientists of the Smith- sonian Institute. The book is profusely illustrated. “Field Book of Western Wild Flowers.” By Margaret Armstrong, in collaboration with J. J. Thornber, A.M. Putnam’s, New York. In this little book a very large number of the commoner wild flowers growing in the United States, west of the Rocky Mountains, are pictured and described. It is the first attempt to supply a popular field book for the whole West. The field is vast, including within its limits all sorts of cli- mate and soil, producing thousands of flow- ers in variety and wonderful in beauty. This book is intended primarily for the gen- eral public. Almost all technical botanical terms have, therefore, been translated into ordinary English. Current Literature MONTHLY LIST FOR MAY, 1916 (Books and periodicals indexed in the Library of the United States Forest Service.) FORESTRY AS A WHOLE Bibliographies Rehder, Alfred. The Bradley bibliography, vol. 3: Arboriculture; economic proper- ties of woody plants. 806 p. Cambridge, Mass., 1915. (Publications of the Arnold Arboretum, No. 3.) Proceedings and reports of forestry associations, forest officers, etc. Canada—Dept. of the interior—Forestry branch. Report of the Director of forestry for the year 1915. 102 p. il. Ottawa, 1916. Massachusetts—State forester. Twelfth an- nual report, 1915. 103 p. pl., map. Boston, 1916. New South Wales—Dept. of forestry. Re- port for the year ended June 30, 1915. 6p. pl. Sidney, 1916. New York state college of forestry, Syracuse university. The Empire forester, vol. 2, no.1. 120p. il. Syracuse, N. Y., 1916. Rhode Island—Commissioner of forestry. Tenth annual report, 1915. 18 p. Providence, R. I., 1916. Trinidad and Tobago—Crown lands dept.— Forest branch. Report of the forest officer for the years 1908-9-1914-15. Port-of-Spain, 1909-15. Forest Education New York state college of forestry, Syracuse university. The New York state college of forestry at Syracuse university, its establishment, organization and work, and the opportunities for its graduates, by Hugh P. Baker, 16 p. Syracuse, 1916, Tkachenko, M. Vuisshee lyesokhozyaist- vennoe obrazovanie v Syevero-Ameri- kanskikh Soedinennuikh Shtatakh (For- est schools in the United States of America.) 9 p. Petrograd, M. A. Aleksandrov, 1915. Forest Description Tkachenko, M. Timber of Russia. np, L915. United States—Dept. of the interior. Forests we! of Mount Rainier national park, by G. ® FB. Allen. 33 p. il. Wash., D.C., 1916. United States—Dept. of the interior. Forests of Yosemite, Sequoia and General Grant national parks, by C. L. Hill. 39 p. il. Wash., D. C., 1916. 24 p. Forest Botany Trees, classification and description Maiden, J. H. The forest flora of New South Wales, pts. 57-58. pl. Sydney, N. S. W., Govt. printer, 1916. CURRENT LITERATURE Forest Protection Peters, J. Girvin. Forest conservation for states in the southern pine region. 14 p. Wash., D. C., 1916. (U. S.—Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 364.) Diseases Rees, Charles C. and others. A bibliography of recent literature concerning plant- disease prevention . . . and a bibliog- raphy of non-parasitic diseases of plants. 111 p.. Urbana, Ill., 1915. (Illinois— Agricultural experiment station, Cir- cular 183.) Stewart, V. B. The leaf blotch of horse- chestnut. 11 p. il. pl. Ithaca, N. Y., 1916. (Cornell university—Agricultural experiment station. Bulletin 371.) Animals Eckstein, Karl. Die technik des forst- schutzes gegen tiere. 2ded. 254 p. il. Berlin, P. Parey, 1915. Fire Coeur d’Alene timber protective association. Tenth annual report, 1915. 16 p. Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, 1915. Forest Legislation. Kinney, J. P. Forest legislation in America prior to March 4, 1789. 49 p. Ithaca, N. Y., 1916. (Cornell university— Agricultural experiment station. Bul- letin 370.) United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest service. State forestry laws: Washing- ton, Indiana, Minnesota, Montana and Illinois, through regular session, 1915. 5 nos. Wash., D. C., 1915-16. Forest Administration United States—Dept. of agriculture. Forest service. April field program, 1916. 30p. Wash., D. C., 1916. Forest Utilization Lumber industry Berlin mills company and others. Annual conference of the woods department, 1st-2d. pl. diagr. Berlin, N. H,, 1913-14. Lewis, R. G., comp. Forest products of Canada, 1914: Lumber, lath and shingles. 62p. diagr. Ottawa, 1916. (Canada— Department of the interior—Forestry branch. Bulletin 56.) Simmons, Roger E. Lumber markets of the east coast of South America. 121 p. pl. Wash., D. C., 1916. (U. S. Dept. of commerce—Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce. Special agents series, no. 112.) Wood-using industries Hubbard, Ernst. The utilization of wood- waste. 2d ed. 192 p. il. London, Scott, Greenwood and son, 1915. ofl Thickens, J. H. & McNaughton, G. C. Ground-wood pulp. 151 p. il, pl, maps, samples of paper. Wash., D. C., 1916. (U. S—Dept of agriculture. Bulletin 343.) Wood Technology British "Columbia—Dept. of lands—Forest branch. British Columbia western larch. 16 p. il. {jVictoria, B. C., 1916. (Bul- letin 16.) Auxiliary Subjects Conservation of natural resources Conference of western governors. Proceed- ings of the Conference of western governors held at Seattle, Wash., May 18, 19, and 20, 1915, and at Portland, Ore., Sept. 22, 1915. 98 p. Olympia, Wash., Public printer, 1915. Summer resorts Southern railway. Camping on Mount Mitchell; information regarding good places for summer camps in United States forests in North Carolina. 32 p. Wash., D. C., 1916. EVERWEAR SWEEPERS For Lawns, Walks, Golf Grounds, Ete. Sweeps all grass, leaves, twigs, stones, and other litter. Gathers what it sweeps. Reduces labor from hours to a few minutes. ip _ The Everwear Sweeper is an effective, rapid, labor-saving machine, constructed on correct sweeping principles, and gathers what it sweeps. The Everwear will sweep up every particle of cut and dead grass, leaves, sticks, stones, and other litter, carry and deposit where you wish. The action of the brushes is “‘broom- like;”” and you will note from the illustra- tion that the sweepings are thrown for- ward into the receptacle, leaving no chance for particles of grass and litter to escape. MADE IN TWO SIZES ONLY 24-inch and 28-inch widths. Send for full descriptive matter and prices. The Everwear Mfg. Co., Springfield, O. FREE BULB BOOK Gives all details of BR our plan to supply you with choice bulbs, direct from Holland— at the price of ordi- nary stock. Tells all about our list of SPRING FLOWERING BULBS Tulips—Hyacinths—Narcissus Only large, sound bulbs—every one guar- anteed. Full of vi- tality, sure to bloom early. True to name. Orders for fall deliv- ery must reach us by July 1. So write to- day for description of our Import Plan and Catalogue of our many varieties. Both free. QUALITY BULB COMPANY 829 Chamber of Commerce Building, Rochester, N. Y. When You ‘‘Turn In’ — Dog-tired and ready for a good sleep, you “‘turn in''—only to find the camp mattress a thing designed for harder bodies than yours. Imagine the different sort of comfort offered by the soft, conforming “Perfection” Pneumatic Mattress With or Without Sleeping Bag Mattress and Sleeping Bag roll to a small, light bundle, easily carried, and . the mattress is quickly inflated for use. It i) conforms to your frame and takes up all \ unevenness of the ground. ° j Absolutely impervious to water and per- fectly sanitary—no place for dirt or vermin to lodge. Comfortable in wet, dry, cold or hot countries. Lasts indefinitely. Used by the Federal Government, Steam- ship Lines, Forest Service, and well-known sportsmen and explorers. Read what users write about it and see our illustrated Cata- log. Complete information on request— virile for it now. © PNEUMATIC MFG. COMPANY rn 552 17th Street Brooklyn, N. Y. = I want to send a copy of my “Sportsman’s Handbook”’ and catalog to every one who loves the Big Out- doors. It is the most complete Sporting Goods Catalog I have ever written. It not only illus- trates and describes hundreds of arti- cles for the Camper, Fisherman, Hunter and Forester, but tells of my experience § in the “‘wilds.’’ There are pictures of § birds and animals, and advice as to pitching a tent, care of firearms, pre- | paring skins for the taxidermist, etc. Camping, Fishing, Hunting There are chapters on where to Camp, Fish and Hunt; what to take, what to wear, and many ‘‘kinks”’ in wildcraft. I send this book free—mention No. 466 POWHATAN ROBINSON, President New York Sportine Goons Col” 15 and17 Warren StNewYork,U.S.A._ ‘ Periodical Articles Miscellaneous periodicals American reviews of reviews, May, 1916.— The lumber decline in the northwest, by Edwin Clyde Robbins, p. 583-8; Utiliz- ing lumber waste, by L. M. Lamm, p. 588-9. American spectator, April 20, 1916.—A $75,000,000 handout, by William Harper Dean, p. 5-6. Country gentleman, April 22, 1916.—Black walnut for timber and nuts, by T. P. Littlepage, p. 877; Pulling stumps, by Benjamin Jelinek, p. 909. AMERICAN FORESTRY Country gentleman, April 29, 1916.—Farm- stead windbreaks, by F. J. Kelleher, p. 920 Country gentleman, May 6, 1916.—Painting tree wounds, by Howard G. Cook, p. 988. Country life in America, May, 1916.—Two kings among trees, by Wilhelm Miller, p. 64, Far Eastern review, Feb., 1916.—Philippine woods in the China market, by E. E. Schneider, p. 348-52. Far Eastern review, March, 1916.—The Hokkaido timber industry; the wealth of Japan's forests, p. 388-90. Geographical review, April, 1916.—The eco- nomic resources of the Russian empire, by E. K. Reynolds, p. 249-65. In the open, April, 1916.—The larch as a shade and forest tree, by George H. Wirt, p. 27-9; How to prevent forest fires, p. 30. Landscape architecture, April, 1916.—Our national parks: a conference, p. 101-26; National parks, monuments and forests, by Warren H. Manning, p. 106-9; The distinction between national parks and national forests, by Frederick Law Olmsted, p. 114-15; The Forest service and the preservation of natural beauty, by E. A. Sherman, p. 115-19. Ottawa naturalist, March, 1916.—The use of ornamental trees and shrubs, by W. T. Macoun, p. 161-4. Outing, May, 1916—Summer everyone, by Charles J. Lisle, p. 172-82. Professional memoirs, Corps of engineers, U. S. army, May-June, 1916.—Use of plank or lumber apron mat for shore protec- tion on the upper Mississippi river be- tween the Wisconsin river and Leclaire, Iowa, by S. Edwards, p. 383-91. Reclamation record, May, 1916.—Arbor day on the projects, p. 198; The relation of grazing to stream flow, p. 223-4. Scientific American, April 8, 1916.—Wood waste, by J. Gordon Dorrance, p. 382-3, 390. Scientific American supplement, March 18, 1916.—Woods of Hawaii, by V. McCaughey, p. 184. Torreya, April, 1916.—Notes on Philippine vegetation: the Casuarina association, by Frank C. Gates, p. 91-5. homes for Comfort Sleeping Pocket With Air Mattress Inside Recommended by the members of Forest Service, Hunters, Cowboys, Campers, Canoeists and Invalids. The lightest, most compact, sanitary Sleeping Pocket made. Nota bag, but an outdoor bed. Cold, Wind, Damp and Water Proof. Guaranteed or Money Refunded. Mailed Free Send for Catalog and price list. METROPOLITAN AIR GOODS CO., Haven Street, Reading, Mass. “T’VE filled cavities in rot- A ted trees for years, but this combination beats them all for a first-class job. It keeps the moisture out absolutely, and the tree is saved permanently.” TOXEMENT et Sa rie) N° 232 stop decay permanently because they prevent moisture from getting back of the filling and starting decay over again. a REMEMBER 17S WATER PROO! . Toxement is added to the cement mortar to make the filling itself absolutely waterproof. It waterproofs the concrete. And R. I. W. No. 232 is used for coating the cavity to exclude dampness between the wood and the filling. Chas. F. Irish & Co., of Bratenahl, Ohio, say, “The results have been very pleasing.’ Chas. A. Jackson says “I am convinced.” Other big tree men say the same. You can stop tree decay permanently with these two Toch products because each of them keeps out moisture, absolutely. It’s a Toch combination, and ‘‘Remember, it’s Waterproof.” Booklet upon request from Department I. TOCH BROTHERS Established 1848 Inventors and manufacturers of R. I. W. Preservative Paints, Compounds, Enamels, etc. 320 Fifth Avenue, New York City Works: New York, London, England and Toronto, Canada Miniature Construction Landscape and Architectural Models Topographical Maps and Paintings for SCHOOLS—COLLEGES—MUSEUMS Government work a specialty MORGAN BROS.CO., Inc. Model Makers Room 1650 Grand Central Terminal Phone 7720 Murray Hill NEW YORK CITY CURRENT LITERATURE 303 Panoramic view of our yard and plant which shows 40,000,000 feet of Clear Redwood lumber, and 35,000,000 Redwood Shingles on sticks air-drying. (The largest strictly air-dried Redwood Lumber Yard in the World.) Manufacturers of all kinds of Redwood Products, consisting of Finish, Siding, Mouldings, Columns, Ballusters, Lattice, Ceiling, Tanks, Pipe, Silos Shingles, Shakes, Frames, etc. O O O REDWOOD MANUFACTURERS COMPANY BIRD- LORE A BI-MONTHLY MAGAZINE Edited by FRANK M. CHAPMAN 600 Pages 12 Colored Plates 200 Photographs PRICE ONE DOLLAR Tt will tell you how to study birds, how to form and conduct bird clubs, how to make nesting boxes, feeding stands and bird baths. You may consult its Advisory Council, take part in its bird censuses, and, in short, become one of the great fraternity who find in birds ‘“‘the most eloquent expression of nature’s beauty, joy and freedom." We shall be glad to mail you a specimen copy on request. D. APPLETON & CO. 29 West 32d St., New York City Philip T. Coolidge, M.F. wishes to announce that on July 1, 1916, he will open an office for the practice of FORESTRY at BANGOR, MAINE Management and Protection of Woodlands Improvement Cuttings Planting Timber Estimates and Maps Surveying Pittsburg, California Trade journals and consular reports American lumberman, April 15, 1916.—How to build and operate a sawmill, by L. L. Shertzer, p. 34-6. American lumberman, April 29, 1916— Efficiency in logging and lumbering, by H. Lincoln Churchill, p. 25; The conifer leaf oil industry, by A. W. Schorger, p. 28-9; A year’s lumber production analyzed; government submits figures for 1914 and 1915, p. 31, 38. American lumberman, May 6, 1916.—The use of southern yellow pine and Douglas fir in mill construction type of buildings, by Robert Seth Lindstrom, p. 32; Tells conditions in English timber trade, by A. H. Baldwin, p. 34-5; Douglas fir sleepers needed for Indian roads, by H. R. MacMillan, p. 36; Fire fighting work commended and criticised, by R. P. McLaughlin, p. 37-8, 58; Timber breaks testing machine, p. 40. Barrel and box, April, 1916.—A handy box chart, p. 38. Brickbuilder, Sept.-Dec., 1915.—Use of na- tive woods for interior finish, by C. M. Price, p. 217-22, 239-42, 285-9, 295-300. Canada lumberman, April 15, 1916.—Making box boards from sawmill waste, by P. L. Buttrick, p. 35-6. Canada lumberman, May 1, 1916.—The commercial uses of willow, p. 37; Woods used for specialties, p. 41. Electrical review and western electrician, March 11, 1916.—Another angle on the wood-waste problem, p. 463-4. Engineering news, Feb. 3, 1916.—Oil specifi- cation for creosoted wood block, by H. von Schrenk, p. 204-6. Engineering news, Feb. 24, 1916.—Yellow- pine timber graded without guesswork, by H. von Schrenk, p. 368-9. “Triangle Route” Spreading Panoramas and Vistas of Mountain Peaks Tumbling Waterfalls Granite Heights Cascades and River Scenes FROM EL PORTAL Going YOSEMITE VALLEY Returning TAKE A TRIP TO THE TUOLUMNE BIG TREES Grove Requires but three hours’ extra time of your itinerary and is a con- siderable saving of time and money by this economy route. Two Trips in One Saves—Time and Hee Money FROM SAN FRANCISCO OR LOS ANGELES A wonderful scenic trip through forest and over mountain, by stream ang waterfall, and a delightful auto ride. From EL PORTAL or YOSEMITE VALLEY Seeing the Big Trees at a cost of only $7.50 Additional to Round Trip Railroad Tickets to the Yosemite Engineering news, March 2, 1916.—Water- gas tar for treating wood-paving blocks, by J. S. Miller, Jr., p. 433. Engineering news, March 30, 1916.—Specifi- cations for treating wood with creosote, by K. Redman, p. 607-8. 374 HAMMOND LUMBER COMPANY Manufacturers of Redwood Lumber Satisfactory grades and prompt shipment guaranteed Write for advice and information. We'll tell you why you should use Red- wood. We ship direct by cargo or rail from our big Redwood mills at Eureka, California. SAN FRANCISCO OFFICE 260 CALIFORNIA STREET AMERICAN FORESTRY Engineering record, March 11, 1916.—New process for treating wood patented by the American wood encysting company, p. 373-4. Gulf Coast lumberman, April 15, 1916.— Texas forestry, J. H. Foster, p. 38-40. Hardwood record, April 25, 1916.—Cost of burning sawmill refuse, by Rolf Thelen, p. 18-19; The basis of lumber prices, by C. H. Worcester, p. 20; Proposed inspec- tion rules changes, p. 21-3. Hardwood record, May 10, 1916.—Wood flour, by Frederick W. Kressmann, p. 16-17; The use of dyes by Indians, p. 21. Journal of industrial and engineering chem- istry, May, 1916.—Some notes on sandal- wood, its assay, yield of oil, and changes in the oil during distillation, by C. H. Briggs, p. 428-9. Lumber world review, April 25, 1916.— Rebuilding the wood pipe line in Seattle, p. 41. Lumber world review, May 10, 1916.—Cir- culation in dry kilns, by Harry D. Tiemann, p. 25-6. Packages, April, 1916.—Use of wood flour, p. 21. Paper, April 19, 1916.—The paper industry of the Indian empire, by H. R. Mac- Millan, p. 15-18. Paper, April 26, 1916.—Woodpulps for paper- making, p. 11-12, 34. Paper trade journal, March 30, 1916.—A history of paper manufacturing in the United States, by Lyman Horace Weeks, p. 35-8. Railway age gazette, March 17, 1916.— Marine borers from wood preserver’s standpoint, by L. F. Shackell, p. 508-10. Railway review, Jan. 22, 1916.—Essentials in timber preservation work, by J. W. Kendrick, p. 127-8; Proper oil for creo- soting wood blocks for paving, by P. C. Reilly, p. 139-46. St. Louis lumberman, April 1, 1916.—Lumber requirements of the automobile industry, p. 41. St. Louis lumberman, April 15, 1916.—The timber trade of France, p. 14; The wood pulp business, p. 39-40; Where, too, promotion of wood products is needed, by Howard F. Weiss, p. 46; Trade exten- sion for the retail dealer, by H. S. Sackett, p. 64-5; Lumber the chief in- dustry of British Columbia, p. 70 D; List of associations and officers, p. 70 G-H. St. Louis lumberman, May 1, 1916.—Need of uniform accounting in the lumber in- dustry, by John G. McIntosh, p. 55. Southern lumberman, May 6, 1916.—Learn of conditions in South America, by Roger E. Simmons, p. 25. Southern lumberman, May 13, 1916.—Wood block paving, by L. P. Hamilton, p. 27. Timber trade journal, March 25, 1916.— Review of the timber trade of 1915, p. 541-627; Engineering and wood-working machinery section, p. 637-48. Timber trade journal, April 22, 1916.—The manufacture of charcoal, by A. D. Webster, p. 806; Timber in Newfound- Forestry Courses At the University of Idaho Two four-year forestry courses are offered. The first is a good all-round course. The second is designed to prepare students as logging engineers and for lumbering. A three-year Rangers’ Course of five months per year is also offered. Idaho has extensive national forests now rapidly being developed and calling on her State Forestry School for men trained to deal with the peculiar forestry and grazing problems of the State. The private timber holdings in Idaho are large and offer much promise for those trained to deal scientifically with the various large lines of operation now opening up. Young men contemplating a course in forestry will do well to bear in mind that the location and field of the school they attend is one of the greatest assets contribut- ing to their future success. Idaho is and will remain one of the best fields in which to practice forestry. Its Forestry Department is well manned and well equipped, and its students are paid a salary for practical work in the summer. Bulletin and particulars sent on application to Cc. H. SHATTUCK, Dean Moscow, Idaho land, p. 807; The forester’s profession in Nigeria, by A. H. Unwin, p. 835. United States daily consular report, April 26, 1916.—Logwood situation in West Indies and Honduras, by Lemuel W. Livingston, p. 342-3. United States daily consular report, April 29, 1916.—Companies interested in Mexican logwood, by Claude E. Guyant, p. 392. United States daily consular report, May 1, 1916.—Brazilian tanning and dyeing materials, by Alfred L. Gottschalk, p. 410-13. United States daily consular report, May 2, 1916.—Distillation of sandal wood oil in India, p. 422; Burma timber market shows slump, by Samuel C. Reat, p. 424-5. United States daily consular report, May 6, 1916.—Supply of Brazilian mangrove bark offered, by Alfred L. Gottschalk, p. 489; Yalu river timber replacing Ameri- can product, by John K. Davis, p. 489. United States daily consular report, May 10, 1916.—Brier roots for pipe making, by F. T. F. Dumont, p. 531. West Coast lumberman, May 1, 1916.— Improper yard piling results in needless waste of much lumber, p. 37; British Columbia mills have annual capacity of 1,908,000,000 shingles, by Robert E. Mansfield, p. 39. Wood turning, May, 1916.—Escelsior making, p. 11-12; Varied uses of woods, p. 17-18. Forest journals Allgemeine forst- und jagd-zeitung, Jan., 1916.—Forstliches aus dem ‘‘Tessin,” by W. Kessler, p. 1-10. Canadian forestry journal, March, 1916.— Forestry work in Ontario, by E. J. Zavitz, p. 419-22; How Dominion parks management combats forest fire, by J. B. Harkin, p. 423-5; Silvicultural prob- lems of forest reserves, by B. E. Fernow, p. 427-3; Proper reforesting, by Ralph H. McKee, p. 436-8; Cedars of Lebanon, p. 438; Swiss forest management, p. 440-2; Forestry and the lumber in- dustry, by W. T. Van Dusen, p. 446-8; War's effect on shade trees, by F. MceVickar, p. 449-50. Canadian forestry journal, April, 1916.— Rebuilding forests of France, by Louis Marin, p. 463-7; Success of aeroplane patrols, by F. B. Moody, p. 471-2; Torrent control in France, by H. R. MacMillan, p. 473-9; Fire protection in pine logging, by Coert DuBois, p. 487-8. Centralblatt fir das gesamte forstwesen, July-Aug., 1915—Versuche aus dem bereiche der holzmesskunde, by Zoltan Fekete, p. 241-54; Tecknik und natur- wissenschaft, by Alfons Leon, p. 254-72: Bemerkungen zur dimensionierung hol- zerner saulen und streben, by H. Schmerhowsky, p. 273-9. Forstwissenschaftliches centralblatt, March, 1916.—Die forstwirtschaftliche boden- benutzung Bayerns im jahre 1913, p. 115-22. Hawaiian forester and agriculturist, April, 1916.—Douglas fir in Hawaii, by C. S. Judd, p. 124-7. Indian forester, Feb., 1916.—Reproduction of teak by root-suckers, by Edward Marsden, p. 43-50; Teak reproduction as a result of clear felling, by R. S. Hole, p. 51-57; The natural reproduction of sal, by R. S. Troup, p. 57-60; Note on “spike’’ disease in sandal, by P. M. Lushington, p. 61-5; A classification of thinnings and increment fellings, by S. H. Howard, p. 66-71; The calculation of an approximate financial rotation, CURRENT LITERATURE BOOKS ON FORESTRY eo AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the benefit of those who wish books on forestry, a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American Forestry Association, Washington, 1a D.C. Prices are by mail or express prepaid.* 38 B5 3E 38 AMERICAN BOYS’ BOOK OF BUGS, BUTTERFLIES AND BEETLES......... $2.00 RORESD VALUATION —Eilibert) Rother cect eiectnel iets aietaetetetelet ela 1.50 RORESIMREGULATION—Rilibert Roth® sa .esrsetreie ctkanr tele) siete cisieitetet sie eialcial cles 2.00 PRACTICAL TREE REPAIR—By Elbert Peetsi2. so... 2.2 --ccse secre ess ceec ee 2.00 THE CUIMBERS IN DUSRRY—By R-iS) Kelloggeiearerctetetlettetelelvielotels steieisiotelatelol//arels 1.10 LUMBER MANUFACTURING ACCOUNTS—By Arthur F. Jones.............. 2.10 RORESMVALUADION——By H. He Chapmansacnseeet tet cileeissiitcieristeleiciere 2.00 CHINESE FOREST TREES AND TIMBER SUPPLY—By Norman Shaw....... 1.60 TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS—By John Ranke paar dbs serterterveteretcialchere <=: o.a1s\eicle olevshele Mel cvetenetoramememetctetote fefeleteransieraretelepenstet Soest 1.50 TREES AND SHRUBS—By Charles Sprague Sargent—Vol. I and II, 4 Parts toa Woltume peri Pantie retactetersteror-is1 -1s/ PARNMEFORESDRY—Alfred) Akerman... «.....-.<.-)-\ -cjteleeisiclelslelelslelsie seis == «1* siv)oleisole on THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS (in forest organization) SAB eRecknagel seme crciocs s wisleielele © «16. sieislafelelofoteteletete)s¥-Mieleyalolesalsie]olok~)o\sleiejeselerois 2.10 ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY—F. F. Moon and N. C. Brown..........---++++e00- 2.20: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD—Samuel J. Record...............++.. es) STUDIES OF! TREES—J. J. Levison.).. 222.0. ac ocr cemleleeiieisisics sel acceler ne 1.75 TREE PPRIU NUN Ge Act esiGarsics seriete iets ole clelede olersteledeteieteledeletets]osalsiele/-=1<,-fe/chalors ole 65 THE PRESERVATION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER—Howard F. Weiss........ 3.00: 1.50: THE PRACTICAL LUMBERMAN—By Bernard Brereton (third edition)......... I I OE * This, of course, is not a complete list, but we shall be glad to add to it any books on forestry or related subjects upon request.—Editor. ee EE Ee el 376 by S. H. Howard, p. 72-85; Recent pro- gress in cellulose textiles, by W. Raitt, p- 85-90; Dry distillation in Burma, by R. Unwin, p. 90-1. Indian forester, March, 1916.—The commer- cial side of forest work in India, by R. S. Pearson, p. 103-7; Working-plans in Burma, by H. C. Walker, p. 108-18; A monorail in use in Siam, p. 153; Thinnings of teak coppice in the pole areas of Kanara, by A. G. Edie, p. 157-9; Method of measuring timber, by T. R. Bell, p. 159-64; Reboisement of blanks in forests, by T. N. Koppikar, p. 164-79, Journal of the New York state forestry association, Jan., 1916.—Forest utiliza- tion versus forest destruction, by George N. Ostrander, p. 4-6; Modern forest utilization, by R. S. Kellogg, p. 7-9; Some sources of waste in hardwood logging, by A. B. Recknagel, p. 10-11; Helps in marketing waste, by John T. Harris, p. 12-14; Timber utilization in New York, by Arthur B. Strough, p. 15-18; Notes on the uses of sawdust, by Henry H. Tryon, p. 19-20; The impor- tance of forests, and how we have mis- used them, by James S. Whipple, p. 21-4; Diversified forestry, by C. C. Adams, p. 25-6; Women’s part in con- servation, by Mrs. Albert T. Hildreth, p. 27-30; The use of forests for recrea- tion, by Nelson C. Brown, p. 31-2. Naturwissenschaftliche zeitschrift fur forst- und landwirtschaft, Nov.-Dec., 1915.— Aus der schweiz, by Hefti, p. 489-509; Untersuchungen tber eichenkrankheiten, by Munch, p. 509-22; Nachtrage zum eichenmehltau, by F. W. Neger, p. 544-50; Wuchs-abweichungen an Pinus, by Carl von Tubeuf, p. 550-5. Naturwissenschaftliche zeitschrift fur forst- und landwirtschaft, March-April, 1916.— Die deutschen gattungen und arten der Ichneumonidentribus der Anomaloninen, by O. Schmiedeknecht, p. 97-116; Ulmen-rindenrosen, verursacht durch die wberwinterungsgange des Pteleobius vittatus, by Strohmeyer, p. 116-21; Ueber eine durch frthfrost verursachte gipfeldurre der fichte, by F. W. Neger, p. 121-7; Harznutzung der kiefer oder fohre, p. 151-60. North woods, April, 1916.—The fire fiend: a history, by H. C. Ash, p. 11-15; Recent facts on Bavarian forestry, by C. C. Andrews, p. 20-2; Bucket pump and water-pack in fire fighting, by W. O. Filley, p. 23-7. Quarterly journal of forestry, April, 1916.— The theory and practice of mixing trees, by A. T. Gillanders, p. 87-104; Present conditions of applied forestry in Canada, by H. R. MacMillan, p. 105-23; Sir John Stirling-Maxwell’s plantations at Corrour, by H. J. Elwes, p. 123-8; The use of yield tables, by P. Trentham Maw, p. 129-30; A wire rope timber slide, by J. M. Cowan, p. 131-2; Abnor- mal wood in conifers, by Wm. Somer- ville, p. 132-6. AMERICAN FORESTRY Relative Values “Home Landscape” ISAAC HICKS & SON Westbury Send for our booklet Nassau County 4] A beautiful house on a bare plot loses caste. It lacks a natural setting. {| Nature requires time to remedy it. {| By setting out grown trees and shrubs you can SAVE TEN YEARS and enjoy a well-shaded harmonious home at once. New York | | | | | | | | | | | Our Trees HOW TO KNOW THEM Photographs from Nature By ARTHUR I. EMERSON WITH A GUIDE TO THEIR RECOGNI- TION AT ANY SEASON OF THE YEAR AND NOTES ON THEIR CHARACTER- ISTICS, DISTRIBUTION AND CULTURE By CLARENCE M. WEED, D.Sc. Teacher of Nature Study in the Massachusetts State Normal School at Lowell One hundred and forty illustrations Size of book, 74% inches by 10 inches Cloth, $3.00 net Postage extra LL nature-lovers will hail this book A with delight. Its purpose is to afford an opportunity for a more intelligent acquaintance with American trees, native and naturalized. The pictures upon the plates have in all cases been photographed direct from nature, and have been brought together in such a way that the non-botanical reader can recognize at a glance either the whole tree or the leaves, flowers, fruits, or winter twigs, and thus be able to identify with ease and certainty any unknown tree to which his attention may becalled. In the discussion of the text especial attention has been given to the distinguishing character of the various species, as well as to the more interesting phases of the yearly cycle of each, and the special values of each for ornamental planting. 8 a 5 a | 1 Publishers J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY i Philadelphia Seeds for Forestry Purposes We offer a most complete list of both Deciduous and Evergreen Tree and shrub seeds for forestry purposes. Seeds That Are of Best Germinating Quality Our catalogue contains a full list of the varieties we offer, which include the best and most rare species. Send for a copy, it will interest you. THOMAS MEEHAN & SONS Wholesale Nurserymen and Tree Seedmen DRESHER, PENNA., U. S. A. CE A “THE BEST MADE” < D Ds AO ie HIGH GRADE PRINTING PAPERS | Ditt & Cotuins Co., Papermakers PHILADELPHIA Correspondence Solicited Nursery Stock for Forest Planting Seedlings TREE SEEDS Transplants $2.25 Write for prices on $6.00 per 1000 large quantities per 1000 THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY CO. Cheshire, Conn. AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS FORESTERS ATTENTION AMERICAN FORESTRY will print free of charge in this column advertisements of foresters wanting positions, or of persons having employment to offer foresters WANTED—Work during the summer by a young man starting to study forestry. Would accept place of any kind where practical experience could be ob- tained. Free June 15. Best of references. Address W. W. J., care of American Forestry, Washington, D.C. SE Ee WANTED—Position by Forester, graduate of one of the best Forestry Schools, six years’ course, five years experience in the East and West, including U.S, Forest Service, private and _ teaching work; considerable experience in organization of work and men, special preparation and ability for investigative work in silvics and silviculture. Open for engagement in teaching or field work in the East. Can take charge of city forestry or private estate work. Best references. Personal interview possible. At present employed. Address Box 34, care of AMERICAN FORESTRY, Wash- ington, D. C. peewee POSITION—Young man (33), single, seven and a- half years’ technical training. Will consider position as City Forester, Park Superintendent, Superintendent of Private Estate or Consulting Landscape Architect for railroad. Education consists of post-graduate work in prominent middle-western school of forestry, supplemented by several years post-graduate work in recognized school of landscape design in the East. Experienced in public and private forestry, including work in the Forest Service, the various phases of muni- cipal forestry such as extension work, and tree surgery; and also the designing of parks, playgrounds, an rivate estates. References given and required. Address XYZ, care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. se SS WANTER—Forester with practical forestry expe- rience in reforestation and the handling of second growth timber products; preferably one who has also some knowledge of management of game preserves. Must have two to four thousand dollars capital and first-class references. Situation on large acreage in Maryland. Address ‘‘W. M. O.,” care of American Forestry, Washington, D. C. Se SE ee RANGER desires position. Graduate of the New York State Ranger School at Wanakena, N. Y., age 20 years, weight 160 pounds, habits good, very ambi- tious. Please address Box 28, care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. DS EE EEE YOUNG MAN 24 years old wishes position out West. I have had a two-year course in Forestry in Europe. Have spent over two years in British Colum- bia. I am willing to work. Write, “Canadian,” care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. WANTED—A technical and practical forester and woodsman would like a position with lumber com- any as timber cruiser, surveyor or woods foreman. Best of references. Address Box 33, care of AMERICAN Forestry, Washington, D. C. MARRIED MAN with family desires position of trust. Six years’ practical experience in Forestry and Nursery work in Germany; twelve years’ experience in commerce in Germany, France, England and Canada; wide experience in farming and stock raisingin Germany and Canada; four years as Forest Supervisor and Forest Clerk in Canada; first class education and references. Address Jas. Riehle, Forest Clerk, 184 Dunnedin Ter- race, St. Paul, Minn. WANTED—Position as City Forester, by graduate forester and landscape gardener with experience in each. Presently employed as Assistant City Forester in a city of 700,000 population. Address Box AA, care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. GRADUATED Danish Forester, with nine years’ ex- perience, since graduation, in nursery, planting, tefor- estation and thinning, also in road-building and logging operation, in Denmark, Germany, India and Canada. ighest references as to ability and character. Per- manent position wanted with railroad company, private estate, or timber company. At present employed in Government service. Address, A. B., care AMERICAN Forestry, Washington, D. C. WANTED—Position as City Forester or Park Superintendent by graduate forester, experienced in municipal and private forestry work. Presently employed as Assistant Forester in city with popula- tion of 147,000. Address, Box 29, care AMERICAN FoRESTRY. TREE SURGEON, with four years’ practical experience, wishes position on private estate or with reliable company. Expert on shade tree work and orchard rejuvenation. Conscientious and efficient workmanship. References. Address H. E. W., care AMERICAN FORESTRY. PRACTICAL WOODSMAN AND FOREST EN- GINEER with thorough experience this country and Europe will take charge of forested estate or game preserve. An expert in managing and improving woodlands, and can show results. Highest references as to character, training, and ability. Address Woods Superintendent, Care AMERICAN FoRESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C GRADUATE FORESTER, in 1911, from a recog- nized eastern college. Four years’ experience. One year each in Federal and Pennsylvania State Forest Service. One year with Forest Engineering firm, and one year in Municipal Forestry and Arboricultural work. Am prepared and fully equipped for contract or job work, also permanent or temporary position on private estate, with a city or corporation anywhere in the United States and at all times. Work includes cruising, mapping, reforestation, thinnings, damage appraisals, logging and fire protection plans. Munic- ipal and Park work such as pruning, planting, designing and reinforcing and repairing defective, decayed and diseased trees. Address Box G, care of AMERICAN Forestry, Washington, D. C. YOUNG MAN with thorough training in_Arbori- culture and Forestry, with experience in Tree Surgery, desires position as assistant city forester, or as tree surgeon with some reliable firm. Address ‘M. A. C." care of AMERICAN FORESTRY YOUNG man (28), single, technical education, five years’ general engineering experience, as instrument man and computer, on surveys, and as inspector and superintendent on construction. Also field and office experience with U.S. Forest Service. Capable of tak- ing charge of party; desires position with forester or lumber firm. Address Box_32, care of AMERICAN Forestry, Washington, D. C _ ENERGETIC Post Graduate Forester desires posi- tion as an assistant in park or city forestry work. Subordinate duties preferred. Best of references. Address Box 18, care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. SCALER—With actual experience desires position with any lumber company in the United States or Canada. Competent surveyor and mapper, accus- tomed toroughingit. Present employer best reference. Address ‘‘Scaler,’’ care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. WANTED—Position by graduate forester. Ex- perience in Southern Pineries; five years technical training. Prefers South but willing to go anywhere. Address Box 22, care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. OK (SALE FOR SALE—200,000,000 FEET OF ORIGINAL GROWTH YELLOW PINE TIMBER on the West Coast of Florida, south of Tampa, acces- sible to deep water and railroad facilities. An unusual opportunity. Apply SOUTHERN INVESTMENT COMPANY, Box 502, Richmond, Va. 6-12 SOME FINE HARDWOOD TRACTS We have others. Let us know your wants. Acres Location Million Ft. Price 20,000 North Carolina....... 100 $200,000 14,000 Virginia.... 78 280,000 5,000 West Virgin a 13 50,000 22,500 Mississippi........... 126 630,000 6,800 North Carolina....... 64 160,000 4,700 West Virginia........ 60 211,500 22,000 Kentucky............ 150 550,000 40,000 North Carolina....... 263 480,000 4,600 Tennessee............ 30 46,000 REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT COMPANY 816 Connecticut Avenue, Washington, D. C. 6-9 FOR CALIFORNIA TIMBER Write F. A. BAIRD, Redding, Cal. 6-10 TIMBER LANDS FOR SALE For Sale—40,000,000 feet timber, mostly Short Leaf Pine and Southern Cypress; 85 per centin fee. Seven- teen miles standard gauge railroad; 130-acre mill site on deep water; eastern South Carolina. Address ““B,"’ 509 East Forty-second Street, Baltimore, Md. 5-6 | | | I | | l | l | | | | | | | i I | | I | l | | | I l | | | | | | | | | | i I | I I l i 63,000,000 FEET NATIONAL FOREST TIMBER FOR SALE LOCATION AND AMOUNTS— All the merchantable dead timber standing or down and all live timber marked or designated for cutting on an area embracing about 4,400 acres in approximate unsurveyed T. 24 N., R. 33 W.; unsurveyed T. 25 N., R. 33 W.; and unsurveyed T. 25 N., R. 34 W., M. P. M. on the watershed of the North Fork of Martin Creek, a tributary of the Clark’s Fork River, within the Cabinet National Forest, Montana, estimated to be 30,000,000 white pine (green); 1,000,000 white pine (dead); 20,000,000 hemlock; 6,000,000 white fir, 6,000,000 spruce, feet B. M. of sawtimber, logscale, more or less together with a small unestimated amount of Douglas fir, larch and miscellaneous sawtimber. STUMPAGE PRICES—Lowest rates considered, $3.00 per M_ for green, and $1.00 per M for dead white pine; $1.00 per M for spruce, and 50c per M for all other species, feet B. M. PERIOD FOR REMOVAL—A period of five years, in addition to a period of one year for the construction of improvements, will be allowed for the removal of the timber. Prices will be readjusted at the end of the third year. DEPOSIT—With bid, $5,000, to apply on purchase price if bid is ac- cepted, or refunded if rejected. Ten per cent may be retained as forfeit if the contract and bond are not exe- cuted within the required time. FINAL DATE FOR BIDS—Sealed bids will be received by the District Forester, Missoula, Montana, up to and including June 20, 1916. The right to reject any and all bids isreserved. Before bids are submitted, full information concerning the char- acter of the timber, conditions of sale, deposits, and the submission of bids should be obtained from the District Forester, Missoula, Montana, or the Forest Supervisor, Thompson Falls, Montana. 377 | l | l l l l | | | | | | | | | | | | l | | | l | | | | | | | I l | | | | | | | l | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 378 AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS OU 002 oo oe a A Message From rae TIM - BER HE KNOWS jejajajatal EEP your eye on the chap in the upper left hand corner of this page. You will see him often and in many places. It is his job to answer any and all questions about the right and proper use of wood. JUST now we want to tell you that there is rapidly coming into existence (for the first time in history) a standard series of real lumber literature, national in scope, which will enable ‘‘Tim-Ber” to make good on the claim that ‘“‘He Knows.”’ HERE are the titles of bulletins already available, or in preparation: Engineering Series Farm Series Timber for Structural Purposes Dairy Barns Implement Sheds Standard Mill Construction Horse Hams ee Houses : Ales Swine Houses Silos Physical Properties and Strength Values Poultry Houses Garages Standard Specifications and Grading Rules Farm Residences Grain Storage Buildings Wood in Fire-Resistant Construction The Preservative Treatment of Farm Timbers Building Code Timber Requirements Wood Construction and Insurance Miscellaneous Preservative Treatment Teachers’ Cottages Wood Block Paving Fire Retardents Fire Losses in Relation to the Use of Lumber Finishing Woods for Building ALL these bulletins are being written by men who are acknowledged authori- ties in their respective lines. They are printed in attractive and convenient form, contain no “hot air,” and are both interesting and helpful. Whatever may be your problem in the use of wood, Ask Us The National Lumber Manufacturers Association CHICAGO, ILL. Subscribing Associations are: California Redwood, Georgia-Florida Sawmill, Hard- wood Manufacturers of the United States, Michigan Hardwood Manufacturers North Carolina Pine, Northern Hemlock and Hardwood Manufacturers, Northern Pine Manufacturers, Pacific Coast Sugar and White Pine Manufacturers, Southern Cypress Manufacturers, Southern Pine, West Coast Lumbermens, Western Pine Manufacturers. Learn More About These The Trade Extension Department of the National Lumber Manufacturers Association offers a unique free service of Architects, Engineers, Retailers and Builders. The Blue Book of the National Lumber Manufacturers Association gives prompt and reliable credit rating and collection service. The Inter-Insurance Exchange of the National Lumber Manufacturers Association furnishes sound indemnity for losses by fire in sawmills planing mills and lumber yards, ; WHERE BEST ASK US ja) ajajalajataiajnjajalajaiajajajajajeiajalala)ajajalalalaiajajniajaljalaiayajajajajajajejoajajajaiajajajalayajaiajayagal OU oo oo 0 0000 0000 at AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS Hamilton Watch “The Watch of Railroad Accuracy’’ Accuracy Jewelers know all watches, and with the Hamilton they associate the word Accu- racy. The phenomenal timekeeping rec- ords of the Hamilton Watch on American railroads have earned for it the name, “The Watch of Railroad Accuracy.” The railroad men shown here are but two of HYGHEST QUALITY _LQWEST-PRICES QUICK. SERVICE Submit your Bngraving propositions to us for Spsugsestions and prices if you want to SAVE >. TIME and MonEY thousands who have carried Hamiltons for years with entire satisfaction. Conductor C. D. Hottenstein of “Penna.” R.R He carries a Hamilton Watch. IONAL ENG. © Inc DESIGNERS-ENGRAVERS 506 l4m. STREET N W. . WAsuinoToON, D. C. You can buy a Hamilton movement alone for $12.25 ($13.00 in Canada) and upward, and your jeweler can fit it to your present watch case. Other Hamiltons are $25.00, $28.00, $40.00, $55.00, $80.00, $110. 00, and up to $150. 00 in 18k. heavy gold case. Write for the Hamilton Watch Book— “The Timekeeper” —pictures and describes all Hamilton models, for men and women, and tells facts worth knowing about watches. HAMILTON WATCH CO. Dept. 39, Lancaster Conductor H. R. Sorber of ‘‘Penna.” R.R. He carries a Hamilton Watch. Pennsylvania 3 | yA we vAWA PeGe ae Tearr's. 7] Seedlings and Transplants Also Tree Seeds FOR REFORESTING and economic engineering knowledge and ex- BE? for over a half century. All leading perience to forests and their products. It is hardy sorts, grown in immense quantities. 2 : Prices lowest. Quality highest. Forest essential to modern timberland ownership Planter’s Guide, also price lists are free. Write today and mention this mazazine. THE D. HILL NURSERY CO. Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in America BOX 501 DUNDEE, ILL. Expert Service Is Demanded by Modern Business Methods Forest Engineering is expert service in the application of scientific and operation, and equally important to the distributor and consumer of wood. The Field Covers Technical Advice and Practical Service PARK and ESTATE FORESTRY Logging Reports _ Utilization Studies either the stumpage or manufactured product; Tinie ee Oe ne in acquiring, estimating and mapping timber; in making valuations; in management; in selling S. B. Detwiler FOREST ENGINEER Commercial Trust Bldg. PHILADELPHIA, PA. Methods and Cost of Mosquito Eradication in selecting grades or kinds to meet your serv- ice requirements; and in preservative treat- Pe bee DUN ERICK Forester and Mosquito Expert P. O. Box 607 New Haven, Conn. ment to prevent decay. EL EE 380 4-— O) | | AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS Bie) OF YELLOW PINE Because It’s Economical Sound Deadener Workable Resilient Beautiful Most Easily Obtainable Durable Plentitul Non-Conductor of Temperature For Information About BRANDED STRUCTURAL, rot resisting, special Long Leaf, Factory and Building TIMBERS AND JOISTS, About SOFT SHORT LEAF FINISH and other building and finishing sizes, Write MISSOURI LUMBER AND LAND EXCHANGE COMPANY 1111 Long Building Kansas City, Mo. OUR OWN MILLS PRODUCE 275,000,000 FEET ANNUALLY NN _—— SS) eee oo ——— | AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS | BOOKS FREE—See Special Offer to Members under Table of Contents | Timber Cruising Booklets BILTMORE TIMBER TABLES Including solution of problems in forest finance. SOUTHERN TIMBER TABLES How to estimate Southern Pine, Southern White Cedar, and Southern Appala- chian Timber—Spruce pulpwood, Hemlock bark, Chestnut oak bark, Chestnut tannic acid wood. Postpaid, 25 cents each HOWARD R. KRINBILL Forest Engineer Newburn, N. C. Books Every Forester, Every School, Every Library Should Have Handbook of the Trees of the Northern States and Canada By ROMEYN B. HOUGH Photo, descriptive: In buckram................- $6.00 In half morocco............. 8.00 The most ideal handbook of its kind American Woods L[ustrated by actual specimens By ROMEYN B. HOUGH Issued in parts, each covering 25 species In cloth, $5.00 per part In half morocco, $7.50 per part a = American Woods’’ displayed. A Volume of ‘ Order from AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION Washington, D. C. YouCan Save That Tree By using HOYT’S TREE REPAIR MATERIALS The only correct way of filling tree cavities is by the Asphalt Briquette Method and the Use of Anti- septic Tree Varnish. Writeforfreefolders on tree repair. Cc. H. 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DOUBLE THICKNESS OF + TREAD AND RUBBER ABSOLUTELY PUNCTUREPROOPA i d ar “eA (ae WE MAKE THE 4 Be 5 : fo 4 ‘a V4 il FOR THE AMERICAN FORESTRY al MAGAZINE 2 OUR SPECIALTY | i 1S THE “BETTER GRADE FINISH oF Va = DESIGNS & ENGRAVINGS ~— } IN ONE on MORE COLORS ag eA FOR MAGAZINES CATALOGUES 4 ae ADVERTISEMENTS Erc i Pe 4 f i F | | . HALF TONES Line PLaTes re 28 CoMBINATIONLINE = © ano HALF TONES | Mucti- CoLors e i) ° le (e) a v a ° 0 m 1) a) BIS SES th — i —ESTABLISHED 1869— GATCHEL & MANNING | y a SIXTH ano CHESTNUT STREETS OPPosite OLDE INDEPENDENCE HALL Rn: ie PHILADELPHIA a 0 8 0 0 8 8 tt tt tt ts tt Important When notifying AMERICAN FORESTRY of a change in address, please give both the old and the new address, and we should receive such notification not later than the 25th of month preceding issue mm THE FINISH WHAT COUNTS —Endurance is as important in a typewriter as in an athlete Many a runner starts out looking fit, but, after a lap or two, falls behind and is “‘ali in’”’ at the finish of the race. So it is with typewriters. Some of them do good work at the start, but under the strain of continued use lose the close adjust- ments necessary to produce neat, clean-cut typewriting. They fail before they reach the home stretch. SaaRNATE RS gy LC.Smith& Bros. IS The L. C. Smith & Bros. typewriter will run the ordinary course, come in as strong at the finish—and be ready for another race. One of the reasons for this is the ball bearings found in all much used parts. Constant use can only make them run smoother and “sweeter.” The L. C. Smith & Bros. typewriter is as good at the finish as at start. Send today for catalog of Silent (8-7-6-3) or Standard (6-5-4-3) Models L. C. SMITH & BROS. TYPEWRITER CO., Factory and Home Office: SYRACUSE, N. Y. Branches in All Principal Cities AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS W onderful Bird Books Now Sent FREE! Mail Coupon for This Examination Offer Be able to tell every bird you see. To know our little feathered “‘pals” as they flit by. ‘To know the bad birds from the good ones. Whata delight it is! This knowledge all yours if you will but cut off and mail the coupon at the bottom. And more, too. Knowledge of all the flowers, butterflies and trees. Books you can put in your pocket when you go out. They open up beauties you may never have seen. They give you a bigger, better education. No place where there is a child should be without these books. Let your children have this knowledge. This special offer brings a wonderful library of Natural History to you without a cent of expense. You ought to see these books. Act while this opportunity is open. Examine the complete set at your leisure. Let your family and friends see it. Then decide whether or not you will buy it. Nothing for you to risk. Send the coupon. Know Every Bird— Flower—Butterfly—Tree (The Pocket Nature Library Will Tell You) No need to search through ponderous, technical, scientific 700 COLOR PICTURES books to know about the marvels of the great outdoors. A Every jeather of the birds shown in the exact coloring group of naturalists show you the better way to learn —-in just as if you had the bird in your hand. Every Pete Name AMT the wonderful hace Gb the but | Girect contact with the living things—and with a handy erie eiprccrer Of he Caee, MRERaERrEaecaRtS igre aude. Y t bot anhouees Ce ae ee ee ecto ccs Notas Library than vane coe ee you want to. know. rena Wisc amu Spee ea the OcKe a aoe 1 rary an you canege ina ay, yes, che very) things yaw have wanted) (apd warmed @=)| “ora week, wandering blindly through field and forest: patie ered aallussrations dire yonin crease ciemanout Think what these little books would mean not only each bird, butterfly, flower or tree goes along with Geel Messenatat to you but to the little son or daughter whose per- ceptions are just awakening. What a help in developing the ability to observe and to learn at first hand these books would be. 7 4 ie He Doubleday, Dept. 375 Mail This Coupon—Send No Money ; © Oyster Bay, N.Y. Please send me, all 1 charges prepaid, the Pocket Merely send t’:is coupon (without money) and the four books will come to you prepaid. Nature Library in tour yol- Look at them. See the wonderful colors, Make up your own mind. If you want them umes), bound) ne lan send only 95 cents, then $1.00 per month for four months (or $4.50 cash). If you Sigh plates don’t want them send them back at my expense. But get them just to look at anyway. agree to pay 95 centsiat once and $1.00 a month for four months Cor $4.50 cash). Send coupon today. 5A Otherwise I will return them, Send books Nelson Doubleday, Dept. 375, Oyster Bay, N. Y. Oo Gee. AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS he ee ey | In the National Forest Region —s Colorado School of Forestry A DEPARTMENT OF COLORADO COLLEGE HE course in theoretical and applied forestry leading to the degree of Forest Engineer covers a period of two years and is open to students who have completed two years of college work, including a sufficient amount of Botany, Geology and Surveying. Graduate students may enter as candidates for the degree of Master of Forestry. Fall and Spring Terms in the Manitou Forest, the College Reserve, 6,000 acres of pine and spruce timberland on the borders _of the Pike National Forest. Winter Term at Colorado Springs. a mm a For particulars address Colorado School of Forestry Colorado Springs, Colo. tt tt tt tt tn Be BB Georgia State Forest School UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA OMPLETE four-year undergrad- uate course in theoretical and applied forestry leading to the degree: Bachelor of Science in Forestry {| Wide range of specilization offered— Logging Engineering Commercial Administration Forest Management City Forestry Dendropathology State Forestry Research § Provision for four months’ field work—two following each of Freshman and Sophomore years—on McHatton Forest, a large forest estate in the Blue Ridge Mountains. Numerous excursions in Dendrology and Logging. Provision for practical work in special-’ izatien during Junior-Senior vacation. For announcement address FOREST SCHOOL Georgia State College of Agriculture ATHENS, GEORGIA 0 0 8 th hk tt Ca OO el oY nt nt os 9 a) tt tt tt The New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University Syracuse, N.Y. Under-graduate courses leading to degree of Bachelor of Science. Special opportunities for post- graduate work leading to degrees of Master of Forestry and Doctor of Economics. One- year Ranger Course on the College Forest of 1,800 acres at Wanakena in the Adirondacks. State Forest Camp, which is a month of directed recreation, open to any man over sixteen, held each August on Cranberry Lake. The State Forest Experi- ment Station of 90 acres and an excellent Forest Library offer unusual opportunities for re- search work. For particulars address THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY Syracuse, N. Y. mB a Ce ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee | | | | | | | | | | | | | Yale University Forest School NEW HAVEN, CONN., U.S.A. a9 —a ALE University Forest School is a graduate department of Yale University. It is the oldest exist- ing forest school in the United States and exceeds any other in the number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the degree of Master of Forestry is offered to graduates of uni- versities, colleges and scientific institu- tions of high standing and, under ex- ceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training, including certain prescribed subjects. Men who are not candidates for the degree may enter the School as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course, by sub- mitting evidence that will warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and advanced work in Dendrology, Silvicul- ture, Forest Management, Forest Technology, and lLumbering. The regular two-yéar course begins the first week in July at the School camp near Milford, Pennsylvania. For further information address JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director NEW HAVEN CONNECTICUT Se mm Ce 383 0 8 a et DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY | The | Pennsylvania State College PROFESSIONAL course in Forestry, covering four years of college work, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Forestry. Thorough and practical train- ing for Government, State, Mu- nicipal and private forestry. Four months are spent in camp in the woods in forest work. Graduates who wish to special- ize along particular lines are admitted to the ‘‘graduate forest schools’”’ as candidates for the degree of Master of Forestry on the successful completion of one year’s work. For further information address Department of Forestry Pennsylvania State College State College, Pa. hm mt tt tt tt tt | | | | | | | | | | | I | | | | | : HARVARD UNIVERSITY DEPT. OF FORESTRY BUSSEY INSTITUTION FFERS specialized gradu- ate training leading to the degree of Master of Forestry in the following fields :—Suilvicul- ture and Management, Wood Technology, Forest Entomol- ogy, Dendrology, and (in co- operation with the Graduate School of Business Adminis- tration) the Lumber Business For further particulars address RICHARD T. FISHER Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts a ee a ee ee Ge Be ee ee pe ee ee he Bl Be Oe es | | | | | j | | | | | AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS : Yellowstone Coast points. mountain scenery. - National Park Largest, most phenome- nal and oldest of our National Parks. Geysers, cataracts, rivers, lakes and superb moun- tain scenery. Excellent hotel accommodations. GO Northern Pacific through Gardiner Gateway The Original, Scenic and Only Northern Entrance - Travel the scenic highway of the Northern Pacific Railway crossing three ranges of moun- tains to Spokane, Rainier Na- tional Park and North Pacific Wonderful Send for free literature and in- formation and let us assist you in planning your 1916 vacation. A. M. CLELAND, General Pass. Agent 572 Northern Pacific Railway ST. PAUL, MINN. SEE AMERICA | q i i | Trail of Arizona. New Orleans Los Angeles eet ee en ee ee San Francisco New York City Flood Building 366 Broadway Visit “Oldest America” The wonderland of the vivid and the picturesque, along the Apache Here are the curious ruined homes of the ancient cliff dwellers—the great copper camps—the famous Roosevelt Dam. See this enchanting country in a delightful motor side-trip, a part of your journey to or fromthe West via SOUTHERN PACIFIC—SUNSET ROUTE The Sunset Limited and other splendid trains afford luxurious daily service at No Extra Fare. Water or rail route between New York and New Orleans. GENERAL OFFICES New Orleans Metropolitan Bank Building Seauan Pacihe Building M000 {| = Ey San Diego San Francisco White for booklets. FOREST FORESTRY Your opportunities are as unlimited as our forests if you study at WYMAN’S SCHOOL OF THE WOODS Incorporated Munising, Michigan Orch ids We are specialists in Orchids, we collect, import, grow, sell and export this class of plants exclusively. Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of Orchids may behadon application. Also special list of freshly imported unestablished Orchids. LAGER & HURRELL Orchid Growers and Importers SUMMIT,N. J. Use Press Clippings T will more than pay you to secure our extensive service, covering all subjects: such as Polo, Golf, Tennis, trade and personal, and receive the benefit of the best and most systematic reading of all papers and periodicals, here and abroad, at minimum cost. Why miss taking advantage for ‘obtaining the possible service in your line? Our service is taken by all progressive business men, publishers, authors, collectors, etc., and is the card index for securing what you want and need, as every article of interest is at your daily command. Write for terms; or send your order for 100 clippings at $5, or 1,000 clippings at $35. Special rates quoted on Large Orders. The Manhattan Press Glignine Bureau ARTHUR CASSOT, Proprietor Established 1888 6 East 41st Street, NEW YORK Send for Our Desk Calendar TIMBER ESTIMATES FiREPROTECTIONPLANS Maps.LoccincRePorts EMPIRE STATEFORESTERS 156 FirtnAve.New Yorn Crry The cAmerican Forestry ¢ Association Washington, D. C. President CHARLES LATHROP PACK, Lakewood, N. J. Vice-Presidents JOSHUA L. BAILY, Pennsylvania HON: DAVID OE ON MRS. JOHN ms SHERMAN, Illinois rena ecretary of Agriculture Chairman Conservation Department ANDREW CARNEGIE, New York HON. FRANKLIN K. LANE General Federation of Women’s Clubs EAM cena oe Secretary of the Interior HON. WM.H.TAFT, Connecticnt y HON. ASBURY F. LEVER, South Carolina Brel enteleat Wtieet SuCues DR, CHARLES W. ELIOT, Massachusetts United States Representative JOSEPH N. TEAL, Oregon President Emeritus Harvard University HON. THOMAS NELSON PAGE Chairman Oregon Conservation Commission DR. B. E. FERNOW, Canada. Ambassador to Italy THEODORE N. VAIL Dean of Forestry, University of Toronto gies TUN SEER Dennsvlyania President A. T. & T. Co., New York HENRY S. GRAVES, District of Columbia FILIBERT ROTH, Michigan HONS TORN WEEKS) (Massachusetts s United States Senat Chief of the Forest Service Dean of Forestry, University of Michigan RAG TEE &. ROG BARD Washington, D.C EVERITT G. GRIGGS, Washington DR. J. T. ROTHROCK, Pennsylvania President Carnegie Institution ? Treasurer JOHN E. JENKS, Editor, Army and Navy Register, Washington, D.C. Executive Secretary PERCIVAL S. RIDSDALE, 1410 H Street, N. W., Washington, D.C. Directors E.T. ALLEN, Oregon HERMAN H. CHAPMAN, Connecticut CHARLES LATHROP PACK, New Jersey Forester, Western For. and Conservation Asso. Professor of Forestry, Yale Forest School Pres. Fifth National Conservation Congress JOHN S. AMES, Massachusetts DR. HENRY S. DRINKER, Pennsylvania CHARLES F. QUINCY, New York President, Lehigh University HON. ROBERT P. BASS, New Hampshire Sk J. E. RHODES, Illinois _ . Ex-Governor of New Hampshire Cees co Sh Se Jersey Secretary, Southern Pine Association WM. B. GREELEY, District of Columbia JOHN E. JENKS, District of Columbia ERNEST A. STERLING, Illinois Assistant U.S. Forester Editor, Army and Navy Register Forest and Timber Engineer W.R. BROWN, New Hampshire CHESTER W.LYMAN, New York J.B. WHITE, Missouri Pres. New Hamp. Forestry Commission International Paper Company Ex-President, National Conservation Congress It Will Support These Policies Declaration of Principles and Policy "a St nt Sha DIGHMRt ona Ton thett care endian of Ohe American Forestry Association (Se ee ee State Activity by acquirement of forest lands; organization for fire protection; " i E A : encouragement of forest planting by IT IS A VOLUNTARY organization for the inculcation and spread of a forest policy on communal and private owners, non- 8 E olitical departmentally independent . : ss = = 5 c T te Fah an n n a scale adequate for our economic needs, and any person is eligible for membership. orest reas casonentn liberaliaaoree priations for these purposes. E é 5 : Forest Fire Protection by Federal, State IT IS INDEPENDENT, has no official connection with any Federal or State depart- and fire protective agencies, and its x a ee Ae dlessyier : aS Bale : sperity. encouragement and extension, indi- ment or policy, and is devoted to a public service conducive to national prosperity} diddall mandi be cooperation: aathoat adequate fire protection all other IT ASSERTS THAT forestry means the propagation and care of forests for the pro- Tail fail for forest crop production duction of timber as a crop; protection of watersheds; utilization of non-agricul- Forest Einsns Dy eee poe State . ce ce . . governments an ong-live corpora- tural soil; use of forests for public recreation. tions and acquirement of waste lands for this purpose; and also planting by p private owners, where profitable, and IT DECLARES THAT FORESTRY is of immense importance to the people; that the encouragement of natural regenera- “a: tion. census of 1913 shows our forests annually supply over one and a quarter billion ForesticTaration Refers) redioving) ase dollars’ worth of products; employ 735,000 people; pay $367,000,000 in wages; a eS from owners of growing cover 550,000,000 acres unsuited for agriculture; regulate the distribution of water; Closer Unilization in logging and manu: : PA : 3 acturi thout loss to owners; a prevent erosion of lands; and are essential to the beauty of the country and the tHe llbeenealin achieving thse a= health of the nation. Cutting of Mature Timber where and as the domestic market demands it, ex- cept on areas maintained for park or 4 5 ; oa 2 a 45 scenic purposes, and compensation of IT RECOGNIZES THAT forestry is an industry limited by economic conditions; that Fereeea a relic lone aettorad thecaah private owners should be aided and encouraged by investigations, demonstrations, protection of watersheds, or on behalf , ; 5 of any public interest. and educational work, since they cannot be expected to practice forestry at a Equal Protectionlta the lnmiber industry aE =55 sell c = Swrstles er ific and to public interests in legislation financial loss; that Federal and State governments should undertake scientific aRecLaeOpaeate tiaketland Gpere forestry upon national and State forest reserves for the benefit of the public. tions, recognizing that lumbering is as legitimate and necessary as the : ey forests themselves. IT WILL DEVOTE its influence and educational facilities to the development of Classification By experts a tends Rese . . ° suite or arming anc ose eS public thought and knowledge along these practical lines. suited for forestry; and liberal national and State appropriations for this work. Special NEW Outdoor Edition The edition now offered isa new impression from large clear type and especially etched plates, on a fine, selected grade of paper made especially for this edition. The finest set printed. Be sure to get this specisl edition for your library while it is of- fered at this price in the hind- some flexible leather binding. Save $1725 By ordering now you save $17.25 or just one-half the present cost. For rt would be impossible ee again pub- lich these books to sell for wing to big Bonen aper, labor, ink, etc. S oupon now. Don’t take a chance of being disappointed. Get these books while the old price lasts. Write today. end This Coupon This coupon will bring the entire set on our free shipment offer. We don’t want you to send any money now. ever for you to pay. books and spend a whole evening looking at the wonders they contain. Get close to the beautiful feathered furred neighbors of yours. Learn to know the good ones from the bad ones. Why not have these wonderful books ent to you when we make such an off See them anyway If you don’t want them, send them back. Otherwise, send only 50c and a few small payments thereafter. (See coupon.) But get the books and see the great plate marvelous cole t like e birds, animals and flowers themselves. The birds almost nestle in your hand. Mail the coupon today \ FLEXIBLE LEATHER f BINDING mG -REATEST guide to nature ever written. Every- thing you want to know about animals, birds, fish, trees, flowers, insects—now offered in 9 wonderful volumes 77 rich flexible leather bin. ting. These great books now sent on a very special offer to readers Of RECREATION, Nothing to pay to examine them. Don’t delay. Accept this offer now—while it lasts. Send the coupon today—do it now. The NewNature Library reas BAG Soa course in natural history. Every page overflowing with just the information you want. Years and years of personal observation would not give you all the knowl- edge you find in these books. Here you get the result of the vast researches and study of the most eminent authorities. Men like Dr. David Starr Jordan, of Leland Stanford University; Dr. Howard, of the U.S. Department of Agri- culture; Dr. Fvermann, of the U.S. Fish Cc ommission; Dr. Holland, of ‘the Carnecie Museum. A wonderful source of information. A ready reference library which answers every question withauthority. Tells you how to identify any living thing, how to know its genus and species, its habits—all aboutit. Opens your eyes tonature. With these books in your home, youreed not go blindly through field and forest. You will see new things on every hand. The whole out of doors will contribute to your pleasure and information. We will send the complete set of 9 volumes in the rich flexible leather binding for free examination if you ask for it now. Not a cent to pay unless you decide to buy after you see the books. Magnificent Pictures! Every volume is filled with splendid illustrations, made direct from nature. A vast collection of remarkable color plates shows you the animals, the birds, the fish, the fowers—everything—just as they appear in their native haunts. Such pictures as these, with the text mat- ter written by famous naturalists, will give you access to knowledge such as few men possess. This is all yours on our special terms. Write today—now. Doubleday, Page & Company, Dept. A-180, Garden City, N.Y. For FREE / Examination Nothing what- Just get these beautiful and All These Subjects Bird Neighbors—Wild Flowers—Butterflies— Moths—Trees—Amer- ican Animals—Fishes— Insects— Game Birds. 9 big volumes—714 in. x 974 in. Flexible leather binding. Gilt tops. Hundreds of pic- tures. Plates showing birds. anim in natural colors. Thousands of pages of fascin- ating textmatter. Write today. 7 Doubleday, Pag & Company Dept. A-180, Garden City, Ne A Send me the big 9 yolum Nature Library, (ped Outdoor Edition ‘in. flextbl Vf leather binding) for7 amination. If I egy send 50 cents down anc 00 month until the price, $384 paid. Otherwise I will return ty books at your expense. ican Amer Forestry No. 271 » 1916 JULY ol. 22 t o £ & vw ~ THE WHITE PINE ——TEELEEa__ ce = Showing tank treatment of timber with Grade-One Creosote Oil A / A wi A i i — OO ih Will prevent decay of fence posts, base- ment plankings, sills, stringers, telegraph and telephone poles and exposed timber. cA 2 New York Chicago Philadelphia Boston St. Louis Cleveland Cincinnati Pittsburgh = Detroit Birmingham Kansas City Minneapolis Nashville Salt Lake City Seattle Peoria 2 Tue Paterson Manuracturtnc Company, Limited: Montreal Toronto Winnipeg Vancouver | St. John, N. B. Halifax, N. S. Sydney, N. S. Ei TTT Acca = AMERICAN FORESTRY The Magazine of the American Forestry Association PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD S. T. DANA FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL HERMAN H. CHAPMAN ERNEST A. STERLING LieR ALY New Yau GOT gmap etnbtieive i Joun E. RHopEs S. N. SPRING July, 1916. Vol. 22 CONTENTS No. 271 White Pine Forest—Cover Picture. Ornamental and Shade Trees—Municipal Planting of Shade Py soe @rees— By], J. Levisontenee ae aren 419 The White Pine—Identification and Characteristics—By With enlace cee Samivelebep Det wilersscmian.s6 0+. seem 387 TEE Us EEO. With six illustrations. The G Trees of Biloxi 423 Commercial Uses of White Pine. 391 With one illustration. With four illustrations. The Saman or Rain Tree 424 Another Insect Enemy of the White Pine—By P. L. Buttrick.. 395 With one illustration. With four illustrations. A Chance to Help Birds, Trees and Parks............. 425 F : A ae i -« Ae Glacier National Park—By Mark Daniels. ou Forestry for Boys and Girls—Forests and Fishing —By Bristow With nine illustrations. Adams 426 a Department—The Enemies of Birds—By A. A. Allen, AGE County, City, Town and School Forests—By J. W. Toumey... 428 IND) esta reese toys he crevoncy= wi na/ave. se. > .. 405 Withteiedilustrations The Conservation Congress and National Forest Conservation— By DrivH. So Drinker -aee tees) ct eee 430 California Forest Fire Protection—By George H. Rhodes. . . 409 The Lumber Supply of the World 432 Pennsylvania Forestry Meeting............ . 410 : Wood Preserving Department—By E. A. Sterling............ 434 The Columbia Highway in Oregon—By Henry L. Bowlby . 411 = ’ ; Editorial—Louisiana Forestry and the Conservation Commission 435 With ten illustrations. i — 13) 700: Tilso Grenicslitorcetnar vaca) ee eee BG Canadian Department—By Ellwood Wilson . 436 Forestry and the Public Health—_By Henry Reed Hopkins, M.D. 417 BOOS SORES 437 With one photograph. Current Literature 438 —e CHECK OFF BOOK DESIRED BOOKS FREE TO MEMBERS To any member of the American Forestry Association securing ONE NEW SUBSCRIBING MEMBER any one of the books to the left will be sent free of charge. 0) THE TREE GUIDE 265 pages, 250 illustrations A pocket manual of trees to aid the student and the beginner to FILL OUT THIS BLANK Invaluable in readily acquiring a distinguish and identify trees. knowledge of trees. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, Washington, D. C. Enclosed is $3 for Subscribing Membership fee ($2 of which is a subscription for one year for American Forestry Magazine). Ol THE BIRD GUIDE 415 colored illustrations This names, illustrates and describes all land birds east of the Rockies, and is of the utmost assistance to anyone, adult or child, wishing to know birds and their habits. OD THE FLOWER GUIDE 230 pages, 400 colored illustrations If you wish to know flowers and to acquire this knowledge readily, this book will be found of very great assistance. 8 = Bi m& ' ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' ' 1 ' ' 1 1 ' ' 1 ' ' ' 1 ' ' ' 1 1 ' ' 1 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 1 ' ' 1 ' ' ' ' 1 ' ' ' 1 ' SS a a S I 8 EE EB Bm ! | | | | | hm YAMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, three dollars per year; single copies, twenty-five cents ) Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Post-office at Washington, under the Act of March 3, 1879 Sse EXPERIENCE : RESOU R ii /, Soe uu leo CES : PRECISION Are You Interested In Timberlands In South America/ In Washington? British Columbia? In Mississippi? Perhaps in Texas? In Louisiana? Or in California? In the Carolinas, In Oregon? Georgia, In Idaho? Mexico, SOMEWHERE? No matter where, if there is timber growing there, you can always get sound information on just what you want from the great International Record Files of Vinttol INTESENATIONAL TIME CHICAGO SEATTLE PORTLAND, (ORE. ) NEW ORLEANS 1750 McCormick Bldg. 1009 White Building 1310 Northwestern Bank Bldg. 1213 Whitney-Central Bldg. American Forestry JULY, 1916 The White Pine Identification and Characteristics sy SAMUEL B. DETWILER HE white pine is the monarch of the eastern forests, “in lordly right predominant o’er all.” No other tree has been so important to the commer- cial development of America, and in beauty, stateliness, and individuality of form it is rivalled but not surpassed. When the Pilgrims landed on the cold and cheerless Plymouth shore, the pine was the only green thing to greet them, and it became their emblem “pine tree shilling’ and other coinage. retreated before the axe, southeastern renowned for its “pumpkin pine” and Maine ts still called on the historic As the forests Maine became in recognition of the white pine growth the Pine Tree State. In the song and story of the lumberjack and river driver, white pine holds the most honored place. The history of the lumbering of white pine until 1890 is also practically the history of the lumber industry in America up to that time. The first house built in America of which there is authentic record, was con- structed of white pine. In 1890 white lumber formed nearly one-third of the yearly output of lum- pine ber; ten years later more than one-fifth of the lum- ber used in the United States was still white pine, but in recent years it has constituted less than one- tenth of the cut. Although most of the mag- annual nificent virgin white pines have given their lives that we might thrive, an abun- dant second growth has taken their place wherever care this will provide a continuous though diminished supply of this most typical American wood. White pine is native from Newfoundland and the northern shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence to southern Manitoba. It ranges southward through the region of the Great Lakes to northern Ilinois, northern and eastern Ohio, Pennsylvania, and along the Allegheny Mountains to northern Georgia. The most perfect development of white pine was in New England, New York and Pennsyl- vania. When this supply was exhausted the lumberman At the present time, Minnesota produces more white pine moved on to Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. other state, Minnesota and Wis- lumber than any consin together furnishing about one-half of the an- nual cut. White straight as the masts for pine grows which it has so well served, sometimes to a height of more than 200 feet. Thous- ands of acres of blackened stumps, of them 4 many to 5 feet across their tops, are all that remain of once splendid white pines. One early writer states that in 1736 in Dunstable, N. H., a white pine tree was cut which had a diameter of 7 feet Ss New Hampshire tree felled 150 inches. Another years ago measured 274 feet in height. One ac- the pines found in New Eng- count mentions white land as being “frequently 6 feet in diameter and 250 feet in height.” Most of the trees of this species that are cut by the lumber- f o Brae These [NaS Re SECOND GROWTH WHITE PINIY 5 Oe ae yee TASS (Ihe ores res Nave been con- White pine is undoubtedly the most popular of all the forest trees for man O oday are less than 5 a a planting. Millions of White pine seedlings are now growing OC nt r Seo ¢ D5 trolled, and with propet at nurseries and millions will be planted in the future. 3 feet in diameter and 125 387 388 feet in height, but some large ones are still found. Free-growing white pine trees have live branches to the ground and the trunk is short, tapers rapidly and not infrequently it divides into two or more parts. In the forest the stems have little taper and are without side branches for 25 to 75 feet above the ground. ‘The branches spread horizontally and in old age the tops are irregular and picturesquely flattened and tufted with foliage. This feature of the tree is so characteristic that an old tree may be recognized by its general appearance almost as far as it can be seen. Tho- reau_ greatly ad- mired the white pines and wrote: “Their flattened boughs rest stra- tum on stratum like a cloud, a green mackerel sky,—all branches distinct like the frond of a fern.” The bark on branches and young trunks is thin, smooth and greenish, but soon turns light brown and is later dark and scaly. Large trunks have thick, dark gray bark, with broad scaly ridges separated by shallow — fur- rows. Like all the needle-like borne in clusters. The white pine is easily told from other native pines pines, are and leaves in the region in which it grows be- cause its needles AMERICAN FORESTRY leaves in each group stand apart giving to the foliage a tasseled, feathery appearance which is more pronounced because the needles are so soft and fiexible. The full leaves from 2% to 5 inches long, bluish green in color, with a beautiful, silvery sheen on one surface. When the leaves are stirred by a breeze, the light color of the leaves is very noticeable, and makes it apparent why this tree bears the scientific name of Pinus Strobus. ‘The leaves are tri- angular in cross section and _ the edges are notched with tiny saw teeth. When the five needles in a cluster are pressed together, it will be seen that the edges join to form a cylinder. The leaves die and fall in September of their second sea- son or in June of their third year. In May, the new begins, the flow- ers of the white pine appear. The pollen - producing flowers are yellow- grown are when growth ish, egg-shaped bodies about one- third of an inch long, clustered at the base of the new growth. When ripe, they shed the bright yel- low pollen very abundantly and it is carried long dis- tances by the wind. Each minute pol- len grain is pro- vided with two air sacs that convert it into a microscopic 4 are always in balloon. The seed : A r ing flowers groups. of five. From “Pennsyluania Trees? © oducing Facil Young leaves are WHITE PINE are borne singly pale green and the 1. Branch with needles and terminal cluster of buds or several together z = 2. A cluster of five needles, one-half life size mn the. a er clusters are sur- 3. Tip of White pine needle, enlarged H on ; e 4. Branch with staminate flowers Drancnes oO the rounded at the 5. Beach with (a) pistillate flowers on new growth and (bh) one-year-old cone on last . a rane base by a _ paper- year’s growth (ees, | AN rst 5 A 7 6. Branch with open and closed cone : likeqsheathe When | tei tawes . bats ra ee in western Greece, by A. B. Cooke, erv 1ce is expert service in the application of scientific p. 793. $ F d led il United States daily consular report, May and economic engineering knowledge and ex- 31, 1916.—Opportunities to obtain log- g a tlroad Accuracy’ No need to add or subtract a minute or so to or from the time a Hamilton tells. The Hamilton is depend- ably accurate. It tells true time all the time. Ask any reputable jeweler about Hamilton Accuracy and he will unqualifiedly recommend it. Hamilton Watches are made in many models at $17.00, $25.00, $28.00, $40.00, $50.00, $80.00, and so on up to $150.00, which your jeweler can show you in cased watches and in movements alone, to fit your present watch case, $12.25 ($13.00 in Canada) and up. Write for Hamilton Watch Book, “The Timekeeper.”’ It pictures and describes the various Hamilton models for men and women, and tells facts worth knowing about watches. HAMILTON WATCH COMPANY Dept. 39 Lancaster, Pennsylvania : 5 4 wood supplies, by Frank Anderson We. Demanted ess Co to forests and Wey products. It & Henry, p. 812, Bawladene essential to modern timberland ownership United pistes ual constlas report, Jung p : 1, 1916.—Problems of American lum- prt and operation, and equally important to the ber industry, by E. E. Pratt, p. 824-5. distributor and consumer of wood. West Coast lumberman, June 1, 1916—An- Methods nual cut of 5,000,000,000 feet can be maintained indefinitely, by Burt P. a Kirkland, p. 27, 30. Wood preserving, Apr.-June, 1916.—Treat- The Field Covers ing ties for the G. R.& 1, P.L., & P. M. R. R., p 27-9; Decay: an important . . factor in plant management, by George Technical Advice and M Hunt, p. 30-1; An experimental Practical Service wood-preserving laboratory, by W. G. Mitchell, p. 33-5; The economic use of cross ties, p. 41-3; Coal-tar and its products, p. 47-8. in acquiring, estimating and mapping timber; in Forestainimrale : . 6A .4 ; Biltmorean, June, 1915.—Silvicultural prob- making valuations; in management; in selling lems on the Pennsylvania state forests, either the stumpage or manufactured product; by George A. Retan, p. 16-17. D : 5 5 Canadian forestry journal, May, 1916.— S. B. Detwiler in selecting grades or kinds to meet your serv- Forests and the prairie provinces, p. : ° ‘ = ; fe 511-14; Why action is needed on the FOREST ENGINEER ice requirements; and in preservative treat "Tresit MeeEened tie? 510-195, Proves : decay. care of shade trees, by Car _Bann- Commercial Trust Bldg. MENG LS Prevent “aa wart, p. 520; Forest conservation as PHILADELPHIA, PA. a war measure, by Clyde Leavitt, p. 527-30; Cork forests, by J. Russell SSEEEUSEESENSSESUESSRESESTGEU4iTEESESZESRELETESEEESEgGEELSTESELHIRE SEES SEES Smith, p. 531; The Russian forests CURRENT LITERATURE 443 after the war, by E. P. Stebbing, p. 532-3. Centralblatt flr das gesamte forstwesen, May-June, 1915.—Beobachtungen beim kiefernspinnerfrass im grossen fohren- R R Y wald bei Wr.—Neustadt, 1913-1914, by Seitner, p. 161-73; Ein dungungsver- i stlich flanze G a Bee nomen nen pilanzgarter: AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the benefit of those dersaumschlag-system und seine be- who wish books on forestry, a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. kampfung, by Wessely, p. 179-88; These may be ordered through the American Forestry Association, Washington, Zuwachsverlust infolge schalschadens, > P ° 4 x oe me a ae By TH, Micklitz’p) ans-o2- Schicsene D.C. Prices are by mail or express prepaid. ne ae oe ae waldwirtschaft, by Hans Seiler, p. 227-31. AMERICAN BOYS’ BOOK OF BUGS, BUTTERFLIES AND BEETLES......... $2.00 a Forest leaves, June, 1916—The vegetation POREST VALUATION—Filibert Roth.................-.ssseeseceveeecec cle, 1.50 of the wandering dunes at Cape Henry, POREST REGULATION—Filibert Roth............ccccccceeseteeccccscseee, 2.00 ree ee eee, by Matai) PRACTICAL TREE) REPAIR —By Elbert, Peets. 0... 0.00.08 2-20.00 seees nse o 2.00 = tavely, a 7s. ge ofr RHESEUNMBERSINDUSTRY=—ByjiReGuKellorss) sine. hee eee een oa aene 1.10 The Gluiciltteal considerution of for. LUMBER MANUFACTURING ACCOUNTS—By Arthur F. Jones.............. 2.10 ne silvicultural consideration of for- FOREST VALUATION—By H. H. Chapman 200 George A Retan’ >. 18a» PY CHINESE FOREST TREES AND TIMBER SUPPLY—By Norman Shaw... 1.60 Bere cen pil 1015 Somenfmeee mrad er en ke eA SD ee eA Savini ne TREES AND SHRUBS—By Charles Sprague Sargent—Vol. I and II, 4 Parts to a BH gai : Dede Nitimie——per Par tictaeic:ncrajate. seats ota ied eye laitase assne vere iol ol bUuteusteh eva leverelevatolete efels ole sey6 eles ore 5.00 The uniform system in Burma, by H. o: ie) A c C. Walker, p. 201-10; Identification eet Or CEOS Come ag ballads) ——ByplvantSwift-an ccm ceteciiileseseeicieiees 1.00 of the wood of Indian junipers, by W. — Douglas MialOGh ey pen crateracraiacclowe aca shecalerels,asaleraioterobeterets le lo-creielelentis 14 5 Rushton, p. 211-12: Ambrosia beetles RESAWED FABLES—Douglas Malloch......... cc te eee e cece eter eeceeeeecccce aS or pine-hole and shot-hole borers, by THE TRAINING OF A FORESTER—Gifford Pinchot.........0...-.s0scceceees 1.12 C. F. C. Beeson, p. 216-23; Trewhella LUMBER AND ITS USES—R. S. Kellogg............. 01. eee eee cnet teens 1.15 monkey winch in forest works, by K. THE CARE OF TREES IN LAWN, STREET AND PARK—B. E. Fernow...... Desf Govinda Menor, p. 224-5; Advantages NORTH AMERICAN TREES—N. L. Britton...............+.se eee eee eee eee 7.30 and disadvantages of a pure forest KEY TO THE TREES—Collins and Preston. ..........-ccceecececceccseecevese 1.50 compared with a mixed forest from THE FARM WOODLOT—E. G. Cheyney and J. P. Wentling..................... 1.70 the point of view of timber trade and AMERICAN FOREST TREES—Henry H. Gibson................-..22ececeeees 6.00 general sylvicultural treatment, p. 230-6. IDENTIFICATION OF THE ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— North woods, May-June, 1916.—Fire pro- Sam tielM]eRecor de eye aatessr sets peca aca sesieforthe: sus vaio ows ouesstaferaeate ovelenebeiewshereueiay si stele; elviaesele 1.25 tective work of the Canadian northern BVANERSURVIDMIN G—Johni@ piracy zpsclereciisle scree eee ceemiceiicise aie: tes 3.00 railway, p. 28-31. FOREST MENSURATION—Henry Solon Graves.............:ceeccccesccrceees 4.00 Proceedings of the Society of American THE ECONOMICS OF FORESTRY—B. E. Fernow............-+0--eeeeeeeeees 1.61 foresters, April, 1916—Suggestions as FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY—Filibert Roth..............cccceeceeccncceeees 1.10 in possibilities net Silviculture amie ePRACTICALPRORE SMR — Asoo: itllens.jrj.jsc cre elclolslele eae reeieretete tel oreteteavers lever aleiansiels 1.50 merica, by B. E. Fernow, p. 171-6; PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY—Samuel B. Green..............0--+ 1.50 at pen ee by he SEASIDE PLANTING OF TREES AND SHRUBS—Alfred Gaut.............-.- 1.75 means soyelowand) baV\Veissy p: 177-84 men ANITENAR (NEES Ga Ss Boulperst ths: sns sb eeneee ten cen seene mies 1.50 Top diameters as affecting the frustum MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA (exclusive of Mexico) —Charles form factor for longleaf pine, by Her- Sprague\Gargentie gas nme trctelea oc oalb- eis Mt REESE eee 6.00 man H. Chapman, p. 185-91; Water AMERICAN WOODS—Romeyn B. Hough............00.0-c0eeeesceeeceesseeees 5.00 requirements and growth of young HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF THE NORTHERN U. S. AND CANADA, cypress, by Wilbur Mattoon, p. 192-7; EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS—Romeyn B. Hough................ 6.00 es wocdiot its present problems ang GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE TREES—J. Horace McFarland.......... 1.75 Ree @ 2 Cia ue ie the ore PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF WOOD: THEIR CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES— ET y : ae c % eee P be (GharlésfHenrys Snowe wot ao setts aie rats a alee aol eben alfa ree ohastehranrers .50 he di const Seca ical M. NORTH AMERICAN FORESTS AND FORESTRY—E. R. Bruncken........... 2.00 geographical divisions, by Rolan HANDBOOK OF TIMBER PRESERVATION—Samuel M. Rowe............++++ 4.00 Harper, p. 208-14; Professional ethics, TREES OF NEW ENGLAND--L. L. D 4 Brook 1.50 by Theodore S. "Woolsey, p. 215-20; ——L, L. ame an ENnry DIOOKS......-.+-seeessres . Mie char one tao! cl : ’ TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES— I p lameters in con H. E) Parkhurst 1.50 struction of volume tables based on TREES tt Marshall Wacd sichelultel’alofalalel ales) sliave’c (ce) coke) eevetars at alulieietetataialelleleleis.ais) cialafeieleeis 50 Fee ae, eee eid dt et OURS NATIONAL, PARKS=jolia Muir... ...- 00. .-0geoee Genes sso con dees 1.91 point of diameter measurements by THE LONGLEAF PINE IN VIRGIN FOREST—G. Frederick Schwarz.......... BUS) Donald Bruce, p. 226-9; What jam OGCGINGRalphi CauBryantes dete criss cece amulet etoile acteeitieers sletai cle sjeseisiavele 3.50 forester, by Frederick E. Olmsted, p. THE IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF THE UNITED STATES—S. B. Elliott 2.50 230-2; The English names of some FORESTRY IN NEW ENGLAND—Ralph C. Hawley and Austin F. Hawes....... 3.50 trees, by W. W. Ashe, p. 233-9; Im- THE PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING WOODLANDS—Henry Solon Graves....... 1.50 portance of source of seed in forestae SHADE TREES IN TOWNS AND CITIES—William Solotaroff................. 3.00 tion, by Nils B. Eckbo, p. 240-3; Heavy THE TREE GUIDE—By Julia Ellen Rogers..............2cccecccccserceceeeees 1.00 damage from January storms in south- FOREST PHYSIOGRAPHY—By Isaiah Bowman .............0seeesseeeeeeeeees 5.00 west, by C. W. McKibbin, p. 244-5; MANUAL FOR NORTHERN WOODSMEN—Austin Cary.............00e0000+ 2.12 Checking check scalers by Theodore FARM FORESTRY—Alfred Akerman...........-..0cececcecececcececccepencess 57 S. Woolsey, Jr., p. 245-8; Effect of THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS (in forest organization) roadside trees, by G. A. Pearson, p. Ha) Nw} ING enol, sain nea BON One RARE O ROD ORO DOaD 0-5 dO. 0nOUs SoDueO ane 2.10 248-9. ; ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY—F. F. Moon and N.C. Brown..........+-.0++0000+ 2.20 Revue des eaux et foréts, Jan. 1, 1916— MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD—Samuel J. Record...............---- 1.75 ee one en Pe EES efpene Drancemm SHUM E ORORMiREES—sjen). levisonl yo ccs: 2. ctectesiceceoeeetereetist in eisis clei« ei = foi: y L. P., p. 54-5. TRIE RR UN EN Gon Neu es Carsten neerAGs ies dale on cn Eee een nea cmeccmers 3 Revue des eaux et foréts, Feb. 1, 1916— THE PRESERVATION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER—Howard F. Weiss........ 3.00 Chronique suisse, by A. Barbey, p. THE PRACTICAL LUMBERMAN—By Bernard Brereton (third edition)......... 1.50 41-4; Influence de Vintensité des EL eclaircies sur le rendement des jeunes : p : peuplements réguliers d’ enicees: by * This, of course, is not a complete list, but we shall be glad to add to it any books on Emile Mer, p. 45-53; Exploitations forestry or related subjects upon request.—Editor. forestiéres pour les besoins de l’armée, 11s by L. P., p. 54-5. esearee OG 8 ee 8 8 nd En E FeSeeeiepTHIITL HI Here tLeaanin Teen MME LSS ULES TLL —s 444 Skogen, Apr., 1916.—Saddflickarnas bear- betning vid skogssadd (Cultivation of seed spots in direct sowing), by Ferd. Lindberg, p. 117-20; Omskolning ay plantor (Transplanting in nurseries), by Gésta Mellstrom, p. 121-33; Ett inlagg i fragan on “den lagre skogsundervisningens ordnande” (A contribution to the question of regula- tion of lower forest education), by J. A. Amilon, p. 137. Skogsvardsféreningens _ tidskrift, April, 1916.—Skogspolitiken och skogsarbe- tarefragan (Forest politics and the problem of forest workers), by Gésta Tamm and others, p. 355-70; Behovet av fasta skogsarbetare pa de norr- landska kronoparkerna (The need of permanent forest workers in the state forests of Norrland), by And. Holm- gren, p. 371-400; “Nagra kritiska syn- punkter vid bestandsanalyser” av H. Kylin och G. Samuelsson; ett gen- male (A reply to “Some critical ob- servations in regard to stand analysis,” by H. Kylin and G. Samuelsson), by Torsten Lagerberg, p. 401-22; Om berakningen av medelfelen i Varmland staxeringen (Concerning the calcula- tion of the average error in the Verm- land reconnaissance), by Hen:ik Hes- selman, p. 423-4; Smarre iakttagelser och naturminnen (Spruce with cone- bearing terminal twigs), p. 425; For- sok till utvinning av harts och ter- pentin ur skogarna i Tyskland (In- vestigations concerning the produc- tion of resin and turpentine from the forests of Germany), by Gunnar Schotte, p. 426-30. We ay) ab acacaee BVIaUVIevievieagw THES T QUALITY LOWEST PRICES (QUICK SERVICE SS uA ”) x \ Submit your Engraving propositions to us for ssussestions and prices if you want to SAVE TIME and MONEY ) IONAL EWING. © Inc DESIGNERS-ENGRAVERS 506 l4rm. STREET NW > WaAsuiNcToN. D. C a .-, WRSTE CALL TELEPHONE <2, Maw 8274 — AMERICAN FORESTRY FORESTERS ATTENTION AMERICAN FORESTRY will print free of charge in this column advertisements of foresters wanting positions, or of persons having employment to offer foresters ATTENTION, LUMBERMEN! I would like to communicate with any lumber company expecting to establish a direct export trade with Europe or Great Britain after the present war. Any firm desiring a representative agent or salesman for export trade can get fuller details by addressing Box 33, care of AMERICAN ForRESTRY. POSITION WANTED by experienced Austro- German forester, detained in this country because of war conditions, 27 years of age, single, and accustomed to hard work. Will be glad to accept any opening in forestry work. Address Box 11, care of American Forestry, Washington, D. C. WANTED—Work during the summer by a young man starting to study forestry. Would accept place of any kind where practical experience could be ob- tained. Free June 15. Best of references. Address We ak J., care of American Forestry, Washington, WANTED—Position by Forester, graduate of one of the best Forestry Schools, six years’ course, five years’ experience in the East and West, including U. S. Forest Service, private and teaching work; considerable experience in organization of work and men, special preparation and ability for investigative work in silvics and silviculture. Open for engagement in teaching or field work in the East. Can take charge of city forestry or private estate work. Best references. Personal interview possible. At present employed. Address Box 34, care of AMERICAN ForESTRY, Wash- ington, D. C. POSITION—Young man (33), single, seven and a- half years’ technical training. Will consider position as City Forester, Park Superintendent, Superintendent of Private Estate or Consulting Landscape Architect for railroad. Education consists of post-graduate work in prominent middle-western school of forestry, supplemented by several years post-graduate work in recognized school of landscape design in the East. Experienced in public and private forestry, including work in the Forest Service, the various phases of muni- cipal forestry such as extension work, and tree surgery; and also the designing of parks, playgrounds, and private estates. References given and _ required. Address XYZ, care of AMERICAN ForESTRY. RANGER desires position. Graduate of the New York State Ranger School at Wanakena, N. Y., age 20 years, weight 160 pounds, habits good, very ambi- tious. Please address Box 28, care of AMERICAN ForEsTRY. YOUNG MAN 24 years old wishes position out West. I have had a two-year course in Forestry in Have spent over two years in British Colum- bia. Iam willing to work. Write, ‘‘Canadian,” care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. MARRIED MAN with family desires position of trust. Six years’ pe experience in Forestry and Nursery work in Germany; twelve years’ experience in commerce in Germany, France, England and Canada; wide experience in farming and stock raisingin Germany and Canada; four years as Forest Supervisor and Forest Clerk in Canada; first class education and references. Address Jas. Riehle, Forest Clerk, 184 Dunnedin Ter- race, St. Paul, Minn. WANTED—Position as City Forester, by graduate forester and landscape gardener with experience in each. Presently employed as Assistant City Forester in a city of 700,000 population. Address Box AA, care of AMERICAN FoRESTRY. GRADUATED Danish Forester, with nine years’ ex- perience, since graduation, in nursery, planting, refor- estation and thinning, also in road-building and logging operation, in Denmark, Germany, India and Canada. Highest references as to ability and character. Per- manent position wanted with railroad company, private estate, or timber company. At present employed in Government service. Address, A. B., care AMERICAN Forestry, Washington, D. C. WANTED—Position as City Forester or Park Superintendent by graduate forester, experienced in municipal and private forestry work. Presently employed as Assistant Forester in city with popula- tion of 147,000. Address, Box 29, care AMERICAN ForEsTRY. PRACTICAL WOODSMAN AND FOREST EN- GINEER with thorough experience this country and Europe will take charge of forested estate or game preserve. An expert in managing and improving woodlands, and can show results. Highest references as to character, training, and ability. Address Woods Superintendent, Care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D.C. TREE SURGEON, with four years’ practical experience, wishes position on private estate or with reliable company. Expert on shade tree work and orchard rejuvenation. Conscientious and _ efficient workmanship. References. Address H. E. W., care AMERICAN FORESTRY. — esse GRADUATE FORESTER, in 1911, from a recog- nized eastern college. Four years’ experience. One year each in Federal and Pennsylvania State Forest Service. One year with Forest Engineering firm, and one year in Municipal Forestry and Arboricultural work. Am prepared and fully equipped for contract or job work, also permanent or temporary position on private estate, with a city or corporation anywhere in the United States and at all times. Work includes cruising, mapping, reforestation, thinnings, damage appraisals, logging and fire protection plans. Munic- ipal and Park work such as pruning, planting, designing and reinforcing and repairing defective, decayed and diseased trees. Address Box G, care of AMERICAN Forestry, Washington, D. C. YOUNG MAN with thorough training in Arbori- culture and Forestry, with experience in Tree Surgery, desires position as assistant city forester, or as tree surgeon with some reliable firm. Address ‘‘M. A. C."" care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. . ENERGETIC Post Graduate Forester desires posi- tion as an assistant in park or city forestry work. Subordinate duties preferred. Best of references. Address Box 18, care of AMERICAN FoRESTRY. SCALER—With actual experience desires position with any lumber company in the United States or Canada. Competent surveyor and Mapper, accus- tomed toroughingit. Present employer best reference. Address ‘*Scaler,” care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. WANTED—Position by graduate forester. Ex- perience in Southern Pineries; five years technical training. Prefers South but willing to go anywhere. Address Box 22, care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. FOR-SALE FOR SALE—8,688 ACRES in southern Missouri, 500 acres improved, fair build- ings. Red and White Oak and Hickory timber. Thirty inches and under. Young and thrifty. Can be made a paying proposition for hog Tange without interfering with timber growth. High-grade soil, good roads, schools, churches, telephone, R. F. 105 etc. Price, $20 per acre. Care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. FOR SALE—ONE OF THE FINEST TRACTS of Hardwood, Pine and Cypress stumpage in the South; consisting of 63 million feet Red or Sweet Gum, 7 million feet Short Leaf Pine, 2 million Ash, 9 million White and Red Oak, 814 million Cypress, 2 million Cottonwood. Timber very large, fine quality, easily logged, close to railroad, and with excellent freight rates. Will bear the closest investigation, Will sell all or part. We own this timber. Address eee care of American Forestry, Washington, FOR SALE—200,000,000 FEET OF ORIGINAL GROWTH YELLOW PINE TIMBER on the West Coast of Florida, south of Tampa, acces- sible to deep water and railroad facilities. An unusual opportunity. Apply SOUTHERN INVESTMENT COMPANY, Box 502, Richmond, Va. 6-12 SOME FINE HARDWOOD TRACTS We have others. Let us know your wants. * Acres Location Million Ft. Price 20,000 North Carolina....... 100 $200,000 14,000 Virginia........ 78 280,000 5,000 Virginia. Oe 13 50,000 22,500 Mississippi..... a 126 630,000 6,800 North Carolina. 64 160,000 4,700 West Virginia... 60 211,500 22,000 Kentucky....... 150 550,000 40,000 North Carolina.... 263 480,000 4,600 Tennessee............ 30 46,000 REAL _ ESTATE INVESTMENT COMPANY 316 Connecticut Avenue, Washington, D. C. 6-9 FOR CALIFORNIA TIMBER Write F. A. BAIRD, Redding, Cal. 6-10 AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS 445 Enjoy the Hospitable Chalets-in-the-Rockies of Glacier National Park 18 chalet groups of Glacier National Park, that supplement the great headquarters hotels, the ““Glacier Park” and the ‘“Many-Glacier”—Two Medicine, Cut Bank, St. Mary, Going-to-the- Sun, Gunsight, Sperry, Many-Glacier, Granite Park, Belton—they’ re hostel- ries that afford very many hotel comforts and many of the novelties of ““camp- ingout.” They’re built of logs and stones, after the Swiss fashion—dormitory chalets clustered about a lounge-and-dining chalet—inside are huge fireplaces and log-beamed ceilings and gay Indian blankets and potted pines. Very low fares to Glacier Park and back are in effect daily. Pacific North- west Summer Round Trip tickets routed “Great Northern” permit stopover at the Park. New Glacier Park booklets for 1916 are out now—ask for them, and for de- “See AeniCaURicat tailed Park information. C. W. PITTS, Assistant General Passenger Agent S. LOUNSBERY, General Agent Pass’¢’r Department 210 South Clark St., CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 1184 Broadway, NEW YORK, N. Y. C. E. STONE, Passenger Traffic Manager, ST. PAUL, MINN. For Greatest Satisfaction Use DOUBLE SERVICE The Automobile Tires FOREST Guarasteed 7,000 Milles Service Absolutely Punctureproof is three-fourths of e Tires are made wuetcetet | 6 FORESTRY This 100% WE MAKE THE Your opportunities are as unlimited as our ba ENGRAV INGS & a ; i FOR THE es forests if you study at ig “a a AMERICAN FORESTRY > MAGAZINE a WYMAN’S SCHOOL OF THE WOODS Ba : ay Incorporated Munising, Michigan [ OUR SPECIALTY A Aid is THE “BETTER GRADE FINISH oF ir Sarre Gey pee paaed flers DESIGNS & ENGRAVINGS i E ae Tires Tabes Tiros Tabo: P e 2 5, 'n ONE on MORE COLORS ipl $8.60 $2.30 36x: é Y Use ress Clippings ze FOR MAGAZINES CATALOGUES Bb: ee foe “20 6.60 : = ADVERTISEMENTS Erc eH 15.75 4.20 T will more than pay you to secure our extensive “ “ 16.70 4.35 87x56 in. 26.30 6. eee coeeneial subierts, pre as fo oo ennis, trade and personal, and receive the benefit Preteen ee etovens of the best and most systematic reading of all papers , HALF TONES LINE PLATES Terms: Payment with order at abovespecial and periodicals, here and abroad, at minimum cost. COMBINATION LINE Tices, a 10% discount allowed on orders for, Why miss taking advantage for obtaining the best * DuLto-ToNes HALF TONES WO Or more tires. All possible service in your line? AND ETAG personal checks must be portified. Our service is taken by all progressive business ‘, CoLor Process MuLti- CoLors ay men, publishers, authors, collectors, etc., and is the 2 card index for securing what you want and need, as : , every article of interest is at your daily command. ipa a Write for terms; or send your order for 100 clippings ae REAL at $5, or 1,000 clippings at $35. Special rates quoted on Large Orders. —ESTABLISHED 1869-— ¥ GATCHEL & MANNING | i a sees Tire & “3 Ps bathe F. Des y The Manhattan Press Clipping Bureau ARTHUR CASSOT, Proprietor Established 1888 SIXTH ano CHESTNUT STREETS Opposite OLDE INOEPENDENCE Hace PHILADELPHIA 6 East 41st Street, NEW YORK Send for Our Desk Calendar 446 AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS = IE SaaS BUILD OF YELLOW PINE Because It’s ll | Economical Sound Deadener tl Workable Resilient Beautiful Most Easily Obtainable Durable Plentiful (a) | | Non-Conductor of Temperature For Information About BRANDED STRUCTURAL, rot resisting, special Long Leaf, Factory and Building TIMBERS AND JOISTS, About SOFT SHORT LEAF FINISH and other building and finishing sizes, Write MISSOURI LUMBER AND LAND EXCHANGE COMPANY 1111 Long Building Kansas City, Mo. OUR OWN MILLS PRODUCE 275,000,000 FEET ANNUALLY Wear II™™_E—E——E_E_EE SaaS a_ SEE_-EEE-S 5) — 0) | ee EES I LE] AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS es et 'z In the National Forest Region Colorado School of Forestry A DEPARTMENT OF COLORADO COLLEGE HE course in theoretical and applied forestry leading to the degree of Forest Engineer covers a period of two years and is open to students who have completed two years of college work, including a sufficient amount of Botany, Geology and Surveying. Graduate students may enter as candidates for the degree of Master of Forestry. Fall and Spring Terms in the Manitou Forest, the College Reserve, 6,000 acres of pine and spruce timberland on the borders of the Pike National Forest. Winter Term at Colorado Springs. ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ey ee | For particulars address Colorado School of Forestry Colorado Springs, Colo. ee Se eg ee Se Pe te et Georgia State | State Forest School | | | { UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Four-year professional course in theoretical and applied forestry leading to the degree: Bachelor of Science in Forestry. Combination courses in Arts and Sciences giving two degrees in five years. Wide range of specialization offered. Preparation for Government and State Forestry, City For- estry, Commercial Forestry, Logging and Milling, Research. Provision for four months in Forest Camp and for four months in specialization. One year vocational course in Forestry and Agriculture. Eight-weeks Ranger School in For- est Camp. For announcement address FOREST SCHOOL Georgia State College of tt tt tt tt tt tt nt tn a a I | | | The New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University Syracuse, N.Y. Under-graduate courses leading to degree of Bachelor of Science. Special opportunities for post- graduate work leading to degrees of Master of Forestry and Doctor of Economics. One- year Ranger Course on the College Forest of 1,800 acres at Wanakena in the Adirondacks. State Forest Camp, which is a month of directed recreation, open to any man over sixteen, held each August on Cranberry Lake. The State Forest Experi- ment Station of 90 acres and an excellent Forest Library offer unusual opportunities for re- search work. For particulars address THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY Syracuse, N.Y. ee eee et os Le, Ae Eh en edt OAs enon | Yale University 8 a Forest School NEW HAVEN, CONN., U.S. A. ALE University Forest School is a graduate department of Yale University. It is the oldest exist- ing forest school in the United States and exceeds any other in the number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the degree of Master of Forestry is offered to graduates of uni- versities, colleges and scientific institu- tions of high standing and, under ex- ceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training, including certain prescribed subjects. Men who are not candidates for the degree may enter the School as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course. by sub- mitting evidence that will warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and advanced work in Dendrology, Silvicul- ture, Forest Management, Forest Technology, and Lumbering. The regular two-year course begins the first week in July at the School camp near Milford, Pennsylvania. For further information address rt 0 0 tt tt 9 0 9 0 a at DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY The Pennsylvania State College ELSE HHT EEREETEEE EE PROFESSIONAL course in Forestry, covering four years of college work, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Forestry. Thorough and practical train- ing for Government, State, Mu- nicipal and private forestry. Four months are spent in camp in the woods in forest work. Graduates who wish to special- ize along particular lines are admitted to the ‘‘graduate forest schools’”’ as candidates for the degree of Master of Forestry on the successful completion of one year’s work. For further information address 8 it ns ns 0 9) 8 0 8s —— 0 0s bg ts ns a 9 st Department of Forestry Pennsylvania State College State College, Pa. a a HARVARD UNIVERSITY DEPT. OF FORESTRY BUSSEY INSTITUTION ate training leading to the degree of Master of Forestry in the following fields —Silvicul- ture and Management, Wood Technology, Forest Entomol- ogy, Dendrology, and (in co- operation with the Graduate School of Business Adminis- tration) the Lumber Business For further particulars address RICHARD T. FISHER Agriculture ATHENS, GEORGIA i ete TOURS OU a ne ee VE RCS AT RE Po Te | JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director NEW HAVEN CONNECTICUT 0 a ne, en On ee ee oF et | a a me a a | | Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts | I | I I FFERS specialized gradu- i | | ee Pe 448 AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS UO Uo oo Oo Another Message From saz “TIM- BER” Copyright, 1916 ‘““RESOLVED, That it is the duty of every lumber manufacturer to ascertain wherever possible the ultimate use of the structural timber which he sells, this applying particularly to special orders for some definite building or use, and that, “IN EVERY CASE it is the duty of the wholesaler or the man who sells timber direct to the ultimate consumer, to ascertain the use to which it is to be put, and that, “LUMBERMEN representing all branches of the industry should immediately take steps as above suggested, and in other ways ascertain whether the material ordered or specified is suitable for the use in view, and in all cases give assistance in the selection of grades and kinds, to the end that the consumers may receive the satisfaction and service which they obtain from other building materials.” This resolution, unanimously adopted at the annual meeting of the N. L. M. A. in Chicago, June 1, 1916, marks another forward advance by the lumber manu- facturers of the United States. It means that the lumbermen recognize a definite responsibility to give the consumer standard goods that can be relied upon. The best way for the user of wood to secure material that will give the service required is to insist that it be produced by mills which have Association inspection and make guaranteed grades. These are the mills which compose the organiza- tions affiliated with The National Lumber Manufacturers Association CHICAGO, ILL. Subscribing Associations are: California Redwood, California White and Sugar Pine, Georgia-Florida Sawmill, Hardwood Manufacturers of the United States, Michigan Hardwood Manufacturers, North Carolina Pine, Northern Hemlock and Hardwood Manufacturers, Northern Pine Manufacturers, Southern Cypress Manu- facturers, Southern Pine, West Coast Lumbermens, Western Pine Manufacturers. SERVICE DEPARTMENTS EN The Trade Extension Department of the National Lumber Manufacturers Association Z \ offers a unique free service to Architects, Engineers, Retailers and Builders. The Blue 6 se TT me Book of the National Lumber Manufacturers Association gives prompt and reliable credit eee) rating and collection service. The Inter-Insurance Exchange of the National Lumber : eS ) Manufacturers Association furnishes sound indemnity for losses by fire in sawmills, plan- INTER- INSURANCE |! ing mills and lumber yards. Sjalalajajaiajs)ajajavaleajs(ajajajsjajajalajajcjajajajsjajsjajejajajaa(ajajajalalalajaja)ejs)jajajajajsjajajajajal OOO OOOO OOOO Ooo a oe Ja)al a) ajajaiajaialaljalalajajslajajale)alalalajaiagaiaiupsieiajajsia)alajaiaisje)s) a The cAmerican Forestry -¢Association Washington, D. C. President CHARLES LATHROP PACK, Lakewood, N. J. Vice-Presidents HON. DAVID HOUSTON Secretary of Agriculture HON. FRANKLIN K. LANE Secretary of the Interior HON. ASBURY F. LEVER, South Carolina United States Representative HON. THOMAS NELSON PAGE Ambassador to Italy GIFFORD PINCHOT, Pennsylvania FILIBERT ROTH, Michigan Dean of Forestry, University of Michigan DR. J. T. ROTHROCK, Pennsylvania JOSHUA L. BAILY, Pennsylvania ANDREW CARNEGIE, New York WILLIAM E. COLBY, California Secretary The Sierra Club DR. CHARLES W. ELIOT, Massachusetts President Emeritus Harvard University DR. B. E. FERNOW, Canada. Dean of Forestry, University of Toronto HENRY S. GRAVES, District of Columbia Chief of the Forest Service EVERITT G. GRIGGS, Washington MRS. JOHN D.SHERMAN, Illinois Chairman Conservation Department General Federation of Women’s Clubs HON. WM. H.TAFT, Connecticnt Ex-President United States JOSEPH N. TEAL, Oregon Chairman Oregon Conservation Commission THEODOREWN. VAIL President AtT. & T. Co., New York HON. JOHN WEEKS, Massachusetts United States Senator DR.ROBERT S.WOODWARD, Washington, D.C. President Carnegie Institution Treasurer JOHN E. JENKS, Editor, Army and Navy Register, Washington, D.C. Executive Secretary PERCIVAL S. RIDSDALE, 1410 H Street, N. W., Washington, D.C. Directors HERMAN H. CHAPMAN, Connecticut Professor of Forestry, Yale Forest School DR. HENRY S. DRINKER, Pennsylvania President, Lehigh University ALFRED GASKILL E.T. ALLEN, Oregon Forester, Western For. and Conservation Asso. JOHN S. AMES, Massachusetts HON. ROBERT P. BASS, New Hampshire CHARLES LATHROP PACK, New Jersey Pres. Fifth National Conservation Congress CHARLES F. QUINCY, New York J. E. RHODES, Illinois Secretary, Southern Pine Association Ex-Governor of New Hampshire WM. B.GREELEY, District of Columbia Assistant U.S. Forester W.R. BROWN, New Hampshire Pres. New Hamp. Forestry Commission State Forester. New Jersey JOHN E. JENKS, District of Columbia Editor, Army and Navy Register CHESTER W. LYMAN, New York International Paper Company Declaration of Principles and Policy~ of Ohe American Forestry~ Association IT IS A VOLUNTARY organization for the inculcation and spread of a forest policy on a scale adequate for our economic needs, and any person is eligible for membership. IT IS INDEPENDENT, has no official connection with any Federal or State depart- ment or policy, and is devoted to a public service conducive to national prosperity. IT ASSERTS THAT forestry means the propagation and care of forests for the pro- duction of timber as a crop; protection of watersheds; utilization of non-agricul- tural soil; use of forests for public recreation. IT DECLARES THAT FORESTRY is of immense importance to the people; that the census of 1913 shows our forests annually supply over one and a quarter billion dollars’ worth of products; employ 735,000 people; pay $367,000,000 in wages; cover 550,000,000 acres unsuited for agriculture; regulate the distribution of water; prevent erosion of lands; and are essential to the beauty of the country and the health of the nation. IT RECOGNIZES THAT forestry is an industry limited by economic conditions; that private owners should be aided and encouraged by investigations, demonstrations, and educational work, since they cannot be expected to practice forestry at a financial loss; that Federal and State governments should undertake scientific forestry upon national and State forest reserves for the benefit of the public. IT WILL DEVOTE its influence and educational facilities to the development of public thought and knowledge along these practical lines. ERNEST A. STERLING, Illinois Forest and Timber Engineer J. B. WHITE, Missouri Ex-President, National Conservation Congress It Will Support These Policies National and State Forests under Federal and State Ownership, administration and management respectively ; adequate ap- propriations for their care and man- agement ; Federal cooperation with the States, especially in forest fire pro- tection. State Activity by acquirement of forest lands; organization for fire protection; encouragement of forest planting by communal and private owners, non- olitical departmentally independent orest organization, with liberal appro- priations for these purposes. Forest Fire Protection by Federal, State and fire protective agencies, and its encouragement and extension, indi- vidually and by codperation; without adequate fire protection all other measures for forest crop production will fail. Forest Planting by Federal and State governments and long-lived corpora- tions and acquirement of waste lands for this purpose; and also planting by private owners, where profitable, and encouragement of natural regenera- tion. Forest Taxation Reforms removing un- just burdens from owners of growing timber. Closer Utilization in logging and manu- facturing without loss to owners; aid the lumbermen in achieving this. Cutting of Mature Timber where and as the domestic market demands it, ex- cept on areas maintained for park or scenic purposes, and compensation of forest owners for loss suffered through protection of watersheds, or on behalf of any public interest. Equal Protection to the lumber industry and to public interests in legislation affecting private timberland opera- tions, recognizing that lumbering is as legitimate and necessary as the forests themselves. Classification by experts of lands best suited for farming and those best suited for forestry; and liberal national and State appropriations for this work. oA Shopping Scene in 1847 purusios silverware sixty years ago, our grandparents did not have the wide variety of patterns to choose from that we have today, but they could buy, the ware that is recognized now, as it was then, as the highest quality— Made by the original Rogers Brothers in 1847, it has set the standard. It is sold with an unqualified guarantee made possible by the actual test of over 65 years. The“Old Colony”and “Cromwell” patterns illustrat- ed here show the characteristic beauty of this ware. The quality and richness of design make [847 ROGERS BROS. silverware especially favored for gifts. Buy early while your dealer has a full line. Sold by leading dealers. Send for itlustrated catalogue “M30” INTERNATIONAL SILVER CO. Successor to Meriden Britannia Co. MERIDEN, CONN. NEW YORK CHICAGO SAN FRANCISCO ed HAMILTON, CANADA The Worlds Largest Makers of Sterling Silver and Plate gold Celegy | American Forestry 1. 22 AUGUST 1916 No. 272 THE MOCKERNUT HICKORY ee i en Nn = ecco ce cc Showing tank treatment of timber with Grade-One Creosote Oil NEO < C i HAAN hi Mn ee aE Will prevent decay of fence posts, base- ment plankings, sills, stringers, telegraph and telephone poles and exposed timber. New York Chicago Philadelphia Boston St. Louis Cleveland Cincinnati Pittsburgh Detroit Birmingham. Kansas City Minneapolis Nashville Salt Lake City Seattle Peoria Tue Paterson Manuracturinc Company, Limited: Montreal Toronto Winnipeg Vancouver St. John, N. B. Halifax N. S. Sydney, N. S. OLE Ly ee OEETTETTTETE,_,_£H, eA Ace A AMERICAN FORESTRY The Magazine of the American Forestry Association PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD HERMAN H. CHAPMAN S. T. Dana Joun E. RHODES ERNEST A. STERLING FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL S. N. SPRING Aucust 1916. Vou. 22 CONTENTS No. 272 The Mockernut Hickory—Cover Picture. An Example in Conservation Work.......... 4 tere sce 480 Photo by Romeyn Hough. With seven illustrations. The Hickories—Identification and Characteristics—By Washington’s Trees Criticized—By Frank A. Cutting........ 482 Samuel B. Detwiler. . oy. : tae en ees 451 Boys, Guns, Birds and Trees....... Fest Rein ben cae’ 483 With six illustrations. With two illustrations. Commercial Uses of the Hickory. . Ree eee at, ASS Forest Conservation—By Joshua L. Baily..... ES ec SAO With three illustrations. With one photograph. Yellowstone National Park—By Mark Daniels. . s5 Ge: CNS} Ornamental and Shade Trees—By J. J. Levison............. 485 With six illustrations. Taking Care of Shade Trees. The Bird Department—By A. A. Allen : ... 464 With three illustrations. The Coloration of Birds. A Logging Engineering Course....:..........:... = fn vena 488 The Classification of Birds. With one photograph. With nine illustrations. The First Record of a Sequoia—By Donald Bruce............ 489 The Alternate Hosts of the White Pine Blister Rust—By With one illustration. Lawrence R. Grose..........-.. eR oI OT 469 Two Hundred Dead in Forest Fires...--. 9-22. --.5-----555- 492 With eighteen illustrations. p he wNation’smWashin gare ey see ere eee ree 493 oc tines Gr ERO GSEIeE ci ee eae Forestry Board’s Secretary—By General C. C. aero a AOE, With one illustration. 2 Three Million Dollars for New England and Appalachian sORIUO MEI Ho OBB ae Shoe hes Faves sco oceor asec epacacozGs He ROS EL ee! ee 473 The F ie iw in Indiana's State Forestry Organization. Forestry for Boys and Girls—By Baer FNC EMMO Ad oi Gee E 474 ee es ee Ae Ten Million Dollars for Forest Roads. About Swimmin' Holes and Such. Southern Floods and their Forestry Lessons—By Herman H. Lumber Uses—By Warren B. Bullock........... Sareea ae 498 @hapman.2..scssan.. ay ee ae jf eg See: A76 Wood Preserving Department—By E. A. Sterling........... 499 With nine illustrations. Canadian Department—By Ellwood Wilson................. 502 The New Louisiana ForestryLaw...................+.----- 479 Current; Literature: 2.20%: 1. socptasein tte fee ee ete: 503 2 CHECE OFF OOK DESIRED BOOKS FREE TO MEMBERS To any member of the American Forestry Association securing ONE THE TREE GUIDE NEW SUBSCRIBING MEMBER any one of the books to the left will be 265 pages, 250 illustrations sent free of charge. A pocket manual of trees to aid the student and the beginner to FILL OUT THIS BLANK distinguish and identify trees. Invaluable in readily acquiring a knowledge of trees. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, Washington, D. C. Enclosed is $3 for Subscribing Membership fee ($2 of which is a subscription for one year for American Forestry Magazine). THE BIRD GUIDE 415 colored illustrations Name This names, illustrates and describes all land birds east of the Street Rockies, and is of the utmost assistance to anyone, adult or child, wishing to know birds and their habits. City: ... SEND BOOK TO O THE FLOWER GUIDE Name . 230 pages, 400 colored illustrations Street If you wish to know flowers and to acquire this knowledge readily, City this book will be found of very great assistance. 2 8 tt lt CS Fe — 1 1 1 0 0 tt tt tt tt 1 0 1 | AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, three dollars per year; single copies, twenty-five cents. Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Post-office at Washington, under the Act of March 3, 1879 4 Lhe Lime to Invest in Timber ls NOW. We can take advantage of market conditions for you as you cannot for yourself. Either of two systems may be followed in buying timber. One contemplates buying properties at recognized market values to accord with individual ideas as to what a timber tract should be and hold it in anticipa- tion of steadily increasing value; the other, the Lacey way, contemplates taking advantage of opportunities that come to an organization like ours, buying at prices much below recognized values and gaining profit both from the purchase and from accretion. Obviously the latter plan ts most inviting from the standpoint of speculation or for those who do not contemplate future manufacturing. It permits carrying charges to be reckoned merely as deferred payments on the purchase price, and of course means larger profits. The present 1s a most opportune time jor such investments. A fier a period of depression, in common with other industries, lumber ts coming into its own again. There are, however, many timber owners, financially unable to carry non-productive investments, who must sell, We can make a selection for you in the Douglas Fir Forests of British Columbia, Washington or Oregon; the White Pine of Idaho; the Western Pine of Oregon or California; in the Redwoods of the latter state or elsewhere. Prices range well below the market values. Send for further information and booklet described as *‘ Pointers.”’ INT: V3 NATIONAL TIME CHICAGO SEATTLE PORTLAND, ORE. NEW ORLEANS 1750 McCormick Bldg. 1009 White Building 1310 Northwestern Bank Bldg. 1213 Whitney-Central Bldg. { AMERICAN Vot. XXII FORESTRY No. 272 AUGUST 1916 The Hickories Identification and Characteristics By SAMUEL B. DETWILER HE hickories are characteristic American trees it closely related to the walnuts, with a name derived from the Indian ““Pawcohiccora,”’ a dressing eaten with hominy, made from the milk of the pounded hickory nuts. “ Tough as hickory ” is a phrase suggesting the pecu- liar strength and elasticity of the hickory wood. General Andrew Jackson was endearingly called “ Old Hickory ” by his soldiers because of his tough, unyielding disposition. This nickname may have been bestowed during the war with the Creek Indians in 1813, when he fed his men on hickory nuts over a period when they were short of rations. Twelve kinds of hickory are found in the world, according to Professor Sargent, eleven of them indigenous fur BOT Tennessee, northwestern Mississippi and eastern Arkansas. The hickories are picturesque members of the forest and have been called “ the artist trees.” In winter the armor- like bark, gnarled branches and stout twigs suggest tall, well-proportioned athletes of iron strength. In the spring- time the tinted bud scales or dainty leaves and tasselled flowers make these trees as beautiful as many that bear more gorgeous blossoms. The summer foliage casts dense When Nature colors the autumn landscape, the clear yellow of the hickory is conspicuous for a brief time, and, though the leaves are shed suddenly, they retain their bright color long after they fall. It is an old belief that if the hickory leaves are a brilliant yellow in the autumn, the next harvest shade and outlines the tops in graceful symmetry. to the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains, and one Mexican species. Some botanists recognize fifteen members of the hick- ory tribe, while others consider there are but eight distinct kinds. the Ice Age, exten- Previous to sive forests of hick- ory existed in Green- land and Europe, but no hickories are now found growing in a state of nature DHESGHTade Or North Mine which the hickories grow covers about one-third of the United States. The various kinds have distinct regions for their growth, but all of the important ones may be found growing in western America. area in N/A \ \ SR TS » [4 jo GER Cot \—€ WERE GEN V4 / LE a <8) Fa\\ mee R LSS Wp SS 4s LA aoe ai~ LS \ CC SSS iy Hy senehGe,5 so LEAF, FLOWER, NUT AND TWIG OF MOCKERNUT HICKORY will be a rich one. The leaves of the hickories have an alternate —_arrange- ment and consist of 2 to 5 pairs of sep- arate leaflets on a central leaf stem tipped with a single leaflet. The pollen- bearing flowers ap- pear shortly after the leaves. They are greenish scales hang- ing in long, slender thireemirien al cluster, from a com- mon stem attached to the twig at the base of the spring growth. chains, Each scale bears on its lower face from 3 to 10 little yellow stamen heads. From 2 to 11 flowers are borne in a spike at the tips of the twigs and develop into the fruits. These forming flowers are small and nut- colored 451 CARY 's IN YORK AMIC4aL Ganon, AMERICAN yellowish green like the young leaves surrounding them. Each flower consists of several tiny scales tightly enclosing a small globular body from the centre of which two small plumes protrude to collect the pollen as it floats through the air. The central part of the flower consists of four communicating chambers in which there is a single rudi- mentary plant. During the sum- mer starches and oils packed into the seed leaves of this little plant until they fill the four compart- ments and are known as_ the of the nuts. With the frost of autumn, the husk splits are kernels into four parts, freeing the hard- shelled nut. The Shag- bark (Hicoria ovata), some- times called the shellbark, is important not only because it produces nuts with large, From Pennsylvania Trees MOCKERNUT HICKORY finely flavored kernels, but also because of the high Its from 8 to 14 inches in length and commonly have five leaflets, but quality of its wood. leaves vary occasionally seven. The leaflets vary in size, the lower pair being small, the succeeding pair or pairs growing larger and broadening out at their tips, the single leaflet at the end of the stem being largest of all. The nuts are white, half an inch to an inch in length, and of about the same width, and are enclosed in a husk half an inch thick. They are considerably flattened with four sharp ridges on the sides, so that the nut is more or less four-edged. The Shagbark is one of the tallest hickories, sometimes attaining a height of 120 feet and a diameter of 3 or 4 feet but more often only about half this size. In dense forests the trunk is straight, tapering slightly and free from branches for the greater part of its length. In the open the trunk branches are low to form the narrow, open, cylinder- shaped top that is quite generally characteristic of the hickories. The long, ragged strips of dark-gray bark that clothe the trunk make this tree conspicuous and prove that “shagbark ” is a well-chosen title. These strips may be 3 to 8 inches wide and 3 feet or more in length, and are frequently attached to the tree at the middle, leaving the ends of the strips swinging free. Young trees have smooth, greenish or grayish bark. The Shagbark grows in rich, deep, rather moist soils, in valleys and on hillsides from southern Maine and Quebec west to Minnesota and south through the Appa- The lachian Mountains to Florida and eastern Texas. FORESTRY Big Shellbark (Hicoria lacinosa) has a more restricted range, being found from central New York and eastern This tree selects rich bottom lands, preferably sites that are flooded for short periods of time. It is closely allied to the Shagbark, growing equally tall, but seldom over 3 feet Pennsylvania to Tennessee and Arkansas. in diameter. Its bark is less ragged than that of the Shagbark and its leaves are longer (10 to 22 inches), consisting of 7 to 9 leaflets. The nut is longer and much broader than that of its dull white or yellowish in color, with 4 or 6 heavy ribs on nearest relative, The ends of the nut are usually strongly pointed, of the Shagbark, which is rounded or notched at the end, and the husk and the its sides. unlike the nut shell of the nut of the Big Shellbark are much thicker. The North Carolina Shag- bark (Hicoria Caroline-septen- trionalis) has shaggy bark but it has smaller leaves, buds and the other shagbarks, much fruit than and is a smaller tree. It is distributed through the up- lands of western North Carolina, eastern Tennes- UY see and northern AW, portions of 8 aah ‘ Loe, \yucaes Alabama and ean i Georgia we Tt \ : Se From Pennsylvania Trees ae | HOE The Pignut PIGNUT HICKORY (Hicoria glabra), the Small Pignut (Hicoria odorata), and the Mockernut (Hicoria alba), by some are called “ Black Hickory.” This term refers to the darker color of the bark. Because they have a high proportion of white sapwood, they are also called ‘““ White Hickory.” The Pignut grows practically throughout the same territory as the Shagbark, except that it follows the Atlantic Coast to Florida, and is also found As a rule it chooses to grow in the dry soils of ridges and hillsides. Although it may grow 90 feet high and 3 or 4 feet in diameter, it is un- along a portion of the Gulf Coast. common to find trees exceeding 2 feet in diameter and 60 The trunk, straight and free from branches when growing in the woods, is apt to fork and The dark- or 70 feet in height. form a double top when growing in the open. gray bark, which is tight and close, is separated by narrow, flattened ridges into small, diamond-shaped areas, on the order of the fissures in the bark of white ash, but less regu- lar. The leaves are 8 to 12 inches long, with 5 to 9 leaflets (7 commonly, 9 rarely) ; unlike the Shagbark, the individ- ual leaflets vary comparatively little in size or shape. The nuts are small (less than an inch in length), rounded or THE HICKORIES pear-shaped, light-brown in color, with a smooth shell of variable thickness but usually heavy and hard to crush. The kernels are small, at first with a palatable flavor, but soon becoming strong and somewhat bitter, “ fit only for pigs.” The husk of the Pignut is thin and leathery, and the four valves do not separate readily from the nut or from each other like the thick “ hull” of the Shagbarks. Several varieties of Pignut are known to botanists, and one of these varieties is so different that by some it is considered a separate species, by others a cross between the Shagbark and the Pignut. This is the Small Pignut, which ranges from eastern Massachusetts to Maryland, west to Missouri and southern Illinois. It has rough, slightly shaggy bark. 5 leaflets, and the nut is small, thin-shelled and spherical. The kernel is sweet, and the thin husk splits to the base. The Pale- leaf Hickory ( Hic- orta villosa), found from New Jersey to Florida westward to Mis- and Texas, was once consid- ered a variety of Pignut, but some of the charac- teristics of the Mockernut. It isa small tree growing The small leaf usually consists of and sourl has on barren soil. The under surfaces of the leaflets are sil- very, and the bark is deeply furrowed, but not shaggy. The Mockernut, Bigbud or Whiteheart Hickory has bark that is decidedly rough but does not loosen in strips. From Pennsylvania Trees BITTERNUT HICKORY The color of the bark varies from light to dark gray. Shallow, irregular fissures separate the surface into broad, flat ridges, covered with tight-fitting scales. The Mocker- nut has the stockiest twigs and the largest buds found among the hickories. The leaves are 8 to 12 inches long, with 7 to 9 leaflets, and give forth a pleasant aroma when crushed. The large nuts are globular, or sometimes slightly compressed, with a nearly smooth and very thick brown shell. It contains a sweet kernel which is so small that it disappoints one who has taken the trouble to crack the heavy shell. Mockernut trees, 150 feet in height and 3 feet in diameter, are occasionally found, but the usual size is 50 to 75 feet high with a diameter of less than 2 feet. It grows on ridges or in rich valley soils over the same range as the Pignut and, like the latter, it does not form quite as long or as clean trunks as the Shagbark. The hickories which have been described are alike in having nuts with hard, bony shells that are not easily 453 broken. Another group of hickories, of which the Pecan and Bitternut are typical, produces nuts with thin, brittle shells. In the first group the winter buds are covered with numerous overlapping scales ; in the second, the scales are in pairs, the edges of which meet like the two halves of a shell, to en- the tender clam close growing point of the bud. It is inter- esting to distin- guishtreesin winter by means of their buds, and the hickories offer an exceptional oppor- tunity for this study. The buds of each species are as unlike and as easily distinguished from each other as the fruits and nuts. It is one of the pleas- ures of spring to watch the unfold- ing buds of the Shagbarks. The inner bud scales curl backward and enlarge until they are several inches long, and in their silky texture and gorgeous reddish tints resemble the petals of a flower. The Pecan (Hicoria pecan) is distributed from south- ern Iowa, Illinois and Indiana, western Kentucky and Tennessee to central Alabama and westward to southeast- It is usually found on From Pennsylvania Trees SHAGBARK HICKORY ern Arkansas and central Texas. low, rich ground in the vicinity of streams. The Pecan is the loftiest and most imposing of the hickories, and one of the most beautiful trees of the South, rising to a height of 100 to 170 feet, with a maximum diameter of 4 to 6 feet. The trunk is more or less swollen and buttressed at the base, and branches into a broad top which is oval in outline. The leaves are a beautiful, bright yellow-green, 12 to 20 inches long, bearing from 9 to 17 leaflets. The nuts are 1 to 2 inches long, smooth, reddish and slender, but taper- ing at the ends, and so thin-shelled that they may some- times be crushed with the fingers. The kernel is large and sweet. The thin, dark-brown husk splits into four sections nearly to the base, discharging the nut, and fre- quently remains on the branch during the winter. Two trees bear the name of Bitter Pecan. One of these is Hicoria Texana, which grows sparingly over a small area in eastern Texas. It has leaves 10 to 12 inches long with 7 to 11 leaflets. The nuts are oblong, somewhat flattened and the shell is longitudinally grooved and rough- ened. The kernel is very bitter. The other Bitter Pecan, also called Water Hickory, is the least useful member of the family. It grows sparingly in river swamps from southeastern Virginia to Florida and along the coast of the Gulf States to Texas, extending northward through 454 AMERICAN The leaf is The husk is the Mississippi Valley to southern Illinois. 9 to 15 inches long, with 7 to 13 leaflets. thin and brittle and does not separate readily from the nut. The latter is one to one and a half inches long and nearly as broad, and with a much wrinkled, corrugated of the butternut. The Bitternut (Hicoria minima) has a long, clean trunk that may have a exterior resembling the shell FORESTRY to the weather. It is noted for its flexibility and elasticity. The rings of annual growth are marked by one or more rows of large pores. The proportion of sapwood varies It is white and very distinct from the reddish-brown heartwood. with the species and the age of the tree. Hickory trees growing near the northern limits of their range are liable to be injured by late spring frosts. Occa- sionally they suffer from a height of 100 feet and a diameter of 3 feet, but its ordinary height is 50 to 75 feet with a diameter of 1 to 2 feet. tree with a rounded top and It is a handsome glossy, bright green foliage. 10 inches long, composed of 7 to 11 narrow leaflets, the smallest of all hickory leaf- of the Bit- gray, thin, The leaves are 6 to lets. The bark ternut is light tight-fitting and roughened by a rather uniform net- work of narrow ridges and The fruit is small and nearly spher- shallow fissures. ical, with a smooth shell which is at times almost paper-thin and packed tight with an exceedingly bitter The kernels are so rich in fat that a hundred years ago they were some- kernel. times pressed to extract oil for use in lamps and as a substitute forlard. The Bit- ternut grows in moist lands from Maine and Ontario to Florida and west to Minne- sota, Nebraska and Texas. The Nutmeg (Hicoria myristice formis) is a na- tive of South Carolina, cen- leaf-spot fungus and from some of their numerous in- sect The most serious of these is the hick- enemies. ory bark beetle, which has killed large numbers of hick- ory trees in the northern states during the past few years. The larve feed in the living cells between the bark and sapwood and girdle the trunks. This insect can be controlled by applying proper remedial measures, but this requires concerted action by all the owners of hickory trees in the locality work should be undertaken before the in- become and the sects have well established. The hickories are desir- able shade trees; the best for ornamental planting are the Pecan (hardy as far north as New York), the Bitternut, Shagbark, Mock- ernut and Nutmeg Hickory. The latter has many qual- ities that especially recom- mend it, but its hardiness in the northern states is not well known. The Pecan, Shagbark, and Big Shell- bark are valuable for plant- 6... 