ann came " foe A ° : - : llananeeney gti T aT FART Oe Saawe paar ar aera ees Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/americanforestsO7natiuoft - cEIVES phere poRest®! aynwversit OF yununt0 eds oan a | 5 ” TA Me re fo, Ae Aes be VAR hed | i ¢ oy) i ‘ y a) el Ope ance bya | ° Pais te te if ia aa iw ais We a> & 7 ‘ oat r en \ “sr ts ih soe 8 ’ ; 4 A ; : PS Oe : he lee ha iy t f iM i] i { ; , } t if i ¢ - i oly ry j eS ¥ Py ee rile ls Ome vie wu fy os Meee ik Ae Mh bi bs he ie * ‘8 PD, I Nh : bin if hy i ve ar) ’ ant : Li hp . ; 1m i a] vit ot a i on ‘ i ; Ap, i ‘3 COE ae’ af), ‘1 ’ as § i! ina i MPL Ae fy 9) na) A Oa i wt at 5) Oa or ks yh : Tal Otel. a The Foreeter Volume VII. 1901 Edited by (Jan.=April) HENRY JAMES, 2d (May=December) H. M. SUTER Published by The American Forestry Association WASHINGTON, D. C. NPR i MAR? 1062 ty etsy ‘ of 10008 786479 biNGD Ex. CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES. American Forestry Association. — The Nineteenth Annual Meeting at Wash- ington, D. C.; Report of the Board of Directors; Minutes of the Meet- ing and Resolutions ; Treasurer’s Re- [DOIG cenepoodonbdonascce s6agogb9 nopcoosecogsadauaK SUMMER MICStH SR <. 5 sacsinensacuseic sates Big Basin Redwood Park, The. Dr. Wm. BESSON C1y ceereee a ssicc es aloscacevenass aa Black Hills Forest Reserve, The. E. M. (Grit lees en nny eee acces sceeccntssesstce: Colorado Forest Fires in 1900. Henry INI CHEISETIEe taste e aeacecsascetesecoee Siinseees Destruction of Timber by the Galveston SLOG Willy IY sD TAY. ....0.0-s.-200-- BISGe MOE (ANOS occ ccsr-ccadscoes cere ddwsecmeseeess TOy siMieKanley,~ Williams. ..s.8<0s5002 snp teasane Example tothe Point, The.................:-.. 68 Opportunity in New Hampshire, The...... Example of the Scenery Lover’s Mistake, Proposed Changes in New York............. PAWN erate tieesice Rois easing Hee cise wisiots sicwis wteiele sidisiciclaleisieas 204 Results of the Congressional Session... Rirew@uestion, DMCs. s.c.ssccecccecccescececescetee 121 Society of American Foresters..........--.:.. Forest Agitation in New Hampshire, The 68 Steps Toward Consolidating Forest Work Forest Department in Pennsylvania, A... 69 Training of Government Foresters, The... Forest Land for Forest Purposes in Min- sarees atid: Civilizatioml) ..seeceeucetc sea eeee cece ALCS O UAB one ta eee ene oe so ees oo sie scictle eine ciao yy \INEReSoN 16 (Soolleyeli<” AW6XS. coscncooscsedodoooncaces REVIEWS. Annual Report of the Commissioner of and Disposal of the Arid Public the General Land Office, 1900........... 25 Wand sion Chemiestes---mecseadesesccemecs, Compilation of Notes on the Most Impor- History of a Trade-Mark...................----- tant Timber Tree Species of the Important Philippine Woods.................- Eiligapine USIANGS:...cc.cccceensesevanrssoes 104 Instructions to Fire Wardens, State of Deutsch-englisches Forstworterbuch........ 324 INGE, NAO ea socesasucoouppassuseodnmnesooddeoouc Disease of New England Conifers, Some. 102 Lumber Trade of United States, The...... Distribution of Forest Treesin Iowa, The. 102 Mazama, The.............:.sceecesecseeeet eeeeeeeee Flora of Lyon County (Iowa)................. 102 Missouri Botanical Gardens, Twelfth An- TPOIESTe INS iny, dtl SasscasosoesonecoponousessnudaS 52 nual Report............2...s.eseseseecnec se eees Forests of Allegheny County, Maryland, Notes on the Red Cedar..................seseee- BIS Pmeteccseiseccccslacss sss sssecsaesesasacessesees 78 QOutcasts, THE...............ccssecresssecersocesere Fourth Annual Report of the Commission Plant Life of Alabama................eseeeeeeees of Fisheries, Game and Forests of Practical Text-Book of Plant Physiology. CWHUOEREOLALC ...ccc-) <2. seceranseecn--es 76 Proposed Scheme of Cooperation in For- Fourth Annual Report of the Forest Pre- est Tree Planting in Manitoba and serve Board of New York, for 1900... 208 Northwestern Territory.........0.seseeeee Harriman Alaska Exposition, The (Illus- Progress of Forest Management in Adiron- EEALCG) NORMeW aE « Seiciivcisncias sine cussvesconsereeda' 290 ($level ne aogau aadeboocscHioc weeeeaeOsne coboe500ur Hearings Before the Commission on Pub- lic Lands of the House of Represen- tatives, Relating to the Reclamation Report of the Chief Inspector of Timber and Forestry for Canada, 1898 and eee cece reac cesceerasceseerreseesenseeseesees 74 20 96 Viil Typical Sand Hill in Western Cheyenne INDEX. White Pine Forest in Pennsylvania, A..... County, Nebraska». .).i.ce ones 128 Wooded Slope Conservator of Snow and Victor, Cripple Creek District, Colorado.. 187 Rainfall . Gis Riese ee eee Wasteful Methods of Lumbering, Black Yaggy Catalpa Plantation, Reno County, Hills Forest Rieserve 25: eee 238 Kansas, (sec css seas. eore cose seaeeeeeees BORE aIOG Wasteful. Methods of Lumbering, Hill Voung Lodgepole Pine set a..s-ceseteeeee ee City, South Dakotas::! Sete eee 107 | Young Rubber rees:s02..0.- cers secaaeecnee White Mountain Apache Indian Reserva- Young White Pine in New Hampshire.... tion; Arizonas..:c55. Visser ee 276 : MAPS. Distribution of Forest Trees of Nebraska Burned foyer dueiqook: sneha FIVE MAPS -205-.s.cbshe ete secon cote yee 315-318 Proposed Plantation Suitable for the Da- Forest Types in the Texas Region........... 132 KOtas ict. cdits lesa setes ee cece ee Re eeaeeen Western Colorado — Showing Areas RU Non Uy y » . ane eww La eH Kae Po § a 20 Cents Vol i ee JANUARY, 1901 Nod S j ‘ Aw «3 / : cc CONTENTS : “BEECH UNDER OAK IN THE SPESSART....00....c..ceec lec ec ee ceeeee tds Sprie iehl POs Re pat catea cere E Frontispiece THE NINETEENTH ANNUAL MEETIN G OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION i, Ti meantes of the Meeting and Resolutions: 2.3255. 6..6. 6.0.55 .000e nskenecensecdeanwcgsens seeeboves I a II. Report of the Board of Directors........... ee TA AE Pe pe OO tee Med Ha OMA Gog AN 4 III.. Treasurer’s Report.............. aie rane cmaisieee cia lame es ae nals dicsjawinc Uacic sda eee ta aan Ges he te canes be) II Superintendent of Working Plans, Danson of Forestry EDITORIALS . Amendments to the Constitution of the American Forestry Reunite The Western Hemlock. Derelict; Lauds.) Phe Last Pitteen Vearg: 3... 50. Ve ee ee an ae 17 i ORRESPONDENCE ty Dr. Schenck’s Business Problems of American DROSERG: celui Sacemt ac raneus srcueenecasekene eee ates sae 19 NEWS, NOTES AND COMMENT ; Lands Given to the Minnesota Forest Board. ‘‘ Worthless Land’? and Forest Destruction. ' Farm Forestry in Massachusetts. Canadian Interest in Forestry. Increasing Value of Hemlock. Will it Pay to Grow Forest Trees? Practical Lumbermen Increasing. Neglect . of New England’s Woodland. Root of the Hemlock..+...............c.cccccescesccecnecsesetensceqenees 20 2S SLANE a MSS AGN PERL AL OCG a A On Aa ES ARE Py 25 x Published by The American Forestry Association Lancaster, Pa., and Washington, D. C. 4 aH THE PLATFORM OF THE FORESTER In order that the good will of its readers may become as effective as possible in aiding to solve our pres- _ ent forest problems, the ForsstTER indicates five directions in which am effective advance is chiefly needed. 1. The forest work of the United States Government which is now being carried on by the Depart- ment of Agriculture, the General Land Office, and the Geological Survey conjointly, should be completely and formally unified. The division of authority between the three offices involves great waste, and © consolidation is directly and emphatically pointed to by the present voluntary co-operation between them. | 2. A system of forest management under the administration of trained foresters should be introduced into the national and state forest reserves and parks. 3. Laws for the protection of the forests against fire and trespass should be adapted to the needs of each region and supported by the provisions and appropriations necessary for their rigorous enforcement. 4. Taxation of forest lands should be regulated so that it will encourage not forest destruction but q conservative forest management. 5. The attention of owners of woodlands should be directed to forestry and to the possibilities of ap- plying better methods of forest management. i Persons asking themselves how they can best serve the cause of forestry will here find lines of work | suggested, along which every effort will tell. No opportunity for doing good along these lines should eh neglected. Notable Articles in Recent Numbers of the F orestet. i The Proposed Appalachian National Park, by J. A. Homes, State Geologist . il North Carolina, July, 1900. | Forest Law in the United States, by TREADWELL CLEVELAND, JR., July, Aug., ‘Sept. and Oct., 1900. The Proposed Minnesota National Park, by JoHn S. CoorEr, Dec., tgoo. Four Articles on the Forest Problems of the White Pine North, Nov., 1900. Copies of the Forester containing the above articles to cents, July number, 25 cents. THE FORESTER, 202 14th Street, S. W., Washington, D. C. : WANTED: Back Numbers of the Foresier, From 15 cents to $1.00 apiece will be paid for copies of the following : Vol. I., Nos. 1, 3 and 4. Vol. III., Nos. 10 and 12. J. H. H. BOYD, © Back Files of the Porester il GAGE, TENN., DEALER IN AND COLLECTOR OF Vol. U. The Pérecten 1896, 3 sets $2. j Vol. Ill. The Forester, 1897 (lack= Tree and Shrub Seeds, ing No. 12),°3 sets) 4 cio 2.50 Gr ITA OMAR TAT ALOT ROU / Vol.IV. The Forester, 1898,... 73] Seedlings, Ferns, Etc. | Vol. V- The Forester, 1899,.... 75 | Vol. VI. The Forester, 1900,. . . . 1.00) The State Agricultural Inspector, after thorough | Proceedings of the American Forestry on examination, reports our growing stock to be in Congress and American Forestry Ne fine condition. Association (1888-1897, inclu- TRIAL ORDERS SOLICITED. BIVE ye elie AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. HENRY ROMEIKE, The First Established and Most Complete Newspaper Cutting Bureau in the World. $10 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. ESTABLISHED LONDON, 188); NEW YORK, 1884. BRANCHES: LONDON, PARIS, BERLIN, SYDNEY. THE PRESS CUTTING BUREAU which I established and have carried on since 1881 in London, and 1884 in New York, reads, through its hundreds of employes, every news- paper and periodical of importance published in the United States, Canada and Kurope. It is patronized by thousands of subscribers, pro- fessional or business men, to whom are sent, day by day, newspaper clippings, collected from all these thousands of papers, referring either to them or any given subject. ; : HENRY ROMEIKE, 110 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. New York State College of Forestry CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. Y., Offers a complete four-year course in Forestry leading to the degree of Bachelor in the Science of Forestry (B. S. F.). Special students for shorter terms accepted if properly prepared. Tuition $100 per year. New York State students free. The Spring terms of the junior and senior years are spent in the Demonstra- tion Forest in the Adirondacks, devoted to practical work. Requirements for admission similar to those in other branches of the Univer- sity. Send for prospectus. Instruction in preparatory and collateral branches given by the Faculty of the University. For further information address, Director of State College of Forestry, Ithaca, N. Y. B. E. FERNOW, LL.D., FILIBERT ROTH, Assistant Professor. Director. JOHN GIFFORD, D.Ocec., Assistant Professor. Kindly mention THE FORESTER in writing. THE PORESTER. Pird=Wore for 1901 BIRD LORE’S special aim during the coming year will be to assist teachers and students of birds by telling them just what to study and just what to teach at the proper season. It will, the:efore, publish a series of articles on the birds of a number of localities, including the vicinity of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Chicago and San Francisco. To these will be added ‘ Sug- gestions for the Months’ Study’ and ‘Suggestions for the Months’ Reading.’ The whole thus forms a definite plan of study which, it is believed, will be of the utmost value to the instructor, to the independent observer, and to bird-clubs and natural history societies. In this connection much assistance will be rendered by BIRD-LORE’S Advisory Council, composed of over fifty prominent ornithologists, residing throughout the United States and Canada, who have consented to respond to requests for information and advice. While a number of the more general articles for the year will bear on the months’ subject for study, there will also be contributions of wide popular interest, among the more important of which may be mentioned an address on Audubon, by Dr. Elliott Coues ; letters written by Audu- bon in 1827 ; John Burroughs’ list of his rarer bird visitors ; Frank M. Chapman’s fully illustrated account of a bird nesting expedition with this genial naturalist ; Ernest Seton-Thompson’s ‘How to Know the Hawks and Owls’ (illustrated) ; Tudor Jenks’ ‘From an Amateur’s Point of View ;’’ T.S. Palmer’s ‘ Ostrich Farming in America’ (illustrated) ; F. A. Lucas’ ‘ Birds of Walrus Island,’ with remarkable illustrations; H. W. Henshaw’s ‘Impressions of Hawaiian Birds’; C. Will Beebe’s illustrated account of some of the birds under his charge at the New York Zoological Garden, and an important paper on ‘Bird Protection in Great Britain,’ by Montagu Sharpe, chairman of the English Society for the Protection of Birds. 20 Cents a Number; $1.00 a Year. Send 10 Cents for a Specimen Copy. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Crescent and Mulberry Sts., Harrisburg, Pa. THE BOTANICAL GAZETTE Edited by JOHN M. COULTER, Professor and Head of the Department of Botany in the University of Chicago, and CHARLES R. BARNES, Professor of Plant Physiology in the University of Chicago. Published monthly, with il- lustrations. Subscription price, $4.00 a year in the United States; foreign, $4.50; single copies, 50 cents. THE BOTANICAL GAZETTE is an illustrated monthly journal devoted to botany in its widest sense. For more than twenty years it has been the representative American journal of botany, containing contributions from the leading botanists of America and Europe. In addition to the formal pipers presenting the results of research, current information and discussion are given in the editorials, and in the departments of Current Literature, Open Letters, Notes for Students, and Notes and News. REPRESENTATIVE COMMENT B. T. Galloway, U. S. Dep’t of Agriculture Prof. W. N. Kellerman, Ohio State University “One of the best journals of its kind now ‘It is simply indispensable to the botanist, published.”’ B. T. GALLOWAY. teacher or student. W. N. KELLERMAN. Douglas H. Campbell, Leland Stanford University Prof. George L. Goodale, Harvard University “Tt well represents the progress of botanical “Tt is a credit to American botany. In its science in the United States.”’ present form it has increased claims upon the DouGLas H. CAMPBELL, support of botanists.’?’ GEORGE L. GOODALE. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS Kindly mention THE FORESTER in writing. IN THE BEACH UNDER OAK SPESSART. e article on page II.) é ( THE FORESTER. Nifor.. Vv IT. IPANUAICY: 1908. tHE NINETEENTH ANNUAL I. Minutes of the Meeting and Resolutions. HE American Forestry Association held its nineteenth annual meeting on December 12 and 13, 1900, at Metzerott Hall, Washington, D. C. The morning session was called to order on Wednesday, the 12th, at 10 o’clock, but owing to the fact that the day was a legal holiday, in honor of the hundredth anni- versary of the establishment of the seat of National Government at Washington, an adjournment was immediately taken to Thursday, the 13th. MorniING SESSION. On Thursday morning at 10 o'clock, the Association was called to order in Metzerott Hall, r110 F St., N. W., by Hon. James Wilson, the President. The minutes of the last annual meeting were read and approved. The report of the treasurer was read and referred to the Auditing Committee. On motion of F. H. Newell, seconded by Mr. Pinchot, the treasurer was author- ized to drop from the rolls those members who are two years in arrears of dues, after making one further effort to collect said dues. The chair then announced the appoint- ment of the following committees: On Resolutions, Dr. B. E. Fernow, Mr. E. Peowersyetrof. H. S. Graves; On Nominations, Col. Wm. F. Fox, Mr. George P. Whittlesey and Mr. Otto J. J. meuemkert; ©n, Auditing, Prof. J. A. Holmes and Mr. F. H. Newell. President Wilson then called Dr. Fernow MEE TENG; to the chair and stated that he was obliged to withdraw on account of other important business. He congratulated the Associa- tion on the present interest in forestry, which is greater than he had ever observed before. Congress is more friendly to- wards efforts to rehabilitate the country from the effects of the work of vandals who have spared notree. We hear nothing but encouragement everywhere. The col- leges that have been interested and are now teaching young men forestry are pre- paring for the future. The speaker thought there will be no difficulty whatever in tak- ing care of the forests as soonas the young men now being instructed are ready for their life work. In the meantime every effort must be made to impress the public with the work we have in hand. Such time as he can possibly give is always at the disposal of the Association. Dr. Fernow gracefully thanked the President for his encouraging remarks. Mr. Pinchot then read the report of the Board of Directors, which was approved and accepted. (See page 4.) On motion of Professor Holmes, the recommendations of the Board were re- ferred to the Committee on Resolutions. Mr. Whittlesey presented to the Associa- tion the recommendation of the Board that a new grade of members, to be called sustaining members, be instituted, who should pay annual dues of $25, and that the fee for life members be raised to $100, and for patrons to $1000. Mr. Newell advocated the changes proposed, but thought that $500 would be a better fee for patrons. He described the mode in which the National Irrigation Society has 2 THE FORESTER. increased its membership, and’ recom- mended tha tthe Forestry Association work along some such lines. On motion of Mr. F. V. Coville, the matter was referred to the committee on resolutions. The proposal of the Board of Directors that the subscription price of the Forester be raised to $2, except to libraries and ex- changes, was also discussed, and referred back to the Board for such action as they might deem best. The treasurer called attention to the large increase in membership, in spite of the fact that the balance on hand is only a few dollars larger thana year ago. He explained that it cost very nearly the first year’s dues to get a new member, since only about eight per cent. of those invited to join actually become members. Next year the increase in receipts from the 600 new members will be apparent. An adjournment was then taken until two o'clock, P. M. AFTERNOON SESSION. Mr. Bowers reported for the committee on resolutions, the following resolutions and recommendations : 1. Lesolved, That the Association earn- estly urges the passage of a bill creating a National Park of the famous Calaveras Grove of the Big Trees of California, as the necessary first step towards the preser- vation of a unique example of tree growth that has interested naturalists and tourists throughout the world, and we recommend that a sufficient appropriation be made in such bill to purchase all property rights in these lands in order to prevent the destruc- tion of the Big Trees, and that there be made also sufficient annual appropriation for their protection against fire and for their proper care. 2. Resolved, That we favor the early passage of the joint resolution now pend- ing in Congress for the appointment of a Commission to investigate and report on the practicability of establishing the pro- posed National Park in Minnesota, due re- gard being had to the treaty rights of the Indians affected by the creation of such park. 3. Resolved, That the action of Con- January, gress in making an appropriation to inves- tigate the forest conditions of the Southern Appalachian mountains meets with our cordial approval, and that we recommend that further steps be taken for the creation by purchase of a National Appalachian Park in the high mountain region of the States of North and South Carolina, Georgia and Tennessee. 4. Resolved, That we again urge the resolution passed at our last annual meet- ing for the consolidation under one depart- ment of the forest work now carried on by different branches of the Federal Govern- ment. 5. Resolved, That we express our satis- faction in the formation of an active For- estry Association in Canada, covering the entire Dominion, and hope that the efforts of our sister Association in securing an improved forestry system on the Crown lands of the Provinces and in awakening an interest in forestry will have a speedy success. 6. Resolved, That the Association ex- tends its hearty thanks to Mrs. L. Z. Leiter for her courteous and highly appreciated invitation to her house on the afternoon of December 13th. . Your committee recommends: That Article III., Section 2, of the By-laws be amended by inserting after the words ‘‘Life Members” the words ‘‘Sustaining Mem- bers”; that section 3 be amended by strik- ing out the words ‘* one hundred dollars ” and substituting the words ‘‘ one thousand dollars”; also striking out the words ‘‘fifty dollars ” and substituting the words ‘‘ one hundred dollars”; also inserting after the sentence ‘*¢ Patrons and Life Members shall not be liable for annual dues” the words ‘¢ Sustaining members shall be those who pay annual dues of twenty-five dollars.” That Article IV. be amended by insert- ing in line two after the word ‘ Presi- dent” the words ‘¢a First Vice-President.” (These articles thus amended would read :— Article III. Sec. 2. Members shall be divided into five classes: Patrons, Life Members, Sustaining Members, Active Members, Associate Members and Honor- ary Members. Igo!. Sec. 3. Any person contributing at one time the sum of one thousand dollars ($t- ooo) to the permanent fund of the Asso- ciation shall be a Patron. Any person may become a life member by the pay- ment of one hundred dollars ($100) at one time. Patrons and Life Members shall not be liable for annual dues. Sustaining Members shall be those who pay annual dues of twenty-five dollars ($25). Active Members are those who pay the annual dues of two dollars ($2). Associate Mem- bers are the members of any local Fores- try Association which shall vote to affiliate itself with the American Forestry Associa- tion, under such rules as the Board of Directors may adopt. Honorary Mem- bers shall be the officers of State, Terri- torial, Provincial, or other forestry associa- tions, or the delegates from such associa- tions, or the delegates of any government. Aiticle, 1V., Sec. 1. The officers of this Association shall be a Board of Direc- tors, a President, a First Vice-President, a Vice-President for each State, Territory and Province represented in the associa- tion, a Treasurer, a Recording Secretary and a Corresponding Secretary.) The report was accepted. Gen. C. C. Andrews, Fire Warden of Minnesota, explained at some length the proposed National Park in Minnesota, laying especial stress on the fact that the rights of the Indians will not be disturbed. The Congressional commission of investi- gation will be appointed as soon as the bill passes the House. The opposition of one member is blocking the way but, it will undoubtedly be withdrawn after full explanation in regard to the points on which he is raising objection. Professor Holmes stated that the action of the last Congress in making an appro- priation for investigating the Appalachian Park project had resulted in a report soon to be presented to Congress. He thought the fact that some five hundred newspapers are favorably disposed to all forest work is an evidence of the widespread interest in the subject. On motion of Professor Holmes, the resolutions were adopted as reported. Col. Fox, for the committee on nomina- AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 2 tions, reported the list of officers for the ensuing year, and on motion, the secretary cast the ballot for the names as read. The following officers were elected: —— President, Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agr culture. First Vice-President, Dr. B. E. FERNOw, Ithaca, INE RYe Corresponding Secretary, F. H. NEWELL, Wash- ington, D. C. Recording Secretary, J. P WHITTLESEY, Wash- limyeuoKar, ID), Ce Treasurer, OTTO J. J. LUEBKERT, Washington, ID) (Ce DIRECTORS. JAMES WILSON, E. A. Bowers, F. V. Co- VILLE, B. KE. FERNOW, HENRY GANNETT, H. S. GRAVES, ARNOLD HAGUE, F. H. NEWELL, GIFFORD PINCHOT, T. F. WALSH, G. P. WHITT- LESEY. VICE- PRESIDENTS. Sir H. G. JoLY DE LOTBINIERE, Victoria, B. C. Quebec. C. C. GEORGESON, Sitka, Alaska. D. M. RIORDAN, Flagstaff, Ariz. T. C. MCRAg, Prescott, Ark. A. KINNEY Lamanda Park, Cal. H. D. MICHELSEN, Denver, Cc lo. ARTHUR T. HADLEY, New Haven, Conn. Wo. M. CAnsBy, Wilmington, Del. A. V. CLUBBS, Pensacola, Fla. R. B. REPPARD, Savannah, Ga. J. M. COULTER, Chicago, II. JAMES TROOP, Lafayette Ind. T. H. MACBRIDE, Iowa City, Iowa. C. D. BURSON, Kansas. J. R. PROCTER, Frankfort, Ky. ILEWIS JOHNSON, New O leans, La. N. S. SHALER, Cambridge, Mass. FE. L. MELLUS, Baltimore, Md. J. E. Hopss, North Berwick, Me. C. W. GARFIELD, Lansing, Mich. J. N. Cross. St. Anthony Park, Minn. WM. TRELEASE, St. Louis, Mo. C. E. BESSEY, Lincoln, Neb. JOHN GIFFORD, Princeton, N. J. BK. F. HOBART, Santa Fe, N. M. W. A. WADSWoRTH, Gencsce, N. Y. J. A. HoLMEs, Raleigh, N. C. W. W. BARRETT, Church Ferry, N. D. Wo. R. LAZENBY, Colum!us, Ohio. Wo. T. LITruez, Perry, Okla. J. T. ROTHROCK, West Chester, Pa. H. G. RUSSELL, E Greenwich, R. I. T. T. WRIGHT, Nashville, Tenn. W. GoopricH JONES, Temple, Texas. C. A. WHITING, Salt Lake, Utah. D. O. Noursk, Blacksburg. Va. ADDISON G. FOSTER, Tacoma, Wash. A. D. Hopkins, Morgantown, W. Va. ELwoop MEAD, Cheyenne, Wyo. T. F. WaLsH, Washington, D. C. 4. THE FORESTER. K. STEWART, Ottawa, Ontario. WILLIAM LITTLE, Montreal, Quebec. Gro. P. AHERN, Manila, P. I. GEORGE CARTER, Hawaii. Professor Holmes, for the auditing com- mittee, submitted the following report of its examination of the treasurer’s accounts: ‘©The Auditing Committee begs to report to the Association that it has examined the vouchers and accounts of the Treasurer, and approves the same. ‘* Your Committee also approves the plan of keeping the vouchers and books adopted by the Treasurer, which is the same as that in use for several years past, except that it finds no easy way of check- ing or verifying the entries of the Treas- urer concerning the amounts paid to him in the form of membership fees, or the amounts turned over to him from THE FORESTER. (Signed: F.-H. Newell, eee Elolimes:))” In explanation of the criticism contained in the report, Mr. Newell stated that the system was as good as any he knew of, but he hoped that we might have the best one possible. The treasurer stated that the card system has been adopted during the past year, owing to the great increase in the number of individual accounts. The chair suggested that it might be well for the Board of Directors to give the accounts a preliminary auditing before the annual meeting. (For the Treasurer’s Report see page 10.) Mr. Newell read a telegram from Prof. F. W. Taylor, Superintendent of Forestry, Pan American Exposition, regretting his inability to be present. Also a letter of regrets from Dr. N. H. Egleston. Prof. Henry Ferguson, of Hartford, Conn., brought to the American Forestry Association the welcome greetings of the Connecticut Forestry Association. Mr. Elihu Stewart, Chief Inspector of Timber and Forestry for Canada, stated that the formation of the Canadian Associa- tion resulted from his visit to this Associa- tion last year. Heconveyed the thanks of the Canadian Association for the very great assistance this Association has rendered it. He referred to the increasing inter- est in forestry throughout the Dominion, January, and invited this Association to the coming meeting of the Canadian Association in March. He explained at some length the system of fire patrol which he is endeavor- ing to extend throughout the forests of Canada. The chair reminded the mem- bers that one of the early meetings of this Association took place in Canada, and that it was at that meeting that the idea of a systematic fire patrol was formulated. The annual meeting then adjourned. At five o’clock the Association was gra- ciously received by Mrs. L. Z. Leiter at her house on New Hampshire avenue. In the evening, Mr. Gifford Pinchot entertained the Association at his resi- dence on Rhode Island avenue. Dr. Mer- riam, Chief of the Biological Survey, showed and explained a large number of colored lantern slides made from pictures taken by the Harriman Expedition. II. Report of the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors presents the fol- lowing report of the year’s progress in matters relating to forestry : The thing which is conspicuous above all others in the development of the last year is the growth and spread of popular Notable Spread ce in ae hres Gf Iatereeean Mi ne mn Cone t € coun- Forestry. try’s forests and in for- estry. This has come out most clearly in the correspondence of the Association, in experiences and con- versations which its members have had in all parts of the country, and especially in the public press. In the East and in Cali- fornia the interest has shown itself con- spicuously in the activity of forest asso- ciations, and other organizations which have allied themselves with their work. Throughout the Rocky Mountain region there are few associations to give expres- sion to this interest, but it has none the less made itself apparent in the tone of the press and in utterances at public meet- ings of various sorts. In the plains region this increasing in- terest has been notable. The number of applications for planting plans and for working plans which have been received by the Department of Agriculture and the 1901. numerous additions to this Association’s membership indicate the practical way in which the country is taking up forestry. That the interest has everywhere ceased to be chiefly sentimental is shown most clearly by the number of students now registered in the three forest schools. At Cornell there are twenty-four, four of them seniors; at Biltmore there are nine; at Yale, where the new forest school was started in October under the most favor- able circumstances with Prof. Henry S. Graves at its head and Prof. J. W. Toumey as assistant professor, there are seven. This summer there have also been be- tween sixty and seventy student assistants at work in the field under the Division of Forestry. The applications for the posi- tion reached the large total of 232. During the past year a new national reserve has been set aside by presidential proclamation—the Crow Creek Forest Re- serve in Wyoming, con- taining about 86 square mies. Line Olympic Forest Reserve in Washington has been cut down by 360 square miles; the area thrown open to settlement being chiefly in the northwestern corner of the Reserve where there were already a large number of private holdings. The Bighorn Re- serve of Wyoming has been increased by the addition of 83 square miles on the southwest and southeast sides of the Re- serve. _ A long advance toward a proper manage- ment of the public forests has been marked by the request of the Secretary of the In- terior made to the Department of Agricul- ture last spring, for the preparation of working plans for all of the national re- serves. The area for which working plans have thus been requested is so large in proportion to the Department’s all too small resources for forest work that it has only been possible to begin the work in a few places this year. It has, however, _ been possible to make the summer’s surveys _ cover fully the Black Hills Forest Reserve where the conditions, for a tract of over one million acres, are unusually favorable for forest management. Preliminary ex- aminations for future working plans have Changes in the Reserves. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 5 also been made in the Lewis and Clark Reserve in Montana; the San Bernardino and Sierra Reserves in California; the Prescott, San Francisco Mountains and Black Mesa Reserves in Arizona, and the Bighorn Reserve in Wyoming. Thus this year has seen the first step toward conservative lumbering in the National Forest Reserves. The investigation of the grazing ques- tion, which is also being made by the De- partment of Agriculture at the request of the Secretary of the Interior, has been prosecuted in fifteen reserves. During the last year the important and successful work of the Geological Survey in surveying and mapping the National Re- serves has been continued, Forest Work : on the Public and full reports and maps Lands covering the Pike’s Peak, Plum Creek, South Platte, Battlement Mesa, and White River Plateau Reserves in Colorado; the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, and San Jacinto Reserves in Southern California; and the Flathead and Bitter Root Reserves in Montana and Wyoming, have been published. Further statistics about the timber resources of Washington have also appeared. Ex- aminations and surveys of the forested and burnt-over lands of northern Minnesota have been completed and reports are now in press. The surveys of the Olympic Reserve in Washington have been com- pleted and the country between the Wash- ington Reserve, and the Mt. Rainier For- est Reserve has been surveyed. In California surveys have been made in the northern Sierras, and the forest survey of the Sierra Reserve has been nearly finished. The work of the Hydrographic Division of the Geological Survey has in several places touched the forest interests of the country more closely than usual. In the Adirondacks the forest work of the Divi- sion of Forestry is being combined with the work of the Hydrographer, in the in- terests of the flow of water in the streams, and of the maintenance of the lake levels. In the Appalachian park region, the hydro- graphic surveys have similarly been con- ducted in close coéperation with what is more strictly forest work. 6 THE -FORESTER. “The administrative force which under the direction of the General Land Office, has charge of the National Forest Reserves, has been better organized than heretofore. This branch of the Government forest service is, however, like the others, much handicapped by lack of funds. The work of the Division of Forestry of the Department of Agriculture has con- tinued to grow rapidly in extent and _ use- fulness. The Division’s appropriation was prac- tically doubled for the fiscal year beginning on July rst. It is now $88,520 instead of $48,520, as during the previous year. This means that the Divi- sion has been able to meet much more ef- ficiently than before the demands which have been made on it. The request for working plans for conservative lumbering now cover more than 51,000,000 acres; and on 175,000 acres working plans have already gone into operation. The ad- vance in the practical application of for- estry to American conditions thus indica- ted is a matter of congratulation for two reasons. It means that object lessons in forest management, which will appeal more strongly than could anything else to lumbermen, owners of wood-lots, and State governments, are being established in different parts of the country. It also signifies that forestry is being fitted to American conditions, and that those who practice it in this country are gaining the experience which will enable them to solve more and more of our difficulties, and to get down to the terms which ap- peal to practical land owners. The Divi- sion of Forestry has also been carrying on many lines of work which are more in the character of investigation, but of the re- sults of which it will soon be possible to make practical use. Such are the ex- amination of the effects of forest cover on the flow of streams which has begun on the watershed of the Arrowhead Irri- gation Company of Southern California, and the investigations of the habits of re- production and growth of such important lumber trees as the Red Fir of Washing- ton and Oregon, and the Redwood of California. The Division of Forestry. January, One of the most important pieces of work which has been undertaken by the Division of Forestry during the year, is the preparation of work- forthe Aaienne oe ne for the New Anes ork State Forest Pre- ; serve. The part for which the first working plan is being made is Township 40, in Hamilton Co., con- taining the well known Racquette Lake. Before this working plan goes into opera- tion however, the constitutional provi- sion which forbids any cutting whatso- ever on the State lands, will have to be — repealed. It would be hard to measure the good results which would follow the frank introduction of scientific forestry on New - York’s public lands. In the Adirondacks the Division has also been engaged in making working plans for Townships 16 | and 17 in Franklin County, belonging to | Mr. William Rockefeller, and has con- Working Plans tinued to supervise the work of practical | forestry on the Webb and Whitney Pre- serves and on the Brandeth Park. In March, Governor Roosevelt appointed a new Forest, Fish and Game Commission with Mr. W. Austin Wadsworth at its head. Colonel William F. Fox was re- appointed as Superintendent of Forests. The Commission has added about eighty | thousand acres, both to the Adirondack | Park and to the State Forest Preserve. The work of the Cornell School of For- estry on its 30,000 acre experimental tract has progressed rapidly. An arrangement was made according to which everything down to sticks three feet in length can be marketed for cooperage stock or wood alcohol. This greatly facilitates the utiliza- tion of the hard woods. Several burnt over tracts have already been cleaned up and planted. i The progress which has been made in Pennsylvania may be summarized in a quotation from Dr. Rothrock’s last report: ‘“‘Up to the commence- ment of 1900 much of the work done has per- tained to what might be called the period of agitation of the cause of forestry. It | was necessary before our people could be | induced to enter upon a new work that | Progress in Pennsylvania. Igol. they should be convinced that it was neces- sary. This has been accomplished, and the task now before us is to begin the practical work of restoration.” Events which occurred last spring showed clearly that the people of the State understand that the forest reserves which are being estab- lished are for their benefit. There were many fires in the territory adjacent to these reservations, but though they did a great deal of damage to private property, the lands belonging to the State were largely protected by the voluntary efforts of the neighbors. Somewhat over one hundred thousand acres have now been secured for the State forest reserves. The year has further been instructive in the matter of the enforcement of the fire law. The regular detective machinery in certain counties has been employed successfully for the discovery of those guilty of setting fires, and convictions have followed. In Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan the difficulties of the past years have been largely those of arousing public interest. Fa the In great measure omens Pave States to the work of the forest : officers and State associa- tions in these States, there is now noticeably more interest in forest conservation, the question of taxing cut-over lands, etc., than there was a year ago. The Minne- sota fire law has worked fully as well as conditions would permit. Meanwhile forest officers in Michigan and Minnesota, and the associations and individuals who, though private citizens, are active in forest matters in all these States, have gained knowledge and experience of the difficul- ties with which they must deal and of the ways in which it is possible or impossible to cope with them, which will enable them to bring forward much more definite and feasible programs than heretofore. Con- sidering that legislation is one of the first things which is to be looked for in these States, this is of the utmost importance. In this connection the good work of the Women’s Clubs in both Minnesota and Michigan deserves mention. The history of the last twelve months in the tree planting region of the Middle West may best be spoken of in connection AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 7 with the tree planting work of the Divis- ion of Forestry. Planting plans have been maethe Plain prepared for _fifty-nine Region. land owners in eleven States. The farmers of the treeless regions have never beenslow to appreciate the value of artificial planta- tions, but they have had little reliable knowledge or advice to guide them in their efforts. This year the reports which have been received from these States have almost always mentioned the very lively interest of the land owners in tree planting work. A great deal of printed matter has been circu- lated, both among the farmers and through the columns of newspapers and agricul- tural journals, and the tree planters of the division have given many public lectures. The law which practically exempts bona fide tree plantations from taxation in In- diana has worked well wherever people To the have ay eS oe Local Press. ence. ast April twenty- eight land owners had taken advantage of the law in one county ; but in many parts of the State people are still unaware that such a law has been passed. Here is work for the local press. A pamphlet entitled ‘* The Boa Con- strictor of the White Mountains” which appeared during the summer, has served to attract attention more widely than anything else which has been published, to the poor condition of New Hampshire’s forests. The evil which this pamphlet at- tacks would appear to be a case involving the trust question first of all, but the trouble is none the less close to the forest interests of the State, and as the welfare of New Hampshire depends fully as much as that of any other State, and more than that of most, on wisdom and farsightedness in the use of her forests, it is to be hoped that her citizens will soon bring themselves to the point of action. In this connection the ex- cellent work of Governor Rollins deserves special mention. In Massachusetts the State fire warden law, which was drawn up by the State Forestry Association over a year ago, went ifito force last spring. This law seems to have New Hampshire. Massachusetts. 