65 20 : Pheto by Ro ‘a Hou i tral Alabamaand Mississippi cg cure Hcp and southern Arkansas. It grows in rich soils along rivers and in swamps, and sometimes on high land. It is a straight tree, 80 to 100 feet high, and often 2 feet in diam- eter, with stout spreading branches that form a narrow, open head. scaly plates. The bark is reddish brown, broken into small The leaves are lustrous dark green, silvery beneath, thin and firm of texture; they are 7 to 11 inches long and bear 5 to 11 leaflets. The nut is small and cov- ered with the thinnest of husks which splits into quarters Unlike the Bitternut, the nuts have a thick shell and the kernel is sweet. nearly to the base. The wood of the hickories is heavy, strong and very hard and tough, but it is not durable in the soil or exposed THE SHAGBARK HICKORY Note the characteristic tall, oblong crown even in field growth. called the national tree of America ing for nut production. The many horticultural varieties of pecans and the extensive By some this is planting of pecan orchards in the South are developments It is only a matter of time when care- ful selection and breeding will add many more im- proved varieties of Pecan, Shagbark, Big Shellbark and perhaps other species. of recent years. The hickories have pronounced taproots which make it exceedingly difficult to successfully transplant seed- Except the Bitternut, which is less sensitive, if the trees grow at all, they seldom have much lings from a nursery. vigor. The better plan is to gather the nuts as soon as ripe and plant them at once where the trees are to stand permanently. ‘That this method is successful is demon- COMMERCIAL USES OF THE HICKORY strated by the many hickory trees that develop from nuts buried and forgotten by the squirrels. Since squirrels and other rodents are inclined to raid plantations when the hickory nuts are sown in the fall, spring planting is preferable. The nuts may be kept in fit condition for spring planting by burying them, well protected, in moist sand, but in this case they should not be covered deep enough to prevent the frost from cracking the shells. 455 Hickories grow slowly compared with many other trees and for satisfactory growth they require deep, rich soil. Some species are less exacting in regard to soil than others, and it is always well to study the natural conditions under which these trees grow before attempting to plant them. The Pecan grows more rapidly than any of the other species and may produce a small amount of fruit in ten years. Commercial Uses of the Hickory the hickories “walnuts” because they slightly resembled the Circassian walnut, with which they were familiar. Captain John Smith wrote of “ pawco- hiccora,” the pleasantly flavored dressing which the In- dians ate with crushed corn. The squaws crushed hickory hulls and nuts in a wooden mortar, to which water was added until it formed a milky liquid. The name used by the Indians was given to the trees by the early settlers, being shortened into hickory. The ripe hickory nuts furnished the Indians with a valuable part of their winter food, and some tribes gath- ered large quantities, especially in the South, where a single family sometimes stored a hundred bushels. In the east- ern United States and the Mississippi Valley, the Indians made most of their bows and war clubs of hickory wood. In the early part of the sum- mer, bark peeled from young hickory trees was used for ropes and cords. During the rest of the year, hickory withes—the stems of young seedlings or sprouts made pliable by twist- ing—were used to tie bundles, bind wigwam poles together, and for similar uses. The early settlers frequently substituted hickory withes for rope, wire or nails,and many farmers still find them useful in an emergency. Hickory sap furnished an ointment or liniment which was once used to “‘supple the joints.” Dry and decayed hickory wood made the best punk in a day when flint and steel had not been replaced by the convenient matches. This fact was learned from the Indians, who likewise taught the settlers how to pre- serve meat with hickory ashes. The old-fashioned home-cured hams were given their excep- tionally rich flavor by curing them in smoke from a hickory v YHE first explorers of eastern North America called HICKORY BARK BORERS The holes made by the hickory bark borers which have developed under the bark and bored their way out. fire. Hickory wood was also preferred for curing tobacco artificially because it produced a steady heat, burned for a long time and required little attention. The farmer’s wife made special provision to save the hickory ashes in the ash hopper for soap making. Old- time blacksmiths used hickory charcoal before coal and coke were available. Strips of hickory bark and hickory splints were much used in weaving baskets, chair seats, and other home-made articles of furniture. For nearly 200 years the split broom, usually made from hickory, was the principal apparatus for sweeping. A section of a sapling, 4 or 5 feet long and 2 or 3 inches in diameter, was chosen and the butt end was shaved into a thousand or more thin splits, each about 10 inches long, without detach- ing them from the stick ; when the splits were tied together with string, the broom was ready for a year’s service. Many old-time appliances made of hickory, such as swingles, cringles, hand fids and gluts, are long forgotten. Hick- ory ramrods were used in load- ing the long rifles and muzzle- loading shot guns. No other wood was considered suitable for ax handles when hickory could be obtained. The smooth, slen- der, yielding handles made American axes famous for their efficiency. Hickory has long been and will continue to be a favorite for handles of all kinds. Hoop making was one of the early industries that consumed large quantities of hickory sap- lings. Hoop poles were 1 to 2 inches in diameter and from 9 to 15 feet long. They were used for hooping many kinds of barrels, kegs and tubs, but probably more were used on tobacco hogsheads Cut- ting hoop poles was responsible for the destruction of immense numbers of fine young hickory trees and it is only through the than any other container. 456 invention of improved hoops in rather recent years that this drain on the hickory supply was checked. The principal supply of commercial hickory comes from and Ohio, although some hickory is produced in thirty- Tennessee, Arkansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Indiana three or more states. It is estimated that the yearly out- put of hickory lumber in the United States 1s less than four The wood of the hundred million feet, board measure. various kinds of hickories varies in hardness, elasticity, weight and color. Users of hickory seldom make distinc- tions according to AMERICAN FORESTRY bark hickory has wood that is very similar and almost equally valuable. The Pignuts produce wood of high quality which is used to a greater extent than that of any other of the smooth bark hickories. The Mockernut has darker heartwood than the Pignut but the wood is about the same in quality. These trees have a wide ring of sapwood surrounding the heart and for this reason have been preferred for certain uses because it was believed that the sapwood was stronger than heartwood. Investi- gation has demonstrated that there is no perceptible differ- ence between species but depend on inspection to secure the kind of wood that meets re- quirements. Some species are so lack- ing in good qual- ities that they are seldom cut for the market. “* Second growth” from hickory comes trees which have grown rapidly on land from which the large trees have been from trees growing The value of luiabered, or in the open. greater this wood lies in the fact that the wide rings of annual growth have a high proportion of dense summer wood. Pin-hole borers sometimes lessen the value of the wood of live hick- ory trees. A greater loss is due to “iron heartwood and sapwoodexcept that the heartwood is more apt to be knotty. Much hick- ory that was forin- erly wasted because of {red heareaas now accepted by the Hick- ories in the Shag- inspectors. yeeerane: bark class. have thin wood, white sap- light-brown heartwood and the wood is more apt to be straight-grained and free from im- perfections than the wood of Pignut and Mockernut. Bitternut hick- ory is not regarded as producing a high class of wood for commercial use. The thin sapwood partly accounts for t hie prey uldiee against it and it is probable that in the future this wood streaks.” This de- fect is caused by a discoloration of the manufacturer. wood which starts in small holes through the bark made by the sap-sucker, a species of woodpecker that is very fond of the sweet sap of the hickories. The discoloration affects the appearance After hickory wood is cut and is being seasoned, it is very liable of the wood rather than its mechanical qualities. to be attacked by beetles that honey-comb the lumber, leaving behind them large quantities of powdered wood. After the save the lumber, but they may be kept out of newly beetles are at work, little can be done to sawed lumber by sprinkling it with oil. Shagbark is generally believed to furnish the highest quality of hickory wood, and to best meet the severe requirements of carriage and wagon work. The Big Shell- HICKORY FOR VEHICLE PARTS Hickory is first in importance among the woods used in vehicle parts, The photograph shows hickory and oak spokes piled for seasoning in the plant of a large hub and spoke will be more highly rated. Nutmeg hickory of fair red and white oak being next. has wood quality but is not much used because the tree is limited in its distribution. Water hickory and Pecan all produce wood that is comparatively weak and light in weight. Their wood is of slight commercial importance because it is inferior in every respect to the other hickories. Much hickory was formerly used in agricultural im- plements that wére manufactured on the farm or in the local wheelwright shop. Among these were mauls, flails, plow handles, cradles, scythe snaths, ox yokes, and rakes of all kinds. Dozens of modern farm tools and machines ranging from plows, planters and cultivators to reapers, stackers and fertilizer distributers could not well dispense The with the hickory that forms various parts of them. COMMERCIAL USES OF THE HICKORY manner in which hickory is now employed is largely a_ fuller development of its earlier uses. Nearly one-half of the hickory used by manufacturers of the United States the construction of vehicles and at least one-third various kinds. enters into into handles of Agricultural im- plements probably follow these in the amount of hickory used. Carriages and buggies are American inventions made pos- sible through the superior qual- Not only have they been highly important ities of hickory wood. business and pleasure vehicles for millions of Americans, but they have been sent to all parts of the civilized world and may be seen in central Africa or the deserts of Arabia, or traversing rocky roads in India. Hickory surpasses any known wood in its ability to resist the excessive strains to which the spokes of light carriage wheels are subjected. No other country has wood to make vehicles so light in weight yet so strong and durable. Credit must be given to hickory wood for the develop- ment of our famous American trotting horses, for the splendid qualities of this wood made it possible to build racing sulkies of a lightness never before known. In the light rim of the swiftly moving bicycle wheel, hickory is just as serviceable as in the humble wheel-barrow. Other woods serve well for heavy vehicles ; nevertheless, hickory is largely sought for spokes, felloes and other parts of It is used in dump-carts, drays, stone-wagons, and sleds of all kinds. The sledges used by Shackleton in his Antarctic expedition in 1908 had runners of specially selected split hickory because severe tests demonstrated that the wood wore better than German silver or other metal runners. Some hickory is used in the manufacture of cheap heavy wagons and automobiles. furniture, especially for chair rounds. Adjustable wheel chairs and children’s high chairs employ considerable hickory in their construction, and in recent years it has come into vogue for rustic furniture. Other commodities made of hickory are oil-well sucker rods, which may be 30 or 35 feet long, and the skewers used by butchers. Canes, ladder rungs, trunk slats, dowel pins, wedges, crochet rings, pins used in the manufacture of artificial limbs, and insulator pins for telegraph and telephone lines consume small amounts of hickory in widely different ways. The wood is especially suitable for the manufacture of spring bars, croquet mallets, tennis racquets and other athletic goods, and it is also excellent for fishing-rods. Some hickory is also used for crates and boxes where exceptional strength is required. Hickory is an ideal winter fuel and the big fire-places of our forefathers burned many cords of as fine hickory HICKORY USED FOR WHEEL RIMS The tough hickory has always been one of the most serviceable of woods for uses requiring qualities of great resistance to heavy wear and severe strain. as ever grew. It is just as popular for the open fires of to-day, for it burns slowly, with little smoke, making a hot, bright, companionable fire. The nuts are the most important by-product of the hickory trees, and in the case of the Pecan, the returns from the sale of its nuts exceed the commercial value of its wood. The bark of hickory contains a yellow coloring matter which has been used as a dye, but is of small utility. WOOD WASTE EXCHANGE XTENSIVE use by lumbermen and wood-working factories of the wood waste exchange conducted by the Forest Service is reported -by officials who have just completed a short field study to determine the extent to which the opportunities offered are being taken advan- tage of. Only a small per cent of the total number of concerns listed were visited, but a comparatively large number were found to have benefited by the exchange. Makers of wooden novelties, it is said, have been par- ticularly successful in finding supplies of material near their plants. Other wood-working industries have been able to dispose of their waste at higher prices than they could otherwise have obtained. Many of the firms were located within short distances of each other, but until recently have had no way of getting together. The wood waste exchange was established by the For- est Service in 1914. It consists of two lists of manu- facturers, which are sent out quarterly to persons desir- ing them. One of these is of “ Opportunities to Sell Waste,” and contains the names of firms which use saw- dust and small pieces of wood. This list is sent to plants having waste for sale. The other list is of “ Opportunities to Buy Waste,” and gives the names of concerns which have waste to dispose of. There is no charge for the service and any manufac- turer who wishes to have his name added to either list can do so by writing to the Forest Service, Washington, AMERICAN FORESTRY Photo by Gifford for Northern Pacific Railroad ONE OF THE BIG FEATURES OF YELLOWSTONE PARK The terraces of the Mammoth Hot Springs change in color from time to time. prompts the housewife to rearrange the living-room furniture and the sea-shells on the what-not from time to time. a master artist. Nature seems here to be possessed of that character of restlessness that At least, she does it with the brush of Yellowstone National Park By Mark DANIELS Former Superintendent of National Parks IKE the Grand Canyon of the Colorado, the Yel- lowstone National Park has occupied the spotlight of public attention to such an extent that any attempt to add to the public knowledge of its wonders and fascinations is like carrying coals to Newcastle. However, in consideration of the fact that the public has been more or less submerged with a flood of literature and lithographs, colored by hand with hues selected from paint-pot born of a printer’s imagination, further com- ments upon the Park based upon actual knowledge may appear less like heaping coals of fire upon the head of the long-suffering tourist. As a matter of fact, the sky over Yellowstone National Park is not shell pink, the trees are not blue, the waters of the great lake in no wise resemble red ink and the geysers do not spout streams of molten metal, as one might be led to believe from some of the railroad literature colored in the way above described. Further than this, it is quite possible to traverse the woodland trails and pass many trees without seeing a single grizzly poking his inquisitive nose from behind the tree trunk, nor do the buffaloes and antelopes crowd the tourists and stages from the highways. In fact it is quite possible to spend a delightful week in the Park without being seriously molested by “denizens of the woods,” as the pseudo nature lovers delight in calling the hapless bears and other animals of the Park. It is true that buffalo, antelope and bear abound in this largest of our National Parks, and that they may be seen without serious inconvenience or difficulty, but that they are so numerous as to interrupt one in the pursuit of insouciant pleasures, is purely a figment of the publicity expert's imagination. I remember that for years, as a boy, it was the ambition of my young life to spend a few Yellowstone National Park where a natural fleetness of foot would be greatly augmented by the ex- weeks in citing pleasure of dodging silver-tipped grizzlies and climbing trees to elude the vicious horns of the man-eat- ing buffalo, and I have no doubt that there are many young boys in the United States whose sleep is filled with dreams of canyons and forests in Yellowstone National Park, over-crowded with beasts of prey. Undoubtedly there are more natural phenomena to be seen in Yellowstone National Park than in any other Add to this the fact that there is a great lake fifteen miles wide at its widest equal area in the United States. point, and twenty miles long, the placid surface of which is seventy-eight hundred feet above the sea level, a great gorge of rainbow hues through which a mighty river roars on its way to the sea, hundreds of square miles of great forests and broken, saw-toothed crests silhouetted against the sparkling skies, and you have a combination which will inspire almost anyone to an unrestricted and a YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK profuse use of the English superlative. In addition to the almost innumerable wonders of the Park, the locality is pervaded with an atmosphere of bigness. Everything is on a giant scale. terrifying depth, mountain peaks raise their lofty crests to inconceivable heights, and even the length of the Gov- ernment roads is made inconceivably long by the intoler- able dust which Congress refuses to lay for the tourist. It is not surprising, therefore, that exaggeration creeps into a discussion of the Park, and that descriptive writers take liberties with truth. Distances are great, canyons are of a 459 ern entrances, which are tapped by the Northern Pacific Railroad and the Union Pacific, respectively. In the early history of the Park, most of the travel came in by the northern entrance, which is but a few miles from Fort Yellowstone, where, at one time, was stationed a very considerable force of cavalry. Since that time, however, this force has been reduced and the interest in the old fort is now secondary to the greater number of imposing spectacles that may be witnessed from the main circuit, which is considerably closer to the western entrance. As a result, the tourist whose time is limited will generally nate eae le oe Photo by Gifford for Northern Pacific Railroad CARELESS TOURISTS ARE INJURED HERE While the Grotto Geyser does not present such a spectacular performance as Old Faithful, it is still one of the most interesting in the Basin. In addition, it permits of a closer inspection while in operation, a privilege that seems to be held at a premium by the tourists, who are often injured through succumbing to curiosity. As Yellowstone is the oldest of our National Parks, it is to be expected that it is opened up with roads and trails to a much greater extent than any other Park in Fortunately, a certain degree of intelligent forethought seems to have been exercised in the planning of the roads in the Park. There are four entrances, each about in the middle of a boundary line of the Park, which lead to a central circuit on which are located most of the interesting features to be visited. There is also another circuit in the northern portion of the Park, a por- tion of which is contiguous to the main circuit, so that the encircling roads form a figure eight. One may enter the Park, therefore, from any one of its four sides and strike the circuits, thus giving a choice of several different routes of travel. The entrances most used are the northern and west- the system. choose the Union Pacific line, entering at Yellowstone on the western entrance, and make only the main circuit. From Yellowstone the road follows the Madison River to its junction with the Firehole River, where it branches. One road follows the Gibbon River to the north, while the other follows up the Valley of the Firehole. The road along the Firehole is particularly beautiful, as it clings for miles to the very edge of the river until it reaches what is known as the Lower Geyser Basin. In this Basin are the famous Mammoth Paint Pots, which are really nothing but mud geysers, the contents of which look and act like nothing so much as vividly colored mush that is being boiled and tossed by escaping steam. In this Basin, also, are the Fountain Geyser, Emerald Lake and the Fountain Hotel. To some tourists the latter is quite the most curious freak to be found in the Basin, 460 although any antipathy which one may feel for its bastard architecture is soon forgotten in the delights of the well- cooked food that is served inside. On the regular trips, the Fountain Hotel, which is only a lunch station, and the next stop, the real Mecca of Park tourists, is reached about four o’clock in the after- noon. Here are the famous Old Faithful Geyser and Old Faithful Inn at the upper levels of the Upper Geyser Basin. The two places at which most tourists spend the majority of AMERICAN FORESTRY But the brilliant colors of the pools and hot basins alone would seen in action, with the exception of Old Faithful. justify the trip if the tourist is forced, by shortness of time, to continue on schedule. The next link in the circuit is from Old Faithful to Thumb Station on the western shore of Yellowstone Lake. The road between these two stations crosses the Great Divide twice in the journey and extends little more than this fact in extenuation of the disagreeable circum- stances of the their time are in the Geyser eyindal hit Upper Basin the Hotel on the brink of Canyon the Grand Can- of the Yellowstone. yon Speaking of architecture, it is difficult to place the Old Faithful Inn in any category, but despite its curious and rather unattrac- tive massing, the hostelry is pervaded with anunusual amount of charm and an atmosphere of real comfort. From the win- dows of many of the rooms of the hotel, and “2 « trip. It follows : along Spring Creek and “| crosses the Di- vide in both places so easily that it is diffi- cult to that any Divide realize there is lurking in the vicinity, par- ticularly as the dust might make it tically sible to see prac- impos- such a thing if one were still interested. From Thumb Station, there is a choice of two routes, one by wagon and one by launch on the Lake, to the Lake Hotel at the upper end of Yellowstone Lake. Itis diffi- road from the ver- : anda, Old __ Photo by Gifford for Northern Pacific Railroad Faithful Gey- THE YELLOWSTONE FALLS ser may be seen These falls are not so high as many others. to spout, with its never interrupted regularity, at intervals of one hour and five minutes. From the veranda may also be seen many of the geysers across the road on the eastern border of the Basin, and the entire surrounding has the appearance of a manufacturing town with the innumerable jets of steam rising from unseen escapes. It has the desirable feature, however, of lacking the roar that frequently becomes nerve racking in the vicinity of the Fountain Hotel. There are a great number of intensely interesting points of interest in the Upper Basin, prominent amongst which are the Grotto Geyser, Punch Bowl, Sunset Lake Pool. prepared to remain in the locality for twenty-four hours and the Rainbow However, unless the tourist is or so, it is quite possible that few of the geysers will be Compared in height with the Yosemite falls, it is equal to any. its precipice leaps a mighty river and, as an illustration of bounding energy just about right to come within the scope of human intelligence, thus making its beauty more readily grasped. cult to imagine anyone choos- ing road after the ride to Thumb Station, and, in addition, the boat ride is one of the most beautiful that can be had on any lake in this coun- Over The proportions are the ,it is unexcelled. try. The route traversed by the launch is about fifteen miles in length, half of which is spent in the western ex- tension of the Lake, known as the West Thumb. After passing Dot Island, the boat swings close to Stevenson Island and lands at the wharf in front of the Lake Hotel. Here is another excellent example of the work that has been left undone by the Board of United States Geographic Names. Some of the most prominent points and features in and on this most wonderful of lakes have been named \Vest Thumb, Rock Point, Steamboat Point, Bridge Bay, Frank Island, and, wonder of wonders, Dot Island. The latter is only exceeded in the absolute idiocy YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK of its cognomen by Spot Mountain in Glacier National Park. Lake with such fury that they seem to be launched on to renewed violence in order that they may tear from the heart of the Lake those elements which have been cursed by man’s ignorance and lack of imagination? By most tourists the Lake Hotel is approached with a spirit of keen and trembling anticipation, for all along the Is it any wonder that storms blow up on this 461 physical development and it is pride of race that keeps him to schedule, but in any case, it 1s useless to seek a glimpse of the great grizzly at any other time. There has been for some time a mother bear and two cubs of the Black family that seem to have become more inured to the extravagance in language and dress on the part of the tourist than the other bears, for they are fre- quently found within a few yards of the kitchen steps of line information been has slyly | supplied to the effect that here will be found the monarch of the forests, and for once, this form of gratuitous information proves correct. Out back of the hotel, there is an open space where, for a number of years, the proprietors have been dump- ing the refuse the din- ing-room. Why the dumping is done at the rear, rather the front, cannot be explained on ony Ont hie tT grounds than the fact that it is from than in the hotel and may be snapped with kodaks, fed with and crusts, and other- wise annoyed, with more or less impunity. At the risk of starting a controversy over a _ word which has, in the cake minds of certain predatory porations, been much over-used, I would suggest that the tourist carry on his an- noyances of the bears within “reasonable limits.” There is a story of one who had sO. pas- cor- man grown sionately fond of life in the open that he took his closer to the blankets and kitchen, for slept by the edge nothing could of the lake in add to the in- front of the 2 “ : Bots fo - Boe eoLciicy, of Photo by Gifford for Northern Pacific Railroad hotel. Whether this combination THE GOLDEN GATE his preference ; - This is a pass through which the government road runs. It looks as much like a gate as it does like gold, and is, el of colonial archi- therefore, as well and as aptly named as almost any other aeaniiieris feature of the Park. Perhaps it should be a for this location tectureandwest- source of gratification that it was not named Politics Portal. as against a ern box wood-work painted a vivid yellow. Be that as it may, the dump grounds are well to the rear of the hotel, and for several generations of bears this area has been the dining-room of the wild animals that are so elaborately described in railroad literature. It is true that on hot days those who are enjoying a cold in the head will find their affliction a distinct advantage, unless the bears may have eaten all the refuse before it had time to give other than ocular evidence of its presence. At almost any time in the day, one or two bears may be found on the dumps, but these are invariably of the family of Black Bears. The Grizzly, it appears, is more regular in his habits and dines only between the hours of six and eight in the evening. Perhaps this regularity in habit accounts for his unusual couch in the hotel was prompted by a sincere love of nature or an antipathy for the accommodations offered, has never been ascertained, for, during the night a grizzly, smelling the bacon under his pillow, aroused him to such an extent that his movements were interpreted as threat- Prompted, therefore, by the first law of nature, the grizzly swung on him with sufficient force to throw him completely “ through the ropes ” and into the Lake, some fifteen feet away, during which flight the na- ture lover scattered various and sundry parts of his anat- ening to all bears. omy en route. Having completed his knock-out, the bear ambled on his way, munching bacon, and the man lived only long enough to give a few meager facts of the case. The next day’s journey follows along the Yellowstone 462 River to the Canyon Hotel and the finest scenery in the Park is to be had in this vicinity. There is no doubt that the Falls of the Yel- River in this Canyon lowstone are among the finest to be seen in the world. At the Upper Falls the entire river passes over a drop. of one hundred and The Lower Falls is a sheer drop of three hundred and eight feet. The Canyon, it- sheer nine feet. Sah fa as es ecttn: Photo by Giff ‘ord for Northern Pacific Railroad mately one thou- ™ search of grazing cattle. sand feet deep, and its walls and sloping sides are of the most varied hues imaginable. It is not of a character that discourages intimacy in the way the Grand Canyon of the Colorado does, but, on the con- trary, seems to invite closer association and acquaintance- ship. I met Elbert Hubbard scrambling around half way down on the side of the Canyon on a hot day, and after he had finished a rather lengthy discussion of the inadvisability of admitting automobiles to the Yellowstone National Park, wiping, meanwhile, from his eyes, drops of perspiration, he told me that in all his travels he had never been in a place where intimate association with stupendous things seemed so possible or was so enjoyable. Perhaps it is well that he did not live to see Yellowstone National Park, which he loved so dearly, desecrated, as he thought it would be, by hordes of automobiles over its highways, but I am of the opinion that it is a great pity he did not live to experience a complete revulsion of feel- ing in this regard upon a full realization of the greater joys that automobile permits bring to the large numbers The question of admitting automobiles in the Yellowstone had been brought up prior to this time, and since I, for one, had strongly recommended their use to the Secretary of the Interior, I was therefore obliged to take issue with Mr. Hubbard on the question. However, the order admitting automobiles was given at about, or subsequent to, the time of his death, and we therefore came to no blows Asa matter of fact, most of the blow- of those who delight in touring this Park. over the question. IMMIGRANT PEAK OVERLOOKS A PEACEFUL STRETCH OF THE YELLOWSTONE RIVER self, is approxi- In this Park,so marked with evidences of Nature’s violence, the beautiful meadows and charming valleys that are so frequently encountered fill the observer with surprise and delight. Instinctively the eye sweeps the tawny hills AMERICAN FORESTRY since, for which of those who were origi- nally interested sin has been many | | in the issue are ' profoundly | thankful. There is one from the Hotel, which should, by trip Canyon no means, be overlooked, in spite of the fact that so few take it. This is up the Mount Washburn Road to the summit of the Mountain. Theregularroad from the Can- yon to the next station at Tower Falls traverses most of the route, but at Dunraven Pass the road to the summit branches to the right and climbs to an elevation of approximately ten thousand feet above the sea. From this point one of the most commanding views that is to be had in the Rockies may be enjoyed, and if one is fortunate, intimate peeps of mountain sheep may be had along the road. The Canyon Hotel is one of the stations that are on both circuits so that it is possible to return by the way of Norris Basin and see more geysers, or to continue by the Dunraven cut-off to Tower Falls, and thence to the Mammoth Hotel at Fort Yellowstone. The most popular route is by the way of Norris Basin to the Mammoth Hotel. more natural phenomena are to be found, although the Undoubtedly the reason is that along this route scenery is not nearly so good. Along the route by Pass is traversed and some petrified trees may be seen. Tower Falls, Dunraven Otherwise, there is nothing wonderful and scenery which, it must be acknowledged, does not compete very of interest save glorious successfully, for the attention of the average public, with freaks of nature. Not that the road by the way of Norris Station is lacking entirely in scenery, for it is beautiful throughout its length from the Norris Basin to Fort Yellowstone. It follows the bed of Obsidian Creek through a more or less open country with beautiful meadows and forests on either side, and threads another pass in the mountains YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK where the engineering work seems to have justified that thrill of inspiration which resulted in naming the pass “The Golden Gate.” Fort Yellowstone has quite an air of romance sur- rounding it. It was at one time the headquarters of a large force of cavalry and housed some of the most dis- tinguished soldiers in the United States Army, many of whom received their medals of distinction in the Indian Photo by Gifford for Northern Pacific Railroad NOT MANY OF THESE GREAT ANIMALS LEFT There are but a few herds of buffalo left in the United States. : in number by several recent sales to other countries than the United States. fights in the Northwest. The vacant buildings carry one back to active times and bring a blush of shame over the lack of a more intimate knowledge of American history. One of the most interesting natural phenomena in the Park is the Mammoth Hot Springs, which is built of a number of terraces formed by the depositing of salts from solution in the hot water of the springs. The colors of these terraces change from day to day, and offer a never ending source of interest and wonderment to the visitors. From the Mammoth Hotel at Fort Yellowstone, the tourist can depart from the Park by the way of Gardiner Station at the northern boundary, or return by the way of Yellowstone on the western boundary. It seems most advisable to take the trip from the Canyon Hotel over Dunraven Pass by the way of Tower Falls to Mammoth Hotel and out again by the western entrance, for by this route, all the roads of each of the two circuits are tra- versed, with the exception of a short link between the Canyon Hotel and the Norris Basin, which is, perhaps, the least interesting of the necessary links to complete the circuits, although it is more picturesque than some of the essential stretches of road. One belongs to an Indian family and has been reduced It would appear that Congress is determined to carry on the work of exterminating the buffalo that was started by the plainsmen a generation ago, for the Government has refused to do anything to prevent foreign purchase of buffalo. 463 The Park is the largest in our system and contains over two million acres. It is ridiculous, therefore, to con- sider that anyone can really see any material portion of its vast area in the length of time that is usually devoted to a trip in the Park; there are hundreds of miles of trails, innumerable lakes, streams and wonderful moun- tain peaks, together with an infinite variety of natural phenomena, all of which offer sufficient interest to enter- tain the most exacting for a several period of months; in fact, to see the geysers have not sufficient time to take the entire circuit and are forced to enter the Park at one side or another, visit the nearest basin or two and depart. This, the Government now permits, al- though there was strenuous effort put forth on the part of conces- sionaires to enforce the tourist to stay in the Parka sufficient length of time to guarantee the opera- tions of the concessionaires. The introduction, therefore, of the automobile, has been a tremendous advance in the sensi- ble administration of this Park, for it is now possible to cover by motor practically all of the roads that the Government has built in the Park in considerably less time than it would take to cover one circuit by horse-drawn stage. There is still plenty of work for the horses to do in the Park in the way of transporting people by saddle over the trails and giving them a more detailed knowledge of the mountains, so let us hope that the good work will go on and that the roads in our parks may be made safe for the automobile travel which is undeniably inevitable. many tourists who wish WOOD WASTE USED FOR PULP HE use of a steadily increasing amount of wood waste in the manufacture of pulp is indicated by figures compiled by the Forest Service. Although the pulp industry showed a decline in the last year for which complete figures are available (1914) on account of the increasing cost of raw material and general busi- ness conditions, more wood waste was used than in any previous year. Approximately 330,000 cords of waste with a value of $1,400,000 were utilized by 35 of the 200 pulp and paper mills of the United States. of cord wood goes up the amount of wood waste used It is thought that as the price will become greater. ihe tine Department 3y A. A. ALLEN, PH.D. Assistant Professor of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. DAE TCOLORANION OF BIRDS IF YOU have followed the hoarse song of the scarlet tanager and found him perched on some dead branch ablaze in the sunlight; if you have noted the emerald back and ruby throat of the hummingbird as he flashed through the garden; or if you have seen the indigo bird change from pale to deepest blue and then to black, you must certainly have begun to wonder at the marvels of A RUFFED GROUSE ON ITS NEST A good example of protective coloration. The grouse is *tcounter-shaded "’ and its color pattern is similar to that of the sticks and dead leaves about it. bird coloration. Then if you have tramped the woods and heard the grouse rumble from the roadside and the woodcock go whistling from under your feet, or if you have tried in vain to locate the vireo singing in the tree top, you must have been struck with the law of Nature For the grouse and the woodcock and the vireo in their haunts that causes her children to be clothed so differently. are as invisible to the untrained eye as though they were but a part of the sticks and leaves that surround them, while the tanagers and hummingbirds hold the eyes of even the least observing. What, then, are the laws determining that one bird shall be clad like the sun and his neighbor What is the reason for this brilliancy on the the like the soil? the one hand, and how is concealment, on other, brought about ? We might first distinguish between the colors of a bird’s plumage and the bird’s coloration, because a large part of the coloration of most birds is not caused by actual pigments but more by the refraction of light 464 through the structure of the feathers. A scarlet tanager is red in any light because the red is a pigment, but an indigo bird or a bluebird is blue only by reflected light when refraction occurs. The only pigments that have been found thus far in the feathers of birds are reds, yellows, browns, and black. Green pigment occurs in the African plantain-eaters, but in other birds the green is due to a yellow pigment overlaid with a superstructure of microscopic longitudinal ridges or polygonal bodies that refract the light. Blue and all the metallic colors are due entirely to this process of refraction, the exposed portion of the feather being coated with a transparent colorless layer of extreme thinness (8/1000 of an inch) which acts like a number of prisms in breaking up the rays of light. Thus, when a blue feather gets wet or when the bluebird is perched between one and the sun, it will appear only black or brownish. Sometimes there is an excess of black pigment in the feathers of a bird which will make it appear much darker than the other members of the same species. This is called A MEADOW LARK AT ITS NEST Showing the white outer tail feathers which are called ‘flash colors” the bird in a protective way when pursued by hawks. and serve melanism and is better known in the familiar example of the black and gray squirrels, examples of both occurring in a single litter of young without reference to sex or vigor. The opposite of melanism, or albinism, is much more frequent and is caused simply by an absence or degeneration of pigment of all kinds. The not-infrequent white robins and sparrows or mottled birds with patches of white feathers are explained in this way and are due to inbreeding or some other weakness. THE BIRD DEPARTMENT But to return to the gorgeous tanagers and the incon- spicuous grouse, surely there is some reason for the dif- ference in coloration which study might lead us to under- stand. We soon discover that brilliant color in almost every species is restricted wholly to the male bird and a moment's thought convinces us that the law of “ The Survival of the Fittest” would soon weed out any bright- colored females should they arise, by drawing attention to their nests and inviting the destruction of their off- spring. The very exceptions to the rule further sub- stantiate it, for when bright colors are normal to the females, as in the kingfisher and red-headed woodpecker, nature protects the offspring by causing the eggs to be laid in holes in trees or tunnels in the bank where the female is entirely hidden from sight while incubating. Another means of protecting conspicuously colored birds is by endowing them with extreme wariness and it 465 it may well be asked why the males of all species are not conspicuously colored and able to rely upon their wits to But think for a moment which are the brightly colored birds and which the dull. The tanagers, the trogons, the honey creepers, the tropical escape their enemies. flycatchers, the buntings, the gulls, the terns, the herons and the flamingoes are all birds that spend their lives either in the tree tops or in the great open spaces where enemies cannot lurk. The nearer the ground a bird THE KING BIRD AT ITS NEST IN ORCHARD The king bird is sometimes called ‘‘ Bee Martin" because of its supposed habit of destroying honey bees. Investigations have shown that it catches but few bees and these mostly drones, and that it is a highly desirable bird because of the ob- jectionable insects which it destroys and its habit of driving off crows and hawks. is seldom that any one of them will allow as close an approach as do their dull-colored mates and relatives. They seem to realize that they are conspicuous and rely upon their alertness to escape. Moreover, is it not of direct benefit to the species that there should be a con- spicuous decoy to lure away from the vicinity of the nest any enemy that should pass that way -—for even should the male be seen and captured, the offspring might still persist. Brilliancy of plumage probably originates in every species through excess of strength and bodily vigor, and this fact undoubtedly tends to perpetuate and increase the brilliancy, whenever the bright colors are not directly dis- advantageous to the species, by assuring to the brilliant, vigorous bird the best mate and strong offspring. Then A LEAST BITTERN ON ITS NEST—IN CATTAILS OF THE MARSH An example of mimicry among birds—the shape of the bird in this posture, as well as the color, simulating its haunts, so that it is most difficult to see it among the cattails. dwells and the denser the coverts, the nearer may an enemy approach and the more easily may it lie concealed. Thus it is clear why the gaudy tanager is confined to the tree tops and why the streaked sparrow must simulate its dry grass haunts if it would persist. Birds dwelling within reach of skulking enemies seldom wear brilliant colors or bear feathers that are continuously conspicu- ous. They are protectively colored and often fit in with their environment to such an extent as to be practically invisible. The ways in which this concealment is brought about are varied and interesting. CONCEALING COLORATION There is one principle which underlies the coloration of all protectively marked birds which does more than anything else toward rendering them inconspicuous, and that is the principle of counter-shading, as it was named by its discoverer, the artist-naturalist Abbot Thayer. It had long been known by artists that to make objects appear solid and conspicuous on the canyas one must paint in their shadows, but it remained for Thayer to 466 apply the reverse of this practice and to point out that the way to make solid objects appear flat and inconspicu- ous was by painting out their shadows. He applied this principle to the coloration of animals and recognized that the protective coloration is brought about largely by ani- mals being colored lightest on the throat and belly, which parts are thrown into the deepest shadow, and darkest on the head and back which receive the greatest light. Be- Photo by H. D. Reed FIND THE SECOND BIRD MODEL Two models were placed side by side on the gravel path. One was painted uniformly and the other was ‘‘ counter-shaded"’ like areal bird. The ‘‘ counter- shading"’ has rendered the second model almost invisible, and as only a very sharp eye can see it, it is perhaps well to explain that it is directly behind the plainly visible model. tween the back and the belly there is a gradual change to the lighter, exactly counter-matching the amount of shadow, so that the solidity of the bird is “ painted out,” so to speak. This principle has been well illustrated by the cele- brated bird artist, L. models here shown. Agassiz Fuertes, with the two Two blocks of wood were cut out in the general form of a bird and colored uniformly dark. He placed them out-of-doors on a gravel walk in good light and then with his brush proceeded to paint out the shadows on one of them by adding touches of white paint so as to just balance the shadows, with the result that this one eventually disappeared from view. The principle of “ counter-shading,” like other great discoveries, is very simple. The human eye and probably all eyes judge the solidity of an object by the shadows which it casts, and an object which throws no shadows upon its underparts has no solidity. Through couwnter- shading, then, the bird appears flat and when it does so, it falls off into the background and becomes a part of it. If, in addition, its color pattern is similar to its haunts, it becomes practically invisible. And so we find the grouse and the woodcock, living on the forest floor, with a color pattern of spots and patches of light and dark brown: the sparrows and meadowlarks of the fields are streaked with buffy and rufous, like the dead grasses; the bittern AMERICAN FORESTRY of the marshes is striped like the shadows and lights of the cattails, and the sandpipers and plover are specked like the sand of the sea shore. With insects this simulation of pattern is often carried There are butterflies and moths whose markings imitate exactly the dead leaf or the bark upon which they rest and even the shape of the wing is modi- fied to make the simulation more complete. This scheme of Nature is called mimicry. With birds mimicry is much less perfect, but the screech owl, with its feathers drawn close and its ear tufts erect, certainly simulates very well a broken piece of bark. The night hawk, sitting length- wise on the limb, looks like the broken stub of a branch and the least bittern in the marsh, with its bill pointing toward the zenith, the feathers of its long thin neck drawn tight, resembles a broken reed; so much so, in fact, that they will often remain on the nest in this posture until almost touched. In the plumages of certain birds that are normally very difficult to see when at rest, we find a very different to the extreme. FIND THE KILLDEER The killdeer has some very conspicuous markings, but is difficult to see in its Reunites because these ‘‘ruptive marks"’ break up its continuity and render it color pattern which seems at variance with all that has been said. Instead of there being a gradual transition from the dark to the light areas, there is a sudden abrupt change, often heightened by a black border. On the head of the wood duck, for example, the white of the throat extends up on the cheeks in the form of crescents. These, together with the white stripes through the crest and the black and white bars on the sides, would seem to make it most conspicuous. Similarly with the killdeer, its brown head is separated from its back by a conspicuous white ring and its snowy breast is crossed by two coal black bars. In spite of these marks, one finds that both the wood duck and killdeer in their natural environments are very inconspicuous, and we are led to believe that these ruptive marks, as they have been called, serve apparently to split up the bird into several pieces, destroy its continuity of form and thereby conceal it by making it unbirdlike. One other class of markings we might consider here since they are similar to the ruptive marks in being them- THE CLASSIFICATION OF BIRDS selves extremely noticeable. I refer to the so-called “ flash colors”’ or “ banner marks.” The white tail of the deer and the cottontail, which are raised and made as conspicu- ous as possible when the animal is fleeing ; the white outer tail feathers of the junco; the white patches on the tail 467 So much then for concealing coloration among birds. Some authorities have claimed that all birds are pro- tectively colored, and it is true that we as yet know too little of the struggles that go on between the birds and their enemies to interpret everything that we find in their THE DECEPTIVE WHITE AND BLACK A close view of the killdeer at its nest, showing the ‘“‘ruptive marks.’’ The downy young crouching beneath the parent bird likewise has these marks. of the meadowlark, and the white rump of the flicker, all fall in this class. These marks were at one time supposed to serve as signals to the young or to others of the species to keep the flock together, but Dr. C. H. Merriam has suggested that they may even better serve to give protec- tion from their enemies. When the animal or the bird is fleeing, the eye of the enemy naturally fastens upon the very conspicuous flash color and when, suddenly, the meadowlark, for instance, drops into the grass, or the flicker claps up against the side of the tree, the banner mark suddenly disappears, but the eye, through the per- sistence of vision, follows on in the same direction in which the bird was going before realizing that it has stopped and, in the interval elapsing, the bird slinks off a few feet further or slips around to the other side of the tree and is nowhere to be seen. A WOOD PEWEE AT ITS NEST Showing the broad, flat bill and the erect posture typical of members of the Fly- catcher family. The shallow nest is covered with lichens to make it even more inconspicuous. coloration and to find a use for everything that we see. It is here that the field naturalist and the woodsman by intelligent observation can help to interpret what at pres- ent seem like vagaries of Nature. That some birds are conspicuously colored there is no doubt in the minds of most of us. A crow on the snow or against the sky, or anywhere except in the coal hole, is bound to be visible from any angle. But the crow has been endowed with an intelligence and a wariness which need no concealing coloration to supplement them. The problems of the differences in coloration between males and females and young of the same species, the changes from bright to dull colors and vice versa, we can better consider at another time. The Classification of Birds ITH this issue we begin a series of articles on ‘North American Birds intended to supplement those of a general nature which will continue to appear. It would obviously be impossible to treat each of the nearly 800 species found in United States and Canada and we must, therefore, consider them by families, empha- sizing and illustrating some one member of each. Before so doing, however, it may be well to say a word about what we mean by a “bird family” and explain briefly how birds are classified. The classification of birds does not differ materially from the classification of other animals or of plants, and one familiar with any classification would find little diffi- culty in understanding the nomenclature of ornithology. All birds belong to the Class Aves, which is one of the five divisions of the Phylum Chordata, or backboned ani- mals, the others being Pisces, or fishes, Reptilia, or reptiles, Amphibia, or frogs, toads and salamanders, and Mam- malia, or mammals. The Phylum Chordata, together with others such as the Protozoa (one-celled animals), Coelen- terata (corals, etc.), Mollusca (clams, ete.), Hexapoda (insects) and others make up the Animal Kingdom. The Class Aves is usually divided into twenty-one Orders, seventeen of which are found in North America. Among 468 AMERICAN these are the Orders of Diving birds, of Shore birds, of Wading birds, of Waterfowl, of Perching birds, ete., and they are usually arranged serially to indicate their place in the scale of evolution, the Diving birds being the lowest and the Perching birds the highest. The Order of Perching birds, or sparrow-like birds, contains nearly half of the known species of birds and has been divided into 65 families, 22 of which have These we shall consider first, beginning with the family Tyran- nidz or New World Flycatchers. representatives in United States and Canada. Tue FLYCATCHERS The true flycatchers, or tyrant birds (family Tyran- nid), are confined entirely to North and South America, The European flycatchers belong to a very distinct family (Muscicapide) differ- ing, among other ways, in being true singing birds, our where over 400 species occur. American flycatchers lacking the vocal structures typical of true song birds. Asa result, none of them have true songs, although many of them, like the kingbird, are noisy birds, and a few, like the wood pewee, have very sweet whistles. The majority of the flycatchers live in the tropics, but among them are numbered some of our best known birds, including, in addition to the kingbird and pewee already mentioned, the phoebe, the crested flycatcher and the least flycatcher. typical flycatcher structure and habit. They are mostly small dull-colored birds with Their bills, for example, are broadly triangular, wider than high at the base and armed with stiff bristles at the corners, efficient structures for snapping passing insects from mid-air. They sit more erect than most birds, usually on some dead branch or other exposed perch from which they can survey the country and dart out after passing insects. The pheebe builds a bulky affair of mud and moss on the cliff or under the bridge, the kingbird builds of roots and wool in the orchard, the crested flycatcher builds in a hole in a tree, and for some strange reason, invariably includes the cast skin of a snake, while the pewee, building a shallow compact affair saddled on a branch, always covers the outside with lichens to make the nest inconspicuous. Many of the tropical flycatchers and some of the species of our own Southwest are showy birds and often have the broad bill or other parts specialized to a ridiculous extreme. Their nesting habits show considerable variation. The vermilion flycatcher is of a most brilliant red with darker wings and tail, and the scissors-tailed flycatcher is largely white with a light gray back and scarlet patches on the head and beneath the wings, and the outer tail feathers are greatly elongated, seven to ten inches in length. All of the flycatchers are insectivorous and extremely beneficial birds. The kingbird has been said to destroy honey bees about apiaries, but investigations have shown that the few bees which it does eat are usually drones, and Par- ticularly about the poultry yard is he a desirable tenant, in all other respects he is an extremely useful bird. FORESTRY for he is the self-appointed policeman of the district. No crow or hawk can approach without arousing his ire and being promptly driven off. The pewee and the phcebe, and all the others, are invaluable allies, particularly because of the large number of moths which they destroy, the larvee of which, like the CROWS FEEDING A crow, on the snow or against the sky or anywhere except in the coal hole, is conspicuous from any angle. But the crow has been endowed with an intelli- gence and a wariness which need no concealing coloration to supplement them. cut-worm and the tent caterpillar, are potential armies of destruction against the agriculture and the forests of our country. Being so largely insectivorous, the species which in- habit Northern United States are naturally highly migra- tory, and with the failure of their food supply and the approach of winter, the phcebe is the only one which remains in the United States north of Southern Florida. The others cross the Gulf of Mexico or the Caribbean Sea to Central America and Northern South America. ATLANTIC COAST NATIONAL PARK RESIDENT WILSON, at the instance of Secretary Lane of the Department of the Interior, has created by proclamation the Sieur de Monts National Monument on Mount Desert Island, Maine. By this act he enables the Department of the Interior to realize its long-time purpose to extend to the people in the east of the United States the benefits of the national parks service. This is the first national park east of the Mississippi River. The new national playground is already known to many thousands for its majestic beauty. It embraces more than five thousand acres of rugged mountain, directly south of Bar Harbor. In fact, its northern boundary lies within a mile of that famous resort. On the east it touches the Schoonerhead Road. On its south it ap- proaches within a mile of Seal Harbor. It lies less than a mile northeast of North East Harbor. It is surrounded, in short, by a large summer population. Wild Black Currant DISTRIBUTION Smooth or Northern or Hawthorn Gooseberry Skunk or Fetid Currant Dog Currant or Prickly Gooseberry Eastern Wild Gooseberry Swamp Red Currant Swamp Black Currant OF VARIOUS SPECIES OF CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRIES IN NEW ENGLAND, ADJOINING STATES AND CANADA The Alternate Hosts of the White Pine Blister Rust By LawrENcE R. Grose, M.F. The white pine blister rust which threatens pines in Eastern States valued at $186,000,000 and in Western States at $240,000,000 is caused by a fungus. Wild and cultivated red currant and gooseberry bushes are essential to the spread of the disease. The easiest symptoms of the disease to detect are perhaps the irregular swellings in the bark which may appear at any time from a few months to six years after infection. In the spring the fruiting bodies of the parasite thrust themselves from within through the swollen bark and form whitish blisters as large as a child’s finger-nail. spores. i J After a few days the blisters break and disclose bright yellow dusty These are blown about by the wind, but in order to perpetuate themselves must alight on the leaves of currants.or goose- berries. A healthy pine cannot itself be infected directly by spores from another tree. An examination of near-by currant and gooseberry bushes is therefore essential in ascertaining the extent of the disease. From June 1 till the time the leaves fall, the bushes should be searched for the mealy yellow masses which, hardly larger than a pinhead, may yet be so abundant as to cover a large part of the lower surface of the leaf. These also are on the lower surface of the leaf. Agriculture and take the advice which will be given. The disease has already Connecticut, Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, New Jersey, W describing red currants and gooseberries, will be useful in detecting the disease. N NEW ENGLAND, adjoin- ing states and part of Canada, which feeling the attack of the white pine blis- ter there are kinds of wild gooseberry and currant adopt as alternate hosts in its are now rust, several which the rust can curious dual life-history. Perhaps the commonest of these is the dogberry, or prickly gooseberry (Ribes cynosbati, L.). low, straggling shrub, two or three feet high, usually found growing in rocky but thriving also ina variety of other leaves are simple and woods, places. Its alternate, ordinarily oc- curring, except on the youngest groups or bundles of three or four, from a common point on the stem. They lobed and toothed, and somewhat the shoots, in arising are suggest maple type of leaf in outline, rounded, though more blunt- toothed, and less deeply cleft. At the base of the leaf-clusters the stem is armed, in more most cases, This is a WILD BLACK CURRANT (One-half life size) Showing the fruiting spray and flower. This plant is common in wet woods and low grounds chiefly throughout New England and New York, Later in the fall there are short hairy outgrowths. If the symptoms are found, notify the State or the United States Department of appeared in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, sconsin, Minnesota and parts of Canada. This article, THE Epriror. with spines, and the stem bears scattered bristles. The or dull purple flower is like- wise armed with prickles, which remain about the fruit. A frequent neighbor of the dogberry is the smooth, bell-shaped, greenish or hawthorn, or northern, gooseberry (Ribes hirtellum, ( gt 4 ———s fl SG ype fe ALB io & SKUNK CURRANT (One-half life size) The fruiting spray and flower. This is frequent on cool, moist, rocky hill-slopes and mountainsides, chiefly in New York and western and northern New England. Michx. = R. oxyacanthoides, L.). It is not quite so widely distributed as the dogberry, but it is not hard to find, if one looks in wet woods and on low grounds, where it prefers to live. In habit it is a small spreading shrub 469 AMERICAN much like the dogberry, from which it differs mainly in bearing fewer spines on the stem and the fruit, a smaller none at all on and in having leaf with a wedge-shaped base. Av- sharper, erage leaves are here re- ferred to, for in each species of the currant- family the leaves vary considerably in general outline and in gooseberry the shape of the teeth, and are not very definite SMOOTH WILD GOOSEBERRY marks of distinction un- (One-half life size) Showing the fruitingspray and flower. This occurs in allsections of New England and New York in wet woods and low grounds. less a good many are taken as the basis for an average contour. Along roadsides, and in thickets and open woods near dwellings, there may sometimes be found garden goose- These are enough like our native ones to be confused with them by the inexpert. Nevertheless, no attempt will be made here to name the berries thriving in the wild state. of distinction, any with the native species points since one familiar F will recognize the garden varieties, and that is, for the present purpose, sufficient. Aside from the two species described above, no native goose- berries occur commonly in western Massachusetts. The blister rust, how- ever, takes as readily to currants as to gooseber- ries. The commonest of these is the skunk or fetid currant (Ribes prostratum, L’Her. = R. glandulosum, so-called because of the unmistakable odor of its Grauer), stems, roots, and fruit. It flourishes on cool, moist, rocky hill-slopes In recumbent, and mountain-sides. habit it is with spineless stems that PRICKLY WILD GOOSEBERRY (One-half life size) under the leaves, and send up fre- Tun along Showing the fruiting spray and flower. This is very common in New York and northern and western New England, chiefly in rocky woods. quent shoots. Its leaves, as in the case of all members of the Ribes genus, are alternate and usually in bundles. They strongly suggest the maple shape. The flowers and the fruits of skunk currant, as of all currants, grow in racemes or long clusters with a central stem to which the individual FORESTRY It will be noted in the illustrations that the fruits of the gooseberries occur commonly in twos and not in clusters. The flowers flowers or berries are attache! by short stems. of the skunk currant are small, greenish, and bell-shaped ; Smooth or Eastern Hawthorn or Wild Northern Gooseberry Gooseberry Leaf Leaf the fruits are a pale bristles. red, and they are covered with soft this plant is the one conspicuous member of its genus, because of its handsome red buds. Another common currant is the wild black currant, In winter, Ribes americanum, Mill (=R. floridum, L’Her.), which closely resembles the black currant of gardens. Its leaves are distinctly maple- like, with a large and elongated central lobe; and they are The clusters of skunk currant are dotted with resin spots. comparatively erect; those of wild black currant are mark- edly drooping. The flowers Ti yale gree 7 7 r Swamp are pale green, yellow, ot Black white, the fruits black and Carine ea smooth. This currant prefers non-rocky sites and rich soils near streams. In addition to the skunk and black currants, there may be found in limited parts of the region under consideration the swamp red and the swamp black cur- rant (Ribes triste, Pall., and R. lacustre, Poir.). Both grow in swamps, in the coldest and wettest woods, and in sub-Alpine sites, high grounds which have in their influence on plant life a likeness to cold and swampy lowlands. Both also are northerly plants, and in Massachusetts are not far from their southern- most extension. The swamp red currant has and conspicuous yellow-green flowers and smooth red berries. The stems are straggling or reclined and from three to five feet long. In all respects this currant is very like the garden red currant. The swamp black currant, Ribes large Dog Currant or Prickly Gooseberry Leaf ALTERNATE HOSTS OF WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST lacustre, has deeply-cut five-lobed leaves, greenish flowers in clusters, dark purple bristly fruit and a prickly stem. In the grouping of its characters it is obviously peculiar among its kind, with the clusters of a currant and the prickliness of a gooseberry; and rival botanists leave us the choice of calling it by either name. Garden currants, like garden gooseberries, frequently escape to roadsides, thickets, and open woods. They may Wild Black Currant Leaf be confused with native kinds, but not easily with plants of any other genus. Taken separately, the leaves of some hawthorns, of nine-bark, of maple-leaved viburnum and high-bush cranberry might suggest their leaves, but the recollection that their habit is low, straggling, or recumbent, and that their leaves are alternate and, save on young shoots, typically in bundles, will serve to keep this genus distinct from others. Ordinarily, currants and gooseberries bloom in May and June and form fruit in July and August. Species preferring comparatively warm sites may bloom in April. Given a foothold, the blister rust will find means of spreading in any region. cate the range of the various currant-gooseberry species in the rest of New England and states immediately to the west. All the species common in the Berkshires are com- mon also in New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine; New York has an additional species, the round- leaved or Eastern wild gooseberry (RF. rotundifolium, Michx.), said by some to cross the Massachusetts line; and the northern New England states have the skunk, swamp red, and swamp black currants in even greater abundance than has Massachusetts. There are quantities of smooth gooseberry and wild black currant in eastern Massachusetts, and some of both of these, along with The accompanying maps indi- 471 dogberry, in the parts of Connecticut in which much pine grows. The occurrence of all of these species is not as continuous as the maps, owing to their smallness, must suggest; but wherever within the shaded areas the favor- able sites exist, they are almost certain to be. Furthermore, nearly all the New England and New York species have ranges extending far to the north and west, swamp red currant, swamp black currant and skunk Skunk Currant Leaf currant running clear to the Pacific, and wild black cur- rant, dog currant, or prickly gooseberry, and smooth, hawthorn or northern gooseberry growing throughout the Great Lakes region and well beyond the Mississippi. To the west and north there also occur several other native species. The currants and gooseberries are common in nearly all parts of the north temperate zone; and out of a total of one hundred and twenty species and sub-species, seventy occur in the United States. In whatever part of our country the five-needle pines exist, some one of the currants or gooseberries will be found not far away. NOMINATE FRIENDS FOR MEMBERSHIP The Association wishes to add Five Thousand Mem- bers to its list before the end of this year. To do this it must have assistance from its present members. If they will kindly send to the office names of friends they wish nominated, these friends will be sent sample copies and descriptive circulars. These names should be sent in at once. See the Premium Offer on Table of Contents page. White Pines of Lenox Menaced EPORTS of the general prevalence of white pine blister rust in the vicinity of Lenox, Massachusetts, have aroused deep concern for the safety of the white pine trees that contribute so largely to the notable beauty of this aristocratic centre of the Berkshires. Dur- ing May and June of this year, many infected white pines of all sizes and ages were found in this region. The limits of the area of infected pines are represented in the accompanying sketch by the solid heavy line. Small trees were destroyed, and the diseased branches of larger trees were Since some of these trees had diigsuenansnend branches, 60 or 70 feet above the ground, this was not an easy task. Late in May the early summer stage of the blis- ter rust began to appear on the cut and burned. leaves of cur-, rants and goose- berries, and be- fore the end of June, the late summer form Guhte” ‘sitareve which, in the fall anitect's neighboring »D 5 =x = is] 2 CS) white pine iwees))) was found. The territory in which cur- rants and goose- berries are now infected with the blister rust is Zz outlined on the ha map by the th heavy dotted line. Scouting for the blister rust is being done by a force of men i/ | Lal x YY x 2) fu Ned fe rOCK BRIDGE BOW working under a coopera- tive agreement between the Massachusetts United States Department of Agriculture. Under the authority of the Massachusetts law, the diseased currants and gooseberries are being eradicated by State employees as rapidly as possible. The area in which affected bushes have been removed is shown on the sketch by the broken line. The magnitude of this work lies chiefly in the time and labor necessary to locate and exterminate the wild currants and gooseberries that grow in the woods by thousands. Conditions last spring in an infected area near Ipswich, Mass., have demonstrated that there is no hope for white pine trees that have been long ex- posed to the spores, blister rust maturing on nearby cur- rant and goose- = | berry bushes. en For the first j= 5 | two or three S| years after a (e) z white pine tree is infected with this fungus, the presence of the disease may not be apparent, but its effects a hej ulsiteaes deadly as the action of chest- nut blight on chestnut trees. Many noted writers have extolled the charms of the trees of Lenox. Henry Ward Beecher Vad= mired them and in has “ Star Papers” writes: “Our first excursion in Lenox was one of saluta- tion to our no- table trees. We had a nerv- State Nursery MAP OF LENOX, MASS., SHOWING AREA OF WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST ous anxiety to Inspection Ser- Boundary of area of pines infected with white pine blister rust. see that the ax Se ee Boundary of area of currants and gooseberries infected with white pine blister rust. vice and_ the —: —: — —-— Boundary of area from which diseased currants, gooseberries and pines have been removed. had not hewn, 472 NEW ENGLAND AND APPALACHIAN FORESTS nor the lightning struck them; that no worm had gnawed at the root, or cattle at the trunk; that their branches were not broken, nor their leaves falling from drouth. We found them all standing in their uprightness. They lifted up their heads toward heaven, and sent down to us from all their boughs a leafy whisper of recog- nition and affection. Blessed be the dew that cools their evening leaves, and the rains that quench their daily thirst! May the storm be as merciful to them when, in winter, it roars through their branches, as is a harper to his harp! on their boughs, and that shall find no of the pasture!” The “ Hawthorne Pines”’ stand sentry over the site Let the snow lie lightly hence be the clothe these summer nobles long leaves to $3,000,000 FOR NEW ENGLAND N APPROPRIATION of $3,000,000 for continuing A the purchase of forested lands at the head-waters of navigable streams in New England and the Southern Appalachians is assured for the next two years. The amendment to the Agricultural Appropriation Bull, providing for this money, $1,000,000 for the present fiscal year and $2,000,000 for the next, passed the House on Friday, August 4, and will become a law as soon as it is signed by the President. Thus ends, successfully, a long continued effort by the American Forestry Association, its members, and a large number of actively coOperating organizations, to have Congress provide for the continuation, under the pro- visions of the Weeks Law, of this work, which has been so ably done during the last several years by the Forest Service. The various stages of this campaign have been de- scribed in previous issues of AMERICAN Forestry. First, in the summer of 1915, the American Forestry Association decided to devote itself to the effort to have an appropria- tion bill passed. A meeting was held at Washington, D. C., of officers, members of the Association, and representa- tives of cooperating organizations, and a plan of work decided upon. On September 23 a memorial urging the appropriation was presented to Secretary of Agriculture Houston. Then followed the task of keeping the public and members of Congress informed of the necessity for the appropriation, of enlisting the aid of Boards of Trades, Chambers of Commerce and other bodies. On January 28 of this year there was a special hearing before the Agricultural Committee of the House on the measure and powerful arguments favoring it were pre- sented. Later, however, this committee, by a vote of 8 to 7, decided not to include the appropriation in the Agricultural Appropriation Bill and it was not in it when the bill passed the House. This was a big disappointment and a serious set-back. However, Senator Gallinger of 473 of the “little red house’ where Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote ‘The House of the Seven Gables” and ““The Wonder Book.” Fortunately, these pines have not yet shown signs of being attacked by the blister rust, although they are within the limits of the area where diseased trees have been found. It would be interesting to read what Beecher, Hawthorne, Catherine Sedgwick, Oliver Wendell Holmes, James Russell Lowell, Edwin P. Whipple, J. T. Headley, J. T. Fields, and the other masters of words, who once lived in the vicinity of Lenox, would have written had the white pine been menaced in their day as it is now. To them the trees of the Berkshire Hills were delightful, loved friends, and one can imagine them exerting their pens to the mightiest efforts in pleas for concerted action in ward- ing off the devastation that threatens. AND APPALACHIAN FORESTS New Hampshire consented to introduce in the Senate an amendment to the bill, and the Appalachian measure, as it has been generally called, was given new life. adopted the amendment. It went back to the House with the Agricultural Bill. The House refused to concur in the Senate amendments, and sent the bill back. The Senate changed some amendments, but did not alter the Appala- chian one, and all went back to the House. The American Forestry Association thereupon sent letters to members in town and telegrams to those out of town asking them to be present when the vote was taken. In the meantime, Chairman Lever of the House Agri- cultural Committee, and other representatives and sena- tors in favor of the amendment, had urged upon members of the House the desirability of continuing the work and the necessity for the appropriation in order to do so, and finally when the bill came up ou August 4 the amendment passed. The Senate The American Forestry Association wishes to express its appreciation of the aid given by cooperating organiza- tions, by interested bodies and by individuals in all that was done to secure this appropriation. There will now be added to the forested lands already secured by the Government in the New England and the Southern Appa- lachian regions a considerable area of very great value in protecting the head-waters of streams and in providing for forests in the future in a number of states where the forests have been seriously depleted and where new forests are a vital necessity. During the few years that money has been available for this purchase, the work has been done by the Forest Service in a highly efficient manner. Lands have been acquired at low prices in areas where such holdings will be of the greatest public service, and the whole area pur- chased has been included in the Appalachian National Forest, of which Wm. L. Hall, who has had charge of the work since its inception, is the district forester. bd About Swimmin s\0U put the boys in =3\ last time,’’ said the older girl, ‘‘and it seems to me that girls ought to be in. You know itis ‘forestry for boys and girls.’ ”’ “Yes; but that was about fishing. And you don’t care somuch about fish- = ing as they do.” “But we care about the trees and the water just as much as they do. And we use the water more than they do.” She had me there. When I thought of all the times—indeed before every meal —that the boys had to be strongly re- minded that water was needed on their grimy paws ere they could come to the table, I had to give up. Even then the older girl pressed her advantage, and the younger, also, chimed in: “ Besides, we can swim all over the pool under the big waterfall, and the boys can’t. The water means more to us than it does to them. So you’ve got to give the girls a chance.” “But, you must remember, I’m not supposed to tell things about boys and girls—only about trees and forests.” “Then,” said the younger, with a gleam of triumph, ‘ what did you say anything about the boys for last time? ”” “ That,” I replied feebly, ‘‘ was to add Human Interest.” “Well, aren’t we Human Interest?” chimed in both girls at once. So, of course, I had to let them have their way, and to own that even the poets say ‘‘there isn’t any story till the girl comes in!’ Then they proceeded to dictate what I had to say, following up their victory. It was about like this: ‘Tell those other boys and girls that Holes and Such we believe in trees, and that we know that we would not have any swimming holes if it were not for the forests.” which flows so clear all summer long, there might be holes under the water- falls, but if there were no trees along the upper part of the stream, there would be a heavy run-off after each rain, with mud to fill up the stream-bed, and to make the bottom slimy and slippery. Then, when the hot weather comes, and only a little rain, the stream would stop flowing, and what few pools were left would be stagnant and warm, and covered with green scum, instead of being cool and clear and fresh. But it isn’t only the swimming and the fishing that suffer from a lack of forests and a resulting bad effect on the streams. Think of all the other uses of water! Not counting the water which acts on mill wheels and grinds grain, or runs saw- mills, or even makes electricity to light cities, to move electric cars, to heat build- ings, to turn machinery, to bake biscuits, and to do all sorts of other things! Not counting rivers and canals for the passage of boats! But just think how we need water in our houses, for drinking and for washing ourselves and our dishes, our floors, and our clothes! Wouldn’t we be in a bad way if we didn’t have fresh, pure, clear, clean water? O be sure of such water we need the forests. In the West, not less than twelve hundred towns and cities get their water supplies from the tree-covered slopes of the National Forests. In the East, many of our cities, like Boston, have their forests to protect and to keep steady and pure the city’s supply of water. Then, if we cut off our forests will we [nics it is true. In our own creek, have less water? We may not have any less falling from the sky, but there would be a lot less of the kind of water we wanted, when we wanted it. Indeed, some folks say that the cutting down of the trees in certain parts of the country has cut down the water supply at the same time. They say that the earlier homes in the northeastern parts of this country were built near convenient springs. In the course of time, with for- ests cleared away to make room for fields, these springs dried up. Then shallow wells were dug, and these, too, failed, and had to be drilled or dug deeper. UR water supply is of two parts: @) that constantly in use on the sur- face, in the shape of rain, fog, snow, and dew; and that which is stored in the ground. Usually there is not enough of either kind alone for all of man’s needs—to grow his crops and to do other work for him. Each part helps the other out, and the part which has been adding up in the ground in years of much rain helps out the surface supply in years of little rain. Of course, the forests form an important part of these reservoirs. Measurements taken in wells in ten states show that in about half of the wells measured the water level had dropped. This is due, it is thought, to more de- mands on the water to grow our grains, to furnish drink for man and animals, and to serve many needs which did not exist when the wells were first dug. But only a third of the water loss can be accounted for in these new demands. The greater part of the loss of the rest has been due to the cutting away of the forests where they could and should have been left. The trees were not there to check the storms and snows and to hold them until their waters sank into the ground. The spongy leaf litter in the woods was burned away, gullies were formed and drained out the water that ought to have remained under the ground. One of the remedies for this is to keep the forests growing on the hillsides, at the heads of the streams. holes’? ”’ asked the older girl. “Then you will always have ‘swimmin’ holes,’’’ I replied. ‘And if the trees are kept growing, and the streams are kept running, even the two littlest boys who haven’t yet learned how to swim, will be able to come back when they are grown-ups, and find the old swimming hole again. Unless ’’—and I think of one swimming hole I used to know—* unless some big city has reached out and covered over the old swimming hole, and turned it into a sewer.” HE swimming hole used by my | own children is better than any I ever knew. My first was in a little country “‘run.’’ With a deal of labor I dammed it to make a waist- deep pool. Here I learned to swim. What a thrill in the discovery that one can actually keep up without even a toe on the bottom! Life holds few such triumphant moments. Then there was a larger creek where we went in above a big dam, in great fear of being swirled down the mill-race. Darting dragon-flies, or “‘ devil’s darn- ing needles,” gave another risk, ‘‘ cause they sew your shoulder-blades together— sure indeed they do! Oncet they was a feller ’at had his’n sewed together that- away, an’ he never did get right. ’Course the doctor unsewed him, but he was always kind o’ stiff-necked and humped- up-like, afterwards.” No one really believed this, but it was part of our game of make-believe, and added zest to life. And these fancies prevail to-day. Who started the sign of two up-held fingers to mean ‘ goin’ swimmin’?”’ [ll bet that § Pharaoh used it on the banks of the Nile! Sometimes, when we see again the swimming holes of youth they seem to be shrunken away, because that’s a way with youthful joys. But very often, we é find that, because the trees have been |iA¥f cut down, the streams are smaller, and }/7% the pool that cost many a struggle when we were first swimming it,) can now be straddled with one step. ck: will we always have ‘swimmin’ Southern Floods and Their Forestry Lessons By Herman H. CHAPMAN Professor of Forestry, Yale University N SATURDAY night, July 15th, after a day of rain, a continuous downpour set in covering the mountainous region of Western North Carolina. By morning from 10 to 15 inches of water had fallen, as Upon the Catawba river, whose sources lie in the Blue Ridge measured by the records of the Weather Bureau. east of Mt. Mitchell, a flood started which swept with in- creasing velocity and destructiveness through the entire length of the river to the sea, carrying with it, with or two excep- tions, every railroad and one turnpike bridge on the stream, no matter how substantially built or chored. an- Simi- lar floods oc- curred on other rivers both west from these flowing east and mom tain chains. Accompany- ing these floods, great land- slides, or mud avalanches, high ground, and have had some experience with floods. Many had narrow escapes. Rising waters warned most families early in the evening. At the head of Clear Creek, from which the town of Marion, in McDowell County, gets its water supply, the family of James Turner, a moun- tain patriarch, took refuge at midnight in a small out- building to escape the encroaching flood, which was whirl- ing down trees and logs on its crest. At the instant when they had gained this shelter an enormous land- slide started on the mountain directly oppo- site, tore its way down, com- pletely filling and crossing a small ravine, causing the earth to tremble plunged into the stream, sending a great wave up the bank, which, had it been a seconds sooner, would have engulfed the refugees. and few Violent air cur- he noivsewaesdac occurred on the steep mountain slopes, tearing gashes thou- sands of feet long and from 50 to 300 feet wide in the forest cover, and precipitating the débris on roads, blocking it. a landslide. railroads and into streams, where it was whirled away in the mad torrent to be deposited on fertile fields of corn in drifts two to eight feet deep. Swelled beyond all previous experience, these raging floods viciously gnawed into their banks. Protecting belts of trees were uprooted and whole fields, 30 to 100 acres in extent, melted into the current and were borne away, leaving a waste of boulders in place of soil worth $200 an acre. and suddenness of the damage were almost incredible, and unless one had seen conditions as they were before this flood, he would not believe that the transformation and ruin were the result of about twelve hours of high water. The death-list of over eighty persons was kept down only by the fact that most mountaineers build their homes on 476 The extent VIEWS OF LANDSLIDES The photograph on the right shows where the big landslide has washed across the course of a stream, completely The second shows at close hand a part, and only a small part, of the devastation in the path of caused by this slide which threw the chil- dren about, but no one was injured. They then fled up the slope and passed the night in the woods without shelter, listen- ing to the boulders grinding together in the flood as it swept away every vestige of their cornfield in the bot- tom. Mr. Turner, 76 years old and suffering from a malignant cancer, had been bedridden for months pre- vious to this experience, but the shock and excitement restored his strength, and he was up and about, able to talk of the events of the night with gusto. George Bird, forest ranger, whose house was on the flat, 100 feet from the old brook channel, became aware early in the evening that the stream was destroying his front yard and eating its way towards the house. He frantically emptied the structure of its furniture and children, and awaited the moment when it would dis- appear down stream. But the flood spent itself just SOUTHERN FLOODS AND THEIR FORESTRY LESSONS 477 i the farm owing to the desire of renters to bring more land under cultivation. Lacking this dense protecting belt, the current first gutted and destroyed the entire island and then swept right on across the old stream channel and took the Carson farm with it. At least 50 acres of bottom land were ruined. Carson’s horses and cattle were abandoned to their fates, tied in the barn, but waters, which rose to a height of five feet, receded, and they escaped drowning. Two small colts even managed to sur- an vive by climbing into the a ee ‘ ae mangers. Near the C. C. and O. ¢ ¥° , Ogee! ; be Daas si to sats ae Seton tive, # aipied FLOODED CORNFIELD ON CATAWBA BOTTOM The flood swept over this as it did over hundreds of other productive cornfields, destroying them by burying them insand, The corn was in tassel and there is no possibility of a second crop. Railroad bridge, a tenant farmer, with his wife and two small boys, before the stone chimney was undermined, and left the house overhanging the bank, whence it could be rescued and relocated on higher ground. Bob Willett, farther down the stream, found in the morning that a new boulder-strewn chan- nel, 150 feet wide, separated his house from his barn, which still stood intact on an island newly formed by the destruction of his best bottom land. On the Catawba river, the farm of George Carson was almost completely carried away. This was in part due to the cut- ting of a thick grove of timber Cc. C. AND O. R. R. BRIDGE DEMOLISHED This bridge, south of Sevier, and thirty-five feet high, was swept away by a flood which was twenty-five feet higher than the water level shown in the photograph. on an island lying directly above was seen gazing ruefully at the once fertile land, now a mass of boulders and mud. He said: “This don’t look much like bread!” One refugee reached Marion bearing on his shoulders a sycamore limb. He explained that he had sat on that limb from Saturday evening until Sunday afternoon to escape being drowned—so he sawed it off as a memento. A -trip to the top of Mt. Mackey showed that the floods had their origin on the steep slopes of the higher ridges. The ereatest damage was done by the crests which swept away the A WAGON BRIDGE, CATAWBA RIVER bridges, and by the enormous Both the approaches to this bridge were destroyed by the flood, but the span was probably saved by the white ; oak which fell against it from the lower side, bracing it against the flood. 478 AMERICAN FORESTRY amount of silt and wreckage carried by the stream, scouring and burying the bottoms. The steeper the slopes, the greater the per cent of rainfall which will normally run off instead of being absorbed by the soil. Thin soil, rock and bare or grassy ground adds to this tendency. The heads of the streams lie in deep pockets, where walls or slopes extend in a half circle about them and form a funnel, concentrating the run-off suddenly in the stream. On the extreme upper slopes, no flood effects were seen, but with this concentration, the lower slopes soon began to show iz : “ : the effects. In many places WHERE GOOD FARMING LAND WAS WASHED AWAY sheets of water had flowed down over the hillsides, carrying the leaves, dead trees and other natural obstacles into the stream- bed. Suddenly checked and swollen, the stream proceeded to burst these dams, and, piling up great mounds of detritus against every obstacle, it cut its way through with irresistible force. Meeting other flood crests emerging from contiguous val- leys, the flood tore on to swell the main current of the Catawba, and complete the work of ruin. The effect was like the bursting of a dam, and in places small dams did go out, : 28 increasing the maximum height FARM FLOODED AND FIELDS COVERED WITH MUD of the flood. What is to prevent such calamities? When rainfall oc- curs of such tremendous mag- nitude in so short a time, floods are going to follow, and may again, as in this instance, overleap all obstructions. But in spite of this fact, the enormous retarding effect of the forest cover on the velocity of the run-off, especially on steep slopes, was strikingly evident. The possible effect, had these slopes been bare of trees, staggers the imagination. Un- fortunately, forest fires have, until very recently, devastated the SS : dried upper slopes to great ex- VIEWS OF DESOLATION ON CARSON FARM, CATAWBA RIVER nt fs é F The destruction here was directly due to cutting nber on anisland up-stream, just above the farm. The flood tore tent, and have been p! evented paers island ane ceened toot stpeamichanne ht angles, igen area prorecting belt of aes birches. Eat % aa ps eal ° elds were swept away to bed-rock, the torrent sr removing soil to the depth of from three to ten feet. It 1s from comple ting the de struction claimed the river birches, when up-turned, really in destroying the bank, while a reed bank is see apt to wash. THE NEW LOUISIANA FORESTRY LAW of the lower slopes only by their greater moisture and shade. These burned areas, devoid of vegetable humus, of decaying logs and other natural obstruc- tions, presented practically no obstacle to the immediate precipitation of the foot or more of water falling upon them, in an oyer wire] mins teaaaay deluge upon the | better protected slopes beneath, ruining these natural defenses of leaf litter, logs and brush, overwhelming them as, in an fie Sista pille charge, thef trenches of an 479 had escaped from the soil into the streams, the high flood crests would have been reduced, less sediment carried, less land washed away and the damage greatly reduced. None can prove that the forest cover on these mountains has any permanent effect either upon the amount or distri- bution of rain- fall, but he would be blind indeed who could study the conditions on the ground and fail to realize that the forest cover, protected from fire, is the only means of saving the river valleys from utter de- enemy are} struction. That demolished. ee as this destruction Had fire pro- |. <¥ ar j occurred was in tection, extend- va Be y spite of the for- ing through a [e@Pwh elo a ff Chet « VAs est and because period of two IRON GIRDERS CARRIED AWAY BY FLOOD of its neglected or three decades, The force of the rushing waters was so great that these heavy iron girders were washed two hundred and fifty feet condition. The meer oredia ahic down the bank of the north branch of the Catawba River from a bridge which was overthrown. entire episode spongy soil cover to these high slopes, which is so charac- teristic of northern spruce forests, the furious rush of water into the streams would have been retarded and the flow distributed. Even if eventually just as much water forms a striking argument for the rapid completion of the purchase by the National Government of as much land as possible in these high mountains and the establishment of rigid fire protection thereon. THE NEW LOUISIANA FORESTRY LAW HE full text of this forestry amendment to the Conservation Law of Louisiana was received too late for publication in our last issue. It reads as follows: “Sec. 8. That one-fifth of all licenses herein collected from the severance of timber and turpentine shall be accredited to the forestry department of the Department of Conservation and shall be expended upon the warrant of the Commissioner of Conservation in the execution of the forestry laws and for such purposes only; provided that such forestry department under the general direction of the Commissioner of Conservation shall be superin- tended by a technically trained forester of not less than two years’ experience in professional forestry work; pro- vided, further, that no expenditure proposed hereinunder in executing said forestry laws by said Commissioner of Conservation shall be made except on the approval of a general forestry Advisory Board which is hereby created and which shall consist of four members to be appointed by the governor, and of the Commissioner of Conser- vation, who shall be ex-officio member and chairman. Said membership shall be chosen, two from well-known timber owners, one from farmland owners interested in farmland reforestation, and the Professor of Forestry in the State University. The said Forestry Advisory Board shall meet quarterly at the domicile of the Con- servation Commission, and not oftener except upon the call of the chairman, and shall have no salary compensation or per diem, but shall have actual traveling expenses for attendance upon such meetings.” It is estimated that the revenue from the license tax on timber and turpentine alone, under the new law, should approximate $100,000 annually, which would make avail- able about $20,000 for the work of the state forester. AMERICAN Forestry called attention to the need for this amendment of the Louisiana Law and reorganization of the work, in an editorial published in May of this year. The immediate response of public sentiment and securing of the law is a striking proof of the fact that Louisiana was in reality well abreast of the times in general knowledge of and interest in forestry, and ready to take this great forward step, which means so much to the entire movement in the South. HAVE YOU NOMINATED ONE OF YOUR FRIENDS FOR MEMBERSHIP ? WHY NOT DO IT—_NOW WHILE THIS REMINDS YOU? An Example in Conservation Work HE Berks County Conservation Association of Pennsylvania is one of the most striking examples in the United States of what may be done for conservation by the right kind of local organization. Organized in September, 1914, it found facing it the problem of conserving the forests and trees of the county, the water-sheds and water courses, bird life and places of scenic value. Blessed with energetic officers, it speedily extended its membership, aroused the interest of all the people of the county in its work; enlisted the aid of the school teachers and the school children in its tree-planting “In the fall of 1914, we planted 3000 pines on Mount Penn; maintained a Forest Fire Patrol of 14 men and 6 State Policemen during the dangerous forest fire season. Large placards, cautioning the people of the dangers and losses from forest fires, were posted all over the county, and an educational campaign, through the newspapers and in the public schools, was inaugurated. Forest Fire Wardens were appointed by the State Forestry Depart- ment at our request and are still in service. The Asso- lands of Berks County, and acre is and who the owner ciation tabulated the forest we know now where every operations; secured the assistance of the newspapers in giving the publicity re- quired ; obtained the cooper- ation of other organizations, and has now achieved a very considerable success, as well as established the conserva- tion movement in the county so strongly that it will not die. At the same time the Association, by its endeavors and by the particularly good results obtained, has set an example to other organizations and has encouraged the growth of a number of them along similar lines of work. What it described by Harvey F. Heinly, an attorney of Reading, Penna., and He says: has accomplished is well an enthusiastic member of the Association. THE REGIMENT OF PLANTERS EN ROUTE Fifteen street cars were required to transport the Boy Scouts and school girls of Reading, Pennsylvania, who enlisted at the call of the Berks County Conservation Association, to plant several thousand trees on the water-shed of the company which supplies the city with water. of it is; and in order to encourage proper reforestation the Association went so far as to find customers for those who have made up their minds to market their timber in a proper and scientific way. “ During the year 1915, 2000 small pines were planted at the Bethany Orphans’ Asylum by the children them- selves; 1000 small pines were planted at the Topton THE REGIMENT OF TREE PLANTERS The enthusiast Reading to p which they were abc 480 ce of school children, gathered by rees, assembled for action on the land ut to plant. HOW TO PLANT A squad of the Reading tree plantir force being instructed by the fc how to place the pines in the gr A PLANTING SQUAD AT WORK After instruction by the forester, these girls went to work and not only planted a quantity of trees but did the work skilfully. AN EXAMPLE IN CONSERVATION WORK 481 Orphans’ Asylum, at Topton, by the orphans. At the property, its water-sheds and its mountain property, suggestion of the Association, a municipal nursery was by 220 boys and 770 girls of the high schools; 25,000 started at Lake Antietam, where there now are 30,000 were planted at the State Insane Asylum, South Moun- THE PLANTING SQUAD After the boys had dug the holes for the seedlings, the planting squads of girls followed i i The character of the work is excellently and planted the pine seedlings quickly and well. shown by the photograph. seedling trees furnished by the State ; 8000 pines were planted on the Antietam Water- shed by 430 school girls; 7000 pines and spruces were planted on Mount Penn by 125 high school boys; 3000 pines were planted on the water-shed of the municipal water-works at Fleetwood; thousands of pines were planted by individuals. “Travel trails were laid out to all points of interest in Berks County, to be marked by flying birds and a book called a Blue Book. At the instance of the Association, a Volunteer Forest Fire Patrol was organized among the school boys, boys’ clubs and Boy Scouts, for the purpose of educating them in fire prevention and for- est fire fighting. A press campaign was organized for fire prevention through the public and the schools of the county; and the Association had educational exhibits at the Reading Fair, Pure Food Exhibit and Electrical Show on the subject of conser- vation and fire prevention. “ During the year 1916, up to the present time, we started a permanent office and elected as secretary, Mr. Solan L. Parkes. We started a campaign in the begin- ning of the year for further forest planting, and requests for one-half a million trees were received from every township in the county. The State Forestry Department furnished these. A million trees were planted in April and May of this year ; 10,000 were planted on Reading City tain, by the inmates of that institution; 10,000 more were planted by the orphans at Bethany Orphans’ Asylum at Womelsdorf; 10,000 by the orphans at the Topton Orphans’ Asylum, at Top- ton; 21,000 were planted by James A. Schofer, at his place on State Hill; 20,000 more were planted by the Borough of Fleetwood by the school chil- dren; 5000 were planted by County Controller Rhode; 6000 by W. E. Sharman, a lawyer near Fritztown; 6000 by Sherman H. Hoverter, an- other lawyer, in Alsace Township; 26,000 by another lawyer, Herbert R. Green, on the slope of Neversink Mountain; 45,000 by Jacob Nolde on his property in Cumru Township; and 17,000 were planted on the Horst tract. “At the instance of the Association, the Reading School District employed an expert to trim all the trees on the Reading School District grounds, and hundreds of people were instructed how to plant trees and how to pre- serve them. Representatives of the Associa- tion spoke on the subject of tree planting and conservation before granges, schools and conven- OS graben: PREPARING FOR THE PLANTING Before the regiment of tree planters arrived, squads of men cleared the ground, burned the brush dug holes and put the water-shed in condition for the invasion of the conservationists. tions, and every kind of meeting, and wherever possible information was given to hundreds as to the beautifica- tion of school grounds and public buildings. A move was started to have a shade tree commission for the City of Reading; 150 bird houses were furnished by the Reading School District through Samuel J. Waid to the country schools as samples and these grew into 1500 bird houses in the county; an educational PLANTING THOUSANDS OF TREES With several hundred school girls and boys at work, the Berks County, Pennsylvania, Conservation AMERICAN FORESTRY A TROUT PROBLEM HOROUGH tests of devices to pre- vent fish from entering irrigation ditches are to be made by Forest Service officers, who say that thousands of the trout placed in western streams by the Government are killed through being carried into the ditches and washed out on the fields. There are not less than 1200 irrigation projects on or near the National Forests, and in many places the loss of trout is very heavy. The amount of water used in irrigation, it is said, often determines the advisability of artificially stocking the streams. The Government annually plants large quantities of fish fry in the streams of the National Forests. Last year over 1,100,000 were planted in Colorado and Wyoming alone. This was done to render the Forests more attractive to the public by affording good fishing. Association was enabled to plant several thousand pine seedlings in one day. campaign was started and various societies gave prizes for essays on conservation and bird life and wild flowers ; and the beautification of the roadside has been started, and an effort is made to form an organization for the purpose of preventing the further desecration of our mountain sides and to finally acquire the mountain sides surrounding the City of Reading.” The officers of the Association are Jonathan Mould, president, Solan L. Parkes, executive secretary, and Daniel K. Hoch, treasurer. WHITE MOUNTAINS FORESTRY CONFERENCE ATIONAL Parks, National Forests, and State Forests will be the chief topics for discussion at the annual New England Forestry Conference at the Crawford House, Crawford Notch, N. H., Septem- ber 5 to 7, 1916. Held in the midst of the new National Forest, which serves also as a National Park, and adjoin- ing the State Purchase of 6000 acres in the Crawford Notch, these subjects of administration will be particu- larly appropriate. Mr. Henry S. Graves, Chief U. S. Forester, and Mr. Wm. L. Hall, Associate Forester, in charge of the White Mountain and Southern Appalachian purchases, will be present; also Dr. B. E. Fernow, President of the Society of American Foresters, and Professor Filibert Roth, Director of the Forest School, University of Michi- gan. It is hoped that Mr. Stephen T. Mather, Director of the National Parks, will make an address. There will be excursions into the National Forest, on the Presidential Range, and through the splendid forest of primeval spruces on the New Hampshire State reserve. A cordial invitation is extended to all members of the American Forestry Association. WASHINGTON’S TREES CRITICIZED By Franx A. CUTTING SHORT time ago I was in Washington and was particularly disappointed as regards the trees in our National Capital. There had not been much care taken in setting out the young trees. Many of them did not have a good leader and the branches are low and they never can be brought into a condition to make good trees. Many trees have not received the pruning and attention that they should have received. Shade trees in a city should be selected carefully and of varieties that are long lived and grow to a good size. Some of the old towns in New England have beautiful trees. They are 30 to 40 feet up to the first branches and one can get a beautiful view underneath the branches in all directions. In these best shaded cities and towns we are now enjoying the thorough work that some one did for us a hundred years ago. We should be as careful to provide shade for those who are to come after us. No new street should be accepted if it does not have shade All the streets in Washington that have no shade trees should be studied carefully and the trees that are — best adapted for each particular street should be planted at once so that they would soon add to the beauty of the — city and comfort of the people. In country towns and villages, the selectmen should trees. refuse to accept any streets from land promoters until a first-class line of trees has been established on both sides of the street. Shade trees on the streets and around our homes are of great importance to all the people of the United States, | and with a little effort on the part of the people we can have a great improvement in the near future. Boys, Guns, Birds and Trees HE relation between forestry and the lad whose father arms him with a toy rifle may not be appar- ent at first glance. There is, however, a pretty close relationship in some localities and under certain Concrete instances point the moral of a tale better than can be done by general statements, says the Hardwood Record of Chicago. Everybody with any degree of information concerning the balancing forces circumstances. SOFT MAPLE KILLED BY ANTS The birds which ordinarily would have eaten the ants which killed this tree were driven away by boys. The building in the background is the Central School of Evanston, Illinois. What an object-lesson for teaching children to protect birds this unsightly stump presents! of Nature knows that but for birds, the insects would devour all the vegetation from the face of the world. For some years past the small boys of the North Shore (some parts, but perhaps not all parts) have been abund- antly armed in spring, summer, and fall with toy rifles and have gone forth to shoot without much restraint from parental or municipal authority. These guns are not all harmless toys. Many shoot cartridges and can properly be classed as deadly weapons, while others are air guns and are less harmful, but are none the less nuisances. Boys no more than seven years old have been furnished with such guns and have gone out with boys of larger size to shoot birds. The war against the feathered inhabit- ants of the woods has increased or decreased, depending on the season, for a long time; but it has never stopped. Some birds present a much more inviting target than others to the boy with a rifle. None attracts more than ven the children of the wild Indians killed woodpeckers as their first adventure with the bow the woodpecker. and arrow. are not difficult to approach if the hunter is skilful. Though some species are wild and shy, they Tue Trees’ Best FRIENDS Trees have no better friends than the woodpeckers. Every forested region has one or more species. The ivory-billed woodpecker holds chief place in southern forests, the hairy woodpecker in the far north, the black FOR LACK OF BIRD PROTECTION Boys with rifles and sling-shots keep all the birds away from this section of Evanston, Illinois, and as a result this yellow oak has fallen a victim to ants and other insects and associated fungus which the birds would have destroyed. ant-eating woodpecker on the Pacific coast; while the central hardwood region is the favorite home of the downy woodpecker (Picus pubescens). It is black and white, sometimes with a red feather or two, and in size is rather smaller than a robin. Some call it a sap-sucker. It may occasionally indulge in a sip of sap from small holes which its bill punches in a tree’s bark, but its sub- 483 484 stantial food consists of insects which it picks from holes in decaying wood. It devours ants by the thousand. This small, beautiful, harmless bird is the creature against which the boys of the North Shore woods have waged ceaseless and senseless war until it has been ex- terminated (or apparently so) in many wooded tracts. These are the districts where ants and other insects are now destroying the trees. It is naturally a tame bird. If well treated it will fly about door yards and clean the insects from the shade trees; but it no longer does that in some of the towns along the lake shore north of Chicago. You may now walk through the five miles of beautiful natural woods which have made Evanston famous and the chance is that you will not see a woodpecker, though you will not fail to see numerous trees patched with cement The rifle in the hands of the uncontrolled small boy has done its work. The surviving woodpeckers know better than to venture across the firing line. For them it is written: “ Abandon hope, all ye who enter here.” A few miles west, beyond easy hiking distance of the youthful gun-carriers, wood- peckers are abundant on the trees and fences, bearing witness to the fact that they have not fled the country entirely, but have fled to zones of safety. Local instances of bird destruction and consequent to hide holes eaten by insects and fungus. forest deterioration lose much of their general importance Doubtless many instances like those about the North Shore villages would be revealed by a search throughout the country. In some places game wardens protect birds, and thereby protect forests; and the boy with his rifle does not have as smooth sailing as he has in some of the high-class residential sections northward from Chicago. if they are found to be only isolated cases. Every for- ester knows, and most people in any way connected with woods or the lumber business know, the incalculable ser- vice which birds render the forests by destroying insects. All intelligent farmers know how their crops are benefited by the feathered inhabitants of the fields and thicket. Yet, it appears that there is yet room for some primary missionary work along this line. The two accompanying illustrations show results. The broken snag was once a soft maple tree which stood a few rods from the Central School, Evanston. health and ants attacked it. It soon yielded to the attack. The insects so weakened the trunk that it broke in a wind- It fell into poor storm. The ants had penetrated to the centre and left no sound wood, for decay kept pace with the burrowing ants, The other picture shows a yellow oak near Asbury Avenue, South Evanston. No woodpecker dares venture there, and ants and other insects, and the associated fungus, are doing their deadly work. The tree is now too far gone to be saved. It is still alive, but will succumb in a year or two. Birds might have saved it, but for the boys and their rifles. Hundreds of others could be found, showing the destruction by insects, aided and abetted by the small boys and their rifles which have driven the birds away. These trees are samples only. AMERICAN FORESTRY FOREST CONSERVATION By Josuua L. Batty Vice-President, American Forestry Association RE not the forests themselves better authority on conservation than anything I would be able to sug- I have been much interested lately in some thoughts concerning the longevity of trees, and their gest? reliability as time-keepers. Not long ago there died in one of the public institu- tions in Philadelphia a woman who was said to have lived JOSHUA L. BAILY, OF PHILADELPHIA Vice-President of the American Forestry Association. one hundred and twenty-eight years, but there was no mark upon her person by which her age could be ascer- tained, nor any record to establish the claim to longevity. Tablets are found in the ruins of ancient cities bearing inscriptions of much historical interest, but they are too often lacking in accuracy. But the records kept by trees are devoid of all uncer- tainty ; each tree keeps for itself what might appropriately be called “a year book,” in which is noted every year as it passes. There are no omissions and no mistakes. Whether the tree has lived a hundred years or a thousand years or four thousand years, the record is intelligible, definite and infallible. Ornamental and Shade Trees A Department for the Advice and Instruction of Members of the American Forestry Association EpiTrep sy J. J. LEvison, B.A., M.F. TAKING CARE OF SHADE TREES bility of any city or even local block community under- taking the planting and care of its shade trees. We have also considered ways and means of attaining the necessary organization and decided upon the advisability of having all work codrdinated under the head of one bureau, commission or single head. With the work coordinated, place the responsibility of all tree matters on a professional forester, a man trained in the science of forestry and arboriculture and one of considerable experience in park work. His duties will be to see to all planting, spraying, pruning and cultivating. He will establish a municipal nursery, test the various insecticides and fungicides, install the best apparatus and enforce the city tree ordinances. He will organize the office work, plot the street trees on a map and advise citizens on their tree problems. He will issue permits for tree removals and private tree pruning, study the local tree problems, collect tree statistics and promote public interest through lectures and writing. The enactment of a good city tree ordinance is the next step. A number of cities now have such ordinances in force and the new one may be modeled from those. The tools to work with are thus provided, and if the trained expert is a good one, the de- tails of carrying out the work may be left to him. The city tree commission, or whatever board has charge, should oversee his work occasion- ally, give him the benefit of its official support, and back him when necessary, because in the beginning of all such work there frequently appear |x many cases of opposition from citizens, who, either for selfish motives or otherwise, try to force their own views in the matter of handling technical tree problems. The attention of the forester will probably be directed first to the care of the existing trees rather than to the addition of new ones. I: THE foregoing two papers we have seen the advisa- TREES BADLY PRUNED nities than one cares to count. Nothing is more unsightly than a row of butchered trees such as here shown. Unfortunately such a sight is all too common, and may be seen in more commu- Spraying for leaf-eating insects may be his first work. Street trees, growing under less favorable conditions than park trees, are naturally weaker and more susceptible to insect attack. Street elms without care very seldom escape attack from the elm-leaf beetle and such trees as the horse- chestnut and linden are titbits for leaf-eating caterpillars. Let all such spraying be done early while the insect is young and susceptible to the poison. It is also important to look into the chemical and physical value of the insecticide you are using. A few years ago, I found one of the best known brands of arsenate of lead to contain as little as 4 per cent of arsenate oxide, whereas it should have had 15 per cent or more to be the least effective. Since then, we have been subjecting our spraying material to chemical and physical tests and have been paying considerably less than what we had been paying before. Success in spraying will, moreover, depend not only on the value of the insecticides and upon how early in its feeding stage the insect is attacked, but also on the thor- oughness with which the work is done. The kind of apparatus used will also make an appreciable difference, for a barrel pump is too slow for the amount of labor used to operate it and a very heavy wooden tank, such as is com- woodland spraying, would prove too sluggish and cumbersome in going about the city streets. In late summer and early fall, pruning will be in season, The men should then be trained in the fundamental principles of the work and furnished with printed hints on the necessary precautions in climbing trees and remoy- for monly used We have had little booklets published on ing branches. such topics for our men and find them very helpful. Closecutsand application of coal-tar to the wounds should always be insisted upon and, above everything else, do not 485 486 AMERICA let them prune more than is necessary. The tendency on street trees has generally been the other way, to the great detriment of the trees. TREATMENT OF CAVITIES Cavities caused by some old neglected horse-bitten wound, or by an improperly made cut, are more common RESULT OF NEGLECT This tree should have been protected with a wire netting guard, but nothing was donefor it and the result of this carelessness is evident by a glance at the picture. in street trees than in park trees, and the present tendency is to indiscriminately fill them all with cement. This work is expensive and in many cases unjustified. It is particu- larly true of trees on the streets because there the trees are frequently of poor species and the cavities so neglected that the absolute elimination of diseased wood is utterly There the decay would keep on developing after treatment with the same rapidity as before treat- impossible. ment. Cavity filling is justifiable only where the tree is a much valued specimen, where the filling can serve the practical purpose of eliminating moisture and where every trace of diseased wood can be thoroughly removed before the filling is inserted. In many cases the proper use of the chisel or gouge alone without the filling will eliminate all disease and leave the wound in a position where moisture will not collect. The absolute eradication of all infested wood from a neglected cavity is often impossible and in many cases where this is true, the ax is by far the safest and most practicable tool. Street trees especially should be cut down as soon as they become the least dangerous, or when their trunks become hollow or badly infested with disease. For, as soon as the citizen notifies the WEORESTRY A DANGEROUS PEST Removing egg masses of the Tussock moth from shade trees. authorities of the condition of his tree, all responsibility is shifted on the city and law-suits are sure to follow in case of any subsequent damage. The next consideration to engage the forester’s atten- tion will be the planting of trees and that we shall leave for the next issue of the magazine. BROOKLYN’S TREE PLANTING Park Commissioner R. V. Ingersoll, of Brooklyn, has undertaken to dot Brooklyn with trees, and will plant 600 at one time along a three-mile stretch of Bedford Avenue. The trees which Commissioner Ingersoll plans to set out are the Norway maple and the Oriental sycamore. “ Both these varieties,” he said, “‘ grow rapidly and give ample shade, and prove very hardy in city conditions.” In undertaking to interest property owners in this campaign for street-tree planting Commissioner Ingersoll has developed a force of men to take special care in plant- ing trees. These men see that these trees are properly pruned and otherwise cared for. * A pail of water every day will do wonders,” the Com- missioner said. ‘“ Another thing to do is to cultivate and work up the soil around the roots. If people knew the splendid results they would obtain by doing just that little bit of do it. work, more of them would be anxious to It is especially necessary to break up the earth around the roots of trees when they are not surrounded by grass plots. Where the grass is absent the soil is apt to be trampled so hard that no moisture can penetrate it.” INQUIRY DEPARTMENT Send any inquiries about tree conditions to The Editor, AMERI( and they will be answered without charge. \N Forestry, Washington, District of Columbia, ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREES 487 ADVICE FOR AUGUST 1. Commence pruning shade and ornamental trees this month. 2. Transplant evergreens after the 15th of August. 3. Collect and burn egg masses of the Tussock moth and similar insects. 4. Collect and burn cocoons of the bog worm and similar insects. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Q. Please give me the proper soil elements necessary for vigorous growth of maple, elm, oriental plane, catalpa, poplar, locust, beech and birch, also fruit trees. Present soil is clay and gravel. Are wood-ashes and bone-dust and lime advisable ? W. M. C., Oakmont, Pa. A. Replying to your inquiry, the trees you mention will grow in any ordinary good farm soil. The elm, beech and fruit trees are more fastidious in their soil requirements, and need more moisture than others mentioned. The plane will adapt itself to the ordinary poor soil of the city street and the catalpa and locust will grow in the dry, poor soil. The poplar is the least particular o* all and will grow where little else will grow. The addition of bone-dust and wood-ashes is very good, but the lime is more of a local question, depending on sourness, etc., of soil, though a little of it is likely to do good. The best fertilizer that we would recommend for your soil would be well rotted manure dug in thickly. Q. Is it advisable to remove the extra growth developing in bunches of twigs and leaves on the main branches of elms or oaks? Shall appreciate your advice. E. L. S., Cincinnati, Ohio. A. The extra growth on the elms and oaks should not be cut off. The vast amount of rain this season in the East has produced a profusion of growth which does the trees good and makes them more attractive. To keep the crown thick with foliage is a good policy for the upkeep of shade trees. Q. There is a growth or gall similar to the one enclosed on my hickory trees, and I write to see if you can assist me with a cure for the same. The growth is rather round, comes on the young shoots, and in time comes on every shoot so that it stops all growth and the trees die. Some of the largest hickory trees around here are giving up the fight. I enclose a leaf of hickory which ought to be helped by the right spray. The growth is same color as shoot and opens up as specimen of its own accord. N. W. C., Eden, N. Y. A. Replying to your inquiry, I beg to say that your hickory is affected with what is known as the hickory gall aphid, a species somewhat common and one which occasionally seriously dis- figures hickory trees and at such times causes considerable injury. The remedy consists in spraying with lime-sulphur wash in the early spring, and cutting and burning the galls in early summer before the plant-lice have deserted them. The latter method, however, is sometimes very difficult to carry out on ac- count of the large size of the trees. These methods would apply to lawn and shade trees but would not be practical for checking the insect in forest trees. Q. Please prescribe proper treatment for elm too large to spray conveniently; leaves badly eaten and _ shrivelled up. Is nicotine spray advisable for maple gall? W. M. B. C., Oakmont, Pa. A. Relative to your large elm, the eating of the leaves is very likely due to the elm-leaf beetle. Spraying with arsenate of lead in early June is best for it. The grubs of the beetle, however, have a habit of crawling down the trunk to the base of the tree in early August to pupate, and while the insect is in that pupa stage you can collect them at the base of the tree and destroy them. The curling of the leaves is probably due to plantlice which appear on the under side of the leaves. Spraying with whale-oil soap, one pound to ten gallons of water, is the best method of Nicotine spray for maple gall, if the tree is Use lime- fighting this insect. large, is too expensive and therefore never used. sulphur wash in early spring in place of the nicotine. Q. I want information in regard to the proper treatment of soil in seed beds to eliminate the growth of weeds. Can the soil be inoculated with a formula that will destroy weed seeds and not injure the tree seeds? Is there any spraying mixture that could be used after weeds had started to grow that would kill the weeds and not injure the little seedlings ? Any information you can give me on this subject will be appreciated. D. H., Dundee, Jil. A. Replying to your inquiry I will answer the questions in the order in which they are put. 1. There is nothing that can be put into the seed bed that will keep out weeds, and will not at the same time prevent other vegetation from growing. The growth of the weeds can be prevented, however, by the following methods: (a) The bed may be started a year previous and allowed to remain without any seeding for the whole summer, and during that summer it should be cultivated frequently in order to kill off all weeds. This is often done, and it is known as ‘summer cultivation” as a preparation for future planting. (b) Another method may consist of something which is often used by rose growers; namely, to sterilize the soil by the method of steaming. I have heard of cases where this steaming process is applied to outside beds, as well as to heaps of soil within green- houses. A modification of this method may consist of burning the vegetation in heaps along the bed all through the summer, and in that way producing a weedless bed for the following year. 2. There are a number of mixtures that can be used to destroy weeds, but would not be applicable to beds where seedlings are growing, because they would destroy every other form of vegeta- tion at the same time. Q. The tops of my beech and birch trees are dying off in large Please tell me the cause of the trouble and what to do. L. M. C., Reading, Pa. A. Very likely your beeches are suffering from impoverished soil, insufficiency of moisture or late developing winter injury. We have had complaints from many parts of the East where the beeches were going back the same way. In most of these cases it was not an insect or disease that was responsible, but rather a climatic or soil stress of one kind or another, and where we had a chance to apply a remedy we found that special stimulation of manure, water, cutting back the crown and even artificial fertilizer have helped very much. The birch trees are very likely affected by the bronze birch borer, an insect which has done a great deal of damage of late years to all species of birch trees. Removing the infested tops and burning them before the grubs have a chance to go too far down is the most practical remedy. numbers. Q. What do you consider the best vine for covering banks? R. P. R., Hartford, Conn. A. If the spot has plenty of sun, use Rosa wichuriana. Tf it is more or less shaded, you might use Hall’s honeysuckle. 