8 THE FORESTER. worked well, both in the protection of trees along roadways and in the education of public opinion in regard to the value and proper care of trees. The different state forestry associations throughout the country have on the whole been very active during the last twelve months; notably so in The State Massachusetts, Pennsyl- Forestry As- vania, Indiana and Cali- sociations. fornia. In Massachu- setts the State association has devoted much time and effort to aiding the newly created tree wardens in the performance of their new duties. The Pennsylvania Association has gone on with its educational work as steadily and wisely as heretofore. In In- diana the State association sent its secre- tary, Mr. John P. Brown, through many of the Western States to examine tree plantations with especial reference to Catalpa, and to the tree-planting under- takings of railroads. In California the State Forest and Water Society, the Los Angeles County Forest and Water Asso- ciation and other organizations have been carrying on the campaign for irrigation and forest preservation with such system, enthusiasm and success that it is probable that a thorough and careful legislative pro- gram, which they will present to the State legislature this winter, will be adopted. The American Forestry Association has reason to be gratified at the successful ses- sion of the National Irrigation Congress which was held in Chi- cago in November. Sey- eral officers and members of this association played an important part in the proceedings of the Congress, and the interests of the two organizations are as Closely allied as the motto of the ses- sion ‘**Save the forests and store the floods,” would indicate. Canada’s interest in forestry has always been great and during the last year a not- able proof of it has been the formation of two forest Associations in the Dominion. One of these, the Canadian For- estry Association already numbers nearly two hundred members and is growing rapidly. It has adopted as its official The Irrigation Congress. The Canadian Association. January, organ a monthly magazine published in Montreal.—fod and Gun in Canada. The International Congress of Silvi- culture met in Parisin June. The Ameri- can delegates to the Congress were Messrs. Wm. A. Taylor, Wiener Weimberger and Tarleton H. Bean. The Congress lasted three days and was well attended. A number of interesting and valuable papers were read; Resolutions were passed favor- ing among other things: the publication of statistics showing the extent of the forest resources and of the consumption of wood in each country; the adoption of grazing laws, and the study of grazing conditions in each country; the establishment in each country of an arbor day, such as that now commonly observed in the United States; the formation of an international under- standing for the protection of existing for- ests and the reforestation of waste lands. The American Forestry Association held but one meeting this year; that in New York on June 24th and 25th, when : it met in affiliation with The American the American Association Forestry Associ- 5; the Advancement of ation. Science. This meeting was well attended, and a number of very interesting papers were read and discussed. They were enumerated by title in the Forester for July, and since then some of them have appeared inthe magazine. Sey- eral resolutions were adopted. One of the most encouraging features of the meeting was the way in which its proceedings were reported by the press, not only in New York, but throughout the country even to the Pacific coast. The tone of these re- ports and of the editorial comments which sometimes accompanied them, showed not only that the Forestry Association is widely recognized as an organization de- serving public consideration and support, but that the press in many States is decid- edly more interested in forestry than it used to be. In April the ForEsTER passed into the charge of Mr. Henry James 2d, under whose control it has made the greatest The Forester, Progress of its history. * Mr. Stauffer generously continued to give histime to the magazine IgOl. for a couple of weeks after the new edi- tor’s arrival. Besides the members of the Association the magazine now goes to about thirty subscribers and to two hun- dred libraries and exchanges. During the last months the issues have been somewhat larger than during the first part of the year and proportionally more costly. The ex- pense has been more than off-set, however, by the increase in the Association’s mem- bership. The literature which appears in the ForeEsTER has been distributed outside of the Association as far as has been possible. But chiefly for lack of funds this cannot be done to nearly the extent that is desir- able, or even necessary. The magazine now prints every month many pages of matter which is intended expressly to in- form untehnical readers about forestry and our forest problems. For this to reach such a comparatively small audience as at present is a misfortunate and a great waste of opportunities. Fifteen hundred dollars a year might easily and well be spent in the dissemination of reading matter which the Association is already printing. But this amount is still wanting. The increase of membership has more than doubled its rate during the last year, and the membership list is more than fifty : . larger than in Growth of the Pct cent. larg ce 1899. In December, 1898, eae auon the Association had 892 members; last year the number had in- creased to to 1,025 ;and now itis 1,559. Of these new members, 26 are members for life. The Association has no deficit this year. In New York, Pennsylvania, and Mas- sachusetts, and three or four other States the Association is already well represented. In others, however, its membership is still so small as to be quite insignificant. This should not be, and the members in such states as Minnesota, Illinois, and Colorado are urged to make every effort they can to increase the membership in their states. The difficulty of doing this is simply the difficulty of getting at the people who would be glad to join, That many such AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. a are to be found on every hand can no longer be doubted. During the last year the Association has missed no opportunity of aiding and fur- thering the success of projects which are in sympathy with its aims. It has given its express backing to such projects by resolutions, and it has also forwarded them by circulating printed matter, and by bringing to their aid other organizations. This work has borne good fruit. The rapid and unmistakable spread of interest in forestry is due in a large measure to this Association. It has done work which the national and State governments could not have undertaken and has thus far ac- complished more than many of its most sanguine members could have hoped. But there still remains so much for the Asso- ciation to do, and to do so as quickly as possible, that the success of this last year is interesting chiefly as an encouragement to further and greater efforts in the future. The Board of Directors takes this op- portunity of urging once more the support of three projects of national importance These are proposals to make national parks of the Calaveras Grove of Big Trees in California, of a tract of land in the southern Apalachians, and of the Leech Lake region in northern Minnesota. The Calaveras Grove, the finest and most in- teresting of all Sequoia groves, is now owned by a lumberman, who, unless the grove is purchased this year by Congress, will begin to fell the trees. In the pro- posed Appalachian Park region in North Carolina seven men from the Geological Survey and the Division of Forestry have been making surveys and examinations throughout the summer and fall, and their reports are in preparation. The Minne- sota Park plan is now in the shape of a resolution for the appointment of a Con- gressional committee of investigation. It is very important that this resolution should not be left till the end of the session when other questions could easily be made to take precedence over it. Efforts in the Future. Recommenda- tions. IO THE FORESTER. January, III. Treasurer’s Report. The Treasurer submitted the following report for the year ending November 30, 1900. sociation. DR. To balance, December 1, 1899. . . . $ 616.05 IDES 5 otic. .o86, occ ‘alo 6 Ap ie RaREOLD-O5, Life memberships’. i. 3... 1050.00 IDIOM). 5 5 55 oOo DO 4 3 121.00 Salelof proceedings.) 1.0255 see 65.25 Subscriptions and sale of FORESTER 142.08 PNGAVETLISING 7 ects Wicd. oe ns bee et as 229.12 Intereston bonds. .... Sinton ie 125.00 Tnterestion)depositsinm...) cates eis 14.15 Sale of shelving and ‘‘junk.”’. . . 12.43 SalefofowUTSa5:Sian sels cl eee 6 2265.00 Loan (Union Trust and Storage Company ) $7555-93 Unpaid dues to the amount of $1,738 are still outstanding for the last three years, namely, for 1900, $944; for 1899, $544, and for 1898, $150. Allowing $400 of this amount as bad debts, and about $300 for unpaid bills, this would leave a balance of $1,038. Adding this amount to the balance for the year ending November 30, 1900, which is $637. Sr, would make a total of $1,675.81, or a net balance of $675.81, after deducting the $1,000 loan. The Association owns two Chicago and Eastern Illinois 5% series 1937 bonds. Otto J. J. Luebkert, Treasurer, in account with the American Forestry As- Cr. By printing FORESTER of siet ee tere $1031.39 Salartesiofeditors seen 937.48 Expenditures of FORESTER office (postage, printing, express, etc.) 160.35 Cuts for "FORESTER =. 45 7 aes 93.65 Expenditures of Secretary (postage, printing, stationery, cards, etc.) . 531.10 Clerk hire (for FORESTER, Secretary and “Preasurei)a. 2 aa. eee 373-95 Salary of ireasurer, oS) ee 70.00 Sundry expenditures of Treasurer . 42.10 Expenditures for summer meeting, June 25 and 26, New York City . 152.02 Interest on loan, and revenue stamps 50.14 Rent for FORESTER office. .... 36.26 Binding ...5.50), 5S 2C shel eee 14.50 Check “books ) <0.) sie tenet eens 4.00 Made good a bad check. . .... 2.00 Refund on overpayment. ..... 2.25 Janitor, Servicesisssm seen 3.18 Purchase) of stypewtiter. meas 103.75 Brokerage (exchange of bonds) . . 5.00 Two Ch.’and E. Ul. bonds.) 32) 2203700 Payment of loan (Hibbs)... 1000.00 $6918.12 By Balances) 3... ia aeons 637.81 $7555.93 One of these has been deposited as security for a loan of $1,000, which was made in 1899, and continued during the past finan- cial year of the Association. These bonds were bought in compliance with the in- structions of a committee appointed by the Board of Directors to dispose of the U.S. Coupon 5’s (which are now being called in by the Secretary of the Treasury), and to reinvest the proceeds. Respectfully submitted, Otto J. J. LUEBKERT, Treasurer. November 30, 1900. IgOl. STUDY. IN AMERICAN: FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. Il PURO One evwiERICAN FOREST: STUDENTS, By OveEertTon W. PRICE. Superintendent of Working Plans, Division of Forestry. : HE training necessary for an Amer- ican forester has not yet been fixed by hard and fast lines. The neces- sity, however, for a man to map out his course and to supply his deficiencies largely on his own responsibility has disappeared with the establishment of American forest schools. They have already done much to set a high standard for technical train- ing and thereby to hasten greatly the, sound development of forestry in this country. With the creation of opportuni- ties for systematic study at home, it is natural for the forest student to jump to the comfortable conclusion that study abroad is no longer essential. He soon becomes aware also of the familiar fact that European forest methods can rarely be applied without modification here, and this may seem to him to remove all prac- tical advantage from studying them on the ground. He sees, too, that there are now fewer trained men in this country to sup- ply the need for foresters than there are likely to be in the future, and he naturally wants to get his start with as little loss of time as possible. It is true that there are few European forest methods which we can use entirely without modification. It is also true that European methods have been rich in sug- gestion in the application of practical for- estry to American forests. The American forest student who puts aside a chance to see forestry in Europe makes the same sort of mistake that a medical student would be guilty of, who ignored an oppor- tunity to walk the best hospitals. The work which falls toa forester here requires of him a more comprehensive grasp of his profession than is needed where forestry is already established upon a firm footing. In Europe, forest management, in order to be successful, has only to follow those methods which have been proved advis- able. In this country, the forester must depend for the most part upon his own ability to make the most of forest problems. And since he has but few patterns to fol- low at home, it would seem that the more he knows of the practice and development of forestry abroad, the better equipped will he be for his work. Three questions are likely to present themselves to the forest student who has decided to supplement in Europe the course of study which he has followed here: where to go, how long to stay, and the probable cost of the undertaking. Those who have been well grounded at a forest school and have seen something of American forests and American lumber- ing, can gain much from a year abroad. Those who wish to follow to the end a particular line of investigation may use two or three years to advantage, but for the usual purpose of the forest student, one year will suffice. The right man, equipped with a good knowledge of German and a carefully considered plan of campaign, can gain something from a six months’ stay. It requires, however, a thorough prepara- tory knowledge of European forest condi- tions, to lend practical benefit to a shorter trip. The disadvantage for the forest student of flying trips to Europe can scarcely be put too strongly. The forest student, with one year abroad at his disposal, will probably ‘find it advisable to spend the first one or two months, according to his requirements, on one range under an English-speaking forest officer. This will enable him to brush up his German without loss of time, and steady work in the same place for a month or more will give him the insight into European forestry which he needs, much better than would the same period spent in a cursory inspection of several ranges. English speaking forest officers are rare in Europe. The Uehlingen range in the Southern Black Forest, under the charge of Oberfoérster Jager, has been the start- ing point for several American students, 12 THE FORESTER. and it would be difficult to find one more favorably situated or a forest officer with a happier faculty for making matters cleat While at ‘Uehlingen the to the beginner. January, will do well to see something of Swiss for- ests before he turns northward. The Sihl- wald, town forest of Zurich, deservedly famous for its Beech forests and the excel- Photograph taken by T. H. Sherrard. NATURAL REPRODUCTION OF SILVER FIR—BLACK FOREST. student will have a chance to acquaint himself thoroughly with the Baden work- ing plan method, which, of the several in force i in the German States, is the simplest, the broadest, and the least unsuited to American forest conditions. Uehlingen is within easy reach of several instructive ranges, among which are Waldshut, St. Blasien, and Wolfsboden. The Waldshut range in the foothills of the Schwarzwald, where the vineyards of the Rhine valley give way first to coppice woods and then to high forests of Beech and Oak, forms a strong contrast in type and management to W Biesberien and St. Blasien, both: moun- tain ranges stocked chiefly with Silver Fir and Spruce. His term at Uehlingen ended, the student lence of its management, is full of interest and of practical hints. There are records of its systematic management since 1417. It isthe only range in Europe in which all its own forest produce is worked up. It has a sawmill, lathes for turning tool handles, a plant for impregnating paving blocks and telegraph poles and machines for the shaping and bundling of fuel. No raw material is sold. The Sihlwald con- tains also a most ingenious and labor-saving system of timber slides, firewood slides, and forest railways. The town forest of Winterthur does not contain many features from the study of which Americans can give direct practical benefit. It is instructive, however, in showing what exceedingly favorable local 1gol. conditions can do in shaping the manage- ment of a forest. The well-stocked Win- terthur forests, which begin withina stone’s throw of the town, have produced a revenue of $10 per acre per annum for the last thirty years. They are managed with almost the same care that we give toa garden, be- cause through their nearness to an excel- lent market the value of firewood and tim- ber exceeds enormously the cost of raising , them. Whether the student sees something of forest management in the Swiss Alps, or in those of Bavaria or the Tyrol, will de- pend upon the best economy of his time. It is preferable that he should see it in Switzerland, where the preservation of the forests of the higher mountains is of vital AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 13 valleys, that an urgent and successful pub- lic appeal was made to the Government to take their management into its own hands. On his way northword from Switzer- land, the student will do well to see some ranges of the middle and northernSchwarz- wald. Of the former, Staufen is the best known. It is the largest range in Baden, and the management of its mountain for- ests is particularly instructive. Of the latter, the ranges of Baden-Baden, Wol- fach, and Herrenwies are representative. Wolfach, an excellent example of the se- lection system, is full of suggestion for American foresters. It is but a short distance into Bavaria from the northern Black Forest. Bavaria is rich in forests and presents a very wide 6 oN WAT L- ENG-£Q. Photograph taken by T. H. Sherrard, PURE STAND OF MATURE SILVER FIR—BLACK FOREST. importance. It was in Switzerland, that reckless lumbering of the mountain forests resulted in such serious damage from land- slides and avalanches to farms in the Alpine range of local conditions. ‘The Spessart is well known and teaches forcible lessons in sylviculture and national economy. It has been thought best to describe this forest 14 THE FORESTER. district at some length since no American student abroad will fail to see it, while its form of management may be of some in- terest to those who confine their studies to this country. The Spessart which is situated in the northwestern portion of Bavaria covers an area of about 115,000 acres. There are few forests of the same size, the whole- sale lumbering of which would realize so enormous a profit. The stand is chiefly Beech and Oak, many of the latter 400 years old, with a diameter of three feet or more and a clear length of sixty feet-— certainly the finest Oak in Europe and sometimes equalled, but seldom excelled, by the White Oak of our Southern and Middle States. One can walk for hours in this district among Oak worth from fifty to two hundred dollars a tree and the total value of this timber in the Spessart is es- timated at nearly one million dollars. Bavaria is not a wealthy kingdom. Wars and enforced preparation for war, a generally unfruitful soil, the extravagances of the royal house, and, especially in the South, an idle and pleasure-loving peasan- try, have all led to poverty. Under the careful husbandry of the present ruler, Luitpold, Prince Regent, much has been done to improve matters and especially to remove the heavy load of debt laid upon the people by the vagaries of the unhappy King Ludwig II. However, Bavaria is not yet in such a position that the presence of an additional million of dollars in the treasury would be a matter of little im- portance. In view of this, her conser- vative management of the wealth of the Spessart is all the more praiseworthy. The villages in the valleys of the Spes- sart and upon the outskirts of the forest owe their existence to the wood-working industries, which are the natural conse- quence of the presence of so large a body of marketable timber. There are several saw mills where the Oak and Beech are cut up, but the chief industry is the manu- facture of oaken staves for wine casks, which find ready sale in the valleys of the Main and the Rhine. Of the peasantry of the Spessart and its environments, very few are not connected in one way or January, another with the manufacture of lumber or staves or in getting out the raw material, while the great majority are directly de- pendent upon these sources of labor for their daily bread. If the Bavarian govern- ment therefore, were to authorize the cut- ting of all marketable timber in this dis- trict, without regard to the maintenance of a sustained annual yield, a large number ‘of people would soon be thrown out of employment and great suffering would in- evitably result. To realize fully how severe this suffering would be, would en- tail upon the reader some study of the Bavarian peasant and the economic and social conditions under which he lives. His tools, his mode of life and his educa- tion differ but little from those of his an- cestors, and his language is scarcely intel- ligible to his own countrymen of a better class. To such a man, the power to grap- ple with new conditions, to seek a fresh home and other means of employment, is denied. And even were this not the case, Germany, where the supply of labor ex- ceeds the demand, in practically all the trades and especially in the case of common labor, offers a poor field to those in search of work. To lumber on the principle of a sus- tained annual yield, or in other words to ‘take out of a forest in one year the quantity of wood which has actually been produced in that year, is the basis of forest manage- — ment in Germany, because it has there been found to yield better returns upon the capital invested in the forest than any other form of management. If the sanctioned annual yield, and no more, be harvested each year, the forest will, under proper care, continue to produce the sanctioned annual yield for ever, just as a good invest- ment continues to produce its annual in- terest. If the sanctioned annual yield be utilized with close regard to the sylvicul- tural requirements of the forest, it will in- crease in proportion with the improvement in the condition of the forest as a whole. There are cases, however, among which is the Spessart, where the utilization of the sanctioned annual yield alone, may not prove immediately the best financial policy. This is sometimes the result of local eco- 19Ol. AMERICAN nomic conditions, but more often of the condition of the forest itself. The Spes- sart, from the standpoint of the forester, is not in good order. Its old Oaks and Beeches are still of high value, but many of them long ago passed their maturity. To leave them standing, is to incur loss from two sources: from the decay of the timber they contain; and because the space they occupy in the forest might be filled by sound healthy young trees, producing wood of good quality at a comparatively rapid rate. The best sylvicultural meas- ure would be, to remove, as soon as pos- sible, all these Oaks and Beeches which have passed their maturity, without regard to the limit prescribed by the sanctioned annual yield. Then, after the forest has been put in good condition, by these ‘‘im- provement cuttings,” further utilization might be based upon its actual production, without danger of this production being in a measure offset by the presence, in the forest, of trees, which are not only growing exceedingly slowly, but many of which are losing rapidly in value through decay. However, in the Spessart, in order to con- tinue to provide the peasants of the neigh- borhood with material for their sawmills and for themanufacture of staves, it is neces- sary to cut upon exceedingly conservative lines. The Oak of this region is divided into three well-defined classes, in point of age: Class I comprises Oak of about 400 years old. Class II, Oak 250 years old, and Class IIT, Oak 100 years old. In order, therefore, to maintain a sustained annual yield, Classes I and II, both of which are merchantable timber, must be removed slowly enough to allow Class III to be ready for the market by the time the re- moval of Classes I and II is effected. Since the Oak isthe more desirable tree in the Spessart, producing timber of high value while the Beech as a species suit- able only for firewood is subordinate in importance, the first object of the manage- ment is the raising of merchantable Oak timber of as good a quality and in as short a time as possible. The Oak being a tree exceedingly intolerant of shade, has not the power of forming the dense ma- ture stands characteristic of trees strongly FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 15 tolerant of shade, as for example the Adi- rondack Spruce. Inthe case of pure woods of Spruce, the struggle for existence is prolonged indefinitely and the stand re- mains dense to a great age, because each tree which helps to form it, possesses the in- herent power to endure excessive and long continued shade with but little detriment be- beyond decrease in its rate of growth. With the Spessart Oak, the case is different. The tree needs so much light, that it soon succumbs to suppression. The struggle for existence is consequently short, the stand thins out rapidly through the death of over-topped trees and becomes sparse and open at an early age. This may not seem to bea matter of much importance. It is, however, a source of so much difficulty, that it has rendered the raising of Oak timber in pure woods impossible in Ger- many. Not only does it prevent, by the formation of an insufficient, scanty stand, the full utilization of the space it occupies, but also results in the reproduction of short, branchy trunks and knotty defective timber. One of the most incontrovertible of sylvicultural laws establishes the im- possibility of raising timber of good qual- ity in a wood which has been open from an earlyage. For the production of long, cylindrical trunks free from branches, trees must have light from above, but as little side light as possible. Realizing that it would be impossible to grow Oak timber in pure Oak woods, the Bavarian-foresters had to find some other means of growing it. They turned to nature, and they found that Oak does not occur pure in the Spessart, but scat- tered in small groups and single trees among the Beech. They saw that the Oaks growing in this way were tall and straight, clean boled and cylindrical, and finer upon the whole than any Oak they had seen elsewhere. They noticed also that the Oaks were everywhere older than the Beech, with their crowns well above the leaf cover of the latter and forming what is called a ‘‘ two-storied forest,” the Oak above and the Beech below. It was evident that ‘* the Oak must have its head in the light and its feet in the shade,” and that growing singly and in 16 THE FORESTER. groups in dense stands of Beech, with its crown well above the general canopy, en-’ joying the full influence of the sunshine with its trunk shaded by the Beech around it, conditions were suited to its develop- ment. In other words it was clear that the Beech served as a nurse for the Oak, forcing it to grow towards the light and admitting that light only from above, with tall cylindrical trees, excellently adapted to use as timber, as the result. Incident- ally also, Beech was seen to serve still an- other purpose, in shading the ground and covering it with its heavy leaf litter, thereby adding greatly to the moisture and fertility of the forest floor. To systematize a method of management easy of applica- tion, embodying the good features of na- ture’s method without involving the same prodigal use of time, was the problem. If no attempt had been made to perpetuate the two-storied forest of Beech and Oak, it might certainly have continued to occur naturally, asin the past. ‘To trust entirely to chance, however, inthe perpetuation of a valuable timber tree, would not have been good forestry in the case of a species handicapped by infrequent seed years, strong demands upon light and a rate of growth so much slower than that of the Beech as to render it constantly liable to be choked out by the latter. In order to counteract. these difficulties, the following plan was adopted: Spots seldom more than a fraction of an acre in extent, suited especially to the Oak, were selected in mature Beech forest. These were cut clean of the Beech which covered them and sown broadcast with acorns. After four or five years when the young Oaks had obtained a start sufficient to enable them to hold their own against the faster growing Beech, the Beech wood surrounding the Oak groups was repro- duced by natural means; that is, successive cuttings were made in it, by which the light necessary to the germination and growth of Beech seedlings was admitted to the soil, and after these had become established in sufficient quantity, the old Beech wood was gradually removed, allow- ing a young wood of Beech to take its January, place. At the same time, many young Beech sprung up in the Oak groups as wellas around them, and the final result was exactly what had been desired—a two- storied forest with the Oak above and the Beech below. This system has been adopted permanently and every year fresh blanks are cut in the Beech woods and sown with acorns, thereby insuring to Spessart peasants of future generations an ample supply of the same fine Oak timber that the present generation is enjoying. It may occur to the reader that although the conservative system of management adopted by the Bavarian government for the forests of the Spessart may contain some instructive features in view of the interests at stake, the sylvicultural treat- ment of the Oak contains no hints of prac- tical value for the management of Amer- ican forests. It is true that so intricate a method involving large expense and much technical skill for its application, is justi- fied in the Spessart only because the value of land and timber render it profitable. It is also true that such conditions do not yet exist generally in America. But because a system cannot be adopted as it stands, it does not follow that some modification of it may not be employed where oppor- tunity arises. The Spessart does not illus- trate merely how Oak may be grown suc- cessfully in mixture with Beech. It teaches broad principles of sylviculture and proves the value of close observation. It was the study of these forests that induced Sir Dietrich Brandis, late Inspector General of Forests in India, to adopt in 1850 a similar system in Burma for the raising of Teak in mixture with Bamboo, the Teak forming the overwood and the Bam- boo the underwood; a system which has served as a source of large annual revenue to the British crown. In our own northern woods we find the Hemlock and Pine as- sociated in the same way as are the Spes- sart Beech and Oak, and in various parts of the United States other species form analogous cases, where nature points the way towards the best means of growing the local timber tree. ( Zo be continued.) 1901. The Forester, PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY The American Forestry Association, AND Devoted to Arboriculture and Forestry, the Care and Use of Forests and Forest Trees, and Related Subjects. The FORESTER assumes no responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles. All members of the American Forestry Associa- tion receive the FORESTER free of charge. Annual fee for regular members $2.00. Anapplication blank will be found in the back of this number. All contributions and communications should be addressed to the Ep1Tor, 202 [4th Street, S. W., Washington, D.C. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to 41 North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa., or 202 14th St., S. W., Washington, D. C. Copyright, 1901, by the American Forestry As- sociation. Vol. VII. JANUARY, rg01. Amendments to The attention of the For- the Constitution EsTER’s readers is called of the A. F. A. to the amendments to the Constitution of the Amer- ican Forestry Association which were passed at the annual meeting in Decem- ber. The last year has shown both that the Association can spend to good _ pur- pose much more money than it has had heretofore, and that there are many persons who are able and glad to give more to the Association than the old schedule of dues asked. For this reason a new one has been adopted. The regular membership fee of two dollars remains unchanged in this schedule, but on the other hand, the one dollar subscription to the ForEsTER has been abolished, and single copies are to be sold hereafter for twenty cents each. In other words, those who wish to receive the magazine from now on must become members of the Association. Td At a time when a prom- inent feature of the East- ern lumber situation is the problematical condition of the Hem- lock market, the first organized attempt to rescue the Western species from obscurity and to give ita place among high-grade timbers, is being made. Government in- The Western Hemlock. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 17 vestigations have been begun and the press has been made the agent for circulating information about the merits of the West- ern Hemlock throughout the country. Notwithstanding its excellence for many uses, this wood has heretofore been almost unrecognized and wholly without place in the market. This has been partly because Red Fir was so cheap that there was no incentive to use Hemlock, but the chief reason has been its unfortunate name. Although different and better in almost every respect, it has been condemned with- out trial on the reputation of its Eastern relative. The difficulty of using it is a serious factor in the Northwestern lumber situa- tion and results in a large annual loss. In the States of Oregon and Washington Hemlock makes up nearly thirteen per cent. of the standing timber. Seldom occurring in pure stands, it grows together witb Red Fir and other merchantable species. The result is that after logging it is left standing and almost invariably is destroyed by fire, wind, or insects. Were it possible to save it until it becomes valuable, the question would be less serious. Asa timber tree, the chief fault of the Western Hemlock is its variability. Nor- mally it is light, rather hard, straight- grained, tough and usually white. In points of strength, ease of working, and freedom from warp, or windshake, it is especi- ally unlike the Eastern species. It is very light and tasteless, and therefore adapted for box material. It makes a handsome finishing wood, and is strong enough for ordinary building purposes. As pulp wood it is said to be superior to the Eastern species, but is not white enough to be used in any mills but those employing the chemical processes. It has proved satisfactory for woodenware stock, and in this.form and as box wood it is already sold to some extent under-the alias of Spruce. It is true that though it possesses these qualities when at its best, Western Hem- lock is liable to many defects. The heart- wood is frequently discolored, fungous dis- eases produce what are known as ‘* black 18 THE FORESTER. knots,” and the lumber is often nearly ruined by ‘‘black streak,” the result of the work of an insect which injures the wood beneath the bark. The scar is buried by subsequent growth of wood and appears when the log is sawed as a bitter black streak an inch or more long. But these drawbacks are not universal and doubtless when the influence of locality is better known they may be largely avoided. Until the timber is well introduced, its friends will do well to grade carefully; but grading, and the avoidance of certain localities in cutting, should be all that is necessary to make the Western Hemlock marketable. Its recognition on its worth and the possibility of selling it openly for the many purposes for which it is admir- ably adapted, would result not only in certain wood industries being supplied with material more cheaply than at present, but in saving much standing Fir and Spruce as well as Hemlock. For now to meet the demand which the wasted Hem- lock might satisfy, Fir and Spruce lumber are used. Td Derelict Lands. The ‘‘ Royal Commission on Forestry Protection in Ontario” in the course of its report (re- viewed on p. 26) says: ‘* No forest lands should be left derelict. When a licensee has practically abandoned his holding by failing to pay his ground rent, the Gov- ernment should resume possession and begin active management of the territory with a view of protecting future growth.” About six-sevenths of the land in Ontario is still owned by the Crown and even in the case of the ten million acres which are under license to lumbermen the Gov- ernment retains the ultimate control of the land. In this happy situation it is easy to speak of the Government’s resuming ac- tive management when the land is left derelict, and the condition of things in Ontario when compared to that in our own Lake States looks delightfully simple. And yet the contrast is not really as great as it first appears to be. The lands which have been cleared of all merchantable lumber in Michigan, Wisconsin and Min- January, nesota, and which have been left by their owners to be bought back, as it were, by the State, through the accumulation of un- paid taxes, are as completely derelict as anything could be. Lumbering in these regions is now followed chiefly by forest fires, waste of young forest growth, ex- haustion of the soil, and interference with the flow of the streams—none of which evils are necessary—and the States, though private owners may hold the titles to the land, are largely responsible for this. They are also greatly interested in having the lands kept permanently under forest and, therefore, in acting one way or the other —in resuming possession of the lumbered areas or in making it possible for those who have cut off the first crop to hold their lands for the second. There is no use blinking this fact any longer. Now that the forest servants of these States, unofficial or publicly charged with forest investigations, are coming for- ward with definite proposals, it is the duty of the State Legislatures to give them its at- tention and to take action on their sugges- tions. & The century which has just run out came so near to slipping away entirely without seeing any approach to forestry or to an avowal of the communities’ interest in forest conservation in this country, that to review it from the point of view of the forester would be to hunt far for very small game. It is true that forest laws and attempts at what might be called constructive forest management have been on record for more thana century, but only those of the last decade or decade and a-half have much value or significance. Yet the importance of some of these is such — that the 20th century will hardly be able to estimate it fairly. The establishment of the National For- est Reserves, of forest reserves and parks in some States, and the passage of laws for — the protection of forest lands against fire and for the encouragement of forest culti- — vation in others, are but well-meaning be- — ginnings. But when one considers to ~ The Last Fif- teen Years. 19OI. what an extent cheap wood has entered as a factor into our prosperity, into the open- ing and settlement of the West, and into our rapid industrial development, no one can doubt that they are the beginnings of what may be great things. Little by little the best of the slowly grown forests of northern New England, of Pennsylvania, of Michigan, Wisconsin, and a good part of Minnesota, have been cut off, and now the lumbermen are yearly working their way deeper into the woods of the Appalachians of the southern timber belt, and of the far West. Often the land which has been AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 19 cleared has been turned into farms, fre- quently it has been left to be burned by fires, only in a few places and but recently has it been held and managed for a second crop. Future generations will probably - have cause to look back to the movement, of which the setting aside of the forest re- serves has been perhaps the most conspicu- ous event, as one of the important chapters in the industrial history of the country. Though these have thus far been only a beginning, the site on which the twen- tieth century can erect a splendid edifice has been secured. CORRESPONDENCE. Dr. Schenck’s Business Problems of American Forestry. Bittmor_E, N. C., Dec. 20, 1900. Epiror oF THE FORESTER: Dear Sir: A recent issue of THE For- ESTER in reviewing my booklet, ‘* Some Business Problems of American Forestry,” questions the reliability of the data form- ing the basis of my financial demonstra- tions. Since 1897 I have been in the habit of collecting financial data published in lum- ber papers and obtained by correspondence with Jeading lumbermen, with the view of using them in my annual lectures on forest finance. The seventeen problems given in ‘* Some Business Problems of American Forestry ” are taken from my collection. The following list specifies the authority on which the premises of each problem relies. 1. A Longleaf Pine Problem (Flori- da): Personal investigation made in south- ern Pine belt for the Division of Forestry and correspondence with a Florida lumber- man. 2. Another Longleaf Pine (Florida): The same source. fo Reaerir problem (Oregon): After clippings from Northwestern Lum- berman. 