488 AMERICAN A LOGGING ENGINEERING COURSE HE appointment of John P. Van Orsdel to the posi- tion of Professor of Logging Engineering in the School of Forestry at the Oregon State College is an event of some importance in forestry education in the United States, and particularly in the Pacific Northwest. The significance lies in the fact that Van Orsdel is recog- nized by the big timber operators as one of the foremost logging engineers in the country. The appointment is important, too, in that it demonstrates to the practical JOHN P. VAN ORSDEL Who has taken the position of Professor of Logging Engineering in the School of Forestry at the Oregon State College. timbermen that educational institutions have come to real- ize the nature of the woodsmen’s problems and their responsibilities in aiding in their solution. Asa young man, he put in seven years cruising timber, locating and surveying logging railroads and flumes, and planning logging operations generally. During this period he had for his clients the Portland Lumber Company, J. D. Lacey & Company, Hammond Lumber Company, Inman-Poulsen Logging Company, Weed Lumber Com- pany, and practically every other important timber con- cern in the West. The scope of his activities is indicated by a cruise and accurate resurvey of a 55,000-acre tract for J. D. Lacey & Company in California. In 1910 he established the first firm of logging engineers in the United FORESTRY States. In 1911 he was appointed superintendent of woods operations for the Portland Lumber Company, a position which he still holds. This company is one of the largest operating timber concerns in the world. One of Van Orsdel’s achievements with this company was the delivery of 153,000,000 feet of logs in one season. Mr. Van Orsdel has always been interested in the He has been a constant contributor to the lumber trade journals and has technical phases of the timber business. prepared technical papers for practically every meeting of the Pacific Logging Congress. He devised a scheme for making topographic logging plans and is the originator of He is He has been what is known as the Van Orsdel bonus system. interested in technical logging education. instrumental in inducing several promising young loggers to go to college and has been a non-resident lecturer on scientific logging subjects at the Forest Schools in Wash- ington and Oregon for several years. In assuming his new line of work, Mr. Van Orsdel will still retain his connection with the Portland Lumber Company. This connection will permit him to take his students out on up-to-date logging operations for first- It will also enable him to place students of logging engineering, during vacations, on spe- hand woods instruction. cial lines of logging work in which he desires them to gain The plan will bring the college within reach of every aspiring logger, since he will be able to earn enough to pay his way while he is getting his education. experience. iS SENS SSS pA ARREARS NEARER ONE, TOMA LO RUALE MD DPR REO eae THE WASHINGTON ARCH WITH WASHINGTON’S PROFILE This unusual photograph of the Washington Arch in New York City with a striking outline profile of General George Washington was taken recently, when a combination of the tree in full leaf, a building the top of which shows above the tree, and the Arch, all combined to produce a profile of the Father of his Country which is unmistakable. Without the tree the likeness would be missing. The First Record of a Sequoia By DoNnaALp BRUCE Assistant Professor of Forestry, University of California HAT is probably the oldest tree stem analysis on WV record for the western United States has re- cently come into the possession of the For- estry Division of the University of California. The measurements were taken on a big sequoia near Eldorado in Calaveras County in the Sierras in 1865. The tree meas- ured 26 feet 6 inches in diameter again sallied forth, ostensibly to hunt, and presently re- turned claiming that he had killed a huge bear and needed help to bring it into camp. This story found so much more ready acceptance that the whole party immediately volunteered to accompany him, and were thus led to the on the stump, which was six feet above the ground, while its age at the stump point was 1245 years. The form of record is unusual, H consisting of a long, narrow roll of paper, 9 inches wide by 14 feet i long. On this a pencil centre line is drawn, along which the posi- tion of each annual ring is marked by an inked cross line, SB every tenth line being somewhat longer. The only figures appear- ing are the serial numbers of the H SN decades entered for quick iden- Ee tification. The preparation of such a record must have involved . SS an enormous amount of labor and s its form is far from convenient, at but except for the meagreness of 3 the description of the tree it should serve every purpose of a modern stem analysis. & This document was among the records of the late Professor Growth jn Diamerer ia snches. sess E. W. Hilgard, the eminent PHT TLE authority on soils, and the Hi caecdpetssesreetejtare : author of the classic text with in sieaeafaseted which so many foresters are eee familiar. Shortly before his death he directed that it be given to the newly established Division of Forestry of the University which he had served so long and faithfully. There is every reason to believe that this is a record of the dimensions of the first of the giant trees to be seen by a white man. The discovery of the species was made in 1852 by a hunter while in pursuit of a grizzly bear which fled into what is now known as the Calaveras Grove. In amazement at the size of this original big tree, the bear was forgotten and the hunter returned to camp to tell his companions of his find. Not unnaturally his story was heard with such complete incredulity that he could not persuade anyone to return with him to ex- amine the tree. After a day’s futile effort the discoverer go given date. 4000 coy ogee ance degee 'sgededeqeeducogdases Gees 7 5 5 Mean Annual Grow/7h. —-— —— — Periodic ce 2 GROWTH CHART OF ORIGINAL BIG TREE On this chart are plotted two lines, the broken one showing the average rate of increase in diameter for each ten-year period, and the solid one indicating the ayerage rate of increase during the tree’s whole life to each giant tree. The rest of the Calaveras grove was soon found, proving that it was the species rather than the individual which was so remarkable. Within a year or so the bark was stripped from this original tree and the tree itself, of course, died. It was therefore determined to fell it. Long saws were as yet unknown and axes seemed hopelessly inadequate, so the work was done by boring a series of holes with long pump-augers. Five men worked 22 days, only to find that even after the wood had been completely severed the massive weight of its stem defied all attempts to bring it to the ground. Two and a half more days were futilely 489 490 AMERICAN spent with wedges and block and tackle, until at last, just as the effort was being abandoned, a slight breeze sprang up, and with apparent ease toppled over the big tree. Its dimensions are reported as being 25 feet in diameter, meas- ured on the six-foot stump, exclusive of bark, which was fifteen to eighteen inches in thickness, and 302 feet high. That locality, diameter and height of stump should agree with those of the stem analysis seems more than a coinci- dence, particularly since it is improbable that another tree of such size should have been felled before 1865, the date the measurements were taken. The age of this tree is far below the figures generally quoted for specimens of the sequoia of that size. Even allowing for the considerable exaggerations which are current as to the longevity of the species, this individual was undoubtedly one of exceptionally rapid growth. The accompanying diagram illustrates this, being in interest- ing contrast to the typical growth curves with which the forester is familiar. On this chart are plotted two lines, one (broken) showing the average rate of increase in diameter for each ten-year period, and the other (solid) indicating the average rate of increase during the tree’s whole life to each given date. Several points will strike the forester as remarkable. First, the mean growth rises very rapidly to its crest by the end of the first century and yet falls off very gradually after that point so that 1100 years later its average was still within 25 per cent of its maximum. Moreover, its decrease within the last half century is almost imper- ceptible. Its current growth rate also shows remarkable fluctuations. That the next to the greatest growth dur- ing its whole life should have come when the tree was 1000 years old, and some 400 years after its smallest growth, is a striking index of its undaunted vitality. A careful study of the alternating periods of rapid and slow growth lends distinct weight to the impression that climatic cycles rather than the effect of age have dominated the tree’s development. ROADSIDE TREES NEEDED Y INVESTIGATIONS just completed by the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse, it has been found that nine-tenths of the roadsides in the rural districts of New York State are entirely void of shade trees. When this is considered along with the fact that last year New York State paid out of the State Treas- ury about $30,000,000 for the construction and main- tenance of roadbeds, it shows that the State is not yet awake to the great need and the great possibilities in rural roadside improvement. The preliminary survey which has just been made by H.R. Francis in charge of the Landscape Extension work of the College of Forestry, covered nearly 3000 miles of the main lines of highways passing through such impor- tant points as Rochester, Buffalo, Jamestown, Olean, Corning, Ithaca, Elmira, Binghamton, Kingston, Albany, Lake Placid, Watertown, Utica, Rome and Syracuse. During the survey studies were made of such impor- FORESTRY tant features in rural roadside improvement and beautifi- cation as good and bad varieties of trees found along the highways, views and vistas obtained from the highways, the effects of the shade trees on crops in adjacent fields, the possibilities of the covering of barren embankments and the planting of some desirable sort of vegetation where overhead wires are in large numbers. One of the principal features studied was the condition of the road- bed as affected by the presence or absence of shade trees. ITALY’S FORESTS SUFFER REPORT from Rome says ocean freights on American lumber have increased tenfold since the war began and the Italian Government is begin- ning to make inroads on its own precious reserve stocks of standing timber. There are about 16,000 square miles of forest area in Italy, or one-seventh of the total area of the country. Most of the timber wood is found in the Apennine Moun- tains, which follow the entire length of Italy, begin- ning north of Genoa and rising out of the fertile plains of Piedmont. The wood is being used by the Government in large quantities for the construction of soldier barracks at the front, for strengthening trenches, for railroad and foot or wagon bridges along the countless new roads built at the front as a part of the army’s transportation system. Much of this lumber is carried piece by piece far above the timber line of the mountains where the soldiers are fighting on barren glaciers. The kinds of wood being cut in Italy’s forests are fir, oak and sycamore, woods formerly imported from Austria. Until recently many shiploads of pitch pine, mostly from the Gulf ports of the United States, were delivered into Italy. But the freight and handling cost has made the price prohibitive. SELLING BIRCH BARK N application to buy all of the bark of black birch on a large water-shed in one of the National For- ests in the Southern Appalachians has been re- ceived by officers in charge, who say that the bark will be used by the mountaineers to make sweet-birch oil, a substitute for oil of wintergreen. Because of the higher price of birch oil and oil of wintergreen, a synthetic oil is widely used in their stead. The rise in price of salicylic acid, which is the base of the synthetic oil, is reported to have increased the demand for the birch oil manufactured in this country. The oil is largely used for medicinal purposes and for flavoring, and a good demand is said to exist. So-called rheumatism cures in particular contain comparatively large amounts. The forests in the East purchased by the Govern- ment are reported to contain large quantities of birch and are expected to become an important source of supply. The foresters say that the birch is not a very desirable PLANTING TREES IN COLORADO tree in the southern mountains. It can seldom be sold for lumber and it occupies ground which could support more valuable timber. Consequently they are glad of an opportunity to dispose of it. The officials state that pro- vision will be made to utilize the tree more closely than has been done in the past, and to regulate the cutting in such a way as to provide for a future supply. PLANTING TREES IN COLORADO By J. B. STONEKING, C.E. BECAUSE of connection with the School of Agriculture of the University of New Mexico, I am interested in anything that will forward the development and thriftiness of trees in the arid and semi-arid regions. On a recent trip into Colorado, I made it my business to call on Mr. J. N. Salter, County Horticulturist of Pueblo County, and Mr. W. J. Morrill, State Forester, at Fort Collins, to get their views on a subject that has been much discussed in the public prints recently. I refer to the comparatively new idea of blasting tree holes with dynamite. I had both these gentlemen give me their views in writing so that I might not forget what they said nor misquote them. Mr. Salter said: “ [ have seen powder used in planting trees and am frank to say it is the thing to do in planting I really think it pays to use it in most of the soils in our state, as one is my orchards, especially in heavy or shaly soil. more apt to get the hole large enough to receive the tree.” Mr. Morrill wrote: generally recognize the efficiency of blasting holes for The recent demonstration at the State Farm leads me to recommend the practice in street tree and lawn planting in hard soil, as the hole can be very cheaply excavated, and the loosening of the soil for several feet around undoubtedly will result in better growing conditions.” I found that a great many trees of all kinds, fruit principally, have been planted in blasted holes in New Mexico, Colorado and Montana, and the method is well spoken of wherever it is known. The cost of explosives seems to average six or seven cents a tree. This is largely or quite counterbalanced by the saving in labor, as it is no easy task to dig holes But just consider that if it is so difficult to get a spade into “ Foresters and arboriculturists ornamental tree planting. with spades in the soil types of this region. them, what chance a tender rootlet has to force its way down and out into feeding beds for the plant food needed to nurture the tree. The blasting work is very simple. Into an auger hole, twenty-four to thirty inches deep, a quarter-pound charge of dynamite is placed and tamped in. After the blast the loosened earth is shovelled out, the pot hole at the 491 bottom filled—sometimes with manure at the bottom— then some sub-soil on which the young tree rests, filling around the roots with the richer top soil. then tramped down firmly with the feet. The earth is LIGHTNING PLAYS FAVORITES HE United States District Forester at Albuquerque, N. M., has just compiled some very curious figures showing the erratic behavior of lightning in start- ing forest fires. Yearly records going back as far as 1908 show that out of every 100 fires in the National For- ests of Arizona and New Mexico, 40 originate from light- ning. This general percentage of lightning fires is well known to foresters, says District Forester Redington, but it is surprising how widely the percentage varies with different localities. In northern and central Arizona, for instance, the proportion of lightning fires runs up to 70 per cent, while in the Manzano Forest near Albuquerque only 3 per cent of the fires are started by lightning. There is no readily apparent rhyme or reason in its behavior. In general, those forests bearing big timber and lots of grass seem to suffer worst, but a notable exception occurs in southern Arizona, where the propor- tion runs from 40 per cent to 60 per cent in spite of the timber averaging smaller and the grass somewhat sparser than elsewhere. Forest officers state that the accumulation of figures of this kind is gradually adding very materially to the efficiency of their fire prevention system. It enables them to state the fire hazard on each forest in accurate figures instead of in words, and to calculate the risks mathe- matically, just as an insurance company does. This in turn makes possible a really intelligent and economical distribution of men and funds for fire prevention. TREMENDOUS WASTE OF WOOD HERE are more than 48,000 sawmills in the United States, and their output of waste in the form of sawdust, shavings, slabs, and other wood refuse is estimated as 36 million cords per year. This is equal to over 4% billion cubic feet of waste, which is the capacity of a bin one-half mile high with a base covering a forty- acre lot. Or, considering each cord to contain eighty cubic feet of solid wood with all the cracks and air spaces taken out, these 36 million cords would make a block of wood more than a quarter of a mile on each edge. Perhaps one-half of this so-called waste product is not, strictly speaking, wasted, but serves a useful purpose as fuel under the boilers. Much of the remaining 18 million cords not only serves no useful purpose, but in most cases is a source of inconvenience and danger, and costs the mill time and money. HELP US TO GET 5000 NEW MEMBERS BY GETTING JUST ONE 200 Dead in Forest Fires Counties, northern Ontario, in the last few days of July, killed over 200 people, destroyed numerous villages and burned timber valued at hundreds of thou- sands of dollars. The fires were finally extinguished by rains. At this writing official reports are not in, but the newspapers tell thrilling stories. At Nushka fifty-seven are known to have perished, says one paper. The French Canadian settlers there had been warned of their danger for three days, but had remained and fought the flames until the fires completely surrounded their village of a score or more of houses. As the flames reached their homes the frantic residents resorted to any effort to save their lives. There being no river or lake not screened by the flames, many jumped into a single well and their bodies were found piled up above the normal water line. At Cochrane, with a population of 1700 and the largest town destroyed, the residents fought the fires until the settlement was burning, and then most of them found refuge in a small lake, which soon was completely walled by flames. Into this body of water also plunged many wild animals, driven before the flames, and humans and beasts found a common and comparatively safe refuge, with barely their noses out of the water, while the roaring fires swept on. Eighteen, however, are known to have been killed at Cochrane and thirty-four injured. At Matheson the relief expedition found thirty-four bodies lying side by side on the station platform of the Temiskaming and Northern Ontario Railroad. The sta- tion and two dwellings, far apart, are the only buildings remaining in Matheson. Ramore, a smaller settlement, was obliterated and what became of its people is not now known. Like the residents of other towns, it is believed they fled through the woods and brush before the flames and probably were overcome and destroyed. Fifteen of Ramore’s residents failed to leave in time and their bodies were found in the ruins of their homes. At Iroquois Falls the great paper mills, costing $8,000,000, and supplying the Chicago Tribune and other large newspapers with their print paper, were destroyed, with every other building in the place. All that remains are the stone foundations and brick walls of the plant, which was one of the largest in the world. The loss of life there has not been determined, but it is believed the paper [Bo cree: forest fires in Nipissing and Sudbury company was able to get all of its employees safely away. The mills were owned by what was known as “ Chicago Tribune capital.” Everything at Porcupine Junction was destroyed, excepting the railroad station, and it was near there that the rescue train ran through flames miles wide. So intense was the heat that the window panes in the cars 492 were broken and in several places the rails were warped so that the train had to proceed with great caution. All on board the train suffered intensely. The fire was checked at Timmons after a score of houses had been destroyed, but it was said many persons who had fled in advance of the flames had been overtaken and probably burned to death. A woman has come out of Kowccash with the story that while she went in search of aid the flames cut off her retreat to her home, which was destroyed, with her husband and their ten children. She said the flames com- pletely encircled Kowccash and Tashota, and that there seemed to be no escape for the many persons trapped there. Adespatch from Toronto, dated July 31st,says: Premier Hearst announced to-night that scores of small settlements have been obliterated, one large town wiped out and another left mostly in ruins; that only a heavy rainfall saved a great part of the province; that 184 lives are known to have been lost; that hundreds of people are homeless and that the Government has taken extraordi- nary measures to provide for the refugees. Reports to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company state that the figure of 184 dead represents the number accounted for up to 9 o’clock this morning. Englehart despatches say the figures on hand early in the day indicated that at least 200 persons perished, with numerous outlying districts to be heard from. WOMEN’S CLUB RESOLUTIONS ESOLUTIONS adopted by the General Federation R of the Women’s Clubs, and reported to AmeERtI- cAN Forestry by Mrs. Lydia Adams-Williams, State Chairman of Conservation for the District of Columbia, embodied many references to subjects per- taining to forestry. Governors were urged to set aside Burroughs’ birth- day, April 3rd, as an annual Bird Day; the American laurel was recommended as our national flower; a bill for a National Park Service was endorsed; measures provid- ing that the Lincoln Highway run through Yosemite Park and that post roads be built on public lands open to settle- ment were approved; coOrdination of the work of the various departments of the Government and codperation between state and nation in the conservation and utiliza- tion of the water resources was advocated; the extension of the Weeks Act for the purchase of land in the Southern Appalachians and in New England was urged; extension of time of the shooting season under the Federal Migra- tory Bird Act was opposed; and measures to prevent birds killing themselves by dashing against light-houses and for protection of Federal bird reserves were approved. The Nation’s Wishing Tree the “ Village Blacksmith,” the National Wishing Tree in Lafayette Square, Washington, D. C., cut down in January, was perhaps our most famous chestnut tree. The chestnut is thought by many to possess wonder- ful powers over fortune. Perhaps you have had your future foretold by the bursting chestnuts as they roasted on the hearthstone. Perhaps the sight of a familiar chest- nut tree recalls the happy day of youth when you went chestnutting, and causes you to wish for a return of those joyous times. And perhaps you have made your wish under the Wishing Tree, and your wish has come true. The National Wishing Tree was a dwarf chestnut, a scion from the famous Wishing Tree in Hyde Park, London. It was located immediately west of the Jack- son statue, and in plain view from all the windows on the north side of the White House. As implied by its name, the Wishing Tree was sup- posed to possess a magic charm which caused every wish made under its branches to come true. The “oldest inhab- itant,”’ quoted in the Duluth Evening Herald, says: “There is no particular form of wishing, though the park attendant told me many years ago that most of the wishers went up close enough to the tree to put their hand upon its lower limbs. The wish must not be spoken, and must not be divulged. “ About forty years ago I was directed by the editor of the Daily Chronicle of Washington, on which paper I was then a young reporter, to explode the stories about the tree; to show that they were the rankest kind of superstition, and that wishes under an iron lamp post or anywhere else were just as likely to come true. “TI proceeded to do the exploding, and was perfectly satisfied that there was a perfect explosion. And so was the editor, Col. Robert Ingersoll, who for many years lived in a house which faced the wishing tree. He be- came interested in it, and in his many lectures on ‘ Super- stition’ he did a great deal more exploding. “ My first personal experience with the tree was when James Buchanan was President. The Prince of Wales— the late King of England—was the royal visitor. Miss Harriett Lane, a niece of the President, walked through the park with the prince one evening, on their way to the residence of Lord Lynn, then the English Min- ister at Washington, only a couple of blocks away from the White House. “On their way they passed under the wishing tree, and Miss Lane told the prince its story, and that it was of Hyde Park and English stock. He became enthusiastic and, on her challenge, went under the tree, grasped one of its branches firmly and devoutly made a wish. “T have seen other royal visitors under the tree, notably the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia, who recently passed away; King Kalakaua, of the Sandwich Islands, N EXT to the tree immortalized by Longfellow in during General Grant’s administration, and during the Cleveland administration Queen Emsons, of almost equal rank in the royal way. “This tree is also known to some of the habitués of the park as the nurses’ tree, for the nurses gathered around it in preference to any of the other trees. ‘Tea made of its leaves cured many disorders, and is said to have been especially useful in warding off attacks of whooping cough. “T have been told that Abraham Lincoln, when Presi- dent of the United States, went personally to the tree one night for some of its leaves, with which to make a draught for his third son, William Wallace Lincoln, the little fellow who died in the White House only a short time prior to the assassination of the President. “In those days there was a high iron rail fence around the park, the pattern of the present fence around the White House. The gates being locked and no one knowing where the keys were kept, Mr. Lincoln personally helped his coachman as he climbed the fence to get the leaves. “This tree figured in another way in President Lincoln’s life, for it was evidence during the assassination trial that Atzerodt Payne and Dave Harold spent most of the afternoon preceding the tragedy in the seat under the tree. From this seat the best view is obtained of what is taking place on the outside of the White House. “ Singularly enough, it was in evidence during the trial of Charles J. Guiteau, as also in his confessions and admissions, that he, too, had spent a great deal of his time during the five days that he declared he was under an inspiration to kill President Garfield in that identical seat. He used the seat, he said, as others had, for the same reason that actuated the Lincoln conspirators; it afforded the best view of the White House. He also said that he had found that particular seat more rest- ful than any other in the park, and that it was while he was sitting in it that he received the incentive to commit his terrible crime.” THE FIRST SOUTHERN FORESTRY CONGRESS T ASHEVILLE, North Carolina, the cradle of American forestry, where, in 1898, Gifford Pin- chot demonstrated that forests could be utilized without destroying them, was held the first Southern For- estry Congress, on July 11th to 15th. This meeting was notable for the number of professional foresters in at- tendance, and for the practical and instructive character of the program. The States of Kentucky, Tennessee, Texas, Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina were rep- resented by their state foresters, three of whom, Besley of Maryland, Maddox of Tennessee and Barton of Ken- tucky, presented papers on state problems. Louisiana was represented by Professor J. G. Lee and Henry T. Hardtner, whose talk on the practical experiments in 493 494 AMERICAN natural reforestation of long-leaf pine was a feature of the session. The National Forest Service was well repre- Chief H. S. Graves, discussed the southern forests and their place in the national timber supply. Supervisor I. *. Eldredge of the Florida National Forest gave an illuminating tallk on the perpetuation of the turpentine industry and W. W. Ashe discussed the forests of the future, second growth, in the light of com- results. sented. Forester, mercial Much attention was devoted to state organization for fire protection, and the fire problem in the southern pineries. This subject was presented by H. H. Chapman of the Yale Forest School. Director J. W. Toumey of the Yale School discussed the regeneration of President Charles L. Pack of the American Forestry Association called attention to the This formal program occupied two entire days, during which southern pine forests. work of the Association in an address of greeting. the attendance was large and the closest interest paid. The evenings were devoted to recreation, consisting of a Dutch supper and a banquet, respectively. The resolu- tions adopted by the Congress urged the States of Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Mississippi, Arkansas and Ala- bama to undertake some form of state forestry organiza- tion modelled after the principles successfully worked out in other southern states, of employing technical foresters under boards free from political pressure. The Congress expressed its disapproval of the combination of forestry with fish and game protection either through wardens or commissions as tending towards loss of efficiency in both organizations. It commended the State of Louisiana for passing the recent amendment to the state forestry law creating a fund for forestry, and establishing an advisory board to supervise the expenditure and the employment of a technical forester. Two field days were alternated with this program. On July 12th the Biltmore forest plantations were visited in carriages. These plantations, now fifteen to twenty years old, have proved successful, for the most part, wherever the species was adapted to the soil condi- tions. Wonderful stands of white pine and short-leaf pine were seen. There were many failures amongst the hardwood plantations on poor soil. The planting of pine was in most instances closely spaced, 3x3 feet, or 2x4 feet, and already shows stagnation due to crowding, bear- ing out the contention of most American foresters that close planting is more of a drawback than an advantage. On Friday, July 14th, an automobile took the delegates to the summit of the “Pink Beds,” laurel bloom, and in the fall shows the pink and red foliage of the chestnut oak. Mt. Pisgah, whence they descended to a forest which in the spring is full of An excursion to Mt. Mitchell was planned for Saturday the 15th, and a few hardy individ- uals defied a steady rain and took the trip. abandoned the plan. The rest Those who left on Friday or on But the Mt. Mitchell excursionists, those who remained in Saturday to the westward reached home in season. Asheville, and a party of ten foresters, including Forester H. S. Graves, J. W. Toumey and others who left for Washington at 2.30 P. M., all were caught in the tre- FORESTRY mendous floods of Saturday night when the rain, descend- ing steadily and without wind, the entire night, equalled a total precipitation in 24 hours of from ten to fifteen inches in the various mountain zones. Mr. Graves’ party was stalled at Marion, North Carolina, from Saturday night until Friday the 21st, during which time first-hand observations were made of flood conditions and effects. land were were bene- Many lumbermen, railroad men and _ private owners interested in fire protective organizations present at the Asheville meeting. The delegates unanimous in the feeling that they had been greatly fited, and carried away many practical ideas and much enthusiasm. The Congress marks an epoch in the develop- ment of southern forestry. It presented in clear, compact form the great progress that has been made and served as an impetus towards further effort in this immense region where the entire problem of future management of forest land is as yet in its infancy. Great credit is due to Dr. Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geologist of North Caro- lina, and Joseph W. Holmes, State Forester, for organ- izing and conducting the affairs of the Congress. A per- manent organization was effected, and the above officials were elected president and secretary respectively. FORESTRY BOARD’S SECRETARY By GENERAL C. C. ANDREWS Secretary Minnesota State Forestry Board N recent numbers of AMERICAN Forestry there have been articles almost insisting that in the organization of forestry in the various states, the office of secre- tary of a forestry board ought to be filled by the state forester. If that plan is the best for a state’s forest service, it should be followed. But has the subject been carefully enough considered? A forestry board appoints the state forester, and At its meetings it listens to his statements and recommendations, and then instructs directs and supervises his work. These instructions—some of are to be carefully Does it tend to the best efficiency to have him the recorder and sole custodian of him as to what he shall do. which he may possibly dislike recorded and complied with. these instructions ? The various states ought now to plant and soon will plant a thousand or more acres of forest annually, and before many years each state will require assistant fores- At the beginning of the present war in Europe, the German states had in the aggregate 12,000,000 acres of state forest, a trained for- ster for every 10,000 acres, and planted 100,000 acres of forest annually. ters to manage state forests. es It is reasonably certain that the work and responsibility of state foresters in this country will, in a very few years, greatly increase, and, speaking from eighteen years’ experience as secretary of a forestry board, I believe that it will be for the public interest that the organ of communication between the forestry board and the forester and keeper of the board’s records should be a disinterested person, and not the forester himself. Editorial THE FLAW IN INDIANA’S STATE FORESTRY ORGANIZATION NDIANA has had a State Forestry Board for fourteen years, and a secretary, who by the terms of the law is supposed to be “ one who shall have special knowledge of the theory and art of forest preservation and of timber culture.” The State has during this period appro- priated an average of $8000 per year for forestry work. To-day, those who have the forestry work of the State closest at heart are disappointed and dissatisfied at the re- sults. In adjoining states, under the guidance of trained men, and under plans similar to those contemplated for Indiana, great areas of state forest reserves have been created, state-wide fire protection systems organized, and, more to the point, immense progress has been made in educating farm owners in the proper care of their wood- lots and in selection of profitable trees to plant. Demon- stration woodlots have been established, lectures given, and bulletins issued. The people of these states are not forced to content themselves with enthusiasm and senti- ment—they are guided to the practical application of their impulses by the efficiency of their state foresters. In Indiana the contrast is sharply evident. As a result of fourteen years’ effort on the part of the State Board, which has at all times given conscientious and un- selfish service, the State has 2000 acres in Clark County, on which some hardwood plantations have been estab- lished, but the educational and publicity work which is the foundation of true state forestry is totally disorganized, inefficient and conspicuous chiefly by its absence. This Board, by the very terms of the law constituted as a non- political body and containing representatives of the faculty of Purdue University, the wholesale and retail lumbermen, and the agricultural interests of the State, has year by year endeavored to fulfil its obligations to the people of the State, only to confess its efforts nullified and barren of results. What is the trouble? It lies in the law itself, which gives the Board no control whatever over its executive officer, the secretary, upon whom rests the duty of carry- ing out the purposes of the work. In practically every other state similarly organized the Forestry Board ap- points its own state forester, who serves the Board but is not himself a member. Other states whose laws prescribe the employment of a technically trained forester have actually employed one, and even when this qualification has not been indicated by law, the state forestry boards have insisted on securing foresters whose ability has been demonstrated by performance. Such foresters are now serving boards in the States of New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, New York, Maryland, New Jersey, Virginia, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Texas, California, and elsewhere. Indiana, on the contrary, is the only State in this entire nation which has first created a Board of Forestry and then stripped it of all control over its exec- utive officer. In this State the governor appoints the secretary or forester, and the latter is a member of the Board itself. The Indiana law, passed in 1903, de- manded of its secretary a special knowledge of the theory and art of forest preservation and timber culture. Even at that time men with the proper training were not lack- ing from whom to choose. But the first appointee was a school teacher to whom the governor owed a political debt. This secretary remained in office till 1909 and accomplished the purchase of the state forest reserve and its improvement by roads and buildings. Trees were planted, but upon his retirement no records of these plantations could be found, and thus much of the benefit of the work was lost to the public. In 1909 Governor Marshall made an honest endeavor to secure a capable man. His appointee, while not a forester, and lacking fundamental knowledge of soils, tree culture, and woodlot management, yet had a knowl- edge of botany and a true scientific interest in forestry. He secured very complete records of plantations and gave to the State practically all that it has ever received of value from the expenditure of the annual appropriations for maintenance. But in 1912, against the protests of the Board of Forestry, who had in him secured a man who was trying to do something, this secretary was removed on the suspicion that he was of the wrong political faith, and a tried and true member of the dominant party was given the office as a plum. During the four years in which he has held office the present secretary has made no pretense either of knowing anything about state forestry or of endeavoring to conduct the work of state forester. Correspondence requesting information on forest planting or woodlot management remains unanswered, the state reserve is left to a caretaker, and the Forestry Board finds itself in an impossible situation. To allow such a condition to continue would be a con- fession that Indiana must fail where her sister states have succeeded. One change alone is needed—the Board should appoint and employ its own secretary and forester and must be limited in its choice to men who have received an educational training which fits them for the position. There would be no disposition on the part of a State Forestry Board properly constituted, as is that of Indiana, to employ a man who would render their entire work futile and barren of results. This change should be secured in the coming session of the Indiana Legislature. Nothing else is needed to place Indiana on a par with other states and to justify the further continuance of the forestry work of the State. Without this reform the entire system may well be abolished. 495 496 AMERICAN FORESTRY THE VITAL ISSUE President Benjamin Harrison was given power by Congress to set aside public lands bearing timber as forest reserves, a perpetual struggle has been waged in F:: twenty-five years, or since March 4, 1891, when this country between the advocates of two opposing the- ories of government. On the one hand are ranged the advocates of individualism, who hold that the greatest good can come only through the passing of all our national possessions into private ownership to be developed and exploited free from government interference or regu- lation. Opposed to this doctrine are the champions of public control, and especially of retention under public ownership of the remaining non-agricultural lands bearing timber, water power, or minerals, which are still owned by the nation, and their development and use under wise restrictions, for the benefit of the people as a whole. The old traditional policy of the United States, possessing absolute ownership of its vast new territories both east and west of the Mississippi, was to develop this region by disposing of the public title and entrusting all resources of whatever kind to private ownership. The principle of the homestead law, and of the stone and timber act, was to benefit the individual by giving to him 160 acres of farm land or public timber at a cost only sufficient to defray expenses to the Government. A pioneer civilization, with limitless undeveloped wealth in field and forest, rested its hope for rapid growth on the individual. To benefit him, to bestow a rich competence upon whoever had the hardihood to conquer the wilderness, was to create increased values by the very effort of these pioneers, and establish the foundations of civilization. Our social progress was made to depend upon the frontiers, which became the solution of all pressing prob- lems. The venturesome, the unfortunate, the sons and daughters of farmers on impoverished eastern soils, the city dweller, had only to go west and start life anew, borne along by a contagious optimism and energy which is the ruling spirit in all new communities. The Government, with a lavish hand, gave of its wealth not only to farmers, but bestowed more than 80,000,000 acres of its domain on the western states, to be in turn disposed of by these states, for the most part, with equal liberality, for sums representing but a fraction of their real or prospective value, that the individual might benefit. Railroads re- ceived grants whose extent would feed empires. This entire policy, wonderful in the extent and rapidity of its results, and typically American and pioneer in its ideals, is based on the single conception of individualistic effort as the sole means of furthering public or social welfare, and as the only practical method of utilizing for public good the natural resources originally owned by the people, as a whole. Whatever the future may hold in store for us as a nation, it is the sincere hope of every American that we may retain the vigor and independence which is the fruit of this spirit of self-expression. But civilization is the result no less of the forces of co-ordination, co-operation and of sacrifice of individual prerogatives whenever they conflict with public welfare. When a single theory of government is permitted to dominate, it may end by destroying. If America permits the doctrine of individualism to thwart all efforts at logical and necessary development towards higher and greater ideals, and more permanent and universal con- tent and prosperity, then as practical Americans we must question the infallibility of those who uphold this doctrine. The withdrawal of public timber lands in 1891 was the first blow struck at this infallibility. Why was this done? Because it had already in that early day been shown that the unchecked operation of the principle of private pos- session of timber would end by destroying the forest resources of the country, literally “root and branch.” The recuperative powers of Nature, sufficient under ordinary conditions to maintain not merely the forest cover but the protection of the more valuable timber trees in the stand, failed before the wide clean sweep of modern logging, and the immense increase and continuity of modern forest fires. It became evident to thoughtful owners that Nature, confronted with new and disastrous forces of destruction, must be aided by man’s controlling mind, if the equilibrium were to be restored and future forests assured. At the outset, it was clear that this demanded a central directing intelligence. The individual, left entirely to himself, has so far consistently failed, through no fault of his own, to subordinate his private welfare and profit to a future and distant goal of communal good. Public senti- ment groping for expression, vaguely resentful and appre- hensive in witnessing the progressive spoliation of timber resources upon which much of future prosperity is bound to depend, sought means of correction, and still seeks it. Various futile or impractical plans are frequently pro- posed in state legislatures to force timber land owners to restrict the cutting of trees below certain diameters, or to reforest cut-over lands. These efforts of the public con- sciousness and foresight to curb the destructive ten- dencies of individualism have so far been unavailing, and are so opposed to our national traditions that their ad- visability is seriously questioned. A second channel of effort, promising better results, was that of public education. To persuade forest owners that better methods of management for their woodlands is possible, still leaves the choice with the individual. Since by far the greater part of our woodlands are and will remain in private ownership, the more that can be done to stimulate owners to care for their property, the better, but if they choose to waste their timber lands, they cannot at present be effectually prevented from doing so. But what about the remaining timber resources, to which national title was still clear? Should these go the way of all the rest, and be lost to the people through the operation of the homestead laws, stone and timber claims, placer mining locations, land “scrip” and other means of obtain- ing patents? Should the nation relinquish its remaining store of public timber, to be despoiled in turn, and then in FOREST ROADS the future be forced by the fearful consequences of eco- nomic folly to repurchase these very lands, as we are now doing in the Appalachians? A ruined forest can be re- stored to natural condition wherein the valuable timber trees predominate only by excessive cost, and often not at all. Worthless weeds and brush, persistent and vigorous, exclude the desired pines and hardwoods. On the other hand, the forest in its natural state can be so handled that the per cent of the better timber trees is greatly increased in the new crop. But to accomplish this the logging must be done under regulations and supervision of an extremely intelligent type, based on close scientific study of soil, light, seeding and other factors, whose control means success, and whose neglect spells failure. Once deter- mined, the rules are simply applied and the increased cost of logging is neither impractical nor unreasonable. American intelligence gave but one answer to this prob- lem. The public timber lands must be retained, and their wealth of timber made available only under expert super- vision. This idea is diametrically opposed to the primitive plan of reckless disposal, yet falls far short of state socialism. It is, in effect, the application of the same business principles between the public and the private corporation or individual as are made the foundation of all transactions between two persons. An owner of tim- ber lands has, by right of his possession, the power to fix the terms under which a logging contractor may cut and remove the standing timber. He will, if he is wise, draw a contract in such form that the minimum of damage will be done to his forest. This “revolutionary” principle, adopted in 1891, and under which 160,000,000 acres of public timber lands are now being managed, consists in applying the same idea to public property. Thus, the use of the timber, through timber sales, is encouraged, logging contractors do business as usual, and there is no change in the economic situation, except that public con- sciousness has awakened to the point of guarding its future interests effectively upon those lands which it still owns and controls. Private corporations can still obtain the timber, but they can no longer get it on their own terms and completely ignore the rights of the original $10,000,000 FOR ‘NE of the provisions of the Federal aid road bill, O which was signed by the President on July 11, appropriates $1,000,000 a year for ten years to be spent by the Secretary of Agriculture for the construction and maintenance of roads and trails within or partly within the National Forests. The bill provides that, upon request of the proper officers of the states or counties, the money shall be used for building roads and trails which are necessary for the use and development of resources upon which communi- ties within or near the National Forests are dependent. The work is to be done in codperation with the various States and counties. Not more than 10 per cent of the value of the timber and forage resources of the National Forests within the respective county or counties in which 497 owner; no longer cut indiscriminately and abandon the land or attempt to sell it to farmers as agricultural or fruit land, for which it is wholly unfit. In adopting this simple but effective change in our public land policy, we have made a distinct step towards modifying and curbing the dangerously destructive tendency of individualism as applied to forest lands. The same tendency is manifested in the prolonged struggle over water-power legislation, involving technical questions so deep that the general public despairs of understanding on which side lies the right. The control or retention of coal lands, oil lands and other minerals brings on the same point. What we must determine as Americans is this: Does our present and future welfare depend more closely upon unchecked and unregulated private acquisition of public resources, or upon their retention under public ownership, and development under contracts or leases, by which private capital is regulated in the interests of the public good? This is an economic question which we must master and decide now. Once these lands have passed into private hands, we have made our choice and the cost of reacquisition may be prohibitive. The champions of unbridled private acquisition, by ap- pealing to popular tradition, equity between states, Ameri- canism, distrust of government, and opposition to bureaucracy, and by urging the primal reason of develop- ment and prosperity, seek to throw dust in the eyes of the public, and profit as of old, by obtaining from complacent congresses and officials the right to do as they please through actual possession of title. Are we to permit ourselves to be deluded by these arguments, or shall we awaken as a people to the full measure of our national responsibility, and hold with a firm hand the control of our great but dwindling national timber lands and other re- sources? ‘‘Without a vision the people perish.” Let our vision be the strong blending of private enterprise with public regulation, that we may show to the world an efficiency equal to that displayed by our neighbors across the seas, and a preparedness sufficient to cope with any Crisis. FOREST ROADS the roads or trails will be constructed may be spent. Pro- vision is made for the return of the money to the Treasury by applying 10 per cent of the annual receipts of the National Forests in the state or county until the amount advanced is covered. Officers in charge say that the bill will make possible the construction of many roads which are greatly needed. Since 1913 ten per cent of the receipts of the National Forests have been used in road and trail building, but the funds have been inadequate to meet the needs. Many isolated communities within the National Forests are entirely dependent on the Government roads and trails. The money now made available will permit the construction of many roads necessary to open up inac- cessible territory. Lumber Uses By WarrEN B. BuLLock the need for conserving American forests has been seen since the tenth of July at Chicago, in the lumber classification hearing conducted by the Interstate Commerce Commission, in which all freight traffic con- ditions involving the lumber industry are being exhaus- tively studied, both from the standpoint of the lumber- man and the carrier. The public, however, is being shown the great need for nation-wide steps for the conserving of the forests by the testimony of the lumbermen of the great waste in the industry, owing to the inability of the lumbermen, because of traffic and general trade conditions, to utilize the bulk of their wood supply. It was shown that nearly 65 per cent of the nation’s forests is wasted, and never reaches the consumer in any form. Some of the manufacturers have testified that they are able to utilize part of the waste of their mills in converting smaller products of the log into box lumber, but in many cases they are too far from the market to make this utilization of their timber profitable. Lr | VHE greatest development for public information of of classification of lumber products, but soon be- came a general study of the entire lumber busi- ness in its shipping relation to the public. Better ship- ping conditions, it was testified, would greatly aid the lumber manufacturers in utilizing the portions of the tree which are now wasted. Some interesting testimony was given on the relation of mills to their timber supply, and the need for the cheap transportation of logs to the mills, and the necessity for the mills moving to the timber supply when freight rates become too high, owing to the increasing distance from the forest to the mill. There is a point, it was testified, when the mill can not afford to ship the log to the mill, because of the distance to be traversed, and when such time comes it is necessary to move the mill to the source of supply. The need for favorable freight rates to allow the shipment of portions of the log which would otherwise be wasted was thus emphasized. If suitable shipping conditions can be assured, the lumber manufacturer can find a market for portions of the prod- uct which do not produce at present sufficient revenue to pay for shipment to the market. r VHE hearing was scheduled to take up the problems HE World’s Salesmanship Congress at Detroit pro- vided another phase of the need for economy in wood products, and the preservation of the sources of future wood supply, in the forcing home of the realiza- tion of the part efficient salesmanship may provide in 498 saving the lumber supply. Proper salesmanship, it was shown by several speakers, will, by efficient disposal of the product of the mills, prevent an economic waste, by raising the standards of wood using to the point where profits for the manufacturer will be high enough to enable him to turn his attention to the utilization of waste. At present the lumber manufacturer is so closely pressed that he can only afford to market the cream of the forest, where the national need is for a market condition that will force him to utilize every portion of the tree. If the market for the cream of the forest is sustained to a point where the manufacturer is actually making a profit on his entire investment, the nation can require him to manufac- ture and sell the “skim milk” that is now thrown away. IX ALL the woods used in the manufacture of tobacco pipes, French briar is undoubtedly pre- ferred by the majority of smokers. This is the root of the white heath (Erica arborea), or * bruyere,” which grows extensively in southern France and in Corsica. The white heath is a shrub which sometimes grows to a considerable size. The roots are gathered in large quantities, cleaned and sawed into pipe blanks or blocks of various sizes and shapes, after which they are placed in a vat of hot water and simmered for 12 hours or more. This gives them the rich yellowish-brown hue for which the best pipes are noted. The value of the French briar pipe blanks imported into the United States for the year 1915 was almost $300,000. In addition to this, there were :mported, also, a large number of finished pipes. The present scarcity and high price of French briar has led a number of pipe manufacturers in this country to look for a substitute, and quite a good deal of mountain laurel root is now used. This root is quite similar in appearance to the French briar root, but is softer and burns out more readily. Uncle Sam’s Forest Products Laboratory is making some experiments in the hope of finding a satisfactory method of hardening this wood, so that it will not burn out. Several pieces have already been hardened to a very appreciable extent, but the process has not yet been perfected. The laboratory has also been seeking substitute woods which will not need to be treated. At least one of these woods gives good promise of meeting the requirements of that class of pipes which are now made of applewood, though it does not have the figure typical of briar. It is of interest to note that the State of Pennsylvania alone uses over 120,000 feet of applewood yearly in the manu- facture of pipes, and this is more than half of the total consumption. Other species, in the order of importance, WOOD PRESERVING DEPARTMENT are as follows: French briar, red gum, ebony and birch. Other woods used in the making of pipes are olivewood, rosewood, and osage orange. The laboratory has started an investigation of the wood and roots of a number of the various species of chaparral which are so abundant in the State of California, and which give promise of yielding material the equal of French briar in every way. the manufacture of shoes. Practically every shoe is shaped over a wooden last, the life of which, owing to the very rough usage and the frequent changes in styles of footwear, rarely exceeds one year. About twenty million lasts are produced annually at a cost of over one and one-half million dollars. The greater por- tion of these are made from maple, the price of which | YEW realize the important part that wood plays in 499 has advanced to such a degree that the manufacturers are forced to find a suitable substitute or to decrease their manufacturing costs. One of the most expensive items of the manufacturing process is drying the wood. At present the rough turned last blocks are air-seasoned under cover for several months and then kiln-dried. This necessitates a large investment in stock, interest on the investment, fire insurance, and the cost of repeated handlings. In an effort to eliminate a considerable portion of this expense one of the large manufacturers is co- operating with the forest products laboratory in an effort to perfect a method of kiln-drying the blocks green from the mill. Sufficient progress has been made to indicate that a solution of this problem will be found. Hundreds of rough turned green blocks are being dried in the labora- tory experimental kilns in a very short time and with promising results. Wood Preserving Department By E. A HE continued popularity of creosoted wood-block y pavements is indicated by the new contracts which are coming out from time to time during the sum- mer. These include 66,140 square yards of streets in York, Pennsylvania, specifications for which call for wood block, as well as other materials, involving a total of about 2,400,000 feet of lumber. In Kansas City the contem- plated pavements will involve about 39,227 square yards; while Fort Worth, Texas, has awarded a contract for about 30,000 square yards on the main street in that city. MEETING of Committee No. 2 of the American Wood Preservers’ Association on Specifications for the Purchase and Preservation of Treatable Timber was held on July 22nd, in Chicago. The chair- man, Mr. A. R. Joyce, presided, and plans were made for the work of the Committee during the year. These involve recommendations of specifications for insertion in the “ Manual,” an analysis of the conditions which influ- ence the availability and cost of railroad cross ties for treatment, an investigation of the life and service of treated ties and other material in the East and Southeast, and other details on the subjects assigned. industry is now engaged in, exhibits showing models of farm buildings, samples of commercial woods, and other interesting materials, will be shown at a number of the larger state fairs this fall. These exhibits will include samples of treated material, such as creosoted A S PART of the educational work which the lumber . STERLING fence posts, creosoted barn sills, and boards and smaller dimension timbers which it would be profitable for the farmer and home builder to use. Although the preserva- tive treatment of timber has become so well established as a commercial practice, it remains more or less a mysteri- ous process to the small consumer, and the aim is to show how simple and economical the practice is when applied to small quantities of wood for home use. In a recent bulletin of the National Lumber Manufacturers’ Associa- tion on “* Preservative Treatment of Farm Timbers,” it is stated that ‘* The saving is another point which does not need to be reckoned closely, since it is so certain that satisfactory results will be obtained. From the many cases where pressure creosoted timber has shown no signs of decay for 40 years or more, down to the extra life which a light brush treatment will give, many gradations in results are obtained. There is no question as to the economy of a creosoted cottonwood post, which lasts 20 years, when one without treatment decays in three or four, nor of having sills, basement flooring, fences, gates and lumber in many other forms last at least two or three times the normal life. “The most enthusiastic advocates of treated material are those who have used the largest quantities. Most of the large railroads of the country creosote their cross ties and bridge timbers, and from this large use down to the smallest consumer, results are almost invariably obtained which are in keeping with the thoroughness and ‘care with which the work is done. By creosoting all farm timbers exposed to decay, and by using reasonable care to secure at least a uniform coating or penetration, a saving will result which will make for economy, perma- nence, and attractiveness of nearly all farm structures.” 500 AMERICAN FORESTRY What Our Members Think of American Forestry “Enclosed is $3.25 to renew my member- ship for 1916. This is one of the subscrip- tions I like to make.” H. R. Curistir, Victoria, B. C. “Allow me to congratulate you on the wonderful new dress and features of AMERI- CAN Forestry, which is now one of the very handsomest of all class or other publica- tions published anywhere, and should surely appeal, not only to your regular clientele, but also to all who are interested in out- door life as well as the special subjects on which it treats.” J. G. WrtraMs, Boston, Mass. “T wish to congratulate you on the very entertaining and valuable Ornamental and Shade Tree Department in the AMERICAN Forestry. Among my circle of friends I have heard most favorable and high praise.” N. M. Goopyear, Carlisle, Pa. “J shall take this opportunity to say a word of commendation for your magazine. It has been a great help to me, personally, in keeping me in touch with forestry even though I am not, at present, following the course I studied while in college. The fel- lows who frequent our reading-room appre- ciate the value of the magazine and con- stantly refer to it.” F. H. Hoewter, Executive Secretary, Y. M. C. A., Cincinnati, Ohio. “T want to congratulate you upon your admirable number of AMERICAN ForESTRY for February and the splendid and timely achievement in getting an article on Pine Rust.” Joun B. Wuite, Kansas City, Mo. “Your publication is an admirable one— instructive and interesting—and I want to see it succeed.” W. C. EGAN, Highland Park, IIl. “The addition of a Department of Arbor- iculture to the magazine enhances its already very great value. The change of form and broadening of scope accomplished last year greatly improved an already excel- lent publication. The spirit and tone of its editing are such as to make every member of the Association feel a pride of owner- ship in and co6peration with it.” Grorce W. Roskir, Custer, S. D. “We can justly feel proud of the AMERI- CAN Forestry magazine. It surely has made great strides in the last few months.” EuGENE W. MENDENHALL, Clintonville, Ohio. “T am delighted with the magazine more and more all the time, and even though I am not doing active Club work this year, I am just as good a forester as ever, and look for the magazine each month.” Mrs. Foster ELLiot, Los Angeles, California. “T want to say I greatly appreciate the wonderful improvement in AMERICAN For- ESTRY in the past few months. It must be- come a wonderful factor in our conserva- tion movement.” Cuartes N. THOMPSON, Buck Hill Falls, Pa. “T find your magazine, AMERICAN For- ESTRY, very instructive and beautiful.” Mary Amory GREENE, Croton-on-Hudson, N. Y. “ Please let me take this occasion to com- pliment you on the great improvement both in form and substance which AMERICAN Forestry has undergone. It has developed into a most excellent magazine of great educational value. I am hearing praises of it on all sides.” Don Cartos ELLis, San Francisco, Cal. “T like the magazine very much indeed and gladly subscribe to what all your other friends have been saying about it all these last months. May it keep on prospering and win more friends both for itself and for the great cause for which it speaks.” Rev. EuGENE BuEcueEt, S. J., Pine Ridge, S. D. “T have just had time to look hastily over the magazine for June. It is a beautiful piece of work, and I hope will receive a little of the large amount of appreciation it deserves.” R. S. Kettoce, Chicago, Ill. “T am a great admirer of your journal, and as we grow several of your trees here the detailed descriptions—botanical and commercial—have interested me very much.” W. B. Havetock, Brocklesby Park, Lincolnshire, England. “T find the Bird Department very useful.” Miss M. B. Banxs, Westport, Conn. “T want to compliment you very highly upon the splendid manner in which you “made up’ the Douglas Fir article. I feel that it will do much to acquaint the gen- eral public a little more specifically with the characteristics and merits of the North- west’s greatest wood.” J. S. WittraMs, Seattle, Wash. “T enjoy AMERICAN Forestry greatly and count it very valuable. Have loaned copies to men at our plant which may result in new subscriptions later on.” E, E. ALEXANDER, Green Spring, W. Va. “This prevents --, wood from warping!” »4 “HIS hardwood trim won't warp, shrink, or twist out of shape because I am protecting it against damp- ness in the plaster wall with a coating that makes protection absolutely sure.” Ordinary metallic paints coat, but they can’t protect. The alkali in the wall masonry makes them saponify and become useless. Tar TRIMBAK REGUS. PAL OFF, on the other hand, can’t possibly saponify. It remains a perfect protection, permanently. Used in a luxurious down-town club, the Woolworth Building, the Metropolitan Tower, the Bankers’ Trust Company, and other prominent places. Full details upon request from Department I. TOCH BROTHERS Established 1848 Inventors and manufacturers of R. I. W. Paints, Compounds, Enamels, etc. 320 Fifth Avenue, New York City Works: New York, London, England, and Toronto, Canada ANNUAL FORESTRY CONFERENCE Chaffee Leaves State College Professor R. R. Chaffee, who has been for five years Professor of Lumbering in the Department of Forestry at the Penn- sylvania State College, leaves September lst to take a position as Forest Engineer with Wheeler & Dusenberry Lumber Com- pany, Endeavor, Pennsylvania. Mr. Chaffee graduated from the Har- yard Forest School in 1910. He was in United States Forest Service in District 6 from 1910 to 1911 and since that time has been connected with the Forest School at the Pennsylvania State College. He has had charge of the work in lumbering and has specialized in forest utilization, logging and milling methods and products. At En- deavor he will devote considerable time to forest utilization, laying out of future operations, analysis of production costs, etc. While at State College he has been in charge of the trips which are made by the senior class. These logging trips have car- ried him into the Lake State region, South- ern Pine region, the Cypress region, the Adirondacks and the Appalachian hard- wood region. He is a member of the So- ciety of American Foresters and of the American Forestry Association. H. J. Kaestner Resigns H. J. Kaestner, who for the past couple _of years has been the forester for the De- “partment of Forestry, Game and Fish of West Virginia, has resigned and accepted a position with the Wm. M. Lloyd Lumber Company of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He reports the work there as particularly pleasant, as he is back in his home city after an absence of six years. Credit to Dr. Purdue Dr. A. H. Purdue, state geologist of Ten- nessee, was inadvertently not given credit for taking the excellent photograph in the first part of the article by W. R. Mattoon in the May issue of AMERICAN FORESTRY. Forest School Personals Dr. H. P. Baker of the State College of Forestry at Syracuse addressed the members of the Conservation Department of the Federated Women’s Clubs of America at the Conservation Conference held in New York City. The subject of Dr. Baker’s address was “ State Forestry.” About 600 women were in attendance at this conference. At the recent meeting of the Southern Forestry Congress held at Asheville, North Carolina, Dr. Baker, of the Forestry College at Syracuse, gave the response from the North. Two films of motion pictures, show- ing the activities of the College in instruc- tional and extension work through the State, were also exhibited at the Convention. Professor F. F. Moon of the College of Forestry at Syracuse attended the recent meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso- ciation held at Reading, Pennsylvania. The Beal Nursery In honor of Dr. William James Beal, pro- fessor emeritus of botany at the Michigan Agricultural College, the forestry nursery maintained by the Forest Service at Tawas, Michigan, has been given the name of the “ Beal Nursery.” Dr. Beal was the first man to make forest plantations in Michigan and for over forty years has been closely identi- fied with the subjects of botany and forestry. He is a widely known writer on these topics and is a member of a number of scientific associations. In 1910 he retired from active work and now makes his home at Amherst, Massachusetts. The Beal Nursery supplies planting stock for the Michigan national forest. It has a present annual capacity of about 100,000 seedlings and transplants, which will be in- creased to 500,000. The trees will be used for reforesting denuded areas. Annual Forestry Conference The annual forestry conference in the White Mountains will occur at the Craw- ford House in the Crawford Notch, New Hampshire, September 5th to 7th, 1916. This conference, under the auspices of the Society for Protection of New Hamp- shire Forests and the New Hampshire State Forestry Commission, held at a central New England point, has come to be a gathering place for New England Forestry interests. This year the program will be no less interesting and varied. Dr. Fernow, Direc- tor of the School of Forestry at the Uni- versity of Toronto and President of the Society of American Foresters, will be pres- ent, as will Professor Filibert Roth, Direc- tor of the Department of Forestry, Uni- versity of Michigan, and William L. Hall of the Forest Service. The keynote of the meeting will be national forest administration in view of the fact that the Government has lately acquired 305,000 acres or 477 square miles in the White Mountain region. There will be addresses illustrated with lantern slides showing the situation in the National Forest in the West and the new National Forest in the Southern Appa- lachians and in the White Mountains. Ex- cursions will be made to different parts of the National Forest near the Crawford House and into the magnificent primeval spruce timber that stands nearby upon the 6000 acres of forest land in the Crawford Notch recently acquired by the State of New Hampshire. A New Seedman Thomas J. Lane, of Dresher, vania, for the last fourteen years with Thomas Meehan and Son, of Dresher, Penn- sylvania, who have recently discontinued the seed business, which they had conducted for fifty years, has taken up the seed busi- ness in his own behalf and his thorough knowledge of the business makes him feel confident that he will do well. Pennsyl- 001 Cedar Land and Sawmill IN ARGENTINA, 5. A. AND PARAGUAY, 5. A. UARANTEED lumber proposi- tion; Woodland bordering on the Parana River, 337,421 acres; sawmill and adjoining land of 1,571 acres on the same river: cli- mate exceedingly healthy, watered by rivers now used chiefly as a means of conveyance; fertility of soil unexcelled; rivers offer numerous falls that can be easily harnessed; land abounds in cabinet woods that command high prices at Buenos Aires, city of nearly 2,000,000 inhabitants and one of the biggest cedar markets in the world; land also includes about 123,000 acres of Yerba Mate trees, from which the famous Para- guayan Mate Tea is manufactured. Write for full details; to reliable parties interested if proposition is not found to be as_ represented expenses for trip of expert to the property will be refunded. ALDAO, CAMPOS & GIL 55 Wall Street, New York City WE MAKE THE _ ENGRAVINGS - ea AMERICAN FORESTRY ie Fo MAGAZINE a ws OUR SPECIALTY a F Is THE “BETTER GRADE FINISH oF =i i DESIGNS & ENGRAVINGS ~ Nn ONE on MORE COLORS z ee FoR MAGAZINES CATALOGUES A ADVERTISEMENTS Etc f | HALF TONES Line PLATES a COMBINATIONLINE 4@ DuLLo-Tones ano HALF TONES “a , CoLtor Process Mutti- CoLors a cs —ESTABLISHED 1889— a . GATCHEL & MANNING | SIXTH ano CHESTNUT STREETS Opposite OLOE INDEPENDENCE HALL PHILADELPHIA LSS as AMERICAN FORESTRY Canadian Department By ExLtwoop WILSON Secretary, Canadian Society of Forest Engineers B. M. Winegar, Forester to the Operat- ing Department, Eastern Lines, Canadian Pacific Railway, has just returned from a trip through the Maritime Provinces. The Canadian Pacific is planting trees and shrubs around the stations and also plant- ing trees to take the place of the snow fences made of boards which are used to keep the snow from drifting on the tracks in winter. Major J. B. White, of the 224th Forestry Battalion, C. F. E., has cabled that he will soon return from England to recruit another Woodmen’s Battalion, of which he will be the Colonel. Lt. C. H. Morse, 224th Forestry Battalion, Cc. F. E., writes from Bramshott Camp, England, that the men are hard at work learning infantry drill and tactics as well as doing logging work. The extraordinarily wet spring has been most favorable to tree growth in Quebec, Norway spruce showing already nearly a foot in height growth, Scotch pine and white pine, fifteen inches, and Jack pine, eighteen to twenty-four inches. Insect pests have not been troublesome except the elm-leaf aphis. Mr. Arnold Hanssen, member of the Canadian Society of Forest Engineers, and for four years with the Laurentide Com- pany, Ltd., in the Forestry Division, is going to Yale this fall for a post-graduate For- estry course. Mr. H. C. Schanche, who has been with the Laurentide Company, Ltd., in the For- estry Division, is returning to Penn State to finish his Forestry course. Mr. Earle Spafford, who was for some time with the Forestry Division of the Laurentide Company, Ltd., and is now with the Tobacco Products Company, in Boston, came to Grand Mere to arrange for a long vacation trip into the northwoods of Quebec this fall. In spite of the successes of the Allies, recruiting is as active as ever and several new infantry battalions are soon to be authorized. Mr. L. M. Ellis, of the C. P. R. Forestry Staff, writes from Calgary that so many men have enlisted and there is such a de- mand for labor in munition factories and in construction work that the farmers will have extreme difficulty in obtaining labor to harvest their crops. Five men were graduated in forestry at the University of New Brunswick on May 17th. Messrs. C. E. Maimann, who is now a corporal in the 58th Howitzer Battery at Fredericton; Mr. James Burns, who takes up work as an instrument man in a Crown land survey party going out near Campbell- ton; Mr. Leland S. Webb, who goes out on reconnaissance work with the Dominion Forestry Branch in Manitoba; Mr. Edwin Hall, who will be in Saskatchewan, and Mr. Colby S. Jones, who will likely take up the work of lumbering with Jones Brothers, at Apohaqui, New Brunswick. Among the other forestry students going out on work for the summer are George Miller, James Smart and Leo C. Kelly, of the Junior class, with the Dominion For- estry Branch. With the Crown Land De- partment of the province, in parties now organized, are: R. Melrose, R. D. Jago, Percy Crandall, A. M. Brewer, Austin P. McDonald, Cy Young and Lee S. Kilburn. Prof. R. B. Miller will also be engaged with the Crown Land Department on the study of growth and volume. Public sentiment in Canada on the ques- tion of forest protection and the need of guarding more than five thousand wood- using industries from the menace of forest fires has reached a point which none of our governments, Provincial or Federal, can safely ignore. Through the efforts of the Canadian Forestry Association and other bodies, the facts regarding Canada’s de- pendence upon cheap and abundant wood supplies, and the enormous damage wrought annually by preventable fires, have been made matters of common information in town and country from coast to coast. Three field parties are now at work in New Brunswick, in connection with the forest survey and classification of Crown lands. The project is under the super- vision of P. Z. Caverhill, provincial for- ester, subject to the general direction of the Minister of Lands and Forests. The size and importance of the undertaking is indicated by the fact that the Crown lands in this province comprise 10,000 square miles and return a direct revenue to the provincial treasury averaging more than half a million dollars annually from timber alone, in addition to large revenues from the sale of hunting and fishing privileges, C. H. Morse, Assistant Inspector of For- estry Branch at Alberta, enlisted with the Foresters’ Battalion and up to the time of this writing he states that his company had not got down to the actual work for which the battalion was formed. One of the best EVERWEAR SWEEPERS For Lawns, Walks, Golf Grounds, Etc. Sweeps all grass, leaves, twigs, stones, and other litter. Gathers what it sweeps. Reduces labor from hours to a few minutes. The Everwear Sweeper is an effective, rapid, labor-savying machine, constructed on correct sweeping principles, and gathers what it sweeps. The Everwear will sweep up every particle of cut and dead grass, leaves, sticks, stones, and other litter, carry and deposit where you wish. he action of the brushes is ‘‘ broom- like,”’ and you will note from the illustra- tion that the sweepings are thrown for- ward into the receptacle, leaving no chance for particles of grass and litter to escape. MADE IN TWO SIZES ONLY 24-inch and 28-inch widths. Send for full descriptive matter and prices. THE EVERWEAR MFG. CO., Springfield, O. Our Trees HOW TO KNOW THEM Photographs from Nature By ARTHUR I. EMERSON WITH A GUIDE TO THEIR RECOGNI- TION AT ANY SEASON OF THE YEAR AND NOTES ON THEIR CHARACTER- ISTICS, DISTRIBUTION AND CULTURE By CLARENCE M. WEED, D.Sc. Teacher of Nature Study in the Massachusetts State Normal School at Lowell One hundred and forty illustrations Size of book, 7\2 inches by 10 inches Cloth, $3.00 net Postage extra LL nature-lovers will hail this book with delight. Its purpose is to afford an opportunity for a more intelligent acquaintance with American trees, native and naturalized. The pictures upon the plates have in all cases been photographed direct from nature, and have been brought together in such a way that the non-botanical reader can recognize at a glance either the whole tree or the leaves, flowers, fruits, or winter twigs, and thus be able to identify with ease and certainty any unknown tree to which his attention may be called. In the discussion of the text especial attention has been given to the distinguishing character of the various species, as well as to the more interesting phases of the yearly cycle of each, and the special values of each for ornamental planting. Publishers J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY Philadelphia Comfort Sleeping Pocket With Air Mattress Inside Recommended by the members of Forest Service, Hunters, Cowboys, Campers, Canoeists and Invalids. The lightest, most compact, sanitary Sleeping Pocket made. Nota bag, but an outdoor bed. Cold, Wind, Damp and Water Proof. or sia Refunded. Guaranteed Send for Catalog and price list. Mailed Free METROPOLITAN AIR GOODS CO., Haven Street, Reading, Mass. THE ELITE POCKET EMERGENCY CASE 54/'x4"” Fits weight the 8 oz. Pocket Brother Sportsman, you need it tocomplete your outfit. Black Spanish Leather; contains salve, cold creme, lini- ment, ointment and liquid court plaster in tubes, will not break, spill or leak; bandages, surgeon's plaster, compressed cotton, safety pins, dressing forceps, scissors, first aid booklet, etc. Price, post paid in U. S. A. $3.00 ELITE SPECIALTY CO., Brocton, N. Y. Write for circular. “Triangle Route” Spreading Panoramas and Vistas of Mountain Peaks Tumbling Waterfalls Granite Heights Cascades and River Scenes From EL PORTAL Going YOSEMITE VALLEY Returning TAKE A TRIP TO THE TUOLUMNE BIG TREES GROVE Requires but three hours’ extra time of your itinerary and is a considerable saving of time and money by this economy route. Two Trips in One Saves—Time and Money FROM SAN FRANCISCO or LOS ANGELES A wonderful scenic trip through forest and over mountain, by stream and waterfall, and a delightful auto ride. From EL PORTAL or YOSEMITE VALLEY Seeing the Big Trees at a cost of only $7.50 Additional to Round Trip Railroad Tickets to the Yosemite CURRENT LITERATURE Alberta rangers, J. A. Hutchison, of the Brazeau Forest staff, is also leaving, and it is his intention to join the aviation ser- vice. Forest Assistant Macdonald of the Bow River has also completed his Officer’s Training Course, although up to the pres- ent time he has not yet been assigned to a battalion. Aside from the above changes there has been little change in the personnel arrange- ments at the Alberta branch, with the ex- ception that Mr. R. C. St. Clair, formerly with the C. P. R. Forestry Branch, has been employed by the Branch and is assigned as Forest Assistant on the Crowsnest For- est. Forest Assistant Manning, who, up until this spring, was on the Clearwater Forest, has been transferred to the Alberta office at Calgary and will conduct special lines of work essentially in connection with timber sale and timber permit administration. Fire-fighting Combination A new fire-fighting tool has been invented by a forest ranger in California which con- sists of an interchangeable hoe and rake. It is said to be the best tool of the sort yet devised. Osage Orange for Dyes The use of Osage orange for making dyes promises to be extensive. The Forest Prod- ucts Laboratory is making a census which shows that the supply of the wood is more than ample to meet present needs. Current Literature MONTHLY LIST FOR JULY, 1916 (Books and periodicals indexed in the library of the United States Forest Service. ) Forestry as a Whole New South Wales—Dept. of lands—For- estry branch. Forestry handbook, pt. 1: Forest principles and practice. 87 p. il., pl., diagr. Sydney, 1915. Proceedings and reports of associations, forest officers, etc. Montana, University The forestry kaimin, no. 2. Missoula, Mont., 1916. Sweden—Domianstyrelse. 1913-1914. Stockholm, Virginia—State forester. of—Forestry club. 128 p. il. Forvaltning, ar 1915-1916. Administrative report from Mar. to Dec., 1915. 48 p. il. Charlottesville, 1916. Washington, University of—Forest club. The forest club annual, vol. 4. 71 p. il. Seattle, Wash., 1916. When You “Turn In’ — Dog-tired and ready for a good sleep, you ‘turn in’’—only to find the camp mattress a thing designed for harder bodies than yours. Imagine the different sort of comfort offered by the soft, conforming “‘Perfection”’ Pneumatic Mattress With or Without Sleeping Bag Mattress and Sleeping Bag roll to a small, light bundle, easily carried, and the mattress is quickly inflated for use. It conforms to your frame and takes up all unevenness A of the ground. N\ be) Absolutely impervious to water and per- fectly sanitary—no place for dirt or vermin to lodge. Comfortable in wet, dry, cold or hot countries. Lasts indefinitely. Used by the Federal Government, Steam- ship Lines, Forest Service and well-known sportsmen and explorers. Read what users write about it and see our illustrated Cata- log. Complete information on request— write for it now. PNEUMATIC MFG. COMPANY 552 17th Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. I want tosend a copy of my “Sportsman’s Handbook”’ and catalog to every one who loves the Big Out- doors. It is the most complete Sporting Goods Catalog I have ever written. It not only illus- trates and describes hundreds of arti- cles for the Camper, Fisherman, Hunter and Forester, but tells of my experience { in the ‘‘wilds.” There are pictures of birds and animals, and advice as to pitching a tent, care of firearms, pre- paring skins for the taxidermist, etc. Camping, Fishing, Hunting There are chapters on where to Camp, Fish, and Hunt; what to take, what to wear, and many “Kinks' in wildcraft. I send this book free—mention No. 466 POWHATAN ROBINSON, President New York SpontincGcons Co: 15 and 17 Warren St.,NewYork,U.S.A. Miniature Construction Landscape and Architectural Models Topographical Maps and Paintings for SCHOOLS—COLLEGES—MUSEUMS GOVERNMENT WORK A _ SPECIALTY MORGAN BROS. CO., Inc. Model Makers Room 1650 Grand Central Terminal Phone 7720 Murray Hill NEW YORK CITY AMERICAN FORESTRY Save the Trees and Spare Labor LANT your young trees, rejuvenate aoe your old ones, prevent die back and fight forest fires by blasting. prove that trees planted in blasted ground grow faster, healthier and sturdier. growth. vs Heh Statistics | Old trees increase in The reason is logical, practical and conclusive. Red Cross Farm Powder breaks up the hard subsoil and provides increased nourish- ment and moisture. In the fighting of forest fires it digs trenches in a jiffy and thus serves to quickly limit and confine the area of conflagra- tion. Its use is simple, easy, labor-saving and economical. Get This Big Book Free Learn the many advantages made possible by Red Cross Farm Powder. Every orchardist and forester should be conversant with its use. Write to-day for our big Handbook of Explosives, No. 350 E. I. duPont deNemours Company Wilmington, Delaware Forest Education Arbor day Baltimore—Women’s committee. Baltimore, Md., civic league—Shade Arbor and highway 1915. tree day. 8p. il. Forest schools New York state college of forestry, Syra- cuse university. The New York state college of forestry at Syracuse uni- its establishment, organization and the opportunities open 20 p. Syracuse, N. Y., versity ; and work, to its graduates. 1916. New York state college of forestry, cuse university. University work in forestry. 6 p. il. vy. Y., 1916. Syra- extension Syracuse, Forest Description Hager, P. K. Verbreitung der wildwach- senden holzarten im Vorderrheintal, Kanton Graubtinden. 331 p. pl., maps. Berne, 1916. (Switzerland—Dept. des Innern. Erhebungen iiber die ver- breitung der wildwachsenden holzarten in der Schweiz, Lieferung 3.) United States—Dept. of the interior. For- ests of Crater Lake national park, by Jereebernot) 39 p. il. Wash. D: G, 1916. Forest Botany Maiden, J. H. A critical revision of the genus Eucalyptus, pts. 25-26. pl. Syd- ney, Aust., 1915-1916. Silviculture Planting and nursery practice Association of official seed analysis of North America. Proceedings, 1914. 32 p. New Brunswick, N. J., 1915. Paul, B. H. Reforesting methods and re- sults of forest planting in New York state. 48 p. il. Ithaca, N. Y., 1916. (Cornell university—Agricultural ex- periment station. Bulletin 374.) United States—Dept. of agriculture—For- est service. Tree distribution under the Kinkaid act, 1911. Ist revision. 13 p. il., map. Wash., D. C., 1916. Forest Protection Insects United States—Dept. of agriculture—Fed- eral horticultural board. Quarantine on account of gipsy moth and brown-tail moth. 4p. Wash., D. C., 1916. Diseases Weir, James R. Mistletoe injury to coni- fers in the northwest. 39 p. il, pl. Wash., D. C., 1916. (U. S—Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 360.) Forest Management Guise, C. H. Possibilities of private for- est management in New York state. 54 p. Ithaca, N. Y., 1916. (Cornell university—Agricultural experiment sta- tion. Bulletin 375.) Mattoon, W. R., and Barrows, W. B. Meas- uring and marketing woodlot products. 48 p. il. Wash., D. C., 1916. (U. S— Dept. of agriculture. Farmers’ bul- letin 715.) Saskatchewan—Dept. of agriculture. Farm forestry. 3p. Regina, Canada. Forest Legislation Colorado—State board of agriculture— Dept. of forestry. state of Colorado. 1912. Forestry laws of the 31 p. Fort Collins, Forest Administration Jones, R. C. The aims of the new state forestry department. Charlottes- ville, Va., 1916. (Virginia—State for- Forestry leaflet no. 6.) 17 p. ester. Jones, R. C. The forestry situation in Vir- ginia. 8 p. il. Charlottesville, Va., 1916. (Virginia—State forester. For- estry leaflet no. 9.) Forest Utilization New York state college of forestry, Syra- cuse university. Wood utilization ser- vice. 6p. il. Syracuse, N. Y., 1916. CURRENT LITERATURE “The Most Complete Single Source of Information”’ LOGGING The Principles and General Methods of Operation in the United States By Professor RALPH CLEMENT BRYANT, Yale University In reviewing this book the Forest Quarterly said: ‘‘Altogether, the volume is the most complete single source of information in regard to this specifically American line of business. It is written in clear language, which, as there is necessarily much description, is an important matter.” This book discusses at length the chief facilities and methods for the movement of timber from the stump to the manufacturing plant. Forest Valuation By Professor H. H. CHAPMAN, Yale University Forest School This is the first book in English to treat this subject in an elementary manner. Supplies valuable information on the economic and mathematical principles on which the theory of Forest Finance is based. 283 pages, 6x9, illustrated. Cloth, $2.00 net Mechanical Properties of Wood Including a Discussion of the Factors Affecting the Mechanical Properties and Methods of Timber Testing By Professor SAMUEL J. RECORD, Yale University The subject-matter in this book has been made readily available to everyone inter- ested in wood. 165 pages, 6x9, illustrated. Cloth, $1.75 net 590 pages, 6x 9, illustrated. Cloth, $3.50 net Forest Working Plans By Professor A. B. RECKNAGEL, Cornell University The practising forester will find in this book much valuable information on forest organization. 245 pages, 6x9, illustrated. Cloth, $2.00 net Free Examination—No Cash in Advance. Copies of these books will be sent for free examination, no cash in advance to the members of the American Forestry Association, or members of any other National or State association. A reference will also extend this privilege. JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., 432 Fourth Ave., N.Y.C. Gentlemen - Kindly send me for ten days’ free examination, the books indicated below— Timber Cruising Booklets BILTMORE TIMBER TABLES Including solution of problems in forest finance. SOUTHERN TIMBER TABLES How to estimate Southern Pine, Southern White Cedar, and Southern Appalachian Timber — Spruce pulpwood, Hemlock bark, Chestnut oak bark, Chestnut tannic acid wood. Postpaid, 25 cents each HOWARD R. KRINBILL Forest Engineer Newbern, N. C. Lumber industry Engel, A. von. Oesterreichs holz-industrie und holzhandel. 3. teil. 365 p. il, tables. Wien, W. Frick, 1912. United States—Federal trade commission. Brief in behalf of the National lumber manufacturers’ association; problems of the industry. 143 p. diagr. Chicago, Ill., Nat’l lumber manuf. assn., 1916. United States—Interstate commerce com- mission. Digest of answers to inter- rogatives propounded by the Interstate commerce commission in docket no. - 8131, in the matter of rates on and classification of lumber and lumber products. 357 p. Wash., D. C., 1916. 505 Wood-using industries National association of box manufacturers. Half-tone cuts of pictures taken in vari- ous railroad warehouses and on trans- fer platforms in the United States. 50 p. Chicago, Ill., 1915. National board of fire underwriters. Dwell- ing houses; a code of suggestions for construction and fire protection. 115 p. il: (pla Nae eG: Auxiliary Subjects Industries and resources Bartlett, I. S. Resources of the arid-land states. 12 p. Wash., D. C., 1916. (U.S. —64th congress—Ist session. Senate document no. 391.) Michigan—Public domain Michigan; agricultural, and industrial advantages. maps. Lansing, 1914. Michigan—Public domain commission. Pro- ceedings, vols 1-6, 1909-1910, 1914-1915. Lansing, Mich., 1914-1915. commission. horticultural 184 p. il, Conservation of natural resources New Jersey—Dept. of conservation and de- velopment. Annual report for the year ending Oct. 31, 1915. 7p. pl. Trenton, 1916. National parks United States—Congress—House—Commit- tee on public lands. Yosemite national park protection. 19 p. pl., maps. Wash., D. C., 1914. United States—Dept. of the interior. Na- tional parks portfolio, pts. 1-10. il. Wash., D. C., 1916. Williams, I. A. Some little-known scenic pleasure places in the Cascade range in Oregon. 114 p. ii. Corvallis, Ore., 1916. (Oregon—Bureau of mines and geology. The mineral resources of Oregon, vol. 2, no. 1.) Hydrography California—Reclamation board. Report, 1916. 36 p. maps, tables. Sacramento, 1916. McClatchy, V. S. Flood control and rec- lamation in California. 6 p. map. Sacramento, Star printing office, 1916. New Mexico—State engineer. Surface water supply of New Mexico. 151 p. pl. Albuquerque, N. Mex., 1914. Grazing 3arnes, W. C., and Jardine, J. T. Meat situation in the United States, pt. 2: Live stock production in the eleven far western range states. 100 p. pl, maps. Wash., D. C., 1916. (U. S— Dept. of agriculture. Report no. 110.) Wooton, E. O. Carrying capacity of graz- ing ranges in southern Arizona. 40 p. ipl Washes D aCe LOL One GUE. S— Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 367.) Periodical Articles Miscellaneous periodicals American botanist, Feb., 1916—The tree ferns of Hawaii, by V. MacCaughey, p. 1-9; The birch harvest, by W. M. Bus- well, p. 16-18. Boys’ life, July, 1916—Fighting a fire, by H..'S: Graves, p. 12-13: Breeders’ gazette, June 22, 1916—The im- provement and management of farm pastures, by A. W. Sampson, p. 1287-8. Canadian magazine, May, 1916—Ranging in Nipigon, by A. G. Penny, p. 30-36. Country gentleman, June 10, 1916—Does it pay to plant a forest? by S. J. Record, p. 1188-9. Countryside June, 1916.—A woman's success in forest-seed culti- vation, by B. Griswold, p. 355-6, 387. Good roads, May 6, 1916—Wood_ block pavements, by G. W. Tillson, p. 208. In the open, June, 1916.—Fighting fire in the Maine woods, by W. Hickox, p. 13-16; Tree-planting along roadsides, by G. H. Wirt, p. 27. International institute of agriculture. Monthly bulletin of agricultural intel- ligence and plant diseases, Sept., 1915.— The present state of our knowledge of the physiological significance of the Mycorhize of trees, by D. L. Petri, p. 1138-51. International institute of agriculture. Monthly bulletin of economic and social forest magazine, intelligence, May, 1916—Forest insur- ance in Finland, by E. F. Wrede, p. 53-60. Journal of heredity, July, 1916—Hybrid trees; a review, by W. H. Lamb, p. 311-19. Journal of the American water works asso- ciation, June, 1916—Erosion of water- sheds and its prevention, by B. Brooks, p. 409-14. Journal of the New York botanical gar- den, May, 1916.—The natural vegeta- tion of the Isle of Pines, by N. L. Britton, p. 65-71. Northwestern motorist, June, 1916.—De- veloping roads in national forests, by H. S. Graves, p. 16-17. Phytopathology, June, 1916.—The formation of parenchyma wood following winter injury to the cambium, by A. J. Mix, p. 279-83. Plant world, June, the Hawaiian Islands, by V. Caughey, p. 162-6. Proceedings of the American society of civil engineers, May, 1916.—The prop- erties of balsa wood, by R. C. Car- penter, p. 649-79. Quarterly review, Apr., 1916—Forests of Finland and European timber supplies, by E. P. Stebbing, p. 349-67. Reclamation record, July, 1916—The na- tional forests as recreation grounds for farmers, p. 319-20. Scientific American, June 3, 1916.—Our pres- ent and future sources of vegetable tan- nins, by S. J. Record, p. 580-1, 603-4. 1916—The forests of Mac- AMERICAN FORESTRY SSS BS SS or BOOKS ON FORESTRY AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the benefit of those who wish books on forestry, a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American Forestry meee. Waste D.C. Prices are by mail or express prepaid.* AMERICAN BOYS’ BOOK OF BUGS, BUTTERFLIES AND BEETLES....... $2. FOREST VALUATION—Filibert Roth................ FOREST REGULATION—Filibert Roth........... PRACTICAL TREE REPAIR—By Elbert Peets................. THE LUMBER INDUSTRY—By R. S. Kellogg............ LUMBER MANUFACTURING ACC( JUNTS— aay Arthur F. Jones.... BORD SRaAVAWUARION By H. H. Chapman. «2. paje=cietereiasre alter eee eee CHINESE FOREST TREES AND TIMBER SUPPLY—By Norman Shaw....... TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS—By John Kirkeg BEC oan Seeks Hoe cece rae coro Se oamoas onriaone owe 14 3 TREES AND SHRUBS—By Charles Sprague Sargent—Vols. I and II, 4 Parts toa Volume—per Part. . FAGOTS OF CEDAR (Poems: and | allads)—ByslivantSwittes a. seme eeeeieee THE WOODS—Douglas Malloch RESAWED FABLES—Douglas Malloch. ...2,)528ey ae one eee oe LAE VRRATINING OF AV FORESTER—Gifford Pinchot ...5.5..5..0...:.0.- eens UNBERSAN DS LRSsUSHS—R. S. Kelloga.:) 02 wa ee eee THE CARE OF TREES IN LAWN, STREET AND PARK—B. E. Fernow...... NORTMPAMERICANWDREES—N. L. Britton... ..t:ya.seeesdeseme eee Kea Veet O MU RE S—Collins and Preston. se eee eee ee THE FARM WOODLOT—E. G. Cheyney and J. P. Wentling............/.....2- AMBRICAN FOREST TREES—Henry H. Gibson... 2.00.0 ee ee ee IDENTIFICATION OF THE ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— Sealers) IG NCCenGl shoo oom o onde 6 sonahioebioode soicooomacnd ds: RUNNER SURVENOING—yohn C. Tracy, 2... see ee mien nescence BORD Sia Via NSURATION—Henry Solon’ Graves. snr. se ae seems sleesyeienvee sees SEASIDE PLANTING OF TREES AND SHRUBS— ANU ETANRSBRSE) BS Crepe, BOUNZET....2.5% oracle oes Ae ee ee eee MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA (exclusive of Mexico)—Charles SDI S ye = dis co 1c iP reste cis aaoodGoupomocobobesetouncboo eso. AVR RICAN WOODS—Romeyn B! Hough... ene eee ee sane eee HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF THE NORTHERN U.S OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS—Romeyn B. Hough. ...............2000--0-- GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE TREES—J. Horace McFarland.........- PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF WOOD: THEIR CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES— (Clarins inkcuin7 Sion 10 pene ince codchanoosaddnosacecdno ses NORTH AMERICAN FORESTS AND FORESTRY—E. R. Bruncken............ HANDBOOK OF TIMBER PRESERVATION—Samuel M. Rowe..........------ TREES OF NEW ENGLAND—L. L. Dame and Henry Brooks.... TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES— ie B. Parkhurst Me weiss aes LOGGING—Ralp h C. Baan viene oa sulle shatellets go loreeyes Isle iepelle SAECO ISR Re eo THE IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF THE UNITED STATES—S. B. Elliott FORESTRY IN NEW ENGLAND—Ralph C. Hawley and Austin F. Hawes......- THE PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING WOODLANDS—Henry Solon Graves....... SHADE TREES IN TOWNS AND CITIES—William Solotaroft DEN PG UNDE —Byeiulia Ellen Rogers: 202. ieee alleen anes ee ene FOREST PHYSIOGRAPHY—By Isaiah Bowman MANUAL FOR NORTHERN WOODSMEN— ARVO ES pRwvealmed Akerman...) Sua sues icil sala wen aie tee THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS (in forest organization)— A. B. Recknagel........ rte ELEMENTS OF FORESTRY—F. F. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STUDIES OF TREES—J. J. Levison Rib Pee RUIN TN G—aAsMesiCars..........0. 0. Munn ee enna THE PRESERVATION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER—Howard F. Weiss THE PRACTICAL LUMBERMAN~—By Bernard Brereton (third edition) SEEDING AND PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY— Toumey, M.S., M.A.. MoonandiNS@: Browne) ay sence eae WOOD—Samuel J. Record................... By James W. -50 * This, of course, is not a complete list, but we shall be glad to add to it any books on forestry or related subjects upon request. —EDpriTor. ——_—S SSS 10) ATTENTION FORESTERS AMERICAN FORESTRY will print, free of charge in this column, advertisements of foresters wanting positions, or of persons having employment to offer foresters WANTED—Work during the summer by a young man starting to study forestry. Would accept place of any kind where practical experience could be ob- tained. Free June 15. Best of references. Address W. W. J., care of American Forestry, Washington, D. C. POSITION—Young man (33), single, seven and a- half years’ technical training. Will consider position as City Forester, Park Superintendent, Superintendent of Private Estate or Consulting Landscape Architect for railroad. Education consists of pose gradual work in prominent middle-western school of forestry, supplemented by several years post-graduate work in recognized school of landscape design in the East. Experienced in public and private forestry, including work in the Forest Service, the various phases of municipal forestry such as extension work, and tree surgery ; and also the designing of parks, playgrounds, and private estates. References given and required, Address XYZ, care of AMERICAN ForRESTRY. RANGER desires position. Graduate of the New York State Ranger School at Wanakena, N. Y., age 20 years, weight 160 pounds, habits good, very ambi- tious. Please address Box 28, care of AMBRICAN Forestry. WANTED—A technical and practical forester and woodsman would like a position with lumber com- pany as timber cruiser, surveyor or woods foreman. Best of references. Address Box 33, care of AMERICAN Forestry, Washington, D. C. PRACTICAL WOODSMAN AND FOREST EN- GINEER with thorough experience this country and Europe will take charge of forested estate or game preserve. An expert in managing and improving woodlands, and can show results. Highest references as to character, training, and ability. Address Woods Superintendent, Care AMERICAN ForestRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C. YOUNG man (28), single, technical education, five years’ general engineering experience, as instrument man and computer, on surveys, and as inspector and superintendent on construction. Also field and_ office experience with U. S. Forest Service. Capable of tak- ing charge of party; desires position with forester or lumber firm. Address Box 32, care of AMERICAN Forestry, Washington, D. C. FORESTER with three years’ practical training and ten years’ experience (willing to work with his hands as well as with his brain) desires position as forester on private estate. Thoroughly acquainted by practical experience with the planting and care of trees, wild flowers, and shrubs. References furnished on request. Address Box 35, care of AMERICAN Forestry. 8-11 WANTED—Secretary. Capable and experienced stenographer (married), possessing agricultural col- lege education to act as secretary to executive of large horticultural enterprise. Only those possessing these qualifications need apply. State full particulars and salary desired in first letter. Address Box 20, eare of AmMpricAN Forestry, Washington, D. C. CARETAKERS, FIREWATCH AND GENERAL Help to Forester or Owner. Man and son (adult). Reliable Americans, strict to duty. A-1 references. Good home rather than high pay wanted. New York or East. Address L. H. Robertson, 323 Sussex Avenue, Newark, N. J. 8-10 Scientific American supplement, Apr. 15, 1916—The paper textile industry, p. 247. Scientific American supplement, May 6, 1916. —Teaching scientific forestry, by H. P. Baker, p. 296-7. Scientific American supplement, May 13, 1916.—The sun temple in Mesa Verde park, by C. H. Butman, p. 312-13. Torreya, June, 1916.—Is forestry a science? by R. M. Harper, p. 136-9. U. S—Dept. of agriculture. Weekly news letter, June 28, 1916—Grazing the woodlot, p. 2. CURRENT LITERATURE West Indian bulletin, 1915—Bay oil and the cultivation of the bay tree as a crop plant, by W. Robson, p. 176-97. Yale review, July, 1916—The industrial future of Italy, by R. Zon, p. 702-13. Trade journals and consular reports American lumberman, June 24, 1916.— Proper methods for laying oak floor- ing, by W. L. Claffey, p. 29; Philippine mahogany logging, by L. Thomas, p. 68. American lumberman, July 1, 1916.—Se- lected structural Douglas fir specifica- tions for bridge and trestle timbers, by the American society for testing ma- terials, p. 49. American lumberman, July 8, 1916.—Spun paper and some of its uses, by R. Thelen, p. 32-3; Seek briar wood sub- stitute, p. 46. Canada lumberman, June 15, 1916—The preservative treatment of timber, by W. G. Mitchell, p. 34-7; Lumbermen join to stop forest fires, by H. Sorgius, p. 40-1. Canada lumberman, July 1, 1916.—Market for Canadian timber in India, by H. R. MacMillan, p. 44-6. Engineering and contracting, May 10, 1916. —Tests of Douglas fir bridge stringers to determine effect of creosote treat- ment on physical properties, by H. B. MacFarland, p. 427-30. Engineering news, Apr. 20, 1916.—New tie- treating plant on the Northwestern rail- way, by L. J. Putnam, p. 729-33; Resin in yellow pine for decay resistance, by F. J. Hoxie and H. von Schrenk, p. 765-6. Engineering news, Apr. 27, 1916.—Spruce piles cannot stand compacted gravel, by C. T. Main and H. E. Sawtell, p. 788-9. Engineering news, June 8, 1916.—Strength of Burnettized timber to be studied, by J. M. Barker, p. 1084-5. Hardwood record, June 10, 1916—The hard- woods of Texas, p. 16-17. Hardwood record, June 25, 1916.—Japan- ese oak, p. 17; Mangrove tanning ma- terial, p. 28; Furniture with bark on, DAoo: Hardwood record, July 10, 1916—Hard- woods of Dutch Guiana, by J. B. Perci- val, p. 16-17; The wheeled vehicle in story, p. 19. Journal of industrial and engineering chem- istry, July, 1916.—The effects of moist- ure introduced into the digester in the cooking of soda pulp, by S. D. Wells, p. 601-2. Lumber world review, June 25, 1916.—Tests with fire-retardant compounds on wood, by H. von Schrenk and A. von Schrenk, p. 19-24; Relative values and costs of lumber, by E. A. Talbot, p. 24-6. Mississippi Valley lumberman, June 30, 1916—Woced substitutes, by H. S. Sackett, p. 37. Municipal engineering, May, 1916.—Wood blocks for street paving, p. 183-4. 507 TIMBER FOR SALE FOR SALE—200,000,000 FEET OF ORIGINAL GROWTH YELLOW PINE TIMBER on the West Coast of Florida, south of Tampa, acces- sible to deep water and railroad facilities. An unusual opportunity. Apply SOUTHERN INVESTMENT COMPANY, Box 502, Richmond, Va. 6-12 SOME FINE HARDWOOD TRACTS We have others. Let us know your wants. Acres Location Million Ft. Price 20,000 North Carolina....... 100 $200,000 UO Wohfytay Sasa ogaacnce 78 280,000 5,000 West Virginia........ 13 50,000 22,500 Mississippi .........- 126 630,000 6,800 North Carolina....... 64 160,000 4,700 West Virginia........ 60 211,500 22,000 Kentucky ........... 150 550,000 40,000 North Carol 263 480,000 4,600 Tennessee ... 30 46,000 REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT COMPANY 816 Connecticut Avenue, Washington, D. C. 6-9 FOR CALIFORNIA TIMBER Write F. A. BAIRD, Redding, Cal. 6-10 TIMBER LANDS FOR SALE, situated on west side of Green Mountains, in Chittenden County, three thousand acres timber land, Hardwood and Spruce. Two steam mills, one equipped for manufacturing lumber, clapboards and keg staves. Can be seen run- ning. Other mill with boiler and engine and line shafting. For particulars address Greorar BarrLerr & Company, Huntington Center, Vt. —8 BAND MILL PLANT WITH 50,000,000 FEET Pine Timber in Eastern North Carolina; rail and water shipments. Address Banp Miuu, Box 167, Burgaw, NaC: 8—9. CYPRESS TIMBER FOR SALE, 1,500,000 feet vir- gin cypress, half mile from Cotton Belt Railroad. Union Trust Company, Little Rock, Ark. 8—9 _LOWESP-PRICES PQUIEKL SERVICE oy 4 AEST QUALITY Submit your Engraving propositions to us for ypsugsestions and prices if you want to SAVE <> TIME and MONEY ) ee TIONAL ENG. ©. Inc DESIGNERS-ENGRAVERS 506 l4rm. STREET NW , WRSTE CALL 7) ZO) a) D) HO) HM) a) A) “) 7 ZG CH a Ceez 508 Paper, June 14, 1916.—Pulpwoods and wood wastes used in 1914, by H. E. Surface, Da kd=13: Paper, July 5, 1916.—Soda pulp from aspen wood, by S. D. Wells, p. 13-15. Philippine trade review, May, 1916—For- estry notes from the, Netherlands Indies, by C. Kollman, p. 8. Pioneer western lumberman, June 15, 1916. —Utilizing cut-over land, by E. T. Allen, p. 17-19. Pioneer western lumberman, July 1, 1916.— Vacation opportunities of the Plumas national forest, p. 7-8. Pulp and paper magazine, May 15, 1916.— The manufacturer of paper pulp from straw, p. 225-6. St. Louis lumberman, June 15, 1916.— Demonstrating new uses for wood, by H. F. Weiss, p. 17. St. Louis lumberman, July 1, 1916—The yellow pine shingle, by J. H. Eddy, p. 54-5; The merits of wood and its limi- tations, methods for preventing same, by H. von Schrenk, p. 59-60; The util- ization of southern pine mill and woods waste, by H. F. Weiss, p. 61-2. Southern lumberman, June 24, 1916—Ad- dress before the conference of ex- porters held at New Orleans, by R. E. Simmons, p. 29-31. Timber trades journal, Apr. 29, 1916.—Af- forestation in Scotland, p. 865. Timber trades journal, June 24, 1916.— New uses for home grown timber, p. 1151. Timberman, June, 1916—The forest re- sources of Serbia, by H. H. Dietrich, p. 33-4; Timber trade of South Africa, by H. R. MacMillan, 34-9; A new fire finding map, p. 45-6; Value of forest school education, by C. P. Cronk, p. 47-8. U. S. daily consular report, June 14, 1916— The war and the Russian lumber in- dustry, p. 1013. U. S. daily consular report, June 20, 1916.— Shortage of building timber in the Netherlands, by F. W. Mahin, p. 1082. AMERICAN FORESTRY Relative Values Send or our booklet “Home Landscape” q A beautiful house on a bare plot loses caste. It lacks a natural setting. @ Nature requires time to remedy it. q By setting out grown trees and shrubs you can SAVE TEN YEARS and enjoy a well-shaded harmonious home at once. ISAAC HICKS & SON WESTBURY Nassau County New York Forestry Seeds For many years I have been in com- plete charge of the Seed business of THOMAS MEEHAN & Sons, and as they are discontinuing the business, I am taking it over and I will conduct it in the future in my own behalf. I will offer a most complete list of seeds for forestry purposes. My catalogue contains a full list of varieties as well as much valuable information relating to seeds and plant- ing. It will interest you. Send fora copy. THOMAS J. LANE Tree Seedsman DRESHER, PA., U. S. A. U. S. daily consular report, June 22, 1916. Census of wood-distillation industry, p. 1109. U. S. daily consular report, July 6, 1916.— Market for staves in France, by A. M. Thackara, p. 54; Market for lumber in Cuba, p. 55. U.S. daily consular report, July 12, 1916— Lightning danger of trees, by T. J. Albert, p. 143. West Coast lumberman, June 15, 1916.— Superiority of mill type wharves, by P. P. Whitham, p. 24-25, 27. West Coast lumberman, July 1, 1916.— Wood construction best type for in- dustrial and warehouse buildings, by P, P. Whitham, p. 26. Forest journals Canadian journal, June, 1916.— Ravages of insects in Canadian forests, by J. M. Swaine, p. 526-6; A day in a Dutch forest, by H. R. MacMillan, p. forestry “THE BEST MADE” Aor “Con HIGH GRADE PRINTING PAPERS Ditt & Coins Co., Papermakers PHILADELPHIA Correspondence Solicited 573-6; China’s policy for forest wreck- ing, p. 579-80; Newfoundland’s tragic timber losses, p. 581-2. Revue des eaux et foréts, Mar. 1, 1916.— Exploitations forestiéres pour les be- soins de l’armée, p. 74-5. Revue des eaux et foréts, Apr. 1, 1916.— HILL’S Seedlings and Transplants Also Tree Seeds FOR REFORESTING EST for overa half century. All leading hardy sorts, grown in immense quantities. Prices lowest. Quality highest. Forest Planter’s Guide, also price lists are free. Write to-day and mention this magazine. THE D. HILL NURSERY CO. Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in America BOX 501 DUNDEE, ILL. Nursery Stock for Forest Planting TREE SEEDS Transplants } Write for prices on $0.00 per 1000 large quantities per 1000 THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY CO. CHESHIRE, CONN. We are specialists in Orchids, Orchid: rc S we collect, import, grow, sell |} and export this class of plants exclusively. Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of Orchids may be had on application. _ Also special list of freshly imported unestablished Orchids. LAGER & HURRELL | Seedlings $2.25 Orchid Growers and importers PHILIP T. COOLIDGE FORESTER Stetson Bldg., 31 Central Street, Bangor, Me. Management and Protection of Woodlands Improvement Cuttings, Planting, Timber Estimates and Maps. Surveying SUMMIT, N. J. | | CURRENT LITERATURE No need to add or subtract a minute or so to or from the time a Hamilton tells. The Hamilton is depend- accurate. It tells true time all the time. Ask any reputable jeweler about Hamilton Accuracy and he will unqualifiedly recommend it. Hamilton Watches are made in many models at $17.00, $25.00, $28.00, $40.00, $50.00, $80.00, and so on up to $150.00, which your jeweler can show you in cased watches and in movements alone, to fit your present watch case, $12.25 ($13.00 in Canada) and up. Write for Hamilton Watch Book, “The Timekeeper.” ae Rh, mers 7 Robe eae oat It pictures and describes the various Hamilton models for men and women, and tells facts worth knowing about watches. HAMILTON WATCH COMPANY Dept. 39 Lancaster, Pennsylvania PARK and ESTATE FORESTRY is Demanded Logging Reports Utilization Studies by Modern Business Timber Estimates Forest Planting Methods Bte Methods and Cost of Mosquito Forest Engineerin Dradioation is expert service oe ee Je Te B | nd 4B R I C K of scientific and economic engineering Forester and Mosquito Expert knowledge and experience to forests P. O. Box 607 New Haven, Conn. and their products. It is essential to modern timberland ownership and operation, and equally important to TIMBER ESTIMATES the distributor and consumer of wood. FinePro 1ONPLANS Phe F a a 4 Maps.LoccincRePorts ca vice an Peictical Sereice EMPIRESTATEFORESTERS A se : ; ; 156 Fiern Ave. New YornCity in acquiring, estimating and mapping timber; in making valuations; in Management; in selling either stump- age or manufactured product; in selecting grades or kinds to meet your service requirements; and in preserva- T H E F O R E S T tive treatment to prevent decay. IS THREE-FOURTHS OF S. B. DETWILER FORESTRY Expert Service FOREST ENGINEER Your opportunities are as unlimited as COMMERCIAL TRUST BUILDING our forests if you study at PHILADELPHIA, PA. WYMAN’S SCHOOL OF THE WOODS Incorporated Munising, Michigan 509 Aménagement des foréts d’Alsace, p. 97-101; Emploi du pin noir dans la restauration des foréts dévastées par les faits de guerre, by A. Jolyet, p. 102-9; Les foréts de France et la guerre, by C. de Lesseux, p. 110-15. Revue des eaux et foréts, May 1, 1916.— Lépicéa d’Orient, by A. Jolyet, p. 129-37. Skogen, May, 1916—Om landets vedbehov (Concerning the country’s need of wood), by J. Beck-Friis, p. 141-2; Vi och naturen (Nature and we), by E Backlin, p. 142-52; Margborrfaran for vara tallskogar (The danger of the bark beetle to our pine forests), by A. Sylvén, p. 153-61; Nagra ordi i mar- buskfragan (A few words regarding the question of advance growth), by F. Lindberg, p. 162-3; Nyare arbeten Over den stora snytbaggen och dess_be- kampande (Recent investigations re- garding the large snout beetle and its control), by I. Tragardh, p. 164-76; Arvidsjaursklaven (The Arvidsjaur calipers), by F. Lindberg, p. 177-8. Skogen, June, 1916.—I. branslefragan (The fuel question), by E. Andersson, p. 181-3; Meddelanden fran svenska skogsvardsféreningen (Contributions from the Swedish forestry associa- tion), p. 184-96. Skogsvardsforeningens tidskrift, May, 1916. Skogsvard och skogsforvaltning (For- est protection and forest administra- tion), by C. G. Barthelson and others, p. 447-83; Jattebarkborren (The giant bark borer, Dendroctonus micans), by I. Tragardh, p. 484-6; Om svenska Juniperus-jatter (Some giant speci- mens of Juniperus in Sweden), by K. V. O. Dahlgren, p. 487-98. Tidsskrift for skogbruk, June, 1916—Bem- erkninger om endel fremmede traeslag (Remarks concerning some foreign tree species), by Hodal, p. 258-66; Nogen ord i anledning av skogforvalter Ag- nar Barths artikel “‘ Norges skoger med stormskridt mot undergangen” (A few words regarding A. Barth’s article on “Norway forests are hastening to de- struction”), by H. E. Berner, p. 266- 72; Det norske skogselskaps reprae- sentant-og aarsmote (The Norwegian forestry association’s committee meet- ing and annual meeting), p. 272-4; Tommerkubering efter laengde og top- maal (Determining the volume of timber in accordance with length and top diameter), by E. Archer, p. 274-82; Litt om feillaerens anvendelse iskog- bruket (A little concerning the use of false teachings in forestry), p. 283-7. Yale forest school news, July 1, 1916— Forestry propaganda in China, by D. Y. Lin, p. 31-2; Forestry in Hawaii, by S. Judd, p. 32-3; Developing a world market for timber, by H. R. MacMillan, p. 34; Forestry in Quebec, by G. C. Piché, p. 34-5. 510 AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS OS SS) kk_—_— SH) ! BUILD or YELLOW PINE | BECAUSE IT'S | Economical Beautiful Workable Plentiful © Most Easily Obtainable Resilient Sound Deadener Durable Non-Conductor of Temperature For Information about Branded Structural, rot resisting, special Long Leaf, Factory and Building Timbers and Joists; about Soft Short Leaf Finish and other building fl | (a) ll and finishing sizes Write | | [o) MISSOURI LUMBER AND LAND ——EXCHANGE COMPAN Y= 1111 Long Building :-: Kansas City, Missouri OUR OVWAIN Wot Se PRODI GE275..000,000 FEET AlNINIOIATIIEsY. IBS _ SLEEP — aE CO—=€!*!:AIRBE=SE HaleaE]_|h SE SSS_ltessS] AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS 511 S[e=or=S|elle—sor Ie] “TIM-BER”’ SAYS: . ae ” = THE SON OF TED HE KNOWS Copyright 1916 Nat. Lbr. Mfr.’s Ass'n. “THIS TALK about timber being too high priced to build with is all moonshine. Here’s the Government [o} : report upon the average F.O. B. mill values per M feet of the principal kinds of lumber produced in 1906 and 1915: Average Values per M Average Values per M 1915 1906 1915 1906 Yellow pine. . . . $12.50 — $15.02 Oak. . 6a) & S$ 1O.00 FR SS271-76 Douglas fir... . 3-10.50 EEO Maple. . . . . ~F5.00>—15:53 Yellow poplar .. .. .. (22°50 —_zace ReEdeGuiiey eee 12.50— 13.46 Chestnut «© « . .. 16:00 927.40 [9] SOFTWOODS HARDWOODS White pine. . . . 18.00 — £6.32 Hemlock 2°. . . 13.00 — 15.31 Western pine . . . 14.50— I4.01 P Ke - IBInChe aie ap) es, aed 16.50 — 17.24 Beech «-: «: « « qed euracos spruce. - - - - 16.50 =| (7.33 Basswood . . . . 19.00— 18.66 Cypress . . . . . 20.00 — 21.94 Hickory. .%. (. 23350 ere 2 Redwood... . 13.50 — 16.64 BilaaTe (vey occ a) Wee 17.00 — 18.08 Gedaes 0: f. >... $15.50 ero Ash... 2. 1 |. S22 bteo eee Larch... . .- 11.00 I1.91 Cottonwood .. . 17.50 — 17.15 White fir .9. 6 . Ir.00\—“ Seo Tupelo. . . . «8 I2.00°— es 14e13 ‘‘Compare these figures with the advances in the prices of food, clothing, and other materials during the last 10 years that your own pocket book has made you personally aware of, and then tell us honestly if there’s anything to this talk about faa high price of lumber.” WHATEVER may be your Be btem’ in the use of wood, we are pre- pared to help you. ASK US. The National Lumber Manufacturers Association CHICAGO, ILLINOIS Subscribing Associations are: California Redwood, California White and Sugar Pine, Georgia-Florida Sawmill, Hardwood Manufacturers of the United States, Michigan Hardwood Manufacturers, North Carolina Pine, Northern Hemlock and Hardwood Manufacturers, Northern Pine Manufacturers, Southern Cypress Manu- facturers, Southern Pine, West Coast Lumbermens, Western Pine Manufacturers. SERVICE DEPARTMENTS The Trade Extension Department of the National Lumber Manufacturers Association offers a unique free service to Architects, Engineers, Retailers and Builders. The Blue Book of the National Lumber Manufacturers Association gives prompt and reliable credit rating and collection service. The Inter-Insurance Exchange of the National Lumber Manufacturers Association furnishes sound indemnity for losses by fire in saw-mills, planing mills and lumber yards. Next month “TIM-BER” will tell “Why Wood is Best” (INtee- surance | SS Se SO Se Se SSeS i OSU ind 3 [P99909999.9999.999890959994999899999994999999999999 299999 9999599999 999999999995999999399999 99 99999993999999909999900000 2°999999999999209909989998999999999999999999999999999999 999999992992 99999999999999IIIIIIIIIIIDISIIIIIDIPIDIII9IIIIID IID oo In the National Forest Region Colorado School of Forestry A DEPARTMENT OF COLORADO COLLEGE HE course in theoretical and applied forestry lead- ing to the degree of Forest Engineer covers a period of two years and is open to students who have completed two years of college work, including a sufficient amount of Botany, Geology and Surveying. Graduate students may enter as candidates for the de- gree of Master of Forestry. Fall and Spring Terms in the Manitou Forest, the College Re- serve, 6000 acres of pine and spruce timberland on the borders of the Pike National Forest. Winter Term at Colorado Springs. For particulars address Colorado School of Forestry Colorado Springs, Colo. (000000000000 0000990099909990089099990990000902999 92990882988 09 2929290998 229999 29 9SSSSEISIIIOIIIFOIFOISIIIIIGS0C0C9 903 AL OO LOE EEE LOL OOO LOC OC COOCOEL CLO OOOO OOCO COLL OOO OD 19:99 92929299999999999998999OOEOOFI S99 9999IS 9 POOP POET Georgia State Forest School UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Four-year professional course in ; theoretical and applied forestry leading to the degree: Bachelor of Science in Forestry. Combination courses in Arts and ; Sciences giving two degrees in i five years. Wide range of specialization offered. i Preparation for Government } and State Forestry, City For $ estry, Commercial Forestry, Logging and Milling, Research. e * i : j : 3 Provision for four months in Forest Camp and for four months in specialization. One-year vocational course in For- estry and Agriculture. Eight-weeks’ Ranger School in Forest Camp. For announcement address FOREST SCHOOL Georgia State College of Agriculture GEORGIA COCOOEELOE EES ATHENS OOCLOOOOOOOCELOLOCOOOEELOEEE: OLCOOLEELEOOOLLH OC OOOOH OCHO OSLO OOOO The New York State College of Forestry at 2 Syracuse University Syracuse, N. Y. Under-graduate courses leading to degree of Bachelor of Science. Special opportunities for post- graduate work leading to degrees of Master of Forestry and Dector of Economics. One- year Ranger Course on the College Forest of 1,800 acres at Wanakena in the Adirondacks. State Forest Camp, which is a month of directed recreation, open to any man over sixteen, held each August on Cranberry Lake. The State Forest Experi- ment Station of 90 acres and an excellent Forest Library offer unusual opportunities for re- search work. For particulars address THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY Syracuse, N. Y. Co 0000c000s005e5eessess ees eeeeeeeses ese Sess FPSO SSSSO OSS SESS SSOSSSSSSSISSOSSSSSSSSIFOSOS SSOP IIO DOPOD IFOPISOSSSIIIOD (PeeeeecccccceeeseoeeseCeC SSOP SOGOU SOOO OSES OOS OCU SSOSSOSESSSSES ES ESOS ES OSOS OL OOOO OSES SO OE POEL OO OPEL OOOO ESOP OL OO SOSSOOOE eeeecceeorveecsesceeces. ec ececessooocecoooos i Yale University | Forest School 00002 000200500000926 999000092229 00 0922202999 9O® NEW HAVEN, CONN., U.S. A. 0200 9990.9900002090009990992922200929 209999092998 ALE University Forest School is a graduate department of Yale University. It is the oldest exist- ing forest schoolin the United States and exceeds any otherin the number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the degree of Master of Forestry is offered to graduates of universities, colleges and scientific institutions of high standing and, under exceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training, including certain prescribed subjects. Men who are not candi- dates for the degree may enter the School as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course, by submitting evidence that will warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and ad- vanced work in Dendrology, Silvicul- ture, Forest Management, Forest Technology, and Lumbering. The regular two-year course begins the first week in July at the School camp near Milford, Pennsylvania. For further tnformation address JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director NEW HAVEN CONNECTICUT Gecccececcccescccccccecclelc eel ClO Cee ee COSSOS SOC SSSSSOSS OS SESECS EDEL OSES ESOS OSES OO SO OOOOSEL SOLOS PESO OS OED $00000300900000009600060 0980 0SSSSSSS SESS SEOSESOSESSSOS SS PPO OPPO ESSD LILO LL LL II LI PIPPI IDI IPIDIIID IFIP IG IPP IDO GSL IIIS RiseecoecccecerceesentcseCeceteeeeooociseococccesoce AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS 3 3 i 3 3 ; i 3 3 i i $ | DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY The Pennsylvania State College SECS OOOS OOOO ELEEOOEEOCEEEOECOEC COOL OCOECCOOSS 0©S0 OOOO OOOO 006-6 0099 0000 290920290000 PROFESSIONAL course in Forestry, covering four years of college work, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Forestry. Thorough and practical training for Government, State, Municipal and private forestry. Four months are spent in camp in the woods in forest work. Graduates who wish to specialize along particular lines are admitted to the “graduate forest schools” as candidates for the degree of Master of Forestry on the success- ful completion of one year’s work. Secnccavecececascacsencseuceceseancccocedecs For further information address Department of Forestry Pennsylvania State College State College, Pa. Cieeeesecccccsccescseseses eel o000seceeeee eC Cee OP e202 2PSESSS OSES ESSS PESOES ES BOLE EEOE SESE DEDEDE OEE EE ISSOOL OS IIIDOOOS Be0000000000060000000000000606000 090006000000 0000 0990 000099809009 99900900 Peeeccceccesrocococececceccecesceesceesoeoeeseooeece. bP) PPPOSS SSCS CSII99IISSIII999SS IOS II SSDI FIFISP PISO SOSOEY HARVARD UNIVERSITY PO 00902092290000999900900900 2000922000000 098 DEPT. OF FORESTRY BUSSEY INSTITUTION 090000002020 000900000090000000200000 00008800 ate training leading to the degree of Master of Forestry in the following fields:—Silvicul- ture and Management, Wood Technology, Forest Entomol- ogy, Dendrology, and (in co- operation with the Graduate School of Business Adminis- tration) the Lumber Business FFERS specialized gradu- | i i For further particulars address RICHARD T. FISHER Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts (292900990990990990900008000800299%99989299999 8 99SSSS ISSO IISSSIISSSLISIGLSI IOI I IOSD SIDS SDSL OL ISID IDI IGIGISII DOP LOLI GD coco OCLC COOH OC EOOC OO CEOS: Gevcecococecoccce: The cAmerican Forestry ¢Association Washington, D. C. President CHARLES LATHROP PACK, Lakewood, N. J. Vice-Presidents JOSHUA L. BAILY, Pennsylvania HON. BENE pe enon ee JOHN ie Se 7 Secretary 0} griculture airman onservation epartment ANDREW CARNEGIE, New York HON. FRANKLIN K.LANE General Federation of Women's Clubs ae He gah Cera Secretary of the Interior BON wee 5 ee He Cae een re y i = = = : - dent ited State: N. F. VER,S x-President Unite S DR, CHARLES W. ELIOT, Massachusetts SIS ROSELGHCSs JOSEPH N“TEADROreon President Emeritus Harvard University HON. THOMAS NELSON PAGE Chairman Oregon Conservation Commission DR. B. E. FERNOW, Canada. A mt dor to Italy THEODORE N. VAIL ' Dean of Forestry, University of Toronto EROS OR Pommeiilynctin President A. T. & T. Co., New York HENRY S. GRAVES, District of Columbia FILIBERT ROTH, Michigan HEACN Gs IRGHRUNI WARIBNS|, Wiese tetoncehis > z i n ae United States Senator Chief of the Forest Service Dean of Forestry, University of Michigan DR.ROBERT S.WOODWARD, Washington, D.C. EVERITT G. GRIGGS, Washington DR. J. T. ROTHROCK, Pennsylvania President Carnegie Institution Treasurer JOHN E. JENKS, Editor, Army and Navy Register, Washington, D.C. Executive Secretary PERCIVAL S. RIDSDALE, 1410 H Street, N. W., Washington, D.C. Directors E.T. ALLEN, Oregon HERMAN H. CHAPMAN, Connecticut CHARLES LATHROP PACK, New Jersey Forester, Western For. and Conservation Asso. Professor of Forestry, Yale Forest School Pres. Fifth National Conservation Congress JOHN S. AMES, Massachusetts DR. HENRY S. DRINKER, Pennsylvania CHARLES F. QUINCY, New York , President, Lehigh University HON. ROBERT P. BASS, New Hampshire : J. E. RHODES, Illinois _ C1 Ge Ex-Governor of New Hampshire ALR Jersey Secretary, Southern Pine Association WM. B.GREELEY, District of Columbia JOHN E. JENKS, District of Columbia ERNEST A. STERLING, Illinois Assistant U.S. Forester Editor, Army and Navy Register Forest and Timber Engineer W.R. BROWN, New Hampshire CHESTER W. LYMAN, New York J.B. WHITE, Missouri d Pres. New Hamp. Forestry Commission International Paper Company Ex-President, National Conservation Congress It Will Support These Policies Declaration of Principles and Policy~ Seti Sat ee of Ohe American Forestry~ Association the State, especially snforen repro State Activity by acquirement of forest lands; organization for fire protection; S A F ; Y encouragement of forest planting by IT IS A VOLUNTARY organization for the inculcation and spread of a forest policy on communal and private owners, non- . . are : a a scale adequate for our economic needs, and any person is eligible for membership. Epa get se oan oe peer priations for these purposes. 5 3 . by Federal, Stat IT IS INDEPENDENT, has no official connection with any Federal or State depart- wore ue Preteen pe ecioay ae ment or policy, and is devoted to a public service conducive to national prosperity. encouragement and extension, indi- , vidually and by cooperation; without adequate fire protection all other IT ASSERTS THAT forestry means the propagation and care of forests for the pro- wall fail. sor Ores UscroLgDTOGucHOr duction of timber as a crop; protection of watersheds; utilization of non-agricul- Forest Planting Da oa and State . Pi - governments and long-lived corpora- tural soil; use of forests for public recreation. tions and acquirement of waste lands for this purpose; and also planting by private owners, where profitable, and IT DECLARES THAT FORESTRY is of immense importance to the people; that the encouragement of natural regenera- “37° tion. census of 1913 shows our forests annually supply over one and a quarter billion Forcat Taxation: Reforma removing un- dollars’ worth of products; employ 735,000 people; pay $367,000,000 in wages; yO Beste from owners of growing cover 550,000,000 acres unsuited for agriculture; regulate the distribution of water; Closer Utilization in logging and manu- : : t vit ; prevent erosion of lands; and are essential to the beauty of the country and the the iumbermen in achieving this: os G i Cutting of Mature Timber where and as health of the nation. the domestic market demands it, ex- ; cepton areas mpintained for park or * . aioe ‘i ao : scenic purposes, and compensation of Gt RECOGNIZES THAT forestry is an industry limited by economic conditions; that forest owners for loss suffered through private owners should be aided and encouraged by investigations, demonstrations, protection of watersheds, or on behalf : 5 2 of any public interest. and educational work, since they cannot be expected to practice forestry at a Equal Peaeetan toltho liber industry financial loss; that Federal and State governments should undertake scientific and to public interests in legislation : i affecting private timberland opera- forestry upon national and State forest reserves for the benefit of the public. tions, recognizing that lumbering is as legitimate and necessary as the f . A 7 forests themselves. IT WILL DEVOTE its influence and educational facilities to the development of Classification by experts of lands best 5 “A = suited for farming and those best public thought and knowledge along these practical lines. suited for forestry; and liberal national and State appropriations for this work. ~ PRESS OF J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA (fs y Fora saa Le y Lifetime of ‘ First Class Sport HE way these guns hold their superb shooting quality year after year 1s giving them the preference of hunters and trap- shooters all over the world. Remington UMC Pump Gun—“The Good Old Standby °—six shots, bottom ejection (empty shells, smoke, gas, go down, away from your face), solid breech, hammerless, safe. Remington UMC Autoloading Shot Gun—* The Auto Shot Gun that works —five shots; simply pull the trigger for each shot, the recoil does the work; solid breech; hammerless; safe. For the why and how of the mechanical details—the reasons for smooth, positive action and certainty of the guns hitting where they are aimed, go to the dealer displaying the Red Ball Mark of Remington UMC, the Sign of Sportsmen's Head- quarters in every town. Clean and 07) your gun with REM OIL—the combina- tion Powder Solvent, Lubricant and Rust Preventative THE REMINGTON ARMS UNION METALLIC CARTRIDGE COMPANY Largest Manufacturers of Firearms and Ammunition in the World Woolworth Building » New York SEND FOR MODERN FIREARMS BOOKLET ica? Amer Forestry 273 No. SEPTEMBER 1916 22 Tol. THE SHORTLEAF YELLOW PINE Papin errr DIR cai See tank ADE Of timber with Showing brush application by hand of Carbosota—Barrett’s arbosota—Barrett’s Grade-One Grade-One Creosote Oil. Creosote Oil. 3 i SL, i HANI | ] | ] | | | HA Hi a & ! CrP wl i Walltpreveutmcdecay of fence posts, oase- ment plankings, sills, stringers, telegraph and telephone poles and exposed timber: S2U ei ee COCO UCU UU UU eee eee DC enna Special Notice Regarding Change in name Since we introduced Grade-One Liquid Creosote decided to change the name of this product and = Oilnumerous imitations have appeared on the mar- hereafter it will be known as BARRETT’S ket. For ease of identification, therefore, we have CARBOSOTA—Grade-One Liquid Creosote Oil. uTKivii Tui STO MN Booklet regarding the treatment free on request to nearest office The Guwl Company New York Chicago Philadelphia Boston St. Louis Cleveland Cincinnati Pittsburgh Detroit Birmingham Kansas City Minneapolis Nashville Salt Lake City Seattle Peoria Tue Parerson Manuracturtnc Company, Limited. Montreal Toronto Winnipeg Vancouver St. John, N. B. Halifax, N. S. Sydney, N.S. all He AMERICAN FORESTRY The Magazine of the American Forestry Association PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD HERMAN H. CHAPMAN S. T. Dana Joun E. RHODES ERNEST A. STERLING FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL S. N. SPRING SEPTEMBER 1916. VoL. 22 CONTENTS No. 273 Shortleaf Yellow Pine—Cover Picture. Vermont Forestry Meeting Schake 546 Shortleaf Pine—Identification and Characteristics—By Samuel Conservation of Our Forests—By Theodore N. Vail. . . 547 B. Detwiler......... rene . 513 With one photograph. With six illustrations. . : 3 ; ead St ee ; White Pine Blister Rust Quarantine. . 349 Commercial Uses of Shortleaf Pine. . ac Bly Wathisieullustrations: Address by President Pack at Asheville. ... . : . 550 Canada’s Deadly Forest Fires—By Robson Black 521 Forestry for Boys and Girls—By Bristow Adams osesees 552 With five illustrations. The Wooden Horse—But What Wood ? The Cause of the Fire—and Future Prevention—By Clyde How to Tell the Age of Trees...... 554 Leavitt. . cae Lata a 24 With one illustration. With three illustrations. Appalachian Forest Reserve—Committee’s Report. . 2 SES Mount Rainier National Park—By Mark Daniels sas, SS) Standing Timber Insurance—By W.R. Brown..... . 556 With nine illustrations. Heche reise 23 : 4 : t 5 Memorial Tablet for George W. Vanderbilt 536 . sae = eer sige : The Bird Department—By A. A. Allen... . by WIENS TG [DASE US. get ic ee 2 Autumn Birds and Their Message. Wood Preserving Department—By E. A. Sterling... . ae DO The Larks. Editorial... Sain Digs OEE or, Seon 562 With eight illustrations. President Wilson Speaks Plainly. The Appalachian Forest Purchases—By John W. Weeks .. 542 Commercial Grazing Versus Wild Life in National Parks. With one photograph. . Ao ath one Photograph : The Oregon Forest Fire Association........................ 563 Ornamental and Shade Trees—By J. J. Levison Sodu.c oaks ; Selecting Trees for Planting. Canadian Department........ Ran pews Sy rtereiny Sano OF: With four illustrations. Current Literature. . é : BR eT ES clo ocie ... 564 CHECK OFF BOOK DESIRED BO OKS FREE TO MEMBERS To any member of the American Forestry Association securing ONE THE TREE GUIDE NEW SUBSCRIBING MEMBER any one of the books to the left will be 265 pages, 250 illustrations sent free of charge. A pocket manual of trees to aid the student and the beginner to FILL OUT THIS BLANK distinguish and identify trees. Invaluable in readily acquiring a knowledge of trees. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, Washington, D. C. Enclosed is $3 for Subscribing Membership fee ($2 of which is a subscription for one year for American Forestry Magazine). THE BIRD GUIDE | | | | | | | | | Name | | | | | | O — 415 colored illustrations This names, illustrates and describes all land birds east of the Street Rockies, and is of the utmost assistance to anyone, adult or child, Gily.. wishing to know birds and their habits. SEND BOOK TO (| THE FLOWER GUIDE Name 230 pages, 400 colored illustrations Street If you wish to know flowers and to acquire this knowledge readily, Gite this book will be found of very great assistance. ( 4 1 o——as. AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, three dollars per year; single copies, twenty-five cents. Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Post-office at Washington, under the Act of March 3, 1879 _) The Scientific LACEY REPORT (OL. The Ancient “Timber Cruise” Modern scientife methods have invaded the lumber world in a doxen ways, and it 1s no mere commercial exaggeration | to say that in their special feld—the estimating, buying and selling | of standing timber—James D. Lacey & Company have been and | are the foremost factor in the introduction of scientific methods. This company, single handed and alone, has rendered the ancient (if not venerable) ‘‘timber jit cruise’ an obsolete institution in the eyes of careful lumbermen and buyers and sellers af timber. A LACEY REPORT on a tract is nowadays con- sidered by ALL who have really investigated them to be the only really certain measure of timber values. ise people, when in the market to sell or buy, con- sult us first. We are constantly in touch with the whole field. We can convince you. Send for booklet of °* Pointers.”’ INT: W/4 NATIONAL TIMB GLAND FACTORS CHICAGO SEATTLE PORTLAND (ORE.) NEW ORLEANS | 1750 McCormick Bldg. 1009 White Bldg. 1310 Northwestern Bank Bldg. 1213 Whitney-Central Bldg. _| AMERICAN FORESTRY Vou. XXII SEPTEMBER 1916 No. 273 Shortleaf Pine Identification and Characteristics By SAMuEL B. DETWILER HE pine forests of the southern United States long have furnished more lumber under the name of Southern Yellow Pine than any other closely Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) produces more than one-fifth of related group of timber trees in this country. the lumber derived from the five southern “ Yellow Pines ” and promises to be even more prominent in the future when systematic forest management in the United States is more fully developed. Shortleaf pine is found in a terri- tory covering more than 440,000 square miles and is com- mercially tant in an area of about two - thirds this size. Its region impor- of natural growth extends from south- eastern New York through the south- ern limits of Penn- sylvania, Ohio, In- diana, Illinois, Mis- and _ south- ward to eastern Texasand northern Florida. No other American pine is so widely distrib- uted. best growth at ele- vations of 400 to 1500 feet, but ex- tends souri, It makes its from sea level to an altitude of 3000 feet in the Southern Appa- lachian Mountains. Shortleaf grows to moderate proportions pine Wie Bl member of the pine family, rarely at- TYPICAL STAND OF SHORTLEAF PINE The ordinary size of mature trees is 2 or 3 feet across the stump, with a total height of 80 to 100 feet. Because this species can grow rapidly in height when young trees taining 4 feet in diameter and 130 feet in height. are crowded together in dense forests, trees in the woods have long, clean, straight trunks that taper slightly until they branch into small, rounded or somewhat pointed tops. The exceptionally clear, straight trunks furnish the quality of logs most desired by lumbermen. Trees growing in the open branches fow on the trunk, forming have a conical crown. The lower branches droop slightly and are seldom more than 20 or 25 feet long. The straight, gently tapering trunk and narrow, compact, well-pro- portioned head en- able the trained eye to distinguish from a distancethe shortleaf pine from the broader topped loblolly and long- leaf pines. Recent scientific studies have shown that up to fifteen years of age the shortleaf pines in tops of dense stands have an out- ward growth of one foot for each inch in diameter growth of the trunk at breast height. In later life the increase in the spread of the 513 This photograph, published by courtesy of the Southern Soft Pine Bureau, shows a first-class stand of shortleaf, the size of the trees being indicated by comparison with the man standing by one on the right. 514 AMERICAN branches varies from 17 to 21 inches for each inch of diameter, according to the region in which the trees grow. Knowledge of this law of growth is used by the forester in determining the number of trees per acre required to produce the highest profits in a well-managed forest. The light brown bark of old trees is rather thick and is broken into squarish plates which are covered with thin, cinnamon-red scales that peel off easily. Young twigs have smooth, violet-colored bark; twigs of shortleaf pine differ from those of other pines with which it grows in being brittle and easily snapped off. Until maturity, loblolly pines have somewhat thicker and darker colored bark than the shortleaf, and the furrows are deeper. A large number of misleading local names embarrasses the shortleaf pine. In fifteen states, from New York to Louisiana, it is often called Yellow pine. In some of these states it is called Spruce pine, Bull pine, Pitch pine, Poor pine, Rosemary pine, Slash pine or Old Field pine. Another name that is much used, especially for the lumber, is North Carolina pine, or North Carolina Yellow pine. Shortleaf pine, the name that fits it best and is most used, is derived its short, slender The soft, flex- ible needles are 3 to 5 from leaves. inches long and are short only in comparison with those of the longleaf pine, which three times this length. As a rule two needles found enclosed at the -base by a_ short per- sistent sheath but occa- are are sionally there may be three, or rarely even four The foliage varies in color. to leaves in a bundle. according locality, from deep blue-green to pale green. The flower buds ap- pear on shortleaf pine during the latter part of the winter, opening in March in the far South, and in April or May in its northern limits. Dense clusters of pollen-pro- ducing flowers, about an a—Young seedling. d—Two-leaf and three-leaf clusters. g— Mature cone opened. SHORTLEAF PINE LEAVES, SEED, CONE AND SEEDLING b—Same seedling after one month’s growth. c—Same seedling at end of first season showing early bundles of true leaves. e—Branch with mature closed cones or burrs. f—Cone scale and seed with wing detached. FORESTRY Each flower is a pale purple cylinder of numerous overlapping pollen sacs and surrounded at the base with 8 or 9 small scales. inch long, are borne at the tips of the twigs. These flowers drop from the tree as soon as the pollen has been discharged. One to four cone-forming flowers are produced just below the tips of the young shoots. They are oblong bodies about one-fourth of an inch in length composed of numerous overlapping pointed scales of a delicate rose-pink color. The cones develop slowly, the seed ripening only after two seasons’ growth. The mature cones are attached very close to the branch and have a leathery brown color. They are 1% to 2% inches long and nearly as wide when open. Each scale has a thickened four-angled tip which is smooth, or armed curved with a weak, prickle. The cone opens early in the autumn to discharge the small tri- angular seeds which are all shed by December, although the old cones may continue to hang on the two or three years longer. A relatively wing about half an inch in length is attached to one end of the seed and en- "i branches large ables a strong wind to carry the seed from one- eighth to one-fourth of a mile. A light breeze will waft the seeds a distance equal to two to five times the height of the mother tree. A pound of clean seed contains from 50,- 000 to 70,000 separate seeds and ordinarily germinates sufficiently well to produce from 25,000 to 40,000 seed- lings. The seed retains its vitality well for sey- eral years when _ prop- erly stored. Shortleaf pine has a pronounced tap root and strong for this reason the trees are not easily thrown by the side roots; wind. The long tap root enables it to grow thriftily in soils not well supplied with moisture, such as dry sands or high ridges. One stance is noted in which an eight-year-old short- in- SHORTLEAE PINE 515 leaf sapling had a tap root reaching to a depth of 14 feet.. Only a very few conifer- ous trees have the power to send up vigorous shoots from their stumps when the trees have been felled or the tops have been killed by fire, but shortleaf pine possesses this valuable means of reproducing itself during the early years of its life. A cross-section of a log of shortleaf pine shows a broad band of nearly white sap- wood surrounding the pale, reddish brown or orange-colored heartwood. The wood is straight-grained and varies considerably in but is stiff, The well- resin content and hardness, strong and moderately heavy. defined rings of annual growth Ona) band vot soft surrounded by a darker band of denser, harder and wood. These bands in the annual ring are known re- spectively as the spring wood and _ the summer wood. consist light-colored wood more resinous Forests composed entirely of shortleaf pine are found, but stands of pure growth ISS$ BOTANICAL RANGE COMMERCIAL RANGE usually are of small extent, surrounded by areas of shortleaf mixed with other pines or hardwoods. Pitch pine and scrub pine share a considerable por- tion of its territory in the north, and loblolly pine grows practically through- the shortleaf on and soils. range of the more Long- leaf pine and three other southern pines out heavier moist grow with it in the South, the Appalachian Moun- tains it meets white pine and table moun- Many of oaks and fre- companions and in tain pine. kinds hickories are quent of the shortleaf pine, together with less important broad-leaf such as trees per- simmon, sassafras and dogwood. Shortleaf grows well on many pine kinds of soils, rang- ing from sand and gravel to stiff clays. Unlike loblolly pine, BARK OF SHORTLEAF PINE RANGE OF SHORTLEAF PINE The heavily shaded portion of the map shows the commercial range of this famous and much-used wood, while the lightly shaded portion indicates the botanical range. which prefers low-lying land, it always selects the better The vigor of the tree is shown by the wide variations in temperature it can endure; it with- stands temperatures of 22° F. below zero in New York and New Jersey, and grows equally well in Louisiana, where the thermometer may register 112°F. Shortleaf grows more rapidly than longleaf pine and drained sites. more slowly than loblolly pine. Studies made by the Forest Service in stands of fully stocked second-growth shortleaf pine in North Carolina indicate that this tree in 80 years under the best conditions will yield in excess of 40,000 board feet (Scribner rule) per acre. soils the growth in the same period will approximate On medium 33,000 feet, board measure, per acre, and on poor soil in 80 years the yield is only about 24,000 feet. In stands 20 years old the lumber production was found to vary from 5700 board feet per acre on good soils to 700 board feet on poor soils. Shortleaf pine in the forest may live to be 400 years of age, but its average life is not more than 200 to 300 years. To produce a mature stand of saw timber from shortleaf pine requires 80 to 100 years, depending on the quality of the soil. For tie production or cordwood the maximum growth occurs between the ages of.60 and 80 years. With proper thinning the rate of growth is considerably hastened. The first thinning in well-stocked shortleaf pine forests should be made when the trees are 20 or 30 years old. Under average conditions, about one-third of the trees should be cut out in this early thinning; older stands should be treated less severely. Small, weak trees, strug- gling hopelessly below the tops of the majority of trees, 516 are of no benefit, and if left they may feed a forest fire that will cause severe injuries to the better trees. In addition to the sickly trees, some of those with smaller crowns that have not quite reached the general level of the stand should be removed to give the adjoining trees room to spread their tops a little further in the sunlight. Occa- sionally there will be found a tree which is much taller and larger than sur- rounding trees and rapidly overtopping them; by cutting these greedy individ- uals the thinning is made to yield more valuable material and the conditions of growth for the re- maining trees are equalized. If the young forest is dense, it may be necessary to remove half or even two- thirds of the aver- age-sized trees in order to give the remainder sufficient space for profitable growth. Before healthy trees are marked for cutting, the defective, crooked, forked or knotty trees and those which show fungus fruiting bodies or insect work should be taken out. If soil and climatic conditions favor the pine, it should be given preference over broad-leaf trees. The object to be borne in mind in marking the trees for thinning is to leave those that are to continue growth as uniform in height and spacing as possible. In the absence of other trees over a larger space than two or more square rods, all classes of trees should be retained. Millions of shortleaf, longleaf and loblolly pine trees in the South have been killed in recent years by the southern pine beetle. The loss caused by this insect is estimated to be more than $10,000,000 for the past twenty-year period. A practical remedy is to convert the trunks of the infested trees into cordwood and use the wood for fuel before the beetles leave the bark, or to manufacture the THE GROSS CHARACTER OF THE SHORTLEAF PINE IN CROSS-SECTION AMERICAN FORESTRY logs into lumber or other products and immediately burn the slabs of bark. A moth attacks and deforms the tips of vigorous young saplings, sometimes causing consider- able injury for several successive years in some localities. This tree is not subject to serious fungus enemies ex- cept such as attack the tree through wounds made by forest fires. Forest fires probably cause much greater financial loss than any other enemy of shortleaf Trees which are not killed out- right are weakened and retarded in their growth. pine. Young shortleaf pines are with an ability to send forth vigorous sprouts up blessed to the time they are 8 to 12 years of age, and for this reason they are able to re- cover fromthe effects of many fires which completely eliminate other kinds of young pines from the forest. The principal value of shortleaf pine for planting lies in the establishment of commercial forest plantations. Its growth is so rapid and it adapts itself so well to the pur- poses of the forester that in years to come it is likely to be planted extensively. The seed may be sown directly, either broadcast or in seed spots, where the trees are to grow permanently. Direct planting of young trees gives more certain results and it is not a difficult mat- ter to raise the seedlings in seed beds. For general planting they should be set out early in the spring, spaced 6 feet by 6 feet, when they are a year old and before the tap root is greatly developed. If the land is very weedy or soil conditions are unfavorable, two-year-old transplanted stock should be used. However, the present need in most Short- leaf pine produces seed abundantly from youth to old age. Trees growing in the open bear seed in 20 years. Cut- over lands or old fields near shortleaf pine seed trees are instances is better care of existing native growth. COMMERCIAL USES ( SEVENTY-YEAR-OLD SHORTLEAF PINE STAND This shows a scientifically thinned stand of shortleaf pine in New Jersey. been fully utilized and the stand is in a thriving condition. Commercial Uses HE most useful wood that grows in America is southern yellow pine, the wood of a thousand uses. Not only is southern pine adapted to a greater variety of uses in building and manufacture than almost any other wood, but its by-products, aside from the most important purpose of making lumber, are remarkably varied in their nature and application. So intimately is yellow pine and its products associated with the daily life of humanity that very few persons conceive of the many ways in which it serves us. In city and country, day and night, whatever occupation or condition in life, southern yellow pine is contributing something to our well being, liter- ally “from the cradle to the grave.” Definitely re- the ES our stricted in aMie a) OL growth, south- ern yellow pine’s qualities varied good are so and its adapta- bility so superior that its distribu- tion as lumber is limited only by the confines of civilization and the facilities for transportation. In America its place in manu- All of the thinnings have dim VENEERED PANELS Giving a hint of the varied and beautiful grain of the wood of southern yellow pine now being so much used for interior trim of houses. OF SHORTLEAF PINE 517 quickly seeded, resulting in dense stands of young pines of approximately the same age and size. Frequently it is possible to encourage natural reforestation by leaving seed trees in lumbering operations and guarding against forest fires, thus securing fine young stands of shortleaf pine at les nn cost than by forest planting. As an ornamental tree, shortleaf pine compares with the best of Yellow pines and merits greater consideration for this than it up to the present time. Its dark green, soft, glossy purpose has received leaves and narrow, compact, well-shaped crown give it marked beauty. The vigor and hardiness of its growth and its power to adapt itself to an unusually wide range of soil conditions are qualities that add greatly to its value for general planting. of Shortleaf Pine factures and building construction is such that more than 39 per cent of all the lumber consumed is southern yellow pine, while enormous quantities go to Europe. Its annual production—more than 14,000,000,000 board feet—is over three times as great as any other one wood and equal to the combined production of the five other leading woods. Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) is one of the impor- tant southern yellow pines. For over two centuries it has held a prominent position commercially. The prin- cipal supply of shortleaf pine lumber comes from Ala- bama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Mis- sourl, North Carolina, South Carolina, eastern Oklahoma, eastern Texas and Virginia. It is found in a dozen other states but in PO a tly @ lly quanti- ties than in the smaller states named. One of the best-known uses of shortleaf pine is for interior finish and trim. In general, shortleaf cuts to 35 per cent of clear from 30 stock. It is from the sapwood that the thick, clear highest grade of 518 interior finish is manufactured and it is practically free from resin, and beautifully marked; a strong, clear, bright, com- pact timber, soft in texture, read- ily smoothed and joined. As a finishing wood there is abso- lutely no successful substitute for shortleaf pine and leading architects are specifying it and builders are using it more and more for the finest homes all over the country. It is pre- Crates made /rom ‘Plaine i Waste... USING WASTE OF SHORTLEAF PINE Lumber manufacturers are than ever before to using up was showing the use of small pieces. planing mill process ; 21s an illustration AMERICAN FORESTRY ferred because of its more striking grain, soft and beau- tiful texture, which particu- larly adapts it for fine join- ery. No other wood that grows offers such a_ wide range of choice in grain and figure. There is nO sameness in the short- leaf figure; some of it is large and bold, some fairly uniform and much of it is dielinica tell y engraved. Shortleaf pine does not fuzz wp! or show “knife marks’ in the therefore it requires less labor and expensive hand scraping to obtain a smooth, satin-like surface. It is not only bright and attractive but. it hardens with age, and its general beauty and utility are not surpassed by the most expensive hardwoods. Shortleaf pine not only takes and holds paint perfectly erly treated. On account of its absorbing qualities and absence of pitch, it takes paint well and there is no dis- coloration caused by the boiling or ooz- ing of the pitch through the pigment. The finst coat of stain or lead and oil is ab- sorbed to a nice degree of pene- tration. This wood is espe cially suited to use as a base for white enamel. The white surface will not be stained from underneath, The absorp- tion of the flat white coat is perfectly uni- form and the fine texture of raised grain. enamel coats are and permanently, but no effect of richness and beauty in color and tone is beyond the pos- sibilities of the builder with this wood, and at a cost much less than that entailed in the employment of any other variety of anything like the same intrinsic merit. There is absolutely no color or tone effect in perfect, permanent interior finish that cannot be obtained with the use of high - grade short- leaf pine prop- USED FOR A DOOR The curly effect of the southern yellow pine is shown to unusually good advantage in this photograph. any trouble from very smooth and the result is equal to that obtained on more costly woods. Shortleaf pine grips the nail firmly. Mines i iberss sane straight and tough and the wood cuts readily and still will not split easily when mailed=) | his) per mits of making knife joints at all toe-nails andeemitenrss lt 1s used for outside trim—cornice, Om in Sir Oe ieGl Sy outside base, win- dow casing, siding, porch columns, floor- ing, and ceiling. Shortleaf edge COMMERCIAL USES OF SHORTLEAF PINE A NOVEL VIEW OF SHORTLEAF PINE A view from the ground upward to the tops of a group of shortleaf yellow pine showing the narrow crown and the straight clean bole which is typical of the species. grain flooring is a “ quarter-sawed ”’ flooring, and is fre- quently called “rift sawn” or “ comb grain.” is across the annual rings. The cut It is especially desirable for all high-class floors in residences. A room of any width from eight to twenty feet may be laid in one length of flooring, eliminating joints and producing a floor of mirror - like smoothness. It is easily finished by any process, presents a splen- did appearance, and gives excellent floor service. It has been specified for many years by conserva- tive architects and con- tractors because by its use their results have been so uniformly satisfactory. Invariably they have rec- ommended it to their clients for floors of large area, where — strength, good service, smoothness and staying qualities are absolute requirements, and for high-class house- flooring where artistic appearance, good wearing qualities, cleanliness and sanitation are essential floor necessities. Shortleaf pine laths are light to handle, easy to nail, and do not tend to split, since they are soft in texture and tough in fiber. They are practically free Some of the uses of shortleaf are given in the fol- lowing list : Agricultural implements. Balusters. Ina yt a Baseboards. Blinds. Boat construction. Bottoms (vehicles). Boxes. Brackets. Cabinet work. -lapboards. Cabinets. Car decking. Car siding. Cases. Casing. Ceiling. ( ( ‘olumns. Cores (veneer panels). Cornice. Crating. Display racks. Door frames. Doors. Drill boxes. Excelsior. Finish. Fixtures. Flooring. 519 from pitch, wane and knots. Cabinet- makers often prefer shortleaf pine be- cause) Ji) 1S “more easily worked, has less resinous matter, and finishes well. Most of us are familiar with the ordinary household uses of this wood— its use for furniture, house-building, farm construction, imple- ment manufacture and repair, and cars and other vehicles in which we ride. Many of us know that it is among the most important of woods used in ship-building and that it is extensively employed in the making of our play-outing goods and musical instruments. less well-known uses it But in addition to these more or many others which the average person would never suspect. Furniture backs. Grill work. Hand rails. Head blocks. Ice boxes. Interior trim. Kitchen cabinets. Ladders. Lawn swings. Mantels. Moldings. Newel posts. Panels (veneered ). Partition. Pickets. Roofers. Sash. Screen doors. Sideboards (built-in). Siding. Silos. Stairways. Tobacco cases. Trunk boxes. Wagon panels. Wardrobes. Window frames. Lumbermen are be- coming thoroughly awake to the possibilities of the utilization of waste ma- terials. Contemplating the diminishing timber supply and the greatly increased cost of production of building material, they are expending millions of dol- lars in research work de- voted to finding uses for the “odds and ends” of wood formerly discarded without a thought of their possible utility. What has already been accomplished along that line, especially in the great southern yellow pine for- ests, would amaze an “ old time’ lumberman out of touch in recent years with changing conditions. Re- search work in field and laboratory has developed sO many new uses for lumber “ culls ” and waste materials that to-day the southern yellow pine interests, like the packing interests, come 520 pretty near utilizing “everything but the squeal.” Turpentine, rosin, excelsior, charcoal, and pine tar are important by-products, which are now being made in quantities from wood fragments formerly destroyed by fire. Pine oil, used in the manufacture of varnishes and paints, is a comparatively new product from waste, ob- tained by distillation. The mill scraps, shredded and subjected to chemical treatment, yield a pulp that is made into the strongest wrapping-paper known. Longleaf pine has been used almost exclusively in the experiments and manufacture of natural kraft pulps papers, but similarity of color and the the wood of shortleaf and longleaf makes it probable that further ex- periments will show a like use for shortleaf. Uses have been found even for the pine meediles, the “leaves” of the tree, which, dis- tilled green, yield an oil of balsamic odor, while boiling the needles in a solution of alkali produces “ pine wool,” a_ fibrous substance that is carded into fabrics Oe Ws el itn upholstering. Government statistics do not distinguish between long- leaf and shortleaf in giving the annual consumption of southern yellow pine in the various manufacturing in- dustries. However, shortleaf has a very important place in the industries here mentioned : The manufacture of boxes and crates consumes 10 per cent of the total annual lumber output of all woods in the United States, and southern yellow pine provides the material for one-fourth of all such products. In railway car construction the annual consumption of lumber is 1,260,000,000 board feet—and southern yel- low pine supplies 54 per cent of it. In the manufacture of agricultural implements— plows, harrows, cultivators, drills, planters, threshing machines, rakes, etc.—300 million feet of lumber are used annually, and over 30 per cent of it is southern color. yellow pine. In ship and boat building 200 million feet of lumber are required every year—and 53 per cent of that is southern yellow pine. SHORTLEAF PINE FOR INTERIOR TRIM All of the trim and panelling in this room are of the curly southern yellow pine, finished in natural Note the beautiful grain in the broad panels. AMERICAN FORESTRY In the manufacture of trunks and valises, which re- quires 75 million board feet of lumber annually, southern yellow pine supplies 20 per cent. In the manufacture of playground equipment, 16 per cent of all the wood used is southern yellow pine, and in the making of scales and weighing apparatus 24 per cent of the wood required is that same species. Of all the excelsior produced, necessitating the con- sumption of 100 million board feet of lumber annually, 15 per cent is south- ern yellow pine. To obtain maximum the service from wood, however used, it is any necessary to know something of the individual qualities of that wood. The specialists and the technical experts inform themselves along this line as a matter of course— and are the gainers by their knowledge. No less surely will the general run of us be benefited by a little accurate in- formation concern- ing the woods best suited to our uses. A careful study of the merits and qualities of short- leaf pine will prove conclusively that it is entitled to high consideration as a structural and finishing wood. HE Curse of the Forest,’”’ a motion picture of a real forest fire, showing methods of fighting and the devastation which follows in the wake of a forest fire, has just been completed by the Vitagraph Company of America in coéperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry. ALIFORNIA’S ever-threatening forest fires of the dry season hold a minimum of menace to the great tract of redwood trees, because the bark, several inches thick, is almost fireproof. The California redwood forests contain 80,000,000,000 board feet of lumber, and the trees have been standing since the beginning of the Christian era. SEE SPECIAL OFFER TO MEMBERS UNDER TABLE OF CONTENTS CANADA’S DEADLY FOREST FIRES 521 WHERE ONCE THE TOWN OF MATHESON STOOD This town was destroyed by wave after wave of flame, which swept across the almost flat country surrounding it, at a speed which caused total destruction of property and cost many lives. The photograph, taken from the window of a relief train, gives only a general impression of the hayoc wrought by the fire. The air was thick with smoke and the fire still burned fiercely in piles of fallen trees when the photograph was taken. Canada’s Deadly Forest Fires By Rogson BLAck Secretary, The Canadian Forestry Association, Ottawa HE most disastrous forest fire in the history of Canada broke across the “ Clay Belt” region of Northern Ontario on the afternoon of Saturday, July 29th. Within eighteen hours, more than 200 lives were forfeited, 1200 square miles of bush and clearing devastated, and the thriving towns of Cochrane, Porquis Junction, Iroquois Falls, Nushka, Kelso, Matheson and Ramore badly damaged or swept wholly from sight. What the loss means in terms of dollars is vaguely stated as between three and six millions, exclusive of forest damage. Hundreds of settlers’ homes, their standing and harvested crops of hay, barley, oats, wheat, and potatoes, with much live stock, farm implements and the hard-won accumulation of years, were turned to drifting ashes and chunks of charcoal. The Temiskam- ing and Northern Ontario Railway lost one hundred freight cars, on some of which the steel wheels were melted by the sulphur cargo to shapeless pools. Railway stations in the heart of the fire were reduced to twisted skeletons, and mining companies lost every structure above the earth’s level. Had a hail of high explosive been let loose upon the bush lands from Matheson to Cochrane, the suddenness and violence of the catastrophe could not have been more terrifying. Drifting smoke of Thursday and Friday, rousing few apprehensions in a country accustomed to clearing fires, became by Saturday afternoon a smother- ing blanket of flame and gas and flying debris. Fierce winds drove the fire and smoke with such speed that only a broad river or lake, or an uncommonly wide clear- ing, was of much avail. Blazing pine tops hurled through the air, and where a home well separated from the bush seemed one moment in perfect safety, in the next it crackled with flames. Settlers and prospectors hastened toward the villages. Some reached their goal. Scores of others were smothered as they ran. Bodies were found lying across tree stumps; some held empty pails, some grovelled into the earth. One man took to a swamp before an advancing cloud of fire, while his comrade re- mained on a cliff. The cloud dipped into the swamp, consuming the body of the first fugitive, and swept over the head of the man on the cliff, leaving him quite un- harmed. Veering winds accounted for surprising in- cidents, as when a house and its human contents would 522 AMERICAN be destroyed, while a hay rick a hundred yards distant would be spared. Settlers and their families, with homes bordering the rivers, took to canoes, upset them, and by FORESTRY to the speed of the fire in this manner: “I had been fighting bush fires all day and returned for supper. At that time the smoke was curling about the far buildings, THE RUINS OF FIRE-SWEPT MATHESON Another view of the fire-swept area at the unfortunate town. All around this town the fire has destroyed the timber to such an extent that there is none left for fuel, and this must now be transported for many miles. piling wet blankets atop existed in such precarious shelter for hours. Two families, numbering fourteen persons, clambered into a well. The adults tore their clothes to strips and by stuffing the children’s mouths with moist- ened pieces and covering their heads in a similar manner came through the night of Saturday free from injury. Fifty-four men, women and children, mostly French- Canadians, at Nushka, where the worst fire seems to have originated, raced frantically for a shallow cut in the railway; every one was smothered by heat and gases. Under culverts and in wells and mine shafts families were found burned to death; a tragic number of babies appears in the list of victims, and a further pitiful legacy is the large group of wounded now recuperating in hospitals and homes. Evidence of the cause of the fire points directly to settlers’ slash burnings which, week after week, were allowed to work their way into nearby bush, encouraged by the peculiar peaty character of “Clay Belt” soil. Lack- ing the supervision or control of fire rangers, for Ontario has no law restricting the settler, the intensely hot period of July brought along the logical penalty. Numbers of small fires joined forces and, whisked into action by the Saturday hurricane, turned township after township into a fury. Said one survivor: “ The roar of the thing was awful. You could hear no person speak for the Flames climbed up at times two hundred feet I noticed little excitement, and most people appeared to be waiting unafraid. All the while Another settler gave emphasis noise. above the bush. the gale was increasing.” My wife Then she but the actual conflagration was a mile away. prepared the meal, a matter of a few minutes. went to the front door and looked out. At once she returned, shouting that the fire was upon us. We had time just to reach the potato patch where we flung our- selves down and managed to find a thin layer of air close to the earth. The green vegetation seemed to hold up the smoke clouds, and after hours of terrified waiting Every vestige of our home and stables was changed to charcoal.” we came through the ordeal without serious hurt. It is noteworthy that clearings of a quarter-mile about some of the towns were crossed by the fire, not alone by flying sparks, but by the blazing grass and stubble. From the first violent action of the flames at Nushka on Saturday afternoon and evening, the swath of destruc- tion took fresh bearings north and south. Cochrane, which stands at the junction of the National Transcontinental and the Temiskaming and Northern Ontario railways, with a population of 2500, was enveloped by fires originat- ing in its immediate district, the business section being destroyed, with an estimated loss of $1,000,000. Mathe- son, the axis of a more southerly fire, was clean-swept, with the exception of three small houses on a hillock. To its grave-yard were brought the bodies of 135 persons from Nushka and the neighboring farming districts. The population of the town proper took to the clearings and came through safely with the aid of a freight train which, by good luck, had been stalled on its southerly trip by a burned bridge. Beyond the limits of towns and villages, the picture CANADA’S DEADLY FOREST FIRES 523 AFTER THE FIRE AT COCHRANE Chief J. A. Crawford, of Cochrane police, and a couple of business men talking over the reconstruction of the town Water-tank and the first new buildings appear in this photograph, for with typical enterprise th2 survivors began to rebuild long before the ashes of the fire cooled and just as soon as building materials could be rushed to the place. before the writer's eyes was of a charred and lifeless expanse, the smoking ruins of homes, the stripped tree trunks, isolated heaps of pulpwood, and endless miles of forest debris. land looks as flat as a prairie, and the process of slash Indeed, the clearing has been so thorough that one wonders where For great distances about Matheson, the clearing has undoubtedly been facilitated. fuel wood and fence posts and small lumber will be In other districts, the fire’s effect has been to reduce the slashings secured in future, and what prices will be paid. and loosen the roots, while merely killing the green bush Photograth by British and Colonial Press, Toronto, and exposing the district to a vastly greater disaster in future years of drought. The refugees looked upon such scenes and such pros- Men and women and frightened groups of children gathered about the station pects with remarkable stoicism. platforms, wearing garments from the Government relief train and munching from boxes of emergency food, wait- ing solemnly for the next turn in the terrible drive of events. found themselves united, but the rule of the day was of broken households. Sometimes whole families While the fires swept through every ounce of kindling ARRIVAL OF THE RELIEF TRAIN AT MATHESON ‘Only the stone walls of the station remain standing. Fortunately the railroad was not destroyed and it was possible for relief trains to take supplies to the destitute, and physicians and nurses for the injured survivors. 524 AMERICAN that stood in the road, relief measures were under way. With appropriate vigor, a train-load of provisions and equipment was sent from North Bay on Sunday morning and every town beyond the devastated area hurried motor cars with doctors and nurses to render service. By such means the hopelessness of the situation was a good deal relieved. Private and governmental agencies carried in food and clothing, and burying parties removed the scores of coffins collected about the railway tracks and roads. Light rains, commencing Sunday morning, spread across the FORESTRY too, by plentiful tales of heroism. It was the second severe fire within five years in the same part of Ontario. The penalty of the Porcupine fire of 1911 was 84 lives and covered an area very much less than that of the 1916 disaster. In neither case was the forest growth of large size or maximum value, although the future will be in a better position to estimate exactly what the sacrifice of forest growth amounted to. The service rendered in the clearance of agricultural lands (where a slash had already been made) is naturally looked upon as a godsend. No minimizing blackened country and, increasing in volume, gave the people their first hint of cheer. Hun- dreds had, of MOSSES Mikey, taken train for Southern On- tario; others were in hos- pitals of the railway towns beyond the danger zone, and a luckless remnant lo- cated them- selves in the temporary vil- lages of tents until the way should open for a fresh start at farming. Government aid was immediately assured to the ex- tent of partial rehabilitation of the sufferers, special agents were appointed, and provision made for housing and food supplies. To advise the Government regarding a permanent policy on all matters connected with the restoration of working conditions, a business committee was convened by the Minister of ‘Lands and Forests and will investigate and report. Such is the general outline of a catastrophe burdened with the most terrible and poignant incidents and relieved, Photograph ty British and Colonial Press, Toronto. ANOTHER SCENE WHICH WITNESSED TRAGEDY View from Nushka showing cut up the track where 54 people lost their lives. Only four people escaped from this town. Of those who took refuge in the narrow cut everyone was smothered by the heat and the gases from the fire. | of the fearful toll of life, however, is possible and Northern Ontario re- gards its latest experience as Colo) (oniein whelming to be weighed against real or pime temudierd “ benefits.” hea Clay, Belt % fremont July, 1916, will rank as one of the greatest forest disasters in American history. The El iene ka lteky, fire in Minnesota, 1894, was responsible for 418 lives and the burning over of 160,000 acres. The famous Peshtigo fire in Wisconsin, 1871, killed 1500 and dev- astated 1,200,000 acres. In 1825 occurred the Mir- amichi fire in New Brunswick and Maine, with a loss of 160 lives and damage of 3,000,000 acres. The Clay Belt fire in Ontario, in point of lives lost, ranks third in the records of the continent, although the sacrifice of merchantable timber (under present conditions and present market values) is by no means a noteworthy distinction. The Cause of the Fire—And Future Prevention By Curype Leavitr Forester, Commission of Conservation of Canada HE terrible loss of life, and of property as well, in the recent forest fires in Northern Ontario, must cause thinking people to take stock of the situa- tion,—to try to understand how such a thing could happen, and to determine what measures must be taken to prevent a recurrence. The explanation of the disaster is, to a certain extent, to be found in the character of the country itself. In the autumn of 1912 Dr. Fernow made a brief investigation, for the Commission of Conservation, of forest conditions along the National Transcontinental Railway for a dis- tance of about 200 miles east and west of Cochrane, as well as south from this point, along the Temiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway. Dr. Fernow discusses, therefore, in his report, the situation in the very section devastated by the recent fires. He reported that much of the country is more or less swampy, due to the under- lying stiff clay. As might be expected from this, the CAUSE OF THE FIRE—AND FUTURE: PREVENTION character of the timber is, to a considerable extent, dis- appointing from a commercial point of view. Probably 60 to 70 per cent of the trees are black spruce, 10 to 15 per cent white spruce, 15 to 20 per cent aspen poplar and balm of Gilead, and 5 per cent miscellaneous species, mostly cedar, paper birch and jack pine. Hardly 10 to Photograph by British and Colonial Press, Toronto. 925 causing the loss of not less than 84 lives. Numerous other fires had occurred, both before and since, so that there were large areas of fire-killed timber, as well as of clearing slash, ready to hand, constituting the worst kind of a fire trap. To a certain extent, therefore, the recent disaster is the result of secondary fires. Previous ex- THE TEMPORARY MORGUE AT MATHESON These two tents were erected at Matheson for the reception of bodies brought in from the surrounding district. The soldiers shown are members of the 228th Northern Fusileers, who are searching for bodies and otherwise assisting with relief work. A number of coffins are shown, some empty and some containing charred remains, 15 per cent of the forest contains material of saw-timber size; from 35 to 50 per cent contains material suitable only for pulpwood or fuel; from 35 to 45 per cent of the area is either muskeg, near muskeg, or scrubwood of a size hardly fit for fuel. The soil, when cleared, is for the most part excellent for farming. Drainage is, of course, necessary in the case of swampy areas. Consider- able settlement has already taken place, and the region is destined to become an excellent agricultural section. At the time of Dr. Fernow’s visit, fires had been pretty well kept out of the country along the Transcon- tinental, but only the year previous (1911), the terrible Porcupine fire had swept over a large stretch of country around Porcupine, and south and east from that place, destroying the timber on hundreds of square miles and The work of rescue and relief was quickly organized and admirably ccnducted. perience in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and many other parts of the country, shows that such fires are more serious than fires in green timber. This is due to the fact that the first fire does not consume the green timber entirely, but sweeps through the tops, perhaps burning out the roots as well, killing all growth and leaving it to become exceedingly inflammable and to con- stitute food for a second or succeeding conflagration. It usually requires not less than three or four successive fires to completely clean up an area of standing timber. While the recent fire has furnished the finishing touch considerable scattered over areas, large amounts of highly inflammable material still exist over the great majority of the recent burn. There will still, therefore, be great danger of serious fires in the region swept by the 526 AMERICAN recent one, unless adequate preventive measures are taken. One of the inducements held out to prospective settlers in the Clay Belt of Northern Ontario has been the opportunity to make good wages by cutting and marketing pulpwood, thus making the operation of clear- ing the land pay for itself. While this argument has been justified in cases where the class of timber is favor- able, and where the haul to the railway or drivable stream is not too long, FORESTRY started in large numbers for the purpose of clearing land at any time the settler might choose. There is no adequate provision for the regulation or control of such fires in the Clay Belt, and real attention to their extinguishment has been largely lacking until such action has been ren- the occurrence of a prolonged hot, dry spell, such as took place during the last half of July. dered almost or quite too late by Only the occurrence of heavy rains prevented the there are other cases where the conditions are less favorable. In such of the have cases, many settlers shown an in- clination to re- gard the timber on land desired for cultivation as a_ hiability instead of an asset. This con- dition has led, perhaps nat- urally, to the » feeling on the part of many that fires would be a_ blessing, simice they would hasten the day when large areas of agricultural land could be fires from as- suming the proportions of a much greater Cia! lavamisiatay: than actually took place. It must not be understood that Ontario is at- the matter of for- giving no tention to est-fire protec- tion. On contrary, a the large amount of being spent an- money is nually on this The has, work. system however, a number of vital weaknesses. The Do- For- Branch estimates that minion estry placed under the plow. Also, Photograph by British and Colonial Press, Toronto. many pros- pectors con- sider fires a distinct advan- tage, since they lay bare the mineral soil, and thus facilitate Whether rightly or wrongly, the Porcupine fire of 1911 was attributed, at the discovery of valuable minerals. least in part, to fires started by prospectors with this object in view. This attitude on the part of a proportion of the resident population, particularly the settlers, would natu- rally make it difficult for a government to take adequate steps for the prevention and control of forest fires in that section. It goes, of course, without saying, that no one really contemplated such a holocaust as that which has just oc- curred. As long, however, as no lives were lost or large amounts of improved property destroyed, it is probably safe to state that a considerable proportion of the popula- tion of the Clay Belt regarded the occurrence of forest fires with a good deal of equanimity. No particular attention was paid to smouldering bush fires, which were A TYPICAL GROUP OF REFUGEES WAITING ON THE PLATFORM AT ENGLEHART (Note Women and Small Family) Many of these not only lost all their property but a number mourn the loss of relatives and several of them escaped by seeming miracles. Ontario has 70 million acres of land capable of yielding mer- chantable tim- ber, or one-half the total area of the province. Of this, about 13 million acres are included in provincial parks and forest reserves, and about 10 million acres are under license to cut timber under specified conditions, the land itself remaining the property of the Crown. Some of the timber limits being within forest reserves or parks, it is safe to estimate that there are something like 50 million acres of unlicensed Crown timber land not included in parks or reserves, and exclusive of non-productive areas. There is very little tim- ber land in private ownership in the province of Ontario. The annual revenue which the province receives from timber licenses amounts to upwards of $1,500,000 annu- The holders of timber licenses are required to pro- pay the necessary staff of fire rangers on ally. vide and licensed lands, subject to supervision by the provincial authorities. Protection on other Crown lands is to be CAUSE OF THE FIRE furnished direct by the Government, where such pro- tection is considered worth while. As a rule, of the unlicensed and unreserved Crown lands, it has been con- sidered practicable to provide fire protection on only those portions which contain quantities of white and red pine. Thus, there are large areas of land containing a poorer quality or quantity of timber which are left practically or altogether without protec- tion. The area of such lands is so great that the Provincial Government has felt justified in incurring the large addi- tional expendi- ture that would be involved by the establish- ment of a patrol system. The report of the Depart- ment of Lands and Forests of Ontario for 1915 shows that about $300,000 spent on forest protection in the province during that year, of which apparently about $230,000 was expended by the Provincial Government. not Was The cost of fire-ranging on licensed lands was approximately $70,000,—286 men being provided for this work by licensees. The total cost to the province for patrol of forest reserves was $67,313,—166 men being as- signed. On unlicensed Crown lands, 107 men were ap- pointed, costing $54,925. For the patrol of the National Transcontinental and Temiskaming and Northern Ontario Railways (owned by the Dominion and Provincial Gov- ernments respectively), 126 men were provided by the province, costing $56,326. There were 18 chief rangers, 5 deputy chief rangers, and 8 supervisors on lands under license. In addition, 12 railway inspectors were provided to enforce the provisions of the Railway Act and the fire regulations of the Railway Commission as to privately owned railways. The cost of patrols in the parks is not stated, nor are figures available showing the total amount expended for extra labor in extinguishing fires. The pri- vately owned railways are required by the Railway Commission to take full precautions with regard to the reporting and extinguishing of their own fires, and they are, as a rule, performing this work in an admirable man- ner, and help as well in controlling many fires from the AND FUTURE PREVENTION ONE OF THE MANY SAD SCENES Unloading coffins of victims of the fire at Ramore. At each station along the fire-swept district, dead and injured from the surrounding country were gathered as quickly as possible by volunteer relief parties. 527 outside. The cost of this work does not appear in the figures above quoted. It will thus be seen that a great deal of money is Why, then, is it possible for such a catastrophe to occur as has just The answer will be found in the discussion of the following being spent on fire protection in Ontario. devastated so large a section of Northern Ontario ? points, which have been em- phasized time and again in representations made to the PaO mela Government by Commis- of Con- and Canadian the sion servation the 15) (0) ie (SS tb ie ay Association. 1. There is (0) Gl @anisavil ee policy for the clearing of land in the north country, preliminary to settlement. Clearing is left entirely to in- dividual initia- tive, supple- mented by ac- cidental fires. There is no regulation of settlers’ slash-burning operations, and it is usually the care- less settler who naturally selects the driest time to burn. It should be noted that reports indicate settlers’ fires as the agency responsible for the recent holocaust. It has been suggested that the province should adopt some general scheme of at least partial clearing, ahead of settlement. The clearing, by the government, of a strip extending from each road allowance, would back distance enable the settler to make an immediate start in raising some a crop, and would at the same time break the forest up into blocks, thus greatly increasing the chance of con- trolling fires. The difficulty of this will of course be the cost which the prospective settler would be required to repay in the course of time. It is believed, however, that this need not be prohibitive. In any event, in the light of past and recent experience, it would appear that the province should make a complete study of the whole situation and determine definitely and finally what areas are chiefly valuable for agriculture and which are chiefly valuable for continued timber production. As to the former, some definite policy should be adopted for the removal of the timber that will have due regard to the safety of life and property. As to the latter, adequate 528 AMERICAN fire protection must be provided, in order to assure a sufficient supply of timber for local needs, permanently. Also, beyond any question, an act should be passed pro- hibiting the setting out of clearing fires during the fire season, except on permit signed by an authorized forest officer. This plan is now in effect. in British Columbia, Quebec, Nova Scotia, to a limited extent in New Bruns- wick, and also in the Dominion forest reserves. Similar provisions exist in a number of the states. It has proved conclusively that the extreme danger resulting from the unregulated burning of settlers’ slash can be kept within reasonable bounds. There is no reason why a similar requirement should not be made effective in Ontario. A strong campaign to this end is now being waged, par- ticularly by the Canadian Forestry Association. Many boards of trade are taking the matter up in a vigorous way and all this agitation must have an effect. It is to be noted that, for instance, Minnesota did not provide really adequate forest fire protection until after the disastrous experiences of the Chisholm and Baudette fires. It is to be anticipated that history will repeat itself in Ontario as well. The warning of the Porcupine fire of 1911 was not heeded, but adequate action is now imperative, unless the development of the Clay Belt is to be retarded indefinitely, on account of the unwilling- ness of present and prospective settlers to face the un- necessary hazard, by fire, to life and property. 2. The whole fire-protection service of the province should be reorganized, and extended to cover vast areas now left unprotected. Unlicensed and unreserved Crown lands need much more attention than they have ever received. This is particularly true of the Clay Belt, where relatively little has been done aside from the patrol immediately along the railway line. Unless this action is taken, there will inevitably be periodical repeti- tions of this year’s disaster, until the country is swept practically. clear of timber. There must also be a radical change in the point of view which permits small fires to smoulder unattended, until they become large ones and escape control. The reorganization of the service should include adequate provision for competent supervision of the staff, all the way from the head office down to the men in the field. The present provisions in this regard are far from adequate. Some one competent man must be designated to give his whole time to the general super- vision of this important work, and he must be given a much larger staff of inspectors, in addition to an increase in the ranger force. Further, the work of the rangers should be facilitated by better provision for communica- tion and fire-fighting. This means the construction of more roads, trails, portages, telephone lines, lookout sta- tions, tool caches, ete. Without this mechanical equip- ment, it will be impossible to organize the work on a really modern and up-to-date basis. A beginning in this respect has been made in some of the forest reserves and parks, but the situation as a whole is relatively undeveloped. 3. Provision is badly needed for the reduction of the fire hazard, through the disposal of inflammable debris in certain locations. For the protection of towns and settle- ments, fire breaks should be cleared around them. In FORESTRY! Minnesota, under the fire break clause of the forestry law relating to municipalities, the State Forest Service has brought about the cleaning up of a great deal of slash and brush around many villages in the northern part of the State. This has usually taken the form, according to the State Forester, of a cleared and plowed strip, perhaps two rods wide, a quarter to a half-mile from the town, on the sides threatened. The space between the cleared strip and the town is, of course, cleared of all slash and the brush burned, or it is cul- tivated or pastured, if possible. The State Forester holds the opinion, in view of the experience of Minnesota, that settlements are best protected by systematic disposal of slash and débris throughout the locality, with the addi- tional aid of a system of roads laid out to provide neces- sary cleared strips on the outskirts of the settlements. It goes, of course, without saying, that in connection with the construction of colonization roads, full provision should be made for the piling and burning, within the road allowance, at a safe time, of all débris resulting from road construction. For the most part, this action has been taken in the Clay Belt. Only too frequently, how- ever, in many parts of Canada and the United States, is the road slash left piled in windrows along the roadside, thus constituting a severe and unnecessary hazard, and preventing the road from serving the useful purpose of a fire-break in case of need. A good fire-break should not only be a vantage point from which a back-fire can be started, if need be, but it should also serve as an avenue over which men and supplies can be transported to fight fires. Roads may be made to serve the former as well as the latter purpose, if proper foresight is used. Railroads, ditches, tote roads and trails should also be considered in the general scheme of fire protection and utilized as fire-breaks wherever possible. State Forester Cox reports that if the work is properly laid out along these lines, the cost should not be pro- hibitive. He finds that one of the most effective means of cutting down the number of fires in Minnesota has been the completeness with which all slash along high- ways, ditches and other rights of way has been cleaned up. It has meant unending work on the part of the rangers to bring about this condition, but, according to Mr. Cox, the results have justified all the trouble taken. The experience of Minnesota and of the United States Forest Service in this respect will no doubt be considered by the Government of Ontario, and it is hoped that suit- able provision will be made, legislative and administrative, for putting similar measures into effect in that province. The whole question of the disposal of logging slash, as a fire-preventive measure, has, as yet, hardly been touched anywhere in eastern Canada. Some small experi- ments have been made by different agencies, and informa- tion relative to the general situation both in Canada and the United States has been published. If the loss of probably not less than 250 lives and of millions of dollars’ worth of property in the recent disaster shall result in the adoption of really adequate measures for fire protection in Ontario in the future, the sacrifice will not have been altogether in vain. Mount Ramier National Park By Mark DANIELS Former Superintendent of National Parks HE ranges of mountains that run in a more or less continuous line from southern California practically to the Canadian border are accented here and there, as it were, by peaks that raise their lofty crests far above the surrounding territory. Beginning at the southern end of the Sierra Nevadas with Mount Whitney, that range of mountains is marked in its middle portion by Mount Lassen and at its northern extremity by Mount Shasta. Passing on into the mountains of Oregon and Washington in the Cascade there is Mount Mazama, the top of which was blown off in times gone range, by, leaving the cup that now contains beautiful Crater Lake. Further north are Mount Hood Mount Rainier, whose snow-crowned crests are visible for miles and miles throughout the surrounding territory. and THE ROAD FROM TACOMA, CALLED THE TACOMA This road, which leads to Rainier National Park, bursts out of the wonderful forest of pines onto a clear plateau that overlooks the valley which lies at the base of the great mountain. forbids comment on all but the scenery. The road from the city to the Park is smooth, well built and beautiful. With the exception of Mount Whitney, each of these peaks bears undisputed evidence of volcanic formation, with Lassen peak giving frequent evidences of its de- termination not to be taken from the category of active On the top of Mount Shasta there is a hot spring which gives off steam within a few feet of per- eruptives. petual snow and ice, and on Mount Rainier it is quite possible to dip out sufficient hot water from beneath the wall of a glacier to brew a grateful pot of tea without the use of fire. Of all the peaks in the United States that stand out in marked contrast to the surrounding country, Mount Rainier is the undisputed peer. It is the Fujiyama of the United States. It stands out alone, almost detached from the remainder of the range, towering to a height of 14,408 “HYPHEN" NATIONAL PARK ROAD Inside the Park the condition is such that patriotism 529 530 AMERICAN feet, with practically all of its height above the surround- ing territory. Most of our other peaks, such as those in Colorado which rise to an altitude nearly equal to Mount Rainier, can be seen only from territory that is in itself at a great altitude, but Mount Rainier may be clearly FORESTRY seen from the waters of Puget Sound, on whose placid surface on a calm day the reflection of this sparkling mountain in the distance is a wonderful sight to behold. The mountain is so ever-present as not only to dom- inate the situation, but to intrude its individuality and SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR FRANKLIN K Secretary Lane was once engaged in newspaper work in Tacoma and his picture r graph shops in that city r, of the Federal Reserve Board see that Dr. Miller reall; iched the movement for an ent during hi m as As the Interior that this pictt LANE’S PARTY AT NISQUALLY GLACIER, RAINIER NATIONAL PARK glaciers of Mt. Rainier may be found in the windows of many photo- Lane ft. If the truth were told, it would be more generally known nprehensive plan for the development of our National Parks. It was party was taken, at the snout of Nisqually Glacier MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK influence into the very social fabric of the surrounding towns. Nearly every inhabitant of the district, who pre- tends to such a thing as a garden, will take the itinerant visitor to the back porch, or veranda, or terrace, as the case may be, and point out how he ingeniously contrived the arrangement of his garden so that the snow-white peak of Mount Rainier terminated the vista along the major axis of his garden. laid to originality and uniqueness on the part of the garden owner using our na- rr tional park as the major ele- ment in plan, the visi- tor will, never- theless, come away with the impression that there is at least one man in Washington who appre- Ciates the beauty of one of nature's fi Gh Sy Ss ee pauercie ss lit, however, he visits more than one gar- den, he will, more than likely, conclude that the inhabi- tants of the districts are not at all sociable, for none seems to know that his neighbor's garden is axed on the glorious peak. The moun- tain is of such a commanding height that it is plainly visible from Seattle and Tacoma, in fact so much so, that to the residents of these two cities it has become part and parcel of their local scenery. What, then, could be more natural than a struggle for its control ? Before its discovery by the whites, the mountain was called Tacoma by the Clickitats, Yakimas and other Indian tribes of the district. So far as I have been able to learn, this name means “ the great snow.” The nam- ing of the peak, “ Mount Rainier,” in honor of Rainier, the famous explorer, has therefore, for many years, been a thorn in the side of the residents of the city of Tacoma. A feud finally developed between the two cities for the While no claim is specifically his same THE NISQUALLY GLACIER The snout of Nisqually Glacier reaches down to within a few hundred yards from the highway. in the center is the glacier, although it looks more like a heap of earth than a giant cake of ice. a glacier’s toes is always one that destroys any youthful ideal as to the ‘‘huge wa!l of sparkling ice.” d31 possession and control of the Park’s development, and this feud grew to such an extent that many dear friends were estranged and there was naught but bitterness between them. The story is told of one of our prominent national characters, who, in his visits to these two cities for the purpose of gathering the autumn crop of votes, became so confused that he could not keep in mind when he should call it Mount Tacoma and when Mount Rainier. His secretary had advised him, therefore, in his speeches in the two cities Ei |. to’ call its only ~ the moun- tain.” At the end of an ardu- ous day in Seattle. hie closed his speech before a large gather- ing with his im- pressions of the beautiful snow- capped peak and terminated his sentence with the words “ Mount Taco- ma.” His sec- retary was on the platform and when he heard this he uttered a deep groan and said, in a voice that was plainly audible to the twelve hundred enraptured listeners, “Hell, now you ve lost twelve hundred votes! ” An account of the struggle The dark mass and how the The first view aol trend aotebathle ran through years would fill a small volume which, as a matter of Suffice it to say, however, that the hatchet has been buried and there is fact, has no part in this argument. now an organization composed of citizens of both communities who work in apparent harmony for the benefit of the Park; so much so, in fact, that by virtue of persistent pounding they have secured a sufficient appro- priation from Congress to actually build some new bits of road in the Park. There are few places in the world one may drive an automobile right up to the snout of a mighty glacier. The only place in the United States that I know of where 532 AMERICAN this can be done is in Mount Rainier National Park. There is a highway leading out of Tacoma which (it must be stated, lest another feud be started, leads also from Seattle) passes through a forest of Oregon pine that is unsurpassed on any motor highway in the world. This road enters the Park almost exactly at its south- western corner and traverses a mile or so of the Park and then runs out and in again for another two miles, finally entering the Park about a mile from Longmire ‘S) D.ie Wiel 5g, From here on it follows the Nisqually, climbing through a dif- ference in ele- vation of 1500 feet to within a few hundred yards of the snout of the Nisqually Glacier. The appear- ance of this portion of the glacier is quite disillusion- ing, for the lower end of the “river of ice” is covered with dirt and disintegrated stone so that it is hardly recog- nizable as snow and ice. From this point the road around the ex- ceedingly steep wall of the canyon to Ricksecker Point. For a half mile around this point the view is stupendous. The Tatoosh range of mountains is just across the can- yon, into which it casts the purple shadows of its jagged peaks. From Ricksecker Point the road climbs steadily through a vertical distance of 1500 feet to Reese’s Camp in Paradise Valley. Every turn of the road displays to view some new and startling formation of the Tatoosh range as well as intimate peeps of the glaciers on the mountain slope. Whoever named Paradise Valley did so, I am cer- tain, with no intent to exaggerate. It is a fairly open stretch of grass-covered land, perhaps a mile and a half in. with the problems of the ascent. swings lovers but their joy is generally short-lived. JOY SLIDING ON AN AUGUST DAY, RAINIER NATIONAL PARK Strangely enough, there is only a slight accumulation of moisture in the clothing when this form of pastime is engaged Such times, however, are infrequent, for the minds of even the hardiest of mountain climbers are fully occupied The snow, in almost every instance, is quite dry and extends temptations to sport EBORES TRY in length, strewn with the most marvellous variety of wild flowers imaginable. With the sparkling white snow and ice in the background, the kaleidoscopic colors of this little valley and its surrounding slopes present a picture in color harmony that would test the versatility of a Brangwyn. Surrounding this wonderful place are a great number of spots almost equally beautiful though Heisisiarpatlays named. There is a small creek called Edith Creek, a beauti- ful miniature plateau called Frog Heaven, SeECWE MS Glacier, and, as might be ex- pected, another of the innum- erable Louise Lakes. I have never checked it up, but I doubt if there is a picturesque spot equal in area to Mount Rainier N a- tional Park which has not a ILOwISe CF Eleanor Lake. In the case of Glacier Na- tional Park the committee on names varied their nomencla- ture applied to the category of beautiful lakes to such an ex- tent as to call one of the lakes “Lake “Ellen: Wilson.” What ingeniousness! What wonderful imagery! We arc truly coming on apace. It only remains to change the name, in honor of our coal barons, from Tatoosh Range to Gas Range to show the world that we are a truly modern people, up to all of the little tricks of the trade that sub- stantiate our claims for a high position amongst the nations of higher civilization. Unfortunately, the automobile cannot carry the tourist further into the Park than Paradise Valley, which is really just over the line. From this point, to and through 200,000 acres beyond, one must travel afoot or horse- back. Congress has been, for once, more or less justified in displaying a ‘‘ reasonable’ amount of reticence over MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK 533 the building of an encircling road, for there are canyons and hogbacks that reach down from the crest of the peak in a way that is well calculated to discourage the most intrepid road builder. Added to these are a series of huge glaciers thrusting their snouts out into the surrounding territory like the tentacles of an octopus that discourage the over-ambitious; nevertheless, a highway has been planned and, in fact, tentatively surveyed, which would encircle the mountain, giving access to the innumerable Many people who have climbed the Alps would un- doubtedly be inclined to disparage Mount Rainier if they had not been there, but no less an authority than Professor Joseph N. Le Conte gave it as his opinion that there was no single system of glaciers in Switzerland which could surpass the system that crowns Mount Rainier. Just how glaciers are counted, when most of them seem to join in one solid mass of ice, I do not know but I have heard it stated, by those who have had lessons in plain and fancy Se af BIG CEDARS IN RAINIER NATIONAL PARK The charms of Mount Rainier National Park are not confined to glaciers and misappropriated masculine costumes. which cast their somber shadows across the paths like deep purple mottles upon the carpet of inviting green. Th There are verdant forests of giant cedar e trees are among the largest of their species in the world and possess an individuality that is surpassed only by the strange and weird impressiveness of the California sequoias. wouderful valleys, canyons and glaciers that abound on all sides of the peak, and it is to be hoped that sooner or later this road will be built. From Paradise Valley there is one established route for reaching the summit. The trail of this route follows along the hogback from Paradise Valley over the most easily negotiated snow fields to a point called Camp Muir at an elevation of 10,000 feet. From there the climbing becomes arduous and somewhat dangerous. It is, in fact, so dangerous as to be unsafe for those who are not experienced in negotiating glaciers and should not be taken without a guide. counting, that there are over twenty-five glaciers in this Park, and that these glaciers cover an area in excess of forty square miles. The names of some of these glaciers are particularly interesting. There are the Frying Pan, Emmons, Winthrop, Russell, Flett, Success, Van Trump, Wilson and Stevens Glaciers. One is curious to know whether the list of proper names was exhausted before Tahoma Glacier was given its beautiful, musical name. On the eastern slope the glaciers seem to be broken and more disconnected than on the northern slope, but the The glaciers that extend to the north are considerably larger surrounding country is not less beautiful. 534 AMERICAN than those on any of the other sides of the mountain. This is only natural, as the northern slopes receive much less sun. The Carbon Glacier is perhaps the longest in the system and reaches down to form the source of the River. Carbon Lying between the Carbon Glacier and its nearest big neighbor are Spray Park and Seattle Park, BORESTRY It would seem that the exigencies of political ex- pediency alone would be sufficient to secure an appro- priation from Congress for the proper development of this Park, for it les within a short automobile ride from the two cities of Tacoma and Seattle (or perhaps Seattle and Tacoma), and is the only great national park where the residents of large cities can spend their Sundays picnicking. It would ap- pear, therefore, to be politically expedi- | ent to do something really worth while in this Park if for no other reason than that such action would undoubtedly develop considerable yvote-getting propensities. Perhaps, if the lovers of nature could get the national parks into the Rivers and Harbors Bill, the long-practised custom of over-appropriation in that branch of our Federal Government might be made to apply to our scenic areas. But possi- bly the knowledge that this peak, which was once so well loved by the Indians, has been thoroughly taken away from them, has caused the interest of those in PARADISE PARK AND TATOOSH RANGE The Tatoosh range presents, as true lovers of mountain scenery view it, the most picturesque in the Park. brilliant blues the towering pinnacles stand out like watch-towers of fairyland. the latter being one that is seldom mentioned in the vicinity of Tacoma. It is a bit confusing to find that most of the beauty spots inside the National Park are them- selves named Parks, such as Vernal Park, Moraine Park, Spray Park and many others. An unfortunate circumstance in the present arrange- ment of roads entering the Park is that they are in no As a result, if one wishes to visit the great number of wonder- way connected up within the Park boundaries. ful sights and to become familiar with the variety of scenery that is available, it is necessary to back out and attack the Park from some other point of entrance. It is quite possible to reach a point near the northwestern corner of the Park by automobile, from whence the Mother Mountain country and the Carbon and Russell Glaciers can be reached by trail. There are practically no facilities, however, for pack train travel in this imm diate district, and to get from this country over to thi northeastern or southeastern corners one must retrace and attack the problem again. There is, undoubtedly, no district in the United States of the area of Mount Rainier National Park which has such a tremendous diversity of scenery OF is so broken by canyons, mountain walls and glaciers. For this very reason the tourist or mountain climber who visits the district is immediately fired with a burning desire to exhaust at least a portion of its tremendous scenic re- sources, and his humor is in no wise softened by the knowledge of the fact that the money necessary to build an encircling highway about the peak was consumed last year by the expenditure of $200,000 for the erection of a white stone postoffice in Squeegee, North Dakota. The serrated crest of the range is sharply defined by the southern sky, against whose power to be diverted to other districts where the Indians still have a hold, at view least in their minds, upon their small remaining territory. NISQUALLY GLACIER AND RIVER From this point is to be seen one of the most impressive views in the Park. The stream in the narrow valley is well filled all the year round and the glacier in the distance moves at the rate of sixteen inches a day. The Indians in this district held Mount Rainier or Tacoma, as they called it, in reverential awe, in fact, one author has written a book upon the subject entitled ‘* The MOUNT RAINIER Mountain that was God.” Why he should have used the past tense is not clearly understood, for if ever a country and people were dominated and inspired by a God-lke spectacle, the people of the vicinity of Mount Rainier are held to-day in that dominion. That the Indians in past days worshipped at the shrine of this glorious spectacle in their simple obvious manner is no indication that none of us holds in his breast NATIONAL PARK 535 ing their age-old process of sculpturing the great stone mountain into shapes that will, in future generations, present puzzles to geologists. In fact, the Nisqually Glacier is said to move about sixteen inches a day, cutting and scouring the bottom of its channel with the great boulders that are embedded in its bottom like diamonds in the face of a drill. All the great glaciers of Mount Rainier are flowing quite an equally reverential love of once was and still is God of this mountain which our peaks. There is a theory that seems to be more or less founded upon observation and facts to the effect that man’s mental development is largely influenced ‘by what he sees, that the con- stant intrusion upon one’s sense of the tawdry will in time bring down the stand- ard of intellect and charac- ter, and that repeated con- templation of an inspiring in time lift the character to the levels above Whether this is true to any great ex- tent, there is little doubt that constant, intimate as- with the ful undoubtedly influences character for the better. In the light of this theory, it is difficult for some of us do understand view will normal. or not sociation beauti- not the the Japanese to appreciate who thoroughly nature of the fact that Fujiyama, that most of has largely influenced and moulded the of the people of Japan. Never- glorious peaks, character theless, it is my opinion,and the belief of others, that a certain element of sublimity of nature and sturdiness of character, which we know the Japanese possess, may be traced to their intimate knowl- edge of the beautiful scenery of their Island and their relationship with the “holy mountain.” This being the case, the citizens in the vicinity of Mount Rainier should deem themselves most blessed, for they may raise their children at the very base of one of the most beautiful, impressive and inspiring mountains that can be seen on earth. The glaciers on Mount Rainier are quite different from those to be found National Park. In the former case they are actual active glaciers or rivers of in Glacier flowing ice, as all true exponents of literary phraseology love to call them. The glaciers on Rainier are perform- A TOWERING PEAK Rugged scenery is one of the fzatures of Mount Rainier National Park, and this view is one of many which keep the observer interested for hours at a time. rapidly. On the other hand, the of National Park are largely glaciers Glacier dormant. The large pro- portion of them are moving to some extent but they are not actively engaged in the real work of glaciers. They seem to be exhausted and in the last stages of their activities. Some of them are just huge cakes of ice which are, by comparison, mere bits of frozen residue that were, hundreds of centuries from great glaciers ago, perhaps a thousand times greater in size. They rest quietly in the cup of their great beds that were carved from the living rock in the days of their youth. It is difficult for those uninitiated the teries of glacial action and into mys- geological formations to ap- preciate how a cake of ice can cut a canyon a thou- But it is their huge weight and slow sand feet deep. movement which accom- plish the end, and when it is realized that the ice of the Nisqually Glacier alone is more than one thousand feet thick in some places, tremendous the pressure that it exerts can be partially appreciated. The streams from active glaciers are colored with a slightly milky hue. The infinitesimally fine particles that are the product of glacial scouring are held in suspension or solution within the waters so that, after becoming familiar with the appearance of glacier water, one may invariably recognize the flow from beneath an active glacier. This does not in any way contaminate the water or make it unfit for domestic use, as seems to be the opinion of most tourists who see that for the first time. There is a fascination, which is not born only of the danger involved, in climbing these great ice fields. As a result many people who are physically and other- wise not qualified to essay the exceedingly exhausting ascent to Mount Rainier do so with the tourist’s usual 536 AMERICAN indifference to the good advice of Government officials. As a matter of fact there is but one route over which the ascent to the summit of Mount Rainier is possible, and should one, fired with the valor of ignorance, attempt to find another and lose his way there is no hope of getting out. To many, the loss of lives of those who do not use A STUDY IN BLACK AND WHITE Against the almost black of the heavily wooded slope in the middle distance the snow-clad range in the background makes a striking contrast their intelligence in such cases, by taking the advice of officials, is a matter of no moment, but to the Govern- ment the fact that several lives have been lost to venture- some but inexperienced climbers is a matter of serious- ness. The danger of climbing Mount Rainier does not lurk only in the problem of mountaineering, but also in the weather conditions. At an altitude of from 10,000 to 14,000 feet the wind storms and snow storms are not tempered to the “shorn lamb” and it is not unusual to find a stretch of several days when the ascent to the peak would be utterly impossible. Should a mountaineer be caught in some of the heavy snow storms there would be no possible opportunity of coming out alive, and if he were to encounter one of the fierce wind storms no form of footing could save him from being blown into a crevasse. Of all the parks in our system, Rainier is certainly deserving of further development. Its proximity to a large population, its tremendous interest as the only im- mediately accessible system of glaciers in the United States, its marvellous beauty and inspiring dignity and its many lakes and fields of wild flowers would justify an FORESTRY expenditure many, many times as great as the appro- In a park of 207,360 acres, the area of which does not include anything but the cream of scenery, priation allotted. the Federal Government has built a mere snip of a few snout of one to other parts miles of road which barely reaches the glacier. It has built a few trails leading and has done nothing else. What is needed is an encircling road that shall pass entirely around the Mountain on practical grade. From this encircling road should be constructed entrance roads from each of the corners so that one might enter on any side of the park, strike the encircling road, swing around From this encircling road should be built trails and small spur roads it as far as desired and exit at another side. to such interesting spots as Spray Park, Reflection Lakes, Whether this It is certain, however, that if Mount Rainier were a possession and other specially attractive locations. will ever be done or not is difficult to determine. of any of the European countries it would be developed to its maximum in a very short time, for the people of Europe have learned that scenery is a national resource as much as coal and timber and that it can be sold over and over again without a reduction in the original bulk of the commodity. MEMORIAL TABLET FOR GEORGE W. VANDERBILT N acquiring the tract of rough mountain land known as Pisgah Forest, adjacent to his estate at Biltmore, North Carolina, and in placing the management of this area in the hands of a professional forester as early as 1897, Mr. George W. Vanderbilt became a pioneer in the encouragement of national forest management of private lands in this country. Through the opportunity thus offered, Gifford Pinchot, and later Dr. C. A. Schenck, con- The inspiration of this work undoubtedly was most instrumental in launch- ducted numerous instructive operations. ing the campaign for national forests in the Appalachians. From small beginnings great movements spring. Following Mr. Vanderbilt’s ceath, the tract was offered by Mrs. Vanderbilt to the government and was purchased This purchase was subject to a timber contract which runs for at $5.00 per acre. The acreage was 80,398 acres. 20 years, under which the mature timber, measuring over 18 inches at the ground, may be cut and removed. In recognition of his great and lasting service to fores- try in this region, the Southern Forestry Congress, held at Asheville recently, voted to erect a memorial tablet to Mr. Vanderbilt at the entrance to Pisgah Forest. A com- mittee was appointed to raise the necessary funds, the members of which are Governor Locke Craig, Raleigh, N. C.; Dr. Joseph Hyde Pratt, Chapel Hill, N. C.; Dr. W. H. Holmes, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.; Charles Lathrop Pack, Lakewood, N. J.; Henry S. Graves, U. S. Forest Service, Washington, D. C.; George F. Kunz, president, American and Historic Preservation Society, New York City, and George S Powell, secretary of the Appalachian Park Association, Asheville, N.C. Scenic The Bird Department By A. A. ALLEN, Pu.D. Assistant Professor of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. AUTUMN BIRDS AND THEIR MESSAGE O phenomenon of nature is more striking to the observant watcher as he enters the September woods than the change that has been wrought in the realm of birds. The hundreds of shrill voices that claimed his attention during spring and summer are now hushed and he hears only the occasional notes of a red- eyed vireo or a wood pewee. So quiet are the tree-tops and so silent the forest floor that he is almost ready to believe that the birds are even the robin has his red breast tinged with gray. Let us see, then, what has been happening during the past few weeks to work these remarkable transformations. August is the month of molting, the season when birds change their faded, worn plumage for fresh feathers, often of a different color. The process, however, is such a gradual one that, although every feather is shed and replaced, one scarcely knows that it is taking place unless there is a change in color gone, but, as he traces the border of the woods fur- ther, he suddenly finds him- self in the midst of a flock of birds even more numer- ous than the hosts of spring. They are scratch- ing in the leaves, shaking the bushes and weeds and chippering in the tree-tops in such manner as to an- nounce their presence be- yond any doubt, although they be difficult or even impossible to see. In the fall the birds are no longer scattered evenly through the woods and fields but have gathered in flocks, sometimes many species together, and are moving slowly southward. Where food is abundant they stop for some time, but they shun all places where food and water are scarce. In spite of their numbers, however, they are difficult to see among autumn greens and browns, for the famil- iar liveries of spring have been discarded for suitable travelling attire. Little change has come over the sparrows and vireos, whose dull plumages serve for both summer and winter, but the bright tanagers, as well. Beginning always at a definite feather, usu- ally the innermost primary wing feather, the molt pro- ceeds with regular sequence until all the feathers are re- placed. The second feather is not lost until the first is partially grown, and, be- fore the third and fourth are lost, the first is practi- cally matured. The same is true of the tail feathers, Cc so that a bird is never with- out the use of its locomotor organs and steering gear. An exception to this rule is found in the ducks and diving birds which are not dependent upon their wings i} to escape their enemies and which, therefore, can safely molt all of their primaries at the same time and be temporarily deprived of the power of flight. On the bird’s body, likewise, the EB molt proceeds gradually from a definite point, only a few feathers being lost at a time. The half-naked chickens seen in many farm yards are examples of F arrested feather develop- ment which does not occur in nature except in cases of disease. As almost every- _____*+-~=SCo one knows, feathers are not buntings and warblers have now assumed the modest Showing the way in which the feathers are replaced, beginning with ah ae T- ce nt A samalec 3 most primary (IX) and working gradually each way. Roman numeralsindicate nite dress ot the fe males and primaries, arabic, secondaries. The arrows indicate the progress of the molt. A SERIES OF MOLTING SPARROWS’ WINGS born indiscriminately over a bird’s body but along defi- lines called feather 537 AMERICAN tracts. Between the feather tracts, which are apparently regular in every species of bird, there are extensive bare areas which are dependent upon the overlapping of the feathers of adjacent tracts for protection. In the young of most birds, until the feathers are matured, the feather tracts (pteryle) and the naked spaces (apteria) are very conspicuous. The sickly chickens appear so naked because the bare spaces are entirely exposed by the scarcity of feathers in every tract. FORESTRY snow bunting wears away the dusky from its head and breast and shows snowy white. In birds like the purple finch and indigo bunting, where there are no apparent gray tips to the feathers and which still seem to become more intensely colored as the season advances, the feather wear is of a different sort. It was formerly believed that the feathers became repigmented from the blood of the bird but to-day that is considered impossible, because once the feather is mature, it is a dead structure, physiologically disconnected from the bird’s body and serving only in a mechanical way for flight and protection. To understand what actually happens in the case of these birds, it is necessary to know something of the structure of a feather as shown under the lens. All feathers are composed of a mid-vein or shaft and the web. If the web is examined carefully it will be seen A MOLTING SPARROW Showing the replacement of feathers. The new feathers appear darker than the old and include all but three of the primaries, one secondary, the wing coverts and a few feathers on the back. Several of the central tail feathers have been lost but not yet replaced. Most birds molt but once a year, but it would obviously be impossible for a bird that changes to a dull coat after the nesting season to assume its brilliant breeding plumage without another molt in the spring. Thus we find in the case of the scarlet tanager, goldfinch, bobolink and other brilliantly colored species that the males undergo a spring or “ pre-nuptial’’ molt as well as a fall or “‘post-nuptial ” change of plumage. The pre-nuptial molt is usually in- complete, however, as the wings and tail feathers, which are dull even in brightly colored birds, are made to serve both plumages. In some birds, however, where there is a conspicuous change in color from the winter to the breeding plumage, it is accomplished in another way known as “ feather wear.” This is possible because each feather is tipped with a color different from the main portion of the plume. The feather tips give the general color to the fall and winter plumage, but as they wear off, the underlying breeding color is exposed. Browns, yellows and grays occur most frequently as color-tips with blacks, browns or reds beneath. The robin’s breast becomes much redder with the advance of spring because the gray tips of the feathers wear off. The black spot on the throat of the house-sparrow and that on the breast of the meadowlark treble in size. The red-winged blackbird loses his red- dish-brown cast and becomes intensely black, while the A PAIR OF HOUSE SPARROWS These birds are in their summer plumage. The sparrow has no spring molt, but by the wearing away of the gray tips of the feathers a considerable change in color ensues, especially on the throat of the male. to be composed of a series of fibers called “ barbs” attached on each side of the shaft. Each barb, similarly, When these barbules are examined under the microscope they are found to bear bears rows of small barbules. a number of minute recurved hooklets which fasten into the hooklets of adjacent barbules and give to the feather its firmness, being best developed in the wing feathers, which require the greatest strength. Some feathers and the innermost parts of most feathers lack this device and are therefore always soft and fluffy, giving little resistance to the passage of air through them. Now in the case of the purple finch and indigo bunting, the red and the blue colors are located mostly in the barbs while the barbules and hooklets are dusky. With the wearing away of the hooks and the barbules on the body feathers, the barbs become more conspicuous and the color of the bird becomes apparently more intense. THE BIRD DEPARTMENT That molting is not confined to birds is well recognized and its homology to the * shedding of the skin ” in reptiles and amphibians is conceded. Of course, the snake or the salamander does not actually shed its skin but merely the hard outer cuticle. This cuticle, as in the case of the birds’ feathers, when fully formed is a dead structure and it is inelastic. Consequently, as the snake or salamander ‘shell’ becomes too small for it and must The more food one of these cold-blooded animals consumes, the more rapidly it grows and the more often it has to molt. grows, this be replaced by a larger one. It is not seriously discommoded by the process, however, except for a short time when the loosened cuticle over the eye becomes opaque and renders it nearly blind. When this occurs the animal rubs its nose against a stone, splitting the hard cuticle and then gradually wiggles itself free, ieaving the skin entire, a sort of a ghost of its former self. With birds the molting is a more serious matter. It HOUSE SPARRCWS ANOTHER PAIR OF These birds are now in their winter plumage. The black spot on the throat of the male is largely concealed by the gray tips of the feathers. requires far more energy to grow a new set of feathers than merely to form a new cuticle, in fact, so much so that most of the other activities must stop and the bird’s entire strength be given to molting. As a result song ceases, fighting and display are never indulged in, and nest- ing activities are completed and out of the way. The birds retire to the thickets and move about only in search of food. It is a period of sickness or indisposition and the During the molting time many birds practically disappear and are nowhere to birds shun each other’s company. be seen for several weeks. The red-winged blackbirds, for example, are very abundant in all the marshes until the last of August. Each evening they can be seen flying 539 in large flocks to roost in the marshes and each morning leaving again to feed on the upland fields. separate in flocks by themselves and show little interest in each other. The sexes Suddenly the male birds disappear, shortly the females follow and there ensues a period of several weeks when no blackbirds are seen either morning or evening, nor are they to be seen during the day about the marshes. Ina few weeks they appear again and this time in even larger numbers than before, for they have been A YOUNG GREEN HERON Showing the feather tracts and naked areas between found in all birds. The bare areas are later entirely concealed by the overlapping of the feathers of adjacent tracts. joined by migrating birds from the north. In former years it was supposed that the early disappearance was caused by the resident birds leaving for the south and that the reappearance of blackbirds announced the arrival of birds from the north, but the unaccountable part of the story was that although the August birds were supposed to be leaving for the south, they never arrived. Instead, the blackbirds in the south likewise disappeared and were The mystery of their disappearance, however, can easily be supposed to be moving eastward to the rice fields. explained by anyone who will venture out into the heart of the larger marshes during the first of September, for there he will find, after sufficient search, large flocks of short-winged, short-tailed blackbirds skulking about the more open areas and hesitating to fly far. For it is at this period that they are just completing their molts by the 540 AMERICAN FORESTRY replacement of the outer pri- mary wing feath- ers, the loss of which, in short- ening the wing, makes flight dif- ficult the long trips to and and from the uplands practically im- possible. Hence they are seldom seen and it might easily be thought that had they left for other parts. Thus it is with other birds also. They cease sing- A SPOTTED SALAMANDER Ing and go into Note its molted skin. hiding until the out. They molt at irregularintervals, dependent largely upon the food supply. Birds, on the other hand, molt ata fixed time, once or twice a year, losing but a few feathers at a time and replacing them as fast as they are lost. molting is prac- tically com- pleted, but it is not long before they regain their vitality some even former and revive their full springtime The ma- jority, however, prefer to rest after their stren- uous labors, fill- ing their crops with fruits and seeds and laying up a storage of songs. fat that will serve them in the long jour- neys that they Snakes and salamanders molt the cuticle entire by splitting it at the nose and wiggling ATE about to undertake. athe barks LTHOUGH over 225 members of the lark family, including species and sub-species, have been de- scribed, there is but one species, the horned lark, found in North America, all others being found in Europe, Central Asia and the plains of Africa. The North Ameri- can bird is widely distributed from ocean to ocean and from Mexico to Alaska, but is most abundant in the Mississippi Valley. It is a permanent resident wherever found, except in the northern part of its range, and its non-migratory habits and general adaptability have brought about a great deal of variation in the birds living in different parts of the country, as many as 20 geographic races having been recognized. The bird, for example, found along the Atlantic coast in winter and nesting in Labrador and Hudson Bay region is the common horned lark or shorelark; the bird of interior New England, New York and the Mississippi Valley is the prairie horned lark, while further west we find the pallid, the desert, the ruddy, the scorched and the dusky-horned larks. All, however, are so similar as to be indistin- guishable except by a specialist. Although the horned lark is the only native species of lark, the European skylark has been introduced into Oregon and Long Island and while not multiplying very rapidly, it still holds its own and sings with all the fervor of its European brothers. The meadowlark, which is even more abundant than the horned larks, belongs to the blackbird family (Icteridz) and will not be considered at this time. Larks, in general, are sparrowlike birds but with smaller, rounded bills, rounded tarsi and greatly elongated hind toe-nails. The American horned larks are easily A PRAIRIE HORNED LARK Showing the characteristic black markings about the face. Larks are perma- nent residents in all except the most northern parts of their range and are found throughout North America. distinguished from any of the sparrows by the curious black markings about the face and the little tufts of erectile black feathers on the head. They frequent open MELE, SARK farming country and prairie land, travelling in flocks except when nesting, and having sociable, unsuspicious natures, so that one may often approach very close to them. They often run along ahead of one in the road until pressed too closely, when they mount into the air with cheerful whistles. The horned larks begin to nest very early in the spring and often the nests are overtaken by late snows, as shown in the illustration. sion in the sod with no protection whatsoever, but the quite The nest itself is placed in a depres- olive or grayish speckled eggs are, nevertheless, inconspicuous even when left uncovered. NEST OF THE HORNED LARK Built during early March and overtaken by a late fall of snow. The bird was flushed from the nest by the photographer. During the breeding season the males perform aerial evolutions which quite equal those of the skylark in daring if not in melody. Mounting upwards on a great spiral, the bird ascends until nearly lost to view. Then poising for a few moments and breaking into song, it undertakes a thrilling dive toward the earth, closing its wings and dropping like a plummet, threatening to dash itself to pieces, but finally, when within four or five feet of the earth, it catches itself, swerves and very gracefully alights. Except during the nesting season, the food of the horned lark is largely the seeds of weeds, only twenty per cent being composed of insects. In some localities, especially in California, complaints have been made against them because their fondness for seeds has taken them into the newly planted fields and they have consumed large quantities of seed wheat. In these places the wheat is sown broadcast and it naturally attracts many birds, such as the mourning dove, meadowlark and blackbirds, as well as the horned larks, and undoubtedly considerable damage is done. It can easily be averted, however, by drilling the wheat, and certainly it is a most near-sighted policy that allows these birds to be shot or poisoned when their services in destroying insects and weeds are so much O41 needed. cent of their food consists of grasshoppers, white grubs, cutworms, weevils, chinch bugs, etc., while nestlings are And at other times of the year, though the numbers of insects destroyed be smaller, they are of great value in consuming such obnox- ious weeds as fox-tail and crab-grass, amaranthus, pig- For during the nesting season over forty per fed almost entirely upon insects. weed, bur-clover and corn-cockle, the seeds of which are a very important item in their food. In former years, especially in California, larks were shot and poisoned about the grain fields or netted for the markets of the larger cities, where they were sold as “ reed birds,” but to-day, because of a better understanding of their economic yalue, they are deservedly protected by law. NATIONAL FOREST RECEIPTS ECEIPTS from national forests for the fiscal year 1916 reached the high-water mark of approxi- mately $2,820,000, according to figures just com- piled. This is $341,000 above the 1915 total, which in turn exceeded any previous year. Officials say that the gain was due to increased demand for all classes of forest products. There was a decided growth in the revenue from all sources, the largest being that of $203,000 in timber sales. Grazing fees showed a gain of $77,000. Receipts for water-power development were over $12,000 more than for 1915. Sales of turpentine privileges and charges for special uses were both considerably in excess of the previous year. WESTERN FORESTRY MEETING HE annual “ forest industry conference” of the Western Forestry and Conservation Association and the annual Pacific Logging Congress will be held jointly again this year, in Portland, October 24 to 27. These are the two largest gatherings of Pacific coast forest interests, being attended by lumbermen, state and goy- ernment officials and railroad representatives from the five western timbered states from Montana to California and from western Canada. Prior to 1915 they were held separately, but a joint session in San Francisco during the fair proved the advantage of a single occasion when the attendance is so largely identical. October 24 will be devoted to protective problems and October 25 to matters of general lumber interest, includ- ing such topics as the Government’s lumber study, Cana- dian lumber affairs, foreign trade, and better correlation of organized effort to improve the industry. Representa- tives of the Federal Trade Commission, the Forest Ser- vice, the Department of Commerce and the National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association will be present. October 26 and 27 the Pacific Logging Congress will be in session to discuss improvements in logging practice, leaving the last evening by special train to spend October 28 in the Crays’ Harbor camps to see field demonstration. The Appalachian Forest Purchases By Hon. Joun W. WEEKS U.S. Senator from Massachusetts ERHAPS I cannot do better in speaking about forest conservation than to call attention to the work of the National Forest Reservation Commission which has had charge of the purchases made in the White Mountain and Appalachian regions under what is known as the Weeks Act. amounted The original appropriation for this purpose to eleven million dollars, to be ex- pended during the six years fol- lowing the passage of the act; but the fol- lowed such a pru- Commission dent and = careful course that it was not possible to or- ganize ‘sufficiently to take up the ex- amination and pur- chase of lands dur- the years of the life of the For ing first two appropriation. that million reason. dol- lars of the appro- three priation lapsed and only eight millions, or substantially that been amount, has expended up to this time. Senator Gal- New Hampshire, who is linger, of mendable actions taken in forestry matters since the passage of the original law. Having followed with some care the work of this Commission from the financial standpoint, it is my im- pression that the purchases made have been entirely justified and that, as in the case of the State of New York, the Govern- ment will eventu- ally reapavery sub- stantial profit if it wishes to dispose of the lands, and if the timber is carefully cut that there will be for all time a substantial return on the original investment. In addition to this work, the pro- visions in the origt- nal law for the protection of for- ests from fire have, in my judgment, saved timber hay- ing a value of many the the service ; in fact, times cost of one of the greatest advances made in recent years has the effective- fire service, cooperated been ness of the in by the States in a member of the the East and con- Commission, re- = = — ducted by the For- cently offered an Pholoby Henry Havelock Pierce, Boston, Ma est Service in the amendment to the HON. JOHN W. WEEKS Rocky Mountain nited States Senator from Massachusetts and Vice-president of American Forestry Associatior = AU Sara Ctielitidimaall Appropriation Bill providing a million dollars to be expended in continuing these forest purchases during the fiscal year ending the thirtieth of next June and two million for the fiscal year ending the thirtieth of June, 1918. is really a reappropriation and is one of the most com- This measure passed on August 5th. This W hile there is no way to compute the actual results in dol- sections. lars and cents, based on the destruction from fires in years past, it is safe to say that the sav- ing from this one service has been greater than the whole expenditure for the Forest Service since its establishment. DO YOU WANT A TREE GUIDE, FLOWER GUIDE, BIRD GUIDE—FREE? If you do, read our special offer to members on the Table of Contents page. Take advantage of it while it lasts. 542 Ornamental and Shade Trees A Department for the Advice and Instruction of Members of the American Forestry Association Epirep By J. J. Levison, B.A., M.F. SELECTING REES POR PLANTING HILE spring is the time for planting, the prepa- rations for planting should commence in the fall. leave them standing labelled in the nursery for spring delivery. three feet wide and three feet deep may be opened in the Fall is the time to purchase trees and Holes in the sidewalk about five feet long, fall and the ashes, tin cans and bottles frequently com- posing a street soil may be changed for two cubic yards of rich black loam. In selecting the trees for street planting, consideration should be given not only to the species but to the speci- men as well. The specimen tree should be about 2% inches in diameter, should possess a straight trunk, a definite leader and a symmetrical crown, commencing at seven to nine feet from the ground. It is sometimes difficult to find trees that will, in every respect, meet these specifications and it might then be well to agree to a smaller diameter, but to insist on well-formed specimens. Individual perfection, symmetry and uniformity are fun- damental principles in successful street planting. For this reason, it is important to plant trees of the same species on the same street or at least on a stretch of several blocks ; to have all trees of uniform size and to set them out at equal distances apart. Thirty feet apart is a suitable distance for most street trees and a tree like the elm should be allowed sixty feet. It is in the realiza- tion of just such points wherein lie the advantages in having a municipality undertake such work. If left to the citizens to do this individually, the trees will be planted either too close or too far apart. Many spe- cies will be mixed on the same block and blocks will have no trees at all. As to the selec- tion of the species, that will, of course, with the and conditions. In a general way, how- many chan yy region local ever, persons in the East will find the oriental sycamore the hardiest of all for street planting. The sycamore has A WELL PLANTED STREET lately been slightly afflicted with a leaf blight (gloeo- sporeum nervisequum), but the disease has not become general enough to do serious damage. The Norway maple is another tree equally desirable. The oaks, though of slower growth at first, are by far the noblest and The red, pin and scarlet oaks The red oak is the fastest growing and least fastidious in its soil and moisture requirements. The pin oak is most beauti- ful when its low pendulous branches are disturbed as little as possible and when its roots can get plenty of most long-lived trees. are the three best species for street purposes. moisture. The tree is therefore best adapted for sub- The scarlet oak is worth the trial for its persistent and brilliant foliage. The Ginkgo has demon- strated its adaptability to poor soils, to unfavorable city conditions and its resistance to insects and disease. It should be tried to a greater extent for street planting The English elm is another tree urban sections. than it generally is. doing well in many large cities. There are a number of trees that are planted for their admirable qualities of either form, color or beauty of their flowers, but, requiring special favorable conditions and care, they should be chosen with a greater degree of hesi- tancy than the above and planted preferably in the suburban sections rather than in the heart of the city. The principal of these are the sugar and red maple, Euro- pean linden, horse-chestnut, American elm and tulip tree. The sugar maple has a symmetrical form and combines many shades of color in the fall, but requires plenty of moisture. In the vicinity of New York City, the trees of this species planted in the heart of the city are rap- idly dying off and there is no other cause attributable for this condition except the excessive from the leaves against the meagre quan- tity of moisture takenin by theroots evaporation from the impover- ished street soil. The red maple and the linden are both moisture-lov- 543 Here are two fine rows of Norway maples which, with a few years’ growth, will give a bountiful shade. The street is in Brooklyn, where expert attention is given to street tree planting. 544 ing trees and the latter is a favorite food for insect pests. The European linden is the better tree for street planting. The American linden grows very straggley in the vicinity of New York, though it seems to do better further south. The horse-chestnut prefers a rich soil and is subject to a fungous disease, which discolors its leaves, causing them to drop in midsummer. It is also a common victim of PROTECTING THE MAPLE In the centre is a small but hardy Norway maple and upon each side are poplars of larger growth which have been placed there temporarily. “c slime flux,” a disease that causes the flow of sap from crevices inthe trunk. The tree is used extensively abroad for street planting, but, for reasons just stated, should be used more sparingly in this country. The elm has the noblest form of all our shade trees, but should only be planted on wide avenues, in suburban sections where it can find a deep, rich, moist soil and plenty of unvitiated air. The tulip tree compares favorably with other species in form and attractiveness, but it is so exacting in its soil and moisture requirements that only young speci- mens should be used and its planting restricted to suburban sections. The objectionable trees for street planting are all the poplars, the silver and sycamore maples, the catalpa and male ailanthus. The poplars are very short-lived trees, They are dangerous in wind-storms and grow so fast as to require constant cutting back. At a certain age their roots upset the sidewalk and their fine rootlets clog the neighboring water and sewer pipes. Their leaves drop very early in the fall and if the species is of the pistillate kind, the catkins, falling on the sidewalk, become a danger and a nuisance to pedestrians. The silver maples are lo constantly full of dead wood, are subject to boring insects AMERICAN FORESTRY and are short-lived. The sycamore maple is a favorite of boring insects in the vicinity of New York, though in other places it has escaped these pests. ailanthus tree that bears The variety of the male or staminate flowers generates a strong, rather oppressive odor, but if the pis- tillate form is chosen, the tree will produce a beautiful head and grow in places where no other tree will grow. Such are the principal problems of those charged with the care of street trees. I have not attempted to dilate on the details of the work because they are too numerous and because, as in everything else, their solu- tion will often depend more upon the judgment of the forester in charge and upon the local conditions than upon any rules that may be laid down. But, whatever the problems, do not let us forget that they can always best be solved by one equipped with technical knowledge and experience, and that the trees are worth the effort since they are always valued by the citizen and ultimately lead to a better appreciation of all other forms of civic improvement. MOVING LARGE TREES UPERINTENDENT C. L. BROCK, of the Park Department of the accompanying photographs of some trees that he moved recently with successful results. Main Street of Houston is being widened into a wide boulevard and it was necessary to set back many of the trees to make room for Houston, Texas, sends MOVING LARGE TREES Each tree, most of them large ones, on a line along which stands the tree in this photograph, was moved close to the wall on the left, at Houston, Texas. Out of 215 so moved, only three died. In all, there were two hundred and fifteen trees to be moved. the pavement. These are live oak (Quercus Vir- giniana), as no other trees are planted on the street. Most of the trees were moved from three to fifteen feet and a few, fifty and sixty feet. Considering the time of the year,—the moving was in June and July,—it was a somewhat hazardous task ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREES 545 BALL OF EARTH ON TREE BEING MOVED In moving trees to widen a boulevard at Houston, Texas, particular care was taken to keep each in as large a ball of earth as possible, and, as a result, the transfer was most successful. to move them, but to date only three have died from the effects. Many of the trees are putting out sprouts and with plenty of water should live and do well. A ball of earth weighing from two to ten tons was moved with each tree. NEWS ITEMS A special meeting of the American Academy of Arbor- ists was held recently at the Zoological Park, New York City. The meeting was full of interest and enthusiasm, with plenty of field observation and discussions of recent important problems in arboriculture. Papers were pre- sented by Messrs. Maxwell, Smith and Robson, and a very profitable trip was taken along the Bronx Parkway which is now in course of construction. Mr. Merkel, chief forester and designer of the parkway, surprised the mem- bers with the enormous and intricate problems of the undertaking. The next annual meeting will be held in August, 1917, at Washington, D. C. ADVICE FOR SEPTEMBER 1. Prune all dead branches of importance. Do not prune unnecessarily; prune as little of the live wood as possible ; make all cuts close to the trunk or main limb and cover all wounds with coal tar. 2. Remove and destroy egg-masses of the tussock moth and similar leaf-eating insects. 3. Mark for removal in winter, all hopelessly infested and dead trees. You can discern these trees with greater definiteness before the leaves drop, but you can cut them down to greatest advantage in winter. 4. Plant evergreens during the latter part of August and early September. Move them with a ball of soil. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Q. Is there anything further to be done for five clumps of apparently thriving pin-oak forest trees, in a Jersey suburb? The soil is clay. Shall be glad of any suggestions. H. W. C., Montclair, N. J. A. Pin oaks will readily respond to heavy fertilization with well-rotted manure and leaf mold. You will do them a lot of good if you will, in November, dig in some of this fertilizer, and, in the meantime, see that all old wounds are freed from decayed wood and properly covered with coal tar. Q. Can you advise me as to what trees to plant on a piece of ground—67 acres—I have just bought with the object of mak- ing a summer home. We are located in central West Virginia and the land is all sloping hillsides, sandy soil. I want some quick growing trees for near the house and some ornamental and nut trees. Would oriental sycamores be good for this location for quick growing shade? €. G. J., Clarksburg, W.Va. A. Oriental sycamore trees are very desirable for your purpose, around the house. The American and European lindens, the red and pin oaks, the Ginkgo, sweet gum and tulip tree are a few others of the shade trees. The English walnut, pecan and “Sober Paragon” chestnut will be suitable for nut trees, and the white pine and hemlock for groves of evergreens. Q. The honey bees have been attacking my catalpa trees severely. They seem to get on the main part of the leaf and suck all the sap out of the leaf till it falls to the ground. Can you tell me what to do? M. A. G, Cranford, N. J. A. We have never heard of honey bees doing what you say, but there is a little green fly which, during the month of July, feeds on the under side of catalpa and Norway maple leaves, causing them to drop prematurely. These flies produce a glossy, sticky honey-dew, and perhaps you have that in mind. Spraying the affected leaves with whale-oil soap, one pound to ten gallons of water, will destroy the insects. Q. On my camp, here in the Adirondacks, I have a very fine white birch, which, about ten feet up on the trunk, has a large open break. I believe such trees can be doctored. Can you kindly refer me to a place where I can get the stuff which is put into such trees? Yo (Cs 1, WoonG IGe225 No Mo A. Iam sorry to hear of the condition of your white birch, It seems to me that the first thing to do would be to secure the break at its upper and lower ends by bolts. The bolts should be provided with nuts and washers embedded in a groove under the bark. When the split is thus bolted, it may be left open, and so cut that the water will drain off. The interior of the break should be thoroughly covered with creosote and tar in mixture. A filling of cement will then not be necessary and an “open wound” will serve the purpose better. If you prefer to close it, however, ordi- nary stone or brick in mixture would answer for this purpose. I enclose a little leaflet which will give you full instructions. Q. On a pink horse-chestnut tree, seven feet high, planted two years ago, the leaves suddenly turned brown and the fourth day fell off the tree. I sent for the horticultural expert, who dug to the root, found it mildewed and partly rotted, lifted up the tree and threw it away. An oriental plane tree nearby, nine feet high, showed the same condition, was pulled 1» and thrown away; the plane tree had not properly leaved out. Could not these trees have been treated and saved? H. J. W., Los Angeles, Calif. A. It is a little hard to tell, without seeing the specimens, whether those trees really had no more chance for life, or whether their buds were still intact and capable of development. Perhaps the roots, as a result of poor planting, stagnant water or 546 AMERICAN sewerage, were so badly injured that your advisor considered them useless and therefore impossible to be treated. It is gen- erally wise in such matters to determine the exact cause or to send a specimen from the tree in to us for examination. In case of doubt it is generally a good plan to cut the branches in a bit and give the tree another chance. Q. When is the best time to plant poplar trees, what kind shall I plant, and how shall I plant them? 1S die A. The best time to plant poplar trees is early spring, though it may also be done in the fall. The species to choose must depend upon the purpose. Scarsdale, N. Y. The Carolina poplar is best of the poplars where shade is desired. The Lombardy poplar is best suited for zsthetic and avenue effect. The principal thing to remember in planting poplars is to cut them back hard. They will then thicken out better and grow more vigorously. In other respects the planting of poplars is the same as that of other species. Q. What is the “cedar apple” and what does it do? M. J. K., Freehold, N. J. WHO PLANTS A TREE OHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER’S poem for the agri- cultural exhibition at Amesbury contained this verse: Give fools their gold, and knaves their power; Let fortune’s bubbles rise and fall; Who sows a field, or trains a flower, Or plants a tree, is more than all. More men are planting trees. With clearer vision, large wealth is finding services that look to the long future and the common good. A country boy loved a big hill near his home. He went forth and made a fortune. He has bought the hill and on its slopes he has planted 50,000 trees and shrubs. Thousands visit it. Less than fifty miles away a man is planting forty acres in trees a year; so far he has planted 320 acres; he is beautifying a mountain-side. He came from a family of foresters in Germany; love of trees was born in him, and this is his tribute and his token to America, which has made him rich. A score or more of individual forestry operations are in progress. Where is the personal return? A case will give the answer: Seventy years ago a lover of trees did much planting on his fine estate on the outskirts of Baltimore. He brought new kinds from different parts of the earth. In 1860 he died and Baltimore bought the estate, and this became the renowned Druid Hill Park, whose tree beauty has been more written about and illustrated and praised than anything of the kind in America. What is the point? This: The name of the man who planted the trees is emphasized in local history. Other notabilities of his day are forgotten. He bought living fame by planting trees. Often Wealth says: ‘I'll not wait. I want quick returns for my money.”’ And he puts up a hotel and names it after himself, or a whale of a house in which he is lone- some. If Wealth is wise he says: ‘I'll put it where it will grow.’ And when he plants trees it grows into blessings. Surely there is something noble and uplifting in the company of trees. And the good of it grows whether you plant a single tree or a mountain-side.—The Country Gentleman. FORESTRY A. The cedar apple is a fungous growth appearing early in the spring in the form of a brown, apple-like growth on red cedar trees. It uses the cedar trees as temporary hosts for the winter, but really does its damage as a fungous blight on neigh- boring apple trees and hawthornes. Q. When shall I spray my red cedars for red spider and with what? H. H., Philadelphia, Pa. A. Spray in early May but also examine the trees during June and July and spray them if you find it necessary. Use whale-oil or fish-oil soap at the rate of one pound to ten gallons of water. Q. Where will rhododendrons and laurel grow best? J. B., Brooklyn, N. Y. A. Under the shade of other trees and in rich, deep soil. Q. Do you know of any machine used in the nursery trade for the counting and tying of trees? D. H., Dundee, Til. A. We do not know of any such machine. VERMONT FORESTRY MEETING HE Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Vermont Fores- try Association was held at Lyndon on Wednes- day, August 2nd. In the forenoon an inspection was made of the State plantation of Scotch pine, which was made in 1912 on shifting sand. The experiments car- ried on here with sand binding grasses from Cape Cod and with open fence, such as was recommended by the Depart- ment of Agriculture, were of much interest to those present, as well as the planted growth of Scotch pine. Mr. Charles Darling, fire warden of Lyndon, entertained the members and their friends at dinner served at “ The Old Brick Tea Shoppe,” Lyndon Corner. Immediately following the dinner there was a meeting of forest fire wardens of Caledonia County, addressed by A. F. Hawes, state forester, and L. H. Bailey, entomologist. At 3 P.M. the Forestry Association held a codperative meeting with the “Lyndon Home Project Club.” Mrs. Chase, the originator of this Club, developed a very interesting pro- gram in which several boys of the locality gave short talks pertaining to forestry. Other speakers were Roderic Olzendam, secretary of the Association, and Amos J. Eaton, who closed his remarks with selections from Drum- mond’s French-Canadian dialect poetry. In the evening there was a joint session of the Vermont Forestry Asso- ciation and the Vermont Timberland Owners’ Association, at which there were addresses by Hon. T. N. Vail, presi- dent of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, Hon. H. F. Graham, state auditor, W. R. Brown, president of the New Hampshire Timberland Association, A. F. Hawes, state forester, and James P. Taylor, secretary of the Greater Vermont Association. At the business meeting the following officers were elected: president, Ernest Hitchcock; vice-presidents, Theodore N. Vail, Redfield Proctor; secretary and treas- urer, R. M. Olzendam; executive committee, Allen M. Fletcher, Frank Plumley, James Hartness, Amos J. Eaton and A. F. Hawes. Conservauion of Our Forests Extracts from an address to the Vermont Forestry Association By TuHEopoRE N. VaIL President, American Telephone and Telegraph Company, and Vice-President of the American Forestry Association ONSERVATION has been much used and much abused in connection with our national resources. It is a big, open question how best to serve the present necessities of man and yet have proper considera- tion for future necessities. If you are thrifty, you con- serve fruits and vegetables and other products for your future use, but you only conserve articles particularly intended for that purpose, or the sur- plus above your present needs. That is what should be the teach- ing of conservation —how to use with- out waste our natu- for our present needs, and rest ral resources and protect conserve the for future When the present needs are in con- flict with our real or conjectural fu- CUSIE: ture needs, we must decide in favor of the pres- ent those of the near future. Conservation, as demands, or applied to forestry, is a question of location or environ- ment and local con- ditions. In Ver- mont it is not waste the small branches of the trees ; fuel is too plentiful to burn up fallen and too cheap and labor too expensive to prepare them for use; yet, in some parts of the world it would be wanton waste not to save for use for domestic purposes every last stick and twig. It was not waste for our pioneer fathers to make a slash of the timbered sides of these Vermont hills and burn it to clear the land for agri- cultural purposes, because the wood encumbered the ground and was an obstruction to settlement; but now THEODORE N. VAIL President of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company and Vice-President of the American Forestry Association. if you wanted to clear a piece of timber for cultivation It is not wanton destruction to clear woodland to the or pasture, you would not do it that way. waste or last stick, if you protect the new growth for future use. Our timberland must now be treated the same as any growing crop—planted or be allowed to plant itself, pro- tected and harvested at maturity, and our shade trees not be held sacred to re- they become a nuisance must too move when instead of a pleas- ure or a benefit. Much is talked about conservation in connection with the freshets of spring and dwin- dling of our streams in summer. Many of the things which some think due to of conserva- tion are the inevi- table sequence of cultivation and set- tlement. Timber- land cut over but not burned over, if the new growth is protected, or tim- berland of growing lack trees, will practi- cally the streams as well as if the old timber was left standing. Uniform throughout the protect streams year never have ex- isted, and to make them would require reservoirs to catch all above the aver- age flow and to hold it to use as needed. The tangled, mossy, fibrous ground of the primeval wilderness and the valley swamps caused by fallen timber and luxuriant weed growth acted as reservoirs and did maintain a more uniform flow than we now have, but they did not prevent freshets when the warm spring rains came on a great depth of snow laying on frozen ground, or when a big downpour fell 547 548 AMERICAN full of water— Cultivated fields will not absorb as much water as forest bramble. on fully saturated ground and swamps but who wants to restore that condition? There will be more soil washed away from a plowed field than a meadow or forest, but of what value would the forest be if there were no cultivated fields to support the build what use or value would there be for forest products? Of what advantage is it to let timber that is valuable stand and deteriorate ? people who create commerce, cities, and Much has been said about the wanton destruction of the forests in the West on lands which were not at the If it had not been for cheap lumber in the West during the last half of the last time necessary for settlement. century, there would have been more hardships, more difficulties in the settlement and subjugation of that vast country. The plains were timberless except the few trees, worthless for timber, on some oasis, or fringing the larger creeks or rivers. Cheap lumber brought from other points was a necessity to build the shack or shanty shelter of the pioneer in a stoneless country and to fence the fields before the day of barbed wire. Cheap lumber has been a great factor in the upbuild- ing of our country, and cheap lumber must mean careless and wasteful methods of lumbering because you must take only the best and easiest to get. While past methods here and present methods in some environments and under some conditions have been and are justifiable, there is no justification or excuse for the continuance of some of those methods. So long as the bad effect of any method is overbalanced by the benefit to the community, then that method is justifiable. When it ceases to be more beneficial than harmful it should change. That time has come when many improved methods can be adopted to the advantage of all, and whatever you expect to be adopted must be of some advantage to the state and to the community, and it would be a good business propo- sition, to reforest and protect all the hills not utilizable for other purposes. T is useless to advocate the general reforestation of our hills as a work of the small individual owner or farmer in any large way for many reasons. Where- ever land is more valuable for any other purpose, it would not be reasonable to expect it ; where it would be profitable, few of the dwellers on the hills have the capital to invest in the planting or are able to carry the plantation for a prospective profit fifty or sixty years ahead, and even if they had the capital it could, as a rule, be used to greater immediate advantage. Reforesting and conservation on a large scale is a state proposition, or a proposition for large timber-using cor- porations. A corporation, which is a perpetual individ- ual, could well afford to replant where necessary or allow it to reforest itself to such an extent as would cover de- preciation, or restore current exhaustion, and in this way provide for future needs. This is now being done by many pulp and other like companies for the annual supply of ties. FORESTRY The farmer, the individual, can conserve in a small way on his wood lot or sugar orchard, or can even re- forest by using his otherwise idle moments and in this way capitalize them. In a small way each can conserve and protect, beautify and improve his surroundings, while at the same time supplying his present needs and proyid- ing for the future. Such a policy, consistently followed, in a few years will surprise you by its extent and magni- tude. chance to grow, cut and trim out the matured and sur- Clear up the brushwood to give the new growth a plus growth, so that it will not be using the soil food that should go to the other trees; protect your own lots and help protect your neighbor’s from fire. Cultivated fields and light-soiled pastures should be protected from unnecessary washing or gullying so that as little soil as possible is carried off to fill the brooks or All that is needed is a little common sense, thinking and observing make some delta thousands of miles away. and doing what is necessary to be done when the need is first noticed. Every one of these sand wastes we have around here started first from a break in the soil and could have been stopped before any considerable damage was done. Each farm has its peculiarities. A little thought and study will determine how many of these new notions or how much advice coming from all sides is of benefit or can be made use of, but one must first have full informa- tion of what has been done and what is being done. It is just as foolish to consider any proposition, without knowing what is going on, as it is not to consider it at all, or to blindly follow every latest fad, or to stick sullenly and blindly to old-fashioned ideas. NYTHING will come out all right if it is ap- proached from a practical standpoint, and brains and experience and, above all, observation are used. Know what is going on; follow the good and discard the bad. If reforestation and conservation on a large scale is the work of the state—how is it best to go about it? Vermont, with its beautiful vistas of hills, valleys, lakes and streams, or its broad panoramas, with distant background of superlative landscape, will always be sought by those in search of vacation and recreation. There are wilder, more majestic and sublime or awe- inspiring sections of the country, but none more beautiful in its combination of cultivated and rugged variety. The greater the development, the greater will be the beauty and the possibility of that reposeful enjoyment which so many prefer to imposing grandeur. Certain states, as well as the United States, have es- tablished reservations for conservation and preservation purposes. The hills and mountain-valley streams of Vermont were once and should be the home abiding place of all kinds of useful wild life. Burned-over mountain-sides and sawdust have dried and filled up many of our streams. Illegal hunting and fishing have done the rest and have virtually destroyed CONSERVATION OF OUR FORESTS the fishing and shooting and are retarding all attempts at restoration. From both the esthetic and practical stand- points, all this should be remedied. It can be done, to a certain extent, by rigid enforcement of proper laws and the repeal of laws made for effect only, not to be enforced. If the State which should include the head-waters of our rivers, and should establish several reservations, re-establish and protect upon the hills the natural timber growth, make some improvement in the course of the streams, and protect these reservations absolutely from all kinds of depredation and destruction, it would in time restore all that Vermont once had, with all the additions which time and experience have proved to be useful. These reservations would be the nurseries of game and fish for the lower streams and valleys. It would benefit the State both as a place for habita- tion and resort. It would be a source of large profit to the State from an actual return in money derived from licenses for fishing, hunting and from sale of lumber, while the indirect return would be almost beyond estimate. Vermont is well able to make the original investment of capital which would bring ample returns in enjoyment and pleasure and add so greatly to the prosperity of the State. All men filling the high public offices like some great reform or beneficial movement to mark their term. Here is an opportunity for our next governor to hand his name down to future generations. O aid our industrial development, reservoirs could be established at natural points, and in this way preserve the lower river reaches from excessive floods and establish that equable flow of water in the streams which is so necessary to industrial development. There are many details to be worked out by actual experience. Only a general idea can be presented. There are no impossibilities, while the probabilities, esthetic, industrial and financial, are great. To make any such movement a success, no one in- dividual, either by careless or intentional disregard of the rights of others or of law, should be allowed to destroy, by disregarding regulations and laws, that which was being done for the benefit of all. There is too much in- difference to, and toleration of, the selfishness of individ- uals, which allows them by encroachments, small and large, upon common rights, to make impossible the full enjoyment by other individuals, or by the public as a whole, of their rights. about that independence of the individual, which is in effect only surly self-indulgence and egotistical self- and bad education and bad breeding. It is time we stopped talking assertion a bady excuse tor Accessibility and easy access and intercommunication are important factors in the development of the country for any purpose. We should so foster our ways of communication lead- ing in and out of our State that the coming and going can be made pleasant, comfortable and available. We should see to it that our intra-state ways of inter- communication are the best possible, and, to show the 549 best in our State, some should be purely scenic roads, We are beginning to have a very perfect road system, but we coursing the ridge poles of our beautiful country. must remember that we not only need to build roads but to care for them. The best made road begins to dete- riorate the moment it is finished and the motor, pushing itself along by its wheels, finds the weak spots and un- less attended to there is trouble for the road and discom- fort, if not danger, for the user. Eternal vigilance is the price of good roads. If, in our striving for what is best for our State, we give first thought to its desirability as a place to live and get a living, with favorable and desirable environments and conditions, we have gone a long way towards making it even more desirable for the outsider, for the visitor. It can be done without disturbing our comfort or our ease. It can be done with profit to ourselves and with little or no additional labor, if we only make effective every bit of labor we do. We don’t want to make Vermont the Switzerland of America, but we want to make it the Green Mountain State of America, unique and, of its kind, incomparable. We want to develop its natural charms and resources. We want to make it so attractive that it will hold its young people here and bring the absent ones back. We want all the world to come here and play with us, and all that can, to come and live with us. WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST QUARANTINE Governor S. V. Stewart, of the State of Montana, has ordered a quarantine against the importation of any five- leaved pines, currant and gooseberry bushes from the States of New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Con- necticut, New York, Pennsylvania and known infected areas in other localities suspected of harboring the white pine blister rust. All quarantine guardians and deputy state horticul- tural inspectors have been instructed to refuse admission into Montana of any shipments of nursery stock of five- leaved pines, currant and gooseberry bushes from the above named states and to immediately deport such ship- ments or destroy them by burning. HE government will soon ask for bids for 330,000,000 feet of government timber on the Oregon National Forest, much of which is Douglas fir. A strip of timber will be preserved for scenic effect along the projected road through the forest reservation. ASHING logs for safety’s sake is the manner in which a western camp follows out the new economic principle of ‘‘Safety First.” The logs are scoured by jets of water, to remove broken stone, gravel or other such material, which might, if struck by a swiftly revolving saw, cause the saw to explode and bring death or injury to workmen. HAVE YOU NOMINATED A FRIEND FOR MEMBERSHIP ? Address by President Pack [Following is the address of Charles Lathrop Pack, president of the American Forestry Association, at the Southern Forestry Congress, at Asheville, N. C., recently. Mr. Pack lived for some years at Asheville and his reminiscences of that city and surrounding country, thirty and more years ago, will be of particular interest, not only to the present residents, but to thousands of people throughout the country who know Asheville and love it.—The Editor.] CANNOT tell you how gratified I am to be back here in Asheville. The first time I stood on this spot where I am standing now was in October, 1883. no Battery Park Hotel at that time, but there was this beautiful hill and the grand mountains—old Pisgah and the others were here just as they are now. And Asheville was here with, | think, about fifteen hundred people. There were no pavements on the streets ; there was hardly a bank in town. I recall shortly afterwards, when my family came here to make their home, their life home, and about that time my father, George W. Pack, purchased the property which is now known as Aston Very few of you ever met that grand old gentleman, Mr. Aston, one of the best assets this town ever had. And when it was found that the owners of the property would take $7,000.00 for it, the question arose as to how to get $7,000.00 to Asheville, and so I was sent North and brought the $7,000.00 to this place in a suitcase, largely im one and two-dollar bills, and the largest bill was $5.00. The money was paid over, and my father and myself had There was ark. the satisfaction of seeing the money go into circulation down here. And over there on the public square, often towards noon-day we would stand together and question each other as to whether Colonel So and So, or Major So and So, had received any of the money yet, and I assure you we could tell how fast it circulated—see it circulate—because the men with the money stood up straighter and walked faster. The land was later presented to the City of Asheville by my father and named Aston Park. I could tell you many interesting things in regard to those early days in Asheville. Our family were the first Northern people to come here. The grandest hotel in town was the Hotel Swannanoa, and when I came here they charged a dollar a day and changed the table-cloths once a week. And Mr. Ruben R. Rawls, who is still living, was astounded when he was offered $2.00 a day for five people if he would re-paper the bedrooms and have a little better food. And about as soon as he got the house re-papered, other visitors from the North began to arrive. I became greatly interested in these mountains, where nature has done so much for man. I recall about 1885 or 1886 going up the Pigeon River (some of you have been up there, perhaps, fishing in the Smoky Mountain region ) and staying with a moonshiner. Theoretically, of course, there is no moonshining in North Carolina; practically— well, we don’t talk about it. But I stayed with this moonshiner. We arrived about noon and he invited my friends and me to dinner. We had roast suckling pig and broiled guinea fowl and fine corn-bread and good sweet- 550 potatoes—the table fairly groaned with the good things of North Carolina, and there is no state where there are more good things than right here. And after dinner we were taken out, down the gallery at the side of the house, and he opened a little door and wheeled out a keg on to He then passed around little baby gourds, Well, that was corn whiskey, about as clear as water and nearly all alco- hol. Well, I was doubtful about the results, and when nobody was watching me, I tossed the gourd full of the veranda. and said, ‘* Gentlemen, help yourselves.” whiskey on the ground behind a veranda post with a clinging hop-vine. I thought I was unobserved, but a little fellow, about four years old, in a yellow slip of homespun, came pattering along the veranda, and ran through the gangway calling out, ‘Grandma, the little fellow can’t drink as much as Mama.” ee T is a great pleasure to me to bring to you the greetings of the American Forestry Association. perhaps, do not know about the American Forestry Association. It has members in every state and territory in the Union, including Hawaii and Porto Rico and Alaska. It has thousands and thousands of members. Perhaps you will permit me right now to tell you that in the last five and a half months over 2500 people have joined, paying $3.00 to $100.00 apiece. It is an American association that stands for all that is best in forestry, and I bring you the hearty greetings of the Directors of the American For- estry Association, wishing you God-speed in the splendid work you are doing. I think, as Forester Graves told you, that there is no part of the country that needs scientific forestry more Some of you, than the Southeast, and I do not know of any part of the United States where forestry, properly conducted, can do more for its people than it can in this region. And you will do well to organize in every Southern State a forestry association, or at least a fire protection association, so that you can get your equitable share of the money for fighting forest fires, and preventing them, that is appro- priated annually by the United States Government for that helpful work which the Government undertakes in co6peration with the states. Many of the Southern states have received none of that money, and therefore have none of the benefits, simply because they are behind the times. I have lived for the last fifteen years in New I know some of you, who live in a part of the country where you have more blessings, don’t think that New Jersey is even a part of the United States, but be Forty Some Jersey. that as it may, we are a great State in many ways. per cent of the area of New Jersey is in forest. ADDRESSe bY PRESIDENT PACK people think of us as raising politicians and other sorts of agricultural products, but we timber, also, in New Jersey, and we have a forest fire system which I think is second to none. As Forester Graves can more fully explain, we receive, through his department, help that comes through appropriations in This is a benefit re- ceived every year, and it is in that connection that we realize we are a real part of the nation. raise connection with the Weeks Law. HERE are a great many forestry questions coming You ali know something about the great destruction of the chestnut that has taken place in the East—the so-called chestnut blight. Up in our part of the world—New Jer- sey—and in some other states, you rarely see a chestnut tree that is alive. When you look off across a wooded country, you simply see the skeletons of the former chest- nut trees standing in the air, in most cases without bark. The ravages of the chestnut blight were not stopped, and now, people of North Carolina, you have the beautiful five-leaf pine—white pine, as we call it—and you want to look out, because there is another great scourge, and that is the five-leaf pine blister rust. It is all over New Eng- land and elsewhere and spreading rapidly. It got a big start before the scientific men spoke out loud about it. You must be wide awake to the danger or you may soon have only sick or dead chestnuts and sick or dead white pines to look at. I saw a forest in Massachusetts the other day, coming down through Lenox, beautiful white pine trees, such as you see in some parts of Western North Carolina, and the greater portion of them were infected with this terrible blister rust pest. You will want to be organized in every state in the mountain region for many reasons, but you particularly want to hurry up your organizations so you can properly face this danger. There are other men with greater technical knowledge than | have who will talk about this white pine blister rust at this Congress. But I beseech of you not to underestimate the importance of this terrible calamity which threatens us with the possible extinction of the white pine. Now, gentlemen, there are a great many things | might talk about, but you have many more experienced speakers than I—people who have a live message and, therefore, The forests of America are increasing in potential importance, particu- larly on account of the great war. Do you realize that in Russia, in the Balkans, in Belgium, in Galicia, in France and England—everywhere—there is terrible de- struction of forests? For now on the battle-fields, where whole forests have been felled, there is much the same scene of desolation as some of your mountain-sides used to have when the tobacco crop farmers deadened the trees But that is not all. England and France formerly im- ported a great deal of their lumber from Russia and the Rhine, and they are now cut off from that source of sup- ply. The ocean freight is so high and the shortage of ships so great that a comparatively small amount of lumber up that are of interest and importance. I will say only a few words more. 551 has been shipped to England and they are cutting down the fine old picturesque woodland parks over there. One of the most picturesque, as well as the saddest, things of the war is this: there was organized in Canada a body of woodsmen—2500 men or more. Some of them months ago paraded the streets of Ottawa clad in khaki trousers and Mackinaw shirts. They carried saws and axes, or peveys or canthooks, in addition to fire-arms, and those 2500 men have been taken to England—they are there now; and what are they doing? ‘They are cutting down the histori- cal old forests of England because England has to. have the timber for mine props and for other necessary things, on account of the terrible shortage of lumber and wood at this time in England. What will England look like when you and I go back there after this great world-war is over and find that the forests have been cut so that we cannot recognize them? | received word only Satur- day last from one of those Canadian men who is work- ing in the south of England, in the forests, and he was permitted by the censor to send a letter to me. He said, “Really, my friend, we men of British Columbia, who have been used to cutting down the forests of Canada, really feel sad to cut down these magnificent park and shade trees, but such is war.” OW, all this has a great relation to the forests of the United States. I do not need to tell you that the po- tential value of our forests will be greatly increased by this terrible destruction of timber and the uses for lumber that will come after the war. So it is important that we think more of our forest reservations—more of the great heritage which we should leave to posterity, and we should take care of these estates of the people which mean so much to us, not only from a financial and economic You, here in this region, have been greatly blessed because you live so near to nature. And I think every one of you will agree with me that the frequenter of the woods, the American forester, the man or woman who can climb these hills and see these grand products of nature, and all true frequent- ers of the woods, are men and women of artistic feeling. The tree has ever been the symbol of life, strength, beauty, and the eye of man cannot continue to look upon these monuments of nature without their beauty being reflected in his life, making him a happier and a better man, and their destruction, ladies and gentlemen, means not only the removal of one of our natural resources from a prac- tical and utilitarian standpoint, but also from the view- point of morality, of happiness, of beauty and of spirit- uality. And Iam sure you agree with me, that there is no compensation for such a loss. standpoint, but from other standpoints. I thank you. The annual value of the farm woodlot products of the United States is over $195,000,000. ORE people spent their vacations on National Forests during the summer than have ever done so before, many persons traveling long distances by automobile in order to camp in these public playgrounds. The Wooden Horse JHAT kind of wood was the Trojan horse made of?” “What kind of what?’’ I said, looking up from the newspa- per, in response to the ten-year-old’s query. “You know; the wooden horse that the Greeks got into, and then the people of Troy dragged it inside the city, and the Greeks got out and captured ’em.”’ He was looking at a set of books that I bought because it was advertised to answer every question a child could ask, and therefore seemed a good thing for our family of four children. So far it seemed only to suggest new subjects about which questions could be asked. This Trojan horse idea was a fair sample. It showed at once that I did not know more than the twenty volumes contained. Not that I minded any such little thing as that myself, but it seemed to disgust the children so much, and to give them such a poor idea of their father. Maybe old Homer tells somewhere what kind of wood it was; if he does I have forgotten it. It was always just a wooden horse to me and no more. I thought it might have been pine because pine is easily worked; in this case, how- ever, it seemed to all of us that the Tro- jans were the ones who were easily worked. Then we got to discussing the fact that to most folks wood is just wood. Yet every kind of wood is different from all other kinds, and even trees of the very same kind will give different sorts of wood. I have seen two pieces of Cuban pine, one of which was twice as heavy as the other, and of a much darker color. It grew more slowly, had more pitch, its annual rings were closer together; almost anyone picking up the two pieces would have said they came from trees entirely different from one another. But What Wood ? HROUGH thousands of years cer- tain woods have been recognized as best suited to certain uses. In the main, these have been the right uses for the woods, but people got so set in their ideas that they thought no wood, other than the one they had long been accustomed to, would do for a par- ticular purpose. Now we are finding out that little-known or little-used woods are just as good as the time-tried ones. At the same time it must be granted that for some woods there is nothing else ‘‘ just as good.” Hickory is one of these, and nothing does so well for the handles of tools that strike, such as ham- mers, picks, and axes. It is elastic and tough, and will stand shocks which would shatter handles of other materials. For the same reason it is the exclusive wood for golf sticks; were it not used the amateur golf player would have even more excuse for bad words than he now has when he hits the ground instead of the ball. The driving heads of wooden golf clubs are made of persimmon or dogwood be- cause these are hard and heavy and will stand knocks without being splintered or badly dented. For the same reason they are chosen for making bobbins and shuttles in the cotton mills. These are thrown back and forth, through the warp of the cloth, hurled by steel, striking against steel, and being hurled back again. Other woods have been tried, and none of them lasted long enough to make their use worth while. It can be truly said that they are the only ones which will ‘‘ stand the racket.” nice smelly wood like the big drawer in mother’s clothes-press,”’ chirped up the youngest, who ought to know about pencils, because he manages to make away with most of mine. ‘I like the taste of it too,’ he Price's are always made with that added. There is no doubt that he knows the taste, since the pictures which he draws are very, very black, and he needs to sharpen his pencils often. He does this sharpening with his teeth, like a squirrel. The ‘‘ smelly ’’ wood in lead pencils is red cedar, or red juniper, and is about the only wood that is used for pencils. It is made into pencils very easily because it has a straight smooth grain; but the real reason for its use is that most folks carry a dull pocket-knife, and red cedar is the one wood which can be whittled by a knife which is said to be “so dull it won’t cut butter.” Red cedar is also a good wood for fence posts and arbors and garden furni- ture. It contains an oil that helps it resist decay. This oil gives it the pleasant odor, which caused the little lad to desig- nate it as the “‘ nice smelly wood.” Cypress also is noteworthy for resist- ing decay; other woods that make good fence posts because they do not rot out soon are locust, chestnut, catalpa, sassa- fras and osage orange. The main trouble with osage orange is that it seasons so hard that one can hardly drive a staple into it. UROPE’S great war calls attention E to many special uses of wood. One of the most pitiable results of the war is the call for willow to make parts of wooden arms and legs. It is strong and light, and tough. Aéroplane frames are almost all made of spruce, not only because it is stronger for its weight than other woods, but because it is so free from flaws and hidden defects. The very life of the air-man depends on this quality. Aéroplane propellers are made largely of black walnut, sometimes glued in strips with spruce and ash. Warplanes are the most likely to have all black walnut propellers, because the wood holds its shape, is strong and even-grained. There is no way the propeller can be pro- tected, because it must have all the air it can get to push against. But if a bullet hits it, the wood does not crack and splinter; there is only a small clean hole. For somewhat the same reason black walnut is practically the one wood used for gun stocks; the woodlots of the ES AP TAS Of Kaw. A=) €< SN SRUIGAN central hardwood states, and even old gate posts and buildings are being stripped to supply the armies in France and Russia. The decks of battleships are made of teak because it stands wear, is hard and strong, but mainly because water does not affect it. Its chief quality is that iron bolts, spikes, or rings set in teakwood do not rust out from the moisture held by the wood itself. The surface of teak always seems oily, and once it becomes seasoned or dried out, it does not readily take up water again. Like black walnut, it does not splinter when struck by shot or shell. ANY others can be mentioned; M if one set out to make a list it would be a very long one; boxwood for wood-engravings, spruce for violins, because its fibers carry tones so well; spruce also for pulp from which paper is made. Rugs, furni- ture, pulleys, buckets, cloth, and all sorts of things are now made of wood by way of pulp. HESE odd uses of wood have a real bearing on the work of foresters, because the forester must know how to grow the kinds of woods that are wanted, and to keep out of a well- managed forest those trees which do not furnish useful lumber. Such poor trees, therefore, are like weeds in a field of good grain; they take up room and are not worth the room they take. Foresters may go even further than that, to make individual trees grow so that they will suit special uses. Hickory and chestnut grown rapidly from sprouts furnish the best material for the peculiar uses to which these woods are put. Y side-tracking them from the B Trojan horse I thought I had been able to make them forget the first question; but that is a trick that all children seem to see through, and I finally had to own up that I did not know any more about it than they did. Then I told them that my newspaper was made of wood, and left them busy hunting for the ground up splinters and fibers that showed in the unprinted margin. They had their piece of newspaper and I had my newspaper in peace. howe tomtell the Age ol Trees (©) ANBILIL; Tine age of trees is always fasci- nating. The best test is to count the annual rings on a cross-sec- tion of the stem near the ground and add to this number as many years as it took the tree to grow to that height (see the two lower series of drawings in the plate). A second test ap- plies to such species as white pine, which develops lateral branches in distinct and rather regular whorls (see white pine in illustration). Each whorl normally represents a year’s growth. Ifthe branches have fallen off, the scars of the branches may _ be seen on the stem. The age of young trees or small branches can also be determined by count- ing the rings of terminal bud-scale scars (see upper left hand figure). The portion of the branchlet, from the end down to the first ring of bud-scale scars, represents the last season’s growth, growth, and so on. \ ! \ \ 1) ) [ 2 ear Ss \ ) ! 1 / year o 2 years From Pennsylvania Trees. Growlh of 1914 3 years 3 ye Ars COWlP Of: /93 —) On % 330,000,000 Feet % National Forest Timber | For Sale | Location All the merchantable and dead timber standing or Amount down and all the live timber marked or desig- nated for cutting on an area embrac- ing about 7020 acres in Twps. 1 S., Ranges 8, 84% and 9 E., W. M., West Fork Hood River watershed, Oregon, National Forest, Oregon, estimated to be 330,000,000 feet, B. M., more or less, of Douglas fir, western hemlock, amabilis fir, western red cedar, noble fir and western white pine timber, approximately 72 per cent Douglas fir. Stumpage Lowest rates considered, Prices $1.20 per M for Douglas fir, western red cedar and noble fir, $2.50 per M for western white pine, and $0.50 per M for all other species. Rates to be readjusted every three years. Deposit With bid $10,000, to ap- ply on purchase price if bid is accepted, or refunded if rejected. Ten per cent may be retained as forfeit if the contract and bond are not executed within the required time. Final Date Sealed bids will be For Bids __ received by the District Forester, Portland, Ore- gon, up to and including September 27, 1916. The right to reject any and all bids is reserved. Before bids are submitted full information concerning the character of the timber, conditions of sale, deposits, and the submission of bids should be obtained from the District Forester or the Forest Supervisor, Portland, Oregon. 566 OU PONT RED CROSS FARM POWDER * The Original and Largest Selling Farm Explosive Why use expensive high speed dynamites when this slower, safer farm powder will save you from $3 to $5 per hundred pounds and in most farm uses do better work? BIG BOOK FREE As pioneers and leaders in developing farming with explosives our booklet gives the latest, most reliable and best illus- trated instructions. Write for HAND BOOK OF EXPLOSIVES No. 350 F. DEALERS WANTED We want live dealers in towns still open. Get the orders resulting from our adver- tising. You need not carry nor handle stock. State jobber’s name or bank reference when writing. E. |. du Pont de Nemours & Company Established 1802 World’s largest makers of farm explosives Wilmington, Delaware Forest Insects Destroy Millions Annually Exact knowledge of conditions in your forest holdings is good prepared- ness against ruinous insect invasions. Destructive Forest Insects cause con- stant and serious yearly losses in forest capital that are avoidable. Small isolated patches or groups of dying trees may mean extensive insect killing if neglected. The economic control of forest insects prevents serious epidemics and reduces your forest fire risk. What per cent of your timber is killed each year? Find out. To know this is good business assurance on all forest holdings. Have your timber lands examined. Efficient inspection of Parks, Water- sheds, Estates, and Timber Lands any- where in the United States or Canada. Control methods recommended. Con- trol costs estimated. Control work supervised, if desired. BARTLE T. HARVEY Consulting Forest Entomologist MISSOULA, MONTANA AMERICAN FORESTRY Water supply Stevens, G. C. Surface water supply of Virginia. 245 p. pl., maps. Charlottes- ville, Va., 1916. (Virginia—Geological survey. Bulletin no. 10.) United States—Dept. of agriculture. Elec- tric power development in the United States, pts. 1-3. il., maps, diagr. Wash., D. C., 1916. (64th congress—Ist ses- sion. Senate document no. 316.) United States—Congress—House—Commit- tee on flood control. Control of floods on the Mississippi and Sacramento rivers; report to accompany H. R. 1A7deeelO/ep: Wash, D: C. M9l6: (64th congress—Ist session. House re- port no. 616.) United States—Congress—House—Commit- tee on flood control. Newlands-Brous- sard-Rainey river regulation bill; hear- ings on H. R. 13975, a bill to provide for flood prevention and mitigation, and for the storage of flood waters. pDissi-eaevash:., OG. 1916: Irrigation United States—Reclamation service. Ore- gon cooperative work; Harney and Silver Creek projects, irrigation and drainage, by John T. Whistler and John H. Lewis. 91 p. pl., maps. Portland, Ore., 1916. United States—Reclamation service. Ore- gon cooperative work; John Day proj- ect, irrigation and drainage, by John T. Whistler and John H. Lewis. 185 p. pl., maps. Portland, Ore., 1916. United States—Reclamation service. Ore- gon cooperative work; Ochoco project and Crooked river investigations, by John T. Whistler and John H. Lewis. 98 p. pl., maps. Wash., D. C., 1915. United States—Reclamation service. Ore- gon cooperative work, Silver Lake proj- ect, irrigation and drainage, by John T. Whistler and John H. Lewis. 179 p. pl., maps. Portland, Ore., 1915. United States—Reclamation service. Ore- gon cooperative work; Warner valley and White river projects, irrigation and drainage, by John T. Whistler and John H. Lewis. 123 p. pil. Wash., D. C., 1916. maps. Periodical Articles Miscellaneous periodicals Better farming, June, 1916—The woodlot and rural organization, by H. S. Graves, Ps 15,092 Bulletin of the Pan American union, July, 1916.—The African mahogany, a prom- ising tree for tropical America, p. 71-6. Conservation, Aug., guards, p. 30. Country life in America, Aug., 1916.—Belt planting, by Wilhelm Miller, p. 28-9. Home progress, July, 1916—Forestry at home and abroad, p. 502-5. National wool grower, July, 1916—The fescue grasses, by Arthur W. Samp- son, p. 17-19. 1916.—Trees as snow “This prevents “| wood from warping!” “FINHIS hardwood trim won't warp, shrink, or twist out of shape because I am protecting it against damp- ness in the plaster wall with a coating that makes protection absolutely sure.”’ Ordinary metallic paintscoat, but they can’t protect. The alkali in the wall masonry makes them saponify and become useless. rer TRIMBAK 2. ‘REGUS. PAE OFF, on the other hand, can’t possibly saponify. It remains a perfect protection, permanently. Used in a luxurious down-town club, the Woolworth Building, the Metropolitan Tower, the Bankers’ Trust Company, and other prominent places. Full details upon request from Department I. TOCH BROTHERS Established 1848 Inventors and manufacturers of R. 1. W. Paints, ompounds, Enamels, etc. 320 Fifth Avenue, New York City Works: New York, London, England, and Toronto, Canada THE ELITE POCKET EMERGENCY CASE 5%"xa"’ weight 8 oz. Brother Sportsman, you need it tocomplete your outfit. Black Spanish Leather; containssalve, cold creme, lini- | ment, ointment and liquid court plaster in tubes, will | not break, spill or leak; bandages, surgeon's plaster,, compressed cotton, safety pins, dressing forceps, scissors, first aid booklet, etc. Price, post paid in U. S. A. $3.00 ELITE SPECIALTY CO., Brocton, N. Y Write for circular. Cedar Land and Sawmill IN ARGENTINA, 5S. A. AND PARAGUAY, S. A. tion; Woodland bordering on the Parana River, 337,421 acres; sawmill and adjoining land of 1,571 acres on the same river; cli- mate exceedingly healthy, watered by rivers now used chiefly as a (G ties: Wooata lumber proposi- means of conveyance; fertility of soil unexcelled; rivers offer numerous falls that can be easily harnessed; land abounds in cabinet woods that command high prices at Buenos Aires, city of nearly 2,000,000 inhabitants and one of the biggest cedar markets in the world; land also includes about 123,000 acres of Yerba Mate trees, from which the famous Para- guayan Mate Tea is manufactured. Write for full details; to reliable parties interested if proposition is not found to be as_ represented expenses for trip of expert to the property will be refunded. ALDAO, CAMPOS & GIL 55 Wall Street, New York City WE MAKE THE ENGRAVINGS | FOR THE AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE OUR SPECIALTY 1s THE “BETTER GRADE FINISH OF DESIGNS & ENGRAVINGS iN ONE oR MORE COLORS FOR MAGAZINES CATALOGUES ADVERTISEMENTS Erc CURRENT LITERATURE In the open, July, 1916.—Osage orange, by George H. Wirt, p. 32-4. In the open, Aug., 1916—The tulip-tree; how to plant it and make it grow, by George H. Wirt, p. 36-7. Ottawa naturalist, June-July, 1916—Ameri- can insect galls, by E. P. Felt, p. 37-9. Outing, July, 1916—Your own back yard, by B. W. Douglass, p. 363-70. Philippine journal of science, Sec. C,, March, 1916.—Notes on the flora of Borneo, by E. D. Merrill, p. 49-100. Reclamation record, Aug., 1916.—National forest improvement work, p. 361. Science, July, 1916.—Practical work for students of the New York state college of forestry, p. 127-8. Scientific American, June 17, 1916.—Testing the uprush of sap, by S. Leonard Bastin, p. 643; Charcoal on the hoof, p. 643. Scientific American, June 24, 1916—The spruce gum industry, by Samuel J. Record, p. 660, 671. Scientific American, July 8, 1916—Use of brier roots in the making of pipes, p. 44. Scientific American, July 15, 1916.—Spanish moss, the source of a valuable upholster- ing material, by Samuel J. Record, p. 58-9, Scientific American supplement, June 17, 1916.—Artificial seasoning of timber, by Ollison Craig, p. 395. United States—Dept. of agriculture. Weekly news letter, July 19, 1916—Make wood lot pay: removing undesirable timber, judicious planting, and fencing against cattle will be profitable, p. 4. United States—Dept. of agriculture. Weekly news letter, July 26, 1916.—Selling farm timber; much money lost through lack of market knowledge, p. 7-8. Trade journals and consular reports American lumberman, July 15, 1916.—Ethy] alcohol from wood; the process, its de- velopment and requirements, by F. W. Kressmann, p. 1, 32-3. American lumberman, July 22, 1916—Re- sults are surprising; test shows wood pavement stands up well under hard usage, p. 57. American lumberman, July 29, 1916—Hold tree felling contest at the front; novel competition between Maori and French- men carried on within sound of big guns, p. 35; Exhibit of redwood in- terests showing sawing for highest com- 567 Our Trees HOW TO KNOW THEM Photographs from Nature By ARTHUR I. EMERSON WITH A GUIDE TO THEIR RECOGNI- TION AT ANY SEASON OF THE YEAR AND NOTES ON THEIR CHARACTER- ISTICS, DISTRIBUTION AND CULTURE By CLARENCE M. WEED, D.Sc. Teacher of Nature Study in the Massachusetts State Normal School at Lowell One hundred and forty illustrations Size ef book, 74 inches by 10 inches Cloth, $3.00 net Postage extra LL nature-lovers will hail this book with delight. Its purpose is to afford an opportunity for a more intelligent acquaintance with American trees, native and naturalized. The pictures upon the plates have in all cases been photographed direct from nature, and have been brought together in such a way that the non-botanical reader can recognize at a glance either the whole tree or the leaves, flowers, fruits, or winter twigs, and thus be able to identify with ease and certainty any unknown tree to which his attention may be called. In the discussion of the text especial attention has been given to the distinguishing character of the various species, as well as to the more interesting phases of the yearly cycle of each, and the special values of each for ornamental planting. Publishers J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY Philadelphia Comfort Sleeping Pocket With Air Mattress Inside Recommended by the members of Forest Service. Hunters, Cowboys, Campers, Canoeists and Invalids. The lightest, most compact, sanitary Sleeping Pocket made. Nota bag, but an outdoor bed. Cold, Wind, Damp and Water Proof. Guaranteed or Money Refunded. ©. The Campers Favorite #), BLOW BED" ae 4 bg mercial results, p. 45. P Barrel and box, June, 1916—Utilization of Line PLATES teh waste in box factories, p. 35; Settle- coumarin INS ie ment of the wire bounds patent case, ae MT Dede Mu tti- CoLors i C ae It May Save Your Life +4 Ifyouaregoing huntingor fishing “A in the woods or on the water—the i =oneed of dry matches may save # = your life. ‘‘ The Excelsior Sports- men's Belt Safe"’ made of Brass, Nickel Plated, Gun Metal or ox- idized—Waterproof. Furnished complete with Belt and Buckle for $1.00. HYFIELD MEG. CO., 48 Franklin St., New York City _ Hater Tones : Send for Catalog and price list. Mailed Free DuLto-ToNnes METROPOLITAN AIR GOODS CO., Haven Street, Reading, Mass. ' CoLor Process —ESTABLISHED 1889— i GATCHEL & MANNING SIXTH ano CHESTNUT STREETS Opposite OLDE INDEPENDENCE HALL PHILADELPHIA FOR RENT—MOUNTAIN CABIN Located in Southern Appalachian Mts. Altitude 3,500. View 20 miles overlooking famous Vanderbilt Estate. Climate, scenery, and spring water unsurpassed. Good road from Biltmore, N. C., 8 miles. 200-acre farm adjoining. Low terms to responsible parties. Address: Howard R. Krinbill, Newbern, North Carolina Relative Values Send for our booklet “Home Landscape” AMERICAN FORESTRY ¢ A beautiful house on a bare plot loses caste. It lacks a natural setting. @ Nature requires time to remedy it. q By setting out grown trees and shrubs you can SAVE TEN YEARS and enjoy a well-shaded harmonious home at once. ISAAC HICKS & SON WESTBURY :: Nassau County :: New YorK Forestry Seeds For many years I have been in complete charge of the Seed business of THoMAS MEEHAN & Sons, and as they are discontinuing the busi- ness, I am taking it over and I will conduct it in the future in my own behalf. I will offer a most complete list of seeds for forestry purposes. My catalogue contains a full list of varieties as well as much valuable information relating to seeds and planting. It willinterest you. Send for a copy. THOMAS J. LANE Tree Seedsman DRESHER, PA., U. S. A. Miniature Construction Landscape and Architectural Models Topographical Maps and Paintings for SCHOOLS—COLLEGES—MUSEUMS GOVERNMENT WORK A _ SPECIALTY MORGAN BROS. CO., Inc. Model Makers Room 1650 Grand Central Terminal Phone 7720 Murray Hill NEW YORK CITY THE FOREST IS THREE-FOURTHS OF FORESTRY Your opportunities are as unlimited as our forests if you study at WYMAN’S SCHOOL OF THE WOODS Incorporated Munising, Michigan HILL’S Seedlings and Transplants Also Tree Seeds FOR REFORESTING EST for overa half century. All leading hardy sorts, grown in immense quantities. Prices lowest. Quality highest. Forest Planter’s Guide, also price lists are free. Write to-day and mention this magazine. THE D. HILL NURSERY CO. Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in America BOX 501 DUNDEE, ILL. Nursery Stock for Forest Planting TREE SEEDS Transplants $2. Write for prices on $6.00 per 1000 large quantities per 1000 THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY CO. CHESHIRE, CONN. . Orc hids We are specialists in Orchids, we collect, import, grow, sell and export this class of plants exclusively. Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of Orchids may be had on application. Also special list of freshly imported unestablished Orchids. LAGER & HURRELL SUMMIT, N. J. Seedlings Orchid Growers and Importers PHILIP T. COOLIDGE FORESTER Stetson Bldg., 31 Central Street, Bangor, Me. Management and Protection of Woodlands Improvement Cuttings, Planting, Timber Estimates and Maps. Surveying Barrel and box, July, 1916—Uses found for waste materials, p. 23. Canada lumberman, July 15, 1916.—The fibre structure of Canadian woods, by H. N. Lee, p. 30-3. Electrical world, July 22, 1916—Conditions under which Oregon company burns wood, p. 170-3. Engineering record, July 15, 1916—City engineer defines quality of lumber to use, p. 85. Gulf Coast lumberman, Aug. 1, 1916—For- est problems of south discussed by U. S. chief forester, by H. S. Graves, p. 26. Hardwood record, August 10, 1916—The country’s hardwood forests, by H. S. Graves, ‘p. 22; Maracaibo vera, a sub- stitute for lignum vite, p. 26. Journal of industrial and engineering chem- istry, Aug., 1916—An investigation of composition flooring, by R. R. Shively, p. 679-82; Studies on the extraction of rosin from wood: 1, by R. C. Palmer and H. R. Boehmer, p. 695-701. Lumber world review, July 25, 1916.—South- ern foresters at Asheville, p. 34-5. Mississippi Valley lumberman, July 4, 1916. —Preventable wood waste is being util- ized, p. 28. Mississippi Valley lumberman, July 21, 1916. —The air-cooled refuse burner, by C. A. Doty, p. 27; Eighteen kinds of ash; valuable wood comparatively immune from insect attacks, p. 38-9. Paper, July 26, 1916—Experimental work in kraft pulp, by Otto Kress and Clin- ton K. Textor, p. 11-12. Paper mill, July 8, 1916—Wood lost in barking, p. 32. Paper trade journal, July 20, 1916—Using imported and native woods for dye ma- terials, p. 62. Paper trade journal, Aug. 3, 1916—North- ern Ontario swept by fierce forest fires, — Dace: Pioneer western lumberman, July 15, 1916. —Yosemite national park, p. 23. Pulp and paper magazine, June 1, 1916.— Canadian pulp-wood consumption in 1915, p. 243-9, . Louis lumberman, July 15, 1916.—Pine, potatoes and patience, by John B. Woods, p. 45; Creosoted wood block paving, by F. P. Hamilton, p. 63; List of associations and officers, p. 68-9; List of forest and logging associations, p. 69. . Louis lumberman, Aug. 1, 1916—Using imported and native woods for dye materials in New York, p. 16; Forestry students busy in many places during the summer, p. 17; The Superior na- tional forest, p. 17; Value and impor- tance of the southern forests, by H. S. Graves, p. 61-2; The item of fence posts, p. 70; The use of wood for con- struction purposes, by C. E. Paul, p. 71. Southern lumberman, July 15, 1916—Con- servation is key-note of meeting of Southern forestry association, p. 29. n o n + Southern lumberman, July 22, 1916—What kind of pulleys are you using? Why wood is best, p. 47. Southern lumberman, July 29, 1916—The open door in Russia for American lum- ber, by Alfred T. Marks, p. 31. Southern lumberman, Aug. 12, 1916—The forests of the future; second growth, by W. W. Ashe, p. 43-4. Timber trade journal, July 22, 1916—South African box-wood, p. 163; Remedies for neglected forests, by Tom Bruce Jones, p. 169. Timberman, July, 1916—The hardwood in- dustry of Japan, by Gebruder Gartner, p. 47-8. United States daily consular report, July 15, 1916—European market sought for Brazil’s hardwoods, by Alfred L. M. Gottschalk, p. 180-1 ; Woodworking ma- chinery in the Netherlands, by Frank W. Mahin, p. 189. United States daily consular report, July 18, 1916.—Changing conditions in the rat- tan trade of China, by A. E. Carleton, p. 218; Norwegian pulp and paper mar- ket, p. 223. West Coast lumberman, July 15, 1916— Character and distribution of 1915 lum- ber production of Washington and Ore- gon, by Howard B. Oakleaf, p. 24-5. Wood turning, June, 1916—Making shoe pegs, p. 4; Irish strong for walking sticks, p.6; Art of making billiard cues, p: Lt. Wood turning, August, 1916—Handle speci- fications, p. 5-8; Wood used for limb making, p. 13-14. Forest journals Canadian forestry journal, July, 1916—The forest resources of Serbia, p. 608-10; Market for Canadian lumber in Cuba, by J. C. Manzer, p. 611-12; Canada’s maple sugar industry, p. 613-14; Odd conditions in Nigeria; close supervision of cutting in these tropical forests with view to a continuous production, by A. H. Unwin, p. 616-18; Turning slash into dollars; utilizing refuse of logging operations for fuel, ashes and pulp would bring riddance of fire problem, by Thomas B. Wyman, p. 627-9; War’s effects on the forests of Switzerland, p. 638-40. Forest leaves, Aug., 1916.—Forestry in Pennsylvania; a success or failure, by N. R. McNaughton, p. 148-51. Forestry quarterly, June, 1916—An im- proved form of nursery seed bed frame, by D. R. Brewster, p. 183-7; Forest service revenue and organization, by T. S. Woolsey, Jr., p. 188-235; Operations and costs on Pennsylvania state for- ests, by N. R. McNaughton, p. 236-7; The cost of forest improvement sys- tems, by P. S. Lovejoy, p. 238-54; Busi- ness rate of interest and rate made by the forest, by Filibert Roth, p. 255-9; A practical application of Pressler’s formula, by A. B. Recknagel, p. 260-7; CURRENT LITERATURE 569 For the Man Who Wants a Better Watch Time is everything to a railroad man. To him the words ‘‘ Too Late’’ mean failure, danger, death. Does it signify anything to you that the majority of railroad men carry Hamiltons? You can buy a Hamilton Watch as low as $15.00 and you can pay as high as $150.00 for the Hamilton Masterpiece in 18k There are other Hamiltons at $25.00, $28.00, $40.00 $60.00, $80.00, etc. Hamilton Move- ments alone to fit your present watch case cost from $12.25 ($13.00 in Canada) up. But whatever price you pay, you can be positive that you have an an accurate, dependable timekeeper. Mamilton atch “‘The Watch of Railroad Accuracy ”’ gold case. Write for “The Timekeeper ” Dept. 39 PARK and ESTATE FORESTRY Logging Reports Utilization Studies Timber Estimates Forest Planting Etc. Methods and Cost of Mosquito Eradication Pale TRICK Forester and Mosquito Expert P. O. Box 607 New Haven, Conn. TIMBER ESTIMATES FIREPROTECTIONPLANS Maps. LoccincRerorts EMPIRESTATEFORESTERS 156 FirtHAve. New Yorn City It pictures and describes the vari- Hamilton Watch Book ©US Hamilton Models and gives in- teresting information about watch- é making. We’'llsend it to you free. ‘ Hamilton Watch Company Lancaster, Pennsylvania Expert Service is Demanded by Modern Business Methods FOREST ENGINEERING is expert service in the application of scientific and economic engineering knowledge and experience to forests and their products. It is essential to modern timberland ownership and operation, and equally important to the distributor and consumer of wood. The Field Covers Technical Advice and Practical Service in acquiring, estimating and mapping timber; in making valuations; in management; in selling either stump- age or manufactured product; in selecting grades or kinds to meet your service requirements; and in preserva- tive treatment to prevent decay. S. B. DETWILER FOREST ENGINEER COMMERCIAL TRUST BUILDING PHILADELPHIA, PA. 570 AMERICAN FORESTRY ——eeee OO 0] BOOKS ON FORESTRY AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the benefit of those who wish books on forestry, a list of titles, authors and prices of such books. These may be ordered through the American Forestry Association, Washing D.C. Prices are by mail or express prepaid.* AMERICAN BOYS’ BOOK OF BUGS, BUTTERFLIES AND BEETLES....... FOREST VALUATION—FilibertpRothiiass 22-2 seas. sse es: Pe FOREST REGULATION —Filibert Roth... j..s....2-.2-5-)- PRACTICAL TREE REPAIR—By Elbert Peets............... DHE VUMBERSIN DUSTER VG BygRowmkclloggnnw snes... -- - se LUMBER MANUFACTURING ACCOUNTS—By Arthur F. Jones......... FOREST VALUATION. yagi Chapmanty niente s <- .aedaiaye ease noe CHINESE FOREST TREES AND TIMBER SUPPLY—By Norman Shaw....... TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS—By John Kirkegaard et cinck sists ack enela erie eae eine Mays cic isieta hv atele thw soo oles TREES AND SHRUBS—By Charles Sprague Sargent—Vols. I and II, 4 Parts toa Volume per Parts.\5...1ci Sa eee Oe te eee: aa boii es FAGOTS OF CEDAR (Poemsand ballads)—By Ivan Swift. . THE AWOODS—DouglasiMallochteeereee: oe: tee « - RESAWED FABLES—Douglas. Malloch... ..05.........cs56---.---- THE TRAINING OF A FORESTER—Gifford Pinchot.......... LUMBER AND ITS USES—R. S. Kellogg......................-. THE CARE OF TREES IN LAWN, STREET AND PARK—B. E. Fernow. NORTH AMERICAN TREES—N. L. Britton............... KEY TO THE, TREES—Collins and Preston: ....2.....e05--- THE FARM WOODLOT—E. G. Cheyney and J. P. Wentling....... ; AMERICAN FOREST TREES—Henry H. Gibson.......0 000... e eee eee eee IDENTIFICATION OF THE ECONOMIC WOODS OF THE UNITED STATES— SamuellsiRecord yeasts ocmodnion etic mm tener: PLANE SUR VEYING—Johni@. Mracyacecss cies eee FOREST MENSURATION—Henry Solon Graves............-. THE ECONOMICS OF FORESTRY—B. E. Fernow.......... FIRST BOOK OF FORESTRY—Filibert Roth............... PRACTICAL ROR BS TRY ACs shiallenence en eae nee. <= « PRINCIPLES OF AMERICAN FORESTRY—Samuel B. Green... SEASIDE PLANTING OF TREES AND SHRUBS—Alfred Gaut... BAMIDIARS BREE S— Gps. Boulgennmeseir cit keer tee | ie oe oe MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA (exclusive of Mexico)—Charles SPTAS UE SALZEME Ne. ieee rete nee teeta oie tere iere rete ol MERI) oc cue cle ee as pnateco apes AMERICAN WOODS—Romeyn B. Hough... HANDBOOK OF THE TREES OF THE! NORTHERN U.S. AND CANADA, EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS—Romeyn B. Hough................... GETTING ACQUAINTED WITH THE TREES—J. Horace McFarland.......... PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF WOOD: THEIR CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES— Gharles|HenryiSm ow emer cciiecie cer cette ets rete siete tei eine ome arcs ole cere eons = d NORTH AMERICAN FORESTS AND FORESTRY—E. R. Bruncken HANDBOOK OF TIMBER PRESERVATION—Samuel M. Rowe.. TREES OF NEW ENGLAND—L. L. Dame and Henry Brooks. . TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES— Lig SParichurstscae ee eee een. TREBES—H. Marshall Wardeyn cnn = oe sia oe + ae eS = > OUR NATIONAL PARKS—John Muir.. : 3 THE LONGLEAF PINE IN VIRGIN FOREST—G. Frederick Schwarz.......... EOGGING——Ral phiC eB ryariite serait iter te lcleiele ites eRe el ceiefo sols clot THE IMPORTANT TIMBER TREES OF THE UNITED STATES—S. B. Elliott FORESTRY IN NEW ENGLAND—Ralph C. Hawley and Austin F. Howes er THE PRINCIPLES OF HANDLING WOODLANDS—Henry Solon Graves. . SHADE TREES IN TOWNS AND CITIES—William Solotaroff . THE TREE GUIDE—By Julia Ellen Rogers.................. ~ FOREST PHYSIOGRAPHY—By Isaiah Bowman............-. MANUAL FOR NORTHERN WOODSMEN__Austin Ganyee. : ne FARM RORESTRY—Alfred Akerman ieencs aceite elon tes one oyais io fas > THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS (in forest organization)— Az BRecknagels = 3.5.01. o:. Pivsok where leeks. oie ered ele vs arenes ELEMENTS OF *RORESTRV_— F. F. Moon and N. C. Brown. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD—Samuel J. Record. SLUDIES OF TREES—J- Joilevisonh.: 0.2 eee eee = - ns TREES RGINENG—A’ DesiCarsdancriiicen trictnt ee eet meee res ieee os THE PRESERVATION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER—Howard F. Weiss THE PRACTICAL LUMBERMAN—By Bernard Brereton (third edition) SEEDING AND PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY—By I imes W. ‘Toumieys Mie ShiMiA wo sc. Aca ioe catintene leh iel: Ck Ronee meee Te, oie FUTURE FOREST TREES—By, OrHarold Un waneemeeeri ci ee =e DOR WR Oh RR hh * This, of course, is not a complete list, but we shall be glad to add to it any books on forestry or related subjects upon request.—EDITOR. == | (0) Indian forest records, Indian forester, Ohio forester, Jan., Ohio forester, Quarterly journal of forestry, July, 1916— — Fire risk in Massachusetts, by H. O. Cook, p. 268-9; Removing growth from fire lanes, by N. R. McNaughton, p. 270-2; Seed testing with the Jacobsen germinating apparatus at the Danish seed control station, by J. A. Larsen, p. 273-6; a day in an irrigated plantation, Chunga Munga, Punjab, India, by H. R. MacMillan, p. 277-82. April, 1916—Note~ on the economic uses of Rosha grass, Cymbopogon martini, by R. S. Pearson, p. 1-45; Note on the constants of In- dian geranium oil, by Puran Singh, p. 46-50. May, 1916——A possible cause of “spike” in sandal, by T. A. Whitehead, p. 243-7; Notes on forestry in the U. S. A., by H. G. Champion, p. 248-56; Note on the differentiation of “in” and “kanyin” species of Diptero- carpus timber of Burma, by Puran Singh, p. 256-61; Arboriculture; the mound and pit method of planting, by F. Trafford, p. 261-2; Notes on the for- est administration in Oudh, forty years ago, p. 236-7; Turpentine oil and rosin from Boswellia serrata, p. 271-2. Indian forester, June, 1916—Increment fell- ings with some possible applications to the chir pine, by B. R. Wood, p. 283-6; Some notes regarding the habits of Pterocarpus marsupium in certain lo- calities, by S. Shrinivasulu Nayadu, p. 287-91; Note on forest surveying with Verner’s sketching board, by W. H. Craddock, p. 307-12; A method of marking trees in enumeration, by F. Canning, p. 312-13; System of sale of standing trees in Kanara forests, Bom- bay presidency, by E. M. Hodgson, p 313-4; Thinnings and cleanings, by E. A. Smythies, p. 315-17; Salvation army silk camp in Changa Manga mulberry forest near Lahore, p. 322-4; The dye- ing values of some indigenous dye stuffs, by J. P. Srivastava, p. 325-34. 1916.—The giving out of the natural rejuvenation of the spruce in the Bavarian forest, by Nor- man W. Scherer, p. 5; Catalpa for telephone poles, by H. G. Rogers, p. 6; Mahogany and allied woods, by O. W. Pflueger, p. 7-9; Shelter belts, by J. J. Crumley, p. 9-10. April, 1916—Forest planting in Ohio, by A. E. Taylor, p. 16-195 Meeting of the Intercollegiate associa- tion of forestry clubs, by J. D. Sayre, p. 19; An arboretum for Kenyon col- lege, by W. E. Bontrager, p. 23-6. Forestry in the United Kingdom, by William Schlich, p. 165-85; Weymouth pine in the Surrey desert, by B. W. Ad- kin, p. 185-93; Woodland succession from soil exhaustion, by E. Adrian Woodruffe-Peacock, p. 193-9; Forestry and the war, by A. T. Gillanders, p- 200-9; Ground game versus reforesta- ATTENTION FORESTERS AMERICAN FORESTRY will print, free of charge in this column, advertisements of foresters wanting positions, or of persons having employment to offer foresters WANTED—Work during the summer by a young man starting to study forestry. Would accept place of any kind where practical experience could be ob- tained. Free June 15. Best of references. Address W. W. J., care of AMERICAN Forestry, Washington, D. C. POSITION—Young man (33), single, seven and a- half years’ technical training. Will consider position as City Forester, Park Superintendent, Superintendent of Private Estate or Consulting Landscape Architect for railroad. Education consists of post-graduate work in prominent middle-western school of forestry, supplemented by several years post-graduate work in recognized school of landscape design in the East. Experienced in public and private forestry, including work in the Forest Service, the various phases of municipal forestry such as extension work, and tree surgery ; and also the designing of parks, playgrounds, and private estates. References given and required, Address XYZ, care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. COMPETENT ENGLISH FORESTER and land- scape gardener desires position as park superintend- ent, city forester or superintendent of private estate. Thoroughly experienced in the various branches of tree surgery, including pruning, spraying and planting of trees and shrubs. Can handle men and get results. Forty-five years old and married. Will consider posi- tion with contractors in allied lines of work. At present employed. Address A. care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. (9-11) PRACTICAL WOODSMAN AND FOREST EN- GINEER with thorough experience this country and Europe will take charge of forested estate or game preserve. An expert in managing and improving woodlands, and can show results. Highest references as to character, training, and ability. Address Woods Superintendent, Care AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE, Washington, D. C YOUNG man (28), single, technical education, five years’ general engineering experience, as instrument man and computer, on surveys, and as inspector and superintendent on construction. Also field and office experience with U. S. Forest Service. Capable of tak- ing charge of party; desires position with forester or lumber firm. Address Box 32, care of AMERICAN Forestry, Washington, D. C. FORESTER with three years’ practical training and ten years’ experience (willing to work with his hands as well as with his brain) desires position as forester on private estate. Thoroughly acquainted by practical experience with the planting and care of trees, wild flowers, and shrubs. References furnished on request. Address Box 35, care of AMERICAN Forestry. 8-11 WANTED—Secretary. Capable and experienced stenographer (married), possessing agricultural col- lege education to act as secretary to executive of large horticultural enterprise. Only those possessing these qualifications need apply. State full particulars and salary desired in first letter. Address Box 20, care of AMERICAN Forestry, Washington, D. C. CARETAKERS, FIREWATCH AND GENERAL Help to Forester or Owner. Man and son (adult). Reliable Americans, strict to duty. A-1 references. Good home rather than high pay wanted. New York or East. Address L. H. Robertson, 323 Sussex Avenue, Newark, N. J. 8-10 Timber Cruising Booklets BILTMORE TIMBER TABLES Including solution of problems in forest finance. SOUTHERN TIMBER TABLES How to estimate Southern Pine, Southern White Cedar, and Southern Appalachian Timber — Spruce pulpwood, Hemlock bark, Chestnut oak bark, Chestnut tannic acid wood. Postpaid, 25 cents each HOWARD R. KRINBILL Forest Engineer Newbern, N. C CURRENT LITERATURE tion, by W. H. Bennett, p. 209-12; Ef- fects of grass and certain other plants on the growth of young ash trees, by Somerville, p. 212-18; Waste in con- version of timber, by W. Forbes, p. 226-30; Peridermium on Pinus longi- folia, p. 230-3; Rings as an indication of the age of a tree, p. 233-6. Revue des eaux et foréts, June 1, 1916.— Les reboisements du Mézenc, by Paul Buffault, p. 153-61; Note sur la valeur probable d’un taillis a ses différents ages, by Marcel Raux, p. 162-5. Schweizerische zeitschrift ftir forstwesen, July-Aug. 1916.—Aus der forstkassen- rechnung eines plenterbetriebes, by W. Ammon, p. 123-35; Wann ist entfer- nung von naturver jtingung und ersatz durch pflanzung gerechtfertight? by J. Tischer, p. 135-9; Ein fertiler hexen- besen auf larche, by Paul Jaccard, p 139-5. Schweizerische zeitschrift fur forstwesen, SeptOct., 1915—Umwandlung von mittelwald in hochwald, by P. Hefti, p. 161-8; Plenterwald und femelschlagbe- trieb, by Th. Meyer, p. 168-73; Ver- teilung von wald und kulturflachen im randengebiet, by Ernst Kelhofer, p. 174-8. Skogen, July, 1916.—Nagra intryck fran Angelholms flygsandsfalt (Some im- pressions from the area of drifting sand at Angelholm), by L. Mattsson, p. 197-204; Om undervisningen vid sta- tens skogsskolor (Concerning the in- struction at the state forest schools), by Aug. Hedlund and others, p. 205-26; Hagelskada 4 ungskog (Damage from hail in young forests), by Ferd. Lind- berg, p. 227-30. Skogsvardsféreningens tidskrift, June-July, 1916.—Branslet fran vara skogar (Fire- wood from our forests), by Otto Hell- strom, p. 511-19; Barkborrens formaga att doda friska granar experimentelt bevisad (Ability of the bark beetle to kill thrifty trees of Norway spruce), by Adolf Welander, p. 520-6; Doman- styrelsens och distriktsstyrelsernas or- ganisation (Organization of the cen- tral and district forest administra- tions), by Gosta Tamm and U. Wall- mo, p. 527-45; Skogsindelning och skogsvarddering (Forest division and forest valuation), by G. Kuylenstjerna and others, p. 546-56; Hjalpreda vid aptering av standskog (Helps in esti- mating standing timber), by L. Matts- son, p. 557-62; Ett par skogsmarks- analyser fran Bohuslan (A few analyses of forest soils from Bolus district), by Gunnar Andersson, p. 563-4; Farskt eller lagrat skogsfr6? (Fresh or stored forest tree seed?), by G. Al- bert Gothe, p. 565; skogsvardsstyrelsernas personal (Pen- sioning of forest service employees), p. 566-8. Pensionering av 571 TIMBER FOR SALE FOR SALE—200,000,000 FEET OF ORIGINAL GROWTH YELLOW PINE TIMBER on the West Coast of Florida, south of Tampa, acces- sible to deep water and railroad facilities. An unusual opportunity. Apply SOUTHERN INVESTMENT COMPANY, Box 502, Richmond, Va. 6-12 SOME FINE HARDWOOD TRACTS We have others. Let us know your wants. Acres Location Million Ft. Price 20,000 North Carolina....... 100 $200,000 145000) Wirginiaescrtergesecet tet 78 280,000 5,000 West Virginia 13 50,000 22/500 Mississippi .........- 126 630,000 6,800 North Carolina....... 64 160,000 4,700 West Virginia........ 60 211,500 22,000 Kentucky ........... 150 550,000 40,000 North Carolina....... 263 480,000 4,600 Tennessee .......---- 30 46,000 REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT COMPANY 816 Connecticut Avenue, Washington, D. C. 6-9 a FOR CALIFORNIA TIMBER R Write F. A. BAIRD, Redding, Cal. 6-10 12,000 ACRES HARDWOOD TIMBER AND LAND Northeast Louisiana, about 7,000 feet mixed hard- woods to acre. Fine land; solid body; 3 miles of railroad. Price $17.50 per acre, easy terms. Address ere care of AMERICAN Forestry, Washington BAND MILL PLANT WITH 50,000,000 FEET Pine Timber in Eastern North Carolina; rail and water shipments. Address Bann MiLL, Box 167, Burgaw, N..¢. 8—9. CYPRESS TIMBER FOR SALE, 1,500,000 feet vir- gin cypress, half mile from Cotton Belt Railroad. Unron Trust Company, Little Rock, Ark. 8—9 ENGRAVINGS FOR AL PURPOSES vv DESIGNERS AND ILUSTRATORS Havr.tones: Line Cuts 3 CareR Process WoRK ELECTROTYPES vr, (National Encpauac@|. 50.6-14-th. Street, N.W. Wasninston, D.C. --- Phone Main 8274 --- AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS —— Fe) == 5 BUILD or YELLOW PINE / | ll ll | BECAUSE IT’S | Economical Beautiful Workable i fa Plentiful © Most Easily Obtainable oO Non-Conductor of Temperature For Information about Branded Structural, rot resisting, special Long Leaf, Factory and Building Timbers and Joists; Resilient Sound Deadener Durable | a ll [es | | i) ll about Sef Short Peeh Finish and other building and finishing sizes Write MISSOURI LUMBER AND LAND ——EXCHANGE COMPAN Y= | | 1111 Long Building :-: Kansas City, Missouri OUR OWIN MILES “PRODUCE 275,000,000, (PEE AUNIN WATS EAYS SSR] g _ a_=====HIeE=—]S| kal aaa) SSE SS a) AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS North Carolina Pine This is a real Shortleaf variety of Southern Pine. If the article in this issue on Shortleaf Pine interests you this is the wood to use. It is the wood of Universal Uses. Carpenters like it because it works so easy — does not gum up the tools with pitch. Contractors like it because it saves time in cutting, fitting and finishing —and time is money with them. Home Owners like it on account of its utility and beauty, its susceptibility to stain and paints, and its wearing qualities. The Lady of the House likes it because of its artistic effects and its ‘‘Homey”’ atmosphere. Dealers like it because it is easy to get and easy to sell at a good profit. You will like it if you give it a trial in your next building operation. We have a book for Home-builders, a book for Architects and Con- tractors, a book for Farmers and Service for Dealers. Write us for any of them. They are free. NORTH CAROLINA PINE ASSOCIATION NORFOLK, VIRGINIA OOCOCOOO: In the National Forest Region Colorado School of Forestry 29999099999900909990000000: A DEPARTMENT OF COLORADO COLLEGE ; HE course in theoretical and applied forestry lead- ing to thedegree of Forest 3 Engineer coversa period of two } years and is open to students i who have completed two years of college work, including a sufficient amount of Botany, ; Geology and Surveying. ; : 3 i ; 3 } i) Graduate students may enter as candidates for the de- gree of Master of Forestry. Fall and Spring Terms in the Manitou Forest, the College Re- serve, 6000 acres of pine and spruce timberland on the borders of the Pike National Forest. Winter Term at Colorado Springs. For particulars address Colorado School of Forestry Colorado Springs, Colo. 0°29 2200900900099990090999999909999999909000900 0000 9900 99990000900900999999000000000090900000 SOCLEOCEOOOOSEOOOOOOLO CL OCOL OOOO OL OOOO OOLOOL OSL OOCE Georgia State Forest School UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Four-year professional course in theoretical and applied forestry leading to the degree: Bachelor of Science in Forestry. Combination courses in Arts and Sciences giving two degrees in five years. Wide range of specialization offered. Preparation for Government and State Forestry, City For estry, Commercial Forestry, Logging and Milling, Research. Provision for four months in Forest Camp and for four months in specialization. One-year vocational course in For- estry and Agriculture. Eight-weeks’ Ranger School in Forest Camp. For announcement address FOREST SCHOOL Georgia State College of Agriculture GEORGIA Orcceccocece ATHENS [99 999909009999990999909099999999999999999999699989999999999999999 9999999999 992999999999 299999 9299 9999999999999 99 9999 QeececeeCoeceeece 06 CO COCCECEOELEE EEOC ECO OECOLE LL OOO COOL OO OOOO DOOOE OOO ELL O OO SOOO OO OOOO OOCLELOOELE OD OOOO OOO ECO EECOEOOE POCCOCE LOO OCOCOCOEOOOOCOOO EE EO The New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University Syracuse, N. Y. Under-graduate courses leading to degree of Bachelor of Science. Special opportunities for post- graduate work leading to degrees of Master of Forestry and Doctor of Economics. One- year Ranger Course on the College Forest of 1,800 acres at Wanakena in the Adirondacks. State Forest Camp, which is a month of directed recreation, open to any man over sixteen, held each August on Cranberry Lake. The State Forest Experi- ment Station of go acres and an excellent Forest Library offer unusual opportunities for re- search work. For particulars address THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY Syracuse, N. Y. (PECPP OPS SES OSSO SES OL LESSEE EOEE SOC SESES ESSE EO SO SESS ESSSESSS OSES OSES OSES EOE S SEO S OPES OE OEE DOO SO OL OSO OSE SOOO LOSSEOESO 00 00000000ss0sss0eseee esses ee eeee eee eS SSSeSS COS SCSSSSSSESSS SSS OSSEESS DE SESS SSSSSSISESEOS939599099299999909900900008 CF O8 92004200 999000007220 00 000008. coeece : : i Yale University Forest School 29909999 990090900098 99999909 999999009298 99099089 NEW HAVEN, CONN., U.S. A. 29989990 99009999999099299999999929 29900999909 008 3 Hy 3 3 3 ALE University Forest School is a 3 graduate department of Yale 3 University. It is the oldest exist- ; ing forest school in the United States and exceeds any otherin the number ; of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the degree of Master ; of Forestry is offered to graduates of universities, colleges and scientific institutions of high standing and, under exceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training, including certain prescribed subjects. Men who are not candi- + dates for the degree may enter the School as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course, by submitting evidence that will warrant their taking the j work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have } completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and ad- 3 vanced work in Dendrology, Silvicul- 3 ture, Forest Management, Forest $ Technology, and Lumbering. The 3 regular two-year course begins the 3 first week in July at the School camp 3 near Milford, Pennsylvania. H 3 3 ¢ 3 e | 3 3 3 : H 2 OOOO 000090000009 0S08 09999998 9299929999999 299 IFIIIIIIIIIIISIOSSSIDIOE For further information address JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director NEW HAVEN CONNECTICUT (oeecr222 20 2escre cree cesses se eeeseo sees POCO DIDIOOCOENLS pOOOOE LOCO OOO E LCOS AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY The Pennsylvania State College j | - SSOLOC OSL OO OOCCOOOLOOCOEOOOLOOOCELOCOOCO OSES PROFESSIONAL course in Forestry, covering four years of college work, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science } in Forestry. Thorough and practical training for Government, State, Municipal and private forestry. ; Four months are spent in camp in the woods in forest work. Graduates who wish to specialize along particular lines are admitted to the ‘graduate forest schools”’ as candidates for the degree of Master of Forestry on the success- ful completion of one year’s work. | Seucesscoccccscsuscoeccceccocosceseccceteren For further information address Department of Forestry Pennsylvania State College State College, Pa. PPPPO SO SOSCS CESS OSES ESOS OL OSES SS SS SO OSESELESEO ES SFSSSISESESS SOLS ESES SOLO EO ES SOLS OOOO SSO EOE OOOO LE SE CE SIS IOLLEIII9ECES: POCO PESO SSOS DOSS OSSOC EOL OOS OSOOOSSSE SSS OSES OSES SECS, Poe SPOS OSES IISEDISSIISIZOSS ISOS DSSS II I9SSSO ISSO DSS OEY HARVARD UNIVERSITY SOOO 2090 999990099900000009000900999090000000 DEPT. OF FORESTRY BUSSEY INSTITUTION PIPOCOSS DO 2OOSOS OS SOS DSO SD OOOO LOSI SOCSESOSES ate training leading to the degree of Master of Forestry in the following fields:—Silvicul- ture and Management, Wood Technology, Forest Entomol- ogy, Dendrology, and (in co- operation with the Graduate School of Business Adminis- tration) the Lumber Business For further particulars address FFERS specialized gradu- i 3 3 RICHARD T. FISHER Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts (19900 9990999020000000 0890909999999 CHOSPO DISS SO SESSSS IESPOISSSIISSSSOPIFISS IOI I IDOI PISISS OPPO DIFIDISISISIPISISOSOSPD DOL [ol[ or [ol [ sor [SS ) [Sor Jolt I] ~| Wood “Where Best”; Ads a ¢ T 7 M- B EE a SK Copyright 1916 . ( Nat. Lbr. Mfr.’s Ass'n. SAYS e ae “Wood isthe most universal, most adaptable building material in the world. ““Wood is a non-conductor of heat—cool in summer and warm in winter. “Wood is the lightest building material known, and the strong- est, weight for weight. “Its qualities are known; it is easy to work; it can be cut and shaped by anyone into the myriad uses required for the shelter and comfort of man. : | fe ; ee There is no other material as beautiful in appearance, more susceptible to artistic finish, nor which is as productive of sentiment and satisfaction for home building. “The supply is ample for all requirements, and the kinds and erades best suited for all purposes are obtainable everywhere.”’ The best way for the user of wood to secure material that will give the service required is to insist that it be produced by mills which [9] have Association Inspection and make guaranteed grades. ‘These are the mills which compose the organizations affliated with The National Lumber Manufacturers Association CHICAGO, ILL. Subscribing Associations are: California Redwood, California White and Sugar Pine, Georgia- Florida Sawmill, Hardwood Manufacturers of the United States, Michigan Hardwood Manufacturers, North Carolina Pine, Northern Hemlock and Hardwood Manufacturers, Northern Pine Manufacturers, ‘Southern Cypress Manu- facturers, Southern Pine, West Coast Lumbermens, Western Pine Manufacturers. SERVICE DEPARTMENTS The Trade Extension Department of the National Lumber Manufacturers Association offers a unique free service to Architects, Engineers, Retailers and Builders. The Blue Book of the National Lumber Manufacturers Association gives prompt and reliable credit rating and collection service. The Inter-Insurance Exchange of the National Lumber Manufacturers Association furnishes sound indemnity for losses by fire in saw-mills, INTER- INSURANCE | i planing mills and lumber yards. i=) =O) ss) =) =) & PRESS OF J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA The cAmerican Forestry Washington, D. C. President CHARLES LATHROI PACK, Lakewood, N. J. Vice-Presidents HON. DAVID HOUSTON Secretary of Agriculture HON. FRANKLIN K. LANE Secretary of the Interior HON. ASBURY F. LEVER, South Carolina United States Representative HON. THOMAS NELSON PAGE Ambassador to Italy GIFFORD PINCHOT, Pennsylvania JOSHUA L. BAILY, Pennsylvania ANDREW CARNEGIE, New York WILLIAM E. COLBY, California Secretary The Sierra Club DR. CHARLES W. ELIOT, Massachusetts President Emeritus Harvard University DR. B. E. FERNOW, Canada. Dean of Forestry, University of Toronto ¢c Association MRS. JOHN D. SHERMAN, Illinois Chairman Conservation Department General Federation of Women's Clubs HON. WM. H.TAFT, Connecticnt Ex-President United States JOSEPH N. TEAL, Oregon Chairman Oregon Conservation Commission THEODORE N. VAIL President A. T. & T. Co., New York HON. JOHN WEEKS, Massachusetts HENRY S. GRAVES, District cf Columbia Chief of the Forest Service EVERITT G. GRIGGS, Washington FILIBERT ROTH, Michigan . Dean of Forestry, University of Michigan DR. J. T. ROTHROCK, Pennsylvania United States Senator DR.ROBERT S.WOODWARD, Washington, D.C. President Carnegie Institution Treasurer JOHN E. JENKS, Editor, Army and Navy Register, Washington, D.C. Executive Secretary PERCIVAL S. RIDSDALE, 1410 H Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Directors HERMAN H. CHAPMAN, Connecticut Professor of Forestry, Yale Forest School DR. HENRY S. DRINKER, Pennsylvania President, Lehigh University ALFRED GASKILL State Forester. New Jersey JOHN E. JENKS, District of Columbia Editor, Army and Navy Register CHESTER W. LYMAN, New York International Paper Company E. T. ALLEN, Oregon Forester, Western For. and Conservation Asso. JOHN S. AMES, Massachusetts HON. ROBERT P. BASS, New Hampshire Ex-Governor of New Hampshire WM. B.GREELEY, District of Columbia Assistant U.S. Forester W.R. BROWN, New Hampshire Pres. New Hamp. Forestry Commission CHARLES LATHROP PACK, New Jersey Pres. Fifth National Conservation Congress CHARLES F. QUINCY, New York J. E. RHODES, Illinois Secretary, Southern Pine Association ERNEST A. STERLING, Illinois Forest and Timber Engineer J.B. WHITE, Missouri Ex-President, National Conservation Congress It Will Support These Policies National and State Forests under Federal and State Ownership, administration and management respectively ; adequate ap- propriations for their care and man- agement ; Federal cooperation with the States, especially in forest fire pro- tection. State Activity by acquirement of forest Declaration of Principles and Policy~ of Ohe American Forestry Association % lands; organization for fire protection; encouragement of forest planting by communal and private owners, non- olitical departmentally independent orest organization, with liberal appro- priations for these purposes. Forest Fire Protection by Federal, State and fire protective agencies, and its encouragement and extension, indi- vidually and by cooperation; without adequate fire protection all other measures for forest crop production IT IS A VOLUNTARY organization for the inculcation and spread of a forest policy on a scale adequate for our economic needs, and any: person is eligible for membership. IT IS INDEPENDENT, has no official connection with any Federal or State depart- ment or policy, and is devoted to a public service conducive to national prosperity. IT ASSERTS THAT forestry means the propagation and care of forests for the pro- duction of timber as a crop; protection of watersheds; utilization of non-agricul- tural soil; use of forests for public recreation. IT DECLARES THAT FORESTRY is of immense importance to the people; that the census of 1913 shows our forests annually supply over one and a quarter billion dollars’ worth of products; employ 735,000 people; pay $367,000,000 in wages; cover 550,000,000 acres unsuited for agriculture; regulate the distribution of water; prevent erosion of lands; and are essential to the beauty of the country and the health of the nation. IT RECOGNIZES THAT forestry is an industry limited by economic conditions; that private owners should be aided and encouraged by investigations, demonstrations, and educational work, since they cannot be expected to practice forestry at a financial loss; that Federal and State governments should undertake scientific forestry upon national and State forest reserves for the benefit of the public. IT WILL DEVOTE its influence and educational facilities to the development of public thought and knowledge along these practical lines. will fail. Forest Planting by Federal and State governments and long-lived corpora- tions and acquirement of waste lands for this purpose; and also planting by private owners, where profitable, and encouragement of natural regenera- tion. Forest Taxation Reforms removing un- just burdens from owners of growing timber. Closer Utilization in logging and manu- facturing without loss to owners; aid the lumbermen in achieving this. Cutting of Mature Timber where and as the domestic market demands it, ex- cept on areas maintained for park or scenic purposes, and compensation of forest owners for loss suffered through protection of watersheds, or on behalf of any public interest. Equal Protection to the lumber industry and to public interests in legislation affecting private timberland opera- tions, recognizing that lumbering is as legitimate and necessary as the forests themselves. Classification by experts of lands best suited for farming and those best suited for forestry; and liberal national and State appropriations for this work. icafi 3 & 59 ES os AK ilies: fi THE BALD CYPRESS Wl CCA IN I N ccc CO SONAOTU AAA MMT Decayed Barn Sill. Note condition of siding at point of contact with sill. (Courtesy U.S. Forest Service.) Another Lumber Customer Lost Conditions, such as illustrated above, | Creosote Oil is a pure coal-tar creosote oil cause the consumer to resort to substi- made especially for the Brush and Open tutes. Not only is the wooden sill ‘Tank method of treatment. It can be con- destroyed by decay, veniently used any- Wi ve / “ge representing a mon- where andat any time. etary lossin material amd ha bor, bute germinating place for dangerous bac- Hl Lumber dealers can & ~ B. greatly aid thecause of wood if they will induce their cus- teria and insects is , ir (0) 5) POUCne EONERCeeaath provided by the de- TT dian BEA Tae Gall alll cayed wood. Pal I lumber used under I 4 Ono 5 Lumber cannot hold Creosote Ti conditions subject- | its ground against ing it to decay. substitutes unless it is protected from Barrett’s Carbosota Grade-One Liquid such failure. Creosote Oil should be carried in stock Coal-tar Creosote Oil is the best wood by every lumber dealer. It is nationally preservative. It is recommended by all advertised, easy to sell, convenient and authorities. profitable to handle. Barrett’s Carbosota Grade-One Liquid — Booklet and further details on request. — : Special Notice Regarding Change in Name : = = Since we introduced Grade-One Liquid Creosote Oil, change the name of this product and hereafter it will fe = numerous imitations have appeared on the market. For be known as BARRETT’S CARBOSOTA—Grade- : = : ease of identification, therefore, we have decided to One Liquid Creosote Oil. E | Company = New York Chicago Philadelphia Boston St. Louis Cleveland Cincinnati Pittsburgh = Detroit Birmingham Kansas City Minneapolis Nashville Salt Lake City Seatt'e Peoria = Tue Paterson Manuracturinc Company, Limited. Montreal Toronto Winnipeg Vancouver = St. John, N. B. Halifax, N. S. Sydney, N. S. 000008 Le AMERICAN FORESTRY The Magazine of the American Forestry Association PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD HERMAN H. CHAPMAN S. T. DANA Joun E. RHODES ERNEST A. STERLING FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL S. N. SPRING OcroBER 1916. Vout. 22 CONTENTS No. 274 The Bald Cypress—Cover Picture. An Appalachian Purchase . 611 The Bald Cypress—Identification and Characteristics—By orestry for Boys and Girls—By Bristow Adams 612 Samuel B. Detwiler 577 Is Jack Frost the Real Artist? With six illustrations. War-Time Uses of Forest Products—By A. W. Schorger 614 Commercial Uses of Cypress 581 Under Fire in War Zone Forests—Lieutenant H. K. Robinson. 616 With eleven illustrations. How to Measure Height of Trees . 618 Boy Scouts in City Park Work—By H.H. Tryon 585 With one illustration. With one illustration. Western Public Lands and National Forests—By H.H. Chapman. 619 Crater Lake National Park—By Mark Daniels 586 Ornamental and Shade Trees—By J. J. Levison 622 With eight illustrations. Pheviee Geren ighti i — rT |< oS rOW 593 : ° Fighting A Forest Fire By James Brown 593 NosthlCarolinaseRorece Rives 625 With one illustration. = = “rn 7 Cea ae War Consuming Britain’s Forests 594 Ey Ways of Mati ee eD ‘ ra Wathverchtllustrations: Wood Preserving Department—By E. A. Sterling 626 Deserts Due to Deforestation—By Moye Wicks 598 Editorial 627 Canadian Forest Protection. The White Pine Blister Rust. The Farm Woodlot. With nine illustrations. The Bird Department—By A. A. Allen 607 Federal Protection of Birds. The Crows and Jays. Book Reviews : 629 With seven illustrations. Canadian Department—By Ellwood Wilson ; 629 The White-Throated Sparrow—By Paulina Brandreth, Pcem.. 611 Current Literature ee : LeemosO Fe 0 0 0 0 0 9) 0 et 90 10 09 0 0 BN 5,000 NEW MEMBERS WANTED WE APPEAL TO EACH MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION TO HELP SECURE 5,000 NEW MEMBERS BEFORE DECEMBER 31. ASK A FRIEND TO JOIN, PRESENT A MEMBERSHIP TO A SCHOOL, A LIBRARY, AN INSTITUTION OR A PERSON. We are offering one of the valuable and instructive books described here with each new membership to you or to the new member. FILL OUT THIS BLANK CHECK OFF BOOK DESIRED AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, Washington, D. C. O THE TREE GUIDE In order to aid the American Forestry Association in its vitally important work of conservation of our forests, and public education regarding forests, trees, and 6 0 8 —— 1 0 so 0 8 0 265 pages, 250 illustrations birds, I am enclosing $3.00 for a Subscribing Membership ($2.00 of which is for A pocket manual of trees to aid the student and the beginner to American Forestry Magazine for one year), s iid membership including expert distinguish and identify trees. Invaluable in readily acquiring a advice, free of charge, about any forest, woodland or tree condition, and American knowledge of trees. Forestry Magazine each month “1 THE BIRD GUIDE Meme 5 : Sree 415 colored illustrations Street This names, illustrates and describes all land birds east of the ebay - E in x City. . Rockies, and is of the utmost assistance to anyone, adult or child, wishing to know birds and their habits. SEND BOOK TO | THE FLOWER GUIDE Name Street. . 230 pages, 400 colored illustrations If you wish to know flowers and to acquire this knowledge readily, Git, this book will be found of very great assistance. “ae? Ft tn tt et fe — ee | J 219 1 0 —— 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 8 80 nt 8 1 8 0 AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, three dollars per year; single copies, twenty-five cents. Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Post-office at Washington, under the Act of March 3, 1879 om wit eee EXPERIENCE : RESO Vie Was “Stuck On Hrs Tract Once there was a man who had what was reputed to be an exceptionally valuable tract of timberland —no matter where— which he bought on an old-fashioned “timber cruise’ plus his personal inspection. Wishing to take his profit on the investment he con- fidently offered the tract to James D. Lacey & Company. Besides the reputation of the tract there were super- ficial indications of unusual excellence; but Lacey FP Company deal only with THE FACTS. A LACEY REPORT on the tract showed the 5 c r 7 ? 0 astonishing fact to be that the value of merchantable timber on the tract was barely more than half what the intending seller sincerely believed he \ | Se iG 139 7a Ns Gs | Hle was “stuck” — badly; in fact a “LACHEY REPORT” on the property when he bought it would not have cost a twenty-fifth of what he was “stuck.” This 1s a true story—with a moral. May we send you ‘‘ Pointers,” an interesting booklet? | | CHICAGO SEATTLE PORTLAND (ORE. ) NEW ORLEANS 1750 McCormick Bldg. 1009 White Bide. 1310 Northwestern Bank Bldg. 1213 Vhitney-Central 7 = —_ AMERICAN FORESTRY Vo. XXII HE interesting habits of the bald cypress give it special distinction in the forest community. one of the few cone-bearing trees that shed their the branches that bear the leaves also fall with them. It has ability to send up vigorous leaves each year, and sprouts from the stumps when the cut,—a_ rare power in conifers. Not only is it exceptionally beautiful in form and foliage, but it is one of our most valuable lum- ber-producing trees, with heartwood so durable that it has the title of “ The Wood Eternal.” Other adapted for growth in swamps, but they soon die if the continuously flooded. Bald cypress alone can live and thrive with its trees are [reese Ecc soil is roots always submerged; the unique “knees” which able this tree to sustain life under such extremely adverse en- conditions have furnished scientists. with a fascinating problem as to how they ac- complish their purpose. Bald cypress distichum) traces its descent from a very ancient family. Prior to the glacial epoch, it grew in the Arctic regions of North America and Europe. Bald cypress not be confused true cypresses, to which the Euro- pean cypress belongs. It has two closely related species, one a shrub native to China, the other a large tree found The Mexican cypress may reach 40 feet in should with the in Mexico. (Taxodium OCTOBER 1916 The Bald Cypress (Taxodium distichum) Identification and Characteristics By SAMUEL B. DETWILER It is aS KE << SS ay THE BALD CYPRESS Cypress is a conifer, but not an evergreen tree, and both leaves and branchlets are dropped in the fall. The foliage consists of very small, flat, or needle-shaped leaves, arranged either in two horizontal rows or clinging closely to fragile branchlets. The pollen-bearing flowers appear in the spring in purple drooping clusters borne at the ends of the twigs. Each flower consists of a few small pollen-bearing scales. The globular cones are brown in color and are about the size of a small walnut. They are scattered singly or in pairs near the tips of the branches and ripen their seed in the fall from flowers that appear early in the spring. Bald cypress is interesting, botanically, as one of the few surviving members of a race of trees which was prominent in geologic times. Among its associates were the redwoods of California. Only two other close rela- tives are known, one an evergreen cypress on the tablelands of Mexico and the other a tree occurring in China. diameter at the base and lives to a great No. 274 are, Io “Cypress of Montezuma,” reverenced by the Indians long before the discovery of America, belongs to the Mexican species. The natural> growth of bald cypress is found in the wide strip of low, sandy land bordering the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, from southern Delaware (and the extreme southern portion of New Jersey) to southern Texas. It grows in all sec- tions of Florida, Louisiana and Mississippi and extends northward through the Mississippi Valley to south- ern Indiana and western Kentucky. In very wet places the foot of the trunk flares into a fluted, heavily ridged cone, which may be so broad at the base that the tree appears as though it had built a platform on which to erect its trunk. The enlargement of the base, combined with the peculiari- ties of its root system, gives the tree great stability in the ooze of the sloughs and swamps. Windstorms that uproot the oaks do not harm the cypress. Above the swollen base the trunk tapers evenly and is usually straight. When young, the trees have rather erect branches, forming a handsome and symmetrical pyramid, but later the branches droop slightly. Old trees lose their lower branches and the tops become rounded in the open or broad and flat- tened in the forest; such trees, especially festooned 577 when are borne on tiny branches that are 578 AMERICAN FORESTRY with Spanish moss, are highly pictur- esque. Trunks of mature trees are well rounded, and usually hollow at the base. The ordinary diame- ters are 3 to 5 feet, but veterans 12 feet through are found. The tallest individuals rise to a height of 140 to 150 feet, the aver- age height being 100 to 120 feet. Cypress “ knees ” arouse the curiosity of the visitor when he first them AN single be sees eG LEGEND BSS Limit o tree may HEAVY surrounded by fifty or one hundred of these )F NATURAL RA ASS SCATTERING Lo PRODUCTION shed with the leaves. In the first type the leaves are thin and soft-textured, a half to three-quarters of an inch long, narrow, flattened and pointed. They stand horizontal in two rows on the tiny branches, like the teeth of a comb, and the branch with may be easily mistaken for a single compound leaf. The second type of leaf is tiny and scale- like, clinging closely to the branch and its leaves and AL PRODUC partly overlap- peculiar growths, GEOGRAPHICAL AND COMMERCIAL formed only when the DISTRIBUTION OF CYPRESS IN UNITED STATES ping it, so that the THE branch resembles a trees stan d in wet Although seven species commonly known as cypresses grow in the United States, only one, bald delicately wroug h F Ss cypress (Taxodium distichum), is of great commercial importance. Taxoditum imbricarium, a : = places. If the water closely related species, occurs in the same range as bald cypress and is cut and used with it. ¢ hain © f le aves. 2 2 Cypress is restricted in its natural occurrence to deep, rich swamp-lands, but when planted it 5 is high, the “‘ knees’ thrives in as wide a range of climate and soil as most of our forest trees. Naturally, however, Trees with foliage Seg it occurs in commercially important quantities only in regions where logging is difficult and 5 5° appear as steeple-like expensive. The introduction of larger and more efficient logging machinery has advanced the of this kind are said projections above the areas. surface, some having a regular cone shape, gnarled. others fantastically knobbed and Low water reveals that they spring from the roots of the tree, forming an astonishing system of humps and hollows. Further investigation will show that each knee has its system of branched roots, reaching down into the muck. own intricately In places subject to very high water for part of the year, the high, but usually they are Apparently their purpose knees may be 8 or 10 feet only from 1 to 4 feet high. is to reach above the water to supply air to the roots, and also to furnish a firm footing for the great weight of the tree in quagmires where engineers would have difficulty in devising a foundation capable of supporting a similar weight. The softer the soil, the larger and more numerous are the knees. They are hollow except very early in their development, and the wood of which they are formed is exceedingly twisted in grain and very light in weight. The knees never send up sprouts and they die after the tree is felled. The bark of the trunks may be thin and scaly or thick and deeply furrowed. Apparently, this variation is due to differences in the conditions of soil and moisture under which the trees grow. The color of the surface of the bark varies from light brown to a deep red- dish hue. When the bark is broken it pulls apart into long fibrous strips of an attractive cinnamon shade of reddish brown. The graceful light green foliage of bald cypress is especially attractive. The leaves are of two kinds, and logging in any specified region from the water fronts into the deeper and less acce Thus, the evolution in logging methods chiefly accounts for the continual commercial importance of cypress in regions where lumbering was actively in progress many years ago. sible swamp 2 anists stinct by some bot to a di variety (imbricarium) of bald cypress. be The flowers are of two kinds. The pollen is shed in spring from drooping clusters of minute purple flowers. The stems of the flower-clusters are 4 to 6 inches long and are borne at the ends of the twigs. The seed-form- ing flowers are scattered near the ends of the branches. They are composed of numerous overlapping, pointed scales and somewhat resemble buds. When ripened in the autumn, they are transformed into brown woody cones of the size and shape of a small walnut. The seeds are winged at one end, one-fourth to three- fourths of an inch long, and each cone produces from 20 to 30 seeds. Because the cone contains pockets of very sticky resin with a disagreeable flavor, the seeds are little relished by squirrels, mice or birds. The cones open and permit the seeds to escape but they are too heavy to be carried far by the wind and fall near the parent trees. \ pound of clean bald cypress seed contains about 5000 separate seeds—a small number compared with the 80,000 seeds in a pound of Norway spruce. Under ordinary conditions only about half of the seeds have sufficient vitality to germinate. The older trees produce some cones each year and abundant crops are borne every 3 to 5 years. The seeds do not mature well in the northern range of the tree. Since the cypress tree is an inhabitant of swamp-lands the seeds germinate best in véry moist places, such as wet muck or beds of sphagnum moss. The absolute inability of most cone-bearing trees to produce even the weakest of sprouts from the stumps ih BALD CYPRESS after the trees are felled is well known. It is decidedly interesting to know that cypress can produce thrifty sprouts, not only from the stumps of young trees, but also from the stumps of trees up to 180 to 200 years of age. This peculiarity of cypress is of considerable com- mercial value, since vigorous trees 10 to 14 inches in diameter, cut during the period when active growth has ceased, nearly always are able to send up strong sprouts that make much more rapid growth than seedlings. In many localities it is the practice of the loggers to girdle the cypress trees a year prior to felling them so that AN OLD CYPRESS The prevailing size of mature trees in ordinary situations is somewhere about 3 to 5 feet in diameter at breast height (41% fe above the ground) by from 100 to 120 feet in height. In the highly acid soils of ponds and poorly drained, flat swamps,the average maximum size is about 2 feet in diameter by from 50 to 70 feet in height. The largest trees scattered on ordinary sites are 7 to 8 feet in diameter. The maximum diameter for cypress is about 12 feet measured at breast height. Maximum heights of from 140 to 150 feet are occasionally reached. The trunks of the trees of largest diameters are usually hollow at the base and more or less broken at the top. Cypress attains so great an age that the life periods of virgin stands are better spoken of in terms of centuries than decades. Trees from 400 to 600 years old are very common, and those from 600 to 900 years are scattered through the South. The age attained seems to be limited chiefly by the ability of the tree to resist the attacks of fungi and force of the wind. Old trees die backward or downward during a period usually of one to three or four centuries. The last stage is usually a hollow cylinder consisting of sapwood from which the heart has been removed by decay. It is not improb- able that the ages of these hollow veteran cypresses range from 1000 to 2000 years. the logs will float. In such cases the stumps do not pro- duce sprouts. The home of the cypress tree is naturally, in swamps, ponds and other poorly drained soils. Practically all of the native cypress forests are found at elevations of less than 100 feet above sea level. growth in the Mississippi Valley is at an elevation of about 500 feet, but on the Edwards Plateau of Texas it The upper limit of its 579 is found bordering the deep hollows at elevations of 1000 to 1750 the successful growth of the cypress is an abundance of feet. Apparently the chief demand for soil moisture. It cannot grow in poor, very dry, sandy soils, but in muck, clay or the finer sands, where moisture is abundant and fairly permanent, cypress makes good growth. In ponds where water remains stagnant through- out the entire year the cypress grows very slowly and PARK GROWN CYPRESS Cypress is readily grown from seed and is well adapted to nursery practice. By many authorities it is considered one of the most beautiful and ornamental trees for park planting, for which it has been used quite widely over the eastern and central portions of the United States. Although cypr has not been raised in forest plantations on a large commercial scale, experience thus far points to the commercial success of forest planting, under certain conditions, in the deeper and fresher soils. The rate of growth of individual cypress trees is closely comparable to that of the more rapid hardwoods. Under cultivation, trees grow from 18 to 24 feet in height in the first 10 years. The best height growth in Ohio, for example, has been 3 feet annually for a few years. In fresh or moist soil west of Columbus, some cypress trees are growing 30 inches a year in height. In dry situations, such eroded clay hillsides and in loose gravelly soils, growth is less than a foot a year. In the District of Columbia cypresses 50 years old are from 20 to 30 inches in diameter by 65 to 84 feet in height, excelling all associated species in rate of height growth. Measurements on growth in forest plantations are not available, but observations show a good development of cypress in height and diameter when properly spaced in planted stands. does not reach large size. Such trees are known as “pond” cypress. Although we think of cypress as a tree of the South, its natural growth extends into a region where the winters are fairly severe and individual trees planted as far north as Massachusetts and Michigan show that it will live where the temperature falls to 20 degrees below zero (F.). Bald cypress lives to a great age. In the virgin forest, trees 400 to 600 years old are numerous, and old gray- beards from 750 to 1200 years of age are not difficult to find. These old native trees grow very slowly, but 380 AMERICAN FORESTRY when cypress is given favorable conditions for develop- ment, such as on cut-over lands or in the open, both diameter and height growth are found to be moderately rapid and well maintained. The average diameter in- crease in such cases varies from 1% to 3 inches in 10 years. The average height growth up to about 100 years of age is about 1 foot per year, the rate being consider- ably more rapid during the first fifty years than after. Few coniferous seedlings grow so vigorously from seed during the The trunk is unprotected and shows numerous scars where horses have gnawed it, but each time it has rapidly healed its wounds. It is surprising that any tree can maintain itself in thrifty condition under such extremely adverse conditions. The attractiveness and vigor of bald cypress un- doubtedly will cause it to be planted much more ex- tensively for ornamental purposes than it has been up to the present time. It is hardy as far north as Massa- chusetts, New years of in- hamey., (Cy press seedlings reach a height ot from 8 to 14 inches the first year and 16 to 24 inches the second year. Cypress also possesses the ability to heal wounds in the bark at a rapid rate. So strong is this power that stumps 2 feet in diame- ter are occa- sionally found tohgalteap slave healed over and are still alive ‘several years after the tree has been cut, although NGOsele — ghin ¢ Michigan, and has no insect enemies. It should be planted in dieeip.) tame sandy loam where moist- ure is plenti- ful and drain- age good, if it is desired to secure rapid growth. It does fairly well in dry situations on the heavier soils and will also grow when planted in swamps or even in shallow ponds; in the latter case the roots send up without pro- ducing sprouts. About 1770, CYPRESS ON LAKE DRUMMOND IN THE DISMAL SWAMP Cypress inhabits permanent swamps much too wet for agriculture and most other uses, except when drained. The the curious Siku ChenSiae 3ald cypress Destesttant present logging of cypress 1s attended by difficulties of a kind unknown in handling any other commercial timber. c alec John Bartram The bulk of all cypress is now logged by massive steam machinery moved from place to place on railroads built should also - ar = 5 into the deepest parts of swamps over soft and treacherous ground. Another method is called pull-boat logging. planted a small The pull-boat has a stationary engine mounted on a float or barge and it skids the cypress over the soft surface for dist access to cypress where natural channels are lacking. cypress sapling which h € 1s and ‘‘tail tree,’’ usually 600 feet a SaldmOm shaver yea ee pulled in the swamps of Florida and brought home in his saddle-bags. The tree has been dead for many years, but its skeleton still stands in Bartram’s garden in Philadelphia. In the century and a quarter of its growth the tree attained a height of more than 150 feet and a diameter of 7 feet. The vitality of the bald cypress is illustrated by a tree which stands at the corner of 13th and Locust streets, Philadelphia. This tree is about 60 feet high and more than a foot in diameter, and is apparently in perfect health, although long exposed to the smoke and dust of the city. Except an opening less than 30 inches square, where the tree stands, every foot of soil the roots can reach is covered by brick sidewalks and asphalt paving. ces up to 2000 feet or more. The dredge-boat, working just in advance of the pull-boat, digs c Another method of logging is by the overhead which the logs are brought in by a carriage traveling over a powerful cable suspended between the ‘‘head tree"’ art. It is the general practice to girdle or ‘‘belt'’ cypress trees from 6 months to a year in advance of logging. The result is that about 95 per cent of the logs will float instead of 10 to 20 prove a_val- nals to give -e “ eee uable tree for commercial forest plant- ing, especially on sites where it is too wet for other species to thrive. On a good class of hardwood soils, experience in Ohio seems to indicate that the tree will grow with sufficient rapidity to warrant its being used quite generally. Under cultivation the trees grow from 18 to 24 feet in height in the first 10 years. It is not difficult to raise the seed- lings provided the seeds are soaked in water for about a month prior to sowing. They should be sowed about the middle of June and afterward the seed-bed should be kept mulched and well watered. The wood of bald cypress ranks between white pine and the hard yellow pines in weight, strength and stiff- ness, The lumber shrinks and swells to a limited extent COMMERCIAL USES S OF GYRRESS O81 and is moderately hard, and usually fine-textured. wood varies from light to dark brown or nearly black and gives “red straight-grained, The color of the heart- rise to the common names of and = black ” The sapwood is ~ White” comes from trees which are mostly seipixoaet cypress. white and decays rapidly. cypress and lacks the wonc fer durability of “ red’ * black ” by a fungus which honeycombs the heartwood cypress. “ Pecky ”- cypress is caused and eventually causes the tree to become hollow. This fungus works in any part of the tree but is most prevalent in the upper portions. The holes and pockets formed in the woody tissues weaken the lumber but appear to make it even more resistant to decay than the sound wood. The fungus which causes not work in the the tree, but because it weakens the heartwood i“ - Church, pecky ” cypress does sapwood, and so does not kill Gilmne’s the tops are often badly broken by storms. in Charleston, 1770, nearly 150 years ago. years, the only repair has been the replacement of the post to the right in the photograph, which was necessitated because the original post was splintered by a shell from one of s guns on Morris Island, fired during the siege of Charleston in 1863-1865. chance shot split off the upper part of the head-board, ‘In Memory.’ sharp and clear, THE LASTING QUALITY OF CYPRESS This interesting testimonial to the durability of wood stands in the yard of St. Michael's It is a head-board of heart cypress, erected in In all these South Carolina. Marble tombstones often decay in less time. This on which was carved the words The outlines of the original letters cut into the wood are still perfectly and the monument will apparently endure for many years to come. Commercial Uses of Cypress EN years “lumber.” It was used largely by the factory trade in the manufacture of wooden ware, and interior trim. Almost over night it ceased to be lumber, a piece of wood of specified dimensions, and became cypress, “ The Wood Eternal.” That descriptive title was coined when first it was decided to tell the public about the merits of cypress and came freshly minted from the phrase factory. It was apt and catchy. Cypress was the first wood to be adver- tised nationally. structive way. ago cypress Was doors The work was taken up in a broad, con- It was not suggested that home owners buy cypress and “make something, just anything you wish to make,” but that definite plans for improving, beautifying or making the place more comfortable be adopted, and that cypress be used for and definite purposes for which it was The dominant idea was to interest home owners in the intelligent use of cypress. the very specific recommended. For these reasons a present- day consideration of the uses of cypress must take into account the intelligent manner in which the wood has been placed before the world’s Going back into the history of wood, the investigator finds that the oldest made of cypress. They are now in a serviceable condition, although more than a thousand years old. lumber-using public. doors in existence are Perhaps the youngest door in existence also is made of cypress, for the beauty of the wood is commanding the attention of the building trade. modern and the ancient employed cypress to meet this The significant fact is that both the exacting need, and no other purpose for which wood is used requires such absolute living up to expectations. Selections of wood for use by those who invade a forested country are easily and quickly made. Hardy pioneers who clear away the forested area to the end that they may engage in agriculture examine carefully the relative condition of the “dead and down” timber. In the cypress section of the South the pioneers were quick to note the sound condition of the cypress that had laid on the ground for hundreds of years. They figured, as a matter of course, that if cypress would last almost in- definitely under such adverse conditions, it would be an excellent material to use in building homes, fences, barns and out-houses for themselves. Cypress, therefore, long has been the main dependence of the South for shingles, fencing material, residences and farm buildings in the country The product was greater than required for home consumption and naturally the manufacturers of cypress lumber reached out for other “ shop” were of lumber consumption a in which it grows. markets. Cypress shingles and cypress marketed in northern centers This invasion of the North was made possible by reason of the fact that cypress was cheap and, “ lumber being lumber,” it was possible to find an outlet for a part of the surplus of the southern mills. This demand continued in an intermittent fashion, the quantity sold oe governed largely by price compe- tition. In the St. Louis market, was used Sarees by manufacturers of interior trim. This condition arose during the transitory stage, 1898 to 1908, during which the main source of lumber supply shifted North to the South. The production of northern lumber decreased steadily during that decade quarter Ola century ago. for example, cypress from the and the output of southern lumber increased. Co-incident with the increase in the territory in which there was a big gain in the price Locally, up to that time, the cypress was marketed, of cypress timber values. timber had been regarded as without value or of nominal value only. A certain “ wise southerner” once upon a time unloaded a cypress swamp on an unsophisticated northerner for the unbelievably high price of $5 per acre. 582 AMERICAN A few years later the northern gentleman, who under- stood timber values, sold his “ worthless swamp ” for $75 an acre and the disgruntled man who originally had told with gusto how he had “ soaked the smart alec from the North ” brought suit but failed to recover. Twenty years ago cypress timber was valued at 50 cents and up to possibly $5 per acre. Now the stump- age is worth about $10 per thousand feet and some of the swamps are covered solidly with cy- press and will produce 20,000 or more feet to the acre. The increase in timber values coupled with the heavy cost of logging and manu- facturing necessitated (PIM - ZUGlOyjonie st Oso Oat intelligent methods of marketing. A demand sufficiently broad to take the prod- uct at a profitable price was demanded by the producer. The only way to assure that demand was to retain established trade and create a con- fidence in cypress that would increase the call for it for new uses. It was relatively easy to EARLY EGYPTIAN mentally arrive at that conclusion. It was a different and more difficult matter to work out the problem encountered. Those in charge of the work resorted to the first princi- ples of merchandising, viz.: “It is easy to sell what people want.” The real problem was to make them want cypress. Admittedly it was impossible to interest the public by advising its component members to buy cypress boards. However, the idea of buying a few cypress strips with which to make a trellis for a flowering vine to clamber over and increase the beauty of the premises aroused instant atten- tion and brought imme- diate response. Si TSU 2s Bes 08 asd There followed sug- gestions for pergolas, trellises, sleeping porches, arbors, gar- “Jp den benches and simi- ' lar necessities and con- veniences. Then came definite, tangible sug- gestions for bungalows, neat, comfortable, at- NEW ORLEANS CYPRESS WATERPIPE ; aes : Laid in 1798. Removed in 1914. of stiff, conventional tractive homes instead FORESTRY enclosures, formerly called homes. The whole intent and purpose of this campaign of publicity on behalf of cypress was to educate the public to the advantages to be gained by the intelligent use of cypress in beautifying, adorning and improving their homes. The beauty of garden benches and _ trellises, the comfort and_ satis- faction derived from sleeping porches and pergolas, the idea of making a beautiful home as well as one that was comfortable, were in- timately and _ indelibly linked in the public mind with the use of cypress. The next step in the development of a perma- nent market was the suggested use of cypress in farm buildings. Plans ne - x oe x * z of all manner of farm structures, residences, barns, implement-sheds, hog-houses, poultry- houses, sheep-pens, greenhouses, gates, fences, and other build- ing equipment for the farm, were distributed to those interested. This was one of the first serious attempts made to | Ria aR lees interest the farmer in CYPRESS DOOR better buildings, and as- sociated with the idea of the proper class of buildings was that of using wood that would be economical because of its durability. At the proper time came the idea of a cypress silo, made according to plans that permitted of the use of regular retail yard stock. Cypress was recom- mended because of its durability, that is, its ability to withstand the effects of alternate wetness and dryness, and because cypress is not adversely affected by the acids in the silage. This was a step along the upward path in farm build- ing and in the work of developing a market for the products of the cypress mills. A final touch was given when plans and instructions were issued for the con- struction of homemade furniture and knick-knacks, humidors, clothespresses, trays, and similar articles. Such articles, it was recom- mended, were to be given the famed “‘sugi,” or Japanese drift-wood finish, using a blow- torch to char the soft portions of the wood and a wire brush to finish the work. Inter- A SUGI-FINISHED CYPRESS HUMIDOR esting thousands in the COMMERCIAL USES OF CYPRESS 583 manufacture of presents for loved cones, and at [jm the same time familiarizing them with the beauties | of “ sugi-finished ” cypress, was a stroke in busi- ness diplomacy seldom equalled. The outcome has been the discriminating use of “sugi” finish for trim, mantels and other in- terior woodwork. The word * discriminating ’ is used advisedly because that treatment 1s recom- mended and should be employed only where it is suitable. The outcome of applying intelligence to the problem of marketing cypress can be found in almost every village and hamlet in the United States and in thousands of markets and homes in foreign countries. appreciated, its uses understood. In a complete and very interesting publica- tion on the southern cypress (Bulletin 272, U.S. Department of Agriculture), is given the follow- ing comprehensive statement regarding its uses: Cypress is known, its merits “ Cypress has a great variety of uses, and for many of these it is selected as a preferred ma- terial. The key to its usefulness is its resistance to decay and other forms of deterioration when in contact with moisture, and its quality of being easily worked. It is used extensively for outside finish of buildings, such as siding, casing, sashes, doors and blinds, cornice, railings, steps and porch material. As a gutter stock, cypress outlasts many other materials and is in favor for high- | grade work. Standard planing products consume large quantities of cypress. These include ceiling, siding, flooring, molding and finish. On account of its freedom from taste and great durability, it isa preferred material for tanks, vats, tubs, and wooden buckets. These are used for water storage, and by creameries, breweries, bakeries, dye works, distilleries, and soap and starch fac- tories. In the construction of greenhouses, where wood is subjected to extremes of heat and moisture, cypress is used probably more than any other wood. It is also a leading wood for pumps, laundry appliances, caskets and coffins. Cypress is extensively used throughout the South in the construction of picket fences, which there remain the i / CYPRESS “PECK” BEAMS In the living-room at Henry Ford's residence. MODERN DOORZMADE OF CYPRESS standard form of yard fence. In the moist, hot climate of the South, split cypress shingles have outlasted all other roofing materials commonly used, except the best grade of slate and tiles. very durable, the relatively high value of cypress wood has resulted in cedar taking the lead as shingle material. “More than two-thirds of the total cypress lumber output, estimated in round figures at 740,000,000 board feet in 1914, is further manufactured and utilized by the wood-manufacturing industries in the United States. The reports for 1911 show that 68 per cent (668,353,342 board feet) of the amount cut in that year was so used by The balance of the lumber cut goes into While the ordinary sawed shingle is these industries. general use in the retail market. “ Relatively small amounts of cypress go into the primary products other than lumber. In 1911 the electric and steam railroads purchased cypress cross-ties to the number of approximately 5,800,000 or about 4.3 per cent of the total for the year. Only 72,995 cypress poles were reported purchased in 1911 by all the principal classes of pole consumers. Small amounts go into cross arms. A little is used for slack cooperage, and, experimentally, cypress has been found to be a substitute for white oak for wine barrels.” Cypress wood contains a natural oil which apparently checks the action of decay in much the same way that creosote does when injected into ties. Cypress heartwood has been known to outlast stone, iron and cement. In AMERICAN South Carolina a cypress grave-marker was so well preserved after 140 years’ to the letters could be exposure weather that the easily read. A still greater life is claimed for cypress at Carolina, coffins Charleston, South were found sound at the which time of the earthquake, though put in the ground in 1678. shingles Roofs of cypress withstand cen- turies of exposure. There is record of one roof still serviceable after 250 years; of another lasting 228 years; and of a third where the roof is still good after 200 years. A roof of cypress shingles placed on Mount Vernon in 1743 while Wash- ington was alive, was A SLEEPING-PORCH OF CYPRESS La Remove dures LOA St Waterpipe laid in New 1798 sound when dug up in Orleans in was 1914. There are a num- ber of records of cy- press railroad ties still in use after 30, and even 40 years. Cypress ties, either with or without tie plates, hold the order of merit, accord- second place in ing to a table of com- FORESTRY other kind, with the possible exception of white pine. Ten years ago the “ pony mill,’ equipped to work up slabs and edgings, was an adjunct of many of the plants in the South converted it into stock of the sizes required by manu- These mills took the offal of the main plant and facturers of many products made of wood. This stock was four foot and under length and of such widths and thickness as could be used or cut to advantage. Rough lumber for the manufacture of pails, casks, washing ma- chines, machine parts and miscellaneous wooden ware was produced in the approximate sizes required by the customer. In this way a market was created for those portions of the log which ordinarily are used for fuel or employed to fill in low spots about the saw-mill premises. Those who casually read the list of products made of cypress may gain the erroneous idea that this wood safely may be employed for any purpose for which wood is desired. That idea has never been encouraged by those responsible for the development of the demand for cy- press. “ Use cypress in preference to other woods for the purposes for which we recommend it,” 1s the advice given, and that is “Secure coupled with the following: the best information you can regarding the kind of wood to use for the purposes for which cypress is not recom- mended.” Going a step farther this direc- the direct, ex- in tion, has plicit command been given “ not to use parative values of ties published by the Amer- ican Railway Engineering Association. Railroads that have used cypress ties report favorably as to their lasting qualities wherever they were manufactured from heart- “ White ” when treated with creosote. Cypress is especially adapted wood. or sap cypress makes excellent ties for tie use in trolley lines and branch lines of railroads Cypress “‘ knees ” are utilized for hanging baskets for vines and flowers and they also make excellent bird houses. The negroes made a salve from the resin found in the bark In the early days of the South, cypress was the best canoe wood where yellow poplar The “knees” have also been used for beehives. and cones of cypress. could not be obtained. There is a record of a cypress canoe, 30 feet long and 5 feet wide, that would carry a load of more than 6 tons. The factory demand for cypress is not of recent devel- opment. In catering to this trade the cypress manu- facturers adopted the original policy of ascertaining the sizes and grades of material their customers require ; then making an earnest and successful effort to furnish exactly what was needed. Consequently in various small manufactured articles cypress lumber has been more closely utilized than any GREENHOUSE BUILT OF CYPRESS cypress unless you are convinced it is the best material for the work you contemplate doing.” Way back in the dawn of settlement in the South, the pioneer built his shack, his barn, his fences, made his boats and parts of of vehicles, cypress, and pos- his sibly was buried in a rough cypress He lected cypress be- coffin. se- cause he found it was easy to work would not With the rived shingles and Trot. from straight- grained bolts, he covered his build- ings, and some of the structures with the original overing intact 1 still 100 per AN ATTRACTIVE CYPRESS DOORWAY BOY SCOUTS IN TYPES OF FARM cent efficient remain monuments to his industry and some- what hasty notions of architecture. The story of cypress values and cypress uses is being told every day on the BOY SCOUTS IN CITY PARK WORK By H. H. Tryon Instructor in Forest Utilization, New York State College of Forestry HE Park Commission of Syracuse, New York, had for some time been confronted with the problem of how to develop Westminster Hill, a steep little knoll located in the University Hill residence section and which, on account of its topography, is not suitable for building purposes. the help of local Boy Scouts and the New York State College of Forestry. Five thousand forest trees were supplied from the College nursery; these were chiefly red and white pine, twice transplanted, with about 300 Norway spruce, also twice transplanted. This stock was brought in from the nursery the night before and was wheeled in near the scene of action. In the morning, 75 Scouts began the work of foresting the slopes of this hill. Mr. S. W. Allen of the Forestry College was in charge, assisted by several other members of the Forestry faculty. The spruce was put in in a border along the base of A solution was found by enlisting the hill to insure its having a generous supply of moisture, while the upper area was filled in with the red and white pine. trees were not planted in rows but an irregular arrange- ment was followed, care being taken that spacing was always from 5 to 6 feet. : scheme of planting, such as this, was, of course, adopted in view of the fact that the plantation was not being set out At the suggestion of the Park Commissioner, the The scattering or “ shot-gun ” for any commercial purpose but rather for its future value as a playground and recreation park. The method of planting was the usual one; mattocks were used to dig the holes, the sod being first scraped off. The bulk of the Scouts were detailed in crews of two, one to dig and one to plant. The remainder were apportioned to “ puddling ” the trees, keeping the planters supplied with stock, and last but not least, a small detachment was kept busy bringing fresh water for the thirsty ones. At noon work was stopped and the Scouts divided into groups, each one with a small cooking fire at its center, by means of which they prepared their meats, roasted their potatoes, made cocoa, etc. For a short time after dinner, Scout games were played, then planting was resumed until CITY PARK WORK 589 BUILDINGS FOR WHICH CYPRESS IS PARTICULARLY DESIRABLE farm, in the suburb, in the city home and in the thousands of factories whose products call for the use of wood upon which dependence may be placed. all the area was covered. It is safe to say that these few hours of labor have assured to Syracuse at some future date an attractive wooded park in the center of one of BOY SCOUTS PLANTING A HILLSIDE Syracuse, New York, solved the problem of how to develop a steep hill overlooking the city by getting the Boy Scouts to plant it with red and white pine and Norway spruce. its principal residence districts. Those who planted the trees expect that at least 70 per cent will survive; and if grass fires can be kept out, the existence is assured of a grove of trees whose intrinsic value will be inestimable. DYES FROM ORANGE WOOD UE to the investigations of the Forest Products Laboratory at Madison, Wisconsin, the manu- facture of dyes from the waste of osage orange Carloads of the wood are now being shipped to eastern extract plants wood has become a commercial success. from Oklahoma and the dye is now produced at the rate Previous to the establish- ment of this industry, the waste of the osage orange wood aoe of about $750,000 per year. had no market value and the extract plants were importing dye woods from Mexico and Central America at a very high cost. Craver Wale Nationaljeark By Mark DANIELS Former Superintendent of National Parks ANY people whose repugnance for platitudes is not sufficiently strong to prevail against their in- difference to the value of an extensive vocabulary will describe Crater Lake as the eighth wonder of the world and let it go at that. To many others, myself in- cluded, it is the whole eight, and then some, if one may be permitted to resort to the more expressive vernacular. The sight of it fills one with more conflicting emotions than any other scene with which | am familiar. It is at once weird, enchanting fascinating, g, repellent, of exquisite beauty and at times terrifying in its austere dignity and oppressing stillness. In the sparkling sunlight, its iridescent hues are dazzling and bewildering. When a storm is on, it throws terror into the heart of the observer and carries the mind back through the eons when it was born in Titan throes of nature. There are a few other crater lakes in the world. In India, Hawai and Italy there are some; perhaps there are others in other lands, but there is none known to man that can remotely approximate the transcendant beauty of Crater Lake in Crater Lake National Park. To appreciate how one might be so profoundly im- pressed by a visit to the Lake, it is necessary to know some- thing of the country and its formation. The Cascade Range of mountains in southern Oregon, in the vicinity of Crater Lake National Park, forms a more or less broad plateau, broken here and there by peaks and vol- canic cones that tower above the surrounding territory. Of these majestic mountains, Shasta, Hood and Mount Rainier form the three most striking and distinctive peaks. \t one time, however, many thousands of years ago, Mount Mazama was probably as high and as distinctive in appearance as Mount Rainier. Long before any human being ever set eyes upon the Peak, however, the top A BEAUTIFUL VIEW | Wherever there is a patch of firm soil, trees will be found growing a wonderful background, 586 From the rir against which the deep CRATER LAKE 1 points lower down, views of the Lake and the tawny cliffs beyond make s of the pines and cedars are silhouetted. CRATER LAKE NATIONAL PARK broke through and sank into a great subterranean chasm beneath the mountain, leaving the cup, which now con- tains Crater Lake, to be filled with the waters of springs and melting snows. As the volcanic fires of Mount Mazama gradually cooled and finally ceased, the great basin was filled to its depth of two thousand feet with water which has, during the ages, taken on a blue, the hue of which is deeper and more intense than the blue of the Bay of Naples. There is no inlet to the Lake nor is there any surface outlet. ground channels and contribute their bit to the flow of It is supposed that the waters escape by under- 587 impression is largely due to the way it bursts upon the view. ot between Llao and Skell. Llao, in a fit of playfulness, carved out the heart of Skell and tossed it to his monster crawfish, who used it to play ball with. Skell, however, had many faithful servants, such as eagles, bears and deer, and one day an eagle secured Skell’s heart in flight and passed it on to a deer, who ran away with it. Skell’s body then grew around his living heart again until he be- came whole, and stronger than ever, thus disproving the modern contention that a man can’t come back. When he was recovered from his wounds, if removal of all the body except the heart can be described as wounds, he started the scrap all over again, and this time captured Llao and tore his body into fragments on the top of the cliffs of Crater Lake. When he threw the fragments into the Lake, they were eaten by Llao’s own monster craw- fish, who thought, of course, that it was Skell’s body, but when the head was thrown in, they recognized their mis- take and refused to eat it, escaping by a narrow margin tion of names given to some of the interesting places that cluster around the base of what was once the Great Mount Mazama. In addi- tion to these, we have Dutton Cliff, Dutton Ridge, Scott Bluffs, Anna Creek, Ragged Crest (which is really the name of a portion of the rim) and a great many other similarly inspiring names that testify to the quality of intelligence possessed by those who had the naming of these places. Continuing the trip as it was begun, namely by entering from the south, that portion of the road lying between the Park Headquarters and lodge must be retraced. From the lodge there is a beautiful stretch of road following down the comparatively gentle slopes of the plateau through a forest of pine, fir and cedar, nearly all the way to Medford, Oregon. There are few motor trips in this country that are equal to the drive down this road to Medford, which is somewhere in the neighborhood of eighty miles from the Lake. The course of the road is 592 substantially westward, and in the afternoon the play of the shadows and the light of the setting sun is truly a spectacle to behold. The road traverses gentle slopes and long stretches of forest-covered meadow-land where the traveler is constantly between the twilight walls, and then bursts out suddenly on to a slight eminence where the THE PINNACLES These are in the Sand Creek Canyon. They are stalagmites that tower above their bases near the bottom of the Canyon to the very rim. They are perhaps as interesting as anything that may be found in Crater Lake National Park outside the Crater’s rim. full red disc can be seen hovering over the tops of the green forests that stretch indefinitely into the distance. Whether the construction of the new cut-off of the Southern Pacific, which will give an entrance to the Park on the east that will be very much closer to the Lake, will keep many from taking this wonderful drive, is a question, but, no doubt, it will. Nevertheless, if I ever take another trip to Crater Lake, one of the features of the journey to which | will look forward will be the ride from the crater rim in the afternoon down the slopes of the great plateau to Medford. After all is said and done, the task of writing a descrip- tion of Crater Lake is one that should be essayed only by master hands at description. A sentence in the account of J. W. Hillman, who was the leader of a combined party of Californians and Oregonians who discovered the Lake, gives an excellent idea of the suddenness with which it bursts on the view. “ Suddenly we came in We were much surprised, as we did not expect to see any lakes and did not know but that we had He writes: sight of water. AMERICAN FORESTRY come in sight of and close to Klamath Lake. Not until my mule stopped within a few feet of Crater Lake did I look down, and if I had been riding a blind mule, I firmly believe I would have ridden over the edge to death.” Joaquin Miller, the “ Poet of the Sierras,” has described the impressions engendered by the Lake perhaps as briefly and potently as any. He “The Lake? The Sea of Silence? Ah, yes, I had forgotten—so much else ; besides, I should like to let it alone, say nothing. It took such hold heart, so unlike Yosemite, Yellowstone, Grand Canyon, when first seen, that I love it almost like one of my own family. But fancy a sea of sapphire set around by a compact circle of the great grizzly rock of Yosemite. It does not seem so sublime at first, but the mote is in your eye. It is great, great; but it takes you days to see how It lies 2,000 feet under your feet, and as it re- flects its walls so perfectly that you cannot tell the wall from the reflection in the intensely blue water you have a continuous unbroken circular wall of 24 miles to con- template at a glance, all of which lies 2,000 feet, and seems to lie 4,000 feet, below. Yet so bright, so intensely blue is the lake that it seems at times, from some points of view, to lift right in your face.” Crater Lake has not enjoyed the fullest attention, ap- preciation and knowledge of its beauties that its unique distinctiveness justifies, but if ever the Federal Govern- ment gets the present well-planned campaign of publicity for its scenic areas thoroughly under way, this Park is destined to be the mecca of scenery-loving tourists. says: on my great. A GLOWING TRIBUTE R. C. F. Williams, of the Royal Mint at Sydney, Australia, writing Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack, President of the American Forestry Associa- tion, says :— “T must again pay a compliment to the publishers of AMERICAN Forestry which a friend has so kindly sent me. It is a grand production, which speaks volumes for the photographer responsible for such wonderfully fine samples of the photographic art; indeed, one might with justice say, ‘it is a scientific story of a gloriously interesting subject, told most eloquently in the best ap- proved style.’ I was further deeply interested in your the heading ‘ Preparedness and Forest Products,’ if you will permit me to say so? I believe the American Forestry Association, as well as all true Amer- icans interested in the future welfare of their country, owe you a debt of gratitude for the splendid advice con- tained in your remarks under that heading which were, and are, admirably put without wasting words. It is up to all interested to seize the opportunity now at hand.” remarks, under on the chestnut blight, the white pine blister rust and other tree diseases by going to Wisconsin to engage J.G. Sanders, Wisconsin State Entomologist, whose first step for the eradication of the white pine rust in Wisconsin was to destroy all the trees and berry bushes on the island where the disease was found. Toe State of Pennsylvania has started a new attack Fighting a Forest Fire By JAmMes Brown, Forest Clerk HE the timbered portions of Arizona and New Mexico hot, dry weather which prevailed in throughout the spring and summer has been very disastrous in the way of forest fires. The National For- ests, dry as tinder, with high winds blowing every day, required only a lighted match or cigarette to start huge conflagrations. This one happened on a lonely trail in the Horsethief Basin country of the Prescott Forest. Ona Friday smoke commenced boiling up from one of the rocky, tree-covered canyons. It was quickly spotted by the Forest Service lookout men from high peaks for miles around, and a forest ranger with a crew of six men was soon at the fire. They fought the fire all day and night and thought they had it under control. Saturday night, however, a strong wind came up and whipped the fire in all directions. More men were hur- venturer was a veteran of the Boer War, a strapping six- foot, sunburnt American who seemed absolutely tireless. He fought the fire from Friday night to the following Wednesday night, sleeping only ten hours the whole time. He was a type of the American adventurer all over, from his easy swinging gait to the cool nonchalance he showed under the strongest excitement. The forest ranger, quick to recognize a kindred spirit, had made him foreman of the crew who were fighting the fire at the most dan- gerous point. One time the wind whipped the fire up into the crown of the trees. The Mexicans at this point of the fire line left their tools and ran in terror as the tongues of flame shot up through the rolling smoke. The forest ranger and the Boer War veteran dashed into the smoke to bring out the tools and fell over a Mexican lying on the ground, overcome with smoke. They dragged him to safety. ried to the fire line, but Sunday a fiercer wind sprang up and the fire got away in four direc- tions, burning up the like millions of Turkish cig- arettes. A hundred men were rushed from the mountain sides mining town of Crown King to the fire lines. Sunday night, Monday and Monday night it was a hard bat- tle between the and the crackling men The country was exceedingly rough and broken, and, while pa- trolling the fire lines, the ranger’s horse fell with him and he was painfully injured. However, in spite of his injuries, he stayed on the job until his swollen muscles would no longer carry him. It was worth the effort. One of the mournful sights to a person who loves the forests is to flames for mastery. Scores of men never left the fire lines except for meals. Forest Service fire lookouts. Equipped with rakes and shovels, some of the fighters cleared fire lanes to head off the fire, while brawny men from the mines leaped inside the lanes and felled trees which were liable to throw sparks beyond the lines. Back fires were started at favorable points and the fire was fought back “ blaze against blaze.’ By Tuesday night it was under control. It was of interest to note the different types of men who responded to save Uncle Sam’s timber from the flames—adventurers, cowboys, miners, railroaders, mine owners, clerks and a lone preacher. One chap on the fire line was a college man from Chicago, roughing it as a cowboy. An assistant cook was a baritone singer and pianist. Several Mexicans, carrying fine army blankets and silver spurs wrapped in their beds, had probably drifted up from the border—ex-Villa soldiers? One ad- THE FIRE STARTING View of the fire on the Prescott National Forest, Arizona, soon after it was discovered by the A brisk wind caused the fire to spread rapidly. ride over a burned area —nothing but black- ened, fire-killed pines. “ Still stands Thine ancient timbered aisles, Once forest green, now smoking burn.” The Horsethief fire, however, had its cheering feature. While the area burned over was large, it was only a tithe Had the spreading flames been allowed to burn unchecked, the of the acres of tall pines which were saved. green country for miles around would have been a deso- late wilderness. 5,000 MORE MEMBERS We wish 5,000 more members this year. We urge our members to nominate friends for membership. on © (JC) War Consuming Britain’s Forests HE lumber needs of Great Britain, due to the un- precedented demands of the war, and with supplies from most other European countries cut off, are so great that many of England’s and Scotland’s fine old forests, many of her parks and the estates of private owners are now being denuded of trees. The cutting and the lumbering are being done by a Canadian Forestry Battalion, the 224th, and by Irish and Portuguese timber- men, while two more battalions, the 238th and the 246th, are now being recruited in Canada for service both in England and in France. The 224th Forestry Battalion is doing most of its work in the north of Scotland, cutting Scottish pine. There is a company at work in the royal park at Windsor Castle, cutting trees there, third New Forest in Hampshire. Eight been sent over from Can- and a company at sawmills have ada to England, six for the 224th and two for the forestry Forestry Battalion committee in England which has supervision over lumbering operations there during the war. They are mills typical of the Cana- dian lumbering industry and are generally known in Canada as portable mills. They are entirely new to the British great efficiency is said to be Isles and their causing much interest. They have each a capacity of 15,000 to 20,000 feet a day and include the edger, slash 224TH CANADIAN FORESTRY BATTALION “ The emergency work of the committee has included not only the importation of Canadian lumbermen, but the importation of Irishmen and even of Portuguese who are now employed in cutting pit props to supply the Welsh coal fields. “ By an order in Council under the Defence of the Realm Act, the committee has been empowered to com- mandeer all the timber resources of the country, but so far their action has been limited to negotiation with the land- owners, who, Mr. Acland says, ‘have met them most fairly. This step was rendered necessary by the fact that the Government had no large supply under its own control. Britain was not alone in failing to anticipate the consumption of timber which war would entail. In none of the belligerent not even in Ger- many, had a proper esti- countries, mate been made of the de- mand that would arise for ash wood for wagons, for fir for work, for woods for and the thousand other needs of the army. trench hutments Ont “There remains, how- ever, this difference, that Germany and the other countries had their supplies at hand in the best possible condition of storage—in their British forests—while the even now, when tonnage has become so im- portant a factor in the war, are importing some six or seven million cubic feet of If in timber each week. Saw, Saws for making rail- The hardy woodsmen of this contingent of Great Britain’s army were recruited these circumstances the TANT TIAG, athe. 4 2 aro in the lumber camps of Canada, and the men are now at work in the forests of ~ arms = “4 mr way ties, etc., In addition to England. Two similar battalions are now being organized. German submarine warfare their big 56-inch circular saw. They have 40-horsepower locomotive boilers. The extent of the cutting is described by a London correspondent who says: ‘Not even in the days of the Armada and the wooden walls of England was there such a tree felling as is now going on in Great Britain. In every wood the sound of the axe and the saw can be heard and lumber camps as picturesque as any on the Missouri are to be found as far apart as the Scotch fir woods and the Windsor and New forests, where the Canadian lumbermen are work- ing. Behind the statement of Mr. Acland in the House of Commons that the Home Grown Timber Committee had been successful in securing supplies, there lies a story of one of the best efforts that has been made by any Govern- ment department to meet the present war emergency. 594 had been more successful, there would have been necessary a wholesale destruction of British forests which would have laid England bare for a generation. * Now much is being done to use Britain’s own natural resources, and much more will probably be done during Some definite plan must at once be laid down for afforestation after the war, next winter, if the war lasts as long. and the three essential things the Government at that time must be certain about are, where to plant, what to plant and whether they have got the plants to carry out the scheme. Of these three the last comes first. “The plants must be ready when the labor released ifter the war is available, and here a little war time dis- covery on the part of the committee is worth mention. They have discovered that Scotch fir makes better railway WAR CONSUMING BRITAIN’S FORESTS 595 sleepers than imported pitch pine.” Of the Canadian contingent the London Times says: “Tf you would know the lumberman of Canada and how he works, go to the edge of Windsor Great Park, where the cross-road from Virginia Wa- ter Station the road between Egham and Sun- strikes main ningdale. There, on the Clock Case Plantation, you will see over 150 men of the 224th Ca- nadian Forestry Battalion con- verting trees into railway sleep- ers and boards at the rate of anything from 15,000 to 20,000 board feet a day. “The plantation, forms part of the lands owned by the Crown and tered by the Commissioners of Woods and Forests, included a considerable area covered which admiunis- with spruce, fir, Scots pine, and larch, with an under- growth of chestnut. Not very long ago a party of experts looked at the trees with the dispassionate measuring eye of the undertaker, and gave it as their opinion that from this wood it was possible to get 3,000,000 board feet of timber. by the axe, and the quaint square tower of the old royal lodge, which stands deep-set in the wood, and which, so the story goes, by its resemblance to the case of a grand- father’s clock gave the plantation its curious name, is Today whole tracts of it have been swept clear visible from the roadway for the first time, perhaps, in a hundred years. And still the Canadian woodsmen go on, eating their way through the wood with a thorough- ness that knows no mercy. CANADIAN SOLDIERS FELLING TREES IN WINDSOR FOREST The English are much impressed with the vigor and the skill of this overseas battalion, composed, as it is, of experienced lumbermen from all sections of Canada. “ The lumber camp is all Canadian—men, machinery, and methods. The men, who are drawn from all parts of the Dominion, have the bronzed, healthy look and the easy confident swing which we have learned to look for in Canadians. The khaki under their blue overalls pre- claims them soldiers; they draw military pay and they know the rudiments of military drill; but first and last they are woodsmen, with their craft at their finger-tips. Every man knows his task and does it with an enviable independence of orders or instructions; yet from the first stage to the last the work proceeds smoothly and har- moniously. Let us follow the process, under the guidance of the officer in charge and the sergeant who is ‘ foreman of the bush.’ ‘Facing the main road stands the mill— home,’ the men generally call it—flanked on the one side rc by piles of logs and on the other by stacks of sawn timber. Walk along the winding track of a light railway, not yet completed, which passes behind the mill, until you come to a clear- ing, where burning heaps of ‘brush’ lopped from the tops of the fallen trees are filling the air with the refreshing scent of the pine. Here and there through the blue smoke you catch a glimpse of a lumberman in a pictur- esque slouch hat. A little further and you are Watch how they fell a tree, 70 inches or more thick at the base. among a gang of ‘ fallers.’ “A man with an axe kneels at its foot and with a few dexterous strokes cuts a deep notch in the trunk a few inches from the ground. Two others with a cross-cut saw cut through By Courtesy of Country Life of England. STACKING THE SQUARED TIMBER With sawmills in the forests where the timber is cut, the Canadians are turning out many carloads of lumber a day, most of which is shipped to the army in France. the stem on the opposite side. In half a minute the tree begins to lean and there is a warning shout. A second or two later, with a loud cracking and rending sound, it topples and 596 AMERICAN crashes to the ground. Without any apparent effort, whose the ‘fallers’ have controlled the direction of its fall made o almost to a foot. and the By Courtesy of Country Life of England. CANADIAN STYLE OF FELLING TREES There has arisen, since England started cutting her forests, a good-natured controversy as to which style of tree cutting is most effective—the Canadian, Portuguese or Irish “Next, without ado, half a dozen FORESTRY trained eye sees at a glance what can be f this or that log. The hum of the engine screech of the saw would drown his voice, so he gives his decision by signs. As the car- ‘| riage brings a log back through the saw with the or two, and the‘ setter ’ on the carriage, by move- bark removed, he will hold up one finger ment of a lever, adjusts the log so that the next cut shall be one inch or two inches thick. “Tt is all done without a pause. For hours the saw screeches and throws off a spray of saw- that a short while and all the the edges of the dust as it slices up the logs before were splendid living trees, while other saws, trimming boards and cutting off the ends, join in the chorus. Is it surprising that the daughter of the keeper of the wood was reduced to tears when she stood by the mill?” Of the uses of lumber in war, Country Life of England says: “ War has turned out to be a great consumer of lumber. Passing by for the moment the wooden huts and wooden carts for lodging and trans- port, the miscellaneous crowd of wooden boxes, cases and implements fashioned for equipment, how dependent on wood is the soldier when he the field! It did not take him long to learn that ina country like Flanders, with modern takes guns pointing at them, trenches must be deep to be of the slightest use, and that if they were deep would not stand wet weather unless propped with wood. Conjure up a vision of the wood being employed in the trenches, not of one army any set to work with the axe, clearing Simul- “swampers * the limbs and straightening up the tree. taneously a ‘fitter,’ with a wooden rod, divides the stem in suitable lengths, marking the cutting points with a notch; while two other men, one carrying a paint pot, measure the tree, enter the size in a book, and mark the stump and the butt of the severed trunk with a blob of red paint to show that their work is done. Sawyers then cut the stem according to the ‘ fitter’s ’ marking, and the sections are ready to go to the mill. They are dragged there by horses over deeply scored ‘trails’ and ‘ sloopways,’ and take their turn to come under the saw. “The mill itself is a stoutly built structure, made of timber cut and prepared on the spot, the saws and engines coming from Canada. By Courlesy of Ci untry POR It is practically a raised platform covered by an A log to be THE The Portugue They are cheery the English. iron roof, but open at the sides. sawn is rolled into position on a ‘carriage,’ which moves backwards and forwards to carry it through a circular saw. Two men, standing on the carriage, control its movements and the position of the log by a of Opposite them stands the most important man of all, the timber s number levers. that of “sawyer, pared to the swallow of the salmon. Life of England. TUGUESE WAY OF CUTTING DOWN A TREE contingent of timbermen in England was imported from Bragos, Maine. , Willing fellows and good workmen and have become prime favorites with only, but of many, and it will be understood that the wallowing power of the coalpit as compared with the trench is as the swallow of the minnow com- And yet the trench WAR CONSUMING BRITAIN’S FORESTS 597 represents only a feature of the total, especially in these days when military science orders that front line trenches should only be lightly held. Behind are the much more elaborate dug-outs. In the original trench the danger experienced was that of rain bringing on a landslip. The occupant in more than one instance was buried up to the shoulders in earth, and shot by the enemy before he could be extricated. In the early dug-out many lives were lost by shrapnel and splinters. From these they are now fortt- fied by a roof built of heavy beams laid side by side. Let it be realised what a consumption of timber this means. Yet, practically speaking, there is no choice as to material. Steel is possi- ble, but is in too much demand for actual fight- ing stuff. Cement has been tried, but will not do. “On the road behind the lines there is an immense employment of heavy timber, without which the present advance, for example, would By Courtesy of Country Life of England. ENGLISH WORKING WITH A CROSS-SAW By Courtesy of Country Life of England. AN IRISH AXEMAN AT WORK Country Life of England says: “The Irish are skilled men and have done good work They have a slight tendency to desire change, and every now and then aman ortwo'slips it, as their own foreman put it.” passage over roads that in the fearfully wet weather would otherwise have been impassable to heavy military traffic. The Army is like a monster which has to be fed continuously on great shiploads of timber. The Home Grown Timber Committee is in this sense a great destructive agency, since it exists for the pur- pose of feeding this tremendous appetite as far as this can be done from home. Portugal, Spain and France have contributed a vast share. The demand is almost exclusively for soft wood, which is so much easier carried, manipulated, sawn, nailed and so on than hard wood HE bark of black oak, or “‘ yellow oak,” as it is often called on account of the color of the inner bark, is now used for The English workman is more efficient with a cross-saw after a tree is felled than in felling o the tree and most of them are used for this work. dye-making. not have been possible. When the great guns used by the Germans at Verdun and by us to demolish their trenches between the Ancre and the Aisne have to be got forward, the only way to do it is by temporary railway lines. Hence the demand for sleepers. And every sleeper signalises that a large tree has been felled. Any intelligent student of the daily war news will be able to imagine without difficulty what a _ prodigious quantity of timber is being used up for this purpose alone. Nor can there be much need to enlarge on the other mili- tary demands for wood. It has been used freely not only in bridge building across rivers, but to make a bridge or A PORTUGUESE GANG FROM BRAGOS Deserts Due to Deforestation By Moye Wicks Member of the Scientific Society, San Antonio, Texas HE history of civilization has been a record of increasing deserts. Trees have disappeared be- fore the advance of man like the buttalo. It is axiomatic with scientists that no country was originally a desert. All deserts have been man-made. ‘The tree growth in Eastern and Central Asia and Northern Africa, the birth-places of the human family, soon fell before teeming populations. Those countries were already in process of becoming deserts before systematic agriculture was known in Europe. When Zenobia was overthrown by the Romans under Aurelian, Palmyra, her capital, was the metropolis of a mighty empire. Now the shifting sands of Sahara almost hide the ruins of that stupendous city of marble and gold. As late as the rise of Mohammedanism, in the seventh century of the Christian Era, the country of Tripoli, on the north African coast, had a population of 6,000,000 souls. It was then clothed with vineyards, orchards and forests. It is now bare of vegetation, the streams dried up and the population reduced to 45,000 people. The heat is so intense that the little labor done there is post- poned until after the setting of the sun. All this is due to reckless ravages upon tree growth. The hatred of a Turk for a tree is proverbial. Wherever the crescent of Mohammed achieved victory the Moslems destroyed the trees with nearly as much zeal as they have displayed in slaying those denying the inspiration of the ‘Camel Driver of Mecca.” Champollion, the famous Egyptologist, says of the Sahara desert of Northern Africa: ‘* And so the astonish- ing fact dawns upon us that this desert was once a region of groves and fountains and the abode of happy millions. Does any crime against nature draw down a more dreadful curse than that of stripping Mother Earth of her sylvan covering? The hand of man has produced this desert, and, as I verily believe, every desert on the face of the earth.” In similar vein, Baron Alexander Von Humboldt says: “Man by his own recklessness brings upon himself a scarcity of wood and, resultingly, a lack of water.” The famous Dr. Schleiman writes from Salonica: “As a fellow Unitarian, I feel sorry for the Turks, but as a respector of God’s physical laws, I must own that they deserve their fate. Men who for twenty generations have shown themselves tree-destroyers on principle, have no right to complain if the world rises against them.” The student of natural science adopts these words of the distinguished explorer of the ruins of Troy, albeit NO TREES TO BE This, at one time, well-forested section of Algeria, one hundred miles south of Algiers, is now a desert. into temporary torrents, which almost as quickly subside. 