4. A Yellow Poplar Problem (North Carolina): My owntimber tallies and my Problem essay entitled ‘* Our Yellow Poplar,” copy of which I send you under separate cover. 5. Another Yellow Poplar Problem (North Carolina): My own tallies made for property in my charge. 6. An Adirondack Problem: After Pinchot, Graves, and clippings from lum- ber periodicals, mixed with personal im- pressions. 7. AL Spruce Problem: -)hiront the same as No. 6. 8. Another Spruce Problem: From the same as No. 6. g. A White Pine Problem (Min- nesota): Pinchot and Fernow’s publica- tions on White Pine interwoven with data received from a correspondent at Duluth. 10. A Shortleaf Pine Problem (Ar- kansas): After my own investigations into. the growth of Shortleaf Pine and foot- ing on data furnished by a correspondent in Arkansas. 11. Influence of Forest Fires on Rate of Interest: My own experience based upon five and a-half years constant contact with nature in the region referred to. 12. Stumpage Prices of the Future: After Gannet and Fernow. 13. Forest Taxation in the United States: Data from a correspondent in Massachusetts. 20 THE FORESTER. 14. Influence of taxes on Business Forestry: As before. 15. A National Park Problem (Min- nesota ) : After personal investigations in Northern Minnesota and conversations with several Minnesota lumbermen. 16. State Loans for Forestry Purposes (Pennsylvania) : Using data which actually refer to property well-known to me. 17. Weeding and Road-Building: After Pinchot, Graves, and personal experience. In conclusion I beg to say that none of the lumber papers reviewing my booklet has found my premises inconsistent with the facts prevailing in the world of lumber regions. Very respectfully, C. A. ScHENCK. [ We see nothing in Dr. Schenck’s state- ment of his sources of information to change our belief that many of his prob- lems are based on premises which are so far January, from representing the real condition of things that there remains little to the prob- lems except arithmetic. Zhe North West- ern Lumberman may have recorded the — selling of Red Fir for forty cents an acre more than once. But this does not war- rant the assumption that 100,000 acres of ‘¢splendid Douglas Fir” could recently have been bought for any such price even in the backwoods of Oregon. As forthe ex- amples which are based on Dr. Schenck’s own investigations, we can only point out that the fact that the investigations are Dr. Schenck’s does not exempt his employ- ment of their results from criticism. What we said of the fourth problem in the November FoRESTER was ‘¢ —generaliza- tions like those made on page 10 wouid be unsafe even if based on thousands of measurements.” One of the most impor- tant tables in Our Yellow Poplar is based on stem analyses of only twenty trees.— Ed. | NEWS; sNOTES, Under the terms of the law, entitled, ‘‘ An act to encourage the growing and preservation of for- ests, and to create forest boards and forest reserves, and to appropriate money there- fore,” ex-Governor John S. Pillsbury, of Minnesota, has presented the State Board of Forestry with the title to 1,000 acres of cut-over land in Cass County. The only condition which limits the use of this land is that the University of Minnesota shall be made the beneficiary of two-thirds of all the income which may be derived from it. This is the first time that the law pro- viding for such donations to the State, passed by the State Legislature of 1899, has been taken advantage of. In his letter to forest boards ex-governor Pillsbury ‘‘reserved the right to add to this gift other lands from time to time, whenever he may see fit, all additions to be con- sidered as one gift.” Land given to State Board of Forestry. AND COMMENT. ‘¢ Worthless Inthe Wichigan Trades- Land”’ and For- maz (Grand Rapids) for est Destruction. December 12th appeared an article by F. E. Skeels entitled ‘* The Forestry Problem: Its Solu- tion from a Forestry Standpoint.” In the course of this article Mr. Skeels said: ‘¢In the General Tax Law of 1893 cer- tain provisions are made by which the Auditor General was to deed to the State certain lands, which then became subject to entry as tax homesteads. There is one clause of this law that has created much comment and no little censure: Without giving more of the Act than is necessary to explain this feature, we find, in Section 127: ‘It becomes the duty of the Auditor General and Commissioner of the State Land Office, to cause an examination of lands delinquent for taxes in certain town- ships, and if it shall appear that said lands are barren, swamp or worthless lands and have been abandoned by the owner, then Igol. the Auditor General is authorized to make a transfer, by deed to the State,’ etc. The State, in its desire to settle the northern counties, has offered these: lands to actual settlers at ten cents per acre, exempting the settler from taxes, except upon improve- ments, for the first five years, at the end of which time the State givesa deed. To the people who were looking for homes, cheap homes, this was an alluring bait. To the timber thieves it was a bonanza. Let us, for a moment, return to one clause of this law as passed, ‘If it shall appear that said lands are barren, swampy or worthless and have been abandoned by the owner.’ Then the homesteader can find a home. Ye gods! what beneficence is this, what charity, what philanthropy does this great Commonwealth deal out when she takes a man already so poor that he ‘hath not where to lay his head’ and palms off on him ‘barren, swampy, or worth- less land’ at $4 per forty, takes him and his family from friends and_ kindred, places him on this miserable tract of land which has already, perhaps, starved out some one else and leaves him to eke out a wretched existence and, if he sub- sists at all, to rear his family in ignor- ance, for if he pays no taxes he can have no schools or highways! Is it not of more interest to use these lands for the purpose for which they were adapted than for the State to pauperize a_por- tion of its population or to offer such inducements for people to come here from other States. I make the assertion that 90 per cent. of the tax homesteads taken up are complete failures, as homes. The 10 per cent. who are able to stay on their claims have found land that is not ‘barren’ or ‘worthless’ or are enabled to earn a living by work in the woods or mills. More than 50 per cent. are taken by men who never intend to occupy and but for the timber that may be growing on the land would not make application. Many never erect any sort of building at all, but remove and sell all valuable timber before the time to prove up. Others erect a rough 8x1o log hut, put in an old stove and a table of rough boards and, with this ‘bluff’ as a residence, proceed to cut and AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 21 remove the timber. Many lumber firms furnish the cash for. these entries for the purpose of getting the timber. (Others, original owners, claim that the State’s title is not good and boldly proceed to take the timber, second growth, from lands on which they have refused to pay taxes for from ten to twenty years.) By virtue of this Act the State of Michigan is not only alluring a certain class of her population to a state of bankruptcy, but she is also tempting and making it possible for an- other class to commit crime by perjury and false pretense by entering claims for these lands. Would it not be of more and better interest to the State to use these abandoned lands for the purpose for which they are adapted, the growing of timber, rather than for the questionable purposes stated ?” ‘¢ Tn a journey across almost any portion of this district (The Lower Peninsula) we find deserted farms with the remains of good buildings and fences, abandoned and going to decay. If we trace up the orig- inal owners and enquire as to the cause of these apparent failures we find in almost every case that ordinary farm crops and the hardier fruits were successfully grown until some large tract of timber was cut that had stood near enough to afford a wind break. After the cutting, the winds blew all crops out of the ground or be- came veritable sand-blasts that mowed down the grain and ruined the fruit. It is probable that every member of this So- ciety fully understands the value of a tim- ber wind-break and the chances for success or failure that would be probable on a sand-plain farm, or on farm lands in the vicinity of such plains, where no timber growth prevents the sand-laden wind from cutting down everything in its path. We have as good agricultural lands in Northern Michigan as can be found anywhere else in the State, or in any other State, and, with the protection offered by tracts of timber, the efforts of farmers and fruit growers are generally successful. It is of vast interest to the State to aid these in- dustries, and it can be done in no better way than by converting these ‘barren, swampy or worthless’ lands into vast forest areas.” oe | THE FORESTER. Farm Forestry ‘‘Massachusetts has in Massachu- therefore made a good setts. beginning in State for- estry, but it is all purely of a protective nature. Inasmuch as we have no great timber area like that in New York, there is no reason for the State to enter upon the cultivation of com- mercial timber. The application of this branch of forestry should be left in this State to private enterprise; and it is safe to predict that, if our own citizens do not undertake it, outside capital will eventu- ally come in and begin operations. There is at least one such company established on Massachusetts territory to-day. It con- trols at present some 5,000 acres in one township, and is negotiating for the pur- chase of more. It has even been reported on good authority that they hope to buy the whole township. Primarily this com- pany was formed for the establishment of a game preserve; but it is known that they are already planning to start a forest, which they hope to make commercially valuable. ‘¢¢ Why not encourage such foreign capital to come in and do such work?’ some one may ask. If they will consider the best interests of Massachusetts, it would surely be wise. But who wants to see acres of trees growing on land that is more valuable for agricultural crops? Forestry does not seek to ruin a country and turn it back from civilization to wil- derness; the science of forestry is diamet- rically opposed to any such practice. ‘*OQur problem in Massachusetts is to keep what we have, and to improve it; hold fast to our tillage, and grow good crops thereon; hold on to our wood lots, and improve them; and, finally, make those old barren pastures, too poor to keep a sheep alive, and those low places, too wet for grass, grow marketable wood of some kind. ‘Let us see for a moment what our wood- land represents to-day. By the last census, that of 1895, our wooded area is given as nearly 1,500,000 acres and its value as almost $24,000,000. While this is a gain in woodland area in ten years of more than 71,000 acres, its valuation shows a January, shrinkage of something over $1,300,000 in the same period of time. In thirty years the value of our woodland has in- creased some $440,000, and the acreage increase shows almost identically the same figures. Judging by the census returns, the character of our woodlands appears to’ have improved on the whole in the ten years from 1885 to 1895, but the deprecia- tion in value of more than $1,300,000 seems to indicate that further improve- ment is possible.”—Allen Chamberlain on Possibilities for Farm Forestry in Mas- sachnsetts. at Canadian Interest in Forestry. The Canadian F orestry Association which was founded last March is now well started, and is meeting with great favor throughout Canada. It already numbers more than 100 members, and almost every day new applications are received. There is no reason to doubt that as it becomes better known, it will grow into a very strong and influential association. It has adopt- ed as its official organ a monthly maga- zine published in Montreal Rod and Gun zx Canada, and an arrangement has been made according to which payment of the annual membership fee, one dollar, con- stitutes a subscription to this magazine. In each number there now appears a de- partment devoted to forestry, several pages — in length, which is edited by the Secretary — of the Association, Mr. Elihu Stewart, Chief Inspector of Timber and Forestry. The president of the Canadian Associa- tion, Sir Henri Joly de Lotbiniere, who is | also vice-president for Canada of the American Association, has recently been made Lieutenant-Governor for British Columbia. Since assuming office he has been as indefatigable as ever in forest j matters, with the result that in British — Columbia a provincial association has al- ready been formed. tenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, devoted a considerable part of his address to the- subject of forestry and made special refer- — On the other side of — the continent at the opening of the Pro- — vincial Exhibition at Halifax a few weeks ago, the Hon. Mr. Jones, the new Lieu- 77 gol. nce to the aims of the Canadian Associa- on. Mr. Stewart is now making prepara- ons for a visit through the prairie region f the Northwest with a view to holding 1eetings and explaining to the people the 1anner in which the government proposes » assist them in tree planting on the lains. In general the work will be car- ed on in such a way as to give instruc- on about tree planting with reference to ie preparation of the soil, the proper time or planting, the varieties of trees suitable yr certain localities, etc. In addition to lis it is hoped that the government will e able to furnish seed and plant material ) those applying for them, and also to see ) their safe delivery at the proper time. a icreasing ‘Tt is stated that $5 a alue of thousand is being paid lemlock. for hemlock logs at the mills in the western part f the northern peninsula of Michigan. nly a few years ago this would have been fair price for Pine, and indicates both le increasing scarcity of Pine and the reater appreciation of the merits of Hem- ck. The time seems to be fast coming rhen Hemlock will be the chief pieced uff material of the West as it long has een in the East. Not only so, but it will e used for sheathing boards, sidewalk lank and similar purposes to a greater ex- nt than ever before.”—American Lum- or MAN. Td In a recent issue of the New Orleaus Lumber Trade Journal appears aeatticles by) Mr. DiC. urson, of Topeka, Kans., on the sub- ct, ‘* Will it pay to plant and cultivate rest trees?” The article pértains chiefly » the hardy Catalpa and describes the ssults already obtained in some of the irger plantations of the West. The writer uotes from the Division of Forestry in iving measurements in the plantation of W. Yaggy, near Hutchinson, Kans. ‘his plantation shows a net average annual sturn of $19.75 per acre for the first ten Jill it Pay to row Forest rees ? AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 23 years of its existence. Upon the basis of past accomplishment Mr. Burson dis- cusses the possibilities of the future, and shows clearly that the growing of tim- ber for posts, telegraph poles, and rail- road ties is a profitable business. The article is an able presentation of the case from the standpoint of one who under- stands the situation, and will make a strong impression on those who are think- ing of planting trees for profit. In sum- ming up, Mr. Burson says: ‘Yes, it will not only pay to plant and cultivate Catalpa, but any other variety of forest tree whose lumber has a fair com- merical value. * * * The facts are that we are unable to make any calculations on growing forest trees on good land that will not pay large dividends on the capital invested.” & Practical ‘‘A second offset (to the Lumbermen dangers that threaten to Increasing. extinguish the produc- tiveness of forest lands in this country ) is the widespread public in- terest above mentioned, which is beginning to become effective not only in legislation, but, and this is of far greater value, in lead- ing to practical action by individual forest owners. ‘ Get rid of the timber’ is no longer the ungestioned axiom that it was. To cut the timber and yet save the forest looms up asa clearer and clearer possi- bility in the minds of timber owners, and the examples of the practical lumbermen who are handling their forest lands along the lines of practical forestry are mul- tiplying with most gratifying rapidity both in number and in force. It is thought the enlightened self-interest of the owners of timber land, even more than by legisla- tion, or by the press, or by public senti- ment itself, that our forests must actually be saved.”—Gifford Pinchat in Ozdcng. & Neglect of ‘¢T think it is safe to say, New England’s that taking the three States, Woodland. of Connecticut, Rhode Is- land and Massachusetts to- gether and as a whole, more than one- third of their land is woodland, and in the 24 THE FORESTER. remaining three States of New England, taken together, very much more than one- half, probably two-thirds. It is also safe to say that eighty or ninety per cent. of all these woodlands receive practically no care at all, except that of sometimes trying to put out fires when they threaten other private property. What other of the nat- ural resources of New England ts so neg- lected ? ‘‘ During most of our history and be- fore railroads brought us in competition with the fertile and more easily tilled lands of the West, much land was cleared which is no longer profitable for agricul- ture. Most of this will reforest itself, when given a chance, and some of it is already growing into woodland. This is inevitable and it is advisable that land valuable as woodland than for agriculture should be aliowed to again grow up with trees, but the new forest needs more care than it has heretofore received that it maybe of greater value to the owner. The thrifty farmer tills his fields in such ways that he may not only have good crops this year, but that his farm be kept in good condition for future crops. Let him no longer cut over his woodland with little or no regard for its future crops. Hereafter, that will not be considered a thrifty way of doing busi- ness. Let us keep continually in mind the fact that well kept woodlands are of both direct and indirect uses to both the actual owner and to the community at large. Of the indirect uses, its relations to the water supply is perhaps the most obvious. We all know that our wells and streams have become more uncertain as the forests have been destroyed. This is so well known that many have come to believe that forests directly cause rain. It is possible that they do, to a slight extent, but their influence in this way is too little to amount to much. They are not the cause of rain, but they conserve the rain which falls. We have cut down many forests that once existed, but that is not the reason so little rain has fallen for the last three months, and yet that destruction is chiefly responsible for the low water in our reservoirs and streams and wells and springs in this drought now prevailing. January, | This part of the subject is a very im- portant one for New England, with its many manufactures using water for power, and its growing cities looking for larger water supplies.” Prof. Wm. H. Brewer before the Washington Co. (Conn.) Agri- cultural Society. wt fare & edu Root of the ‘¢Tf one should make a i Hemlock. study of the hemlock tree he would find that it does not grow well in ordinary clay, gravelly soil, or even loam, but that it thrives best when it is established in a piece of ground which is covered to some depth with decay- ing leaves and twigs. This decaying matter or humus is a wonderful substance, and makes up a world of life of its own. It teems with bacteria, is pierced in a thou- sand directions by the glistening white | % threads of the moulds, and is inhabited in } #!! the upper layers by the threads and colonies | a of green algx, and by the green protonemal |;,, threads of mosses and liverworts, all of jy which are busily engaged in breaking up jp the dead leaves and using their substances |"! for food. Into this mass the hemlock a sends its finer roots for the same purpose. gap: ‘¢ The roots of the tree are not able to fie take up the substance of the decaying hu- )% mus by reason of some unknown charac- i ter in their structure, and unless they un-— }yr dergo some adaptation may notderive much |kt food from the surface layer of soil in the th forest. Since the tree cannot secure this be valuable food by its own efforts it has en=— |) Qin, aered into a partnership with the moulds {ait snd mushrooms which will enable it to do | ih to. By this association the threads of the i moulds and mushrooms unite with the Hin roots to form what is known as mycor- ‘Ktty hiza. Th ‘¢Tf the tips of the roots of the hemlock a are examined it will be seen that many of {)}j;. them are short, blunt, and club-shaped and |} 1 that the branches are curiously clustered, int but beyond this nothing can be found to 7 indicate a partnership between these or Mi gans and moulds. If a thin slice be cut |} it: from the tip, however, and magnified a | tn times under the microscope, it will be mi found that the root is completely enclosed QOI. 1a felt of hyphz or threads of a mould r fungus, and that some of the cells of the oot are penetrated by them. Great num- ers of the threads run outward from this 2It and ramify through the soil thickly in ll directions. The decay products of the ead leaves are conducted through them ito the felt and into the root where they re at the service of the tree, and are next 2d upward through its body, serving to uild up its new tissues. This service f the fungus is repaid by the tree afford- ag it a place to live, and also by giving ack to it some of the products derived AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 25 from the soil which have been worked up into aform very suitable for the nourish- ment of the fungus. By this interesting method of coédperation the Hemlock and many other trees receive a large part of their nutrition, and do not reach normal size when deprived of it. The destruc- tion of humus or dead leaves in a forest, therefore, cuts off the most important food supply of the trees, and if continued, will lead to starvation and the disappearance of the forest.”