598 FOUND HERE Sudden rains fall and swell the mountain water-courses The herd of camels is being driven south after bringing up dates from the desert of Sahara. DESERTS DUE TO DEFORESTATION with fear that, when weighed in the balance, our Cau- casian race may prove, in this respect, equally remiss with the “turbaned and most malignant Turk.” Spain, Portugal, Southern Italy, Greece and many portions of both Americas, have suffered from the same reckless vandalism. Spain contains, in many of its prov- inces, only ten per cent of its former population, for even in the time of Vespasian it had, according to Pliny, 599 in succession. The climate of that entire region has become 30 degrees warmer than what it was before its forests were destroyed. The climate of Southern and Central Europe is 20 degrees warmer than when in a condition of sylvan normality. \ecording to Xenophon, Greece, in his time, had win- ters of intense cold. He records in his “ Memorabilia of Socrates *’ (for he was the Boswell of that ancient proto- DENUDED MOUNTAINS IN ASIA MINOR This view is of the village of Koplu, 130 kilometers southeast of Constantinople. The areas of attempted reforestation are indicated by spots in which the shrubs are regularly spaced. seen. 360 large cities. Greece now supports only 5 per cent of the population it had when it produced sculptors, poets, orators, philosophers, statesmen and_ soldiers, whom modern times have not surpassed. Indeed, all the coast that abuts upon the Mediterranean suffers more or less from the practices that consign the treeless country to aridity. In ancient days, rain was so normally seasonable on all the Mediterranean shore lines that drought was con- sidered a portent of the anger of the gods. Northern Africa not only was self-supporting but was, in conjunction with Sicily and Sardinia, the granary of Rome; now Tunis, the site of the once great capital city of Carthage, is as nearly of furnace heat as the human family can endure. De Baudin records the temperature in Eastern Algiers as 128 degrees in the shade for a great number of days The results of deforestation in the almost completely denuded mountains are Gu IDie. against Corcyra, Socrates, to silence the complaints of type Samuel Johnson) that in the expedition his fellow-soldiers at their exposure, marched bare- footed through the deep snows. Cyrus, the same author relates in his “ Anabasis,” used to pass seven months of every year at Babylon, in the valley of Euphrates, to enjoy the perpetual spring there prevailing; now the heat is so oppressive in that treeless land as to make the people wholly inefficient and o render life well-nigh unbearable. Horace in his ode “ Ad Thaliarchum” speaks of the 1ail and snow on Mount Soracte, upon whose sun-baked sides no snow or hail has fallen for many centuries. \sia Minor, varched and dying country. for these same reasons, has become a Spain and Portugal have ost productiveness as to 80 per cent of their former agricultural fields. The people are suffering from a 600 AMERICAN mental and psychological dry-rot, superinduced by the physical dessication of their lands. We of the United States are traveling the Our is increasing and our means of feeding it same road, but traveling it with more rapidity. population decreasing. In two hundred years we have slain more trees than The deadly work of deforestation is manifested in dry creeks and diminished Europe slew in twenty centuries. rivers, where once those arteries of agricultural and commercial life were running bank-full. When the rain comes now, it FORESTRY good crops the exception and not the rule, and which is the precursor of an ultimately desert condition. Even as the stripling, coming by inheritance into a large estate, loses sight of the value of his possessions in the ease of their acquisition, so we Americans have prodigally wasted the superabundant advantages af- forded by the resources of the new world. Every intelli- gent man of mature years will recall instances, within his own observation, of diminution of rain-fall going hand in hand with diminution of tree growth in the comes in torrents which rush off to the sea, laden with fertiliza- tion washed from the surface of the water-sheds. Such sudden downpours frequently flood the surrounding plains, with dis- astrous results to property and even to life. Germany and France, accord- ing to a distinguished authority, suffered the floods of the single year 1883, than by all the expense and losses caused by the Prussian war. Fifty years ago, De Bonville, Prefect of the Lower Alps, addressed to the government a report in which he describes the appearance of the upper moun- tain valleys after the loss of the forests, from which report the more damage by Franco- following excerpt is taken: N “There is no doubt that the vegetable mold of the Alps swept off by the increase of that curse of the mountains, the torrents, is daily diminishing with frightful rapidity. All our Alps are wholly, or in large proportion, bared of wood. Their soil, scorched by the sun of Providence, cut up by the hoofs of the sheep, which, not finding on the surface the grass they require for their sustenance, scratch the ground in search of roots to satisfy their hunger, : is periodically washed away and carried off by melting snows and rain-storms.” In our own country the overflows of the Mississippi River alone have caused more loss of property than all the wars in which our government has ever been engaged, and these overflows directly result from ill-regulated torrential rains arising from abnormal conditions caused by deforestation of its enormous water-shed. Many portions of Europe, occupied by industrious nations for more than a thousand years, are better sup- plied with forest trees than some of our own states. There are localities in North America which, a genera- tion ago, were a part of the great American forest, yet now, since becoming denuded of tree growth, have fallen into that condition of chronic lack of rains which makes DESOLATION IN ALGERIA Representative of the Smithsonian (Washington, D. C.), astronomical expedition of 1912 near Bassour, Algeria. This station is on a rolling plateau region about fifty miles south of Algiers. Heavy snowfalls occur in winter and occasional small rains in all months. i pletely dried up—once this region was well wooded and prosperous. Except for a few scrub oaks the region is now treeless and vegetation is com- same locality—a steady decrease in regularity and amount of rain-fall being perceptible wherever the forests have been devastated by man. Utah illustrates the same scientific truth, but con- versely, for the Mormons, who found the country tree- less, have nearly doubled their annual rainfall, and have largely increased the size of their lakes and streams by In much the same way Nebraska has been made productive within planting orchards and by reforestation. the last thirty years. Near the close of the last century the great lake in the Valley of Aragua, in Venezuela, was found to be rapidly lessening in area as the clearing increased, so that it was about to become dry. A civil war breaking out at that time, with the virulence for which South America political affairs are noted, the forest was allowed to spring up again through neglect of agriculture, and, in a quarter of a century, the lake and its tributary streams resumed their original dimensions. “So late as 1865 this island was resorted to by invalids from Dr. Rogers, of Mauritius, gives this testimony: DESERTS DUE TO DEFORESTATION India and elsewhere as the Pearl of the Indian Ocean— it being one mass of verdure—but when the forests were cleared to make space for sugar cultivation, the rainfall diminished ; the rivers dwindled to muddy streams; the water became stagnant in creeks, crevices and natural hollows; the equable temperature of the island entirely changed; drought was experienced and showers rarely subsequently planted with trees their The hills were the former dimensions.” George P. Marsh, in Man and Nature, says: “ A terri- tory larger than all Europe, the abundance of which in came. and rivers and streams finally resumed bygone centuries sustained a population scarcely inferior to that of the present Christian world, has been entirely withdrawn from human use, or at best inhabited by tribes too few and poor to contribute anything to the moral and material interests of mankind. The destructive changes occasioned by the agency of man upon the flanks of the Alps, and Apennines, the Pyrenees and other mountain ranges of Central and Southern Europe, and the progress of physical deterioration, have become so rapid that im some localities, a single generation has witnessed the beginning and the end of the melancholy revolution.” 601 The distinguished Sir John Herschel, speaking of the destruction of forests, says: “This is no doubt the reason of the extreme aridity of Spain. In France much injury has been done in like manner by tree de- struction. Rain has been much increased in Egypt by vigorous planting of trees.” The country where Carthage once controlled her great republic, containing 300 cities, is now the scorched Gibbon declares “ that 500 cities once flourished in what are now the dry depopu- abode of indolent Tunisians. lated plains of Asia Minor.” Palestine, now but a memory and a shrine, was at one time the most productive section of the ancient world, crowded with cities and villages, and of such political prominence, at even the late day of her conquest by Rome, that the Senate decreed a special triumphal arch to be erected to the victorious Roman general in com- memoration of the downfall of Jerusalem, and ordered * Judea medals struck with the exulting inscription “| Capta.” the Tiber and in Roman excavations, and the triumphal These medals have been found in the mud of arch to Titus still stands in the Appian Way—all bear- RICH BOTTOMLANDS DESTROYED Once this valley near Wu-tai-shan in Shan-si Province, China, was fertile, had rich f tains of their trees, failed to provide for reforestation and in time the mountains |! Rock and earth slides from the mountains swept into the valle erosion did the rest. rocky desert. irms and sustained a large population. The people stripped the moun- ame what they are now, bare mounds of earth and rock. Rainfall and covered the rich soil, destroyed the farms and turned the region into a 602 AMERICAN FORESTRY ABANDONED FOU-PING, CHI-LI PROVINCE, CHINA This once prosperous city has been abandoned because the once well-forested hills in the vicinity have been stripped bare of trees, the springs have dried up, and there is nothing by which to sustain the inhabitants of the city. cleared and the district ruined. ing testimony of how important Palestine was deemed by the Mistress of the World before the tree-destroying Turk made it a sterile waste. The island of Santa Cruz, off the coast of California, once supported an extensive Indian population ; now that it has been stripped of its forests it has no water, and gives no return to the husbandman. In Europe attention has been turned of recent years to this subject more than would be supposed by one who has not given such matters investigation. In every country in the Old World, save the British Islands, there are schools of forestry, and such schools are notably numerous in Germany. In thickly-settled France, so many lives were lost and so much property destroyed by the torrential rains inci- dent to forest destruction that a law was enacted, and is now in force, throughout that Republic, providing that. if a field become bare of trees, and is, in the opinion of the local authorities, better suited for arboriculture than agriculture, governmental aid will be given to the owner by furnishing him trees at a nominal price. If the owner fails to plant the trees, or, having planted them, fails to care for them, the local superintendent of tree culture may take possession and maintain the trees at the cost of the French Republic. Within five years the owner may, by paying to the interest of the outlay, redeem his field; or, by deed- ing one-half to the government within that time, may re- deem the other half, but if he does neither, the entire field becomes governmental domain at the expiration of that statutory period. These provisions of law may seem like “locking the stable after the horse is stolen,” government the principal and This city was built and the plain cultivated in 1725 and since that time the hills have been but sometimes, by locking the door even then, we may save the balance of the livestock. It is certain that the arid lands we have in North America have been made so by the extermination of the trees through forest fires and, possibly, the destruction of trees for fuel and clearing for cultivation by the great pre-historic agricultural people who preceded the nomadic Indians. The springing up again of these de- stroyed forests may have been prevented by the resulting drought, or by the young trees being killed by the fre- quent prairie fires kindled by man or arising from spon- taneous combustion; or by the young trees being eaten or trampled down, while yet small, by the buffalo and other herbivorous quadrupeds which abounded in earlier times. The Indians frequently made fires to kill the tree growth to make better grazing for buffalo and deer, and to thereby make their immediate localities more attractive resorts for wild game. The stockman fre- quently does the same now to improve the pasturage for his cattle and horses. It is a legend of the Kiowas, at San Gorgonio, Cali- fornia, that many centuries ago the Indians prayed the Great Spirit for a ruler, and He sent them a king who was white, blue-eyed and bearded. The legend con- tinues that this king governed them so successfully as to convert all the lands into a garden and that orchards and vineyards, watered by running streams, covered all of what is now the Colorado desert. According to the story, as told by Kiowa Indians, the people became so proud that they ceased to worship the Great Spirit and made an idol of their king, and to punish them their god dried up the stream. destroyed the orchards and vineyards and made the Colorado desert. DESERTS DUE ZO DEFORESTATION This tradition was related to the writer many years ago by Manuel Largo, the chief of the Kiowa tribe. It is interesting in two ways. It seems to point to a success- ful civilization under the rule of some fair-skinned stran- ger—perhaps some shipwrecked blondé and bearded Phoe- nician of remote antiquity, and it seems also to substantiate the theory, here advanced, that originally there were no deserts. All students of myths and folklore admit that every deep-rooted racial legend has some origin, however slight, in actual fact, and it may well be that this tradition is a record, naturally intermixed with blunder, of a time when bounteous Nature smiled on industrious man, and 603 What is a tree and what is a leaf and what are their functions ? In reply, it may be said that a tree is a great botanical structure intended as a conductor of moisture from earth to air; an attracter of moisture from air to earth; a moderator of heat in summer and of cold in winter; and, by reason of its shade, its obstruction to winds, its root system and its sap, an economizing storage and conservator of the actual rainfall. The leaves are the lungs of the tree. In the economy of arboreal nature they are the equalizers and moderators of temperature and moisture. When the air is moist they DEFORESTATION THEN DEVASTATION This view shows two hundred square miles of the once well-wooded mountains in the vicinity of Fou-ping, China. This district a century ago paid rich revenue from its forest products. when all the great Colorado desert actually afforded sup- port to a soil-tilling population. In fact, a marvelously productive section of country has been rescued from the Colorado desert of recent years and now is known in the Imperial Valley of Southern California. In the incalculable antiquity of man’s pre-Adamite occupancy of this planet, the comedy and tragedy of life may have been played by teeming millions in arid America thousands of years before our half-naked ancestors hurled their rude spears at Ceesar’s cohorts disembarking upon the shores of England. The earth is the grave of the past as well as the tomb of the future. Trees are inducers of rain, and, in a special degree are conservators and gradual distributors of the moist- ure that falls. tomed As things to which we are most accus- the least known to us in an accurate way, it may not be amiss to propound and answer an apparently simple question: are sometimes Today it is practically a desert. absorb the dampness and thriftily store it away in capa- cious reservoirs of millions of tubes in the trunks and limbs of the trees; and, when parched Nature looks upward and prays for water, like Dives did to Abraham and Lazarus, these same little “‘ miracles of design ” draw on the supply of water in the tree that they have stored away and that the rootlets have absorbed from the earth and send the precious liquid forth into the air, an unseen exhalation to be condensed by the atmosphere and to fall in benedictory showers or refreshing dew. This same water, but for the tree and its foliage, would be carried away by vagrant winds, or, if it fell, would fall in sudden gusty showers and be lost to use. [It is known to botanists that each square inch of leaf- structure lifts and throws out into the air in dry weather 6/1000 of an ounce of water every twenty-four hours. A large forest tree has foliage equal to above 5 acres of superficial area, or 6,272,600 square inches. This 604 AMERICAN FORESTRY TRYING TO SAVE WHAT IS LEFT OF THE SOIL Having no tree growth, no undergrowth, and no natural growth of any kind, these hillsin China have to be subjected to the kind of artificial terracing shown in this photograph in the effort to save what little of the soil there is left. multiplied by 6/1000, the amount radiated out by every square inch, gives us a number of ounces equaling 294 gallons, or more than eight barrels of moisture thrown out into the dry air each twenty-four hours by each large forest tree. Other trees that need more water will, if growing nearby, absorb it from these generous neighbors, as for example, the magnolia will flourish at Los Angeles, California, if near other trees, but will die if it be planted alone. at one time, normally transmit from the leaves to the earth. It is not merely because they at- tract precipitation of rain that trees / are valuable to climate and to pro- In the forest soil that they cover and make solid by their ductiveness. root systems and enrich and mulch with their decaying leaves, the rain finds storage for much more than can be absorbed by tree roots. This stored water, by slow per- colation, trickles (without washing from its spongy reservoirs among the roots, or injury to the soil) leaves, moist and cool depressions in the forest glades, and feeds the springs and water courses wheti nature is athirst. In the same way do trees preserve the snow from sudden melting and hold it in | reserve for human needs. On the other hand, the treeless country receives its diminished rain torrentially, accompanied by violent squalls of wind—the decomposed vegetable matter and the surface soil, that has been disintegrated into mellowness by sun and air, are washed from the surface of the hills and sloping plains and carried away into the sandy river beds (along with the torrents of escaping water) to be lost in the sea or to enrich some delta country far down the stream. In such countries it frequently happens that great raging floods pour down river beds—ordinarily dry-rivers, as one might say, invisible in the dry season and invincible in the wet season. In another and preéminently important way, the leaf is con- Its ser- rated edges are tiny tentacles to stantly at work for man. catch the electricity and send it down to work vivifying effects upon the earth. The soil is energized by this constant electrical stimulation. It is proper to use the adjective “constant ”’ for the process goes on all the time. Electricity is more constantly tingling through the fibres of a growing tree than it is It is a mistake to suppose that the electri- through a telegraph wire. cal current never touches the tree save when it is said to be “* struck by lightning.” This bursting open of the tree by lightning is only when the attraction of the tree brings to it, in highly charged electrical con- ditions of atmosphere, more elec- tricity than the trunk of the tree can, ARTIFICIAL TERRACING IN CHINA Showing the efforts of the Chinese to save what is left of the soil after the forests are gone. DESERTS: DUE TO The water, so falling and so escaping, is a robber and not a friend. The merest surface is made wet by it and such moisture as it does leave is almost immediately evaporated by the winds that in treeless countries usually follow the atmospheric disturbances incident to rain. The torrential flow, thus carrying off the vital element for which all nature is suffering, seems to the thoughtful mind as the life-blood flowing from a severed human artery must seem to a surgeon. The authori- ties on such sub- jects state that One macy, e) of beech trees will absorb and sub- sequently throw out by slow degrees, as the dryness of the air may call for it, as much moisture as 200 acres of grain. Such exhaled atime das tay not only miti- gates the heat of summer, but modifies the cold of winter, this latter being on the principle that prompts the florist to place barrels of water in his conservatory to assist in protecting his flowers from freezing in seasons of cold. In Sweden, there is a saying that the forest is the peasant’s fire. In our own country all must have observed, after traveling over a plain in winter, that if one enters a forest the temperature is much more moder- ate, apart from the protection from the winds which the forest affords as a mechanical barrier to their violence. This greater warmth engendered by tree planting spurs the adjoining vegetable growth, while the maturity of fruits and grain is not so much checked by cold at night and at other times. Besides this actual mitigation of the temperature, trees, by checking the force of the winds in this way, also conserve the water in the soil by minimizing evaporation. All know how much more quickly an article will dry in even cold wind than it will hanging quietly in the warmest sunlight. Wet roads will dry much more speedily from wind than from sun action. After the rain has fallen, water stands visibly around the grass roots in the pasture long free from moisture. The air at rest is soon saturated with moisture and takes up no more until that with which it is laden is after the bare road is absorbed, but the unchecked wind, careering over the “Hog backs” in Salt Creek foothills in the neighborhood of the Roosevelt Reclaim Project, Gila County, Arizona, showing the results of deforestation. DEFORESTATION 605 treeless plain, greedily gathers all moisture and carries it away to precipitate it in sudden torrential showers, on, perhaps, the hot sides of a bleak mountain range hundreds of miles away. The Colorado and Mohave deserts are not normally such—they are vast plains which would be fertile if they had not been robbed of their normal trees and thereby lost power of spontaneous productiveness. Forests exhale oxygen, the absolute essential for human well-be- ing, and absorb and neutralize the noxious effects of car- bonic and other injurious gases. The fever prev- alent imyerhye Roman Cam- pagna was so severe that the approach through it to Rome was, until recent years, an object of terror to Italians and foreigners alike. The monasteries there were aban- doned and even to cross it was deemed suicidal ; but now hun- dreds of thousands of eucalyptus trees having been planted there and having grown up, it is densely populated by farmers and vineyardists. One of the secondary, but important, results of the THIS IS IN OUR OWN COUNTRY present suicidal European war will be the wholesale destruction of the tree growth in the belligerent countries and the attendant train of ill which follows deforestation. Some fifty years ago, Commodore Matthew Fontaine Maury (well known as the Christopher Columbus of the Gulf Stream) found the national observatory at Washing- ton unwholesome, those living there suffering continually from fever and ague. To remedy this condition he planted large fields of sunflowers, and, though the Potomac malaria made the fever and ague extensively prevalent in the city generally, none of those living at the observatory, or in the vicinity of the sunflowers, were so attacked. Dear Mother Nature responds generously to the efforts of her children to repair the mistakes of the past. It may be remarked, parenthetically, that trees are the homes of birds, and, to say nothing of the esthetic charm of their beauty and song, birds free the fields from insects and from bugs to such an extent that they deserve to rank high in the list of the farmer’s friends. It 1s probable that if Texas had normal tree growth clothing prairies and 606 valleys, the birds would be numerous enough to have pre- vented the boll weevil and all other insect pests. It is likely that the electrical functions of trees con- stitute their source of power to directly cause rainfall, but whatever the explanation, there can be no doubt of the potency of forests to attract precipitation. To name one of many illustrations of this, the annual rainfall of Egypt has been doubled by the Khedive’s extensive plant- ing of date palms, olive orchards and eucalyptus groves. Aside from the general benefits to be derived from tree culture, there should be a special planting of willows, osiers and other flexible woods of the water-loving varie- ties, along the sides of the irrigating ditches. These will make stronger the ditch embankments against breaks and by their shade save water from evaporation. In addi- tion to this consideration, it is worthy of mention that such growths can be utilized in various industries. Indeed, many manufacturing possibilities are denied tree- less countries, to say nothing of the advantage forests afford for purposes of fuel. Skilled industry can find work and riches in utilizing the materials afforded by varied wood crops—not merely acquiring, but creating wealth, for he who adds to the value of the products of the soil enlarges the wealth of his country in the truest sense. The American mind is quick to receive and tenacious In this new land we do not fear innovation, but readily throw to retain a suggestion so fraught with interest. off the handicap of inexperience and inadvertence. Action should be taken to bring to public notice the truth about the important part trees play in all their bearings upon climate, floods, cyclones, droughts, blizzards, commerce, manufactures, agriculture and health. Laws should be passed in the various states giving at public expense to each reputable person such young trees as he will obligate himself to plant and maintain, and lands so planted in forestry form should be exempted from taxa- tion for a liberal period of years. State boards of forestry should be created to study the protection and encouragement of tree growth. All school children of suitable age should be required to plant trees on Arbor Day, and instruction as to the public school curriculum. All country roads and highways should be planted with rows of trees cared for by road overseers at public expense. Congress should set apart as permanent governmental reservations those large tracts of timbered mountain lands which we so urgently need in the interest of our streams and springs, and which otherwise will sooner or later be despoiled by the ruthless axemen, or by careless hunters or reckless stockmen. Every one should encourage the planting and protection of trees whenever and wherever possible. An old writer asserts “the skin of the animal is not more necessary to its well-being than is the tree covering of the earth essential to the proper condition of the soil.” In our own day Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes declares, “When we plant a tree we are doing what we can to make our planet a more wholesome and happier dwelling place for those who come after us as well as for ourselves.” AMERICAN FORESTRY Jock,” said the dying Laird of Dumbeidykes to his son, in one of Sir Walter Scott’s charming novels, “ Jock, when ye hae naething else to do, ye maun e’en be sticking in a tree; it will be growing while ye are sleeping.” CHICAGO’S MUNICIPAL FOREST The city of Chicago, or rather Cook County, which is practically the same territory, has begun to look for- ward to the day when it will have a municipal forest. An appropriation of about $1,000,000 has been provided for the gradual establishment of such a forest. There has been a commission named to take up this problem, after thorough investigation. The details are far from worked out, but the theory of the municipal forest is what is of greater importance to the future of the con- servation movement than the mere local details. The fact that Cook County is preparing to establish such a forest, something on the lines of the German forests, is a hint that the nation is coming to its senses on the problem of the future of the trees. The Cook County forest is probably to be called the county forest preserve. But it is not only the big cities that are considering this problem. The city of Janesville, Wisconsin, a town of under 30,000, has decided to plant beechnut trees in the neighborhood of the city, and while at first the plan is only to beautify the highways radiating from the city into a thickly populated, immensely rich farming country, the plan has the future thought of solid forests of beech, duplicating the Danish forests. The county highway of the Commissioner George S. Parker having received a consignment of beech- commission is back movement, nuts at considerable expense, from the royal Danish forest, and has opened a contest in tree growing for the boys of the county. A SHAKESPEARE OAK On the grounds of the Panama-California International Exposition in San Diego, California, on Shakespeare Day, the anniversary was cele- brated by a pageant and by the planting of a live oak tree in memory of the great literary light. Little Miss Mary Church, who was in Stratford-on-Avon when the present European war commenced, had the honor of turning the turf for the tree planting. The Bird Department By A. A. ALLEN, PH.D. Assistant Professor of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York FEDERAL PROTECTION OF BIRDS GREAT many years have now passed since the people of the United States first came to the real- ization that birds and game cannot stand un- limited slaughter and that they are worthy of protection by law. It was as early as 1791 that an act was passed in the New York Legislature giving some protection to the heath hen, the partridge, the quail and the wood- cock. This was a step in the right direction, but it did not come soon enough to save the heath hen, for to-day this splendid bird is extinct except for a small colony carefully guarded on the island of Martha’s Vineyard. The partridge, quail and woodcock have survived, but in greatly reduced numbers. Nearly thirty years elapsed after the passage of this WATERFOWL RESPOND VERY QUICKLY TO PROTECTION Some wild bluebills that have been tamed by feeding at Ithaca, New York. initial statute before anything further was done for bird Massachusetts next, in 1818, a law giving protection during the breeding sea- or game conservation. passed This was the first time that such birds as the lark and the robin were recognized as having any economic value, but it son to certain game and insectivorous birds. was not until after the middle of the century that the Between 1850 and 1864 laws were passed in twelve states giving more or cause was espoused by many states. less protection to insectivorous birds as well as to game. It will be of interest to quote the first of these, enacted by the State of New Jersey in 1850, because it is indica- tive of the inaccuracies and incompleteness retained in so It was entitled, “ An act to Prevent the Destruction of Small and Harmless Birds.” “1. Be it enacted by the Senate and General Assembly of the State of New Jersey, That it shall not be lawful in this State for any person to shoot, or in any other many state laws even to-day. ; PD ae ef + 4 4 4 Fe peal Te oe 7 J, D ~ a d J+ = aN T J 4 ay, r 77 T vr 7 - i J df 74 J) ah 7 ca tf, a 73 Js J as if es Too if T 4 a J af ay J me 3 Ta a RP 2 +. T 16 a Ss ee Ti; “ 3 = ‘| 7, os _J 4 4 : ~i Z ¥ Tis fal PE ERIE, : > Photograph by Francis Harper. THE RESULT OF STOPPING SPRING SHOOTING A small part of a flock of black ducks flying over Long Island. Since they are not shot at, many stop to nest instead of going further north, and asa result their numbers increase rapidly. manner to kill or destroy, except upon his own premises, any of the following description of birds: The night or mosquito hawk, chimney swallow, barn swallow, martin or swift, whippowil, cuckoo, kingbird or bee martin, woodpecker, claip or high hole, catbird, wren, blue- bird, meadow lark, brown thrusher, dove, firebird or summer redbird, hanging bird, ground robin or chewink, bobolink or ricebird, robin, snow or chipping bird, spar- row, Carolina lit, warbler, bat, blackbird, blue jay, and the small owl.” Since this period, when the Nation was first awaken- ing to the need of legislation in behalf of game, great progress has been made, so that to-day every state has its code of game laws, although in some, where there is no warden system, they are but slightly respected and might almost as well be void. Many states, how- ever, have model laws, uniform with those of adjacent states, leaving little to be desired from the standpoint of conservation. These laws define what shall be known as game birds and limit the season during which they may be killed, and all other birds, except a few that are known 607 608 AMERICAN to be injurious, they protect at all seasons of the year. Certain game birds, too, that are becoming very scarce are given absolute protection for a term of years and, furthermore, all traffic in feathers is stopped. In back- ward states, however, many birds known to be insectiv- orous are still classed as game, and open seasons on all game are designated regardless of the laws of neigh- boring states. Spring shooting, for example, is acknowledged by CANVAS-BACKS ARE COMING BACK Since the stopping of spring shooting these ducks, beloved by epicures, are now reappearing on the Chesapeake and are increasing everywhere. There are a few bluebills among the canvas-backs in the photograph. every thinking person to have been the chief factor in the very rapid decrease of waterfowl and shorebirds. Ducks mate early in the year, during February or early March at the latest, and when one of a pair is killed the other does not remate and no brood is forthcoming the following season. At best but two birds are secured in the spring instead of five or ten in the fall. To say the least, it is very poor economy and when added to it, the birds are disturbed on their nesting grounds during April, and perhaps. do not breed at all, no thinking person should indulge in spring shooting. With the abolishing of spring shooting in most states, there immediately occurred a great increase in all species of ducks; likewise shorebirds and some, notably the wood duck, woodcock, curlews and upland plover, were act- ually saved from extermination. Ponds that had not seen ducks for years again teemed with them, and hunting grounds that had been abandoned again gave good sport. In spite of this manifest improvement, however, we find, as late as 1915, some state laws still permitting the shoot- ing of waterfowl until the middle of April, and when a revision of the Federal Statutes was called for, these states were insistent upon this privilege. One of the greatest difficulties that conservation workers have met in trying to establish model game laws has been the jealousy aroused by the laws permitting spring shooting in neighboring states. As long as any state permits spring shooting, the adjacent states will not be satisfied without it, because of the fact that waterfowl are migra- tory and the very birds that they are protecting on Mon- day may be shot on Tuesday if they fly across the border. FORESTRY lf all game and insectivorous birds were permanent residents, like the grouse and the quail, state laws would be sufficient, because no one would suffer except the makers of the laws, and if the people of a state wished to exterminate their song and game birds, they would be despoiling only themselves. But when we know that the majority of birds are migratory and can be said to belong to no state in particular, an entirely different problem pre- sents itself. It becomes necessary for the Federal Gov- ernment to step in. To be more concrete, the people of North Dakota might claim that the mallard ducks belong to them be- cause they breed about their lakes and consume the wild rice of their marshes. The people of Louisiana, how- ever, with equal justice could claim the same birds, be- THE BLACK-BELLIED PLOVER These birds were threatened with extermination but are now increasing. A flock of a dozen on a bar at the north end of Cayuga Lake, New York. A few years ago it was exceptional to see more than two or three together. cause from October until February they are consuming the duck potatoes of their lagoons. The citizens of the intervening states have some claim, likewise, because for a month or two in the fall and spring, while the mallards are passing between their breeding and wintering grounds, they stop in their ponds and feed upon their property. Now if the people of North Dakota should see fit to reap the harvest of their ducks in summer and thereby exter- minate them, they would at the same time be exterminat- ing the ducks of Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska. In a similar way, the people from New Jersey to South Carolina can declare the “ ricebirds ” feeding about their marshes to be injurious and slaughter them by thou- sands. But for every “ ricebird ” that is killed the people of New York and New England lose one bobolink from their clover fields. Realizing this, conservationists have gradually come to the conclusion that the game of a country belongs to the people as a whole rather than to the individual states, as was formerly believed, at least in so far as migratory species are concerned, and for the last twelve years they have been trying to bring this realization to the country at large. Ever since 1904 bills have been brought into THE BIRD DEPARTMENT Congress aiming at Federal control of migratory birds, but it was not until 1913 that any one of them bore fruit. The first bills that were brought up failed because they had little support, but during the nine years that ensued, the public became aroused to the importance of bird life and the necessity for conserving the game resources. There was little doubt as to how Congress should act, but great opposition was brought forward by agents for milliners, market hunters, and the congressmen of back- ward states that were still enjoying spring shooting. Thus, after a long struggle, the Weeks-McLean Bill, as it is known, passed both houses and was signed by the President March 4, 1913. According to its provisions “All wild geese, wild swans, brant, wild ducks, snipe, plover, woodcock, rail, wild pigeons and all other migratory game and insectivorous birds which in their migrations pass through or do not remain permanently the entire year within the borders of any state or territory, shall hereafter be deemed to be within the custody and protection of the Government of the United States, and shall not be destroyed or taken contrary to regulations hereinafter provided therefor.” The Department of Agriculture was authorized to draw up the regulations and submit them to the people for three months’ consideration before final adoption. The task naturally devolved upon the Division of the Biologi- cal Survey whose corps of scientists have before them all the known facts concerning the migrations of birds, their lines of flight, their breeding habits, reproductive capacity and other necessary data. Could they be left free to formulate the regulations in accordance with their scientific investigations and conclusions, a very nearly perfect law would result. Their power is limited, how- ever, and committees are human and listen to the demands of outraged congressmen whose constituents have had some of their “ vested rights” removed and minor faults have crept into the regulations, such for example, as per- mitting in some states the shooting of bobolinks. But the regulations, as a whole, are so far superior to the majority of individual state laws that all true conserva- tionists rejoice in their enactment. By this McLean Law, the country is divided into two zones: the breeding zone and the wintering zone, and an open season is established for each, making such exceptions in different states as have been found neces- sary by variations in flight lines, times of migration, etc., effort being made to give each district an equal amount of shooting during the period when the birds can best stand it. Insectivorous birds are protected throughout the year, the smaller species of shorebirds are removed from the game list and certain species that are nearing extinction are given absolute protection for a term of years. No provision is made, however, for federal pro- tection of such birds as the gulls and terns, grebes, herons and egrets which are so much in need of it, or for the little song sparrows, buntings, goldfinches, and horned larks whose food is largely the seeds of weeds rather than insects. There is still something to be done. The McLean Law went into effect in October, 1914, 609 continuing in force through 1915 and, with slight revision, is being enforced in 1916. Effort has been made, how- ever, to destroy the effect of the law by cutting out any appropriation to enforce it, but the friends of the Bill have managed to secure $50,000 each year, a rather mea- ger amount when one stops to consider the vast area of the United States and Alaska, for it allows of but one paid inspector for several states. But the grave danger which presents itself is not so much the lack of appropriation, severe as that is, as in the fact that the constitutionality of the law itself has been questioned. One of the earliest cases that came up was that before a District Judge, in Arkansas, of a man who had killed some birds in violation of the Mc- Lean Law. In handing down his decision, Judge Trieber declared that there was no provision in the Constitution of the United States upon which the McLean Law could be based and it was, therefore, unconstitutional and could not be enforced. The case was taken to the Supreme Court where it now rests and from which a decision is expected some time this fall. In the meantime, the law has been enforced elsewhere and declared constitutional by other District Judges, and, strengthening it still fur- ther, a treaty with Canada along the same lines has been ratified by both Houses, signed by the President and awaits only the signature of King George. When the treaty goes into force and the McLean Law is either declared constitutional or an amendment made to the Constitution by which it may stand, there will remain only the matter of sufficient appropriation in order to put the United States in lead of the world in matters of bird and game conservation and guarantee to future generations the blessings which our forefathers enjoyed and the re- sources which have heretofore been so ravished. In reviewing the history of what is perhaps the greatest stride that conservation has ever taken, one can- not but admire the altruistic labors of those who have devoted their time, their energy and their funds to the great undertaking. The National Association of Audu- bon Societies, The American Game Protective and Prop- agation Association, The Campfire Club of America, The New York Zoological Society, The Boone and Croc- kett Club, The National Federation of Women’s Clubs, The Long Island Sportsmen’s Association, and numerous other organizations and thousands of individuals all over the country, have worked untiringly, not only upon the Bill but upon educating the country at large so that it would react through Congress and bring about the result that has been so happily achieved. The eyes of the nation now turn toward the Supreme Court awaiting the decision that will announce whether the victory has been won or whether it will be necessary to postpone the enforcement of the law until a constitutional amendment can be made. But in the larger sense the victory has been won, regardless of the decision, because the country is awake. It knows the value of birds and the necessity for conservation. Laws mean nothing until they are obeyed, and an enlightened public sentiment is worth more than all the officers of the law. The Crows and Jays (Family Corvide) OMETIMES given first rank among birds because of their intelligence, the crows and jays, together with the ravens, magpies, and the European jack- daws, rooks and choughs, constitute a family of birds familiar to everyone. There are about two hundred species found all over the world, except New Zealand, twenty-one of which occur in North America. All of them make interesting but mischievous pets and many CROWS IN WINTER AT A WATER-HOLE After the nesting season, crows gather in immense flocks, and frequently tens of thousands are to be seen on a single roost. of approach, They are ever alert and difficult can be taught to articulate a few words, but in their natural state they are hated by agriculturists and feared by other birds. All members of the family have stout, heavy bills with thick tufts of bristles at the base concealing the nostrils, strong legs and toes, adapted for walking and perching, and strong rounded wings. Our American crows and ravens are uniformly black with metallic re- flections, but the jays and magpies are brilliantly colored, Crows and ravens are further characterized by short square tails blues, greens, blacks and whites predominating. while the jays and magpies have long graduated tails. All species are omnivorous feeders, taking nuts, fruit, and grain, together with insects, crayfish, fish and the eggs and young of other birds. Whatever is most easily secured always suits the taste of the crows and jays, and for this reason they are often of considerable value during insect outbreaks, because the insects are then most easily secured and are fed upon to the exclusion of every- thing else. On the other hand, where eggs or grain are more easily secured than insects, they may do consider- able damage. The jays are mostly woodland birds and the damage which they do is largely confined to the eggs and young of smaller birds. They are important factors in the natu- 610 ral dispersal of nut, oak and fruit trees and, like the crows, are undoubtedly responsible for the wide distri- bution and constant recurrence of poison ivy. The blue jay is the commonest species throughout eastern North America, the Canada jay or “ camp robber” throughout the North Country, the Steller’s jay throughout the West and the California jay in the Pacific Coast region. They are noisy birds, travelling in small companies except dur- ing the nesting season and delighting in mobbing a waiting hawk or a sleepy owl. At times they are good mimics and frequently bring consternation into the ranks of smaller birds by suddenly bursting in on them with the call of a dangerous hawk. Jays nest early in the spring, USELESS? NO, WORTH SAVING? The common crow of the United States is a mischievous bird, but wary enough to save his life even in thickly settled parts. He does considerable damage and much good and, on the whole, is not deserving of extermination. building rather bulky nests of sticks lined with rootlets and laying grayish or greenish spotted eggs. Crows are much more destructive than the jays be- cause they combine with the thieving, egg-destroying Thus they often come into the poultry-yard like hawks after and regularly feed and The damage that they do in the grain fields, however, is largely paid for by the numbers of harmful Many times it has been shown when they have been thought to be pulling the habits of the jays, greater size and bolder habits. young chickens about corn grain fields. insects which they destroy. young corn, that they have been merely after the wire In the meadows they destroy large numbers of white grubs and grasshoppers, worms working about the roots. and fields near woods frequented by them have been cleared of army worms, while adjacent fields have been AN APPALACHIAN PURCHASE entirely denuded by the worms. On the whole, however, crows are scarcely deserving of protection, yet certainly bounties should not be offered for them, nor should any attempt be made to exterminate them. On the other hand, they are such wary birds that they are well able to care for themselves and in no danger of extinction even in the most settled country. Because of their wariness they are usually easily frightened from corn fields by the ordi- Photograph by Francis Harper. A BLUE-JAY ON ITS NEST Jays are noisy birds of quarrelsome dispositions and thieving habits, often robbing the nests of smaller birds. nary scarecrow or strings stretched across the fields, provided these are moved about every few days so that the birds will not become accustomed to them. In ex- treme cases a gun fired occasionally in the general direc- tion of the crows will suffice to keep them afraid of the scarecrows. The fish crow, which is a smaller species found along the Atlantic Coast region, is even more destructive to small birds than its larger relative. It is less wary, often flying through city streets or walking about park lawns and its high nasal cah-cah sounds like the voice of a young common crow before it has left the nest. The raven which, with but little variation in size, is found through- out the Northern Hemisphere, is more a bird of the for- ests and wilder places and with the clearing of the forests in eastern North America has been entirely replaced by the crow. HE Lincoln Highway between Salt Lake City and San Francisco, California, will be marked with redwood posts. There will be one post to each mile, the distance between these two points being 1,000 miles. These posts will carry the usual sign indicating that it is the Lincoln Highway. They will be set rough and will require no painting to protect them from the weather. The Lincoln Highway Commissioners had under consider- ation the use of boiler tubes and redwood was selected in preference. 611 THE WHITE-THROATED SPARROW PAULINA BRANDRETH OT Orpheus fluting in his greenwood cell, Nor shy Narcissus answering the call Of lone, lost Echo in her mountain thrall, Can such a tale of tender sadness tell As thou, O sylvan whistler, who dost dwell Midst forest deeps where balsam shadows fall. Ire yet the sun ascends o’er swamp and glade, Thy solitary notes, full-rounded, clear, Float skyward from the secret haunts of deer. In thee the Wilderness her heart hath laid, To thee the pathos of her soul hath strayed Like beauty cloistered in a human tear. AN APPALACHIAN PURCHASE HIE National Forest Reservation Commission has approved the purchase by the Government of 59 tracts of land with a total of 66,880 acres in the Appalachian and White Mountains. Of this, 36,000 acres is in the so-called “ Kilkenny Purchase Area,” in New It is the policy of the Commission to build up Government holdings, as nearly solid as may be, Hampshire. through buying only in certain specified places, which are designated purchase areas. The Kilkenny Purchase Area adjoins the so-called “ White Mountain Purchase Area” on the north, and is on the water-shed of the Connecticut River. The land now approved for purchase is the first to be acquired About 17,000 acres of land on the This land lies for the most part on the west slope of the Carter Range and practically completes the Government purchases in the northern portion of the White Mountain region. With this land a total of 698,086 acres in the White Mountains has been acquired. in the Kilkenny Area. White Mountain Area was approved. Smaller tracts were purchased in the southern Appa- lachian Mountains, the largest total of any area being that of 7,678 acres in Transylvania County, North Carolina, on the Pisgah Forest. Other tracts in Avery, Caldwell, Macon, and McDowell Counties, North Carolina, on the Boone, Nantahala, and Mount Mitchell Areas, aggregate 1,870 acres. lands are on the Potomac, Shenandoah, and Natural Approximately 2,000 acres of the approved Bridge Areas in Virginia; 956 acres are in Rabun and Union Counties, Georgia, and the remaining 586 acres are in Monroe and Sullivan Counties, Tennessee. The $3,000,000 recently reappropriated by Congress will be used mostly to round out the lands already ac- quired, so that they may be easily and economically ad- ministered. In making future purchases it is stated that the policy will be to select those tracts which block in with lands already purchased and which are offered at the most reasonable prices. is Jack Frost the Real Artist? “‘ Jacky Frost, Jacky Frost, Came in the night; Left the meadows that he crossed All gleaming white ; Painted with his silver brush Every window-pane; Kissed the leaves and made them blush, Blush, blush again! ”’ youngest boy, keeping himself cheerful dur- ing an enforced stay in bed with a bad foot. He will climb and jump with no heed to the limit of his strength or skill, until he bumps into that limit pretty hard, as in the present case. He was making a brave attempt to have a good time in spite of the hurt and the band- ages, so his mother and the rest of us were seeking ways to help him keep his mind off his troubles. “About that song—”’ said I, “it’s a nice song, and I like to hear you sing it. But does Jack Frost really do all that? ”’ “ Course he does,’ he maintained stoutly; and the rest of the children “ Haven’t joined their evidence to his. you seen it? Don’t the leaves turn red when he comes? ’”’ “Yes; but let’s look into that. Do you remem- ber the gum tree that had the flaming red branch in August? been here then.”’ ‘““ What does turn the leaves red and yellow? ”’ he asked. Jack Frost hadn’t ‘““They turn themselves, and they’ll turn at the right time, frost or not.” From that, we talked over the whole subject, and this is what we got out of it: RIGHT-colored autumn leaves seem to depend on the place and on the kind of tree. Two places in the world the autumn leaves have more color than anywhere else; these are in the northeast parts, generally speaking, of the two great land divisions of the Old World and the New, or in Japan and the nearby lands of Asia, and in Canada and our own New England. It is said that nowhere on earth is there the gorgeous autumn foliage of the northeastern United States. ‘‘ Indian summer,” so they say, is named from the tints dear to the eye of the savage, and is an American institution. Yet place does not mean everything. American trees are used in the parks of England to add the color that is lacking in the native trees, for high lights in landscape art. Persons in California, who miss the bright leaves generally lacking on the west coasts of the great land sur- faces, try to make up for the loss by planting eastern trees. I remember in the collection of trees, or arboretum, at Stanford University, where there is not much cold weather and where palms thrive, there are some trees of brilliant hue, and I found that about all were from England. Their colors come each year eventhough the leaves may drop before a ( frost comes. } Trees in the Ar- nold arboretum near Boston, which have come from regions where gay autumn tints are unknown, just keep their green color alone, even though their Massachusetts cousins put on scarlet and gold. T MAY be the kind of tree, after all. We plant Japanese maples for their bronze, or red, or yellow color, and they keep the same shade whether they are in the ,. City of Washing- 4! ton or in the State of Wash- ington. The Chinese gingko Elie OC) ss tawny yellow no matter where it grows. Take the ‘“‘“wayfarer’s tree’’ or viburnum; there are many kinds over Europe, Asia, and Amer- ica. In Europe, the leaves of all are about the same color, simply green. Many American kinds show beautiful autumn tints. Virburnums from other countries planted here, stay about as they were where they came from, while our viburnums, taken to other parts of the world, turn quite as vivid in their strange homes as they did here. Let us say, then, that something in the tree makes the color, and that these color- ful trees grow naturally in certain regions. Scientists have long words to tell about the color changes. I know one man who has written a whole book about the changes in just one kind of grape leaves; and he thinks he does not know a great deal about it, even yet. [oo LEAF is not just a simple layer like a sheet of paper, but has an upper and lower, an inside and an outside skin, with other layers be- tween. We had seen how a locust-leaf miner ate the inside out of the leaves and left only the brown shell of the outer walls. Another insect leaf-miner makes queer light curlycue channels in the columbine leaves of the flower-garden, by eating out the green stuff between the upper and lower layers. When the leaves have finished their work, the useful green stuff, or ‘‘ chloro- phyll,”’ breaks down and is sapped up. Cool weather may hurry this process of dissolv- ing the green part, but the changes would take place just the same without frost. The good food for the tree, such as the sugar of the sugar maple, passes from the leaves back into the twigs and branches, so that it is not lost. When UES) S the leaves fall, therefore, they are only the shells of themselves. color of many trees, by which they really seem to shine, is due to this. Part of the flaring The sun- light, no longer stopped by the shade- making green, filters through the leaves, and makes the bir- ches seem to give out a light of their own. In the passing of the food from the leaves for storage in the stems, it must be kept from the strong action of light; it is thought that the changed color partly helps this. The very young leaves of many plants show these colors in early spring. We see them in ruddy young oak shoots, in unfolding maple leaves, in the downy pinkish leaf buds of the grape. There is said to be a need, also, of pro- tecting the food material as it passes out into the leaves. This may be one of the purposes of “‘ carotin,”’ the yellow color in plants. HEN the foods have passed into \ X / the tree, it has a clever way of corking up the hole where the leaf-stem was, and of sealing over the place. Thus, when its work is done, the door is closed behind the leaf, and it can sail away. There’s another good reason for the fall of the leaves before the snows come; because if they did not let go, tons of snow and ice would cling to them and break the tree down, or at least crack off its branches. O WElall agreed that Jack Frost had S been given too much credit, and that the real facts were more wonderful than the tales about Jack making the leaves blush by his boldness or by painting them with brush and palette. “Tm a-going to keep on singing that song, just the samee,’”’ announced Toto, ‘““ cause I like it!” ““To be sure you are,’ I agreed. ‘“ If we sang only such songs as were written in the cold light of science, we’d forget how to carry a tune.” And all together we sang about Jacky Frost, to show that we bore him no ill will. aN ry) te Cs ? & \ War-Time Uses of Forest Products By A. W. SCHORGER Chemist in Forest Products, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin NE of the mysteries of the present war is the source from which Germany obtains the nitrocellulose necessary in the manufacture of smokeless powder, and ordinarily made from cotton. A well-defined belief exists in England that at least part of the nitrocellulose needed by German powder factories is being made from wood; and if this is true it furnishes another instance of the surprising dependence upon wood, in one form or another, on the part of the fighting nations. The actual extent to which forest products are put to use in time of war, both for military purposes and for sup- plying the nation with some of the things it needs to carry on its daily life, is not generally recognized. Con- ditions, of course, have changed vastly since the day when Pepys offered up thanks in his diary for “ the very good news of four New England ships come home safe to Falmouth with masts for the King; which is a blessing mighty unexpected, and without which we must have failed the next year. But God be praised for this much good fortune, and send us the continuance of His favor in other things.” Wood has ceased to be a large factor in ship building. Sea battles of to-day are fought by all-steel dreadnoughts ; even the wooden backing of the armor plate is giving way to other material. Wooden decks alone remain to link the old fighting ship with the new. But warfare on land has developed in a way to give timber an impor- tance in field operations it never had before, while the vast number of accessories needed for the smooth run- ning of the modern fighting machine, from ammunition to absorbent cotton, have led to an extraordinary demand for certain forest products, and have even brought about new uses for wood born of necessity and unheard of a few years ago. For one thing, there is the matter of explosives. Ordi- nary black powders contain about 75 parts saltpeter, 10 The charcoal employed must possess special properties, and is made In spite of parts sulphur, and 15 parts charcoal. largely from dogwood, willow, and alder. the advent of smokeless powders, enormous quantities of black powder are still used. It is employed in shrap- nel, for which only a moderately powerful explosive is required to drive the bullets. Besides, the smoke pro duced when the shell explodes is an actual advantage in enabling the gunners to determine the correct range. Black powder is also used to fill the rings of the time fuses with which shrapnel shells are equipped, for which purpose no satisfactory substitute has yet been found. Furthermore, it is used in most armor-piercing shells, which should attain great penetration before they go off, and for which the majority of high explosives would be of their unsuitable because explosiveness on contact. 614 Another product of the forest, resin, is employed for filling the spaces between bullets in shrapnel, so that on explosion the missiles will be evenly distributed in all directions. Its brittleness and, at the same time, its hardness, together with its low melting point, fit it admirably for the purpose. The period since the beginning of the war has wit- nessed a great amount of discussion in England as to whether Germany is actually employing wood from which to make the nitrocellulose for her smokeless explosives. When, after a long delay, England declared cotton contra- band of war, it was maintained by many that this would not inconvenience Germany greatly, since she was already making explosives from wood cellulose. During the dis- cussions that followed, it was proposed to destroy the forests of Germany by a giant fleet of aeroplanes armed with bombs; however, as one English editor naively re- marks: “ This would scarcely be feasible, since about one-third of Germany is forested.” As a matter of fact, little or no reliable information exists in regard to Germany’s use of wood for nitrocellu- lose, and expert opinion in England differs widely about the matter. plosives are being made, and Mr. Walter F. Reid, who Sir William Ramsey believes that such ex- introduced the important gelatinization process in the manufacture of smokeless powder, is emphatic that a nitrocellulose can be made from wood pulp that is equal in every respect to that made from cotton. On the other hand, Mr. Clayton Beadle, whose opinion is entitled to great respect, holds that the difficulties attending proper purification of the wood cellulose previous to nitrification are all but insurmountable. However this may be, records published by German scientists before the war show that a high explosive can be manufactured from wood cellulose, though at that While it required forty years of experiment to render gun cotton stable, time its stability was questionable. anything like the same time might not be necessary in the case of wood cellulose, for the experience with gun cotton should facilitate solution of the present problem. It is highly probable that the chemical difficulties have already been overcome. In this connection, it is an interesting fact that the first successful smokeless powder was made from wood about 1865. sists of a mixture of saltpeter and nitrated purified wood. This powder, invented by Schultze, con- While inferior to gun cotton in ballistic powder, it still retains high favor Various other ex- plosives, known as “ white powder,’ “yellow shooting among sportsmen. powder,” and “Bautzen blasting powder,” contain nitrated lignocellulose. Aside from munitions, wood is serving many useful WAR-TIME USES OF purposes in the war. Millions of gunstocks are made from American walnut, which is the best wood yet found for the part. A new rifle, it has been estimated, is re- quired monthly for every man at the front. In the mod- ern infantry weapon the wooden stock is prolonged to the end of the barrel, which means just so much more wood needed in its manufacture. So great, in fact, has been the demand by gun makers for seasoned walnut that it has often been necessary to use birch and other woods as substitutes. With characteristic foresight, the Germans brought portable sawmills with them into France, and have utilized their enemy’s forests to supply their need for timber at the front, while reserving their own forests for home demand. The development of trench warfare, when vast armies of men dig themselves in on fronts hundreds of miles long, calls for an amount of timber for trench walls, floors, and braces that is difficult to estimate. Millions of feet of lumber are required also for temporary build- ings behind the fighting line and for housing non-com- batants made homeless by the fortunes of war. Still more goes into bridges, wharves, and the like. High ex- plosives have made it possible for a retreating army to destroy stone and steel structures behind them in short order, and such structures the pursuing army must have the means of quickly replacing. Wood is, in most cases, the only material that will answer the purpose, and it served the German army in good stead during the pursuit of the Russian army through Poland. Turning from the materials needed for actual fighting to the no less important ones required for proper care of the wounded, we find Germany, fully prepared for Eng- land’s embargo, making a soft, absorbent surgical cotton from wood cellulose. Two factories in Sweden also are making this substitute. Slings are made from tough crepe paper, and splints from fiber boards. Wood is also contributing to the personal comfort of the men at the front. Russian soldiers are wearing paper shirts made in Japan, where such clothing has been in use for many years. The chief raw material for the manufacture of paper is, of course, wood pulp. Paper clothing is warm and cheap, and special water-proofing processes are overcoming its tendency to tear when wet. It may be discarded when soiled, an advantage to the The Germans and Austrians, mainly the poorer classes of the civilian population, use paper vests, socks, and handkerchiefs. Blankets and coats are padded with cellulose wadding. So many paper articles, in fact, are produced for the comfort of the people of Germany and Austria as to lead soldier from the standpoint of hygiene. the Socialist organ, ’orwaerts, to declare, “To be with- out wood is almost as bad as being without bread.” To insure the presence of every factor that tends to eventual success, a country at war needs to maintain its economic conditions as nearly as possible at their normal tevel. Products of the forest play an important part in many peaceful industries which must be kept going in war time. Methyl alcohol, the other product besides acetic acid FOREST PRODUCTS 615 obtained from the destructive distillation of hardwoods, has a multitude of uses. For one thing, it is essential in the manufacture of many medical preparations. For another, it is employed in the making of aniline dyes, the scarcity of which is being felt throughout the world. It is the source, also, of formaldehyde, one of the safest and most efficient antiseptics known, for the manufacture of which large quantities of wood alcohol are exported to Europe. The longleaf pine forests of the South furnish 90 per cent of the world’s supply of turpentine and resin. In normal times turpentine is used mainly as a solvent in the arts. It is entirely possible, however, should the need arise, to make from turpentine a synthetic camphor as good for practical purposes as the natural product. In the event of the blockade of the Pacific Coast, this should be the means of preserving our celluloid industry, which now consumes the greater part of the 5,000,000 pounds of Japanese camphor imported annually. Resin, the use of which in shrapnel has already been mentioned, is employed mainly in the manufacture of cheap soaps and as a size for paper. So acute has become the scarcity of resin in Germany that the Prussian Min- ister of Agriculture has suggested such measures for increasing the supply within the empire as distilling resin- ous wood and collecting the oleoresin which exudes from trees peeled by deer. Prices being paid for resin by the Central Powers are almost fabulous. Curiously enough, a substitute for paper size, recently proposed by a Ger- man scientist, has wood tar as its base. In connection with the use of resin as size for paper should be mentioned the fact that in time of war the demand on the forests for print papers deserves serious consideration. Of the 6,000 newspapers and periodicals in Germany and the 3,000 in Austria at the beginning of the war, it is estimated that some 1,100 of the German and 900 of the Austrian have since suspended publication either through inability to obtain paper or because of its prohibitive price. Germany has always imported large quantities of pulp wood from Sweden and Russia, so that cessation of importation of Russian pulp wood and Amer- ican resin is a partial cause of the trouble. On the other hand, German war literature has been augmented by some 7,000 books and pamphlets since the beginning of hos- tilities; and it is the invariable rule in all countries that the demand for newspapers and periodicals of all kinds The total daily circulation of French newspapers before the war, for example, amounted to approximately 7,000,000 Their circulation has now increased to 15,000,000 daily, in spite of the suspension of a number of journals. The bulk of print papers is made from spruce and balsam fir. Experiments at the Madison Laboratory of the Forest Service have shown, however, that satisfactory news- increases enormously in a time of national crisis. copies. print paper can be made from some seven or eight other American woods, which places the United States in a position of preparedness, at least so far as the production of paper is concerned. The binder twine, used everywhere in the United 616 States in connection with harvesting our crops, is at present made from sisal imported from Central America and Mexico. As a result of the disturbed conditions in Mexico, American twine manufacturers are seriously em- barrassed for raw material. A substitute has been sought in paper twine, and experiments in this direction are still under way. Strong cordage, ropes, burlap, and similar articles can be made from paper, and, in fact, are being made from it. Our common burlap and course bags are ordi- narily made from imported jute. Shortly after war was declared the price of burlap bags increased so greatly that one large grain dealer seriously considered taking the profit to be derived from the sale of his reserve stock of bags and going out of business. In the case of a war of our own, the United States should be in a position, through its enormous supplies of wood fiber, to meet all, or at least the great part of, its needs for the twine necessary to harvest its crops and for substitutes for burlap bags and hemp ropes. The American public, perhaps unawares, has long AMERICAN FORESTRY been accustomed to articles of clothing made from wood under these terms “ fiber silk” and “ artificial silk.” The viscose process transforms wood pulp into a strong, dura- ble, lustrous thread that may be woven into any desired fabric; accordingly, the morning newspaper and hand- some cravat may have a common origin. Finally, should the South ever be invaded and its cot- ton crops seized, a happening which military and naval authorities regard as not at all unlikely in case of war with a strong power, the cellulose from our forests would have to serve us, not alone for explosives, but for textiles as well. Thus, in more ways than in the production of lumber, the forest may serve a nation called upon to meet the conditions of modern warfare, and for that matter, too, of commercial progress in times of peace. Nor is it beyond the bounds of possibility that the investigations and experiments which are being carried on at the Gov- ernment’s Forest Products Laboratory and elsewhere may find still other uses for wood that will add just so much more to the importance of the forest in our national life. Under Fire inawWar Zone Forests (Passed by the Field Censor September 13, 1916) By Lizutenant H. K. Roprnson wenty-first Howitzer Battery, Canadian Expeditionary Force ment in the war zone, caused by the change in supply and demand brought about by the war, might easily be considered to be of military value to the enemy and so rejected by the censor, and as I am not allowed to name any places I might write about, I will merely give for the readers of AMERICAN ForESTRY some general infor- mation regarding forest conditions in northern France. Speaking generally, the artillery, machine gun and rifle fire appear to have surprisingly little effect on broad- leaved woods and seem to kill outright the coniferous woods, if close up to the front line trenches. I have seen many oaks, beeches, planes and other hardwoods badly knocked about by shell fire and yet vigorous, while Scotch pine, spruce and other conifers have died after being worried a bit by splinters or shrapnel bullets. Woods near the front line always come in for a good deal of shelling as they are a cover from view by hostile aircraft. It is easy to imagine quantities of engineers’ stores and ammunition depots and infantry dug-outs under their cover, so a wood in range of hostile artillery is by no means the safest place in which to loiter. I have often seen a sudden, intense fire opened on a wood for two or three minutes, apparently in the hope of catching people in it unawares. I know one such wood which has been shelled almost daily for many months, both with |e as to the changes in forest manage- high explosive shells bursting on percussion and with shrapnel, and the front of it swept at frequent intervals with machine gun fire. If you were to visit it now, all you would notice are the shell holes in the ground, which are very numerous, and a few trees rather damaged by direct hits or splinters. The wood, as such, has suffered no damage whatever. I remember a blank piece of road embankment which was some distance behind the German front line. It seems to have offended the eye of some really cultured enemy, for one day we found it had been neatly planted with young pines about one metre apart. This irritated my major, M. N. Ross, formerly of Biltmore, and now landscape architect to the Government of Saskatchewan. He thought it looked as if the German was behaving as absolute owner and not merely as a sojourner in thus beautifying the place. So the next day a shell from our battery landed in the middle of it. We had to shell that road and this was as good a point as any and shells some- times drop short a few yards. Our shells make rather a mess and that one left only three pines standing at the edge of the bank. The damage was never repaired and I fear that that tree lover, probably from South Germany, regards us now as Philistines of the worst sort. | believe the Germans, taken all round, use far more forest materials for their war work than we do, but that NEW HAMPSHIRE CONFERENCE is only natural, as their minds run more to timber than do the British, a result of the greater per capita wood consumption of Germany than of Great Britain in peace times. It is to me one of the most striking differences between their trenches and dug-outs and ours. It is interesting to notice the bird and animal life to be seen almost everywhere along the battle front. They seem in no way put out by the firing and very seldom do you see any killed. I remember only two cases, one a hare killed by a small piece of a shell, and the second a swallow whose head was taken off by a shrapnel bullet. A large number of his feathers went to Canada in letters from our gunners, mostly to ladies, and with suitably pathetic com- ments. The battery officers have to censor the out- going mail. This letter is being written under some difficulties, as there is a steady bombardment going on and the acetylene lamp goes out about once a minute from the concussion. What beats me is why it stays alight so long. I suppose there must be a gun firing straight over this dug-out at the rate of one per minute. Back in the spring I noticed a bird jump every time a gun went off or a shell burst and I wondered at him. Through my telescope, however, I saw that he was a migrant and the first of his kind I had seen this year. I wonder what he thought about it? I am informed that the wild pigs in the firing area could not stand the noise at any price and have appeared as much as sixty miles away in woods where they were quite unknown before. I am inclined to think that the area under forest in the war zones will be increased after the war, as there is so much destruction being wrought that the owners, if liv- ing, will not have the heart or means to reclaim the land for farming, and the armies have used so much wood that timberlands will look like a good investment to others. NEW HAMPSHIRE CONFERENCE the Society for Protection of New Hampshire Forests was held this year at the Crawford House, Crawford Notch, New Hampshire, in the midst of the National Forest purchase area, and adjoining the state forest of 6000 acres which protects the slopes of the Notch. The meeting was largely attended. William L. Hall, of the Forest Service, explained the policy to be pursued in managing the lands acquired by the gov- ernment, which now total over 300,000 acres in New Hampshire alone. The forests on these areas are to be utilized to produce revenue, part of which, under general statute, is paid to the counties in lieu of taxes. Every precaution is taken to preserve the scenic beauty of the forests and to avoid fire risks. Mr. W. R. Brown, member of the New Hampshire Forestry Commission and a director of the American For- estry Association, presented, in a carefully prepared paper, a plan for mutual fire insurance of standing tim- ‘le Forestry Conference under the auspices of 617 Printed copies of this paper can be obtained from him at Berlin, New Hampshire. Dr. B. E. Fernow, Dean of the College of Forestry at Toronto, in a talk on forestry of the past and future, advocated the extension of public holdings of absolute forest land as the most effective method of securing In a discussion following, as to the merits of attempting to regulate the cutting of timber on private lands, he brought out the fact that Prussia, the most autocratic of all German states, preferred to buy poor sandy soils and manage them as state forests rather than attempt to force the owners to practise for- estry against their will. The woodlot was discussed by Professor F. Roth, Director of the Michigan Forest School at Ann Arbor, who told about methods of estimating its standing tim- ber,—and by Professor J. W. Toumey, Director of the Yale Forest School, who advocated commercial planting for the establishment of woodlots and cited a, tract of three acres planted to white pine in 1891 near Keene, New Hampshire, on land too steep to cultivate, which sold last year for $1000, or $333 per acre. A lantern- slide lecture was given by Mr. Shurtliff, landscape archi- tect, under whose direction vistas and other cuttings have recently been made to permit tourists to obtain views of the mountains from the road traversing the Crawford Notch. An important conference was held at this meeting by the Interstate Committee on the White Pine Blister Rust. Progress reports by government agents and state for- esters who have been operating under the recent federal appropriation of $30,000, showed that this summer the disease has spread upon currant bushes over wide areas in every New England state, and is present in Minne- sota and Wisconsin. that the spores may be borne distances of from two to twenty miles on the wind, producing infections of the currant leaves which, in the fall, will infect white pines in turn. Legislation was recommended which will give to the state officials the necessary power to combat the disease. It was decided, as a result of the conference, that a united and determined effort be made by every state to get control of this rust before it is too late. Speci- mens were shown of the disease in young white pines, and evidence given of plantations now twenty feet high, in which the rust had infected every tree and was killing the entire grove by girdling the trees. Many persons are mistaking a browning of the needles of the white pine for the presence of blister rust. This effect has nothing to do with the rust, which is wholly a bark and wood disease. The browning of needles is caused by climatic factors not wholly understood, and most trees recover. ber. forest production. Testimony was presented showing in Alaska is estimated by the Forest Service as over 70 billion board feet, while the annual growth will, it is said, produce of pulpwood alone enough for the manufacture of three thousand tons of wood pulp a day. [ie stand of timber on the two great National Forests How to Measure Height of Trees easily be made at practically no cost. Takea piece of half-inch board 7 by 9 inches and plane it smooth on all sides. Draw the line AB 3¢ of an inch from the lower edge and parallel to it. Two inches from the left end of the board draw CD at right angles to dB. Make a mark at E, 6% inches from PD, and another at F, 3% inches from D. Now draw a line JA through F parallel to AB, Start at D, lay off inches and quarter inches on AB in both directions, marking D as zero and putting down the number of inches from PD to each inch mark. Do the same for the line JK. Take a brad or small nail and drive it in carefully on the line JK about an inch from the edge of the board. Drive it in until the point comes out on the back of the board; then pull it out and drive it in from the back until the point sticks out about one-fourth inch from the face of the board. File off ™~ or cut off with pliers any part of the brad that projects from the the board. In the same way in- sert brad near the other end of the line JK. These A N instrument for measuring the heights of trees can back of another brads are the sights, and it is important that they be straight and true. Now take a piece of straight, heavy wire 10 inches long, and bend one end of it into a loop about an eighth of an inch in diameter. The center of the loop should be Fasten this piece of wire loosely to the board at E with a half-inch in line with the straight part of the wire. screw, so that it will swing freely when the board is on edge. The loop should be big enough to fit loosely over the shank of the screw, but small enough so that it will not slip off over the head. Screw a piece of wood about 6 inches long, 1 inch wide, and half an inch thick to the back of the board to serve as a handle, and the height measure is complete. 618 How to use it—To measure the total height of a tree, stand at a distance of 100 feet from it and hold the instrument in the right hand in such a way that the pendulum swings freely but very near the board. Sight along the brads at the top of the tree and let the pendulum come to rest. Then with the left hand press the pendu- lum against the board without giving it a chance to change its position. Now read off the number of feet in height on the lower scale. If the wire crosses the line 5 inches from the point D, it indicates that the tree is five 16-foot Now sight at the foot of the tree and take another reading. If the pendulum hangs to the left of D, that is, between A and D, add the amount indicated to the first reading, and the result will be the total height of the tree. Thus, if it hangs half an inch to the left of D, add half a log or 8 feet to the first reading, making a total of 5% logs, or 88 feet. But if the eye is below the foot of the tree, the wire will hang to the right of D (between D and B) and then the amount of the second reading should be subtracted from the amount of the first. Thus, if the first reading is 96 feet and the second is 12 feet (to the right of D), the total height of the tree will be Se 96 less 12, or 84 feet. If the “ss.._ tree is less than about 75 feet logs or 80 feet high above the level of the eye. high, or if it is difficult to see the top at a distance of 100 feet, the observer should stand 50 feet from the tree, but in this case the readings are on the line JK. When the instrument is sighted the pendulum can be kept in position by tilting the hand slightly to the right. This brings the wire against the board and holds it in place so that a reading can be obtained. Care should be taken, however, so that the wire will not slip after the board is tilted. In the example given, the total height of the tree has been measured. It is often of more practical importance to measure the height to a point on the tree beyond which there is no merchantable saw timber. This measurement is made in the same way as that described above, except that the instrument is pointed at what will be the top of the last log when the tree is cut, and then at the point where the top of the stump will be —Farmers’ Bulletin 715. Western Public Lands and National Forests By HERMAN H. CHAPMAN Professor of Forestry, Yale University HE policy of National Forest reservations will con- tinue to be attacked as long as there exist persons whose fundamental creed is the doctrine of un- regulated private exploitation of our remaining resources. One of the most plausible arguments advanced by these propagandists is that of the paralysis of state develop- ment through the retention by Uncle Sam of an im- mense proportion of the total area of these Western States, upon which of course no state taxes can be levied, and which, it is claimed, rest with oppressive blight upon these struggling communities, preventing all natu- ral growth and development. ‘Tables of been quoted showing as high as 92 per cent of the area areas have of a state, retained by a grasping government, with no relief in sight. When half truths are quoted and impressions created by reliance upon the unfamiliarity of the reader with local conditions, it is necessary to let in the light. Figures are now available to show not only the areas in public ownership, but the status of these lands, and their character.* These statistics are best expressed in terms of per cents of the total area of each state. The States shown in the table below are the eleven western public land States con- taining National Forests and lying west of the plains. ihert inst fact shown by lands are in public ownership to-day because they have not sufficient value for any purpose to justify private persons in acquiring title to them. Being valueless, they could produce no revenue in taxes were they to pass to private ownership, for individuals would not retain them. The character of these lands is either waterless, non-irrigable desert, or barren rocky tablelands, crags and bluffs.t+ Yet these areas, unexplained, have furnished the back- bone of the statistics cited. There are reservations of land in these States for sev- eral purposes, but the only policy affecting large areas forming an appreciable per cent of the state, is that of National Forests. The total per cent actually reserved, shown in column three, is seen, in column four, to consist almost wholly of National Forest lands. There can be no doubt that these misquoted and unexplained statistics are aimed directly at the policy of National Forest reserva- tions, and this fact is usually frankly admitted. The National Forest areas equal 17.8 per cent of the total surface of these eleven States. Is this area too large, and is its retention a drawback or an advantage to the people of the States affected ? We must first consider the fact that all the mountain ranges of the West are included in these forests. There is some possibility of using desert land by irrigation. Mountain ranges are worthless except as a reservoir for snow. Vast PER CENT OF THE TOTAL AREA OF EACH OF ELEVEN WESTERN STATES, OWNED BY THE UNITED areas are tree- ¢ STATES, AND STATUS OF THE LANDS so HELD a = A less rocks. It this table that two-thirds (65.5 per cent) 1S How divided would be diffi- Division of land reserved for public purposes Per cent of Total =. = total ates cult to say what 5 = = per cent | granted to ae a ge of all the na owned by | Unappropri | Reserved for oe Brat aiog portion of =a United States ated and un- irri Nationa Ither National = Tears 5 tional lands in reserved lands | te Forests Reservations | Government these National these States Spent eu, Forests is AiP@ Moe ieee en) wornthlesss fom ; . \ 50.7 Oe | jag 5 served or re- |Artizona..... 10.2 ((Ora oasis 19.5 f a 23 17.1 any other pur- : ) ») Painedebutrane NGalifomia..). 44.1 21.0 at 0.4 iy 93 pose than yen to entry 1 98.5 ps 20.2 a i watersheds, but u 2.5 Colorado..... 49.6 Ass 14 0. 9 9.7 : 5 3 . and acquisi- aie ° aoe it could easily : Z i ee 30. ; 3. ‘ tion, subject to |Idaho......... 65.5 ee: 34.9 _ 1.7 12.2 equal one-half : 722 7 ° all the public Montana 43.4 23.8 196 17.4 aoe TES of their total anc aws, = a) 79. ane feo a8 = rea. oa nd law Nevaciaa eee 89.8 ! 79.0 ae 7.5 5 56 ae 10mestead, Ow ‘ ele ria ow about Cae pers oR 38.4 ; 11.0 ao) : desert land, or | New Mexico 49.8 (un ae 11.4 (ae 4 16.2 the other half ? 2 1 26 2 2 : 5 other statutes |Oregon....... 49 3 | eet 5a e 2s 6 8.7 This consti- > = mal E = ) ? $ = i} ' %) es =] a- and therefore Jui, 78.9 64.2 ce } 14 - 17.3 tutes the na have no bear- hie Bares H 33'0 tional timber- aS Washington. 308 } 2 as ack E 9.0 : ing whatever 5 [Peete 26.5 ASS: 3.5 lands, and in- upon the dis- | Wyoming.... 68.2 f aS 77 — 42 9.8 cludes all the wee / cussion. These more inaccessi- *Senate Document 316, Part 2, Table 1, Sixty-third Congress +For location and character of these unreserved and unappropriated public lands, see July, 1915. Circular 420, Department of Interior, 619 620 ble and least valuable commercially of the Western forest A large per cent of this timber must be kept as a mere watershed protection, since the cost of logging it may remain prohibitive. The remainder has commercial value or will have in time as markets improve, transpor- tation systems are built and private stumpage is cut. This residual area of commercial timber, not exceed- ing an average of 10 per cent of the area of the Western States, and probably nearer 5 per cent for the region as a whole, must form the basis of the whole contention, for it constitutes the resource purposely retained by the nation. Let us first consider the claim that these Western States should receive as grants the lands in the National Forests. The government has been exceedingly liberal with all public land States both East and West of the Mississippi River. The final column in the table shows the per cent of the area of each Western State granted to the State from the public domain up to this time. The average area, weighted, is 11 per cent. The inclusion of South Dakota, Minnesota and Arkansas, each of which contains large National Forest areas, raises this average to, 11-75 per ‘cent. By contrast, fourteen Eastern public land States have received in grants 12.25 per cent of their total area, almost an exact equivalent. The actual acreage granted to the Western States is, of course, far greater, due to their larger area. Florida is in a class all by itself. The Swamp Land grant secured to this State 58 per cent of its total area. Any substantial grant of National Forest lands to Western States would be a discrimination in their favor as against other states ; and there exists no valid argument for such additional land grants. The total gifts to West- ern States now exceed 80,000,000 acres, and this does not include the immense private grants to railroads. The final argument for dismemberment of these Na- tional Forests is the plea for state and local revenue from taxation. areas. This would mean that state ownership would be transitory as the State cannot tax itself, and that the desired goal is private acquisition of the timberlands. The old plea that agricultural lands are withheld from settlers has been so thoroughly exploded by wide publicity that even stump speakers find it an unprofitable argument. The question narrows down to that of private versus national ownership of the public timberlands, and the economic effect on local communities. To the forest, private ownership will be destructive. These slow-growing species present no future for indi- vidual of the northwest coast it may pay to grow timber, but elsewhere, in the West, a clear cutting and the permanent ruin of the forest can be expected. By contrast, public ownership, as already investment. In parts proved, means methods which insure a second growth The tax revenue derived will, therefore, terminate and a perpetual forest cover. from private timberlands with the logging. Furthermore, it is being conclusively shown that own- ers of private stumpage in these States cannot carry the AMERICAN FORESTRY burden of an annual taxation for standing timber for The effect of such taxes for an extended period of forty to fifty years is to practically wipe out the present stumpage value, and produce a chain of aggravated economic evils of which over-production in the mills is the most prominent symptom. No move to increase the amount of privately owned stumpage is justified until these evils are overcome. State politicians who close their eyes to the welfare of the lum- ber industry, on which, to an enormous extent, the com- munity prosperity depends, and look solely upon possible increase in revenue from taxes, are in the same class with land speculators who do not care what happens so long as they are given an opportunity to juggle with the values of timber stumpage now beyond their grasp. 3ut what is the effect of national ownership? In the first place, the absolute right of the nation to retain these forest lands is unquestioned. This principle was decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1835 and is ad- mitted even by the most rabid opponents of the system. Are the states without revenue from these forests? For on this point seems to hinge the whole weight of the argument. A forest property, whether belonging to states or in- dividuals, must be protected from fire. Idaho spends 2 to 4 cents per acre on her state lands for this purpose. Otherwise losses greatly exceed the cost of their preven- tion. ‘The states would either have to spend huge sums on the protection of these areas or speedily shift this bur- den to private shoulders. At present, this entire cost is carried by the national government, which last year spent $5,281,000 on the administration of these areas. States could not do the work successfully for less; hence this is equivalent to a direct saving in state expenditures. In the second place, the counties receive by national statute 35 per cent of the gross income from all sources, earned by the Federal Government from these forests, and free from the expense of collection and administration. The forests earned last year $2,481,469.35, and the states’ share amounted to $610,797.75. This sum will rapidly in- crease as the resources of these forests are developed. In this connection, the sum of $244,319.10 out of the total of administration expense was spent to construct roads and trails. Still a third source of revenue was provided this year by a congressional appropriation of $10,000,000 for the construction of roads within or partly within the Nationai Forests, one-tenth of which, or $1,000,000, is available each year until expended. The effect of this law is to increase the return to the communities to equal two-thirds of the total income from the forests, and at the same time expend upon their administration a sum at present twice as great as the total of this income received; so that, if we long periods. consider administration expense as saved to the state, the community receives under the present plan from the gov- ernment $2.77 for every $1.00 yield in income from the forest resources. In the narrower sense, considering only the income, the state is given 65 cents for every dollar earned, leaving 35 cents to the government or public at SOME IDEAS IN TREE PLANTING 621 large, as the equivalent of an expenditure of $2.12, which is the ratio of expense to income at present. The nation is, therefore, expending six times as much for the benetit of the states on account of these forests as it receives in net revenue from its own resources within the forests. This course is justified by the honest intention of the government to hold out every possible incentive for local development, and by the enormous benefit both to these localities and to the nation at large from the perpetuation of the forest as a productive use for waste lands. The revenue, under national control, will be maintained per- petually and should continually increase. By contrast, we would have, under private exploitation, a period of excess during which states would endeavor to squeeze the largest possible amount of tax revenue from this timber, and the owners would use every effort to destroy it as quickly as possible by logging, to escape the burden, leaving a barren waste from which no further revenue could ever be extracted and which would revert to the state for unpaid taxes. The next step would be an attempt to secure the purchase of those ruined lands by the Na- tional Government for forest reserves. The American Forestry Association is pledged to vig- orously oppose all efforts to inaugurate such a cycle of ruin and folly and to continue to champion the principle that our remaining national timberlands shall be treated rationally as a productive business, managed by the nation for the benefit of the localities in which they lie and for the people as a whole. SCOTCH FORESTRY PROBLEMS tural Society has waited on the Scottish members of the British House of Commons to urge the crea- tion of a separate department of forestry in connection with the Board of Agriculture for Scotland. Its members admitted that the great value of forestry had only been Tecognized during recent years, and they argued that now was the time to make it a national responsibility, especially in view of the impending necessity of buying huge quantities of lumber to take the place of that de- stroyed during the war. The argument was put forward that the great question of securing employment for the multitude of discharged soldiers which will fill the labor market at the end of the war is being very generally discussed; the value of such schemes makes a practical and immediate appeal to many. Afforestation is, in fact, as Lord Lovat, one of the spokes- men of the deputation, maintained, one of the cheapest ways of settling people on the land, at any rate in the Highlands. It would be possible to put one man on the land for every 100 acres planted, and later one man to every 25 or 50 acres. He thought, moreover, there were certainly not less than 2,000,000 acres, in the High- lands alone, suitable for forestry. Every man settled in these Highland glens in connection with afforestation would be a definite addition to the population and would displace no one. A DEPUTATION from the Royal Scottish Arboricul- FAMOUS FOREST BURNED HE wonderful forest of Tatoi, the pride of the late King George of Greece, was destroyed when fire reduced to ashes the summer residence of his son, King Constantine. The tens of thousands of dollars spent in cultivating a flourishing pine wood, as an example of what might be done with forestry in barren Attica, have been burned up as completely as if the banknotes them- selves had been thrown in the fire. Tatoi played a large part in the history of Greece. Here the Spartans established themselves in 413 B. C. to cut off the supply of grain and foodstuffs bound into Athens from Eubea, with the pur- pose of starving out the Athenian population. And in 404 B. C., while Lysander blockaded Athens and the Pi- reus by sea, the Spartans descended from the vicinity of Tatoi, attacked and forced the capitulation of Athens, ending the Peloponnesian war. The burnt forest, labori- ously planted and protected, was considered to be a me- morial to the past greatness of Greece. SOME IDEAS IN TREE PLANTING By Stertinc Rouse NE of my neighbors, Charles Moore, had thirty- ‘@) three peach and apple trees to plant last spring. Part of the orchard site was in stubble and part in blue grass sod. I decided to try a method new to this section on the sod land. With a spade I first cut the sod in a four-foot circle and turned it back out of the way. I then put down a bore-hole about thirty inches deep and loaded each hole with a half stick of low-grade dynamite to loosen up the subsoil. After filling the cavity at the bottom with subsoil and manure, the trees were set and rich top soil used to fill in around the roots. The sod was then laid on top of all around the tree, grass-side down. This proved fine for holding moisture in the ground and delayed the growth of weeds. Another idea new to this region was employed in his old orchard. He had some apple trees that had never borne fruit. I used a stick and a half of dynamite to blast out each tree and then set the young trees in the holes made by the blasts, thus killing two birds with one stone as it were. The trees were planted in the same way as the ones put in the sod land. They are all doing finely. The cost of setting the trees was 10% cents per hole. Mr. Moore also had some black stumps he had been working around for ten years; he had tried burning them, but as the roots were near the surface, they interfered with his plow and harrow. These stumps ranged from sixteen inches to three feet in diameter. In two hours, I had them out, at an average cost of thirty-three cents per stump. He said he wouldn’t work around them again for twice the cost of getting rid of them; that he never realized how little it would cost to dispose of them. Ornamental and Shade Trees A Department for the Advice and Instruction of Members of the American Forestry Association EDITED By J. J. Levison, B.A., M.F. Tibet CENSUS By A. OaKkLey SmitH, Park Commissioner, City of Mount Vernon, New York N the present day of system and high efficiency, it is necessary for the manager of any business or or- ganization to have a very accurate knowledge of his stock, territory and working capital; and the newly ap- pointed city forester, or city arborist, is no exception to this rule. In fact, when such a department is being organ- ized, it is well to spend considerable time in a preliminary survey in order to get the situation well in mind before mapping out a course of procedure, and very early in the game one sees the value and necessity of some form of a tree census. The question arises, What form is best adapted to the particular case in hand and for what reason? The differ- ent styles already tried vary greatly in detail, accuracy and expense of production. The simplest form is a mere tab- ulation on sheets of paper, or in books, of the number and species of trees found along the different streets and a few notes as to their condition. The other extreme is the card index system, which de- votes one card for each block in the city and has every tree accurately located, the species, size and condition being indicated by symbols and notes. When completed, you have an entire map of the city dissected and filed by blocks. Such a tree census is no doubt extremely accurate and valuable, but, can the department justly afford the expense at the beginning of its career when every cent counts? expensive office work certainly makes this elaborate census impractical during the first years, especially as the im- portant facts may be obtained by cheaper methods. This method, finally adopted in Mount Vernon, New York, was designed to gain only the data of practical value and at a minimum expense and seems to have ful- filled the requirements. The field work is done by one man and data are taken on cards 5 inches x 8 inches ruled as Figure 1. In tabulating the trees they are thrown into one of three classes. The Sapling Group includes all trees up to 5 inches caliper or 25 feet high and represents the poten- tial capital, trees not yet of actual value as shade trees. The Thrifty Group comprises all vigorous trees above the sapling group which may be expected to remain intact This group represents actual capi- tal of growing stock on hand. This thrifty group might be broken up into diameter classes but the expense thereby added does not seem to be warranted. A general idea of the size of this class is noted by recording the average diameter for each block. All the trees visibly failing or not expected to be standing for five years hence are classed under the head Old. One of the most important functions of a Shade Tree Commission is to plant trees, and in order to have a fair distribution of planting over the city and make the for at least five years. The expense SHADE TREE COMMISSION, Mount Vernon, N.Y. greatest show- in time and SBCTION- DATE ing with the EO bile anor itemciismeenec into cea ieteesone means at hand keeping this " qout number needing guards ’ it is necessary system Bs P to Namber . me to be planted i to know how date, even — xopps.. ry Ima Maya ueLeNs after comple- ~ es Ec : z are needed tion, makes in the vari- one question ous sections of its desirability the city. These even in later data are read- years when the | {Ea ee ily recorded on Shades dl) rele eo these cards Commission, or = | | block by block. similar body,is —| . | aa 12 ele |. | || altel Another im- well estab- 2|4)2|-2/2| rele Sue Pare | miles portant item is litsthverdeasebhe 2/E l=) 51 el £/ 2/2) £/9/3|S|3| 2 £/2/5/¢ | #|& that of giving initial cost ne- Z Z2\g\2 w/S\2/2/S6l2lelalslElzidisle A | proper protec- cessitated by a field of three men and 622 Crew Fic. 1 of making the census can readily be done at moderate ex} detailed card index system. METHOD OF KEEPING —By this plan the trees are divided into three gr tion to) pie trees by guards. This infor- A TREE CENSUS Sapling, Thrifty and Old—and the work ise, and on this account is preferable to the more ups—< mation is also noted block by’ ° block. Provision is made in the card to note any special condi- STREET ORNAMENTAL AND SHADE TREES 623 SHADE TREE COMMISSION, MounrT VERNON, N. Y. SECTION DATE z2le | agar Red Silver Horse- L = Sifeellmaa. |r| | inca | ee |e I ee |e tions, as cavity work, insect trouble or other deficiencies. A glance at the card will show that all this information is recorded separately for each block, but one card is sufficient for an entire street of ten or twelve blocks. For convenience of management and operation, the city may be divided into five, ten or twenty sections, according to age classes, business districts and various grades of residential sections. Figure 2 shows the ruling of card for section totals and a simi- lar one may be used for the grand total of the city. Where the trees average 250 per mile one man may be expected to run four miles in an eight-hour day without rushing. The same type of card may be used in the field and in the office ; the office work of transferring the data to clean cards takes barely a tenth of the time of the field work. The big argument in favor of this method is the relative low cost of securing all the infor- mation of real use. With such a census on hand an THE CARD FOR SECTION TOTALS Fic. 2.—By the method used at Mount Vernon, New York, one man may be expected to make a census of 1000 trees in an eight-hour day, when they average about 250 trees to the mile. approximate financial estimate of the entire stock of trees may be easily computed by reference to a table of values based on sizes and species. Such an inexpensive census can be well afforded by any city undertaking municipal management of the tree problem and will be found to give real service. ADVICE FOR OCTOBER 1. Prune all dead branches. The advantage of doing this work now before the leaves fall is because one can distinguish the dead from the live better at this time than in winter; because one can climb better now than in the winter when the trees are covered with ice and snow; because the branches are not so brittle and also because the trees will now suffer much less from bleeding, etc. 2. Take care of all wounds. Use coal tar and creosote to cover all exposed wood, and be sure to remove all decayed and diseased wood in the treatment of the wounds. 3. Destroy nests of the fall web-worm. QUESTIONS Q. Is it advisable to start evergreens under box elder trees? O. F., Valley City, North Dakota. A. No, it is not advisable to plant evergreens under box elder trees. The box elder is a profuse grower, and shallow rooted, and will surely interfere with the food supply of the evergreens. Moreover, most evergreens thrive best where there is plenty of light. Q. I would be very much indebted if I could receive a little information from you regarding a disease which apparently has attacked some of the white pine trees in Pike County, Pennsyl- vania. As yet the disease does not seem to be serious, as so far only three or four trees out of a possible fifty thousand have been affected on my place. The symptoms are that the leaf turns brown from the base of the stem outward until there is only a green tip left. All the leaves are similarly affected so that it gives the tree a rusty brown appearance until it dies. The disease which I am 4. Fertilize with well-rotted manure all weak trees and evergreens. 5. Spray for scale insects, but before doing this de- termine the character of the insect and receive specific instructions as to the strength of the solution and what materials to use, as well as the best time for doing the work. 6. Thin apple trees and other fruit trees if necessary. | 7. Pick off galls on small ornamental evergreens. 8. Plant deciduous trees and shrubs, but not ever- greens. Poplars, magnolia trees, willows and oaks had better be planted in early spring, but other trees, such as maples, lindens, etc., can be planted in October. AND ANSWERS referring to, however, does not seem to in any way affect the bark as does the so-called white pine blight or rust. The rapidity with which it works when a tree is affected, however, is quite startling, the tree only living apparently a couple of weeks after it becomes affected. I am sending specimens. A. H. H., Staten Island, New York. A. An examination of the specimens of white pine which you sent me shows the disease to be one which is known as leaf blight. It is a physiological trouble, probably caused by some extreme weather conditions last winter, which have affected a small part of the sap wood through which the water is conducted from the roots upwards to the leaves. Hot, relatively dry weather, particularly when preceded by cool, wet weather, results in a greatly and unduly increased demand by the leaves for water. Until this time, the sap wood, only a part of which is affected, has been able to transmit sufficient water, but this sudden, much 624 AMERICAN increased demand has been greater than the diseased wood could supply. The result is a partial shortage of water supply among the branches which causes the scorching to appear very suddenly. This is the way the matter has been figured out by the specialist on pine troubles, after a thorough investigation of the sap wood and knowledge of the circumstances. We believe this diagnosis to be true, although it is not possible with our present facilities to actually prove it definitely by experiment. Records kept for several years upon diseased trees showed that most of them recoy- ered the second year, and that only a relatively few died from the effects. So far as we can judge, there is no treatment which is likely to aid this trouble. Q. I am enclosing a bay leaf, from one of the ornamental trees in our show-room. The tree is generally affected in this way and we would like to know what to do for it. Will you be good enough to advise? F. R. C., Hollywood, California. A. An examination of the bay leaf which you send shows that the tree is infested with sucking insects. The leaves should be washed, on the under side, with a solution of whale-oil soap, one pound to ten gallons of water, or with a solution of nicotine or tobacco dust. These insects are common on bay trees and the treatment may have to be repeated many times in the future. If washing the individual leaves is too big a task (depending on the size of the tree), then apply solution by spraying. You will find where the plants are kept indoors too much they are more likely to contract the infection. Q. We have nine acres on the outskirts of Augusta, Georgia, on which are growing some very beautiful trees. We have three oaks, whose diameter will average about six feet, then there is a sugarberry whose diameter runs about eight feet besides perhaps a dozen wild olives whose diameters will run about three feet, and a cherry tree with a diameter of about three and a half feet and which is about one hundred feet tall. I mention these as an indication of the very fertile soil upon which these trees are growing. A few inches under the surface we have a red clay, which, judging from the growth of the trees and vegetation in our garden, must be well suited for plant life. On this place we have two walnuts, black walnut. These trees will run something over three feet in diameter and are very fine specimens, but for the past several years we have noticed the ends of the limbs beginning to die, and it is quite frequent that we find dead limbs of consider- able size. Last week I happened to be up there and was talking to two so-called “tree doctors” and they both pronounced the ail- ment “borers.” They stated that same can be eliminated and the tree cured by spraying. The cherry also has a good many dead limbs and the men said that the same trouble was affecting it. Of course, a tree the size of these cannot be effectively sprayed, but is there not a wash that we can apply to the tree on its trunk and larger limbs that would help? R. W. H., Savannah, Georgia. A. It is quite common for walnuts of the size of yours to show dead ends. Sometimes the primary cause is old age and a hollow trunk and sometimes boring insects. Old walnut trees have a tendency to develop a decayed center and decayed pith in main limbs. If borers are present, then there should be seen on the outer bark a number of small holes which lead to the burrows of the grubs. In such cases, inject carbon bisulphid into the burrow and clog the hole immediately after injection with soap, so as to retain the deadly fumes generated by the carbon bisulphid within the burrow. Under any conditions, spraying the trees will not affect boring insects because the latter grub under- neath the bark in the woody tissue and any application of poison on the outside to the bark or the leaves will never reach them. In the case of the cherry trees, if you see any gummy exudations from the bark you may suspect the presence of boring insects underneath the bark and the remedy in that case is to grub them out with a penknife and remove the borer bodily. Injections will not help because the gummy substance will not permit the injected FORESTRY material to enter the burrow. The knife is best in this case and here, too, do not spray if you are fighting a borer in the inner wood. It may also be wise to “cut in” the branches of the cherry to compact the crown. This will rejuvenate the tree and cherry trees respond to the treatment. Q. I have a number of Silver Poplars on my place here that are in some way affected. Many of the leaves are drying up and falling off, others are turning yellow, and the tips of the new growth are drying up and breaking off. I am sending you a couple of these tips. You will notice in each of them is a spot where they are broken and which appears to be stung by some insect and each side of this sting the wood is dry for about one-quarter About a month ago I first noticed that the trees were affected, and then discovered many small green lice under the leaves. I sprayed the trees twice with arsenate of lead, but after each application had a heavy rain. The lice now have disappeared but the trees look badly. If you can inform me what is the trouble and how to overcome it, I shall be indebted to you. S. H. W., Guilford, Connecticut. A. An examination of the leaves you send shows that the poplars have suffered from winter’s frost and summer scorch, fol- lowing frequent dampness. Last winter was a hard one on poplars as well as on other tender plants. Hundreds of poplars have been killed outright in Connecticut and in the vicinity of New York. This summer there was a series of hot days following days of extreme dampness, and this caused considerable scorch. Our advice would be to “cut the trees in” this fall. Cut in very hard, depending on the size of the tree. Cut off most of the ends and altogether make the crowns of the trees compact and bushy. There is no evidence of any special insect on the leaves. Whether there are any borers in the branches, only an investigation would show, inch. Q. I planted in my garden this Spring a number of fruit trees, apple, plum, pear and peach. They took root and came along well, but now the leaves are turning black and falling off. On the stems there are “bunches” of small green insects. Can you tell me what they are and what to put on the trees? F. N. H., New York City. A. Replying to your recent inquiry, the insects in question are small thrips, quite common on the under side of leaves in the summer time. Spraying the infested leaves, on the under side, with whale-oil soap solution, one pound to ten gallons of water, will destroy these insects. The season, however, is so far advanced that it is hardly worth while spraying this year, and I would suggest deferring it until early next summer. Q. I have two very fine horse chestnut trees on my farm in Chester County which have just developed “rusty” leaves. The leaves particularly towards the lower branches are turning brownish, rusty and drying up. Can you tell me what to do? Perhaps you can tell me what the trouble is. Shall appreciate your advices, F. B. F., Haverford, Pennsylvania. A. It is quite characteristic of horse chestnut, both in this country and abroad, to have their foliage turn brown early in the summer. The cause is a fungous blight on the leaves. It will not kill the tree and a close examination will show that the next year’s buds are already well formed. The direct responsible factor is drouth and one will, therefore, notice more of this trouble on city streets than on open lawn and more in dry seasons than at periods when there is plenty of rain. Digging a shallow trench around the tree a few feet away from the trunk and constantly filling it with water will help to stay the difficulty. Q All over town they are infested with tiny white cotton-like patches. M. H., Big Rapids, Michigan. A. Are they sugar maples or silver maples, and do the patches appear on the twigs or the trunks? If they are sugar maple trees and the patches are on the trunk, then the trouble is an insect and the thing to do is to wash the affected parts with whale-oil soap solution, one pound to ten gallons of water. If they are silver, Q. What can I do for our maple trees? NORTH CAROLINA’S FOREST FIRES or red maples and the infestation looks like pop-corn on the slender twigs, it is the cottony maple scale and in this case clip off the affected twigs. Q. I noticed quite a number of holes around the trunk of my walnut tree, but I am not sure as to whether these holes were made by borers or woodpeckers. It has been suggested that we bore one-inch holes about three inches deep every eight or ten inches circling the trunk of this walnut tree and filling these holes up with sulphur, the idea being that the sap as it goes up would become somewhat contaminated with the sulphur, which is slightly soluble, and this in turn drives off the borers—they evi- dently not liking the sulphur flavor. We understand this works very well indeed with oak trees, and I was just wondering if it would not be wise to try this on the walnut tree. J. L. H., Atlanta, Georgia. A. With further reference to your walnut trees and the suggested method of treatment, I must tell you that I have no faith in the sulphur method, as suggested. It has been tried by our specialist years ago in several species of trees and it never worked. Moreover, considering the growth and requirements of trees, it does not seem reasonable that it should work. Wood- peckers generally do not bore as deeply as insects, and very fre- quently they form a ring of holes around the tree, while the burrows of insects are usually scattered all over the bark. Q. I have several nice pear trees on my place in Thompson, Windham County, Connecticut. Up to about six weeks ago, they NORTH CAROLINA’S FOREST FIRES AST spring was the most disastrous to the forests L of North Carolina from fire of any so far re- corded. From an incomplete canvass made by the State Forester, reports were received of the burning over of more than three-quarters of a million acres of forest land and a loss of over $4,000,000 in property from forest fires. Eight counties in eastern, and one in western North Carolina, reported damages exceeding $100,000 each, while sixteen others lost more than $20,000 each; two counties reported damages of a million dollars or more. It is noteworthy that less than half a million dollars’ dam- age was reported from the western half of the State, while more than three and a half million dollars was re- ported from the eastern counties. This is especially inter- esting in view of the fact that the fire protective measures that were taken were confined to the western counties, as the money came from the Federal Government under a provision of the Weeks Law which allows the spending of a limited amount for the protection of the headwaters of streams, provided codperation can be secured from the State and the landowners. The new State law in regard to forest fires is one of the best now operative in any of the Southern States, Unfortunately, the appropriation for enforcing it was not granted, so that the Federal Government has to be de- pended upon for what little protection it is possible to undertake. It is confidently expected that the next Legislature will make an adequate appropriation for this important work. This will not take the place of what the Federal Government is now doing, but, on the other hand, will enable the State to ask and obtain a very much larger Federal apportionment than it is now possible for it to receive. 625 looked to be thriving nicely, were full of good fruit and the leaves were green and healthy, then they commenced to turn black and fall off. Now in some places the trees are bare of leaves and the fruit has stopped growing, and will be of little use. What is the cause and is there a remedy? E. W. S., New York City. A. I am sorry to learn of the condition of your pear trees, Your description answers a disease known as “ fire blight,’ which has lately done considerable damage to pear trees all over New York State and also Connecticut. It has been known for many years, and cutting off and burning the infested parts is the only practical remedy I know of, and I sincerely hope that this will prove effective in your case. Q. What shall I do to improve a linden tree that does not seem to grow? A. E., New York City. A. Fertilize it with well-rotted manure. Dig the manure in and around the roots near their ends and not near the trunk of the tree. Mix the manure with the soil. Q. When shall I prune my privet hedge? J. B., Brooklyn, New York. A. Almost any time. This is as good a month as any. Q. Which of the oaks do you prefer for city street planting? F. McK., Philadelphia. A. The red oak for the heart of the city and the pin oak for suburban districts. NEW WAYS OF MAKING PAPER HAT satisfactory wood pulp can be made from a gE number of heretofore little known woods is evi- denced by a recent Government publication, which contains seventy samples of paper manufactured by dif- ferent processes, chiefly from woods heretofore practically unused for this purpose. It is pointed out that the spruce forests of the country are threatened with exhaustion and that the cost of spruce pulpwood has steadily increased. If the price of newsprint paper is to be kept at a reasonable figure, say the experts, more efficient methods of converting spruce into pulp must be developed or cheaper woods sub- stituted for it. The bulletin goes on to say that the method of manu- facturing groundwood pulp has changed very little since its introduction into this country in 1867. It was with the idea of developing new methods and improving the old that tests were undertaken at the Forest Service laboratories at Wausau and Madison, Wisconsin. As a result, the relation of the different steps in the manufacturing process to each other has been definitely established and the merits of each treatment determined. The paper made from new woods was given a practical tryout by two large news- papers with satisfactory results. The tests showed that eleven new woods give promise of being suitable for the production of newsprint paper, while a number of others will produce manila paper and boxboards. Most of these woods are confined to the West, while the groundwood industry now obtains the bulk of its raw material from the East. It is thought that pulp- making plants must eventually move to points where they can obtain a plentiful supply of wood and an abundance of cheap water-power, two prime requisites in the business. Wood Preserving Department By E. A. STERLING. N this department last month the reasons for the decay of timber were discussed. Since it is a well- established fact that wood-destroying fungi cause decay of timber, the next point is to determine what can be done to prevent this destructive action. The first essential of a good wood preservative is that it shall kill the fungous growth which causes decay or make it impossible for the spores to develop. This toxic quality is possessed by many chemicals or compounds, but for practical purposes only a few possess the additional requirements that they shall remain liquid at ordinary tem- peratures, penetrate at least the outside tissues of the wood, be permanent enough to give continuous protection, and be safe to handle and apply. There is the further economic requirement that the preservative shall be of reasonable cost. Many hundred preservative materials have been tried and abandoned because they were too expensive, or failed to meet one or more of the essential requirements. Long -experience clearly indicates that coal-tar creosote is the best general preservative. It comes the nearest to meeting all the essentials and approaches the ideal because it pre- vents decay, is lasting in its results and is not too expen- sive for general use. It fails to reach perfection because there is some loss by evaporation, but mostly of the lighter, less valuable fractions, and it does not penetrate the dense, hardwood portions of some timbers. On the other hand, it is insoluble in water, remains liquid at ordinary temperature and is safely used under nearly all conditions. It has a strong pungent odor, but this disap- pears almost entirely after exposure to the air. Creosoted surfaces cannot be painted in light colors because the oils stain through, but the creosote itself gives a rich brown tone. NOTHER preservative which is extensively and successfully used is a mineral salt known as zine chloride. This also is sufficiently toxic to kill wood fungi, penetrates the wood when in solution, and very materially increases the resistance of wood to decay. It is cheaper than creosote and would be universally used except for the fact that it cannot be successfully used by open-tank or brush treatment, and is not as effective as creosote when applied superficially. It is also soluble in water, which causes it to leach out to some extent from the outer portion of the wood. Among many other materials which have been used as wood preservatives, but which have not received recognition, are tar, crude oil, linseed oil, whitewash and wood creosote. With the exception of the latter, it may be safely stated that they are not sufficiently poisonous, do not penetrate the wood sufficiently, are not permanent, or are too expensive for general use. Wood creosote has 626 qualities which indicate a preservative value, but the results from its use are not fully established, nor is it generally recognized as a satisfactory preservative for the small consumer. N the case of patented or proprietary preservatives careful consideration should be given to their value in relation to cost. These include chemical solutions of various kinds, many ot which have been quite exten- sively sold. Some of them, particularly those containing creosote, have high preservative value; others are practi- cally worthless, despite extravagant claims. Most of them are high in cost and are rarely superior to refined or even crude creosote and often not as good. As a guide in considering the value of the many preservative prepara- tions offered in retail quantities it should be remembered that there have not been any new preservatives of estab- lished value discovered or developed for many years. Trade name may be used for material of great value, but if this is the case, it should be ascertained whether or not the principal constituent is an accepted material, such as creosote. While recognizing fully the effectiveness of zine chloride for commercial use, if applied by proper pressure process, the fact remains that for the small con- sumer, using the open-tank or brush treatment, or for the man who buys the preservative by the barrel for home use, the safest and most reasonable course is to buy the best creosote obtainable. This may mean buying it as creosote or under some trade name, but the result is the same, provided the oil is derived wholly from coal tar. HE many kinds and forms of timber which it is desirable or economical to give a preservative treatment is a large subject itself. While it has been mainly the large consumers, such as railroads, which have recognized and adopted wood preserving methods, on the farm or around the average home, the advantages are equally apparent. The economy, permanence and attractiveness of many structures would be very greatly increased at a distinct saving as a result of proper treat- ment. Among the many classes of timber which can be advantageously treated may be mentioned fence posts, sills and foundation timbers, board-walks, wooden gates, pickets, wind mill frames, silo staves, shingles, floors of stalls, sill joists and framing under floors and timber in contact with foundation or with the ground. NEW idea is to paint farm buildings and similar structures with creosote. It can be easily applied, is absorbed by the wood and becomes permanent and serves both as a paint and a preservative. The same idea may be applied to garages and similar small structures around city and suburban homes. ' Cet sete: hs “ae AE ete Editorial CANADIANSBPOREST PROTECTION the frightful forest fires which destroyed hundreds of lives and millions in property, have been pouring in on the Minister of Lands, Forests and Mines of On- tario, Canada, about the present system of fire-protection of the forests. Boards of Trade of many cities and towns in the Province, deeply stirred by the fire losses, have sent recommendations urging a complete reorganiza- tion of the protection system. The most important recom- P tte sie from many different sources, following mendation is that a system of permits be arranged like those in vogue in British Columbia and Quebec. These require that before a settler can burn his “ slash,” 7. e., the trees and brush which he has cut down in order to clear his land, he must obtain a written permit from the fire-ranger in his district, so that the fire-ranger may be there to see that the brush is properly piled, that it is not too near the forest or houses and that the weather con- ditions are favorable. It works no hardship on the set- tler, in fact it is of material assistance to him, because the ranger is an expert, and will help him to burn his slash in the easiest way and to put out the fire if, by any accident, it assumes dangerous proportions. The Ontario Government has nothing against the sys- tem itself, but fears that it will antagonize the settlers and thus lose votes. Experience has proved that this is not the case, as, wherever the system has been inaugurated, the settlers would not go back to the old way where any careless man could endanger the lives and property of all his neighbors. It is certainly to be hoped that the Min- ister will show a progressive spirit and that he will realize that the good of the Province and the protection of its lives and property are far more important matters than any political considerations. In this connection it is necessary to protest against the haphazard placing of settlers on any and every kind of land, regardless of whether it is fit for cultivation or not. In the “clay belt” of Ontario, while the soil is admittedly agricultural, it is so difficult to bring under cultivation that the ordinary method of selling lands to settlers, just wherever they choose to locate, is a bad one. Settlers have been allowed to take up lands in a very scattered fashion, so that there are now large num- bers of isolated farms. This makes it difficult and ex- pensive for the government to open up roads and makes it practically certain, as was shown by the recent terrible forest fires, that, in case of a general conflagration, the settler will likely lose his life and certainly all his property. The proper and common-sense way would be to open up a certain section, build proper roads, lay out lots with some reference to the topography of the country, set aside forest reserves, which would serve to supply building timber, fencing and fire-wood, and compel the settlement of the whole area so prepared before allowing any settlement elsewhere. In Quebec there is, in spite of the excellent system and the fire-protection associations, still much work to be done. In the districts outside of those patrolled by the cooperative associations there have been some very serious fires, particularly near Escalana on the National Transcontinental Railroad, where a fire sixty miles long was burning recently and, had it not been stopped provi- dentially by rain, would have made it very difficult for the Saint Maurice Forest Protective Association to have pre- vented its entering their territory. The same was true of a large fire in the neighborhood of Saint Felicien on Lake Saint John, where the Association was compelled to maintain a large force of men to prevent the fire entering its property. The whole valley of the Saguenay River, famed for its scenic beauties, was burnt, and the smoke was so thick that navigation was impossible for several days. The Minister of Lands and Forests of Quebec, the Honorable Jules Allard, realizing these grave dangers, is at present engaged in an effort to correct them. His untiring efforts to get a better system of fire prevention and his marked success are in eloquent contrast with the actions of the Ontario officials. THE WHITE RENE BLISTER RUST growing of white pine throughout this country com- mercially impractical, did not come to our shores unheralded. As early as 1908 Dr. C. Alvin Schenck, for- ester for the Biltmore estate, warned certain foresters against importing white pine nursery stock from Ger- many, protesting that this disease would surely be in- troduced and would ravage the native forests. At that time there was no federal law or board controlling the Ble: blister rust, which is capable of rendering the importation of nursery stock, and the introduction of the chestnut bark disease from China went undiscovered until the chestnut trees began to die near the source of infection, New York City, with results known to all. This species is doomed, for there is no method of com- bating the disease. Importations of white pine continued, in spite of this warning, which was not generally understood, until the Superintendent of Forests of New York, C. R. Pettis, dis- 627 628 AMERICAN covered the disease in the State plantations and in stock imported from the Heins and Sons nurseries, Germany. A conference of state foresters was called at once. Plan- tations were inspected, diseased trees eradicated and it was hoped that the danger had been averted. Further importations of pine were prohibited and control estab- lished by federal authority over the bringing in of all kinds of foreign nursery stock. But the planting of imported pines purchased and distributed by commercial nurseries dealing in ornamental stock, for small forest and other plantations, had been quite extensive, and the efforts made by these state foresters failed to detect all the infected trees, largely for lack of specific funds with which to carry out the work with complete thoroughness. Appropriations de- pend on public interest, and the public were asleep and could not be aroused. Suddenly, this season, alarming discoveries were made, in several localities, of diseased pines. Under the leader- ship of H. A. Reynolds, Secretary of the Massachusetts Forestry Association, a congressional appropriation was secured to scout for the detection of the disease in pines and on currants and gooseberries. The results to date reveal a wide-spread infection of the latter, covering large areas and every New England State, and even in Minnesota and Wisconsin, where it has been imported from sales through commercial nurseries. Unlike the chestnut bark disease, the blister rust cannot THE FARM that in the six New England States thirty per cent of the entire region is embraced in woodlots owned by farmers, a total of 11,500,000 acres, fully one-third of which is covered with worthless scrub, while of the remainder hardly 2 per cent is intelligently managed to produce trees. Yet this area is practically all abso- lute forest soil by reason of its steepness and rocky char- acter. Much of it was once cleared for pasture, and is now reverting to forest. The total per cent of land devoted to woodlots in other states varies, being lowest in fertile plains, or in regions not adapted to trees, and highest, as distinguished from large forest areas, in unsettled regions with much poor soil and rough topography, but will always total a very substantial percentage of the forest area, and amounts to about 7 per cent of the wooded area of the entire country. A thrifty woodlot producing its maximum growth of timber adds enormously to the value of the farm, by supplying fuel and other material, by giving employment to labor and teams in winter, by protecting the home and crops from wind, and by increasing the desirability and marketability of the property. Farmers can afford to hold woodlot property permanently, carrying it as part of the farm unit and growing timber crops in spite of [° a recent article, Mr. G. P. Wharton has shown FORESTRY spread from pine to pine, but finds a secondary host in the currant and gooseberry. By eliminating these species in the neighborhood of infected pines, as well as by com- pletely eradicating the diseased trees themselves, there is still hope of saving the white pine. But if the initial error of half-way measures is re- peated, whatever effort is now put forth will be wasted. An interstate committee has been formed to take charge of the work, and after carefully canvassing the possibilities, has decided that the effort should be made. The work calls for state and national appropriations—for lack of which, at first, the disease escaped in the face of the inadequate efforts put forth to stop it. It calls for expert services, for the layman may not always recognize the trouble. It is a most potent example of the wisdom of intelligent technical control and direction of our state forestry departments,—for the state foresters have acted promptly and efficiently. There is still a tendency in certain quar- ters to discourage the efforts at eradication by either minimizing its importance, or, worse still, by throwing up the sponge and declaring that it is all over and nothing can be done to stop the scourge,—and this in the face of the fact that the disease is but fairly started. Such sentiments are distinctly inimical to the public welfare and deserve the most severe condemnation. Let us unite in a determined effort to suppress the plague and save the white pine, noblest of all our forest monarchs. WOODLOT taxes and times when, under similar conditions, owners of forest lands not attached to farms find it unprofitable to do so, and sell or abandon the land after denuding it. But the widespread neglect and abuse of woodlot prop- erty bids fair to put an end to the woodlot as an economic factor in farm management. Unless farmers are educated to the real value and possibilities of their woodland, this vast area will continue to retrograde as in the past. Much can be accomplished by states through the es- tablishment of demonstration areas. But to reach the individual, we must have men educated to the problem. Courses in farm forestry should be made a compulsory part of the curriculum of every state agricultural college ceiving government aid. Men with at least this much education in forestry should be chosen as county agents under the Smith-Lever Law. Special state agents, ex- perts in woodlot forestry, should be appointed under this same law in every important woodlot state. In spite of all past efforts, the amount of absolute ignorance and indifference among woodlot owners as to the proper care of their property is nothing short of ap- palling, and the sooner this problem receives the recog- nition which it deserves, the better it will be for the great body of farmers on whose shoulders the responsibility rests for ownership and management of a very substan- tial portion of our future timber supply. rec NOW READY MODERN PROPAGATION OF TREE FRUITS By B. S. BROWN, M.S. PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF MAINE This book includes those portions of propagation which are in gen- eral use. It covers the following subjects: Seed for propagation; Growing for Seedlings; The Nurs- ery; The Different Budding Operations; Grafting Operations; Propagation by Cutting; The After Treatment of Nursery Stock; Some General Considera- tions. 