—Sarah H. Harlow in the Journal of the New York Lotanical Garden. RECENT PUBEICATIONS. ‘he Annual Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office, for the Fiscal Year end- ing June 30, 1900. Atlast we may turn to the Commissioner’s -eport with reasonable assurance of finding be- ides figures and recommendations some account f actual work performed. The appropriation f $300,000 which became available for the ex- enses of the Forest Service July 1, 1900, for the rst time put the Department in a position to ope effectively with the work with which it has een legally charged, while a year’s previous xperience in forest administration was already o the credit of the force. The work of the past ummer undoubtedly shows an appreciable if ot a commensurate improvement. From July irst there have been g superintendents, 39 su- yervisors, and 330 rangers, the number of the ast having been increased July 15th, to 445 for a yeriod of two months. Itis obviously too soon o judge of the year as a whole, but it is to be 1oped, as ‘“‘it is confidently believed ’’ by the Sommissioner, ‘‘that with this increased force, nd the possibility of retaining a sufficient force n localities where really needed for a longer yeriod than was possible during the year for which this report is made, the results obtained ilong the whole line of forest-reserve adminis- ration will prove most satisfactory.” The organization of the reserve management 1as gone on in good part along the lines of map- xing the reserves, of clearing out old trails, of lazing new ones, and of opening fire breaks. The cost of the service for the year covered by the report is a fraction less than half a cent per acre, and reaches a total of $201,636.08. Regarding fires it appears that the rangers “discovered and extinguished 237 more camp fires than last year.’? What proportion this number bore to the total number of camp fires within their ranges, which they might have ‘“discovered and extinguished,”’ the report does notsay. Fires which gained considerable head- way numbered 173 as against 223 of the preced- ing season. These fires burned about 70 acres each on the average, while those of the preced- ing season burned 233 acres on the average. The large devastating fires burned last year 50,680 acres and cost $2,315; the preceding year they burned 79,500 acres and cost $8,835. The Commissioner recommends the appropriation of an emergency fund of $25,000 for the employ- ment of extra assistance at fires. Speaking of the Forest Reserves themselves, the Commissioner reports in substance as fol- lows: There are now 38 Reserves, embracing an estimated area of 46,772,129 acres, of which only the included vacant public lands are actu- ally reserved. The Prescott Reserve, in Ari- zona, was enlarged on the petition of numerous citizens of Yavapai county, because, under the liberty granted by an Act of June 3, 1878, which allows the free taking of timber from public mineral lands in Arizona, the timber adjacent to the original Prescott Reserve was being rap- idly removed to supply large mining corpora- tions, which could with a nc minal increase of expense, get the wood just as conveniently from the San Francisco Mountains. The very dis- advantageous working of the law above cited has already been emphatically noticed by a writer in these pages.* The Department has been insisting upon its repeal for over twenty years. The Big Horn Reserve has also been en- larged so as to make its boundaries coincide more closely with the natural limits of the forest area. The Olympic Reserve has been re- duced in area 264,960 acres. This step may, as is claimed, have had some plausibility with ref- erence to local interests. Unhappily, however, *See THE FORESTER for July, 1900, page 158. T. Cleveland, Jr., ‘‘ Forest Law in the United States.” 26 THE FORESTER. we learn on good authority that the restored lands were rich in forest, and further that many ‘“bona fide settlers ’’—by which in this case the employees of lumber companies are to be under- stood—have since taken advantage of the *‘ lien- land” law and appropriated most of these lands, leaving behind in the Reserve their original claims, which had been cleared, not so much for actual cultivation, as for all they were worth in timber. This brings us to the Coinmissioner’s recom- mendation regarding an amendment to the lien- land law. The Commissioner believes that the difficulty can be overcome ‘‘by adding to the clause which permits such selections the follow- ing: Provided, That the natural state of the tract relinquished has not been changed except to such an extent as may have been necessary in clearing the land for actual cultivation.” We do not agree with him. Sucha provision is too loose, and could be readily evaded ; for who is to judge what ‘‘may have been necessary,” or what use will be made of the fresh selection ? Before considering the remaining recommen- dations contained in the report we must note an historical summary of forest legislation which is not written in such terms as to emphasize sufficiently tte wholly inconsistent and seri- ously injurious position of the public land and Federal timber laws as they now stand in their totality. Among the final recommendations we may notice here as particularly important those urging not less than the present appropriation of $300,000 for the Forest Service; the enact- ment of a law empowering forest officers, special agents, and other officers having authority in relation to the public lands, to make arrests, without process in hand; the enactment of a general law ‘‘ which shall repeal the numerous conflicting and undesirable existing statutes re- specting timber on the unreserved lands. With regard to the second of these recommendations, it should, we think, be pointed out that arrests will not actually be made unless there is provi- sion for the expenses which the officers must incur in the discharge of this duty, by bringing the offender to the nearest appropriate place of imprisonment and trial. Report of the Royal Commission on Forest Protection in Ontario, 1899. ‘Toronto, Igoo. Pp. 29. Maps tI. The province of Ontario comprises 142,000,000 acres of which 120,000,000 acres are still owned by the Crown. Much the greater part of the province is not under cultivation. It is either forested or more fit for the cultivation of timber than for anything else. Fourteen million acres are now under license to lumbermen, but the land itself, after the licenses have expired, will still be under the control of the Government. The forest conditions in this region may be said to resemble roughly those in our own Lake States and in the Adirondacks. This present report is a brief account of the January, forest lands of Ontario, with statements of their value and importance to the country and recom- mendations regarding their management. It divides the provinces into three divisions: (1) The agricultural section along the St. Lawrence and south of the Georgian Bay; (2) The Lau- rentian or central section stretching from east to west at the north of this, and including some of the northern slope of the divide between the Great Lakes and Hudson Bay, and (3) The northern division comprising roughly the basin whose streams flow into the James Bay. Each of these divisions has peculiarities of its own which determine its interest in its forests. All these are considered in a careful and practical spirit. the report ends is as follows: ‘‘y, A large portion of the central division of the province is more profitable from the stand- point of public revenue as forest land then under cultivation for farm crops, and as in addi- tion to this it contains the headwaters of all our principal streams, all that part of this di- vision found upon this examination to be not well adapted for farming should be added to the permanent Crown Forest Reserves. ‘©2. All licensed and unlicensed lands held by the Crown where tourists, lumbermen or prospectors are permitted should be patrolled by fire rangers, and these rangers should be controlled directly by the Government. “©3, Suitable regulations should be enforced to prevent too rapid or too close cutting upon lands under license. **4. No license in arrears for ground rent should be renewed, but the territory if not suit- able for agriculture should be added to the Forest Reserves. ‘5. Fire notices in the English, French and Indian languages should be posted along the canoe routes throughout the territory north of the Height of Land. ““6. License holders should not be allowed to cut any trees for logs smaller than will measure twelve inches across the stump two feet from the ground, except by special permission from the Department of Crown Lands and under the supervision of the district fire ranger.” One of the most interesting parts of the report is the large map of the province by M. J. Butler, C.E., O.L.S., showing the distribution of the forest and, roughly, its character. The chapter of the report on ‘‘Forests and Rainfall,’’ also by Mr. Butler, is not, as its title might imply, an abstract discussion of this much-worked topic, but a description of the different parts of the province and their geological features with considerations of the relation between the forests and the rainfall. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. The Protection of Shade Trees in Towns and Cities. Bulletin 131 of the Connecticut Agri- cultural Station. New Haven. Pp. 30. Illus- trations 17. The summary of conclusions with which (RGA Dr. B h fh ORGANIZED APRIL, 1882. INCORPORATED, JANUARY, 1897. THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. OFFICERS FOR igor. President. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. First Vice President. Dr. B. KE. FERNOW, Ithaca, N. Y. Corresponding Secretary. F. H. NEWELL, Washington, D. C. Recording Secretary, CAPT. GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY, Washington, D. C. Treasurer, OTTO J. J. LUEBKERT, Washington, D. C. Directors. [AMES WILSON. HENRY S. GRAVES. B. EK. FERNOW. HENRY GANNETT. THOMAS F. WALSH. EDWARD A. BOWERS. ARNOLD HAGUE. GIFFORD PINCHOT. FREDERICK V. COVILLE. F. H. NEWELL. GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY. Vice Presidents. Sir H. G. JOLY DE LOTBINIERE, Victoria, B. C. CHARLES C. GEORGESON. Sitka, Alaska. D. M. RIORDAN, Flagstaff, Ariz. THOMAS C. MCRAE, Prescott, Ark. ABBOTT KINNEY, Lamanda Park, Cal. HENRY D. MICHELSEN, Denver, Col. ARTHUR T. HADLEY, New Haven, Conn. Wo. M. Cansy, Wilmington, Del. A. V. CLUBBS, Pensacola, Fla. R. B. REPPARD, Savannah, Ga. J. M. CouLTER, Chicago, Ill. JAMES TROOP, Lafayette, Ind. THomaAS H. MACBRIDE, Iowa City, Iowa. Cc. D. BURDON, Kans. JOHN R. Proctor, Frankfort, Ky. LEWIS JOHNSON, New Orleans, La. EDWARD L,. MELLUS, Baltimore, Md. JoHN E. Hopss, North Berwick, Me. N. S. SHALER, Cambridge, Mass. CHARLES W. GARFIELD, Lansing, Mich. Jupson N. Cross, St. Anthony Park, Minn. WILLIAM TRELEASE, St. Louis, Mo. Annual Dues, $2.00. CHARLES E. BESSEY, Lincoln, Neb. JOHN GIFFORD, Princeton, N. J. EDWARD F. HoBart, Santa Fe, N. M. W. A. WADSWORTH, Geneseo, N. Y. J. A. HOLMES, Raleigh, N. C. W. W. BARRETT, Church’s Ferry, N. D. Wo. R. LAZENBY, Columbus, Ohio. WILLIAM T. LITTLE, Perry, Okla. J. T. RoTHROCK, West Chester, Pa. H. G. RUSSELL, E. Greenwich, R. I. THOMAS T. WRIGHT, Nashville, Tenn. W. GOODRICH JONES, Temple, Texas. C. A. WHITING, Salt Lake, Utah. D. O. NourRSE, Blacksburg, Va ADDISON G FOSTER, Tacoma, Wash. A. D. HOPKINS, Morgantown, W. Va. THOMAS F. WaSH, Washington, D. C. ELWooD MEaD, Cheyenne, Wyo. ELIHU STEWART, Ottawa, Ont. Wo. LITTLE, Montreal, Quebec. Gro. P. AHIRN, Manila, P. I. GEO. CARTER, Hawaii. Life Membership, with exemption from further dues, $190.00. Sustaining Membership, $25.00 a year. Members receive THE FORESTER gratis. To the Assistant Secretary, AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, Washington, D. C. DEAR SiR: I hereby signify my desire to become a member of the American Forestry Association. Very truly yours, WIN OVID E Sneceseadscccrs TPP RPAIA TESS rene nese eee os Sir ec neat ees deat Sava dates nebeesteee fa neaePeeesice AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. FORESTRY SCHOOL AT BILTMORE, N. C. For circular and information apply to C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D. Forester to the BILTMORE ESTATE FOREST AND WATER | By ABBOT KINNEY, Vice-President of the American Forestry Association for California; President of the Southern California Forest and Water Society ; President of the Southern California Academy of Sciences. Author o ‘“‘Bucalyptus,’’ ‘‘Conquests of Death,’ ‘‘ Tasks by Twilight,’’ Etc. The author has gathered facts from personal and extended observations in ~ Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Islands of the Sea, as well as in his home life in dif- ferent parts of the United States. The Essays by the Specialists are the matured results of scientific study, and largely the fruit of original investigations. Pages, 247 Illustrations, 53 Price, $2.00 POST PUBLISHING CO., Los Angeles, Cal. The Plant World An Illustrated Monthly Journal cf Popular Botany ESTABLISHED 1897 The Only Non-Technical Periodical Devoted Exclusively to this Branch of Biology, and Dealing with all Phases of Plant Life Each issue of Volume IV, commencing in January, 1901, will be enlarged by four additional pages, and the special features of the volume will be as follows: A department of notes and sug- gestions for teachers ; articles descriptive of various groups among the lower plants, illustrated by full-page plates ; series of articles by prominent botanists recounting their collecting experiences in such countries as Cuba, Porto Rico, Alaska, etc.; discussions of important economic plants; book reviews, and generalitems. The 8-page supplement, devoted to a systematic account of all known families of flowering plants, which has been such a valuable feature of the past volume, will be continued and even more freely illustrated. Many of our subscribers have voluntarily testified to their appreciation of The Plant World, but the words of Professor Charles E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, are particularly gratifying to us, and should be remembered by every- one who contemplates taking a botanical periodical. Hesays ‘‘ The Plant World has made a place” for itself, and I cannot afford to be without it.’’ j Subscription Price, $1.00 per Year. Sample Copy Free on receipt of 1=-cent stamp. THE PLANT WORLD COMPANY, P. 0. Box 334, Washington, D.C. Kindly mention THE FORESTER in writing. 20: Cents THE FOREST Vol. Vil FEBRUARY, 1901 No. 2 CONTENTS: VIRGIN REDWOOD NEAR CRESCENT CITY, CALIFORNIA ; ; : ; Frontispiece PHILIPPINE FOREST PRODUCTS. F. F. HILDER TO CRESCENT CITY BY STAGE. R. T. FISHER Division of Fovtepy. STUDY IN EUROPE FOR AMERICAN FOREST STUDENTS. (Couclusion.) OVERTON W. PRICE Sep autoadent of Working Plans, Division of Forestry THE WORLD’S DEMAND FOR TIMBER AND THE SUPPLY. RAPHAEL ZON SCENE IN THE WHITE RIVER PLATEAU REGION EDITORIALS The Forester’s Vocabulary. The Opportunity in New ae Appropriation for Forest Work. Proposed Changes in New York , 4 ‘ ‘ NEWS, NOTES AND COMMENT National Board of Trade on Forestry. Forests and Erosion. More About the Proposed Minnesota Park. In the Legislatures. Tennessee Forest Conditions : : Y AMONG FOREIGN AND AMERICAN PERIODICALS. JOHN GIFFORD . RECENT PUBLICATIONS Published by The American Forestry Association Lancaster, Pa., and Washington, D. C. 29) 34 38 4t 44 45 THE PLATFORM OF THE FORESTER In order that the good will of its readers may become as effective as possible in aiding to solve our pres- on ent forest problems, the Forxstsr indicates five directions in which an effective advance is chiefly needed. By 1, The forest work of the United States Government which is now being carried on by the Depart- — ment of Agriculture, the General Land Office, and the Geological Survey conjointly, should be completely — and formally unified. The division of authority between the three offices involves great waste, and — consolidation is directly and emphatically pointed to by the present voluntary co-operation between them, — 2. A system of forest management under the administration of trained foresters should be introduced — into the national and state forest reserves and parks. . 3. Laws for the protection of the forests against fire and trespass should be adapted to the needs of — each region and supported by the provisions and appropriations necessary for their rigorous enforcement. a 4. Taxation of forest lands should be regulated so that it will encourage not forest destruction but — conservative forest management. a 5. The attention of owners of woodlands should be directed to forestry and to the possibilities of ap- — plying better methods of forest management. ie Persons asking themselves how they can best serve the cause of forestry will here find lines of work — suggested, along which every effort will tell. No opportunity for doing good along these lines should bei neglected. ; 1 | if ee i ears on F. MM. CHapMan, ene 7? THE AUK; : ee A Qusarterly Journal of Ornithology q OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION.. a cM As. the official organ of the Union, « The Auk’ is the leading ornithological publication of this country. — Each number contains about 100 pages of text, a handsomely colored plate, or other illustrations. The — principal articles are by recognized authorities, and are of both a scientific and popular nature. The de- partment of «General Notes’ gives brief records of new and interesting facts concerning birds, contributed — by observers from throughout the United States and Canada. Recent ornithological literature is reviewed at — length, and news items are commented upon by the editors. ‘The Auk’ is thus indispensable to those who i would be kept informed of the advance made in the study of birds, either in the museum or in the field. i. PRICE OF CURRENT VOLUME, $3. SINGLE NUMBERS, 75 CTS. Address WILLIAM DUTCHER, Treas, q 525 Manhattan Avenue, NEW YORK CITY © WANTED: Back Numbers of the Forester. From 15 cents to $1.00 apiece will be paid for copies of the following : Ht '- Vol. I., Nos. 1, 3 and 4. | Vol. IlI., Nos. 10 and 12. i PS ss | J.H. HH. BOYD, Back Files of the Forester GAGE, TENN., | PIRERTNIS ES 3 DEALER IN AND COLLECTOR OF Vol. Il. The Forester, 1896, 3 sets $2.50 Vol. III. The Forester, 1897 (lack= ‘| Tree and Shrub Seeds, ing \No.. 12),.-3).sets! iy Ors 2.50 ie | a= Vol.IV. The Forester, 1898,... .75 Seedlings, Ferns, Etc. Vol. V. The Forester, 1899,. ... 4 — _—_—___—_———— | Vol. VI. The Forester, 1900,. . .. 1.00. The State Agricultural Inspector, after thorough | Proceedings of the American Forestry examination, reports our growing stock to be in Congress and American Forestry fine condition. Association (1888-1897, inclu- if TRIAL ORDERS SOLICITED. Sivek Ree ary Ay Ne Any!) AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. Pete ONLY WAY.” (Chicago » Alton ALL THE COMFORTS AND REFINEMENTS OF HOME And the minimum disturbance to daily habits can be enjoyed by patron- izing the Chicago & Alton’s personally conducted semi-weekly tourist car excursions to California. The route lies through the most beautiful and interesting portions of our western country, and the excursions are in charge of competent guides or excursion managers. It is a case where first-class accommodations are furnished at second-class rates. Before you cross the continent by any other route, correspondence with the under- signed is respectfully solicited. GEO. J. CHARLTON, General Passenger Agent, Chicago & Alton Railway, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. ——$—$—_—————————$_—_—$—_—————— New York State College of Forestry CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. Y., )ffers a complete four-year course in Forestry leading to the degree of Bachelor in he Science of Forestry (B.S. F.). Special students for shorter terms accepted if properly prepared. Tuition $100 per year. New York State students free. The Spring terms of the junior and senior years are spent in the Demonstra- ion Forest in the Adirondacks, devoted to practical work. Requirements for admission similar to those in other branches of the Univer- ity. Send for prospectus. Instruction in preparatory and collateral branches given by the Faculty of he University. For further information address, Director of State College of Forestry, Ithaca, mY. B.. E. FERNOW, LL.D., “ILIBERT ROTH, Assistant Professor. Director. JOHN GIFFORD, D.Oec., Assistant Professor. Kindly mention THE FORESTER in writing. THE FORESTER Girds=DHore for 1901 BIRD-LORE’S special aim during the coming year will be to assist teachers and students of birds by telling them just what to study and just what to teach at the proper season. It will, therefore, publish a series of articles on the birds of a number of localities, including the vicinity of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Chicago and San Francisco. Yo these will be added ‘ Sug- gestions for the Months’ Study’ and ‘Suggestions for the Months’ Reading.’ The whole thus forms a definite plan of study which, it is believed, will be of the utmost value to the instructor, to the independent observer, and to bird-clubs and natural history societies. In this connection much assistance will be rendered by BIRD-LORE’S Advisory Council, composed of over fifty prominent ornithologists, residing throughout the United States and Canada, who have consented to respond to requests for information and advice. While a number of the more general articles for the year will bear on the months’ subject _ for study, there will also be contributions of wide popular interest, among the more important of _ which may be mentioned an address on Audubon, by Dr. Elliott Coues ; letters written by Audu- ~ bon in 1827 ; John Burroughs’ list of his rarer bird visitors ; Frank M. Chapman’s fully illustrated account of a bird-nesting expedition with this genial naturalist ; Ernest Seton-Thompson’s ‘How to Know the Hawks and Owls’ (illustrated) ; Tudor Jenks’ ‘From an Amateur’s Point of View ;”’ T.S. Palmer’s ‘ Ostrich Farming in America’ (illustrated) ; F. A. Lucas’ ‘ Birds of Walrus Island,’ with remarkable illustrations; H. W. Henshaw’s ‘Impressions of Hawaiian Birds’; C. Will Beebe's illustrated account of some of the birds under his charge at the New York Zoological Garden, and an important paper on ‘Bird Protection in Great Britain,’ by Montagu Sharpe, chairman of the English Society for the Protection of Birds. 20 Cents a Number; $1.00 a Year. Send 10 Cents for a Specimen Copy. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, Crescent and Mulberry Sts., Harrisburg, Pa. THE BOTANICAL GAZETTE Edited by JOHN M. COULTER, Professor and Head of the Department of Botany in the University of Chicago, and CHARLES R. BARNES, Professor of Plant Physiology in the University of Chicago. Published monthly, with il- lustrations. Subscription price, $4.00 a year in the United States ; foreign, $4.50; single copies, 50 cents. THE BOTANICAL GAZETTE is an illustrated monthly journal devoted to botany in its widest sense. For more than twenty years it has been the representative American journal of botany, containing contributions from the leading botanists of America and Europe. In addition ~ to the formal papers presenting the results of research, current information and discussion are given in the editorials, and in the departments of Current Literature, Open Letters, Notes for — Students, and Notes and News. REPRESENTATIVE COMMENT B. T. Galloway, U. S. Dep’t of Agriculture Prof. W. N. Kellerman, Ohio State University “One of the best journals of its kind now ‘‘TIt is simply indispensable to the botanist, published.”’ B. T. GALLOWAY. teacher or student. W. N. KELLERMAN. Douglas H. Campbell, Leland Stanford University Prof. George L. Goodale, Harvard University “Tt well represents the progress of botanical “Tt is a credit to American botany. In its science in the United States.’’ present form it has increased claims upon the DouGLas H. CAMPBELL. support of botanists.’”?” GEORGE L. GOODALE. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS Kindly mention THE FORESTER in writing. A ac a a A a ee ee si cin Wt VIRGIN REDWOOD NEAR CRESCENT CITY. THE FORESTER. Jou. VII. FEBRUARY, Igol. PHILIPPINE FOREST PRODUCIS. By EF. T has been estimated that the for- ests of the Philippine Islands cover an area of about 40,000,000 acres. ‘he island of Mindanao with an area of ome 20,000,000 acres has immense tracts f almost unbroken forest. The same is rue with regard to the islands of Mindoro nd Palawan and even in Luzon, the most lensely populated island of the group and vhere most timber has been cut, there still xist millions of acres of virgin forest. The forests will prove to be among the rreatest resources of these beautiful and ertile islands and, if the disposition of the imber is judiciously managed by the gov- rnment, sufficient can be cut, without de- troying the forests, to provide funds or many much-needed public improve- nents, and to recompense the United states for the great military and other ex- yenditures. Much of this can be done vith absolute advantage to the forests, as HILpER.* millions of cubic feet of timber should be cut in order to thin the dense growth so that the maximum annual growth of the trees can be obtained. One _ peculiarity about these forests is that there are no great areas covered by any one species of tree, so that to accumulate a cargo of one kind of timber it must be assembled from different localities. There are many reas- ons why large capital will be required to carry on a successful timber trade in these islands, but with sufficient means there is no commercial venture that will yield more remunerative profit. It is not definitely known how many different species of trees exist in the Archi- pelago, but the number is probably from 400 to 500, of which a large proportion are hardwoods. In the following list I have included the best known varieties with such information respecting them as I have been able to gather. * Frank Frederick Hilder was born in Hastings, England, in 1836, and died in Washington, Jan- lary 21, IgOI. lurst entered the army and began service in the Sepoy rebellion. Mutiny Medal with special-service bars for Delhi and Lucknow. He was educated at Rugby, and after going through the military school at Sand- He was awarded the Indian Later he saw service in Farther ndia, Borneo, the Philippines, and Africa, won the Egyptian Medal, and was promoted to a Col- melcy at the express request of the Khedive. A sand storm so injured his eyesight that he gave ip the idea of a military career and came to this country, where he did special work of importance n the Engineer Corps during the Civil War, but declined an American commission. Colonel Hil- ler then went into business, but after being ruined several times by fire he gave himself up en- irely to research and publication. During his military service and his business life he had traveled ver a great deal of Asia, Africa and South America, and had always made the most of his oppor- unities for ethnologic and geographic research. During the year ending in June, 1899, he acted $s Secretary of the National Geographic Society, and afterwards became Ethnologic Translator in he Bureau of American Ethnology. Daring the earlier half of 1900 he was detailed to the Philip- ines as special agent of the Pan-American Exposition. ~ Colonel Hilder contributed this article to the FoRESTER shortly before his death. The editor nakes grateful acknowledgements for help in reading the proof to Mr. G. B. Sudworth and to the ficers of the Bureau of American Ethnology. 28 Common name. Alintatao Bolongita Camaynan Ebano Malapapay Anobing Antipolo Acle Amnguis Anagap Apiton Banuyo Botanical name. Diospyros sp. Diospyros pilosanthera Diospyros sp. Diospyros ebenum Diospyros sp. Artocarpus ovata Artocarpus incisa Xylia sp. Odina sp. Pithecolobium Dipterocarpus Dipterocarpus sp. THE FORESTER. Description. Several other varieties of the order Ebenace are found on the islands, such as Ebano, Sapots and Camagon. Alintatao is a hardwood which has been used for furniture, framing, roofs, etc., but it is brittle, not very plentiful, and is now not much used. Wood clouded red in color, very similar in appearance to Camagon ; used in house construction. A wood of close texture, dark red in color. It was formerly much used in house building, but itis very liable to attacks of insects, which has led to disuse. The Ebony of commerce; found only of small size and in limited quan- tities. Used exclusively for fine cabi- net work. Hard wood, black and red in color, very similar to Camagon and used for same purposes. Not much appreciated as a hard wood, but resists damp well; used for pillars or supports of houses. Yellowish in color, light, very strong; is resistant to attacks of the teredo, does not warp when seasoned, is much used for outside planking and keels of ships, and also for flooring. A very valuable wood. Can be obtained in large logs. Wood dark red in color, strong and durable; it is difficult to burn, pol- ishes well, and is of fine grain. It has been called the Walnut of the Phil- ippines, is much used in house and ship building, and is highly prized by the natives Close-textured, solid wood, reddish in color, used for flooring or plank- ing; abundant. That from Bataan is considered the best quality. Light durable wood used for inte- rior fittings and furniture; does not bear exposure. Togs can be obtained 60 to 70 feet long by 24 inches square. A light wood, works well, serves for furni- ture and general carpentry. Logs 20 to 40 feet long by 12 inches up to 30 inches square similar to * Provinces—7. é., provinces of the island of Luzon. February, Localities where found. Provinces :* Tayabas Camarines Sur. Provinces: Zambales, Morong, Infanta, Batan- as. | Islands: Mindoro, Ba- labac. Provinces: Bataan, Laguna. Island : Leyte. Provinces: Cagayan, Principe, Infanta, Batan- gas, Albay. Islands: Masbato, Mindoro, Romblon. Provinces: Cagayan, Lepanto, Benguet, Prin- cipe, Laguna, Infanta, © Batangas, La Union, Ilocos. Islands: Mindanao Negros, Romblon, Mas- bate. Provinces : Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna. Provinces: Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, — Infanta, Batangas, Cam- arines Sur. Islands: Masbate,. Romblon. Provinces : Nueva Ecija, Zambales, Bataan, — Pampanga, Bulacan, La- guna, Infanta, Cavite, Camarines Sur. Islands: Mindoro, Romblon. Provinces: Tayabas, Nueva Ecija, Laguna, Ca- vite, Batangas, Bataan, Zambales, Camarines Sur. Islands: Masbate, Min- doro, Romblon. Provinces: Laguna, Batangas, Cavite, Nueva Viscaya. Provinces : Nueva Ecija, Laguna, Tayabas, Zambales, Camarines Sur, Pampanga. Islands: Mindoro, Palawan, Panay. Provinces: Nueva Ecija, Zambales, Bataan, J01. yMm0n name. auati anao ranga atitinau anaba ancal ansalague etis alo-Maria ‘itoc saticulin AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 29 Botanical name. Dipterocarpus thurifera Dipterocarpus vernicifluus Homalium Lagerstroemia Lagerstroemia flos-reginze Nauclea glaberrima Mimusops sp. Payena sp. Calophyllum tacamahaca Calophyllum sp. Stereospermum sp. Description. Acle but much lighter. carpenter work in general. Used for A light wood, easily worked, but is very liable to destruction by the white ant. A resinous balsam and in- cense is obtained from this tree. A resinous gum which is used for making varnish is obtained from this tree. After the resin has been ex- tracted the wood is of little use as it is destroyed by white ants. Logs can be obtained up to 75 feet long. A close-grained wood used for sea piling and all kinds of marine work subject to attacks of the teredo. Produces logs 35 to 4o feet by 18 inches. Fine grain, dark color, very strong, tough and elastic. Stronger than teak and used for planking ships and for furniture, where it is a good substitute for Black Walnut. Wood dark red, strong, tough and useful, requires thorough seasoning. Much used for ship building and all kinds of carpentry. Abundant. Wood yellow in color, easy to work; it is used in boat building, for casks and for general joiner’s work; that from Mindanaois closest-grained and is considered the best. Yields logs 40 to 45 feet long by 18 inches compact, close-grained, used for handles of axes and other tools, useful for turning. Logs up to 60 feet long by 20 inches square. Wood brownish red in color. Used in ship building, marine construction, piling, etc., as it is proof against the teredo. It is now not very plentiful unless some of the unexplored forests many yield fresh supply. A strong tough wood, not so heavy as Molave; used in shipbuilding as its oily resin preserves iron bolts driven intoit. The natives extract a balsam from it called Balsamo de Maria and use it for medical pur- oses. Wood reddish in color, close-grained and compact, used to some extent in joiner’s work but is not very plenti- ful. Wood yellowish white; easily worked; used largely for interior Localities where found. Pampanga, Laguna, In- fanta, Cavite. Islands: Mindoro, Romblon. Provinces: Albay, Ba- taan, Luguna, Nueva Ecija. Islands: Masbate, Mindoro, Leyte, Bohol. Provinces: Bataan, Ma- nila, Infanta, Camarines. Island: Samar. Provinces: Camarines Sur, Batangas, Tayabas, Isabela, Nueva Ecija. Islands: Mindoro, Pa- lawan. Provinces : Bulacan, Camarines Norte, Albay. Island: Mindoro. Provinces: Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra, Boutoc, Lepanto, Benguet, Nueva Viscaya, Nueva Ecija, La Union, Principe, Pangasinan, Bataan, Pampanga, In- fanta, Cavite. Islands: Mindoro, Panay, Palawan, Balabac. Provinces: Isabella, Nueva Ecija, Prineipe, Zambales, Pampanga, Cavite, Tayabas. Islands: Mindoro, Romblon, Mindanao. Provinces: Cavite, Bataan, Pampanga, Pan- gasinan, Camarines Sur, Bulacan. Provinces: Isabella, Nueva Kcija, Bataan, Tayabes. Islands : Mindoro, Min- danao, Romblon. Provinces: Cagayan, Ilocos, Principe, Nueva Ecija, Zambales, Panga- sinan, Camarines, Albay. Islands: Masbate, Ba- labac. Province: Nueva Ecija. Provinces: Ilocos Sur, Principe, Zambales, Ba- 30 Common name Cedro or Calantas Camagon Botanical name. Cedrela odorata Maba sp. Calamansanai Terminalia sp. Calumpit Dongon Ipil or Ypil Lanutan Lanete Molane Terminalia bellerica Heritiera tinctoria Afzelia sp. Anona Wrightia sp. Vitex geniculata THE FORESTER. Description. decorative work, ceilings, wood carv- ing,etc. It isconsidered proof against attacks of insects. Abundant. The Cedar of commerce, largely used for cigar boxes, also for boats and canoes. It isabundant and logs of all dimensions are obtainable. Found in all the islands, but more particularly in the districts named. Aclose-grained but somewhat brit- tle wood. Dark red and black, with broad yellowish streaks. Used for fine furniture. Plentiful. It is closely allied to ebony in its qualities, A compact wood, strong but brittle, does not bend well; used for con- struction and floors. A dark yellow wood not much in use except for masts and spars of small native vessels. Large trees giving logs 50 feet by 20 inches; wood very hard and durable, color dark red. It is used for keels of ships or for any purpose which requires resistance to weight and pressure, but does not well withstand attacks of the teredo or white ant. Astrong hard timber, dark in color, which grows blacker with age. It is obtainable in loys up to 70 feet by 24 inches. It is used the same as Molave and hasall its qualities except that it does not resist the teredo. It is much esteemed for its power of re- sisting damp in underground con- struction. ; Wood brown in color. It was used by the Spanish ordnance department for gun stocks. It is also used to some extent in carpentry. A white wood, can be obtained in logs from 20 to 25 feet by 18 inches. Used for wood carvings, musical in- struments, turning and cabinet work. A very valuable wood which com- pares favorably with American and European Oak. Obtainable in logs 30 to 35 feet long and up to 30 inches square. Itis used for piles, construc- tion of houses, railway ties and naval February, Localities where found. taan, Morong, Laguna, Infanta. ‘Islands: Samar, Leyte. Provinces: Abra, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Bon- toc, Lepanto, La Union, Benguet, Nueva Kcija, Nueva Viscaya, Zambales, Bataan, Bulacan, Mor- ong Infanta, Camarines. Islands: Mindoro, Romblon, Palawan, Ba- labac. Provinces: Cagayan, Ilocos Sur, Lepanto, La Union, Benguet, fanta, Batangas. Islands: Masbate, Rom- blon, Negros, Mindanao, ~ Laguna, © Provinces: Nueva Ecija, Pampanga. Islands : Mindoro, Min- danao. Provinces: Bataan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Bulacan, Cavite. Provinces : Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Isahela, La Union, Ben- guet, Nueva Principe, rines, Albay. Islands: Mindanao, Balabac, Romblon, Bohol, Leyte. Provinces: Cagayan, Abra, Boutoc, Lepanto, Isahela, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Zambales, Morong, Batangas. Islands: Masbate, Mindoro, Romblon, Panay, Negros, Samar, Mindanao, Bala- bac, Bohol. Provinces: Bataan, Pampanga, Infanta, Tay- — abas. Islands: Mindoro, Cebu, Balabac. Provinces: Bataan, Morong, Laguna, Batan- gas, Nueva Kcija, Cama- — tines. Islands: Panay, Leyte, Bohol. Provinces : gayan, Isahela, La Union, Benguet, Principe, Nueva Ecija, Zambales, Bataan. Nueva — Viscaya, Nueva Ecija, © Principe, Laguna, In- Cagayan, ~ Viscaya, © Zambales, — Bataan, Bulacan, Manila, — Morong, Batangas, Cama- Cebu,9 Abra, Bon- © toc, Lepanto, Ilocos, Ca- Maw Mac: Mala Manc Maug Cui Igo]. Common name. Mangasinora Macasin Malarujad Mancono Maugachapuy Guijo Narra (colorado) Narra (blanca) AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. Botanical name. Fagreea sp. Eugenia sp. Eugenia cymosa Xanthoxylum sp. Shorea sp. Shorea sp. Pterocarpus santalinus Pterocarpus indicus Description. construction. Neither moisture, heat, teredo nor white ants affectit. It is practically everlasting and is held in highest esteem by the natives. It is yellowish in color. An inferior spe- cies of this tree called female Molave grows in low marshy ground. Its color is whiter and it is notso strong. Has a yellow wood often con- founded with Maugachapuy and is frequently used in substitution for that wood. Is often used as a substitute for Banaba when that wood is scarce. Dark in color; used for interior carpentry, floors, etc. Hard, reddish brown in color, not much used. A very hard wood similar to Lignum-vitae. Very similar to Guijo, can be ob- tained in logs 50 feet by 20 inches; yellowish in color. It is used in house construction, for masts and decks of ships, and for all work ex- posed to sun and rain. Is quite elastic and very durable. Strong, tough and elastic ; gives logs up to 70 feet by 24 inches ; used in naval construction, also for car- riage wheels and shafts, reddish in color. It is not much used in build- ings as itis liable to attack of white ants. Can be obtained in logs 30 to 40 feet by 24 to 30 inches square—dark red in color, very similar to mahogany in appearance. It is used for furnt- ture and was formerly much used in house building, but it is now con- sidered too valuable for that purpose. It is widely diffused over the islands, but has been cut so extensively that it is now found principally in the in- terior of the forests. Very similar to the red Narra, but not so dense and lighter in color, and not so highly valued. Found in the same localities. 31 Localities where found. Islands: Mindoro, Romblon, Panay, Negros, Cebu, Mindanao, Samar, Leyte, Bohol. Provinces: Cagayan, Bataan, Bulacan, Albay, Tayabas. Islands: Mindoro, Romblon, Panay, Cebu, Mindanao. Provinces : Abra, Boutoc, Lepanto, Bataan, Pampanga, Cavite, Infanta. Islands : Mindoro, Panay, Palawan, Balabac. Provinces: Principe, Zambales, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Manila, Laguna, Infanta, Cavite. Cagayan, Islands: Mindoro, Romblon. Islands: Mindanao, Mindoro, Leyte, Cebu, Bohol. Provinces: Cagayan, Pangasinan, Bataan, Bulacan, Camarines, Al- bay. Islands: Mindoro, Romblon, Panay, Negros, Cebu, Mindanao. Provinces: Isabela, Zambales, Pangasinan, Bataan, Pampanga, Bu- lacan, Manila, Cavite, Tayabas, Camarines, Albay. Islands: Mindoro, Romblon, Panay, Negros, Leyte, Samar. Provinces: Cagayan, Ilocos, Abra, Lepanto, Isabela, Benguet, La Union, Principe,, Nueva, Ecija, Nueva Viscaya Pangasinan, Zambales, Pampanga, Laguna, Tay- abas, Camarines. Islands: Masbate, Min- doro, Romblon, Panay, Mindanao, Balabac. 