185 pages, 5x74, illustrated. Cloth, $1.25 net. Just Published FARM FORESTRY By JOHN ARDEN FERGUSON, A.M., M.F. PROFESSOR OF FORESTRY, THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE This book covers the subject of forestry as applied to the farm and woodlot. The subjects in- cluded are those of essential interest to the agriculturist. The establishment of the woodlot, both by seeding or planting, and by natural methods, is discussed, with hints as to the best trees to plant in different sections. 249 pages, 514 x 8, illustrated. Cloth, $1.25 net. USE THIS COUPON Joun Witey & Sons, Inc., ; 432 Fourth Avenue, New York City GENTLEMEN: Kindly send me for ten days’ free examination, the books indicated below: Brown-Tree Fruits Ferguson-Farm Forestry It is understood that I am to remit the price of these books, or return them, postpaid, within ten days after their receipt. Member of ..... : - (Indicate here if you are a member of the American Forestry Association. If not, indicate the forestry Society with which you are connected.) Position; reference .. (Indicate which.) (Not required of Society Members.) AF-10-16 CANADIAN DEPARTMENT Abitibbi Paper Mills Not Burned Newspaper reports of the great forest fires in Ontario, Canada, some of which were quoted in the August issue of AMERI- cAN Forestry, declared that at Iroquois Falls the great paper mills of the Abitibbi Power and Paper Company were destroyed. It is gratifying to announce upon information from the officers of the Company that the mills were not destroyed nor injured in the least, that only a few buildings were burned, and that there was no loss of life at Iroquois Falls. The statement is also made that the mills are not owned, as the newspapers said, by Chicago Tribune capital. Book Reviews Farm Forestry by John Arden Ferguson, A.M., M.F., Professor of Forestry, at the Pennsylvania State College. 249 pages. Price, $1.25. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. This book covers the subject of forestry as applied to the farm woodlot, and is espe- cially intended for text-book use in agricul- tural colleges and high schools. It is the outgrowth of lectures delivered to agricul- tural students throughout several years. The author’s aim has been to treat the sub- ject from the broad standpoint of the wood- lots in the great plains and prairie regions as well as in more eastern regions. With a teaching experience both in the central west (he was formerly Professor of Forestry at the University of Missouri), and in the east, he is in a position to appreciate the varying requirements in the different sections of the country. The subjects included are those of essential interest to the agriculturalist. The establishment of the woodlot, both by seeding or planting and by natural methods, is discussed with hints as to the best trees to plant in different sections. The care and protection of the woodlot is treated and also the very important subject of woodlot man- agement. A conception of the woodlot as forest capital is given with suggestions as to the amount of wood to remove annually and the methods of securing a sustained annual yield. Chapters are also devoted to the harvesting and marketing of woodlot products and to wood preservation. In the appendix, there is included a suggested list of practical exercises for a course in farm forestry. The Woodcraft Girls at Camp. By Lil- lian Elizabeth Roy. Price $1.25, George H. Doran Company, New York. This is the story of the frolics and trib- ulations of an actual outdoor camp of Woodcraft Girls, the formation of the band, their ceremonies, life and sport on a wood- TIMBER CRUISING BOOKLETS Biltmore Timber Tables. Including solution of problems in forest finance. Southern Timber Tables. How to estimate Southern Pine, Southern White Cedar, and Southern Appala- chian Timber—Spruce pulpwood, Hemlock bark, Chestnut oak bark, Chestnut tannic acid wood. Postpaid, 25 cents each HOWARD R, KRINBILL Forest Engineer Newbern, N.C. 629 land farm in Jersey. Full description of equipment used, woodcraft rites, member- ship, etc. (accurate in every detail) ; writ- ten by a member of the Woodcraft League founded by Earnest Thompson-Seton. Mrs. Roy is well known as a writer of books for young people. She has told a jolly, rollicking story of more than ordin- ary value because of its complete and de- tailed description of the Woodcraft cus- toms and instructions as to membership, etc. Canadian 7 Department By EL_twoop WILSON Secretary, Canadian Society of Forest Engineers During the forest fire at Abitibbi, we are informed that the wood piled up for winter use by the Abitibbi Pulp and Paper Company was burnt and that they will have to at once commence to cut a fresh supply. During the fire all the people in the neighborhood were compelled to take shelter in the mill, a large, concrete-steel building, which fortunately lay in a little depression of the ground and gave protec- tion from the fire and smoke. Dean Adams, of the Faculty of Applied Science of McGill University, Montreal, has been visiting Grand’mére, to look over the plantations, nurseries and experimental for- estry work of the Laurentide Company, Limited. Mr. Adams is a member of the Dominion Conservation Commission and has written a good deal on conservation in general. Price Bros. & Company, Ltd., have se- cured funds for additions to their mills. The new newsprint mill will be ready in February of next year with a capacity of 62,000 tons per annum and the pulp pro- duction will be increased to 55,000 tons per annum. The St. Maurice Lumber Company, of Three Rivers, P. Q., have just finished con- structing fifteen miles of telephone line connecting up their headquarters camp with their river driving depots. Nine fires, which either partially or wholly destroyed woodworking plants, were reported during the past month. Sealed tenders were asked for by the Minister of Lands for British Columbia during July for the purchase of License No. 90, to cut 7,130,000 feet of Douglas fir, hemlock, cedar, white pine and balsam and 535 cords of shingle bolts. Three years will be allowed for the removal of the timber. Messrs. D. A. Macdonald and G. R. Mel- rose have been elected associate members of 630 the Canadian Society of Forest Engineers. Both these gentlemen are members of the Dominion Forest Service, stationed at Cal- gary, Alta. Ellwood Wilson, Jr., who studied forestry and engineering at Cornell and McGill Uni- versities, has enlisted with the 242nd For- estry Battalion, C. E. F., and has been givena commission as lieutenant. From the Lauren- tide Company, Limited, Sergeant Lendrum and Corporal Roberts have also joined this battalion. Under Colonel J. B. White, this battalion is rapidly getting up to strength and is getting some splendid recruits, many of them coming all the way from British Columbia. They are quartered in the Guy Street barracks in Montreal and daily drills are whipping the men into shape. This is an excellent opportunity for foresty students who want a year or two of practical experi- ence, as this battalion is recruited to do for- estry and lumbering work, under military discipline and direction, in both England and France. Letters received from men who went over with the first Forestry Bat- talion are most enthusiastic. Doctor Fernow, Mr. Clyde Leavitt, and Mr. S. L. de Carteret have been at the meet- ing of the Eastern Foresters’ Society and the Society for the Protection of the New Hampshire Forests at Crawford Notch, New Hampshire. H. R. MacMillan, Chief Forester of brit- ish Columbia, has recently returned from his trip to England, South and East Africa, India, Australia and New Zealand, and expects to leave shortly for China and Japan. He was sent out by his Government to investigate trade openings in connection with the lumber industry and his advance report is said to be most favorable and it is hoped that a big export business will be built up as a result of his trip. His conclusions are that there is a splendid opportunity for lumber, pulp and paper business in the coun- tries visited. . All the paper mills in Canada are either enlarging their plants or planning to do so and it is pretty certain that, if the forests are properly protected, so as to give a per- manent supply of raw material, that Canada will take the place of Scandinavia in sup- plying the world with pulp and paper. It is reported that Buffalo interests will build a pulp mill “somewhere in Labra- dor.” This looks like a foolhardy proposi- tion, as it is difficult enough to erect and supply with raw material and labor a pulp mill in ordinary locations, but especially so to build it almost within the Arctic Circle, where access could be had for only a few months in the year and where the small and scanty spruce would have to be used. AMERICAN FORESTRY Peeled pulp wood at Jacksonboro, on the Transcontinental in Ontario is selling, two feet long, for ten dollars a cord, f. 0. b. cars, and is being shipped to Wisconsin, where it will cost delivered $17 to $18 per cord, as against $12 to $14. lf the price continues to rise there will be big money in planting spruce on poor lands near railroad lines. Mr. E. H. Finlayson, District Inspector for Alberta, reports a very busy summer. Mr. G. C. Piché, Chief Forester of Que- bec, has decided to postpone the opening of the Government Nursery and Forest Experi- ment Station until next spring. Six good students will enter the Quebec Forestry School as freshmen this fall. The experience of the present season has proved conclusively that with very few exceptions, the Dominion charted railways of Canada have faithfully observed the requirements relative to forest fire pro- tection imposed upon them by the Board of Railway Commissioners. The proof of this lies in the fact that, notwithstanding the exceptionally dry season, practically no for- est fires of any serious consequence have occurred which could be attributed to rail- way agencies. It is true that a good many fires have started, many of them resulting unavoidably from the operation of trains, but the records show that, in general, the railway employes have been prompt in dis- covering, reporting and extinguishing these fires before they had time to cause serious damage. Especial care has been taken by the com- panies in keeping the fire-protective appli- ances of engines in good order, and a large amount of work has been done in disposing of inflammable débris on rights of way. Spe- cial patrols have been maintained in forest sections, supplemented on all lines by the observance of special instructions to all regular employes relative to the reporting and extinguishing of fires in the vicinity of the track. Not only have the railways been remark- ably efficient in handling their own fires, but they have extinguished or aided in extin- guishing many fires that originated at a dis- tance from the track, due to all sorts of out- side agencies. They have cooperated, wherever possible, with governmental or private fire-protective agencies, with bene- ficial results which, a few years ago, might have been thought impossible. Reports indicate that, in many sections, settlers’ clearing fires are the most serious source of fire danger. he experience of this year indicates the extreme importance of controlling this hazard, through the strict enforcement of existing legislation in Que- bec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Brit- ish Columbia and the enactment and enforcement of similar legislation in Ontario. Current Literature MONTHLY LIST FOR SEPTEMBER, 1g16 (Books and periodicals indexed in the library of the United States Forest Service.) FORESTRY AS A WHOLE Proceedings and reports of associations, forest officers, etc. India—Bombay presidency—Forest dept— Administration report for the year 1914-1915. 184 p. Bombay, 1916. New Zealand—Dept. of lands and surveys. Report on state nurseries and planta- tions, 1915-1916. 32 p. Wellington, N. Zi, 1916; Royal Scottish arboricultural society — Transactions, vol. 30, pt. 2. 90 p. pl. Edinburgh, 1916. Russia—Lynesnoi departament (Forest dept.) —Ezheghodnik (Year book), 1911=1913, -yol. 1-2) il, “plo = Betra- ghrad, 1913-1915. Schweizerische centralanstalt fur das forst- liche versuchswesen—Mitteilungen, vol. 11, No. 2. Ziirich, Switz., 1916. Forest Esthetics eS he we ag eel eed pnin ae ale aie ree Newark, N. J.—Shade tree commission. — Twelfth annual report, 1915. 66 p. il, pl. Newark, N. J., 1916. Wolf, E. L—Dekorativnuie kustarniki 1 derev’ya dlya sadov i parkoy. (Decora- tive shrubs and trees for parks and gardens.) 461 p. il. Forest Education Arbor Day California—Supt. of public instruction. Conservation, bird and arbor day in California, 1916. 13 p. il. Cal., 1916. Sacramento& — Petroghrad, 1915. _ Illinois—Dept. of public instruction. Arbor and bird days, 1915. field, Ill., 1915. Forest Schools North Dakota state school of forestry.— 78 p. il. Spring- Tenth annual catalogue, 1915-1916, with — announcements for 1916-1917. 70p. pl. Bottineau, N. D., 1916. Oregon agricultural college—School of for- estry. Catalogue for 1916-1917. 32 p- il. Corvallis, Ore., 1916. Forest Botany . Ashe, W. W.—Notes on Pomacee of upper — South Carolina. 7 p. Charleston, S. C., 1916. Maiden, J. H—The forest flora of New South Wales, pt. 59. 36p. pl. Sydney, N. S. W., Gov't. printer, 1916. Silviculture Planting and nursery practice Kull, Alfred J—A handy book for planters and lovers of nature, hints in general. 34 p. Hills, N. J., 1916. il., pl. Farg with valuable p-- CURRENT LITERATURE 631 Forest Protection Diseases Davey institute of tree surgery—Instruction Forest Insects Destroy Millions Annually Exact knowledge of conditions in your forest holdings is good prepared- ness against ruinous insect invasions. Destructive Forest Insects cause con- stant and serious yearly losses in forest capital that are avoidable. Small isolated patches or groups of dying trees may mean extensive insect killing if neglected. The economic control of forest insects prevents serious epidemics and reduces your forest fire risk. What per cent of your timber is killed each year? Findout. To know thisis good business assurance on all forest holdings. Have your timber lands examined. Efficient inspection of Parks, Water- sheds, Estates, and Timber Lands any- where in the United States or Canada. Control methods recommended. Con- trol costs estimated. Control work supervised, if desired. BARTLE T. HARVEY Consulting Forest Entomologist books, Nos. 16-22. il. Kent, Ohio, 1915. Massee. George Edward—Diseases of culti- vated plants and trees. 2d ed. 602 p. il. N. Y¥., MacMillan Co., 1915. Foster, J. H—Grass and woodland fires in Texas. 16 p. il. College Station Tex., 1916. (Texas agricultural and mechan- ical college, Dept. of forestry. Bul- letin 1. Forest Utilization Frothingham, Earl H.—Selling woodlot products on Michigan farms. 49 p. pl. maps. Lansing, Mich., state printers, 1916. Lumber Industry Compton, Wilson—The organization of the lumber industry, with special reference to the influences determining the prices of lumber in the United States. 153 p. diagrs., tables. Chicago, American Jum- berman, 1916. Faas, V. VV.—Lyesa i lyesnaya torghovlya Italii—(Forests and lumber trade of Italy.) 195 p. pl. maps. Petroghrad, Tipoghrafiya “ Yakor,” 1915. Kern, E. E.—Lyesnoi ruinok Bel’ghii i Ghol- landii (Timber markets of Belgium and Our Trees HOW TO KNOW THEM Photographs from Nature By ARTHUR I. EMERSON WITH A GUIDE TO THEIR RECOGNI- TION AT ANY SEASON OF THE YEAR AND NOTES ON THEIR CHARACTER- ISTICS, DISTRIBUTION AND CULTURE By CLARENCE M. WEED, D.Sc. Teacher of Nature Study in the Massachusetts State Normal School at Lowell One hundred and forty illustrations Size of book, 7}2 inches by 10 inches Cloth, $3.00 net Postage extra LL nature-lovers will hail this book with delight. Its purpose is to afford an opportunity for a more intelligent acquaintance with American trees, native and naturalized. The pictures upon the plates have in all cases been photographed direct from nature, and have been brought together in such a way that the non-botanical reader can recognize at a glance either the whole tree or the leaves, flowers, fruits, or winter twigs, and thus be able to identify with ease and certainty any unknown tree to which his attention may be called. In the discussion of the text especial attention has been given to the distinguishing character of the various species, as well as to the more interesting phases of the yearly cycle of each, and the special values of each for ornamental planting. MISSOULA, MONTANA Holland.) 120 p. diagr. S. Peter- burgh, Tipo-litoghrafiya, 1911. Lumbermen’s credit association—Reference book, Aug., 1916. Chicago, IIl., 1916. Auxiliary Subjects Publishers Mathematics and surveying J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY Johnson, J. B., and Smith, L. S—The theory Philadelphia and practice of surveying. 17th ed. 921 p. il, maps. New York, J. Wiley & Sons, 1914. Soils Vega, Baron von—Logarithmic tables of es ' numbers and trigonometrical functions ; Logan, William N.—The soils of Missis- translated by W. L. F. Fischer. 84th SIDDE: 84 p. il, map. Agricultural col- ed. 575 SpaeNew York, D. Van lege, Miss., 1916. (Mississippi agricul- WE MAKE THE # Nostrand! (Gon916. raat segs station. Technical EN( RAVINGS ~ National parks and monuments bagpses e S) oa ae a United States—Dept. of the interior, The Zoology Sieur de Monts national monument. 4p. Baker, Frank Collins—The relation of mol- Lal , Sc no Oo bese ogee | il, map. Wash., D. C., 1916. lusks to fish in Oneida lake. 366 p. il, ~), United States—Dept. of the interior. The map, tables. Syracuse, N. Y., 1916. ey Yellowstone national park, season of (New York state college of forestry, peas fbr saute bs : bs 1916; general information. 86 p. maps. Syracuse university. Technical publi- . & ae es z Av Wash., D. C., 1916. cation No. 4.) = DESIGNS & ENGRAVINGS Hee eae ————E as Ae eeeath MS hate i : IN ONE oR MORE COLORS om e] e f | ee FOR MAGAZINES CATALOGUES i | eS Pull big stumps by hand if | | ” Clear your stump land cheaply. No expense for teams or SE ee ee powder. One man witha COMBINATION LINE HALF TONES é ee Dutto-Tones ano HALF TONES | HAND POWER | Cotor Process Mu ti-Cotors |) t Pp ] ] s A ‘ ump Puller he = = ‘mt can outpull 16 horses. Works by leverage—same principle as a jack. 100 Ibs. Srhaes ea tiie te pull on ite lever gives a 48-ton pull on the stump. Made of Krupp steel—guar- GATCHEL & MANNING F anteed against breakage. Endorsed by U.S, Government experts. SIXTH ano CHESTNUT STREETS oe Write today for special offer and free booklet on Land Clearing WALTER J. FITZPATRICK Box 80, 182 Fifth St., San Francisco, Cal. | | | | OPPOSITE OLDE INDEPENDENCE Hace | ef PHILADELPHIA 5 | sia 632 HILL'S Seedlings and Transplants Also Tree Seeds FOR REFORESTING BEI for overa half century. All leading hardy sorts, grown in immense quantities. Prices lowest. Quality highest. Forest Planter’s Guide, also price lists are free. Write to-day and mention this magazine. THE D. HILL NURSERY CO. Evergreen Specialists Largest Growers in America BOX 501 DUNDEE, ILL. Forestry Seeds For many years I have been in complete charge of the Seed business of THomMaS MEEHAN & Sons, and as they are discontinuing the busi- ness, I am taking it over and I will conduct it in the future in my own behalf. I will offer a most complete list of seeds for forestry purposes. | ; My catalogue contains a full list of varieties as well as much valuable information relating to seeds and planting. It willinterest you. Send for a copy. THOMAS J. LANE Tree Seedsman DRESHER, PA., U. S. A. Nursery Stock for Forest Planting TREE SEEDS Transplants Write for prices on $0.00 per 1000 large quantities per 1000 THE NORTH-EASTERN FORESTRY CO. CHESHIRE, CONN. e Orc hids We are specialists in Ore we collect, import, grow, and export this class of plants exclusively. Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue of Orchids may be had on application. _Also special list of freshly imported unestablished Orchids. LAGER & HURRELL SUMMIT, N. J. Seedlings sell Orchid Growers and Importers PARK and ESTATE FORESTRY Logging Reports Utilization Studies Timber Estimates Forest Planting Ete. Methods and Cost of Mosquito Eradication Pole BUPTRICK Forester and Mosquito Expert P. O. Box 607 New Haven, Conn. It May Save Your Life If youare going hunting or fishing in the woods or on the water—the need of dry matches sey save your life. ‘‘ The Excelsior Sports- men's Belt Safe'’ made of Brass, Nickel Plated, Gun Metal or ox- idized—Waterproof. Furnished complete with Belt and Buckle for $1.00. HYFIELD MEG. CO., 48 Franklin St., New York City AMERICAN FORESTRY Animal Industry Marsh, C. Dwight, nd Clawson, A. B.— Larkspur poisoning of live stock. 91 p. il., pl. Wash., D.C., 1916. (U.S. Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 365.) Periodical Articles Miscellaneous periodicals Country life in America, Sept. 1916—Saw- ing wood, by J. C. Hazzard, p. 82, 84. Gardeners’ chronicle, Aug. 19, 1916—Cu- pressus thyoides, by A. Bruce Jackson, p. 84-6. In the open, Sept., 1916—Collection cf forest- tree seed, by George H. Wirt, p. 49-50. Journal of the Washington academy of science, Aug. 19, 1916—The early Euro- pean history and the botanical name of the Tree of Heaven, Ailanthus Altis- sima, by Walter T. Swingle, p. 490-8. National wool grower, Aug., 1916.—Range utilization, caribou national forest, by Herman Works, p. 23-25. Northwestern motorist, Aug., 1916—North- western call of the wild aided by strong hand; national forests make up large proportion of recreation grounds, p. 9-10. Popular mechanics, Sept., 1916—Ranger reaches tree top with spiral ladder, p. 330; To sell southern birch bark for birch oil, p. 382. Reclamation record, Sept., 1916—What fire protection does for the water user, p. 422-3. Scientific American, Aug. 19, 1916—Natural tree surgery, by David Brock, p. 170. United States—Dept. of agriculture— Weekly news letter, Sept. 6, 1916— National forest roads; $1,000,000 of federal funds available this year under federal-aid road act, p. 8. Trade journals and consular reports American lumberman, Aug. 12, 1916—Bos- ton gradually favors wood block paving, p. 35-6; Consider the donkey engine, by J. B. Woods, p. 50. American lumberman, Sept. 2, 1916—Trans- portation flumes, by W. D. Starbird, p. 69-70. American lumberman, Sept. 9, 1916—Dis- plays at fairs further the use of wood, p. 35. Barrel and box, Aug., 1916—Mill waste for boxes, p. 38. Canada lumberman, Aug. 15, 1916—Evolu- tion of white spruce from forest, by John P. Jacobson, p. 35-6. Canada lumberman, Sept. 1, 1916—A waney timber operation in Ontario, p. 58-60; Forest telephones and fire protection, by W.N. Millar, p. 70-2; Logging methods on Vancouver Island, p. 78-80; New- foundland’s extensive timber areas, by J. W. McGrath, p. 82-3 Gulf coast lumberman, Sept. 1, 1916—Wood pulp statistics, p. 28. Hardwood record, Aug. 25, 1916—The depredations of an insect, p. 23-3; San- dalwood and its products, p. 23. ENGRAVINGS | AATIONALENGRAUINGE FOR AL PURPOSES vv DESIGNERS AND i LUSTRATORS Havrctones:lune Cuts | 3 CareR Process WoRK | ELECTROTYPES vy 50.6-14-th. Street, N.W. Wasninston, D.C. < er -+* Phone Main 8274 --~ TIS CZS ME We PLY) WAX NICER Comfort Sleeping Pocket With Air Mattress Inside Recommended by the members of Forest Service, Hunters, Cowboys, Campers, Canoeists and Invalids. The lightest, most compact, sanitary Sleeping Pocket made. Not a bag, but an outdoor bed. Cold, Wind, Damp and Water Proof. or Money Refunded. The Campers Favorite #. BLOW BED” Guaranteed Send for Catalog and pricelist. Mailed Free METROPOLITAN AIR GOODS CO., Haven Street, Reading, Mass. KELSEY strvice ‘It SERVICE TIMBER ESTIMATING, FOREST MAN- AGEMENT, FORESTRY PLANTING, ETC. Expert service at reasonable cost. This Department in charge of D. E. Lauder- burn, Forest Engineer. FORESTRY STOCK. All varieties of De- ciduous and Evergreen material used in Forestry Planting. Our ‘‘ Quality First" stock and “‘ your requirements furnished complete.'’ Write for Quotation on your list. F. W. Kelsey Nursery Company 150 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. RED CROSS FARM POWDER F The Original and Largest Selling Farm Explosive Why use expensive high speed dynamites when this slower, safer farm powder will save you from $3 to $5 per hundred pounds and for most farm uses do better work? BIG BOOK FREE As pioneers and leaders in developing farming with explosives our booklet gives the latest, most reliable and best illus- trated instructions. Write for HAND BOOK OF EXPLOSIVES No. 350 DEALERS WANTED We want live dealers in towns still open. Get the orders resulting from our con- tinuous heavy advertising. You need not carry nor handle stock. State jobber’s name or bank reference when writing. E. |. du Pont de Nemours & Company Established 1802 World's largest makers of farm explosives Wilmington, Delaware Miniature Construction Landscape and Architectural Models Topographical Maps and Paintings for SCHOOLS—COLLEGES—MUSEUMS GOVERNMENT WORK A _ SPECIALTY MORGAN BROS. CO., Inc. Model Makers Room 1650 Grand Central Terminal Phone 7720 Murray Hill NEW YORK CITY THE FOREST IS THREE-FOURTHS OF FORESTRY ‘Your opportunities are as unlimited as our forests if you study at WYMAN’S SCHOOL OF THE WOODS _ Incorporated Munising, Michigan CURRENT LITERATURE Hardwood record, Sept. 10, 1916—Mes- quite trees in Hawaii, p. 22: Ash for automobile frames, p. 23. Lumber trade journal, Aug. 15, 1916— Results of conservation in Louisiana, by Henry E. Hardtner, p. 17-18. Paper, Aug. 2, 1916—A means of accu- rately matching colors, by Otto Kress and G. C. McNaughton, p. 13-17. Paper, Aug. 23, 1916—An American hand- made paper mill, p. 11-13. Paper, Sept. 6, 1916—Enge and other forms of groundwood, p. 13-16. Paper trade journal, Aug. 31, 1916—Pulp wood opportunities on national forests, by H. S. Graves, p. 8-9, 30. St. Louis lumberman, Aug. 15, 1916— Studies in the extraction of rosin from wood, by R. C. Palmer, p. 14-16. St. Louis lumberman, Sept. 1, 1916—New wood preservative brought out, p. 47. Savannah naval stores review, Aug. 26, 1916—The naval stores industry, by Philip Devlin, p. 4, 13, 18, 24. Savannah naval stores review, Sept. 9, 1916 —May make turpentine cups out of pine tree waste, p. 4. Southern lumberman, Sept. 9, 1916—Petri- fied forests explained, p. 45. Timber trade journal, Aug. 26, 1916— Measuring of round timber, p. 322. Timberman, Aug., 1916—Timber trade of Ceylon, p. 34; Logging mahogany in Guatemala, by F. F. Brown, p. 34-5; Logging in Appalachian Mountains, by P. C. Thede, p. 47-8. United States daily consular report, Aug. 15, 1916—Trade promotion by Canadian forestry branch, by R. M. Newcomb, p. 604-5. United States daily consular report, Aug. 26, 1916—British Columbia timber notes, p. 747; Brazil an important source of hardwoods, by A. L. M. Gottschalk, p. 754-8 United States daily consular report, Sept. 9, 1916—Woodpulp situation in Sweden, by Ernest L. Harris, p. 938-9. United States daily consular report, Sept. 14, 1916—Siamese hardwoods, p. 994. West coast lumberman, Aug. 15, 1916— Douglas fir dominates all other woods in the republic of Peru, by Roger E. Simmons, p. 30-1, 34. West Coast lumberman, Sept. 1, 1916—The American lumber industry with a spe- cial reference to the tariff, by Noel Sargent, p. 20-1; Shingles and shingle roofs, by B. J. Boorman, p. 28-9. Wood-preserving, July-Sept., 1916—A Pacific Coast timber-treating plant, by H. E. Horrocks, p. 51-3; The relation between the specific gravity of zinc chloride solutions and their concentra- tions, by E. Batemen, p. 54-6; Creosoted wood block paving, by Walter Buehler, p. 57-8; The treatment of white oak ties, p. 60-1; Experiments in treating ties in India, by Ralph S. Pearson, p. 62; Penetration of preservatives, by Lowry Smith, p. 66-8. “This prevents ‘, wood from warping!” HIS hardwood trim won’t warp, shrink, or twist out of shape because I am protecting it against damp- ness in the plaster wall with a coating that makes protection absolutely sure.” yi Ordinary metallic paints coat, but they can’t protect. The alkali in the wall masonry makes them saponify and become useless. Terw TRIMBAK °. 9EO.U-5. PAL OFF. on the other hand, can’t possibly saponify. It remains a perfect protection, permanently. Used in a luxurious down-town club, the Woolworth Building, the Metropolitan Tower, the Bankers’ Trust Company and other prominent places. Full details upon request from Department I. TOCH BROTHERS Established 1848 Inventors and manufacturers of R. I. W. Paints, Compounds, Enamels, etc. 320 Fifth Avenue, New York City Works: New York, London, England, and Toronto, Canada THE ELITE POCKET EMERGENCY CASE 534/"x4"” weight 8 oz. Brother Sportsman, you need it tocomplete your outfit. Black Spanish Leather; contains salve, cold creme, lini- ment, ointment and liquid court plaster in tubes, will not break, spill or leak; bandages, surgeon's plaster, compressed cotton, safety pins, dressing forceps, scissors, first aid booklet, etc. Price, post pald in U. S. A. $3.00 Write for circular. ELITE SPECIALTY CO.., Brocton, N. Y. 634 Wood turning, Sept., 1916—Vehicle woods, p. 3-4; Chairs and chair stock, p. 5; Huge factory loss in furniture business, by H. S. Sackett, p. 7; Furniture spe- cialties, p. 8-9; Shuttle industry, p. 15. Wood-worker, Aug., 1916—A good lumber- handling and drying system, by H. W. Marsh, p. 24; The manufacture of wood pipe, p. 27-8. Forest journals Canadian forestry journal, Aug., 1916—The searchlight on Ontario; a frank analy- sis of a forest protection system main- tained on an outworn model, by Robson Black, p. 658-64; How plantations are thinned, by H. M. Morrison; p. 674-7; Tree planting to overcome sand and snow, p. 679-80; Timber resources of the Queen Charlotte Islands, by Roland D. Craig, p. 681-3. Indian forester, July, 1916—Chief factors influencing the development of sal seed- lings, by R. S. Hole, p. 335-48; Some phases of forest administration in Cali- fornia, by Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr., PD. 49-65: Effect of drought on the sal in the Ramnagar forest division, by E. R. Stevens, p. 366; The Madras forest col- lege, p. 367; A classification of thinnings and increment fellings, by R. Bourne, p. 368-71; Forestry in India, by Saint- hill Eardley-Wilmot, p. 380-3. North woods, Sept., 1916—In the wake of a great fire, by H. C. Ash, p. 10-19. Proceedings of the society of American foresters, July, 1916—Recreational use of public forests in New England, by Allen Chamberlain, p. 271-8; The use of the New York state forests for pub- lic recreation, by George D. Pratt, p. 281-5; Use of the southern Appa- lachian forests for recreation, by J. S. Holmes, p. 286-92; Use of the national forests of the west for public recreation by E. A. Sherman, p. 93-6; Hylobius pales as a factor in the reproduction of conifers in New England, by E. E. Carter, p. 297-307; The growing stock as a criterion of normality, by A. B. Recknagel, p. 308-14; Hewn-tie versus saw-timber rotations, by Clarence F. Korstian, p. 315-29; Forest taxation as a factor in forest management, by G. W. Hutton and E. E. Harpham, p. 330-5: A cheap fertilizer for white pine seedlings, by W. D. Clark, p. 336; Another caliper, by Samuel T. Dana, p. 337-8: Notes on French forestry in Africa and Corsica, by Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr., p. 338-44. Revue des eaux et foréts, July 1, 1916— Influence de lintensité des éclaircies sur le rendement des peuplements regu- liers de sapins, by Emile Mer, p. 185-91; Des effets des gaz asphyxiants sur la végétation forestiére, by F. Doé, p. 192-5. AMERICAN FORESTRY Pe aad men have learned, by comparing notes for twenty years or more, that the Hamilton Watch comes closest to absolute accuracy—to Star time. Ajemilton {Patch “| please [Hor th (eso Se eaasS0or nal Lumber Manufacturers Association = a att P= e gene + 0. ——S Sure = — = es Ww x ©©B INTER- INSURANCE | POCLOOOLOOOOLOOO OOOO OOCE OCCEy In the National Forest Region Colorado School of Forestry A DEPARTMENT OF COLORADO COLLEGE \| 3 3 — | HE course in theoretical and applied forestry lead- ing to the degree of Forest 3 Engineer covers a period oftwo } years and is open to students i who have completed two years of college work, including a | sufficient amount of Botany, ; Geology and Surveying. i i ; | Graduate students may enter as candidates for the de- gree of Master of Forestry. Fall and Spring Terms in the Manitou Forest, the College Re- serve, 6000 acres of pine and ruce timberland on the borders of the Pike National Forest. Winter Term at Colorado Springs. 99 99:099.999.99.9900009999 9999290929 9999999999 909990990099 90 00 90909999999090900390 For particulars address Colorado School of Forestry Colorado Springs, Colo. Loeccccccccecceseecoceececee ee ec olCeeeCoOeooeeeeeoOoe® ee gee Georgia State Forest School UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA : $ $ $ 3 : 3 3 3 | Four-year professional course in ; i theoretical and applied forestry ¢ ; leading to the degree: Bachelor } : of Science in Forestry. H ; Combination courses in Arts and j Sciences giving two degrees in H five years. } Wide range of specialization offered. H Preparation for Government and State Forestry, City For- estry, Comme rcial Forestry, 3 Logging and Milling, Research. | | i i ; g é : ! ; § : 3 Provision for four months in Forest Camp and for four months in specialization. One-year vocational course in For- estry and Agriculture. Eight-weeks’ Ranger School in Forest Camp. For announcement address FOREST SCHOOL Georgia State College of Agriculture ATHENS GEORGIA COCOOCOOELOOOE | i i The New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University Syracuse, N. Y. Under-graduate courses leading to degree of Bachelor of Science. Special opportunities for post- graduate work leading to degrees of Master of Forestry and Doctor of Economics. One- year Ranger Course on the College Forest of 1,800 acres at Wanakena in the Adirondacks. State Forest Camp, which is a month of directed recreation, open to any man over sixteen, held each August on Cranberry Lake. The State Forest Experi- ment Station of 90 acres and an excellent Forest Library offer unusual opportunities for re- search work. 2906659066965 29 680 SESS SESS SFOS LESSEE ESSE SS SESOESESSS IS OSHDSSLDOSSISSODOSOSPD SD OSED II POSOPO DELO DIOS! For particulars address THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY Syracuse, N. Y. CeeeeeeedeceecceseeeeereeeeeeeeeSOSeS ese ee SOO SS CSOSOSSPSSOO OSSD OSSD OSSSSSS OLS OLOSSS OPPOSE OOPS LESS OSHOSOSOCSSSSee® Co ceccccescscscoovecersecscssccoscossoseeseessosesoey) (209 0000000000099009009098 2900S e Se POF PO POGSO@OOOSOOOEY Yale University Forest School ed NEW HAVEN, CONN., U.S. A. FPSO 0900990000 009900999009909209 9929 2S SOOPOOOOO® . ALE University Forest School is a 3 graduate department of Yale 3 University. It is the oldest exist- ing forest school in the United States and exceeds any other in the number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the degree of Master ; of Forestry is offered to graduates of universities, colleges and _ scientific institutions of high standing and, under exceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training, including certain prescribed subjects. Men who are not candi- dates for the degree may enter the School as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course, by submitting evidence that will warrant their taking the j work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry are admitted for research and ad- vanced work in Dendrology, Silvicul- ture, Forest Management, Forest Technology, and Lumbering. The regular two-year course begins the 3 first week in July at the School camp ; near Milford, Pennsylvania. i 3 3 3 3 3 ry] For further information address JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director NEW HAVEN CONNECTICUT 9-000000000000000eseeee esses sees ests Oe C2 eeeeeeeeOSSOPSOOOS C9 OSSEOSES OSSD OPES SS SSEOLOLOSEPISLOSLO DIZOL SPOS POOOSLO SISOS) Geece LCC COOOCOOOCOOOOLE OOOO EEEL 4 PRESS OF J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA 3 999999999889 COOOOC OOOLL0 9999 DPI IFIL FIFI ISPIPIPIIDIOAY, DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY The Pennsylvania State College SPSS OOOSELECEOOOEOOOESESEOCOSSEOOOOSOSOS OSES i PROFESSIONAL course in Forestry, covering four years | of college work, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science } in Forestry. Thorough and practical training for Government, State, Municipal and private forestry. Four months are spent in camp in the woods in forest work. Graduates who wish to specialize along particular lines are admitted to the ‘‘graduate forest schools’”’ as candidates for the degree of Master of Forestry on the success- ful completion of one year’s work. 3 Sececcaceccucecsccesesevcesocecsecsoueseses® For further information address Department of Forestry Pennsylvania State College State College, Pa. Ceeeecccccccccccccccssecsecceseeeceseeeee ee seel SS eeeeoIeeetSe OPCS SPOS POPES OeSOOESOPee Se eee eOCLCPeEeesP2eelSeseoeOle® PP PPOC OSC CSSS2S9 990899 O SCOOPS SES IIFOSSSS SOOO SOOOEY | HARVARD UNIVERSITY O00 100029900000 000000000000 00 00022000002 008 DEPT. OF FORESTRY BUSSEY INSTITUTION PISO CO CO DODO CSES SCC CCOSCSCOSCSS : 3 FFERS specialized gradu- ate training leading to the degree of Master of Forestry in i the following fields:—Silvicul- $ ture and Management, Wood Technology, Forest Entomol- ogy, Dendrology, and (in co- i operation with the Graduate i School of Business Adminis- } tration) the Lumber Business i 3 3 ; 3 2 & For further particulars address RICHARD T. FISHER Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts COCO CCCCOCES. The cAmerican Forestry «Association © Washington, D. C. President CHARLES LATHROP PACK, Lakewood, N. J. Vice-Presidents HON. DAVID HOUSTON Secretary of Agriculture HON. FRANKLIN K. LANE Secretary of the Interior HON. ASBURY F. LEVER, South Carolina United States Representative HON. THOMAS NELSON PAGE Ambassador to Italy GIFFORD PINCHOT, Pennsylvania FILIBERT ROTH, Michigan Dean of Forestry, University of Michigan DR. J. T. ROTHROCK, Pennsylvania JOSHUA L. BAILY, Pennsylvania ANDREW CARNEGIE, New York WILLIAM E. COLBY, California Secretary The Sierra Club DR. CHARLES W. ELIOT, Massachusetts President Emeritus Harvard University DR. B. E. FERNOW, Canada. Dean of Forestry, University of Toronto HENRY S. GRAVES, District of Columbia Chief of the Forest Service EVERITT G. GRIGGS, Washington MRS. JOHN D.SHERMAN, Illinois Chairman Conservation Department General Federation of Women’s Clubs HON. WM. H.TAFT, Connecticnt Ex-President United States JOSEPH N. TEAL, Oregon Chairman Oregon Conservation Commission THEODORE N. VAIL President A. T. & T. Co., New York HON. JOHN WEEKS, Massachusetts United States Senator DR.ROBERT S.WOODWARD, Washington, D.C, President Carnegie Institution Treasurer JOHN E. JENKS, Editor, Army and Navy Register, Washington, D.C. Executive Secretary PERCIVAL S. RIDSDALE, 1410 H Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Directors HERMAN H. CHAPMAN, Connecticut Professor of Forestry, Yale Forest School DR. HENRY S. DRINKER, Pennsylvania President, Lehigh University ALFRED GASKILL State Forester. New Jersey JOHN E. JENKS, District of Columbia Editor, Army and Navy Register CHESTER W.LYMAN, New York International Paper Company E. T. ALLEN, Oregon Forester, Western For. and Conservation Asso. JOHN S. AMES, Massachusetts HON. ROBERT P. BASS, New Hampshire Ex-Governor of New Hampshire WM. B.GREELEY, District of Columbia Assistant U.S. Forester W.R. BROWN, New Hampshire Pres. New Hamp. Forestry Commission CHARLES LATHROP PACK, New Jersey Pres. Fifth National Conservation Congress CHARLES F. QUINCY, New York J. E. RHODES, Illinois Secretary, Southern Pine Association ERNEST A. STERLING, Illinois Forest and Timber Engineer J.B. WHITE, Missouri Ex-President, National Conservation Congress It Will Support These Policies National and State Forests under Federal and State Ownership, administration and management respectively ; adequate ap- Declaration of Principles and Policy~ z is ~ propriations for their care and mets of Ofe American Forestry~ Association icon, aecny ica State Activity by acquirement of forest lands; organization for fire protection; encouragement of forest planting by communal and private owners, non- olitical departmentally independent orest organization, with liberal appro- priations for these purposes. Forest Fire Protection by Federal, State and fire protective agencies, and its encouragement and extension, indi- vidually and by cooperation; without adequate fire protection all other measures for forest crop production IT IS A VOLUNTARY organization for the inculcation and spread of a forest policy on a scale adequate for our economic needs, and any person is eligible for membership. IT IS INDEPENDENT, has no official connection with any Federal or State depart- ment or policy; and is devoted to a public service conducive to national prosperity. IT ASSERTS THAT forestry means the propagation and care of forests for the pro- duction of timber as a crop; protection of watersheds; utilization of non-agricul- tural soil; use of forests for public recreation. IT DECLARES THAT FORESTRY is of immense importance to the people; that the census of 1913 shows our forests annually supply over one and a quarter billion dollars’ worth of products; employ 735,000 people; pay $367,000,000 in wages; cover 550,000,000 acres unsuited for agriculture; regulate the distribution of water; prevent erosion of lands; and are essential to the beauty of the country and the health of the nation. IT RECOGNIZES THAT forestry is an industry limited by economic conditions; that private owners should be aided and encouraged by investigations, demonstrations, and educational work, since they cannot be expected to practice forestry at a financial loss; that Federal and State governments should undertake scientific forestry upon national and State forest reserves for the benefit of the public. IT WILL DEVOTE its influence and educational facilities to the development of public thought and knowledge along these practical lines. will fail. Forest Planting by Federal and State governments and long-lived corpora- tions and acquirement of waste lands for this purpose; and also planting by private owners, where profitable, and encouragement of natural regenera- tion. Forest Taxation Reforms removing un- just burdens from owners of growing timber. Closer Utilization in logging and manu- facturing without loss to owners; aid the lumbermen in achieving this. Cutting of Mature Timber where and as the domestic market demands it, ex- cept on areas maintained for park or scenic purposes, and compensation of forest owners for loss suffered through protection of watersheds, or on behalf of any public interest. Equal Protection to the lumber industry and to public interests in legislation affecting private timberland opera- tions, recognizing that lumbering 1s as legitimate and necessary as the forests themselves. Classification by experts of lands best suited for farming and those best suited for forestry; and liberal national and State appropriations for this work. ¢ i. < 7? Y E nb “" : “ae 0 W 6 = MBER 1916 faa 2 i) N THE RED GUM pe Creosote Treatment to Increase the Life of Fence Posts WENTY-FIVE million fence posts, with a value of about $4,000,000, are used annually by the farmers of but one of the agricultural states of this country, as reported in Bulletin No. 158 of the Iowa State College of Agriculture. The value of creosoting these posts is indicated by the following table which shows the comparative life of treated and untreated fence posts of five species of wood commonly used. S a = a a = These Ash posts were treated with Creosote in 1905, and when photographed in 1914 showed absolutely no decay. Ex- perts believe they will last 15 to 20 years longer. Photos courtesy lowa State College of Agriculture. Species of Wood Ash. ee Cottonwood. Red Oak White Cedar Willow . Further interesting facts are quoted from Bulletin mentioned above : a : yl bs , wits 7 aw First—‘‘ By effective cre- osote treatment it is probable that woods commonly used for posts may be doubled in life Estimated Average Life In Years Untreated 6 years 3 years 6 years 14 years 4 years Untreated. These Cedar posts were set in 1905 and taken up for examination in October, 1914. In each case the sap-wood was entirely gone; in post No. 1 about one- third of the entire bottom rotted away; in post No. 2 one-half of the bottom decayed. Creosoted 25 years 25 years 20 years 30 years 25 years Seventh —“‘The posts should be thoroughly seasoned before treat- ment is attempted, or a poor penetration of creo- sote oil will be secured.” The Best Creosote for all practical purposes is Bar- rett’s Carbosota Grade-One (white cedar, oak, etc.)”’ canst jy Gir NIE, S\S (RB (a \ Second—‘‘By treatment, | many species, at present almost valueless, can be made to last twenty-five years or more, with only a small addition in cost for treatment (willow, soft maple, cottonwood, elm, etc.)”’ Third—‘‘Figuring the investment at 6% simple interest, creosote reduced the annual cost of the less durable fence posts by about one-half.” Fourth—‘‘In selecting posts for treatment take the native soft-wooded trees and save the oak, hick- ory, black walnut, etc., for other purposes.” Fifth—‘‘In creosoting select small posts, those 414 inches in diameter, if of sufficient strength. They are cheaper, and when creosoted will last as long, or longer, than seven-inch posts. “See that the posts are thoroughly peeled of the inner as well as the outer bark.” ote iu . (0) al | Liquid Creosote Oil. y It comes ready for use, in convenient sized pack- ages, and requires no apparatus or skilled labor for its application. Anyone can use it properly at any time. It has been especially developed to meet the needs of the average consumer. In addition to fence posts, all lumber exposed to decay, such as sills, joists, etc., should be treated with Barrett’s Carbosota Creosote Oil. Barrett's Carbosota is the ‘“‘Standard”’ wood pre- servative for use in the Brush and Open Tank methods of treatment. It is economical, effective and convenient. Barrett's Carbosota should be carried in stock by every lumber dealer. It is dependable, easy to sell and profitable to handle. Illustrated booklet free on request The Company Boston Minneapolis New York Detroit Tue Paterson Manuracturinc Company, Limited: St. John, N. B. Philadelphia Chicago Kansas City Birmingham eee eee eee ee eel Montreal Halifax, N. S. Pittsburgh Peoria Cincinnati Seattle St. Louis Nashville Cleveland Salt Lake City Toronto Sydney, N.S. Winnipeg Vancouver ae HWW 6) AMERICAN FORESTRY The Magazine of the American Forestry Association PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD HERMAN H. CHAPMAN S. T. DANA Joun E. RHODES ERNEST A. STERLING FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL S. N. SPRING NoveEMBER 1916. Vot. 22 CONTENTS No. 275 The Red Gum—Cover Picture. Parent Navel Orange Tree ..... FRSC ae DOME SPOTS Ge OF 6 674 The Red Gum—Identification and Characteristics—By Samuel With one illustration. Bm Deb wilery apr eve shecicuadcnee: 641 Desolation of Forested Area in the War Zone......... OO With six illustrations. With one illustration. Commercial Uses of Red Gum ........ 644 Forestry for Boys and Girls—By Bristow Adams .......... 676 With six illustrations. Chestnuts and An Old Story. A “Tear-Down” Campaign ...... eso oGORSaHaDe 647 Rock Profile of Washington........... a . 678 Trees in Medicine—By John Foote, M. D. a . 648 With one illustration. With nine illustrations. The Peak of Mount Russell—By Mark Daniels. ........ OLD ouservation of American Wild Flowers—By R. W. Shufeldt, With one illustration. GYD Oe DUS eee a oa eonee eo eeee Sn oD 654 Ornamental and Shade Trees—By J. J. Levison......... .. 680 Wit ith five illustrations. What We Can Do For Our Trees in Winter. Philippine Island Timber—By Arthur F. Fischer ............ 658 Landscape Forestry. iMcAlesters|LonesPine) 1. ie he: Se amaes With two illustrations. ; With one illustration. Across The High Sierras—By Mark Daniels........... Sess National Highways in Florida—By Mrs. Kirk Munroe ...... 659 Vika Gre Mfesiiseiter, : With three illustrations. Do Ants Kill Trees About Their Colonies ?—By R. C. Haw- : leyandiS: ape Recordss sade seca cine pect ae eee ee cer 68 Schools and Camps in Forests. .............. Sea 660 Wathitoumilluctrations: ce ee ails Itself—By T. H. McHatton........... 661 A New Method of Germinating Acorns for Forest Planting igure os Biya OnnwWreblarshiberge rir eter ee teeter tte 687 Urges Hunters To Be Careful.................. er OO With one illustration. White Pines Threatened by Destructive Disease.......... 662 Fuel Value of Wood ........ Pip teeta c sere yee ee . 688 Safety First in Tree Femi By Perley Sp: ualding eral (Oval Editorial PE Ree bo HOR ERO PP ASH icc cs cactemnipau dS 689 EVantlevamr eer tery Meee! eet nin phon 664 The Town Forest. With nine illustrations. The Protection of Big Game. The Bird Department—B Ae Aton 669 Indiana’s Need—A Trained State Forester. What is a Game Bini? Wi ae Teachers Commend American Forestry ............... asce Oil The Blackbirds and Orioles. The Canadian Department—By Ellwood Wilson. ....... joes OY With nine illustrations. Gurrent: Literature: 2.55 chee ee ee ee eee eee .. 693 ee oe: ee A special request is made to members of the American Forestry Association to nominate for membership, friends whom they believe will be interested in the work of the Association and who would like to secure the magazine, American Forestry. I Nominate for Membership: a, Vy) Signed) ea caren Ree ee eee seco ANGIE Ss cco Galea deseamae aaa sealed Ter rT ee eee AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, three dollars per year; single copies, twenty-five cents. = Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Post-office at Washington, under the Act of March 3. 1879 aid mE ii ian : S mf es ne IAN en Mf NA a1 = yam nt a: = EXPERIENCE : RESOURCES : PRECISION T1GY) as “STUCK On FTlis Tract : Once there was a man who had what was reputed to be an exceptionally valuable tract of timberland—no matter where— which he bought on an old-fashioned “timber crurse’’ plus his personal inspection. Wishing to take his profit on the investment he con- fidently offered the tract to James D. Lacey & Company. Besides the reputation of the tract there were super- ficial indications of unusual excellence; but Lacey Company deal only with THE FACTS. A LACKHY REPORT on the tract showed the astonishing fact to be that the value of merchantable timber on the ——_——_- §—=_— ————_ —_——— Ae 66 /Lo) 2) A * 66 Ta Hle was “stuck”’— badly; in fact a“ LACEY REPORT” on the property when he bought it would not have cost a twenty-fifth of what he was “‘stuck. This is a true story—with a moral. May we send you *‘ Pointers,” an interesting booklet? VENATIONAL TIMERS CHICAGO SEATTLE PORTLAND (ORE. ) NEW ORLEANS | 1750 McCormick Blac. 1009 White Bldz. 1310 Northwestern Bank Bide. 1213 Whitney-Centrat Bide \ AMERICAN FORESTRY Vou. XXII NOVEMBER 1916 No. 275 The Red Gum Identification and Characteristics By SAMUEL ED gum is one of our most attractive ornamental trees, but it is equally distinguished for the excep- tional beauty of its wood. It has many names. Sweet gum and Liquidambar are names that are applied on account of the fragrant resin which exudes from the bark. Star-leaf gum and red gum are given because of the shape and rich fall coloring of the leaves. Bilsted, alligator tree, satin walnut, Circassian walnut and hazel- wood are other names occasionally bestowed upon it. Red gum is not closely related to the black gum and tupelos, but belongs to the Witch Hazel family. There are three related species, one being found in Mexico, one in central China, and the third in the Levant. The latter furnishes the liquid storax of commerce. The home of the red gum is the region lying south of a line drawn from southern Connecticut through southeastern Missouri and northwestern Arkansas to the Trinity River, Texas. its greatest size in the lower Mississippi Valley and the lowlands of the southeastern coast. It is a tree that prefers rich moist soil and suffers no harm when the It is most abundant and reaches land is flooded for part of the year, but it does not develop well in the perma- nent swamps where tupelo and cypress thrive. bottomlands it is usually found red maple, elm,ash, cottonwood and oaks. It high land, but on dry soil the trees are of smaller size. The largest red gum trees are 5 feet in diameter and 150 feet high. sized mature trees are 1% feet to 3 feet across the stump and 80 to 120 feet In the mixed with grows on Average- » }. DETWILER trunks is grayish brown, tinged with red; it is thick (1 to 1% inches) and deeply furrowed into broad ridges which are covered with many small scales. Young trees have ashy gray trunks and frequently are covered with a hard, warty growth of bark from which the tree derives the name alligator wood. The twigs are rather heavy and somewhat angular, and in the second year, peculiar blade-like ridges of cork appear on them, affording an easy means of recognizing this tree. The smaller branches of bur oak and cork elm have somewhat similar corky wings, but the bark between the corky ridges is not smooth and shining as is the case with the red gum twigs. The lustrous brown buds are about one-fourth inch long and are generally sharp-pointed. The alternately placed leaves are 5 to 7 inches long, and are usually cut into five points shaped like a six-pointed star with one point missing where the stem is attached. Occasionally the leaves have 7 instead They are bright green and glossy on the paler beneath. When are crushed, they have the the from wounds in the bark of 5 points. upper the leaves, twigs somewhat and and buds fragrance surface same delightful as resin which oozes of red gum trees growing in the South. The flowers appear in March in the South and in April or May in the North, at the time the leaves are half grown. pollen - producing are borne in dense clusters The greenish flowers 2 or 3 inches long at the Each flower consists of a num- ber of clustered together and surrounded by ends of the twigs. stamens In trunk is straight and clear high. the forest the of side branches far above Near the top it forks and formsaspread- the ground. oe a ing crown. Young trees growing in the open havea long and very regular coni- cal top. The bark on old AREA OF RED GUM TREE GROWTH Red gum (Liquidambar styraciflua) is distributed from Fairfield County, Connecticut, to southeastern Missouri, through Arkansas and the Indian Territory to the valley of the Trinity River in Texas, and eastward to the Atlantic Coast. Its commercial range is restricted, however, to the moist lands of the lower Ohio and Mississippi basins and of the southeastern coast. While the red gum grows in various situations, it prefers the deep, rich soil of the hardwood bottoms, and there reaches its best development. It requires considerable soil moisture, though it does not grow in the wetter swamps, and does not thrive on dry pine land. Seedlings, however, are often found in large numbers on the edges of the upland and even on the sandy pine land, but they seldom live beyond the pole stage; when they do, they form small, scrubby trees that are of little value. Where the soil is dry the tree has along taproot. In the swamps, where the roots can obtain water easily, the development of the taproot is poor, and itis only moderate on the glade bottomlands, where there is considerable moisture throughout the year, but no standing water in the summer months, small, hairy, leaf-like scales. The seed-producing flowers are greenish balls that hang singly on long threads at the the leaves of the twigs. bases of upper The seed ballsare 1 to 1% inches in diameter and ripen their seed in the fall but remain 641 642 AMERICAN on the trees until spring, swaying on their long stems like the fruits of the sycamore; unlike the “ button balls,” however, the surface of the red gum fruit is roughened by These fruits really consist of numerous Coarse spines. | | - LEAF OF THE RED GUM TREE Red gum is easily recognized by its beautiful, glossy, star-shaped leaves. The star is lopsided because one point is missing where the leaf stem is attached. Usually there are five points to the leaf, but it may have seyen. It is plain that “starleaved gum"' is an appropriate name for this tree. If the leaves, buds or twigs are crushed, the agreeable aromatic odor produced explains why red gum is very frequently called ‘‘sweet gum.’’ This name also refers to the resin which exudes from wounds in the bark, used for chewing-gum and perfume for glove leather. The name ‘‘red gum"’ may refer to the color of the heartwood, but it probably refers to the brilliant autumnal foliage. Some one has called it ‘‘a conflagration of color,’’ to which only the coloring of the maples and the ashes can be compared. a number of woody pods closely joined together, each pod having two curved, horn-like tips. In the fall the pods split apart, permitting the few good seeds they con- tain to fall to the ground along with a large number of undeveloped seeds which have the appearance of sawdust. Red gum begins to produce seed when it is 25 or 30 years old and bears heavy crops at intervals of about 3 years until it is 150 years old, when its powers of seed- ing begin to decrease. Only 50 to 75 per cent of the seeds germinate, and in the native forest the greater number of seeds are destroyed by the long-continued floods to which the land on which much of the gum grows is subjected. The young seedlings require abun- dant light, and for this reason they are seldom found growing in dense forest under the old trees. The best natural reproduction of red gum is found in old pas- tures and clearings where the young trees have full sun- light. On cut-over lands stumps of red gum trees under 50 years of age produce a vigorous growth of sprouts. The sprouts grow much faster than the seedlings during FORESTRY the first few years but seldom form large timber trees. The red gum has no serious enemies. It grows prin- cipally on lands which are often overflowed and for this reason damage from forest fires is comparatively small. In bottoms and on the uplands it produces a taproot, and the strength of its root system prevents much loss from windfall. Insects and fungi attack felled trees and those which have been injured by fire or wind, but occasion no great commercial loss. Cattle refuse to browse on the seedlings because of the pungent flavor of the leaves, but hogs and goats are less discriminating and sometimes * a DEEPLY FURROWED BARK OF RED GUM TRUNK In the best situations red gum reaches a height of 150 feet and a diameter of 5 feet. These dimensions, however, are unusual. The stem is straight and cylindrical, with dark, deeply furrowed bark, and oranches often winged with corky ridges. In youth, while growing rously under normal conditions, it assumes a long, regular, con- crown, much resembling the form of a conifer. After the tree ttained its height growth, however, the crown becomes rounded, spreading, and rather ovate in shape. When growing in the forest the tree prunes itself readily at an early period, and forms a good length of clear stem, but it branches strongly after making most of its height growth. The mature trunk is usually forked, and the place where the forking commences determines the number of logs in the tree, or its merchantable length, by preventing cuttingeto a mall diameter in the top. On large trees the stem is often not fess than 18 inches in diameter where the branching begins. The over- mature tree is usually broken and dry-topped, with a very spreading crown, 1n consequence of new branches being sent out. Injury to the butts of trees from fire and to the tops from wind or ice often opens the way to attacks from fungi, which cause decay, and from insects, which precede and assist the fungi. j a 3 $ fi: ‘f (i \ TUPELO GUM SLOUGH, CONGAREE RIVER, SOUTH CAROLINA Tupelo gum, found in more or less large quantities throughout the range of the red gum and cypress, is cut to some extent from Virginia to the Gulf and westward to Arkansas. Its best growth, however, is in the Gulf States, and as a commercial timber tree it has reached great importance only in the region about Mobile, Ala- bama, and in southern and central Louisiana, where it is cut with cypress. In the handling of cypress and the associated tupelo several methods are in use, each adapted to some particular locality. Ifthe landis not too swampy and has a firm foundation, a logging railroad can be maintained and steam skidders used to snake the logs with cables to the road and to load them with bull hooks on the cars. Where the land is so low as to be subject to practically continuous overflow the pull- boat is generally used, and the logs are transported to the mill by towboats. THE RED GUM destroy much y Of mg growth. Hogs are especially dehirwv es tive because they eat the seeds. IP if © Ge ent conditions do not war- rant the plant- linge @u weal gum for the Dr © cd M e= tion of lum- ber on a com- mercial basis. The supply of standing red gum is large and stumpage Prices aice Instead of planting it will be much more _ profit- able, and, therefore, better for- estry practice, low. ably. Con- siderable mer- chantable lumber is wasted in the woods in high stumps, top logs and trees which are damaged but small to the saw mill, that too carry to would be saved if prices warranted careful logging. Al though it is reason- more not able to expect lumbermen to expend money in conserva- logging the re- tive where financial turns do not justify it, ex- perience with other species, A LARGE RED GUM, RICHLAND COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA Red gum is perhaps the commonest timber tree in the hardwood bottoms and drier swamps of the South. It is found also to a considerable extent on the low ridges and slopes of the southern Appalachians, but there it does not reach merchantable value and is of little importance. The hardwood bottoms are for the greater part overflow land. The soil is alluvial and generally of great fertility, and tree growth is for the most part extremely rapid. These hardwood bottoms stretch along nearly all of the Southern rivers on the coastal plain and in the Mississippi Valley States. They are subject to heavy floods in the winter and spring, for the rivers, rising among the moun- tains, run swiftly until they reach the general plain level, so that any increase in the volume of water is bound to overflow the banks and spread out over the entire width of the bordering swamp, often to a considerable depth. These bottomlands vary considerably in width, but are usually from 6 to 12 miles wide, and are bounded by the sharp banks of the upland plain, the river meandering through the swamp from one bank to the other. to lumber the red gum forests in such a way that the red gum trees are pre served or occasional seed trees left to re- seed lands where close cutting 1s Because of the expense of logging, including high freight rates and increased costs of labor and supplies, lumber- men who cut red gum operate on aé_e very limited g profit. The result has been wasteful logging and destruction of much young growth. One operator recently stated that under pres- ent conditions only 22 per cent of the stand- ing gum timber in Ar- practised. margin of of the region. kansas, Louisiana and could be profit- beneath the older trees. ing a height of 20 feet. growth, so that where it occurs no tree reproduction can take place. forest gradually becomes rather open in character. Mississippi manufactured SECOND-GROWTH RED GUM, ASH, COTTONWOOD, AND SYCAMORE, ON HARDWOOD BOTTOMLAND, SOUTH CAROLINA Red gum grows in mixture with ash, cottonwood, and oak throughout the hardwood bottom- lands of the South. These rich, alluvial bottoms are among the best natural farming lands In the past the gum, having no marketable value, has been left standing after logging, or, where the land has been cleared for farming, has been girdled and allowed to rot, and then felled and burned as trash. Not only were the trees a total loss to the farmer, but from their size and the labor required to handle them, they were so serious an obstruc- tion as often to preclude the clearing of valuable land. are large quantities of cypress and tupelo gum, and there is some black gum on the ridges. The forest is, for the most part, dense and fairly even-aged. Canebrakes are common and are very dens This cane, with the briers and rattans, makes a very heavy under- In the sloughs and perpetual swamps There is little young growth , the cane often reach- such as white pine, birch or hard maple would indicate that lumbermen will be re- paid for giving greater the second growth of red consideration to gum. The red gum is a superb tree for orna- mental planting, rank- ing with the most beautiful of our East- ern broad-leaf trees. It appears to hold a higher place in Europe as an ornamental tree than it does in but this is probably due to America, its wide natural distri- bution here. Whe hardy as far north as Massachusetts, is easily handled, and fairly rapidly. South Carolina forests grows In the its average growth is 100 feet in height and The result is that the 644 AMERICAN 15 inches in diameter in 50 years, and height growth is rapid in the early years of its life. The tree is inter- esting throughout the year. In the summer the large, The fall coloring of the foliage is unsurpassed by any other glossy, star-shaped leaves are unusually attractive. species in the brilliancy of its crimson. Its gorgeous scar- let, red, orange and yellow tints vie with those of the maples. Later the leaves may assume the purple, lilac, brown and bronze tones of the ashes. The red gum gives an excellent winter effect because of its symmetrical form, its sturdy branches with their conspicuous gray, corky ridges and the peculiar spiny fruit balls that hang in abundance from the twigs. This tree should be planted in rich moist soil and should be closely pruned when it is transplanted. It has ability to withstand salt air and KORE S TRY is valuable for seaside planting if soil conditions are good. The wood is heavy and hard, close-grained and with- The heartwood is a beautiful, bright reddish brown with a satiny luster and frequently with out great strength. a pleasing, varying figure. The sapwood is nearly white and is usually wide, the smaller sized trees consisting Twenty years ago red gum wood was considered to be of little value because of its tendency to warp, but with improved methods of drying it is now Few woods in America equal it in the beauty of its natural grain and it can be finished to imitate oak, mahogany, cherry, or Circassian walnut. For this reason it has been predicted that red gum will in time equal white oak in value. entirely of sapwood. one of our finest furniture and finishing woods. Commercial Uses of Red Gum HE beauty, adaptability and fine working qualities of red gum lumber have promoted it with phe- nomenal rapidity from a despised species to one of For many years this wood was cut to a limited extent ; prefer- ence was given to woods easier to handle, because red the most respected and prominent cabinet woods. gum lumber warped and twisted in the process ef sea- No trouble was experienced with red gum after it was seasoned, and decreasing timber supply finally led soning. to practical experiments in the better utilization of this wood. ‘Technical investigations of the structure of the wood and of the principles of kiln-drying finally overcame the difficulties and a wide market for red gum lumber quickly developed, in gums. Black gum, water gum, cotton gum and tupelo are also wholly unrelated botanically to red gum, al- though they grow in many of the localities where red gum is native. These gums have a twisted grain with the fibers so tightly interlocked that the wood is split with exceeding difficulty. The wood is useful for heavy wheel hubs, rollers, mauls, construction and box material, flooring, and paper pulp. The characteristics of red gum are concisely expressed in Bulletin 58 of the U. S. Forest Service, as follows: ‘“ The wood is about as strong and as stiff as chestnut, or a little weaker than shortleaf pine; it splits easily and is quite brash; it is less tough than cottonwood and splinters less; it is spite of the prejudice against it. Occasion- ally it has masqueraded under assumed names, for it is a common fail- ing of human judg- ment to believe that ordinary “ gum” must be lacking in the su- perior qualities which the wood possesses when made into furni- ture of “ satin walnut ” or interior finish of “hazel wood.” The use of the word “gum” to designate dif- ferent species of trees several entirely about as hard as yellow poplar and can be worked with tools al- most as easily; it has a moderately fine grain, is denser than cotton- wood, and has a large proportion of sapwood; the sapwood decays rapidly when exposed to the weather, but the heartwood is quite du- rable the The green even in ground. wood contains much water and consequently is heavy and difficult to float, but when dry may be responsible for some of the prejudice against red gum. The roads solely for the timber. PEELED RED GUM LOGS SEASONING IN A large amount of red gum growing in the South can be economically transported from the forests to the mills only by means of the streams, owing to the expense of putting in rail- Green red gum, however, it is as light as bass- THE Woops, souUTH CaRoLINa 00d, or about 15 pet cent heavier than yel- low poplar or cotton- is sO heavy that it scarcely floats. Bucalypts are fre. ecwed srecune the loge casigites the civer nom puincipelly foloted ie me Sains) (OO aan I heltermeemE quently icalled ¢gams, eo eee eee re rate: SURI HIG ie oui Caeite reer ees amount sof twaleemenm although in no wise He CRiGuLe Cee standings ween tele: icon teeut nee oe Se aCactHee wee the green wood, par- relatedetov. athe!! true, (es ccesute sd seem ne anciicuced dost ota nil ce eo oe ice eee eoeonwees> Fieularl yamine meee COMMERCIAL USES OF RED GUM makes it difficult to season by ordinary methods without warping and twisting. This fault can be overcome, however, by special treatment. The color of the heart- wood is a rich, reddish brown; that of the sapwood cream white. It is tasteless and odorless, and, when once seasoned swells and shrinks little unless exposed to the weather. Its structure is so uniform that it can be stained, painted, or glued without absorbing much of the material.” 645 Illinois uses more than 120,000,000 feet annually ; Arkan- sas and Missouri each consumes about 100,000,000 feet, Kentucky and Tennessee more than 50,000,000 feet each. Boxes and crates use a large percentage of the cheaper Some of the finer grades are manu- factured into cigar boxes. In Pennsylvania alone more than a half million feet is consumed annually for this one purpose. In this country a constantly increasing quantity of red grades of red gum. QUARTER-SAWED RED GUM VENEER All red gum, whether figured wood or plain wood, quarter-sawed or plain sawed, has a rich, reddish-brown color, with a character as soft and delicate as the sheen of fine satin, and quarter-sawed figured red gum veneer offers possibilities for matching figure known to no other wood. It produces a great variety of markings and color tones, and selections of flitches may be made Suid gon UENCE GEAROGA ee MENDIGO Cresent Ue no other wood. Estimates based on statistics collected by the Bureau of Corporations place the total stand of this wood in the United States at about 50,000,000,000 feet, board measure. In amount it is equal to about one-fourth of all the oaks in the country; two and a half times the hickory ; three times the ash; one-fifth more than cypress ; nearly three times the maple; many times the elm; and, except the oaks, it exceeds in amount any other hard- wood, or group of hardwoods in the United States. In fact, it is estimated that one-eighth of all the hardwood of this country is red gum. It is, therefore, apparent that it is a timber of great importance. The annual output of red gum lumber has grown enormously. In 1900 only 285,000,000 feet of red gum lumber was cut in the United States or 0.8 per cent, of the total annual lumber production. In 1913, there was cut 772,514,000 feet or 2 per cent of the total cut—an To this must be added the red gum used in veneer, slack cooperage, rail- road ties and miscellaneous articles, so that it is safe to estimate a cut more than a billion feet each year. In several states red gum ranks second to white oak in the amount of hardwoods used in increase of 270 per cent in 13 years. manufactured articles. PLAIN-SAWED RED GUM, FIGURED WOOD This shows a great variety of stripes and color tones, and is in demand for spe- cial cabinet work of all kinds. It is extensively used in the manufacture of high- grade furniture, built-in furniture, stairwork, car construction, etc., both in this country and foreign countries. It is often finished to imitate more costly woods, such as black walnut, cherry, mahogany and especially Circassian wal- nut, since lumber may be selected which has a natural figure closely resembling that of Circassian walnut. Red gum furniture finished ‘‘natural'’ does not show finger marks and is easily cared for. gum is used in the manufacture of furniture. The com- moner grades are made into drawers, frames, and back- ing, for desks, bedsteads, tables, ete. Considerable clear heart is used also for surface work, either solid or as ve- neer. The natural color of the wood is attractive, but it takes stain so well that it is often made to imitate mahogany, oak, walnut, etc. The furniture factories in the cities use annually between 40,000,000 and 60,000.- 000 board feet of this lumber. A sewing-machine com- pany at Cairo, Illinois, uses 15,000,000 board feet of gum per year in the manufacture of sewing-machine tables. The wood is built up of three */,,-inch pieces, laid cross- wise to each other to prevent warping, and usually fin- ished with oak or other hardwood veneer. This method has been found very satisfactory. One of the most important uses of red gum is for interior finish. Stained or in its natural color, it may be made very attractive, and when properly seasoned fulfills every requirement of a first-class wood for that purpose. Red gum may be obtained in either plain or quarter- The figure in red gum is fundamentally different from the characteristic sawed lumber, or selected for figure. figures of oak and many other woods. Odak’s figure in 646 quarter-sawed stock is due to the medullary rays with certain modifica- tions by rings of annual growth. The figures of plain oak and chestnut, for example, are due almost wholly to the rings of growth. Gum’s figure is due to neither. The shades and tones cross the rings in every direction, though they sometimes follow them with some regularity and medullary rays have practically no visible effect. It is hard to explain why some trees are figured and many are not, although it is quite certain that the figure in red gum is influenced by the soil and situation. The red gum tree produces both sapwood and heartwood. Commer- cially the term “red gum” applies to the heartwood. Unselected gum or sap gum may be partially heartwood and partially sapwood, or all sapwood. Practically 60 per cent of the stock coming from the tree is common or sap grade. This finds an almost ex- clusive use in the manufacture of boxes, for which it has been employed for the last six years, taking the place of cottonwood, pine, poplar, and sycamore, the latter used for tobacco boxes. The export trade of gum timber consists of clear heart, 6 inches wide and over, and of all thicknesses from three- eighths of an inch up to 2 inches. AMERICAN KORESTRY DOOR OF QUARTER-SAWED RED GUM, FIGURED WOOD MATCHED Two of the most important uses of red gum are for doors and interior finish. Finished in its natural color, or stained, it may be made very attractive, and, when properly seasoned, it ful- fills every requirement for these purposes. Red gum veneer-built doors are rigid and free from warp, and rank with the very best, both in ap- pearance and stability. The effects that can be obtained by staining are varied and unusually attractive. tinction of being the ideal veneer wood. It manufactured into rotary-cut, sliced and sawed veneer, and is used for a wide variety of purposes—from light weight fruit packages to the best grades of the richest-colored and highly-figured panels used in furniture, pianos and the most expensive and artis- tic architectural wood-work of all kinds. In 1912, over 30 million feet, board measure, of red gum was manufactured into baskets, and fruit and vegetable packages. For the manufacture of slack barrels red gum is now one of the most important woods the country, ranking second to elm both as a stave and as a heading wood. For paving blocks the essentials are durability, close grain and the power of resisting abrasion. These are found in red gum. For treated blocks, un- selected gum is used. The heartwood of the gum is used extensively in the South for fence posts, and, in a limited way, for sills. Where it is carefully selected and well seasoned, red gum is more lasting than red oak or shortleaf pine. Red gum has been used to some extent for railroad ties. A large amount of red gum is put into wagon-box boards, which have a separate grade under the National Hardwood Lumber Association’s rules. is in Practically 75 per cent of the clear-heart gum lumber cut in this country until recent years has been ex- ported for use in England, France, and Germany for the manufacture of furni- ture and inside furnishings, newel posts, stair railings, etc. In [england the wood is commonly called satin walnut. In 1912, over 66,000,000 board feet of red gum was exported to Europe. One-third of the veneer manufactured from domes- tic woods, or four times the amount demanded of any other species, is made It is better from red gum. All of the sapwood that will make lumber is cut up for this purpose, because, when thoroughly dried and painted, sap- wood is as good as heart. Unselected gum siding and ceiling contain no acid or wagon-box other ingredients injurious tonails. It is close-grained, presenting a smooth surface for paint. It should be primed, however, as a pre- cautionary measure as soon If used for siding, or in any place exposed to as it is in place. the weather, sapwood must be excluded or kept covered with paint. As flooring, red gum wears adapted than most other woods for cutting into thin sheets; it takes glue better than other wood; therefore, it has the dis- matter. any QUARTER-SAWED RED GUM, FIGURED WOOD Some red gum trees produce what is termed ‘figured red gum.” ramify through the wood, obeying no known law of growth or deposit of earthy ; It is in this that red gum's figure res The latter, however, has a feature gene tion of the figure, due to the rings of ments in the two woods appear to be much the same. stripes and color tones peculiar to this method of manufacture. : the best lines of furniture and in artistic architectural woodwork of all kinds. smbles that of Cir ally absent from gum. arly growth. Note The deposits of the pig- well, is free from splinters, and does not shrink if thoroughly kiln-dried be- fore it is laid. Various other articles are made of red gum, such The colors cassian walnut. It is a modifica- the richness of It is used in COMMERCIAL USE as coffin boards, barrels, packing boxes, screen doors, mouldings, saw handles, gun stocks, broom handles, mop handles, wheel- brush traps, all kinds of animal traps, barrows, backs, mouse agricultural implements, refrig- erators and kitchen cabinets, musical instruments, picture frames, wooden ware, trunks, whips, canes and umbrella handles, tobacco pipes, clocks and toys. The spicy gum which exudes from the bark of the sweet gum and accounts for its name is of commercial value for use in chewing gum, and as a perfume for leather. used medicinally under the name copalm balm, and has been used in incense. It is also The wood is steadily growing in favor, andat present dealers re- port orders for all manufactured material they can produce, in fact lack of cars has restricted deliv- eries until many mills are filled with orders awaiting shipment. deposit of earthy matter. A “TEAR-DOWN” CAMPAIGN © test public sentiment regarding obnoxious ad- vertising posted on public highways, the Massa- chusetts Forestry Association recently declared a “ Tear-Down Week,” beginning October 9th. The mem- bers of the Association were asked to help individually. Automobile clubs, women’s clubs, Boy Scouts, and the tree wardens were requested to assist. The newspapers all over the State fell in with the idea and commented favorably on the plan in their editorial columns, and tree wardens, whose duty it is to protect the trees from these signs, were vigorously reminded of their neglect of duty. Massachusetts has two laws regarding this subject, one which declares all signs, not required by law, that are posted within the limits of the public highway, “a public nuisance, and may be forthwith removed or oblit- erated and abated by any person.” ‘The other refers to signs on trees within the public way. Under these laws anyone in Massachusetts may re- move any advertising sign within the public highway, except those that are required by law, and the Forestry Association’s aim is to inform the people concerning these laws and to encourage the removal of all such signs. Reports are coming in from tree wardens and other indi- viduals and groups stating that these signs, running into the hundreds in their respective communities, have been removed. To those who knew the conditions before this cam- paign was started, the results are very gratifying. Thou- sands of miles of highways in the state are now free from signs and the Association proposes to carry this work further and offenders who persist in this illegal method of advertising will be prosecuted. Some red gum trees produce what is termed ‘‘figured red gum.” different from the characteristic figures of oak and many other woods. due to the medullary rays with certain modifications by rings of annual growth. The figures of plain oak and chestnut, for example, are due almost wholly to the rings of growth. Gum’s figure is due to neither. and tones cross the rings in every direction, though they sometimes follow them with some regularity, and medullary rays, have practically no visible effect. i) OF FRED GUM RED GUM FOR INTERIOR TRIM The figure in red gum is fundamentally Oak's figure in quarter-sawed stock is The shades The colors ramify through the wood, obeying no known law of growth or FIRE DANGER SHIFTS TO EAST LTHOUGH final figures are not yet available, re- ports received by the Forest Service indicate that the forest fire season in the West and North is practically at an end. At the same time, say the officials, the fall fire season is just beginning on the National Forests in the Southern Appalachians. The difference in the occurrence of the fire seasons is caused by the difference in the character of the forests In the North and West the forests are composed almost entirely of conifers, and are located at comparatively high altitudes or high latitudes. and of the climate in the two regions. The greatest fire danger in these regions occurs during the late spring and summer months, when During the rest of the year, there is, as a rule, enough rain and snow to prevent fires from starting. the rainfall is light. On some of the forests in southern California, however, the fall rains are sometimes late in coming and the fire-fighting organization must often remain on duty until late in November. In the Southern Appalachians, however, the situation is practically reversed. The forest is largely composed rainfall occurs in the spring and summer and about two months in late winter. The first of these occurs in the fall, when there is usually little rain and the ground is covered with the dry fallen leaves, which are very inflammable. of hardwoods and the heaviest As a result, there are two distinct fire seasons. The fall fire season lasts until about December 15th, when the winter rains set in. In the later winter months, the woods dry out and in February or March the spring season begins, and con- tinues until the spring rains come or the trees and plants put out new leaves and become too green to burn readily. Trees In Medicine By Joun Foorr, M.D. Associate Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D. C., Author of “ Essentials of Materia Medica and Therapeutics” HE idea that agencies of specific value in the allevi- ation and cure of disease are to be found in plants and herbs is one of the most deep-rooted, as well as one of the most ancient, of human beliefs. The remote folk-tales of archaic peoples embody this idea and relate its application by the hero, the magician or the priest. [Even to-day we have our “ herb doctors,” and we do not need to go back much farther than a generation to recall the drug store, where large stores of “ roots and herbs ” were kept. There the apprentice was required to have sturdy shoulder-girdle muscles that he might turn the huge mill in which vegetable drugs were ground, or wield the pestle in the heavy iron mortar, where they were crushed, preparatory into decoctions, infusions, tinctures and other bulky preparations. to being turned Nowadays we have more elegant, and copiously substantial, medicines prepared in the wholesale pharmaceu- if less vigorous Gone is aide att muscle to tical laboratories. the drug mill, requires little serve soda water and per- fumery. too, are many of the medicines from and herbs” beloved of our fathers, but Gone, leh hsaate a it ce “roots ok Seaens 228i 15 Weeez2 , 2 2oja! dhkaalasiofinicsi22 cn eA DAZa SI Said Iz>4q 22) MWigez SS EWA eae fatclien Sone Bowl dod \ZoB9e and 228 13 rere [er nihilists, some of the most valuable remedies used in medicine come from trees. And by trees is meant trees, not shrubs or bushes. One of the veritable Titans of the forest, a tree that has equaled the Big Trees of California in height, furnishes a much-used medicinal oil. And the one vegetable drug that is a specific for a certain disease, and cures by killing the blood parasite which causes malaria, was known to the older clinical teachers simply as “ the bark,” because it was the bark of a tree. The place of trees and their products in medicine is far from being an incidental or an unimportant one, even in the most conservative works of the most advanced therapeutists. And if, as has been asserted, the decadence of Rome was really due to malaria, and if her glory was obscured by a cloud of mosquitoes rather than by the dust of battles, then it may be that the possession of some cinchona and the planting of the eucalyptus in the Roman marshes might have prevented a great civiliza- ta £08 nome EAE ees re Ass tion from withering and 2S NE. fluttering away and changed the countenance of history. now shown to be valueless aa Sa [Bsa Bs aa AHF es PXa. Xair-2 But now to discuss some in the light of experimental = aM5ah— 324 lnjez252 l I Es of the trees from which pharmacology and our £25350) Ha 3 VWANoh es aoe Boe Yosh drugs and medicines ¢€ " 4 = M newer knowledge of path- ar Saal hey’ aca Pls Bie Wa3s are obtained: ology and bacteriology. For ve have learned that medi- a lefal Heat PRAHA Se SUI ANAL A819 ‘ Bafay The tallest tree known, the Eucalyptus amygdalina, ca ezas8 cines, except in a few ae| 1133 234 asi a4 atZ, M23 we fpee is one of the many species instances, do not remove 3 (eee MBAS Eh hove 222 35 of eucalyptus found in Aus- the cause of the disease, er 2 ALA er aN i 113 ATED 1.73 x tralia. It has been known but may simply improve our Mir BZ Ty 31559 Ce pares see to reach a height of 480 natural resistance by aid- i Ge tone ing symptoms. Ast We “roots and herbs ” have heard of in medi- cine, but, neither in ancient i [e223 a aps eee or modern pharmacy, nor in household medicine, do pie nae isles ‘Galzia +4 ay ait ADs au are-s EL UB BI 21) 7 v 144 459 Ceae ats Bitz a $5 Gs st af Ms a ASA RTA SANA Z facia) hu dee)! bs , feet. Its brother, the Euca- lyptus globulus, which is the popular medicinal variety better known as the blue e, is itself no dwarf, qa, gum tre since it attains a height of 375 feet. It grows very the products of trees as medicinal agents elicit much comment. And yet, in spite of the pharmaceutical image breakers and the therapeutic 648 OLDEST TREE PRODUCT PRESCRIPTION IN THE WORLD This papyrus, written, it is estimated, about the time that Moses was twenty- one years old, contains several prescriptions composed in whole or part of tree products. One is for the medicinal employment of the ricinus (degm) tree. The stems, it is declared, when infused in water make a lotion which cures headache; the berries chewed with beer relieve constipation; the berries crushed in oil make the hair grow, and pressed into a salve will cure an abscess in ten days, if applied every morning. The god Seb prescribes wine made from dates to cure wounds and skin diseases and Isis supplies a formula containing juniper berries for pains inthe head. The papyrus is in the British Museum. rapidly, in almost any cli- mate with a mean tempera- ture of about 60° F., but does not endure tempera- ture below 27° F., and is cultivated in the south of TREES IN MEDICINE THE TREE FROM WHICH QUININE IS OBTAINED The cinchona tree in Ceylon, cultivated in rows of trees lining avenues. the bark. Europe, Algeria, India, Egypt, Natal and lower California. In the latter place it was extensively planted along the line of the Central Pacific Railroad. The large dark green leaves contain a pungent volatile oil, with a charac- teristic odor, which is noticed wherever the trees grow. For a long time these trees were planted in malarious neighborhoods, in the belief that their aroma prevented the prevalence of malaria, but any such result as was obtained was probably due to the improved drain- age in marshy localities, brought about through their rapid growth. Oil of Eucalyptus, distilled from the leaves, is an anti- septic and carminative. It is much used as an ingredient of antiseptic oil sprays in catarrhal diseases of the nose and throat, and is also used in tooth pastes, mouth washes, etc., when a mild aromatic antiseptic is desired. Before the throat specialist uses the soothing oil appli- cation, he may employ a more stimulating one containing the oil of the pumilio pine. This has practically the same field of uses as eucalyptol. Various conifers, the Pinus pinaster in France, the Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris), the swamp pine (Pinus australis), the loblolly (Pinus teda), pine, Georgia pine (Pinus palustris), are sources of oil of tur- 5 the long-leaved pine, southern yellow pentine and resin. Note the white longitudinal marks on the trees where the workmen have removed This is in marked contrast to the destructive methods formerly employed. Oil of turpentine has some vogue as a counter-irritant in various liniments, and externally and locally in abdom- inal distention in typhoid fever and after abdominal opera- Resin enters into the composition of resin cerate and is the basis for some plasters. A derivative of tur- pentine is terpin hydrate, a drug of great popularity and considerable value in coughs and colds. tions. The beech (Fagus sylvatica, Fagus Americana, etc.), which is found in the temperate zone in Europe, America and Asia, is valuable in medicine for the creo- sote distilled from its tar. Creosote, creosote carbonate and guaiacol are medicines used to supplement the hygienic measures which have done so much to reduce the death rate in sufferers from pulmonary tuberculosis. One of the most ancient medicines is nut-gall, a spher- ical body which is produced on certain species of oak by the irritation of insects in laying their eggs in the leaves of the trees. Pliny, Theophrastus and Dioscorides wrote of the medicinal uses of nut-galls. Hippocrates, as well as Pliny, recommended them for ulcerated gums, sore other conditions. The Somali women of mouth and Africa make a tatoo pigment from nut-galls. They have long been used to make ink, and are the principal source of medicinal tannic acid. When nut-galls or tannic acid are employed to-day they are used for the same astringent GUM ARABIC FROM THE ACACIA TREE Natives of Senegal, Africa, where the tree flourishes, slit the bark in order to ob- tain the gum acacia or gum arabic. This is a constituent of important prep- arations in pharmacy, such as making of emulsions and in the preparation of pills and troches. purposes for which they were recommended by the ancients. The galls are spherical bodies, */, to */, inch in diameter, and contain 27 per cent to 77 per cent querco-tannic acid. The Quercus infectoria, of the Orient, furnishes most of the nut-galls, though the wood of all species of oak is also rich in tannic acid. Whenever a pessimistic physician says that drugs never cure disease, some one is sure to ask him about quinine. For quinine is one of the few antiseptics which, taken internally, will kill an invading parasite without also killing the patient. Malaria is caused by a minute parasite injected into the blood through the bite of a The parasite usually raises a new family every fever. mosquito. other day; hence the intermittent chills and Quinine, taken in proper doses and at proper intervals, will kill this parasite and cure the disease by destroy- ing its cause. It is, therefore, a specific drug. There are few specifics. In 1632 the Governor of Peru was much worried about his wife, the Countess of Chinchon, who was desperately ill with chills and fever. The Corregidor of Loxa rec- ommended the bark of a certain tree which the Indians used as a medicine. The medicine was given and the Countess recovered. The bark was then rewarded for its AMERICAN FORESTRY The Jesuit order afterward introduced it into Europe, where it was good behavior by being called Cinchona bark. called Jesuits’ bark. The Cinchona calisaya, Cinchona succirubra and other species of Cinchona are trees of various sizes, some reach- ing a height of 80 feet or upwards. Of the forty species, about a dozen are of economic use. They are native to New Granada, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia and grow in dense tropical forests, in isolation or in small clumps. The work of securing the bark is of great hardship to the Indian cascadores. Having found a tree, the casca- dore must literally hack his way to it, clean it of surround- ing vines, and brush and strip the bark from its trunk, The later felling the tree and stripping the branches. A GROUP OF MANNA TREES IN SICILY Manna ,the exudation obtained by incising the Fraxinus Ornus, isa remedy more esteemed by our grandfathers than by the present generation. work of drying, packing and transporting this bark is done under equally adverse conditions, and the entire enterprise is difficult, dangerous and wasteful. As early as 1854 the Dutch Government endeavored A successful industry was established in the East Indies in 1861. Now it is culti- vated in Ceylon, southern India, British Burma and many similar tropical climes, and is an industry of great Of the several alkaloids found in medi- to cultivate cinchona in Java. commercial value. cinchona bark, quinine is the most important, cally and commercially. Ask any physician, “ What is the most useful and most used stimulant to the heart and nervous system?” and he will answer: “ Strychnia.” Strychnia is an alkaloid found originally in the seed of the Strychnos nux-vomica, the poison-nut tree, found in India, Burma and Siam, and growing also in Cochin China and Australia. It is of moderate size, and has a fruit the size of a small orange with a hard shell and a bitter pulp enclosing one to five seeds, less than one inch in diameter TREES IN MEDICINE and one-fourth inch thick and shaped like disks. It is the bitterest substance known, and when one has heart failure, or nervous exhaustion, or is run down or needs a tonic, some doctor is sure to give him the alkaloid peculiar Indian trees. from one of these Text- books on medicine frequently refer to “‘ emergency heart stim- ulants,” meaning by this drugs used by hypodermic injection to produce prompt stimulation of a weakened heart. Some of the most valuable heart stim- ulants require a good deal of time after being given to pro- duce their need of emergency heart stimu- effects, hence the lants. Strychnine, we know, is a splendid emergency heart stimulant. But another one, hardly less valuable, is caffeine. Caffeine is a principle dis- covered in the coffee bean, which grows on a bush, not a tree—the Caffea arabica. Tea leaves contain a sub- stance, identical with caffeine, called theine. The most important commercial sources of caffeine are tea leaves and the kola nut. The kola nut is the seed of the Sterculia acuminata, a tree found in Guinea, especially near the coast, and now cultivated in South America and the West Indies. It is a very important commercial product to cinchona bark and cinnamon. TAKING MEDICINAL TREE PRODUCTS TO MARKET IN CEYLON These unwieldy carts, drawn by patient bullocks, are the chief means of transporting to market in Ceylon the several tree products obtained there which are used in the manufacture of medicines. These carts are loaded with the portion of Africa where it is found, because it is rich in caffeine and contains besides a somewhat similar substance called theobromine. For generations the natives have been accustomed, both in health and disease, to chew the kola nut as a stimulant. Caffeine is a powerful drug, for it stimulates not only the heart, but also the depth of the respiration, the work- ing power of the muscles, the excretory function of the kidneys, and is the one drug CINNAMON USED MEDICINALLY Natives of Ceylon preparing cinnamon by loosening the bark from twigs and branches. This is used as a medicina agent, but more as a flavor. which will stimulate the think- ing mechanism of the brain and increase the imagination. To the native of Guinea the kola nut corresponds to our morning tipple of coffee. Another African tree which various species—several hundred in fact—throughout the world, and is of some medi- The Acacia senegal is the type of tree which furnishes acacia, or gum arabic. has cal interest, is the Acacia. gum While acacia is not possessed of any marked curative properties of itself, it is a constituent of many important preparations in phar- macy, as, for instance, in the making of emulsions, where its heavy mucilaginous qualities make it a valuable vehicle for oily and resinous substances. It is also widely used in the preparation of pills and troches- 652 Gum catechu, a substance containing tannic acid and used in dyeing, which was at one time extensively used as a remedy in colitis and dysentery, comes from the Acacia catechu and Acacia sumnis, both native to India. We know that the Willow is useful for its timber, for basket-weaving, paper pulp, etc. The crack willow (Salix fragilis), the white willow (Salix alta), the weep- ing willow (Salix Babylonica), and many other species, are known. All are useful to produce medicinal char- coal and all contained salicin, MERICAN FORESTRY The Pomegranate is a rather small tree, but has many claims to medical antiquity. The Punica granatum is found in India, Afghanistan and the regions south of the Caspian. It is mentioned in the Odyssey and in the Old Testament. worm and is very effectual. The bark is used as a remedy for tape- The Myroxylon pereire is a lofty leguminous tree, growing in a limited area in San Salvador and Central America, and cultivated in Ceylon. Balsam of Peru, a a glucoside, and the forerunner of salicylate of soda, salol, aspirin, etc.—almost specifics for acute rheumatism and grippe, and among the most useful of modern therapeutic inventions. Although salicylic acid is made commercially from carbolic acid and soda, and the the more occurrence of salicin in willow is, therefore, of theoretical than practical in- terest nowadays, there exists a tree the oil from which contains an almost chemically pure sali- cylic compound, methyl sali- This undeveloped possibilities as a cylate. has practically source of chemically pure sali- cylic acid, when a product is wanted superior to that made The bark of the black birch, Betula lenta, yields this oil in distillation. The birches grow extensively in Europe, Asia and America ; synthetically. being boiled in a kettle. they have practical uses and may be cultivated in almost northern climate. The relative cheapness of the synthetic acid has probably prevented the more extensive any use of birch and wintergreen oils as sources of the sali- cylates. The old woodsman’s medical lore, which came to him from the savage, taught him to use these oils to cure ‘ rheumatics.” chona, of nux-vomica, of kola and of coca, the scientist Here again, as in the case of cin- has builded his highway to medical knowledge on the trail blazed by the savage. The citrus group, orange, lemon, etc., furnish us with citric acid, useful as a solvent and as a flavoring agent, while the almond furnishes a bland oil, and its cousin, the wild cherry (Prunus serotina), has a waning popu- larity as the base of a cough syrup. The antiquity of the almond is shown by allusions to it in the Old Testament. Aaron’s rod was plucked from an almond tree. Another ancient sacred tree is the Sandalwood (San- talum album). References are made in the Chaldean in- scriptions to this tree, and it is used in the sacred rites of the Buddhists. The oil has a limited use in medicine ‘n certain catarrhal inflammations, and is employed in perfumery and sachets. It is found in India and the Pacific islands. A print of the sixteenth century showing the pharmacy and medicinal uses of Lignum vite, or guaiac. right a man is chopping up the logs of wood, the woman is weighing out quantities of the drug, and a decoction is In the room to the left the physician is offering the beverage to the patient, who seems none too well pleased with the prospective draught. SIXTEENTH CENTURY USE OF GUAIAC On the viscid, aromatic balsam, used in surgical dressings and in perfume, is obtained from this tree. From its cousin, the Myroxylon tolwiferum, comes balsam of tolu, once used in cough syrups. Another balsam, storax, employed as an insecticide, comes from an oriental tree, the Liquid- ambar Orientalis, while the sweet gum of the United States (Liquidambar styraciflua), furnishes a resinous sap employed medicinally for catarrhal troubles. A majestic tree that flourishes in the East Indies, the Dryobalanops aromatica, is the source of borneol or Borneo camphor. Japan, or ordinary camphor, is ob- tained from the Cinnamomum camphora, a tree flourish- ing in Japan, Central China and Formosa. The crude camphor is obtained by distillation of chips of wood, and is later refined by sublimation. Camphor is a well-known household remedy for ex- ternal application. Internally itis of value in ordinary colds, coryza, and as a diffusable heart and circulatory stimulant. Quassia, the bark of the Quassia amara, a South Amer- ican shrub, named after its discoverer, the negro Quassin, who used it in fevers, is now largely replaced by so-called quassia wood, which is really the wood of the Picrena excelsa, or bitter ash, a tree found in Jamaica. It at- tains a height of 50 feet. It has little value in fever, but is abitter tonic, and its infu- sion is used to kill intestinal parasites. Cinnamon, used more as a flavor than as a medicinal agent, is the bark of a tree, the Cinnamo- mum Zeylani- cum, found in Ceylon. Ben- zoin, a gum- resin, used in medicine as an inhalant, and containing va- nillin and ben- MEDICINE 653 Po Sat The Triumphe vf OUAS SIA. a Cesphey Warns zoic acid, is ob- tained by incis- ing the bark of the Styrax benzoin, a tree of considerable size, native to Sumatra and Java. Resin of guaitac, used in gout, rheuma- tism and sore throat, 1s obtained from the heart- wood of the Guaiacum officinale, or Lignum vite, a native of the West Indies and the north coasts of South America, which grows to a height of 20 or 30 feet. One of the most useful and delicate tests for the identification of blood is performed with the aid of an alcoholic solution of guaiac. Myrrh, with gold and frankincense, was brought as See the special offer in the front of this issue. medicinal property. scurvy, dysentery, and other ailments. EIGHTEENTH CENTURY PRINT EXPLOITING QUASSIA The bark of the Quassia amara, a South American shrub which is now used as a bitter tonic and an infusion of which is used to kill intestinal parasites, was believed in England in the eighteenth century to have almost every The print indicates that it cured apoplexy, palsy, constipation, debility, colic, stupor, dropsy, LLlaps ch I H ¥ Hart — y I ie In this etching of a drug store, in the year 1536, described by Otto Brunfels of Mayence, Germany, in his book *‘ The Reformation of Pharmacy,” the drug clerk is seen crushing in a large iron mortar some tree product used medicinally. GET BOOKS ON TREES, BIRDS AND FLOWERS FREE taking a gift to the Messiah by the Magi. It was valued by the ancients as a perfume, and was used by the Egyptians in embalming. Myrrh is a gum-resin, a product of the 3alsamod en- dron Myrrh, a Simei ei GS which grows in Eastern Africa and Arabia. It is little used in medicine nowa- days, except as an application in certain con- ditions of the gums. A curi- ous survival is the ancient custom, dat- ing back at least to the time of Edward I, of presenting to the King of England on the feast of the Epiphany, gold, frankincense and the ceremony placelinestive Chapel Royal. These are some of the medicinal uses of substances obtained from trees. Much re- mains to be done in the cultivation and myrrh, con- servation of medicine-bearing trees, for there are many species whose existence is threatened by the present hap- hazard and wasteful methods of obtaining their products. It is an opportunity to get some valuable books free, to help to strengthen the Association by getting new members for it, and a suggestion for the kind of Christmas present which will be of service every month of the year. Take advantage of this special offer before the supply of books is exhausted. We have only 1,000 copies to dispose of in this manner and these will be given to those who order first. Conservation of American Wild Flowers 3y R. W. SHurepr, M.D. With this issue AMERICAN FORESTRY Starts a series of articles on flowers by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt of Washington, D. C., a scientist who is internationally known and esteemed for his able writing on many scientific subjects. Dr. Shufeldt will give his special attention to these articles and in connection with them will answer any question and give advice regarding flowers to any members of the American Forestry Association.—THE EDITOR. HILE very considerable attention has been paid to the protection and conservation of the forests of the United States, there has not, up to the present time, been a cor- responding solicitation en- gendered with respect to our indigenous flora, or to the long list of beautiful, plants of the A great deal has flowering country. been published — indeed, sufficient to form a young library—on the question of the extermination of a large number of species of our birds, and certain mam- mals have been extensively treated in a similar way; many kinds of insects, too, have received their of notice at the hands of share writers upon such subjects. For some reason or other, however, as just stated, the question of the extermina- tion of certain of our wild flowers has been singularly neglected, and the public mind has but rarely been awakened to the fact that not a few of our most in- ‘teresting and beautiful wild flowers stand in imminent -danger of becoming extinct ‘over considerable of territory, or even, in utterly areas some instances, -exterminated. Recently a number of and writers have invited atten- tion to this matter, and it attract still further notice in the near future. What I have said in the last paragraph will apply, per- interested capable will haps, to towns and cities all over the world; and when I say perhaps, I have in 654 mind the cities of Japan. GRASSHOPPERS EATING GOLDEN-ROD Fic. 1.—Two species of grasshoppers, feeding upon the leaves of the Common Golden-Rod at the end of summer. The ragged edges of the leaves indicate where that part of the plant has been devoured; in some instances nothing is left save the mid-rib of the leaf. This specimen was collected in the northwest section of Washington, D. C., and photographed by the writer from life, natural size. The open city lot, in which the plant grew, swarmed with these grasshop- pers; it is very evident that these fellows are no conservators of wild flowers. As the Japanese are great lovers of wild flowers, these artistic and cultured people may not habitually exterminate them in the environs of their great cities; in any event, we may believe this until we know to the con- trary. However this may be, there is no question but that it is going on in this country all the time; and the writers to whom I re- fer above have very conclu- sively shown that, where wild very abundant only a compara- tively short time ago—in the outlying neighborhood of such a place as the New York Zoological Park in the Bronx, for example— they are now practically ex- terminated. This has been brought about by their not having been properly and cared for Within the jurisdiction of the Zoologi- cal Park the case is very different, for very stringent laws have been rigidly en- forced, and, as a conse- quence, not a single blade of grass is bent down by human feet, nor are other plants injured if the authorities can prevent it. This is not the case, how- flowers were systematically and conserved. ever,—he it said to our lack of care and _ foresight— with respect to the National Zoological Park and Gar- dens, where people roam at large, and hold populous picnics and other gather- ings; flowers and shrubs, plants and trees suffer accordingly. There are two principal ways of preventing this CONSERVATION OF THE PINK AZALEA DISAPPEARING Fic. 2.—This beautiful specimen of the Pink Azalea (Azalea nudiflora) was collected in southern Maryland early in the spring. This Azalea is classec among the shrubs, and grows from three to six feet high, though generally it is a branching, leafy bush. The clustered flowers come out about the same time as the leaves, or a little earlier, and they are of a rose or pinkish red color— sometimes very pale or almost white, with very little fragrance. It occurs coast-wise from northern New England well down into the Southern States, and blooms throughout the spring months in the District of Columbia. There are five small teeth to the calyx; note the funnel-formed corolla, with its five recurved lobes. There are five exerted stamens, with but one elongate pistil bearing a single, blackstigma. The leaves are dark green with unbroken outlines andellipticalin contour. This elegant shrub is being rapidly exterminated in the environs of our eastern cities, where it formerly grew in abundance. It is frequently gathered in great bunches, only to wither and be thrown aside in the woods. Pink Azalea belongs in the Heath family. species of vandalism: legal protection on the one hand, and the inaugurating of such steps in the community as will make for an enhancement of the tastes of the people on the other, to the end that a love for the beautiful in general, and for wild plant-life in particular, may be engendered. Our wild flowers see another powerful and merciless enemy in the automobile, or rather in the thousands of people they daily convey from any one of our great cities into all parts of the country, far and wide, surrounding such metropolitical centres. How often we see one of these cars, homeward bound, its occupants holding large bunches of dogwood in full flower, and great bunches of many species of other flowers and plants that have attracted the eye, but not called into play that conservative sense which makes for the preservation and not the AMERICAN WILD FLOWERS destruction of all that is beautiful, and often useful, in nature. With other true nature-students, I love to see people bring bunches of flowers into the home, especially if they be brought there for the purpose of careful botan- ical study along different lines of inquiry, or even for the purpose of at once placing them in a generous receptacle BOTH FLOWER AND FOOD Fic. 3.—Of recent years Chicory or Succory (Chicorium intybus) has occurre¢ abundantly in some of the Middle Atlantic States, and in the District of Colum- bia; it is found growing in vacant lots in the very heart of Washington, anc almost everywhere in the suburban parts of the city. Its brilliant blue—or sometimes white and even pinkish—flowers are familiar to many, enlivening the rank verdure flourishing where the plant thrives. The flowers wilt almost as soon as picked, and consequently many are needlessly destroyed. In the specimen here shown the flowers were a bright sky blue, with the buds in various stages of growth. They appear nearly sessile along the straight, fluted, branching and hairy stems, and are entirely odorless. The elongate, oblong petals are distally toothed or finely serrated, and the lanceolate leaves (not shown here) are entire. Confined chiefly to eastern districts, it came, nevertheless, appar- ently from far-off Arabia. Its long, somewhat stoutish roots furnish the chicory with which coffee is adulterated. In France a salad is made of its leaves, and the roots are eaten in Egypt. In Washington it blooms from mid-summer until late in the autumn. The specimen here shown is a good representative of the Chicory family, to which it belongs. It is reproduced natural size from a photo- graph by the author. 656 AMERICAN FORESTRY containing water, in that they may pal plants and shrubs standing lend to the home that peculiar HELP TO SAVE in need of protection, with re- beauty and = attractiveness that WILD FLOWERS spect to thoughtless and injudicious flowers alone can do. Clearly this HE beautiful wild flowers of this gathering, I may mention, first of is a very different matter compared country are steadily decreasing, all, our Trailing Arbutus (E pig@a with reverse instances, or where we and some will soon disappear repens), so well known to those entirely, unless people give more attention to conserving them. see an outing party in an incoming who know anything at all of our car bringing quantities of wild more familiar species that a de- Pluck wild flowers without limit, if } you wish, but do not pull them up by que shrubs, and the like. Only too the roots, nor strip full branches from necessary. As a flower, it is one often the smaller plants have been flowering shrubs and trees. This will of the favorites in American his- pulled up by the roots—a most prevent their destruction. tory. In New England it is known : Public education is necessary. Re- : Pane 5 peat the paragraph above to children : ‘ : : the certain extermination of the and adults and ask them to pass it the earliest flowering SPECIES ot species so dealt with, as I have else- along. It will help. spring. Whittier loved its blos- where pointed out. The collection soms, and in one of his beautiful of flowers and plants poems he said of it: flowers, flowering branches’ of scription here is rendered quite un- vicious practice, and one leading to as the Mayflower, as it is one of thus gathered is only “© sacred flower of too frequently tossed faith and hope, out of the car to wither on the roadside, before coming into the city; I can vouch for this from abundant _ per- sonal observation, ex- tending over a_ long time. Occasionally, such bouquets of As sweetly now and then Ye bloom on many a birchen slope, In many a pine-dark glen.” And Neltje Blan- chan, in her charming “ec Nature’s Garden,” flowers are carried as asks us: ‘Can words as a Tae Oa describe the fragrance the garage, where they are thrown into the al- ley or street, to be Swept up with other ref- use by those employed of the very breath of spring—that delicious commingling of the perfume of arbutus, the odor of pines, and for such purpose. A the snow-soaked soil In future articles, I just warming into life? shall have pleasure in pointing out in these pages the best methods to be pursued in study- ing the wild flowers Those who know the flower only as it is sold in the city streets, tied with wet, dirty string into tight bunches, near the home, and withered and forlorn, how such researches may be made to benefit, not only the student can have little idea of the joy of finding the pink, pearly blossoms undertaking them, but freshly opened among the people in general. This will include the the withered leaves of oak and chestnut, moss, forming of an herba- and pine needles in e FIOLETS ARE RAPIDLY DECREASING Steins (ile ROeRSee Maa VIOLETS ARE RAPIDLY DECREASIN( which they nestle close Fic. 4.—Here we have the Bird's-foot Violet (Viola pedata), a most lovely representative | 7 1 1 fie | ° 1 x of the Violet family; it occurs from Maine to Minnesota and southward. This charming to the cold earth in the member of a truly historical assemblage of very familiar and much admired flowers the to collect flowers; plant and flower-photogra- world over is now being rapidly exterminated in the environs of many of our eastern cities leafless, windy north- ae Stare s Rs E and towns, where formerly it flourished in great abundance. During the month of May, %. eee phy ’ and similat pur- which is the time of its blooming, ramblers through the woods often gather the flowers in ern forest. ~147;tc 5 , = bunches of from fifty to a hundred or more. Frequently the plant, growing in loose soil, 3 . suits that it de eS not is pulled up by the root, which results in its more certain destruction and ultimate elimina- I can remember tion in many districts. The photograph was made of a plant growing in the woods of north- ~F ern Virginia, and well shows how the flower forces its way through the dead oak leaves in when, htteen or tw enty the spring. The form of the leaves is well shown; the flowers show the appearance of two m4 2 : ¥ perfect ones, while the three others are in the various stages of final curling up. This speci- years ago, g1 eat patches men is probably Viola pedata bicolor, a most elegant variety of the common form. The upper “” petals are of a rich purple, and as soft as velvet, the three lower ones being very pale and ot arbutus could be \ F ake . arranged as shown in the illustration. We have a number of species of violets among our A 4 “ 2 mong the princi- wild flower flora, and mention is made of them in many classes and kinds of literature. found In many locali- fall within the scope of the present article to touch upon. CONSERVATION OF AMERICAN WILD FLOWERS ties about Washington, well within the city limits; but now one fre- quently has to hunt long and well to find it in sufficient quantity to make a small bouquet. The plant is becoming more and more rare only because the Every year, not city has three or four times its former population and a_ great many more people ramble through the woods than formerly, but the increasing rarity of the flower is to be accounted for by the gatherers culling it in excess of their needs. Then, too, as I said before, less pains are taken in plucking fhe flowers—the delicate little trailer is only too often pulled up, roots and all. terrants militate against this to some Posted preserves and other de- extent; but I have faith in the true American; were he or she to know of the damage they do, a simple appeal would have the effect of saving many a grow- QUESTIONS ABOUT FLOWERS AND SHRUBS MERICAN FORESTRY invites inquiry about flowers or shrubs. These inquiries will be promptly answered. There will be no charge. Questions about the structure and physiology of plants; their distribution and conservation; their economic uses, if proven; their friends and enemies, including birds, insects, and other living forms,— indeed anything that refers to their natural history will be answered. American Forestry also aims to exploit anything that lends’ itself to inducing our boys and girls to study and collect American wild flowers; to photograph them, and form botanical clubs where collections of pressed flowers may be kept for the use of members. Address all inquiries to AMERICAN FORESTRY, Washington,\D. C. ing plant of trailing arbutus. What I have said here about this flower applies to not a few other species, such as red cardinal, blue car- dinal, various species of violets, especially the bird’s-foot here shown in Figure 4, the bluets (Fig. 5), bloodroot, violet, anemones, With such flowers as_ black-eyed and others. susans, golden-rod, and little done in this way, for so on, harm is these plants grow in such wonderful abun- dance and profusion— covering that they defy reduction through ex- sometimes acres cessive culling. Shrubs suffer in a somewhat different 657 flowers. In a few seasons—some- times even in one season—this re- sults in entirely destroying the shape of the tree or shrub, in seri- ously diminishing the amount of florescence, and in the Usually the pink azalias (Fig. 2), its normal damaging growth generally. the dogwoods, and others that can for are victims of vandalism to I feel will be reached the the which reference is that the have been purpose, the made. not present article written in vain should it have the effect of checking, to any degree whatever, the steady destruction that takes place every all summer long—of the wild flowers in the woods and fields surrounding our spring—someti mes populous cities. Although not altogether within the scope of the present article, I am sure it will not be taken amiss when I invite atten- tion to the fact that, in many places—more particularly in certain cities in California—a taste has arisen, and in some instances very ex- cultivated, for the care of many tensively species of our wild flowers in gardens, or under conditions de- manding even more land than a garden amounts to—something after the out-of-doors Here they are studied, photo- nursery order. graphed, cross-fer- tilized, and admired, often with greater pleasure and profit than in their normal occurrence This and places of in nature. very satisfactory en- couraging taste is also to be noticed in certain for branches of way, here the varying sizes are deliberately broken off—generally the the ground and bearing the greatest ones nearest natural size. profusion of in a little vase filled with water. parts of the United States to Michigan and southward. than this little attractive light blue beauty, with its yellow center. last the author photographed an exceptionally fine plant, and the same is here reproduced Structurally it is interesting from the fact Cc that the flowers are dimorphous,—some having a long pistil and short stamens, the reverse being the case in other flowers. This arrangement prevents self-fertilization. FEWER QUAKER LADIES EVERY YEAR Fic. 5.—The quaint little four-cleft Bluets or Quaker-Ladies represent another flower that is often ruthlessly gathered, only to be thrown away with others picked at the same time. It may be well to know that if a bunch be plucked by themselves, they will last a long time It occurs more or less abundantly, from all the northern Few wild flowers are better known In the spring before It belongs to the Madder family. places in the eastern districts, and it should by all means be fur- thered by any one who pre- venting the extermina- aims to assist in tion of many of our 698 AMERICAN finest and most lovely wild flowers. A great many species thrive very well under the conditions just named. Let us continue to bring wild flowers into our homes, for study as well as for the refining effect they never fail to have; but let us, too, in every way we can, discourage the wanton picking of them, especially the fatal practice of pulling them up by the roots. PHILIPPINE ISLAND TIMBER sy ARTHUR F, Fiscuer, Bureau of Forestry, Manila T different times in the past there have ap- peared in the various lumber journals of the United States articles to the effect that certain people claim or intimate ownership of large timber concessions in the Philippine Islands. As a matter of fact, about ninety-nine per cent of the standing timber of the Philip- pines is on public land and under the direct control of the Government. Extensive private timber holdings, such as are found in the United States, are unknown there; in fact, there is no inducement for any individual or company to attain such timber holdings under the present system of Government management of the timber lands. The Government develops the public forests under the license system, such licenses being granted for one year or for twenty years usually, the latter being the twenty-year exclusive license agreements, or concessions, as they are popularly known, All the larger lumber companies of the Islands are operating under exclusive license agree- ments and under such the company has the exclusive title (with the exception of the free use privilege) to the tim- ber on the tract. The system means that if a prospective company shows sufficient good faith a concession is granted to the company, after the necessary advertising, etc., without the company having invested a cent in the timber. At no time has the company any money tied up in the standing timber, as the Government charges are only collected on the timber after it is cut. The enormous advantage of this system over private ownership is readily seen when it is realized that the money ordinarily tied up in standing timber can be invested in the logging and milling operations, while the company still has exclusive and full title to the standing timber, making it about as desirable as if the company owned it outright. Details as to the obtaining of tracts of timber, location and areas of present tracts ready for development, capital required, and any other information along this line will be gladly furnished by the Bureau of Forestry at Manila to interested parties upon their request. BOOKS FREE TO MEMBERS An unusual opportunity to acquire some tree, bird and flower books free of charge is offered in a special announcement in the front of the magazine. These books are by experts on the several subjects and are not only desirable in any library, but of service in giving ad- vice and instruction which will save the reader expense. FORESTRY McALESTER’S LONE PINE HEN the street was paved in front of the Busby Hotel at McAlester, Oklahoma, someone with a kindly feeling for trees saw to it that this pine was spared. The tree stands in the middle of a wide street with ample roadway on either side and it is protected by a cement curbing and a wire fence stretched on iron posts. A TOWN SAVES A PINE TREE This stands protected by a high wire fence in the middle of one of the main streets of McAlester, Oklahoma. There are thousands and thousands of more symmetrical pines in the forests that come to the very edge of this picturesque hill town in eastern Oklahoma, but this scrag- ged veteran of the woods had prior rights that were respected. He was there among his own kind long before the foot of white man tramped over the McAlester ranch; he was there before the Choctaws came over from Missis- sippi under treaty with Uncle Sam. Nobody knows just how long he has been on that spot, watching the axeman strike down his fellows one by one. He saw the brick and stone buildings go up on Choctaw Avenue, at the foot of the hill, and when workmen broke ground for the hotel on the very street over which he was keeping his lonely watch he thought his time had come. When they began to lay brick on the kindly turf at his feet he gave up hope. Suddenly he noted something unusual right down below his branches. A workman chalked off a ring and set a barrier of artificial stone against the paving that effectively kept his enemies at bay. And so he stands today a lone sentinel, a reminder of time forever gone, a refuge for birds, casting a slanting shadow to momentarily bless the passing way farer. National Highways in Florida By Mrs. Kirk MuNROE HE great Dixie Highway, running south from Chicago for more than one thousand miles, finds its terminus in Dade County, Florida, at the boundary line between Miami and Cocoanut Grove. Throughout its entire length it has a reputation for beauti- ful scenery, carefully planned borderings of ornamental trees, shrubs, and flowers, as well as for smooth, hard- ON THE INGRAHAM HIGHWAY The famous Traveler's Tree (Ravenala Madagascariensts) of which there are many along the fine highway whichruns one hundred miles into Florida until Cape Sable is reached. surfaced road-beds, among the best of which are those found along its Dade County sub-division. The unique slogan of the Dixie Highway, “ Plant a tree for every baby along the line!” was first heard in Florida, and in that State it already has been answered by many miles of planted trees. The Dixie Highway was officially opened on October 24, 1915, with a three days’ celebration at Miami when the first automobiles to cover the entire route ended their long journey from Chicago. One of the most notable features of this highway is a wonderful open-air Aviary and Bird Sanctuary, recently established by Mr. Charles Deering, of Chicago, on his southern estate that borders the road for miles just north of Miami. Here, too, also bordering on the Dixie High- way, Mr. Deering has deeded to the Government a large tract of land to be used by the Department of Agriculture as a tropical experiment station. Ten miles further on the Dixie Highway finds its southern terminus at another beauty-spot, amid the superb collection of tropical flora displayed on both sides, for a mile or more, by ** Viscaino,”’ the magnificent winter home of Mr. James Deering, also of Chicago. At this terminus, the Dixie merges in the Ingraham Highway, the most southern road of the whole national highway system. Over its smooth, hard-oiled surface the traveler may penetrate nearly one hundred miles further, Uncle Sam’s Mainland Tropics, until, at Cape Sable, he reaches their extreme limit. This unique highway, bordered on one side by the Everglades, and on the other by the salt waters of Biscayne Bay, is named after the Honorable James E. Ingraham of St. Augustine, who discovered South Florida for Henry Flagler, and who has done more than any other one man THE SCREW PINE (PANDANUS UTILIS) These trees may be seen along both the Dixie and the Ingraham highw the Dixie the slogan is, ** Plant a tree for every baby along the lin for its development. The highway that he explored tra- verses dark tropical forests, mangrove swamps, and crosses the vast saw-grass marshes of the Everglades. It passes orange, grapefruit, and lime groves, through others of avocadoes, or mangoes, besides great pineapple patches, and vast fields of tomatoes ripening in midwinter; also, and above all, it crosses “ Paradise Key” through the superb Royal Palm Hammock, the great State Park that is the Women’s maintained by Florida Federation of Clubs. Half of this wonderful highway is already constructed, while the remainder, through the ’Glades, is under con- The road-bed is 24 feet in width and has a central driveway of crushed When tract, with work on it in active progress. and heavily rolled rock, overspread with tarvia. 660 completed, it will be bordered along its entire length with palms, and other tropical trees, interspersed with hibiscus, oleander, and other brightly blooming shrubs. For its first thirty miles it traverses a section of coun- try already cultivated and well settled. Here are located some of the finest winter residences with which people of AT THE END OF THE DIXIE HIGHWAY An avenue of Royal Palms (Oreodoxa regia) near where the Dixie Highway, after running 1000 miles from Chicago to Florida,is merged into the Ingraham Highway. great wealth are beautifying this portion of the South, and all of these show picturesque gateways and carefully planted roadsides. Along the whole line, too, the beauti- ful wild life of the region, both animal and vegetable, is being conserved for the benefit of future generations. The colors chosen for the great Dixie Highway are gold and white, and as the Ingraham Highway is under the especial protection of the Florida Federation of Women’s Clubs, it is suggested that its colors shall be the same as theirs and that it shall evermore be known as the Road of the Gold and Green. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING The 37th annual meeting of the American Forestry Association will be held at Washington, D. C., on Thursday and Friday, January 18 and 19, 1917. All members are urged to attend. The program will be announced later. AMERICAN FORESTRY SCHOOLS AND CAMPS IN FORESTS NCREASING use of the National Forests for munici- sites and summer school locations is the pal camp reported by Forest Service. Permits have already been issued to several cities and educational insti- tution and other applications are expected. Officials say that far more people use the forests for public playgrounds than for any other purpose, and that this use promises to be one of the most important to which they can be put. The city of Fresno, California, has been granted a permit for the use of a 15-acre camp on the shores of Huntington Lake, in the Sierra National Forest. It is reported that the city will establish a camp in which out- ings during the summer months will be provided at low cost for 11,000 school children and their parents. In the same Forest a California State normal school is now occupying a tract of land which is rented from the Government under a long-term lease. A number of buildings have been erected, all of which, as well as many cottages and camps, are supplied with water from a water system installed by the Forest Service. In con- nection with the regular six-week summer course, this school gives a course in woodcraft and general forestry subjects. The students visit the nearby Forest Service ranger stations and lookout towers, and study the Gov- Addresses on the work of the Forest Service are given by officials from time The Georgia State Forest School has a camp on ernment’s methods of fire protection. to time. private lands on the Georgia National Forest where a A feature of this course is a series of talks given by members of the Forest Service summer course is given. stationed in the vicinity. Los Angeles was the first city in California to estab- lish a vacation camp in the National Forests. A tract of land in the Angeles Forest has been rented, and a large camp built, costing about $8,000. This camp consists of a log and stone lodge, 46 furnished cottages, tennis and croquet courts, baseball grounds and handball courts. A 10-day trip can be made for a small cost which is within 3y this means thou- sands of residents of the city have been able to spend their vacations in the mountains. the reach of practically every one. It is also reported that a San Francisco association is considering the establishment of a summer home for girls Boy Scout troops regularly camp in several of the forests, and on at Lake Tahoe on the Tahoe National Forest. one forest the Y. M.C. A. of a nearby city has leased a lot and put up a permanent camp. Officials say that the National Forests offer unlimited opportunities for summer school and municipal camps, as well as the best opportunities for recreation to be had any- where in the country. Ample provision is made for campers and tourists. Hunting and fishing are allowed in season, and there are no restrictive regulations beyond those regarding forest fires. Members are requested to use blank under table of contents if they wish sample copies of American Forestry sent to friends. LHe TREE THAT OWNS Tse THE TREE THAT OWNS ITSELF By T. H. McHatron Horticulturist, Georgia State Department of Agriculture NE of the most priceless possessions of the city of Athens, Georgia, is the tree that owns itself. This fine, healthy, white oak, Quercus alba, is unique in being the only plant in the world that possesses a deed to the ground upon which it stands. There is no way THE TREE THAT OWNS ITSELF William R. Jackson of Athens, Georgia, in his will bequeathed to this fine old white oak entire possession of itself and the land for eight feet on all sides of it. Later, George Foster Peabody placed the granite posts and chains around it. of telling how old this magnificent specimen is. The tree is 12.2 feet in circumference 5 feet from the ground, and about 60 feet high. In the days before the war Mr. Wm. H. Jackson used to climb the hill that this tree crowns and rest in the shade of its branches. From this posi- tion he could look out over his farm that stretched in the bottom below the hill, and there, it is said, Mr. Jackson spent a great deal of his time. When he died, in his will was found the following bequest : “For and in consideration of the great love I bear this tree and the great desire | have for its protection for all time, I convey to it entire possession of itself and all the land on eight feet of the tree on all sides.” Of course, the laws of the State of Georgia would not permit a plant to be its own owner, but the beauty of the idea was accepted by the people of Athens and they are proud to say that they have ir. their midst a tree that is its own master. Some years ago, Mr. George Foster Peabody had granite posts and chains placed about the realm of this forest monarch and caused to be engraved on a tablet 661 of stone the quotation from the will and the name of William H. Jackson. Besides this unique tree, Athens has many other beauti- ful plants. The city has always been the educational cen- tre of the State and in its younger days had many citizens like William H. Jackson, who recognized the worth and value and beauty of trees, and these men so impressed the community with their reverence for plant life that in its modern development the city has saved its magnificent forest specimens for the edification of future generations. URGES HUNTERS TO BE CAREFUL MPHASIZING the destruction of property and hu- man life caused by careless hunters, a warning is- sued by the Forest Service urges all sportsmen on the National Forests to use the greatest possible care to prevent forest fires and to avoid such accidents as the one which caused the death of Forest Ranger Clark on the Cabinet National Forest in Montana last year. Mr. Clark, it is said, was mistaken for a bear by a careless hunter who fired without waiting to be sure what he was To show that such accidents are not un- common, the warning yuotes an estimate of the Biological shooting at. Survey that between 150 and 200 persons are annually killed in hunting accidents in this country and that this number is increasing. Furthermore, it is stated, 15 per cent of all the forest fires in the National Forests are caused by careless hunters and other campers. The National Forests, it is pointed out, contain the best hunting grounds in the country. The number of game animals is increasing on account of the protection from forest fires and illegal killing which is afforded by Forest officers. On many of the Forests, deer, elk, moun- tain sheep and other species are fairly plentiful, while small game is usually abundant. Bear, mountain lion and other predatory animals are found on most of the For- ests and the killing of these meat eaters is encouraged because they prey on domestic stock and the herbivorous game animals. The value of the Forests for hunting grounds depends largely upon whether they are protected from fire, says the warning. Forest fires destroy the range and breeding places of the game and often kill large numbers of the ani- mals themselves, while a great many more are driven out Furthermore, streams flow- ing through burned-over areas are subject to such extreme of the country by the flames. variations of flow and are often so choked up with de- posits of sediment that fish cannot live in them. Each year, it is stated, sees an increase in the numbers of persons who visit the National Forests for hunting and other recreation purposes. Every effort is made to encour- Maps showing the recreation resources have been issued, and the trails built by the rangers Open up new country to visitors. age this use of the Forests. The best indication of a man’s fitness to be in the woods, the warning points out, is the care which he shows in handling fire-arms and fire. White Pines Threatened The White Pine Blister Rust Existing Menaces Trees Which are Request For Public Aid HE American Forestry Association requests the cooperation of its members in the endeavor to prevent the spread of the white pine blister rust, which threatens the destruction of white pine and all five-leaved pines in the United States and Canada. This disease has already appeared in thirteen states in the United States and two provinces in Canada. The chestnut blight is rapidly des- troying all the chestnut trees in the United States because no serious attempt to combat it was made until it was beyond the possibility of con- trol. The white pine blister rust threatens similar devastation of the white pines, but there is still time to Experts declare HOW TO PREVENT THE SPREAD OF THE WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST prevent its spreading is to: $260,000,000.00; western sugar pine, $150,000,000.00, or a total of $410,000,000,00. Vigorous and immediate action is necessary. If the dis- ease can be stamped out, it is much easier and less costly to do it now than it will be when it has a wider area of infection. Neither state nor government authorities alone or together have the funds or facilities or the power to fight this disease the way it should be fought. Individual owners of timber lands, farm lands,:.waste- lands, owners of gooseberry and cur- rant bushes, and the general public must be aroused to a realization of the danger and the damage threat- ened. Earnest public agitation in all that the way to save them from the fate of the chestnut, if decisive action is im- mediately taken. The loss of the chestnut is a disaster, but the loss of the white pine, because of its wide distribution, the immense present value of the timber and the great future value of the young growth, is an impending calamity, appalling to contemplate. The most hopeful feature of the situation is due to the peculiar fact that it is necessary for the blister rust fungus Destroy all gooseberry and currant bushes, wild and cultivated (includ- ing flowering currants), in and near sections where the disease prevails. Destroy all five-needled pine trees on which blister rust infection ap- pears. Prohibit the shipment of white pine seedlings from infected sections. Plant no white pine trees unless the source from which they come is known, and then only when state or government authorities vouch for the fact that the trees are free from blister rust and that it is advisable the states where the disease has ap- peared is needed, and needed now. The American Forestry Associa- tion will devote itself to the work of saving the white pine, and earnestly hopes that all of its members will cooperate in every way they can. The white pine blister rust, as has already been explained in AMERI- CAN FORESTRY, appears as a fun- gus which is parasitic on white pine trees. In the latter part of May and early June the spores are spread by to pass one stage of its life on the leaves of currants and gooseberries. Since the disease cannot spread if currant and gooseberry bushes are lacking, the destruc- tion of currant and gooseberry bushes of all kinds appears to be a practicable means of controlling the disease, if it is done before the pines become infected. The estimated value of the white pine is as follows: New England States $75,000,000.00 Lake States... Q5,000,000.00 Western States 60,000,000.00 National Forests. . Boteee 30,000,000.00 Experts believe that if the disease reaches the Pacific Coast that the western sugar pine will also be affected. The estimated value of this western pine is: Western States. . .$105,000,000.00 National Forests. . . 45,000.00 The valuation of the pines which are threatened by the disease is, therefore: eastern and western white pines, to plant them. the wind to currant and gooseberry bushes. On these bushes they ap- pear as a yellow rust on the under side of the leaves, but do no damage. Throughout the summer they may be spread by the wind from bush to bush, and in this way have been known to infect large areas, even traveling at times as many as twenty miles in one summer. From late June until the leaves fall, another form of spore develops on the goose- berries and currants, and this is spread by the wind back to the white pine, where the destruction is caused. Because of the rapid spread of the blister rust and the great damage which it causes to one of the most valuable timber crops of the country, foresters agree that it is neces- sary to destroy all kinds of currants and gooseberries until the rust has been thoroughly stamped out. Government and state experts have been in the field for some time making investigations of areas where the rust has appeared and also in examining gooseberry and currant By Destructive Disease in Thirteen States and in Canada Valued at $260,000,000 in Preventing Its Spread bushes and pine seedlings at nurseries, and their investi- gations have reached a point which now leaves no doubt of the grave danger of the disease or of the fact that it has already spread sufficiently to make the danger imminent. The Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture recently invited State Forestry officials of adjoining states and gov- ernment officials to meet at Fall River, Massachusetts, for the purpose of observing the effect of the blister rust on native pines in that locality, and to discuss methods of checking the spread of the disease. Throughout all of this summer, it MAINE WHERE THE WHITE PINE BLIS- TER RUST HAS BEEN LOCATED cial nurseries, the remaining two cases being stock from the infected nurseries. The situation in Maine is much more serious. The rust fungus has been found generally prevalent on currants and gooseberries from the extreme southwestern corner of Maine, about Kittery, to Bar Harbor, and throughout the territory northward to Rangeley, Greenville, and Milli- nocket. Wild growths of currants and gooseberries are found practi- cally over the entire state on the roadsides, pastures, fields, swamps and rocky hillsides and compara- tively level forest land. developed at the conference, scout work has been done in the six New England States and in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, which showed that in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu- setts, Rhode Island, and Connecti- cut, the blister rust disease is al- ready thoroughly established on both imported and native trees. In certain sections of eastern New York and in portions of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, it has gained a foothold. The result of the conference was NEW HAMPSHIRE VERMONT MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND CONNECTICUT NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA NEW JERSEY OHIO INDIANA WISCONSIN MINNESOTA PROVINCES OF QUEBEC-CANADA OTTAWA-CANADA Infected pines were found at Bar Harbor, Bath, Lewiston, Riverton Park near Portland, and Kittery. There are enough wild gooseber- ries and currants in the State to carry the blister rust to every pine tree, and sweep out of existence the white pine forests of the state. What this means is evident when it is considered that white pine in the state is second in value to spruce; that the lumber it produces repre- sents almost nine per cent of all the white pine in the United States. The rust has also been discovered that a committee representing the states of New York, New Hamp- shire, Vermont, Massachusetts and Rhode Island took immediate action in issuing a warning to the public which concludes with the following statement: “The currant and gooseberry bushes in large areas throughout New England states and eastern New York are now infected with the blister rust in the stage when it re- turns to the white pine, and the immediate removal of cur- rant and gooseberry bushes is necessary to save our white pine trees.” The United States Department of Agriculture, through the office of Forest Pathology, is codperating in scouting for the blister rust in practically all the states where white pine is an important native tree. At the present time, scouting has been completed in but two states—Maine and New Jersey. Seven points of infection were found in New Jersey; in five instances blister rust infection was found in commer- at nurseries on gooseberries and currants and white pine seedlings in other New England States, Penn- sylvania, New York, Ohio, Indiana and in plantings of white pine in Wisconsin and in Minnesota, and there is practically no doubt but that the disease is making steady progress in all of the states mentioned in this article. New York State has taken firm hold of the white pine blister rust problem in an endeavor to prevent the spread of the disease from the badly infected western part of Massachusetts. For this purpose an emergency loan of $15,000 was authorized in August by Governor Whitman and thirty-five men under the supervision of the State Department of Agriculture and the Conservation Commis- sion were set at work in Columbia County creating an immune zone two miles wide along the Massachusetts bor- der by digging up and destroying all gooseberry and cur- rant bushes, both wild and cultivated. Safety First in Tree Planting By PERLEY SPAULDING AND Cart Hartley HE city man of to-day who buys a good apple won- ders why it costs more than an orange. He used to buy apples for a fraction of their present price. He never can realize all of the reasons for this high cost until he visits a commercial apple orchard and sees the expensive spraying outfits and the hundreds of gallons of costly fungicides and insecticides with which the trees are sprayed during the early part of each season in order to protect the fruit from parasites. The amateur who tries to raise good fruit, or, in fact, any highly specialized crop, often is bewildered, if not beaten, by the variety of pests which attack his crops, the multiplicity of opera- tions necessary to prevent or combat them, and the entire lack of efficient control methods for some of them. A very large part of the high price of food products is due either to the losses caused by insects and fungi, or to the expensive measures needed to prevent their attack. This condition has valuable lessons for people engaged in other lines of work. The experience of the farmer will be of value for the tree planter if he will but read the handwriting on the wall and take heed thereto. Our forest trees are not now attacked by any such array of destructive pests as are cultivated crops. They never will be if we use proper caution now. Carelessness now is certain to result finally in putting the tree planter in much the same condition as are the fruit and truck growers now, and without one-tenth of their opportunity for effec- tive control of established pests. An ounce of preven- tion now will be worth many pounds of cure later. The imperative need for preventive measures and the methods of prevention needed will be best understood after a more detailed consideration of the crop disease situation. There probably the greatest part—of our increased trouble is due to new parasites. Many of these we would never have had, if our fathers had been properly careful in their importation of plants. As a direct result of their heed- lessness and ignorance of plant diseases we must pay a perpetual tax in the form of higher prices on every- thing we eat. Hisrortc INVASIONS OF PARASITES A list of a few historic invasions of parasites on agricultural plants may not be out of place. 1. Hollyhock rust. Introduced from Chile. Serious pest here, and has practically exterminated both the wild and cultivated mallows in certain sections of Europe. 2. Late blight and rot of potatoes. Probably from South America. Reached Europe and United States about 1835. Helped cause the great Irish famine, in which thousands of people starved to death. It reappears prac- tically every year. The total annual loss is enormous. 3. Phylloxera and grape mildew. Both native of America. Devastated the vineyards of France and the Mediterranean about 1855, forcing great numbers of growers to emigrate. For some years they nearly destroyed the wine industry of Europe. 4. Asparagus rust. European. Reached America in 1896. Has driven out of cultivation the most prolific American varieties. 5. Citrus canker. Philippine. California prevented its entrance by its rigid inspection and quarantine. It has now obtained a foothold in the Gulf States. Florida is spending hundreds of thousands of dollars and destroy- ing every tree affected with the canker, in an effort to exterminateit. The have always been diseases of crop plants. Before plant diseases were investigated, and we acquired our present exacting standards as to fruit quality, many cases of parasite injury went un- noticed or unrecog- nized. But we now have more trouble than we entire citrus in- dustry of the Gulf region is in great danger, however. There have been many such _ out- breaks. These five are merely striking typical cases. All of these diseases are still present in their new homes, and always will be, with the possible exception of the used to. Part of last. Half a dozen this is due to our dangerous new modern extensive From Bureau Plant Industry Bulletin, 263. p aras i tes h ave THE ASPARAGUS RUST ° ‘ methods. A great gained entrance in Field at right, healthy. part, however— 664 Field at left, ruined by asparagus rust, introduced into the United States as a result of the unnecessary importation of plants from Europe. the last ten years. SVAEIGADNG TeURSIE AON In most of these cases, the parasite was relatively harm- less in its own country, but when it reached a new coun- try and found susceptible new hosts it attacked them with infinitely more vigor than it did its native hosts. Large scale importation of forest tree stock has been a more recent development than that of fruit and orna- TREE PLANTING 665 conditions existing, however, its complete eradication is becoming more and more doubtful. If this effort fails, profitable forestation with any five-needled pine in any part of the United States will probably in time become Will attract general attention within 15 years. European hard-pine blister rust and the pitch- impossible. 4. The pine bud moth, recently discovered in im- ported material. It is hoped that the rust has been entirely eradicated; the eradication of the moth is very doubtful as it is widely distributed already. The parasites we have already im- ported are merely samples of what we are likely to receive in the future, if we do not enforce efficient preventive measures. There are a number of known destruc- tive pests which have not so far ap- peared in this country. For example, the oak mildew, which has greatly troubled European foresters for the past few years and appears to be a much more harmful parasite than our American mildew. The pine twister (C@oma pinitorqua) 1s an- other parasite even more to be dreaded than the blister rust. We should see that these and other known pests do not Courtesy of Professor R. E. Smith. WHAT ONE BLIGHT DID This shows what the western pear growers had to do to save many of their orchards after they let the eastern fire blight parasite into the western fruit-growing regions. mental plants. As a consequence, fewer forest parasites have reached us. had enough tree parasite invasions to give us But we have already stern warning of the danger. The following cases may be cited: 1. Gypsy and browntail moths. From Europe. Permanently established in New England and slowly spreading. Millions of dollars have been spent by the New England States, New York and the Federal Government in attempted extermina- tion. This is given up and nothing is now at- tempted except the restriction of their migration and holding them in check by natural parasites. It took 20 years for the gypsy moth to attract attention. Introduced from the Orient, almost certainly on nursery stock. 2. Chestnut bark disease. Has already turned large areas of chestnut forest into waste land, and is steadily spreading. Prob- appear in the future. ous than the known harmful parasites are the hundreds of obscure foreign fungi, But more danger- doing little or no damage in their native ee eS ‘ae ably will exterminate the present stand of Ameri- can chestnut, despite earnest but spasmodic con- trol efforts. Took 15 years for this to attract general attention. After C. L. Marlatt. WHITE PINES KILLED BY THE GYPSY MOTH Thousands of acres of forest have been wrecked by this introduced insect, and in 1907 Massa- chusetts spent $750,000 in fighting the browntail and the gypsy moth in the effort to save the trees of the State. 3. White pine blister rust. Present in numer- ous importations from Europe. Thousands of dollars have been spent, and hundreds of thousands of trees and cur- rant and gooseberry bushes have been destroyed in the effort to eradicate it. Scientifically this disease would not be difficult to eradicate. With the social and political habitats ; some even entirely unknown to science, as were the chestnut bark fungus and citrus canker a few years ago. Any of these, when introduced into this country and given a chance at our great variety of forest trees, is likely to find a yery susceptible host species which it 666 AMERICAN can entirely exterminate, as with the chestnut, or at least so injure as to destroy much of its commercial value. The virulence of such parasites cannot be foretold by the best informed plant pathologist in the world, because the effect of a new climate or of new hosts varies in each case. MovEMENT OF PARASITES The problem of new parasites is by no means limited to importation from over sea. Great harm can result from the movement of a parasite from one part of the country to another. The history of crop pests here also contains valuable object lessons for the tree planter. The In the early days, fire blight, scab, codlin moth, and apple mildew apple and pear furnish the best know examples. were not present in the Northwest. The divides and deserts of the Rocky Mountain region presented a bar- rier which might easily have kept these diseases out of the Indiscriminate and Pacific Coast region for generations. By courtesy of Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station. SCAB DISEASE OF APPLES This disease is prevalent throughout North America and causes an estimated annual loss of $30,000,000 in this country alone. unregulated shipment of nursery stock from the East to the West saddled the Pacific Coast with all the worst pests in a short time, and many of them became even more injurious in the western climate and conditions than in the eastern. This took place before the present efficient inspection service of California was fully developed. From the pathological standpoint the forests of the United States may be considered as comprising three reasonably distinct the East, the Mountain, and the Pacific Coast. Each contains some regions ; Rocky trees and parasites not present in any of the others. Both of the western regions contain parasites which have never had a chance to attack the eastern American tree FORESTRY species, or the foreign species which have been introduced into the eastern United States. If the filamentous blister rust (Peridermium filamentosum) of the western hard pines and the very destructive leafless mistletoe (Razou- Courtesy of Professor R. E. PEAR BLIGHT ON PACIFIC COAST What the pear blight did on the Pacific Coast, after the westerners allowed it to Smith. be brought to them from the East. The orchard in which this photograph was taken was completely ruined by the parasite. mofskya spp.) which attack the western pines ever are introduced into the eastern region no one can guess how Recent experiments by Dr. G. G. Hedgecock have shown that one of the most harmful of the leafless mistletoes of the West is entirely able to attack at least four of the species of pine In addition to these well-known para- sites there are numerous less important or little known much damage they may cause. inoculation grown in the East. western pests which, if accidentally introduced to the East, might easily become very destructive. On the other hand, some of the relatively isolated Pacific Coast tree species, growing in a climate especially favorable for fungus development, are likely to prove very susceptible to the parasites of related eastern species. Even such cosmopolitan species as lodgepole pine and western yellow pine have already shown themselves remarkably susceptible to the northeastern pitch pine blis- Nursery stock of these species, raised in a Lake State’s nursery where ter rust (Cronartium comptonic). this rust is native, was much more seriously affected by it than are any of the eastern pines, being prac- tically exterminated. The white pine blister rust, which is very dangerously near to becoming permanently established in the East, SAFETY FIRST IN is certain to make trouble if it once enters the region of the western five-needled pine. It constitutes an additional reason for fearing the movement of parasites from [ast to West. of the fruit grower, and take advantage of natural bar- The forester should profit by the costly lessons riers to hold the forest parasites we now have to the regions they now occupy. Wart Can Be Done Azsout It? Only a part of the pests we should fear The list of dangerous insects is particularly in- have been mentioned in this article. complete, as the writers make no pretense of entomological knowledge. has been said to make it very evident that importation of additional foreign diseases, But enough and the man-aided spread across the conti- nent of parasites now limited to certain re- gions of our own country, is a serious menace to the future of American forestry. How then can we decrease this menace? It is always possible for insects or fun- gus spores to be carried from one point to another on any commodity. However, plant parasites seldom invade new regions unless carried on or in some part of the plant they attack. With agricultural plants any part of the plant is likely to harbor a parasite, and exclusion of pests is there- fore very difficult. With forest and orna- mental trees the problem is easier. Very From U.S.D.A. attacking eastern and European pines. Shipment of western stock to the East is therefore dangerous. rp a0 i cia il Tm Ley f FREE PLANTING 667 method of long-distance transfer of tree parasites is on nursery stock, and in the materials in which that stock is packed. The early attempt to prevent transmission of disease in nursery stock shipments was by inspection. Much dis- Bulletin 360. KEEP THIS OUT OF THE EAST The Pacific Coast yellow pine mistletoe, a very harmful western parasite, known to be capable of Its seed may be carried on nursery stock from the West. —— sased material has been kept out in this way, and great good has been done. But every one conver- sant with the situation realizes that inspection 1s Blister rust and mistle- toe may not show any conspicuous evidence of only a partial safeguard. their presence on trees till two years or even more after infection takes place, so that stock carrying these parasites is very likely to pass as healthy. The most dangerous organisms, those which have not been serious pests in their native habitats, are still less likely to be caught by in- spectors. [Even so conspicuous and well known a disease as the chestnut bark disease can easily get past an inspector, as has already been too often proved. In the effort to meet this failing, the authorities have established quarantines against importations of certain plants. This improves esis THE DEADLY CITRUS CANKER Burning a diseased grapefruit tree with a crude oil blow-torch—the only method by which the disease can be killed without handling the diseased parts and spreading the infection. few serious diseases of trees are carried in seed. Timber still bearing bark is capable of harboring many pests, but is not often shipped from one forest region to an- other except in the case of railroad ties and telegraph and telephone poles. This is a very efficient method of spreading the chestnut blight however. The principal the situation somewhat, but is also only a very partial safeguard. Following the American prin- ciple of allowing the maximum liberty of action, quarantines have been established only where the danger was positively known to be great and immediate. Most of the quarantines have not been instituted until the parasite concerned had already become established somewhat in the country. It is therefore evident that present inspection and quar- antine measures are inadequate. They do not by any means 668 assure us freedom from the introduction of new pests, although they do much to prevent their introduction. There is one simple method that will keep us free from new parasites. Tree planters must limit themselves to stock grown from seed in the region in which it is to be planted. It sometimes happens that the use of home-grown stock will involve delay or even additional ex- pense. The ounce of prevention may cost a little money, incon- venience, or time, but its cost is infini- tesimal when com- pared with the cost of the many pounds of cure needed to merely keep a seri- ous disease in check after it has once be- established. With its great range of climate, the United States can grow from seed any species of any tree that can be grown here at all. The present dis- organization of the import business offers an excellent opportunity for American nurserymen to make any needed preparation for supplying the entire home demand. There come from the others. is no excuse, under present conditions, for us to continue dependent on foreign countries for any of our tree stock. The lesson for the tree planter to take from the bitter experience of his brother agriculturists, then, is this: FORESTERS TAKE BIG TRIP MES forestry students this summer took a three- months’ trip through western and northwestern United States for the purpose of studying forestry. The party of fifteen consisted of forestry students and the members of the forestry faculty at the Iowa State The trip took the party through practically all the different forest regions of the west and north- College. west. Stops were made in Colorado, Utah, California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Montana and Minnesota. The longest camp, of three weeks’ duration, was made on the Columbia National Forest in Washington, where unusually good opportunities were had for studying dif- ferent lines of forestry work. HE farm woodlots of the United States contain about ten per cent of the total standing timber in the country. Each of the regions shown above contains dangerous tree parasites which should be excluded . Shipment of nursery stock from any one of these regions to another is dangerous, even if the stock has been previously inspected. AMERICAN FORESTRY In order to avoid further catastrophes like those caused by the chestnut bark disease and the gypsy moth: 1. Do not import nursery stock from any other continent. 2. Do not ship stock or buy stock that has been shipped across the regional boundaries shown in figure. Make that the stock you buy from your sure local nurseryman has been raised from seed in your region. 3. If it should be absolutely necessary to buy stock from a nursery in another region, choosea nursery that is in a farming community, in open rather than in forested country, and that own stock from seed. Our tree planters deserve great credit. It is an thing to make two trees grow where but one grew before. raises its excellent But the man who leaves a heritage of pests as well as of trees will deserve no praise from succeeding generations. The method of avoiding disease introduction by planting home-grown stock is simple and relatively easy. After already had, the establishment of any part of the country is to be the lessons we have a new tree pest in regarded as an avoidable calamity. PLANTING ON HIGHWAYS RRANGEMENTS have been completed cooperation between the Pennsylvania Depart- ment of Forestry and the State Highway Depart- ment in planting shade and fruit trees along the State for highways. The Department of Forestry will grow the trees from seed in its big nurseries. They will be trans- planted into areas set aside for the purpose, and when they have reached suitable size the trees will be turned over to the Highway Department and private good-roads organizations for planting. THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING The 37th annual meeting of the American Forestry Asscciation will be held at Washington, D. C., on Thursday and Friday, January 18 and 19, 1917. All members are urged to attend. The program will be announced later. The Bird Department By A. A. ALLEN, PH.D. Assistant Professor of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York WHAT WSeA. GAME BIRD: URING the past few years the game laws of many states have been radically revised and the question of national and even international legislation for the conservation of game has been settled. There still remains unanswered, however, the fundamental question, What isa game bird? The federal migratory bird law and the game laws of each state of the Union define what are considered game birds within their jurisdiction but they are not identical. The laws of other civilized countries are A FLOCK OF WILD DUCKS, BLUEBILLS These waterfowl seen on Cayuga Lake, New York, satisfy all the requirements of perfect game birds, except that they travel in flocks, thereby permitting more than one to be brought down by a single shot and yielding less sport per bird killed than the grouse, woodcock or snipe. still different, culminating in those of southern Europe where every species of bird is legitimate game. But again there are many extreme bird protectionists in this country who believe that hunting is a relic of barbarism, its age passed, and that no birds should be hunted for food or for sport. The question naturally arises, then, What consti- tutes a game bird? Shall certain species continue to be hunted for food and sport, and if so which ones and why ? Shall game birds be the same throughout the country or is there some reason for the differences in definitions other than the will of the Sportsmen or the whim of the legisla- ture? By the recent federal measure many states have lost some of their time-honored game birds while others have had offered them certain ones that they have long since Let us see which birds are generally recog- nized as game, and if there is some logical reason for repudiated. their selection. 3y the provision of the federal law and the recent treaty with Canada the following are recognized as migratory game birds: (a) Anatide, or waterfowl, including brant, wild ducks, geese, and swans. (b) Gruide, or cranes, including little brown, sandhill, and whooping cranes. (c) Rallide, or rails, including coots, gallinules, and sora or other rails. (d) Limicole, or shore-birds, including avocets, cur- lews, dowitchers, godwits, knots, oyster catchers, phala- ropes, plovers, sandpipers, snipe, stilts, surf-birds, turn- stones, willet, woodcock, and yellowlegs. (e) Columbide, or pigeons, including doves and wild pigeons. Among the insectivorous birds, the federal law makes an exception of the bobolink, declaring an open season on it, thereby rendering it also a game bird, but the treaty does not recognize it as such. To make the list of generally accepted game birds complete, the non-migratory species should be added so as to include the wild turkey, the various grouse, bob-white, prairie chickens, pheasant, and numerous species of quail, If we should add all the species that have ever been considered game by any state legislature or by sportsmen in any part of the country, we should have to include blackbirds, bitterns, herons, grebes, gulls, terns, flickers, meadow larks, robins and many others. But we shall confine ourselves to those more generally recognized and analyze the reasons for so determining them. When the laws of Italy permit the killing of all species of birds during the migrating seasons they define, thereby, a game bird as any bird large enough to eat, and the line is not drawn at sparrows and larks, for even the little warblers fall before the guns. When our forefathers had just settled this country, on the other hand, and powder was scarce, hardly any bird, except the turkey, was large enough or good enough to merit the cost of ammunition. During some recent explorations in South America, where true game birds are scarce, the author, on the contrary, sometimes descended to shooting toucans, or even troo- pials, and made his own definition of game bird according to the needs of the camp and the resources of the forest. But to-day, in civilized United States, we must look further than this food requisite when we are writing our definition. According to Webster a game bird is a bird pursued by sportsmen, and a sportsman is one who is skilled in 669 670 AMERICAN the sports, such as hunting and so forth. This, therefore, takes us one step further, for it intimates that skill is We have then, two requisites: it must be good to eat and it must require shall to secure it. required to secure a game bird. Ideally, the game bird is extremely wary and difficult of approach, but when properly hunted, Photograph by G. C. Embody, Ithaca, New York. A NEST OF THE RUFFED GROUSE Great fecundity anda faculty for avoiding its enemies are requirements of a game bird. In this ruffed grouse nest are twenty eggs. it lies close and unseen by the hunter until flushed and then jumps with some startling noise and flies away swiftly. Thus it requires, on the part of the hunter, stealthiness, keenness, alertness, coolness, quickness, and skill in the manipulation of the gun. Edibility is not a sure prerogative in judging a game bird, for tastes differ; fish-eating herons are relished by some people and a man’s appetite in time of stress would make even the proverbial “ boiled owl” taste good. The requirement of skill is insufficient in itself, for some of our most valuable insectivorous birds, such as the nighthawk or bullbat, make very difficult targets for the gun. up a third requirement: a game bird must not be more This, then, brings valuable in some other capacity than as game, such, for example, as a destroyer of insects or a beautiful songster. The nighthawk just mentioned, the swallows, the robins, and the meadow larks, which were formerly shot by gunners in many parts of the country, are much more valu- able as destroyers of insects than they are as food for the table or as targets for the hunter. The herons, which only occasionally are valuable as destroyers of insects and often are destructive about fish ponds and trout streams, add too much beauty to our streams and shores to be shot. Their esthetic value outweighs their value as game, par- ticularly as they are not very good eating and require but little skill in shooting. Another requisite of a game bird is that it must have FORESTRY a large reproductive capacity or a faculty for avoiding its enemies so that it can withstand legitimate hunting without serious diminution its numbers. The greater the returns in actual sport afforded for the number of birds killed, the better is the game. Those birds which travel in compact flocks, like the ducks and many of the shore- birds, so that more than one can be killed with a single discharge of the gun, are inferior in this respect to the grouse, woodcock, or snipe which get up singly. To sum up, then, the perfect game bird is one that is valuable as food and of little value as a destroyer of vermin; one that in Photograph by G. A. Bailey,Geneseo, New York. A FLOCK OF HEN PHEASANTS The ring-necked pheasant, a native of China, has been successfully introduced into many parts of United States, and is a valuable supplement to the native game. It satisfies all the requisites of the ideal game bird, except that it has considerable value as a destroyer of insects, and the cock birds are so brilliantly colored that they appeal strongly to the zsthetic. is of little esthetic value; one that taxes the skill of the sportsman to secure it, and one that is able to hold its own against hunting and all its other enemies. Let us see how well the various classes of birds withstand this examination. First the Anatide, or waterfowl, including the brant, wild ducks, geese, and swans. They are all, except per- haps the swans, excellent eating and a valuable asset to the national food supply. Secondly, it ordinarily takes Although they become tame and unsuspicious where they are fed and protected, wherever they are hunted they are extremely wary and they fly with great swiftness. They are of relatively little value as skill to secure them. destroyers of insects, are even destructive about oyster beds and grain fields, and, with proper limitation to the hunting, they can hold their own. In one respect, how- ever, they are not ideal game birds because they travel in flocks and frequently many can be brought down with a single shot, or, where automatic and pump guns are allowed, often a small flock can be wiped out at one shooting. The laws of most states and Canada allow the THE BIRD DEPARTMENT use of these guns and permit a person to kill as many as twenty-five or even more in a day. lished in the days of unsportsmanlike market-shooting, when ducks were merchandise, not game, and there is no private family to-day that could consume such a quantity of meat. automatic and pump guns debarred, our waterfowl are still in danger of extermination. One other argument is sometimes advanced against considering them as game birds because of the charm which always attends their presence on our waters. When spring shooting was allowed, there was considerable ground for this argument This limit was estab- Until this limit is considerably reduced and Photograph by G. C. kmbouy, ithaca, New York. A BOB-WHITE ON ITS NEST The bob-white is a perfect game bird in most respects, but its greatest value Bete alate uldl be MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD—Samuel J. Record................... SLUDIESIORSDREES—]J..Jiplseyssons-/y9 0. anaes ao eeeee tien oar eerie RE ES PRUNING A:- Des 'Cansrtenncoea src eae cnonie eee aie tae ceria THE PRESERVATION OF STRUCTURAL TIMBER—Howard F. Weiss........ THE PRACTICAL LUMBERMAN—By Bernard Brereton (third edition)......... SEEDING AND PLANTING IN THE PRACTICE OF FORESTRY—By James W. ditoyrraa(e\ (dy MIS) 14 Ch 35 CORES DROS GRRE AS Rc oem one Morin hero's seco on EURURESSOR ES tal REE S— Byer Earold Unwin seems eeetenecreet FIELD BOOK OF AMERICAN TREES AND SHRUBS—F. Schuyler Mathews. . Gutfaltticather))...... . .dateaietiertac debe. omeeras hs hae tetera ere eee neers FARMPLORES DR Y—By John Ardentherruson mee ceneneeen: cease cient * This, of course, is not a complete list, but we shall be glad to add to it any books on forestry or related subjects upon request.—EDITOR. SE 9] 700 LOCCCCCOEe Crecccce: SS I ° cy In the National Forest Region Colorado ‘ School of Forestry A DEPARTMENT OF COLORADO COLLEGE 3 3 i 3 : 2 HE course in theoretical and applied forestry lead- ing to the degree of Forest Engineer coversa period of two} years and is open to students i who have completed two years of college work, including a | sufficient amount of Botany, ; Geology and Surveying. i : ; i Graduate students may enter as candidates for the de- gree of Master of Forestry. Fall and Spring Terms in the Manitou Forest, the College Re- serve, 6000 acres of pine and spruce timberland on the borders a: the Pike National Forest. Winter Term at Colorado Springs. 2000000090' 2200909000009020 4 229020990000: 00-09: PDIP-P999999090 99 9090909099 20999009903000: For particulars address Colorado School of Forestry Colorado Springs, Colo. (20000900: COCOEEE HEE EL OOOO OOLEE LOC OLCOOCOCOLLL OO OOOO LL SLOS SOLS (2:2299922900909999999999999999CCOCSIOSIDIS9SED 99999 OGY : Georgia State | Forest School UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA Four-year professional course in ; theoretical and applied forestry leading to the degree: Bachelor of Science in Forestry. Combination courses in Arts and j Sciences giving two degrees in ; five years. Wide range of specialization offered. i Preparation for Government j and State Forestry, City For- estry, Commercial Forestry, Logging and Milling, Research. Provision for four months in Forest i Camp and for four months in specialization. One-year vocational course in For- estry and Agriculture. i ¢ H g ry g 3 3 $ Po) Eight-weeks’ Ranger School in Forest Camp. For announcement address FOREST SCHOOL 0 909-29-00900999029990299999899989299 999999989999 9IIIGPPIOIIFOIIIOPPIOI IPD IDIDIDIDII ID PD Georgia State College of Agriculture ATHENS OL OCOL EC OO COOL EE ELEC COOLS: ; | 3 | i ; The New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University Syracuse, N. Y. Under-graduate courses leading to degree of Bachelor of Science. Special opportunities for post- graduate work leading to degrees of Master of Forestry and Doctor of Economics. One- year Ranger Course on the College Forest of 1,800 acres at Wanakena in the Adirondacks. State Forest Camp, which is a month of directed recreation, open to any man over sixteen, held each August on Cranberry Lake. The State Forest Experi- ment Station of go acres and an excellent Forest Library offer unusual opportunities for re- search work. POO OLSSOSESES OSES SSESSSSSSSSESSSSSSSESSSSSSS OSLO OSS SSSSSES OS SPSS OSSD POSSE OO SP EE LOOP OOPS OLOLSSOSHO OE 0-00000006005500 600806280069 0028 FOSS ESSESLSS SOOSESOSED IIOSSD ISPS DPSS SSSOPIPOPPSS ISSO IIO® For particulars address THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY Syracuse, N. Y. Ceceseces Ucccccceecccs: eee ere ee a ececessooscoooos Yale University | Forest School NEW HAVEN, CONN., U.S. A. 92229999929 300909 009008 evececcceceoesoooees 3 3 3 3 3 $ 3 e 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ALE University Forest School is a graduate department of .Yale 3 University. It is the oldest exist- ing forest schoolin the United States and exceeds any other in the number of its alumni. A general two-year course leading to the degree of Master of Forestry is offered to graduates of universities, colleges and scientific institutions of high standing and, under exceptional conditions, to men who have had three years of collegiate training, including certain prescribed subjects. Men who are not candi- dates for the degree may enter the School as special students, for work in any of the subjects offered in the regular course, by submitting evidence that will warrant their taking the work to their own advantage and that of the School. Those who have completed a general course in forestry 3 are admitted for research and ad- vanced work in Dendrology, Silvicul- 3 ture, Forest Management, Forest 3 Technology, and Lumbering. The regular two-year course begins the 3 first week in July at the School camp } near Milford, Pennsylvania. 3 ‘2 3 e 3 For further information address JAMES W. TOUMEY, Director NEW HAVEN CONNECTICUT Cecccecccccccccsceeccecec ec cOe eee OeeSeSOSOSSOOSESOSOSSOSS PS OSSPOSOS SESS OSSSOOOSES OOS AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY The Pennsylvania State College : : ee PESSCOOOEEEEOCOCEEEEEOOOSEEEEOOOOOOCOOCOOOEE® i i i PROFESSIONAL course in i Forestry, covering four years of college work, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Forestry. Thorough and practical training for Government, State, Municipal and private forestry. Four months are spent in camp in the woods in forest work. Graduates who wish to specialize along particular lines are admitted to the “‘graduate forest schools”’ as candidates for the degree of Master of Forestry on the success- ful completion of one year’s work. i eevaveccccessecccceccacccescenscencascsesee For further information address Department of Forestry Pennsylvania State College State College, Pa. Ceceecccccccccccsccseeese sees esses see esse SOSS SCS OOP OPIPGOPPD OOS OSP9OPPOOO ee OPEL POOP SPP Oe @PPOCFPEOLPSPSLOSPSISOOSS POeecccccscersescesererceseeoceceeeseeeseeeseeeeeeeey) +) 090900000 000999999899999 999829 SS TIES II II FICS DISOSOOOEY HARVARD UNIVERSITY | 0000 90002920 90000020000000009000022 000002008 DEPT. OF FORESTRY BUSSEY INSTITUTION ee es ere ed FFERS specialized gradu- ate training leading to the degree of Master of Forestry in the following fields:—Silvicul- ture and Management, Wood Technology, Forest Entomol- ogy, Dendrology, and (in co- operation with the Graduate School of Business Adminis- tration) the Lumber Business For further particulars address RICHARD T. FISHER Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts (120000000000000000000000009000998%999 99899999 8809S OSOOPSe DOPOPPPSSPPOtIPOS9 SP III9 ISI O OPO DISD IP OOO ICP OI Oe OPPO CP O® eccooose. AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS 701 “QUALITY”? LONG AND SHORT LEAF YELLOW PINE MISSOuRI LUMBER & AND EXCHANGE *<@OMPANY R.A. LONG BUILDING KANSAS CITY. MO. THE SAME JO DIAWSeAINID: TOMO IRIRIOIW ss. AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS (ol[ sor | [o][—=s0r SIS) SS =) =o =)/0 TIM-BER i | =) bo SAYS - that there is no longer any excuse for the improper use of wood nor for prejudice against it due to lack of knowledge of how to build well with wood.” : Copyright 1916 Nat. Lbr. Mfr.’s Ass'n. “LOOK at this list of lumber literature. It proves my previous statement ; Farm Bulletin No. 1—Implement Sheds. Farm Bulletin No. 2—Grain‘Storage Buildings. Farm Bulletin No. 3—The Preservative Treatment of Farm Timbers. Farm Bulletin No. 4—Swine Houses. Farm Bulletin No. s—Poultry House Construction. Farm Bulletin No. 6—Ice Houses and Ice Supply. Farm Bulletin No. 7—Dairy and General Purpose Barns. Engineering Bulletin No. 1—Timber for Structural Purposes. Engineering Bulletin No. 2—Heavy Timber Mill Construction Buildings. Teachers’ Cottages. The One Story Schoolhouse Idea. Document No. 1.—Wood Construction in Relation to Fire Losses in Europe and America. Wood Construction vs. Substitutes. John Smith’s Garage. Your Garage. Technical Letter No. 1—Creosoted Wood Block Paving. Technical Letter No. 2—Tests of Fire Retardents, with Special Reference to the Shingle Roof. Technical Letter No. 3—Chicago’s Four Million Dollar Pier. Technical Letter No. 4—Building Code Suggestions, Fire Stops, etc. Technical Letter No. 5—Building Code Suggestions, Chimneys, Flues, etc. Technical Letter No. 6—Economies of Concrete and Timber Buildings. Technical Letter No. 7—Interesting Comparison of Two Docks Recently Con- structed in Chicago. Technical Letter No. 8—Specifications for Wood Block Paving. News Letter No. 1—Building Code Revision in Reference to the Use of Wood. News Letter No. 2—Permanent Exhibits. Opportunity No. 1—Are You in Line? The Awakening and Possibilities in Lumber Trade Extension. Opportunity No. 2—Direct Results from Retail Yard Advertising. Opportunity No. 3—Co-operation of Retailers with Manufacturers in Trade Extension. Opportunity No. 4—Exhibits and Educational Material. your service. The National Lumber Manufacturers Association CHICAGO, ILL. Subscribing Associations are: California Redwood, California White and Sugar Pine, Georgia-Florida Sawmill, Hardwood Manufacturers of the United States, Michigan Hardwood Manufacturers, North Carolina Pine, Northern Hemlock and Hardwood Manufacturers, Northern Pine Manufacturers, Southern Cypress Manu- facturers, Southern Pine, West Coast Lumbermens, Western Pine Manufacturers. SERVICE DEPARTMENTS The Trade Extension Department of the National Lumber Manufacturers Association offers a unique free service to Architects, Engineers, Retailers and Builders. The Blue Book of the National Lumber Manufacturers Association gives prompt and reliable credit rating and collection service. The Inter-Insurance Exchange of the National Lumber Manufacturers Association furnishes sound indemnity for losses by fire in saw-mills, planing mills and lumber yards. ——————— (-) en) == =) 0) (=>) (eS) (SO) ASK for any of these publications that will be helpful to you. We are at ; [9] [sor SS eo leo SS a0) LAMB-FISH LU?DIBER CO. “Za - poem = RESSES pos Lae AO » Fi SGT EA “ Cet : ry as ~CO!C*C~C*~*~C~S:S: : = < i is { ] x one f We have every facility for the proper manufacture, care and preparation CHARLESTON MISS. U.S.A. same | {uuniuie Sa —_ Mees ATT : = = and a complete stocK of red and sap gum plain sawn or quartered. LAMB-FISH LUMBER COMPANY, CHARLESTON, MISS. **The Largest Hardwood Mill in the World’’ & PRESS OF J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA The cAmerican Forestry «Association Washington, D. C. President CHARLES LATHROP PACK, Lakewood, N. J. Vice-Presidents JOSHUA L. BAILY, Pennsylvania HON. DAVID HOUSTON MRS. JOHN D. SHERMAN, Illinois ANDREW CARNEGIE, New York Secretary of Agriculture Chairman Conservation Department es . HON. FRANKLIN K. LANE General Federation of Women's Clubs ied Parse nee ora Secretary of the Interior HON. WM.H.TAFT, Connecticnt + : Ex-President United States HON. ASBURY F. LEVER, South 1 DR. CHARLES W. ELIOT, Massachusetts United States Renrecontative = Carolina JOSEPH N. TEAL, Oregon President Emeritus Harvard University HON. THOMAS NELSON PAGE Chairman Oregon Conservation Commission DR. B. E. FERNOW, Canada. Ambassadortoltaly THEODORE N. VAIL Dean of Forestry, University of Toronto GIFFORD PINCHOT, Pennsylvania President A. T. & T. Co., New York e ae ; HON. JOHN WEEKS, M husett: HENRY S. GRAVES, District of Columbia FILIBERT ROTH, Michigan heey prea ee Chief of the Forest Service Dean of Forestry, University of Michigan DR.ROBERT $.WOODWARD, Washington, D.C. EVERITT G. GRIGGS, Washington DR. J. T. ROTHROCK, Pennsylvania President Carnegie Institution Treasurer JOHN E. JENKS, Editor, Army and Navy Register, Washington, D.C. Executive Secretary PERCIVAL S. RIDSDALE, 1410 H Street, N. W., Washington, D.C. Directors E.T. ALLEN, Oregon HERMAN H. CHAPMAN, Connecticut CHARLES LATHROP PACK, New Jersey Forester, Western For. and Conservation Asso. Professor of Forestry, Yale Forest School Pres. Fifth National Conservation Congress JOHN S. AMES, Massachusetts DR. HENRY S. DRINKER, Pennsylvania CHARLES F. QUINCY, New York Pest TT at President, Lehigh University aes HON. ROBERT P. BASS, New Hampshire ALFRED GASKILL J. E. RHODES, Illinois Ex-Governor of New Hampshire State Forester. New Jersey Secretary, Southern Pine Association WM. B.GREELEY, District of Columbia JOHN E. JENKS, District of Columbia ERNEST A. STERLING, Illinois Assistant U.S. Forester Editor, Army and Navy Register Forest and Timber Engineer W.R. BROWN, New Hampshire CHESTER W. LYMAN, New York J.B. WHITE, Missouri p Pres. New Hamp. Forestry Commission International Paper Company Ex-President, National Conservation Congress . ° = 3 It Will Support These Policies Declaration of Principles and Policy~ National and State Forests under Federal and State Ownership, administration and management respectively ; adequate ap- prepnafions for their care and man- of Ofe American Forestry~ Association ese amc aten eee State Activity by acquirement of forest lands; organization for fire protection; i 4 : - encouragement of forest planting by IT IS A VOLUNTARY organization for the inculcation and spread of a forest policy on communal and private owners, non- ° 5 pare. is ally a scale adequate for our economic needs, and any person is eligible for membership. Pores oad atone cEiboeS pe priations for these purposes. 3 : 5 by Federal, Stat IT IS INDEPENDENT, has no official connection with any Federal or State depart- Noxest Bite Exetecuce Seen) on ee = _ 7 ; 4 + j sperity. encouragement and extension, indi- ment or policy, and is devoted to a public service conducive to national prosperity Sicualie andiRG Cone Ren GERESLEE adequate fire protection all other IT ASSERTS THAT forestry means the propagation and care of forests for the pro- waited. for forest crop production duction of timber asa crop; protection of watersheds; utilization of non-agricul- Forest Planting by Federal and State 5 a < 5 governments and long-lived corpora- tural soil; use of forests for public recreation. tions and acquirement of waste lands for this purpose; and also planting by private owners, where profitable, and IT DECLARES THAT FORESTRY is of immense importance to the people; that the encouragement of natural regenera- ae Fer, t census of 1913 shows our forests annually supply over one and a quarter billion FORCat i raxatloneneteraaiceroeine un- dollars’ worth of products; employ 735,000 people; pay $367,000,000 in wages; use Gerdes from owners of growing cover 550,000,000 acres unsuited for agriculture; regulate the distribution of water; Closer Utilization in logging and anit : 5 t thout t prevent erosion of lands; and are essential to the beauty of the country and the ire acini wera achieving this. a of ati Cutting of Mature Timber where and as health of the nation. the domestic market demands it, ex- cept on areas piaintaines for park ee 0 i i imi nomic conditions: that scenic purposes, and compensation o IT RECOGNIZES THAT forestry is an industry limited by econo onditions; : forest owner for load eutereditiagaem private owners should be aided and encouraged by investigations, demonstrations, protection of watersheds, or on behalf A 4 : VERS ite of any public interest. and educational work, since they cannot be expected to practice forestry at a Equal Protection to the lumber industry ans 6 o) e ake scienti nd to public interests in legislation financial loss; that Federal and State governments should undertake cie tific afecting Di eate “baibedlauds Baan forestry upon national and State forest reserves for the benefit of the public. tions, recognizing that lumbering is as legitimate and necessary as the : ea forests themselves. IT WILL DEVOTE its influence and educational facilities to the development of Classification by experts of lands best & : : suited for farming and those best public thought and knowledge along these practical lines. suited for forestry; and liberal national and State appropriations for this work. VOLUME 22 DECEMBER 1916 NUMBER 276 American Forestry ‘~ veut gts n Illustrated Magazine about forestry and indred Subjects Published Each Month by the American Forestry Association ashington, D.C. gaged in a “‘waron substitutes” if its proper utilization had been taught a decade ago. prevents decay, ~~ makes wood more durable, and consequently more valuable. In the caseillustrated above it was logical for the farmer to replace the rotted wooden crib with a steel crib, and to. lose faith in lumber as a building material for similar structures. If the dealer who sold that particular lot of lumber had induced the purchaser to preserve it, these consequences would have been avoided and a customer for PU UU Special Notice Regarding Change in Name Since we introduced Grade-One Liquid Creosote Oil numerous imitations have appeared on the market. For ease of identification, therefore, we have decided to change the name of this product and hereafter it will be known as BARRETT’S oe Grade-One Liquid Creosote Oil. SUN CHSURENENNAGURENENERUCEGSUUEAUEOCALAROAE ORDOECQEONEUEDUAUOPRERNRDSEGEOOEDDSDASUAFTOROAVOAUERDIDONDENITOROFUEVAOIT NYRR SHUN TAUOERLENATE PU et Decayed Lumber in a Corn Crib (Courtesy U. S. Forest Service) A Reason Why Substitutes Are Used UMBER would not now be en- Baimber would have been retained instead of lost. In addition, that dealer could have made a handsome profit from the sale of the preservative. 7 i Lumberhassomany Creosoted Wood is natural advantages pees the most effective that the lost ground 4 ‘ ea weapon against sub- can easily be re- i iu na stitutes. gained, but use must i ROOF eh be made of every 5 | aa iy 2 ible aid. : Oe re possible aid ae Us) ) intends to use the Lumber’s earn ; ‘One li a Sar 7 purchas- i ysote Oil. It . ill ; if it is t is Creosote 0) ReosorelOil es, and if itis to be " tions subjecting it _ to decay advise treatment with creosote m0 oil, and sell him the proper graae of creo- ‘sote oil. _ Barrett’s Carbosota Grade-One Liquid Creosote OH i is a pure coal-tar creosote oil, especially re- fined for the treatment of lumber in any quantity by the brush or open-tank method. It is the “standard.” Nationally advertised. Easy to sell. Profitable to handle. _ Advise yourcustomerstotreatonly seasoned wood. Booklets free on request — ‘New York Chicago Philadelphia Boston St, Louis a Cleveland Cincinnati Pittsburgh Detroit Birmingham Ne Kansas City Minneapolis Nashville Salt Lake City Seattle Peoria in? THE PATERSON MANUFACTURING CO., Limited: Montreal _ Toronto Winnipeg Vancouver St. John,N.B. Halifax, N.S, Sydney,N.S, AMERICAN FORESTRY The Magazine of the American Forestry Association PERCIVAL SHELDON RIDSDALE, Editor EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD HERMAN H. CHAPMAN S. T. DANA Joun E. RHODES ERNEST A. STERLING FREDERICK S. UNDERHILL S. N. SPRING DeEcEMBER 1916. Vot. 22 CONTENTS No. 276 The Red Spruce—lIdentification and Characteristics—By P. L. Explanation of The G-Trees.............. Sar . TAO Ere , S. 705 W th four illustrations. ‘ Wathttennilucteaticns: First Aid to Wounded Trees—By J. J. Levison’.....- ac, HAL With two illustrations. see eeonnds on National Forests......... Gay + 712 Forestry for Boys and Girls—By Bristow Adams............. 744 With ten illustrations. Common Sense and Christmas Trees. Some Problems With Everyday Birds — By A. A. Allen... 718 Use of Blight Killed Chestnut... See .. 746 With ten illustrations. With one illustration. Rocky Mountain National Park—By Mark Daniels............ 724 A Petrified Stump ............ Sari 746 Se ; With one illustration. With five illustrations. : Wr, , 2 Great Forestry Conference and Annual Meeting... . 747 Little-Known Forest Products......... : : 730 The PineiBlistes Diseazeu, ete ee. 748 Studying Plants in Winter—By R. W. Shufeldt 3 731 With two illustrations. With six illustrations. The National Forest Enterprises—By Hon. David Houston ....750 Editorial ieyeviten cocrcto lasso Re enta ta tees ine te ea eee fast, Record for Rapid Growth—By D.T. Mason.... Per oon USM With one illustration. Forests and Climate. The Lesson of the Pine Blister Canker. The AEGON Cedars of Lebanon. By Guy E. Mitchell......... 738 Great Friend of Forestry Dead. With two illustrations. Canadian Department—By Ellwood Wilson......... Be ES Avlother imported bree Disease... -iie 2a eke ee eee 739 Currentiliteratures) tse tome: Cee ee 757 NOMINATIONS FOR MEMBERSHIP A special request is made to members of the American Forestry Association to nominate for membership, friends whom they believe will be interested in the work of the Association and who would like to secure the magazine, American Forestry. I Nominate for Membership: ean naNaNAN Ate G &S SY CYC ACACACISICOCAISS) ieee EU Joie}/silegniibiea, telieyatteliv otic! /e{(alialicneyeiioin[s,teftereiisteletsMeleleisieratleseic sole -§ § ve esiwgleGehinlfels dahieNet = lekivileliedivivedevelellatsisiiei lel pieitelie: of uilataietoligiicl Mele Sy %e rh) | RR eeeange Demareicn arc: nic es cos Pee AR OF EAL chG, Orr StS es 7 Cena Cs Seabee Act iene som, Was retains Pg cok Ole as os acIe RS SS - Ss Zk. | SPER DOR Oa icici cia eta h bc Oe AG ene es opteernn i tas Ara Saat iahns wie oo Sag Signed’: chs soysee ete cir amc eee tycavees wares » Addressittrry cacti ce eee eerie v7 7 eoanaa mM 905 le eae eales ooakeat aa aeato oleate seam leske seat nea aeatalearaesk leat ab aeaaate a AMERICAN FORESTRY is published monthly by the American Forestry Association. Subscription price, three dollars per year; single copies, twenty-five cents. a») ‘3 eC Entered as second-class mail matter December 24, 1909, at the Post-office at Washington, under the Act of March 3, 1879 704 AMERICAN FORESTRY | Know ine US. Caeeae Every lumberman knows, of course, that even labo- ratory care wold not make it poehle to measure every board foot in a tract of standing trees. Even a LACEY REPORT is, m the strict sense, an estimate. Tt 1s perfectly true, however, that the more elaborate the care and the greater the proportion of actual measurement, the nearer to the actual facts an estimate becomes. The skill and experience of the expert timber cruiser are most necessary, but no amount of skill and experience can take the place of science, care and double checking. LACH Y REPORTS are a compound of the proper proportions af experience, skill and science and will give you the nearest possible approach to a ‘tual kno wledge of the quantity, quality and distrt- bution of timber in the tract you think of buying or selling. Lacey & Co.’s International Files are at your serv- ice with the stumpage figures of many tracts now in our hands for sale all over the timbered world. You will do well to consult us concerning any transaction involving standing trees. Send for our Booklet, ‘‘ Pointers.”’ CHICAGO SEATTLE NEW ORLEANS 1750 McCormick Bldg. 1009 White Bldg. 1213 Whitney-Central Blag. AMERICAN Vout. XXII DECEMBER 1916 FORESTRY No. 276 The Red Spruce Identification and Characteristics By P. L. Butrricx IE naming of almost any section of our country iT brings to mind some particular tree, nowhere more than in the Northeast where the tree is spruce. The association is so close that the forester calls the region the “ Spruce Northeast,’ but to most it is known as the “ North Woods ’’—a storied land so graphically described by a host of writers from Henry David Thoreau to Doctor Van Dyke. This northern forest stretches across the continent from the Maritime Provinces of Canada to Alaska. In the United States it is confined to northern and eastern Maine, northern New Hampshire and Vermont, the Adiron- dack Mountains of York, and a broken and dis- connected — strip the high summits of the Appa- lachians to North Carolina. There are forests impressive by their regular- ity and the size of their trees New along more than the spruce forest of the Northeast. For sheer gran- deur it is not to be com- pared with the great forests of the Pacific Coast, or even the white pine stands of the Lake States. It lacks the spaciousness and openness of the longleaf pine barrens of the South, or the quiet beauty and intimacy of the eastern hardwood forests. Yet it has a beauty and fascination of its own. To many it is the most beautiful of forests. It casts its fascination over all who visit its shades. The lakes of Maine, the White Mountains of New Hamp- shire, and the Adirondacks are among the oldest and best known vacation grounds in America. There are three species BRANCH OF RED SPRUCE The cones are from one and a quarter to two inches long and reddish brown. The needles are dark green to yellowish green, of spruce found in the United States, three of them being They are named, as is so common in the case of trees, after certain colors. In this case white, black and red. The white spruce (Picea cana- densis) is so called because of its grayish white bark. It occurs sparingly along the northern borders of the United States and the Black Hills of South Dakota. It is more characteristic of Canada than the United States and is found from Nova Scotia to Alaska and almost to the Arctic Ocean. It makes up the bulk of the vast spruce forests of Quebec and Ontario. found in the region. The white spruce is the largest and handsomest of the eastern spruces. It occa- sionally attains a height of 150 feet and a diameter of 3 or4feet. Ithasanarrowand symmetrical conical shaped crown, and is usually very beautiful. Because of the odor given off by its leaves when crushed it sometimes bears the more graphic than elegant title of skunk spruce. The black spruce (Picea mariana) enjoys its name from the very dark cast to its leaves and occupies much the same range as the white, but is more common in the United States. It is a small and straggling tree, mostly confined — to and semi-barren hilltops. Its only swamps value lies in the occasional specimens which happen to get large enough to be har- vested with red or white spruce (Picea rubens). It is difficult for any but the ex- pert to distinguish absolutely between these two trees, in- deed for many years they were considered as 705 one 706 species. It is not an important matter however. The red spruce, or epinette rouge of the French Cana- dians, seems to derive the descriptive part of its name from the reddish-brown cast to the bark of the mature tree, yet in the woods where it 1s common it is known simply as spruce, but the others are referred to by name. Its scientific Latin equivalent of its English and name is the French and is in no way re- The not for its size, markable. tree is noted although it is far from a small great tree. Specimens exceeding 100 feet in height are unusual and trunks 4 feet through are in the forest average 2 feet in di- ameter and from 60 to 80 feet high. Mature red spruce has a rather open, wide spreading crown. It is composed of a few large, irregular branches which droop more or less, but are upturned toward their tips. The crown lacks the narrow conical aspect of white spruce, or the broad pyramidal effect of Norway spruce. The red spruce has a much more restricted range than the others. Provinces, Quebec, eastern Ontario and western New York State mark its northern and western boundaries. tends further south, however, than the others, for it fol- lows the higher summits of the Alleghenies and Appa- likewise rare. Trees The Maritime It ex- lachians clear to North Carolina, where it can be found growing within a few miles of the cotton fields and the The black spruce also follows the mountains southward but to a vastly different flora of the southern forests. lesser degree. Some botanists consider the spruce of the mountains another species, giving it the name of Picea australis; but the points of distinction between it and the common form, if they exist at all, are too microscopic the greatly or the lumberman to interest forester in the least. The gotten that a solid body idea must not be of spruce is to be found along the tops of all the the chian chain. It is only here the sum- mountains in Appala- and there on mits of the highest peaks and ranges that they are found. Small bodies exist in the Poconos in northeast a few Pennsylvania and AMERICAN BARK OF RED SPRUCE AREA OF RED SPRUCE GROWTH FORESTRY tracts were until recently to be found in central Pennsyl- vania. West Virginia contains the largest bodies of any of the Appalachian States. In the eastern part of the State at elevations above 2400 feet originally there was a fine So great have been the ravages of fire, spruce forest covering about 1,500,000 acres. insects, diseases and man that it is doubtful if 200,000 acres of this remain in virgin timber. A few mountain tops in Old Virginia capped with spruce forests, but no consid- In North Carolina, where the Appala- greatest height the spruce forest makes its southernmost stand. It sel- dom occurs below 5000 feet. The best known area is the are erable bodies occur. chians reach their Black Mountains, the highest peak of which is Mount Mit- chell, also the highest point in America east of the Missis- The name Black Mountains was suggested by the dark color due to the dense masses of spruce on the sum- It was given to the range long before it was ex- plored by Doctor Mitchell who lost his life and left his name on its highest peak. The largest body of spruce is in the Great Smokies, the wildest and most remote mountain range in eastern America. Here above a belt of hardwoods, unsurpassed in the tem- perate zone, there extends a long band of magnificent Small bodies of spruce cling, like ship- wrecked sailors to the masthead of a sinking vessel, to the sipp1 River. mits. spruce timber. summits of a few other scattered peaks. Except on mountain tops or deep swamps, spruce sel- dom occurs pure over large areas. Its most common associates are hardwoods, beech, birch and maple being The combinations of types and species in the spruce region particularly common. are numerous and often be- wildering. Red spruce reverses the common characteristics of most trees and grows faster as it grows older. In youth one of the growing trees we have. It it is slowest remains of seedling or sap- ling size often for upwards of half a century, growing inconspicuously underneath the shade of other trees. Finally when they die or are cut and it receives an abundant supply of light, it COMMERCIAL USES OF RED SPRUCE suddenly increases in growth and adds to its height and becomes a full-grown tree. From then on its growth is regular and well sustained till old age. Native spruce requires a rotation of from 80 to 100 years, and most vir- gin spruce cut to-day is well over the century mark in age. The spruces make desirable ornamental trees, but the red spruce is generally too slow growing for this pur- DOSe, Wing most common spruce seen in cultivation in the eastern United States is the Norway an importa- [Ei @)il | 4b ip O)raa Europe. It has been estimated that the stand of the eastern spruces in the United States is 50,000,000,- 000 feet, 80 per cent of it being in northern England and northeast- ern New York. Although no separate mate for the red available, it is New esti- spruce is 707 or 20,000 feet, while in West Virginia they often average 6000 feet and more, with maximums of 60,000. In North Carolina yields are not quite so high, but still in excess of those in the north. The reason seems to be that the trees grow thicker on the ground and are more often found in Most of the spruce stumpage is controlled by pulp and lumber inter- pure stands. ests. The wood of the spruces 1s so eastern similar in char- acter and ap- pearance that it is exceed- ingly difficult to tell them apart. Nor is it gen- erally impor- tant that they be distinguished ife@un CalEein other, since commercially they are all one. Superfi- cially spruce wood resem- bles white pine, but there 1s no distinction be- tween heart and sapwood and the color is apt to be even paler and more WlmtienSln, Ite probable that never possesses 95 per cent of Ae, eters the light red- Stee é MATURE SPRUCE STANDS IN THE ADIRONDACKS : ts tes) OL this dish or rose Species. If as , 2ickducer story. peculiar that the best spruce stands are found, not in the north, but in the Appalachian Mountains, those in West Virginia taking the palm. The average stand in Maine is about 3000 or 4000 feet to the acre, and the best stands seldom exceed 15,000 Spruces generally grow mixed with hardwoods or other conifers, The fir is a less valuable tree than the spruces but is increasing in amount because it grows faster than the spruces and takes its place in the forest when the wood is cut. in this case with balsam fir which has formed a colored cast common to the Spruce wood has no desirable figure, being one of the plainest and most homogeneous of our woods. latter. Consequently it has no place as a cabinet or orna- mental wood. Commercial Uses of Red Spruce PRUCE was little used till the supply of pine began to decrease, when its better grades came into the market as a substitute for the pine. Although it now has an assured place of its own as a lumber wood and even has substitutes, chiefly balsam fir, it has never been pre-eminently noted as a lumber producer—not be- cause of any lack of value and adaptability, but because it is of more value for something else—wood pulp, sev- enty per cent of the cut being used for this purpose. The spruces are the leading pulpwoods of the world and red spruce the leading pulpwood of the United States. About 70 per cent of the pulpwood used in 708 AMERICAN the United States is spruce, chiefly red spruce, the re- mainder being made from some 6 or 8 other species. The most desirable qualities in a pulpwood are length Long-fibered woods mat down and toughness of fiber. PILE OF FOUR-FOOT PULPWOOD FOR TRANSPORTATION TO THE PULP-MILLS The chief use of spruce-wood is as a source of wood-pulp for paper. Seventy per cent of the paper manufactured in America is made from spruce-wood. The industry gives employment to thousands of men both in woods and mill It is hoped that the present extraordinary demand for pulp and consequent high prices will not induce over-cutting of pulpwoods and consequent grave reduction of the future supply. well into paper, and make strong paper. Likewise, strength and toughness of fiber make for strength and toughness of paper. There are woods having longer fibers than spruce, but when length and toughness are com- bined it is one of the leaders. Another desirable quality in a pulpwood is a light color. Red gum, a dark colored wood, makes an excellent pulp, but the cost of bleaching Lastly, a pulpwood must be abundant and not too valuable for other use, else the pulp man cannot compete with the lumberman for it. it is said to be prohibitive. Spruce meets all these requirements and is worthy of its rank Most of it for the manufacture of print papers, and the larger part of our as a leading pulpwood. is used newspapers are printed on paper made from spruce pulp. “chemical ”’ pulp with ground wood, the former having more body and the latter being cheaper. Spruce lumber can be used acceptably as a substitute It is chiefly used for dimension timbers of small sizes, house frames, sash Because of its light weight and moderate strength it is a very desirable wood for framework and dimension lumber of smaller sizes, and possesses some advantages for these uses over stronger but heavier woods such as southern Its weight is but little more than For newspaper it is common to mix sulphite or for white pine in most cases. door, and blind manufacture, and box shooks. yellow pine and oak. HORESMRY half of oak and 35 per cent less than that of yellow pine. Spruce clapboards, side boards and other forms of lum- ber for exterior finish are also manufactured in consid- erable amounts, since spruce lasts well when exposed to the atmosphere. Most of the spruce lumber cut in New England, New York and the Maritime Provinces is sold along the seaboard, chiefly at Boston and New York. Much of it is shipped by water directly from mills located at tidewater in Maine and New Brunswick. A small amount also goes abroad from those localities, chiefly to Europe and the West Indies. West Virginia spruce is sold chiefly in and about Pittsburgh and Philadelphia. Much spruce is sawed to order at the mills, dealers frequently sending in specifications as to size and length and receiving lumber all ready to be placed in building without the necessity of cutting it to length from standard sizes and wasting the trim. Spruce has many uses aside from building purposes. PULPWOOD ON THE BANKS OF STREAM IN NEW HAMPSHIRE Most spruce is still cut in remote regions and driven down the streams to the pulp- or saw-mills. Four-foot spruce bolts are harder to drive than saw-logs. It ranks high as a box wood and in the spruce region and the territory adjacent to it, which is one of the largest box making sections of the United States, spruce ranks second to white pine, which, as a box wood, is the leader for the whole country. Musical instruments involving the principle of the sounding board, such as the violin and the piano, require wood of a highly resonant nature. For this spruce has no superior. The resonance of wood increases with its age, so the makers of violins take extraordinary precautions to obtain old, well-seasoned wood. Seven years is not too long for it to season for their purposes. Often they seek old beams, table tops, and other pieces which have been in service for many years, and collectors go where COMMERCIAL USES OF RED SPRUCE ——-—_—_ old houses are being demolished in quest of such pieces. There are hosts of uses for spruce in the various woodwork- ing industries, all the way from ship building to the manufact- ure of wooden pie plates. The trees along with the balsam fir use of young spruce for Christmas trees is well known. It was at one time thought that this business would put such a drain upon the repro- duction in the forest that some of the states in the spruce region took steps to regulate it, but it seems evident now that the stock of young trees is not seriously depleted and the young bring for this than they would for many years if allowed to grow up for lum- ber or pulp. A product of the spruce tree, better known once than now, is It is formed from resinous exudations which trees more purpose spruce gum. the take place at wounds and branch stubs. Formerly it was _ col- lected largely from the standing trees, but now most of it is ob- Photograph by P. L. Buttrick. A WOOD FOREMAN IN THE SPRUCE WOODS The success of a lumber camp depends upon the foreman. He is generally a Scotchman or a Yankee. He must have a large amount of technical knowledge at his com- mand (learned from experience, not from books) and be able to handle men. This picture was taken before Mackinaw coats became popular in the cities, but they have been used in the North Woods for many years. part of the United States to gladden the hearts of young and old at Christmas-tide. what prettier Christmas tree than the spruce and has a more pleasing odor, but very few can tell the difference. It was at one time thought that the indiscriminate cutting of young trees for Christmas trees was contrary to con- servation principles and destructive to the forest, but it now seems evident that without a great extension of the business the loss is immaterial. value for pulpwood or lumber at a greater age. A TRAIN-LOAD OF CHRISTMAS TREES Every year thousands of young spruce and fir trees are cut in the North Woods and shipped all over the eastern The balsam fir makes a some- The forest owner can obtain more for young trees as Christmas trees than their tained in the course of logging work from the felled trees. The gum is used in medicine as part of the ingredients of cough syrups and drops, and for chewing gum. It sells from 12!% cents to $4.00 per pound, accord- ing to the grade. The state of Maine alone produces 150 tons annually, valued at $300,000. As to the amount of its cut, spruce ranks sixth on the list of Ameri- can woods, between 3 and 4 per cent of the total lumber cut of the country being spruce. In 1912 the cut was 1,238,600,000 board feet. At one time pine land sold for more if no spruce grew on it, but to-day spruce lands in Maine and the Adirondacks are worth more than they were when they were first logged for pine, and very little spruce stumpage is for sale. The 1915 prices for pulpwood stumpage were about as follows: In New York from $3.50 to $4 per cord; in Maine from $4 to $4.50 per cord. Saw timber in New Hampshire is worth from $5.50 to $6 per thousand; in West Virginia from $4 to $5 per thousand. These prices are higher, by the way, than for the southern pines which we ordinarily consider as more valuable woods. The prices for pulp- wood ready for the mill vary from section to section. In North Carolina spruce pulpwood sells for $6 per cord; in New Hampshire it averages over $9 delivered at the mills. 1862:r em ome $9.00 per M f. o. b. Boston RSHANS Saricaocdoo 16.00 per M f. o. b. Boston 1880 Reena 13.00 per M f. o. b. Boston 1890) fetexs essen sree 13.00 per M f. o. b. Boston L900 Peeters 16.00 per M f. o. b. Boston ee hocbacadr 16.00 per M f. o. b. Boston 190G at rere 25.10 per M f. 0. b. New York ‘1908 eraeettoioet 20.60 per M f. 0. b. New York 1910) Seis wes 23.30 per M f. o. b. New York a oacauaDS 25.00 per M f. o. b. Boston 710 AMERICAN FORESTRY It is interesting to compare the prices of spruce for a Maine no longer could justly call herself the Pine Tree series of years in order to observe the rise in value of State. So the lumbermen turned their attention to the this wood. Boston and New York are the chief spruce hitherto despised spruce. It was not till 1845 that spruce marketing points, and the wholesale prices quoted was cut and marketed and it was in 1861 that spruce first A LOGGING CAMP IN THE SPRUCE REGION topped the pine in cut at Bangor and probably in the whole State. Since then, as the saying goes, “c , spruce is king.’ As time has gone on newer systems of logging have been introduced in other sections. The logging railroad has largely supplanted the river for trans- porting logs. Steam skidders, haulers, and cableways have threatened the supremacy of ani- mals in the woods. So the old- time system of logging devel- oped at the edge of the spruce region now seems almost primi- tive, yet it is still the accepted method in that region, where it has been carried to a high state of efficiency. True, improve- ments have been introduced, The earliest camps were built of pine or spruce logs roofed with hand-split cedar shingles. Now camps are roofed Sa@WS have displaced axes for with tar paper and are frequently made of hardwood logs or rough lumber. They are usually divided into three : : : sections, a kitchen and dining-room, a bunk house and a barn. They are connected by covered passages called felling and cutting up timber, dingles. horses have largely displaced in the foregoing table refer to one market or the other. cattle for hauling logs, and in some places steam log The English colonists came into contact with the haulers mounted on sleds and caterpillar tractors have spruce when settlements were made along the coast of partly displaced horses. Great improvements have been Maine. They started to cut and export timber almost immedi- ately, and here lumbering in America as an organized indus- try had its origin. It was in the forests of the Saco and Andro- scoggin river basins that snow- logging and river driving were first developed (the earliest or- ganized method of cutting and transporting large numbers of logs to a distant mill). It was here that the first saw mill in America was operated (at York, Maine, in 1623). Yet it was white pine rather than spruce which was sought. For more than 200 years spruce was not considered as a timber tree. As time went on loggers exhausted the pine lower down the streams and moved further and further back, the pine becoming less and less abundant and the spruce more and more. Then, when Maine and New York were A RED SPRUCE LOG JAM Log driving is a hazardous business. If a few logs become caught on an obstruction in a stream the rest behind are apt to pile up and cause a jam. Formerly jams were broken by loosening the logs with cant-hooks and many lives were lost at this hazardous work. Now they are generally blown up with dynamite. struggling for the title of leading state in lumber pro- made in streams to facilitate driving, dams have been duction, and Bangor was the leading lumber mart of the erected to regulate the flow of water, rocks have been world, it was suddenly discovered that the pine was gone. blasted out to widen and deepen difficult channels, tele- PAPER MAKING POSSIBILITIES phone lines have been strung along the main branches of the streams to keep all points of the drive in touch. Tug boats have rendered unnecessary much of the old-time labor on headworks for getting logs across lakes. The type of men, too, has changed. woodsmen were native Yankees, at first farmers who worked for a while in the woods in winter and for a while on the drive in spring, but they gradually gave way The original to the professional lumberjack who followed the woods regularly. days as the cowboy—and as picturesque. in his “ King Spruce’ us graphic pictures of him in his native north woods, He is as characteristic a type of our pioneer Holmes Day * and some of his poems has given while Stewart Edward White has immortalized his imme- diate successor, the Michigan lumberjack, in his ‘‘ Blazed Trail” and “The Riverman.” the region were French Canadians and natives of New Prince Edward Island—the latter risively knownas“ PI'S.” All were accomplished woods- men and accepted as such. Up to 10 years ago there were few Europeans, but now the Swede and the Po- lander, better known in the woods as the “ Squarehead ” and the “ Polack,” a firm foothold, but the river drivers are still largely Americans and Canadian French. Early in the fall, sometimes in midsummer, the log- ging crews seek the woods, generally far beyond the Cut- The first foreigners in Brunswick and de- have secured railroads and in an otherwise uninhabited country. PAPER MAKING POSSIBILITIES WING to the growing scarcity in Wisconsin of O wood suitable for making paper pulp, the Forest Products Laboratory has just completed a study into the methods of barking, chipping, screening, and baling of chips. Laboratory tests show that certain western woods are admirably adapted for manufacture into pulp, and negotiations are now under way between paper companies in Wisconsin and western railroads with a view to securing freight rates on trainload shipments of chips to Wisconsin. It is estimated that some of these western woods can be cut into chips, which, when dried and baled, can be delivered to the mills in Wisconsin at a very small advance over the cost of chips made from local timbers. Since there is a market for more than 300,000 cords of wood annually in Wisconsin, an attempt to utilize western species appears worthy of consideration in order to hold the supply of wood for our American paper mills on American soil. Pennsylvania Department of Forestry has prepared a big forest fire placard which will be placed in every post-office in Pennsylvania located in or near a for- ested area. An order has also been issued by the Post- master General advising Pennsylvania post-masters that all rural mail carriers must report any forest fires they see to the nearest fire warden. [: cooperation with the Post Office Department, the oul ting starts immediately unless a camp has to be built and roads constructed. finished by Christmas or the first of January, as generally The logs are decked up in yards or skidways along the main The aim is to get the winter’s cut the snow becomes too deep to do much after that. roads as fast as they are cut, and when cutting ceases the roads are plowed out and iced so that the sleds will run easily. The logs are then loaded on the sleds and hauled to the landings at the edges of the streams or lakes and dumped to await the melting of the ice and the The hauling off, as it is called, is the most exciting and strenuous part of the woods work. Oftentimes it is a race with the weather man, for to linger is to let the snow melt and leave the logs in the At such times all hands opening of the drive. woods till the following winter. work twelve, sixteen, perhaps twenty hours a day, to get the logs landed “ before she breaks up,” and when the impossible has been accomplished and the last log is on the landing, the whole crew breaks camp amid melting snow and slush which mark the coming of spring. After a brief season in town, it is back to the woods when the drive starts. What tales have been told of the drives on the Penobscot, the Androscoggin, the Kennebec, the Connecticut and many other streams! There is scarcely a more romantic branch of all industry than log driving. Its greatest days have passed, but it will be many years before the last log goes down the West Branch and the stories of those which have will always be told. USING THE BARK OF TREES efforts to reduce the amount of waste in the lumber industry, have long declared that they have been able to utilize everything but the bark, just as the pork packer is said to market everything but the squeal of the hog. r [ HE Forest Products Laboratory experts, in their Now they have even found a way to use the bark. By a new process, waste bark can be used to partially replace expensive rag stock in the manufacture of felt roofing, and is already being used commercially by mills cooperating with the laboratory experts. The bark thus used is that remaining after the extraction of the tannin for leather work, and the same waste bark has been used successfully for the making of a commercial wallpaper. Experiments now in progress indicate that the hemlock bark may be used for sheathing paper, carpet lining, bottle wrappers and deadening felt. next spring’s reforesting operations from the stock now in the Pennsylvania State Forest nurseries. This is an increase in production over last year of about thirty per cent, and is the largest number of seedlings ever grown in the nurseries. Last year private individuals planted 1,500,000 trees furnished by the Department. Nee eight million trees will be available for Playgrounds on National Forests FEW years ago most of our citizens who pro- fessed interest in the National Forests viewed the subject from a purely utilitarian standpoint. Men- tion a National Forest and the discussion invariably turned to questions of lumbering, grazing, and water- power. In all such questions the public’s attitude was largely impersonal and usually academic. To-day the National Forests of the West occupy an entirely different position in the public mind. They have become the prop- erty of the people in a sense so genuinely per- sonal that the Forest Ser- vice, once the most bit- terly assailed Bureau of the Government, has be- come one of the popular. What is the cause of this reversal of sentiment ? It is due to the fact that the Forest Service has been for years steadily converting the local public from hostility or indiffer- ence to warm support be- cause of the many benefits realized by the public from National Forest administration. Not the least of these is the use of the National Forests for recreational purposes. A provision in the Con- gressional enactments of 1915, extending the au- thority of the Forest Ser- vice to permit the leasing most his daily affairs and gave the subject but little thought. As soon, however, as the great West awakened to the fact that our National Forests are in reality personal assets, the most wonderful playgrounds in the world, open to any citizen for his use and enjoyment, the Forest The popular- ity of this movement is now evidenced by a widespread demand for home sites in several forests, and thousands Service began to grow in public esteem. of people, cognizant that the neighboring forest is open for their use, are flocking The first comers are always there for vacations. boosters, and as a result an enthusiastic western public is to-day aging and supporting the encour- Forest Service in broad- ening its activities in the direction of use of recreational our forest Mine campers and woodland rovers have heralded far and wide their delightful experiences; magazines have published pages of captivating stories about the joys of a season in the big woods, and this year the National Forests were visited by thousands who came from distant parts of the Union. It is estimated that more than 1,500,000 people visited the western National For- ests this summer, or nearly vast areas. summer of lands suitably located within National Forests in five-acre tracts for a period of not exceeding thirty years, to individuals or associations for use as summer homes, and for the erection of hotels, stores and TOURISTS AND CAMPERS will be looked after. about fires.’ other structures needed for recreation or public con- venience, helped the already well-developed recreational use of the forests. This development had been under way for some years, many people having built summer homes on the year-to-year permit plans. Under the 1915 law the Secretary of Agriculture has fixed a charge of from $10 to $25 a year for summer homes and somewhat higher rentals for hotels and other commercial projects. So long as the Forest Service dealt with matters con- nected only with preservation and revenue, the average citizen looked upon the Forest as a region apart from 712 ARE WELCOMED TO FORESTS Splendid roads are being constructed to link the woods with the cities. are located at advantageous points, with water piped from springs. trails are blazed on trees, marked plainly on maps, and the officers of the Service are constantly on the alert to render assistance to the visitor. There is only one ‘“‘Don't"’ in the woods, ‘‘ Don’t be careless five times as many as en- tered the National Parks. Great as were their num- bers, our National Forests, withan area of 132,550,000 acres, were not crowded. THE NATIONAL Camp sites The woodland Register and you On a summer tour, the forest visitor met and con- versed with hundreds of other summer campers and tourists. In the log cabins, the rough lumber bungalows, in the tent houses and brush leantos, in moving vans and completely equipped camp autos, were to be found an enthusiastic and healthy army of city and country folk enjoying to the full the exuberant life of the clean out- of-doors in the most wonderful playground in the whole world. In remote and unexpected places, back in the fast- nesses of mountains and primeval woods they were found, whole families of them, having a wide fling with nature PLAYGROUNDS ON NATIONAL FORESTS 718 SAN THE ARROWHEAD FROM ROCKY POINT The upper Klamath Lake in Oregon is a noted summer resort for Californians and Oregonians who have erected here many beautiful villas. On the shores of the lake, which is partly in the Crater National Forest, the Service has plotted numerous camp sites. The trout fishing here ranks with the best in the United States. PP Le eos ay. swath & co is ; VIEW IN CHELAN COUNTY, WASHINGTON The enthralling spectacle of snow-capped mountains, glaciers and multiple waterfalls in the Chelan country, Washington. At the head of Railway creek ible for the horseback tourist. On Smoky Pass, the end of the trail, the panorama trail are a dozen hanging glaciers, beautiful lakes and many waterfalls, acc« k A l ran of snow-capped mountains 1s of indescribable beauty. The swift rushing streams are well stocked with gamy trout, and in the dense forests are many varieties of deer and bear. SHUMMIMNAINIINIINLUUNVULULIUUVUUVOUUOUUOUUOUUOGUUVUUVOUVOUUOUUOUUUUUUUUUUOUUOUUOGUOUUUOUUOVOUUOOUOUUUOOUEOOUOOVUOA OOOO 714 in a wilderness untouched before. tots, rosy-cheeked, sturdy lads Toddling and lassies in blue jumpers and bloomers, young mothers and grandmothers, tired farmers and city men, young and old, were there, forgetful of world worries and toil-wear in the rejuve- nating atmosphere of prim- itive nature. In the forests of New Colorado, Wvyo- ming and California were to Mexico, be met citizens from many states. In a single hour theautos from eleven states passed one camp in a Colo- rado forest. In Wyoming a visitor rode into the Big Horn range with fifty tour- ists from a dozen eastern states. The popular conception of our National Forests as inaccessible wildernesses is being rapidly dispelled. The good roads movement, so well developed inCalifornia, has spread to all the western states. ern centers are keenly alive to the benefits and advantages of first-class highways extending to the boundaries of AMERICAN FORESTRY A NATIONAL FOREST CAMP SITE At many popular camp sites the Forest Service provides a big concrete stove for the camper. Eagle Creek Camp on the Columbia Highway, Oregon, is a charming camp site and is frequented by hundreds of people from Portland. A recreational park including several thousand acres of woodland has been set apart as a recreational reserve and $10,000 has been spent on new trails to open the woods for visitors. The park already has become a distinct feature in the magnificent Columbia Highway trip. The populous west- our woodland playgrounds. In the forests the Service is making rapid progress in highway and trail exten- The spirit of co- Operation is rampant. States and counties working with the Forestry sions. are engineers in linking up the principal highways with the thoroughfares. It is now possible to go forest from Denver through the Rockies highway which is the delight of the automobilist. In California, pathways have been made the into places of scenic over a for auto many beauty. Washington, with its Sun- set Highway nearing com- pletion, opens up a new pleasure-land for the tour- Oregon, with its un- boulevard the picturesque Columbia, and Colorado, with its net- work of splendid roads, are attracting thousands of visitors by making acces- ist. rivalled along sible for conveyances of all kinds some of the most beautiful parts of our country. In all these activities, so far reaching in their present m- ANA TYPICAL CAMP IN PECOS NATIONAL FORE On the banks of the Pecos River, a beautiful mountain stream in New Mexico, hundreds of people gather in the summer in permanent villas or tents, to enjoy a vacation. The region is well mapped, with numerous trails leading into big woods or to lofty peaks where the views are inspiring. HOME ON A NATIONAL FOREST On the shores of Huntington Lake, in the heart of the Sierras, Californians are awake to the delights of a summer home in the woodlands. With the assistance of the Forest Service, many charming homes have been erected on leased land and every year an increasing number of families flock here from the hot cities of California’s great interior valley. PLAYGROUNDS ON NATIONAL FORESTS 715 QUT LOS ANGELES MUNICIPAL PLAYGROUND IN ANGELES NATIONAL FOREST In this sylvan retreat the progressive City of the Angels provides a two weeks’ vacation for thousands of its school children. In groups of two hundred, ac- companied by parents and teachers, the children are brought close to nature in her most beautiful forms. Hiking, bathing, nature studies, and other out-door pastimes are enjoyed. The entire cost per individual is only $7.50, including transportation. PUUTTTTTLTUITUTUTLTLT TILL L LLL LU CLL LULL LLL KULLU CLL LULL L ULL LLL CLUE L PCL LULU LUELLA LOU U ULL UVC LULU L LULU LLL ULL LLU L LULU LAKE CHELAN, AMERICA'S LAKE LUCERNE This is one of the most beautiful bodies of water in the world. It is completely surrounded by lofty timbered mountains. Its shore lines are picturesque and rugged and the country all about it offers numerous and varied attrac os for the camper and tourist. Under the supervision of the Forest Service, tracts are being constructed, camp sites located and a new wonderland is being opened up. EATTUHIUILUVUUULUILLL ULL LLL LLU LLL LULL ELL LL ULLAL ULL ULULL LLU LLL ULC UL UL ULU LC ULELCLLOOULPCCUU PLUM PLOOMAPLCLOLLULOLLOLTOLOUOUCOUCOOCVUUHVUCSUUNOULVUUNVOLSUUNUUTUMNOOOULNVUVUUUOUSOLVULOUNTUVUUHUOOOUNOUVUUTUNUUNOOTOOOT 00 716 and future value to the West, the Department of Agri- culture has been prominently identified. Some of the best highways approaching the Forests have been built by these engineers with funds contributed by states and counties. A new era of economy and efficiency in high- way making is opening all over the West. In the Forests, by reason of more liberal appropria- tion, the work of road and trail making is proceeding apace with that outside AMERICAN FORESTRY times has rendered helpful assistance in the building of the summer homes. While the regular duties of the ranger are onerous and trying, and the advent of an army of summer vis- itors brings added cares and burdens and no extra pay, the attitude of the forest man is obliging, kindly and helpful. In California the recreational use of the forest has assumed proportions calling for the utmost tact and diplomacy on the part of the boundaries. The best camp and villa sites are linked by fine roads. Leading out from being these, innumerable trails for the pack outfits and the have been built to make ac- cessible the loftier impressive mountaineers and view- Throughout the the roadsare plainly marked, more points. forests trails and telephones are conveni- located, springs, camp sites, good view- ently points, gasoline stations, stores, hotels, and prac- tically everything a tray- eller should know are clearly shown on _ the maps or marked on the trees along the highways. The first thought that comes to you on entering a National Forest is that administrators. In the Angeles Forest thou- sands of people the make use of the camp sites. So popular has this form of vacation become that the city of Los Angeles has leased a large tract of land erected thereon thirty or more cottages, a mess hall, and a concrete bath- ing pool. the summer months the in this forest, Throughout city arranges to trans- port and care for parties of pupils and teachers to the number of two hundred at a time. A two-weeks’ vacation is provided for in the for- est and the entire cost is about $7.50 per person, including transportation of more than 200 miles. In the Sierra Na- you are welcome. There is but one “ don’t ” in all THE FIRST AUTO ON THE NEW BLEWETT PASS HIGHWAY, WASHINGTON tional Forest the Normal School of Fresno has This splendid roadway constructed by the Forest Service connects with new state and the legends you read on signs and maps,—‘‘Don’t of the State. 3 . grades. be careless about fires. The ranger who greets you somewhere in the forest You'll look just as good to him whether you are on foot or in a limousine won't ask your pedigree or your politics. with the latest camp outfit, and you'll be just as wel- come. The forest is a great leveller. An instance of this occurred last summer, when a careless camper with an expensive touring outfit and a sagebrusher with a span of burros and a dilapidated wagon were both brought back into the forest and there compelled to clean up their respective camps and also to put out their neglected fires. In its effort to render the greatest amount of pleasure to the camper and summer home builder the Forest Service has given thoughtful consideration to many de- tails. The comfort and convenience of the former is aided by furnishing camp stoves built of concrete which, by the way, also lessen the fire risk. The Forest Service has also piped water from distant springs, cleared away brush, surveyed and planted attractive sites, and at all county roads between Wenatchee and North Yakima and opens to the summer tourist a region of unusual charm and beauty, between two of the noted fruit-growing districts Blewett Pass in former days had a reputation for bad roads and heavy leased a tract of land on the shores of Hunting- ton Lake, and a summer school is held there. In the Pecos National Forest a number of Boy Scouts are given a summer vacation with lessons in forestry by a ranger as an added attraction. In the same forest a camping company has set up tent cities in various places of interest and a summer tour with frequent stops is provided. One of these, a trip to Lake Peaks, 12,000 feet elevation, is made in a single day on horseback. The increasing demand for camp facilities in some of the forests, especially in sections where the highway systems from the cities have been completed, has brought about a new classification of certain areas. Heretofore these areas were regarded as chiefly valuable for the timber upon them, but with the clamor for camp sites the recreational use of these lands far exceeds their value for timber, and henceforth the axe will touch here no giant pine or fir so long as it can hold its head to Heaven. In the Oregon National Forest one Sunday morning last summer there were 400 automobiles parked in and NEW FEDERAL GAME PRESERVE about Eagle Creek bridge, on the Columbia Highway. This particular section, by reason of its great scenic beauty and natural advantages as a camp site, and in response to public demand, was mapped and a tract comprising 13,873 acres was set aside for recreational purposes. Ten thou- sand dollars is being spent on trail work and a veritable wonderland is soon to be opened. In every forest visited the development of transporta- tion facilities for the use of the public was going on as rapidly as the funds permitted. With the awakening of ON HIS CHOSEN SITE Building the summer home in the Sierra National Forest on land plotted and leased for home sites by the Service. Our National woodlands, under generous Federal policy are growing in popularity each year as summer retreats for thousands of families. the West to the individual ownership its citizens have in the forests, with the increase in the number of per- manent summer dwellings and with the growing popu- larity of the forest as the best health resort and play- ground in the world, may be confidently antici- pated a more liberal policy of appropriation and a larger grant of power to the bureau which has so eminently proven its fitness for the task of administering this magnificent estate. The economic value of the National Forests hereto- fore has been measured in dollars and cents. It seems not improbable that their value as playgrounds in the not distant future may be regarded even more highly. Texas State Forestry Department at the hands of the next Legislature were adopted at a recent meeting of the Texas Forestry Association. Speak- ers estimated that $20,000 is the minimum on which the efficiency of the department can be maintained. R ‘tenss Site asking more liberal support for the Calys NEW FEDERAL GAME PRESERVE RESIDENT WILSON has issued a proclamation P by which the Pisgah National Forest, in western North Carolina, is made a Federal game preserve. This is the first Federal game preserve of its kind to be created east of the Mississippi River. The Pisgah National Forest consists largely of the George W. Vanderbilt estate, part of which has been purchased by the Govern- ment. The land is located near Asheville and Biltmore, North Carolina. Owing to the protection against hunting which has been afforded the tract for a number of years, the game has not been killed out, as is the case in most places in the southern mountains. Deer, wild turkey, and pheasants are said to be plentiful. After it was known that the tract would be acquired by the Government, many of the local citizens urged that the protection to the game should be continued. The North Carolina Legislature passed an act whereby the State consented to the enactment by Congress of laws for the protection of game, birds and fish on any lands pur- chased by the Government under the Weeks Law in the western part of the State. As a game preserve, no hunting will be allowed on the Forest and as the deer and other game increase on the area, it is expected that the overflow will drift out of the Forest and gradually restock adjacent lands. A move- ment is now on foot to place a herd of elk and one of buffalo in the preserve this winter. Regulations governing the camping and fishing privi- leges have been drawn up in codperation with local citi- zens and sporting clubs, and will be issued by the Secre- tary of Agriculture. It is understood that regulated fishing will be allowed, but the number of permits issued the first season will be purely experimental, since the capacity of the streams is not known. CALIFORNIA’S PROBLEMS HE twenty-eight million acres of forest in California ie bristles with problems for investigation, and the University of California has now completed the organization of a new department of forestry in order to try to help solve them. Nobody knows yet how fast California trees grow. The division of forestry wants to find out, so that the state, counties, towns and railroad, lumber and water and power companies can devise wise policies for growing permanent crops of timber on the vast acreage unsuited for other purposes. The university also wants to train specialists in tropical forestry to solve the problems of the vast forests of Cen- tral and South America and the orient storehouses of untouched wealth. STRIP of almost solid forest, approximately fifty- ys five miles long and from two to eight miles wide, has been covered by topographers of the Pennsyl- vania Forest Service in the most accurate survey of Pennsylvania’s forests ever made. The purpose of the surveys is to secure data on which to base plans for the future development of the State Forests. Some Problems With Everyday Birds A Department for the Instruction and Information of Members of the American Forestry Association Regarding Birds and the Conservation of Bird Life By A. A. ALLEN, PH.D. S the years go by and the number of ornithologists and people interested in birds and bird life is continually increasing, investigations are carried further and further afield, until the most remote and in- accessible corners of the globe are being searched for new birds and new facts about those already known. But the world is not large enough for all to be travellers and ex- plorers and there are many who must be content to stay at home and interest themselves in the problems of every- A TWO-FAMILY ROBIN’S NEST How the modern apartment house idea is adopted by birds—although the condition is so unusual as to arouse particular interest and many surmises as to the cause, one of which is that the father of the family is a polygamist. day birds. generations, others are continually arising, so that the stay-at-home ornithologist should never be at a loss for something to do. Some of the problems bear directly on the birds’ relations to man and are of great economic importance ; others are valuable in our search for truth or Many questions have lain unanswered for interesting in the parallel which they make to our own All of them give new zest to the study of birds and disclose how much goes unseen and how little of what we do see, we understand. They teach us to observe more carefully and to reason logically. Perhaps no field of ornithology offers greater oppor- tunity for discovery than that of the home life of birds, and certainly no field is more delightfully full of surprises. lives. One has a reason to feel, for example, that everything that can be learned about robins has already been discovered and published. Here, however, is an incident which will bear further study. A few years ago there was brought to the author a double robin’s nest shown in the accompanying photo- It was not discovered until after the birds had left, so that nothing was known of its history. A glance graph. 718 at its structure, however, would convince anyone that the two compartments were built at the same time and that both had been occupied. The author was at a loss to account for it and therefore when this spring his attention was called to a similar pair of nests that were still occu- pied, interest was redoubled. The two nests had a common foundation over the post of a front porch and adjoined each other closely although the rims were distinct. The nests were not discovered until after both were completed and the eggs laid, so that nothing is known of how they were built. At this time, however, a bright-colored bird, presumed to be a male, was sitting on three eggs in one nest and a dull-colored bird, presumed to be a female, was incubating three in the other. As the author had to leave THE SECOND BIRD APARTMENT HOUSE The history of this double nest shows that three robins had shares in it, although the ornithologists are not able to satisfactorily explain the reason for this depart- ure from their usual habit. by an early train, further observations were made by the discoverer of the nest, Miss Mabel Carey. The day following, another egg appeared in the “ fe- male’s ” nest and two days later, the eggs in the “ male’s ” nest hatched, showing that there must have been an in- terval of nearly two weeks between the laying of the two sets of eggs and probably, therefore, between the build- ing of the two nests. With the hatching of the “ male’s ” eggs, the ‘‘ female ”’ showed considerable interest in the young birds and helped to feed them several times during the day, although she spent most of the time on her own nest. Now, however, a third robin appeared, bright in color like the first ‘male’? and helped feed the young but did not stop to brood. Neither of the two “ males ” showed much interest in the “ female’s ” nest until four days later, when “ male” number one was seen to incubate SOME PROBLEMS WITH EVERYDAY BIRDS the eggs fora short time when the “ female ” was in search of food. young and often came when both of the other birds The second * male ’’ continued to help feed the were present, the first “ male” usually leaving upon his arrival but sometimes merely backing up and permit- ting him to feed. Thirteen days later all four eggs in the second nest hatched and the other young were almost ready to leave, female ” “ec crowding over on to the second nest until the had difficulty in getting upon it to brood the newly hatched young. The next day the * male’s” young flew to the ground, while the “ female ’ continued to brood until the middle of the afternoon. She did not, however, feed them and before evening deserted them to help feed the fledg- lings with the result that the next day all were dead. Now what is the explanation of the double nest? What were the relations of the three birds and why did the “ female’ desert her young? The greatest difficulty arises because the sexes of the different birds could not be determined accurately. The two brightly colored birds have been called “ males,” but it is known that mature A “DUMMY” This was built and is owned by the long-billed marsh wren. ‘These wrens are architectural plutocrats because they build several nests in which they never live. Why they do it has never been satisfactorily explained. NEST females may be as bright as males and one or the other might have been a female. We have, therefore, two alternatives. Assuming that both of the bright birds were males, we would have a case of polyandry, but it is difficult to understand how two males could live amicably together, or why the second male should help the first in the care of the young. It is too far removed from bird or animal nature as we know it. When polyandry does occur, there is usually no spirit of codperation between the different males. It is much easier to think of one of the bright 719 birds being a female and the case as one of polygamy. It is known that polygamy does occur among birds, but nevertheless, it is difficult to explain why two females It is unfortunate that the birds were not observed when selecting the site, so that should nest so close together. it might be known whether both worked together, or whether the duller, more immature bird came later and merely annexed herself. This sort of polygamy occurs with the red-winged blackbirds when the later-migrating, immature females, which have difficulty finding mates, submit to the driving of a male already mated and are content to settle somewhere within the area defended by him, usually within five or ten feet of the nest of his first mate. It might be well to explain here that mating with most birds consists of the acceptance by the female of A BELIEVER IN MORMONISM Here is a house wren that had two mates at the same time and fathered four broods of young and seemed to be proud of it. the nesting area selected by the male and the power of It is fur- thermore known that most birds return each spring to the male to keep other males out of this area. their former nesting sites and that the females reaccept their former mates provided they are still able to drive off all other males. Now it is possible that both of these female robins may previously have nested for one brood or another on this porch and, coming back together this spring, may both have accepted the one male capable of driving away all others. A reason for the desertion of her newly hatched young by the second female lies in the fact that a bird’s instinct to feed and protect fledglings is much more powerful than its instinct to care for newly hatched young, a fact that bird photographers must always bear in mind, especially when working with wary, sensitive birds in which the 720 instinct of fear is strong. Birds that are impossible sub- jects while incubating or brooding newly hatched young are nearly fearless as the young leave the nest. The yellow-breasted chat is a good example. It has proven a stumbling block to photographers for twenty years, because all of its instincts are subservient to that of fear or caution. It will desert its nests and even its young upon the slightest provocation, so that it is practically A SOCIAL VISIT This family of rough-winged swallows is entertaining a visitor with whom they BRE eee Re chete cate The writer wonders if this is the beginning impossible to secure a photograph of it. When the young are leaving the nest, however, the instinct to feed and protect them reaches its highest point, nearly balancing the bird’s fear, so that during the past summer it was possible, with the exercise of sufficient caution, to secure some photographs of the male bird feeding the young. In the case of the robin, then, the flight of the young from the first nest aroused in the second female the more powerful instinct and she deserted the newly hatched young to care for the fledglings, even though they were not her own. Observation of unusual cases such as this one of the robin is often suggestive of the origin of inexplicable habits among some species of birds. For example, many members of the wren family, including both species of marsh wrens, the house wren, the winter wren and at least three species of South American wrens and probably others, build duplicate nests. These have been variously called “ cock nests,” “dummy nests,”’ etc., but they have never been satisfactorily explained. The house wren, for example, fills every hole and every nesting box in the vicinity with sticks before commencing the actual nest that is to be used. The marsh wrens build six or seven nests within a short radius, only one of which is used. The winter wren does the same, although, because of the nature of its nesting site, the various nests are farther apart. In each case the nest building does not cease with the completion of the real nest but continues through- out the season and it is not uncommon to find marsh wrens still building, after the middle of August, nests which will never be used. The explanation for this AMERICAN FORESTRY curious over-development of the nest-building instinct is difficult to see but careful observation of a large number of cases may shed some light upon it. The case of a pair of house wrens which built upon my porch is particularly elucidating. The male bird, as usual, appeared first in the spring and immediately began filling all of the nesting boxes in the vicinity with sticks. Other males that appeared were promptly driven off. After a few days a female appeared and remodelled and completed the nest which the male had started in the box on the porch, the male helping her at intervals but also continuing to carry sticks into other boxes. By the time the complement of seven eggs was completed, we discovered another pair of wrens nesting over a neighbor’s door, but soon afterwards observed that the two males were never singing at the CAN YOU SEE HIM? A song sparrow on its nest, well hidden from prying eyes and from enemies because it is streaked like the grasses which it inhabits and seems a part of them. same time and began to suspect that something was wrong. At this time our male got caught in a sparrow trap and we placed an aluminum band on his leg to mark him. Identification was now comparatively simple and we easily followed the bird from one nest to the other. It was obviously a case of polygamy. An even stranger part of the story follows: Thirteen days after the laying of the last egg, we looked into the box in the morning and found the young hatching. Two days later, when we came home at noon, we found the male bird throwing hair and feathers out of the nest and every young had disappeared. It was evi- dent that the young had preceded the feathers and that the father of the family was on the rampage. We hastened to the neighbor’s nest expecting to find another SOME PROBLEMS WITH EVERYDAY BIRDS scene of devastation, but were happily disappointed. Here, too, the eggs had hatched, but the young were still unharmed. In fact, .while we were still there, the male came from our nest and began singing in the nearby tree with all his previous exuberance. Nor did he disturb this nest at all, but helped to feed the young until in due time they left the nest. But what became of our female? Four days passed before she reappeared and when she did do so, it was with a feather in her bill, and she set to work to rebuild the nest that the male had ruined. The male had con- tinued to sing in the vicinity as though nothing had hap- pened and when she reappeared he mated with her as before. Six more eggs were laid and these did not hatch until the young had left the other nest. ently more satisfactory to the male for, although up to This was appar- this time he had been assisting the other female to feed her young, he now became very attentive to our young and assisted them through to maturity. In the meantime, the other female got her young started in life, came back, ALSO OF THE SPARROW FAMILY The chipping sparrow has departed somewhat from the type color pattern, having lost the streaks that once marked its underparts. renovated her nest and with the help of the male started another brood. Thus the male fathered four broods, one of which he did away with, apparently because he could not care for two broods at the same time. How general polygamy is among wrens has not yet been recorded, for it takes unusual conditions to deter- mine it accurately. But the fact that they are so at all suggests a good explanation for the duplicate nests. These duplicate nests are built entirely or nearly so by the male birds and very probably to attract the females as a sort of a mating performance. The fact that the males continue to build after having secured one mate, and the fact that the habit is so prevalent throughout the family suggest that polygamy was one of the fixed habits of the wren progenitors and that duplicate nest 721 building and occasional polygamy are the vestiges of this ancient habit. Another interesting problem that concerns the home life of birds is that of the gregarious nesters like the night herons and the bank swallows. Why this habit should have developed with certain species and not with others will always invite thought and theory. That the presence of others of the same species nesting in the near vicinity is irritating to most birds is a familiar fact. Usually one pair, when nesting, will not permit the close approach of any other bird, especially one of the same species. nesters, like the bank swallows, are the exception. The rough-winged swallows are particularly solitary Social THE EVENING GROSBEAK This bird is an unusual member of the sparrow family. He is marked differently from the typical sparrows, being bright yellow, black and white. in their nesting habits as compared with the bank swal- lows. They nest in old kingfisher burrows, drain pipes or crevices in the cliffs and though two or three pairs may build in the same vicinity, they are never truly gregarious or social and resent the approach of other indi- viduals near their nests. While working with a pair that were nesting in an old kingfisher burrow, I noticed two other swallows which were nesting at a considerable dis- tance occasionally flying past or even hovering for a minute before the entrance to my birds’ burrow. Usually they were promptly set upon and driven away. Gradually [ became aware, however, that both birds of the other pair were not being treated alike. One was always, with- out exception, attacked by both my birds and driven away, while the other passed to and fro without molestation. When I removed the young from the nest and perched them on a wire fence to photograph them, the second pair of swallows appeared and, as usual, one of them was promptly driven away but the other was allowed to remain. In fact, this swallow caught a passing damsel fly and actually fed it to one of the young as though it 722 were its parent. The accompanying photograph shows all three birds perched on the fence with the young just after the fourth bird had been driven away. Now how shall we interpret this strange preference which the swallows were showing for one of their kind? Are we to think that the pair of swallows had formed some sort of an attachment for the third bird like a human friendship? Was it a symptom of polygamy, or can we read in it the origin of the social instinct in other swal- lows by the overcoming of the natural antipathy to an- other bird of the same species? It is not sufficient in explaining the origin of a social instinct in birds to state that they have come together for protection or on account of restricted nesting sites because a far larger number of species suffer from these restrictions or need of protection than actually avail themselves of the opportunity of nest- ing together. They have first to overcome that natural antipathy toward one another, especially during the nest- ing season, which has been so necessary for the dispersal AMERICAN FORESTRY of the species and for maintaining a sufficient food sup- ply. The bank swallows have overcome it entirely, whether through polygamy or what not, we do not. yet know. Possibly the rough-winged swallows are coming to it. Certainly it offers a fascinating field for study and experiment to one located near a colony of social birds. These are but a few of the numerous observations which anyone might make and which help to make the study of ornithology most fascinating. The hundreds of little points in a bird’s home life, in its migrations, in its feeding habits or in its coloration that are at present without explanation will eventually yield their secret to careful observers. Which discoveries may prove of great value to mankind and which will only add to the treasury of knowledge, the discoverer may never know and the world may never recognize, but just as surely as anyone interests himself sufficiently and trains himself to observe conscientiously, just so will he learn new secrets and reveal new truths about our every-day birds. The Sparrows (Family Fringillide@ ) IHE sparrows, finches and buntings constitute the largest family of birds, including over 1200 species and subspecies. They are found all over the world except in Australia, but are most abundant in the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, north of Mexico, 91 species have been recorded and in Eastern United States 45 species are to be found. By most ornithologists the sparrows are considered the highest development of bird life. They are generalized in their structures rather than specialized, and in this age they are the dominant birds for the majority of them are terrestrial birds, feeding and nesting on or near the ground. The family includes, however, the grosbeaks and buntings, many of which are brilliantly colored, and the line separating the sparrow family from that most brilliant family of all, the tanagers, is nowhere very sharp. Many species of this family, especially exotic ones, have beautiful songs, and are best known as cage birds, the canary and bullfinch being familiar examples. Our native sparrows and grosbeaks are second only to the thrushes in their musical of the world. Geologically speaking, this might well be called the “Age of Spar- rows,” just as in the past we have had an Age of Divers, an Age of Waders, an Age of Woodpeckers, ete) Dhe strong: bills of the sparrows, although thus modified for crushing seeds, are at the same time sharply pointed to enable them to pick up They are correspondingly versa- conical the smallest insects. ability. Sparrows build well- formed nests of straws and lined with finer grasses and horsehair, a few species using cotton or feathers. Most of them lay bluish eggs, more or less spotted with brown. Young sparrows of all species are more streaked than the adults, and where there is a difference in color be- tween male and _ female, they resemble the female. grasses, tile in their feeding habits, so that while in fall and winter they feed almost en- tirely upon seeds, during the summer they consume great quantities of insects. They are, therefore, among our most valuable birds both for their consumption of weed adult relations have lost. seed and for their destruction of insect pests. The typical sparrows are rather dull-colored brown and gray birds, usually heavy streaked, so that they resemble the pattern of the grasses among which they live, YOUNG CHIPPING SPARROWS These youngsters show the streaks which their father and mother and all their The bird in the middle is a young cowbird. For example, young chip- ping sparrows have heavily streaked breasts, although this is true of neither parent, and the young of the rose-breasted grosbeak are brownish and streaked like the female bird. This shows that the original pat- tern of the sparrow family was one of streaks, like that of many species today, and that all the uniformly or brilliantly marked species have developed away from the main stem. PULPWOOD STATISTICS INCLUDED 723 Sparrows are plastic birds and respond readily to the factors of their environment, excess of light and aridity tending to make them pale in color, and excess of humid- ity and shade making them darker. such Thus among widely distributed species as the song and fox sparrows that are found throughout North America, we find a remarkably pale race in the hot, arid regions of the west, while those of the Pacific Coast are very dark. The birds of Eastern North America, on the other hand, where conditions are not ex- treme, are intermediate. Typical hardy birds. never migrate and others re- tire southward sparrows are Many species only short snow bunting, longspurs, redpolls, pine and evening grosbeaks, pine siskin, and crossbills. These birds nest in the far north and come southward only far enough to find food. Some that re- main throughout the year, or migrate only short distances, include the goldfinch, purple finch, song sparrow, junco the sparrow. and ubiquitous house that more migratory, and spend the United States, include white- throated, vesper, chipping, field and fox sparrows, and towhee. All of easily attracted to feeding Others are winter in southern white-crowned, these birds are stations during the migra- tion or during the winter, if a plentiful supply of seeds is distances, remaining in cold latitudes throughout the win- ter. A few are highly mi- gratory, the indigo bird and LIKE FATHER? When the male bird is brighter in color than the female the young resembles the female. blue grosbeak wintering in Central America, and the rose-breasted grosbeak continuing as far as Colombia or Ecuador. Among the familiar winter birds of North- ern United States might be mentioned the tree sparrow, PULPWOOD STATISTICS INCLUDED IGURES showing the amount of wood used in the United States for making pulp will, it is announced, be obtained by the Forest Service in connection with its 1916 census of the lumber industry. Because of the increasing scarcity of the pulpwood in some parts of the country, the need for accurate figures showing the consumption of this class of material is realized by manufacturers and foresters alike and it is expected that such figures will be made a part of the yearly statistical work of the Forest Service. The pulp manufacturers will cooperate in the work, through their trade organization, the Newsprint Manufacturers’ Association. Detailed information in regard to the amount and cost of different kinds of pulpwood consumed in the different states is to be collected. Comparative figures showing the total pulpwood consumption of the country for 1899, 1909, 1914, and 1916 are to be compiled. The data to be obtained will, it is stated, be of con- siderable value to pulp manufacturers, as well as to the Forest Service. Owing to the comparatively small num- ber of pulp mills in the United States, it is thought it will be possible to issue a report on the work at early date. atl Here is a male rose-breasted grosbeak feeding its young. afforded. The cracked grain sold for small chicks, with an admixture of sunflower seeds, is most satisfactory. OR MOTHER? Feeding the birds in winter is a delightful and instructive Directions for maintaining a feeding station at or near one’s window will be found in AMERICAN Forestry for December, 1915. pastime and a real help to trees and gardens. NEW YORK TO BUY FORESTS T the recent election the people of New York State voted to tax themselves $10,000,000 for the pur- chase of forest preserves. The fact that this was not done by act of legislature, but by a referendum, shows how popular the idea of state forests has become with the people at large. The forest preserves of New York are not only of great economic importance for the preserva- tion of the water supply and of local industries, but serve as an immense park which is visited annually by millions Of the total amount voted, $7,500,000 will be available for further purchases in the Adirondacks and of people. Catskills, where the State owns already 1,814,550 acres of forests and lakes, and $2,500,000 for the Highlands of the Hudson Preserve.