32 Conimon namie. Palma-brava Supa Tindalo Tangili Zacal Tucancola or Tineal Corypha sp. Sindora sp. Afzelia Hopea sp. THE FORESTER. Description. A species of palm which grows to great height. The heart yields a black wood, which is practically in- destructible under water. It is largely used by carriage makers in Manila on account of its great flexibility. A wood very similar to Ypil and having many of its qualities but gen- erally whiter in color. It can be ob- tained in logs 50 feet long by 28 inches. It produces an oil. It pol- ishes well and is useful for furniture, house furnishings and general car- pentry. A dark red wood which becomes black with age. It is used for many purposes, particularly for making fur- niture, as it takes a high polish. Botanical name. rhomboidia A useful wood for general pur- poses. It is used by the natives of some of the islands for making canoes or dug-outs. It has the draw- back of being susceptible of attack from white ants. Can be obtained in logs 50 feet long by 24inches square. It is often substituted for Molave. Has great strength and tenacity, is much used for both house and ship building. It completely resists the attack of white ants. Obtainable in logs up to 30 feet long by 20 inches square. Of super- ior grain and marking. Adapted for fine carpentry work of all kinds. Cluytia sp. Aglaia February, Localities where found. Grows in nearly all the Phil provinces of Luzon and wav all the islands of the f Archipelago. u state In Mindoro and some of driv the other islands. bet plot sft vide ceed Provinces: Ilocos, Ba- iste taan, Bulacan, Cavite,” very Batangas, Camarines. man Islands : Masbate, Min- 7 doro, Romblon, Panay, di Negros. The Provinces: Zambales, Bataan, Morong, Laguna, + Tayabas. Islands : Mindoro, Min- danao. Provinces: Cagayan, Pangasinan, Zambales, Morong, Bulacan, Taya- bas. Islands: Mindoro, Sa- mar, Negros, Mindanao. Provinces: Cagayan, Zambales, Tayabas, Prin- cipe, Bataan, Camarines, Albay. Islands : Mindoro, Min- danao, Romblon, Negros. The above list of timber-producing trees is intended merely to supply its modicum of information until more complete data may be available. A forestry bureau was established in Manila, in April, 1900, and Capt. George aewnern, WJ, S..4., has, been placed in charge of it. He is an officer of excellent administrative ability, who will without doubt replace the inefficient Spanish forest management witha practical and scientific system of forestry regulations. In arecent report he states that in his office a work is being compiled describing about fifty of the most important tree spe- cies, with colored illustrations of the fruit, flower and leaf of each species, which will be of great value to American bot- anists and lumbermen, and will of course contain fuller details than I was able to gather in the short time I could spare from other engrossing duties. In the Zambales mountains, Benguet and other elevated regions there are forests of coniferz, but the timber is fit for noth- ing but firewood, as if used for any pur- pose of construction in lower altitudes it would serve merely as food for white ants. For the same reason the North American Pine and Douglas Fir of the Pacific slope is worthless as building material in these islands, and although large quantities have been recently used by the United States military authorities in the construction of stables and warehouses, this can be con- sidered only as an emergency expedient of the most temporary character as the buildings will doubtless be destroyed within a year or two. One great obstacle to immediate suc 1901. cessful prosecution of lumbering in the Philippines is the same that stands in the way of all development of their natural re- sources, the lack of roads. Captain Ahern states in a report : ‘There are no forest roads or river driveways in these islands that are worth mentioning. It will be impossible to ex- ploit these forests until roads are con- structed, rivers improved and harbors pro- vided. The methods at present are ex- ceedingly slow and expensive. The tree is felled far from any road, is hauled out very slowly by one or more carabaos, many tracts being left untouched, due to the lifficulty of the haul and the lack of roads. The natives are not skilled lumbermen, and, while paid but a small wage, are by 10 means cheap labor when we consider he cost of felling and hauling a cubic foot of timber to the shipping point.” * * * ‘¢ There will be some difficulty in the construction of roads in such places as Cagayan, Mindoro and Paragua, but these lifficulties can be overcome. ‘The money or this construction should be appropri- ited from the forest revenues. Competent sngineers should supervise the work. Stone s plentiful and available, but labor is scarce, and such as we have is poor and incertain. This latter will be the one reat difficulty; when that is solved, en- yineers and money will build roads that vill make the Philippine forests yield a ‘evenue that is undreamed of to-day by he residents of these islands.” To the lumberman this labor problem will, also, for some time, be difficult to solve, but this and other impediments will zradually be removed and then the future xf the lumber business in these islands will doubtless present a very profitable in- yestment for American capital and energy. There are also other forest products that we worthy of exploitation and the atten- ion of capitalists. There are a great variety of rubber and zutta-percha producing trees, particularly nthe forests of Mindanao and southern Pa- awan. The production of merchantable yutta-percha may become a most valuable AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 3 industry if conducted under proper govern- mental regulations to prevent the destruc- tion of the trees and the adulteration of the product which ruined a once promis- ing trade when it was carried on by Chinese. A large number of dye woods are known to exist, some of which have been utilized to some extent; also many trees which produce gums, resins, oils and balsams, valuable for their medical properties, which are well worthy of investigation by manufacturing chemists and druggists. In all parts of the islands cocoanut palms grow without care or cultivation and the preparation of copra, oil and fiber is a remunerative business. Large plantations exist on most of the islands, for instance, on the island of Romblon, where the whole western slope of the island is one large cocoanut grove from the water’s edge to the mountain top. The only drawback to this industry is the liability to destruction of the trees by cyclones, which are frequent, particularly on the northern islands of the group, but this may be avoided by establishing plan- tations south of the ninth parallel of north latitude, beyond which line destructive hurricanes are almost unknown. It is calculated that each tree will yield a reve- nue of $1.00 to $2.00 annually, with no more labor than is necessary to gather the nuts. Many varieties of palms, bamboo, para- sitic vines, canes and rattans abound and when the forests are opened up by the roads necessary for lumbering operations and scientific forestry, these “plants will afford an increase to profitable employ- ment of native labor and a stimulus to many of their smaller industries. The forest products form a most im- portant factor in the industrial and econo- mic future of the islands. One of the most necessary steps toward making that great store of wealth available,: is that which the government has taken, the es- tablishment of a forestry bureau, which with good management will insure intelli- gent, honest and scientific exploitation and protection of the valuable forest lands. TO (CRESCENT CITY BY TSiiaGE: By ds ie Division of F you take the stage at Grant’s Pass in southwestern Oregon, and travel west- ward two days across the high spurs of the Siskiyous towards the Pacific Ocean, you will come, on the afternoon of the second day, to the edge of that marvelous strip of vegetation known as the Redwood Belt, which stretches southward over in- numerable ridges and gulches and streams for four hundred miles along the sea, north- ward some thirty miles to its upper limit on the Chetco river, and which harbors -in the remote clearings of its forests, com- munities as strange to eastern ears as towns in Australia. The actual margin, at least by this approach, is about ten miles from the ocean in the hills beside Smith River, but it seemed to me when I made the trip in early June that the wonders of the coast region really began twenty miles farther back, at the time the stage driver and I, alone in a rickety buckboard, crossed the bald divide of the mountains, and saw the infinite blue ridges stretching off south- westward. That was at seven in the morn- ing, after we had toiled since two A. M. back and forth up the eastern slopes, fol- lowing the narrow scratch of shelf called a county road. From that moment we were in another world. Instead of the still, frigid air of the canyons we had left, the dampness of a little sea breeze struck on our faces, and the growing things were thickening at every turn. Miles of vast almost precipitous hillsides showed pink and white and yellow with azaleas and rhododendrons. A few Pines stood about in clumps, but generally the shrubs clothed the ground in every direction; and as we clattered down from the sunlit summits to the shadowed hollows beyond, we came into an atmosphere of concentrated fra- grance—a sort of vast reservoir of per- fumes. Apparently the odors of the blos- soms, which had been accumulating un- disturbed through the night, had pervaded all the air in the valley. THE FORESTER. February, | FISHER. Forestry. That was my first experience of staging — in northern California, and its successors were no less interesting. I know now that I should have been hungry at the time, — having been bumping breakfastless since — the early hour of two, but as it was, my thoughts were otherwise occupied. It ap- peared the stage driver had a wife and child back in Oregon, and he seemed to be under the impression that the faster he drove, the sooner he would ‘‘ get to see_ them.” The fact that he was heading di- rectly away from them, and that neither end of his route was within a hundred miles of their abiding place, did not ap- pear to move him. So, whenever there was a down grade, and the slim road, without rail, barrier, or space of any kind between the wheel track and emptiness, was winding along slopes that you hardly dared look down, he would set his pace for home; and in the worst places, on turns ~ that ran straight off into the air, some tender reminiscence would occur to him, and he would roll his big honest eyes on me and relate it. Being then unaware that the mountain stage has succeeded the drunken man in the favor of Providence, I was not a sympathetic listener. I expected some kind of a surprise, and the thing that happened never entered my head. At one of our speediest moments the tongue came off the axle on the wrong side of the road, and the old rattle-trap buckboard went over the grade, horses and” brake notwithstanding. Before we had time to do anything heroic we brought up in a bunch of scrubby Pines. ‘‘ I’m late already,” said the driver, picking himself out of the twigs. I righted the crazy ve- hicle and he unhooked the patient horses. We roped them to the hind axle, and, one steering by the drooping pole, the other driving, hauled the wagon up again onto the grade. Thenthe driver walked back a ways and found the missing bolt, rammed it into place, and battered the end with a Igo!. big stone; and we went banging along as Fast. as‘ever.. ‘‘I ain’t driven: stage saan he explained apologetically, but with no trace of anxiety or concern for the problem before him. It was as though driving were a thing you might inherit or have thrust upon you, but need not worry to ac- quire. Well, I was delivered in safety at the end of the division—a post-ofhice and two AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 35 cause there was hardly any space among the boles. The Big Trees of the Calaveras or Mariposa Groves are perhaps individually more colossal, but for density of growth and height they must yield to these coast Red- woods. Sometimes they walled in the view at a hundred yards distance, and al- ways they tapered | upward through the green mass of tops high enough to bury three-fifths of the Washington Monument, THE STAGE FOR THE “‘CITY.’’ houses at the forks of Smith River and I, fell into the care of a man whose eyes never left his horses; but I parted from that first driver with real affection and ad- miration; he was so serene, and cheerful and secure in his oblivious incompetence. His naive good bye was ‘+ Take care of yourself.” Six miles farther on, after crossing the south fork of Smith River, the stage road slipped in among the tree trunks of a solid Redwood forest_—solid not merely because almost all the trees were Redwoods, but be- or conceal many of the high buildings in New York. The vast interior through which the daily stage makes its creaking progress was silent and solemn as an empty church. Occasionally the wind hummed in the distant foliage, or a stray ‘sys! J breeze sifted down and made uncanny commotion among the shrubs, but usually the tall ferns and flowered rhododendrons which covered the ground and the roots of the old windfalls, stood quiet and motion- less as painted things. The place was full of shadows that lurked among the 36 ‘THE FORESTER. thickening columns in all shapes and sizes; and beside them patches of ‘sun- light shifted slowly as the tree tops swayed. For six miles we crawled through the chilly twilight of these Redwoods, till coming suddenly over a small ridge, and down the other side, we looked out onto February, ported by the operations of two sawmills. It lies in the lee of a very gentle sloping promontory which passes by the town and ends ina rocky point, and an island with a light house on it. The buildings are all wooden, mostly square and two stories high, and the sidewalks are planked and ALONG SMITH RIVER: REDWOODS IN THE BACKGROUND. a broad meadow with several clumps of Pines upon it. 3eyond was a long curv- ing beach, Crescent City clustered at the horn, and outside the Pacific Ocean, heav- ing and whitening under the trade wind. i@reseent City, the county seat of Del Norte County, is a village of some fifteen hundred inhabitants, w iio are mainly sup- generally covered by the porches of the stores which line them. Front street, the street of promenade and gossip, is sepa- rated from the surf by a low wooden para- pet and about a hundred and fifty yards of sand; and in winter, when thousands of cords of driftwood come out of the Klamath river and travel up the coast before the IQOl. sou’westers, wood and water are plenty on Front street. Only last January the door of the Allcomer’s Saloon was forced by a Redwood log as big as a sewer main, and the billiard table was driven to the wall. Further excesses on the part of the ele- ments often cut off Crescent City’s mail and supplies, which arrive either by stage from Grant’s Pass, or by weekly steamer from San Francisco. Snow perhaps falls on the Siskiyous barely forty miles from the balmy coast, and the townspeople may not see the stage for a week. Or again, if the sea is up (as it frequently is), the little steam schooner may have to bang about off shore for days, drummers, fresh fruit, newspapers, and everything, while she waits her chance to make the wharf among the rocks. But if Crescent City is poor in commu- nications, she is rich in compensations to the visitor. To begin with the neighbor- ing sea shore is not to be surpassed for rugged varietyand picturesqueness. North- ward from the rocky island where the lighthouse stands, grassy-topped cliffs with groves of Pines upon them break away into deep coves and solitary monuments capped with Spruces, or swell upward into high-shouldered headlands, where in June, green shrubs and fleshy little sea plants blossom, and whence, from a hundred pleasant nooks, one can watch the sun go down behind the ocean. Between these eminences are small beaches strewn with wet and barnacled rocks and flanked by echoing caves. Beyond and still farther north, the barriers sink away, the beach becomes continuous, and for as far as you can see, the great swells roll in unhindered. For all this wealth of marine beauty, the traveller in Crescent City finds it hard to believe himself in a seaport town. The whole atmosphere of the place is anything but nautical. Instead of the fleet of small boats at their moorings, drying nets, and smells of fish one associates with seaboard villages of New England, there is hardly a craft along the beach (unless the steamer happen to be in), neither any nets nor fishy odors, nor any signs of a seafaring population, but only the bleak little wooden streets and men teaming lumber or moving AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 25 it on push cars. If there is any smell at all in the air it is the smell of saw dust; any talk it is the talk of the woods and the logging camp, and as for sea fish, it is a food not thought of. It is a queer anom- aly, this seaport without seamen, and it gives the sea an air of unreality almost disenchanting. Here is the Great Ocean of the South Seas and the trade winds, but where are the men who catch the fish and tell the tales? Take the logging train at the mill and ride out with the friendliest trainmen in the business to the camp beyond the cut- over lands. There, beside the railroad are a cluster of cabins and a cook-house, and a little farther on, a building with a great donkey engine sticking through the roof. This stands on a raised landing beside the track. Away toward the wall of uncut timber, perhaps half a mile off through the stumps, stretches a wire cable following the course of a deeply grooved mud road. At the end of the mud road, in a mass of peeled and prostrate logs, is another and smaller donkey engine. These, with their respective crews and surrounding woodsmen, move the logs out to the train. In the far background the choppers fell the trees, taking sometimes two days of chopping and sawing and preparing the ground before they get one to earth; near at hand are the sawyers, one to an eight-foot saw, slowly ‘+ buck- ing up” gigantic trunks; and close about the donkey, the hooktender and his men fix the iron ‘¢ dogs” in the logs, the blocks and wire rope among the stumps, and the load begins to gather. With constant shifting of rigging, hauling first one way and then another, starting and stopping, one, two, perhaps three logs are brought out to the mud road and coupled up with chains and iron ‘* grabs.” The endless cable is made fast, the electric bell signals the distant bull donkey, and groaningly the ‘“‘turn” begins to move. Thus five or six times a day the big engine winds in a half mile of wire rope with tons of wood at the end. The whistles answer each other in the clear air, the logging train comes and goes across the plain, and now and again, loud over the distant roar of “ the sea, sounds the crash and jar of a fall- ing Redwood. It is no sinecure, this logging. Limbs fall, descending trees go wrong, taut cables snap, hooks tear out-—with such fearful heights, weights, and powers, accidents are frequent and fatal. But logging camps are famous for the men they gather, and by haunting those at Crescent City you can hear stories of forest and sea to your heart’s content. There are men there who have sailed from the Baltic to Aus- tralia, from Sidney to Rio and the British Isles; who have fought in South American 38 THE FORESTER. February, revolutions; who have served in the Eng- lish army; who have worked in the big cities; and many who have chopped and hunted in the woods of the Pacific Coast since the first log wascut. Those are the fellows to listen to, and if you sit among them of an evening under the wonderful California stars, with the sea booming far ‘off to the west; hear them describe high deeds as pleasures, and see their eyes kindle at the brave reminders, you will begin to understand the character of Cres- cent City and her sister settlements by the sea. STUDY IN EUROPE*FOR AMERICAN, FOREST st UDENTSS By Overton W. PRICE. Superintendent of Working Plans, Division of Forestry. HE student who has completed a visit to the Spessart will be within easy reach of the Steigerwald and the town forest of Bamberg, the one well- known for its mixed forests of Scotch Pine and Beech and the other for the manage- ment of pure Scotch Pine woods under an elaborate system of clean cutting and sow- ing. Heshould also see something of the ancient town forest of Nuremberg which consists chiefly of woods of Scotch Pine on a soil that is little more than pure sand. The forest has an interesting history and is an instructive example of what skill and perseverance can do in rearing woods in so poor a locality, where frequent insect ravages and long standing rights to the collection of litter go to make matters harder for the forester. The Bayerischer Wald covers a moun- tain range in southwestern Bavaria, run- ning parallel with the B6hmer Wald, a second range, the summit of which forms the dividing line between Bavaria and Bo- hemia. Here exist forest conditions mark- edly in contrast to those prevailing gener- ally in Germany. In this isolated and * The first part of this paper appeared in THE FORESTER for January. sparsely settled region where lack of facil- ities for the transport of timber and dis- tance from the market greatly lower stumpage values, the form of forest man- agement is peculiarly instructive for Americans. In Saxony, where the forests are chiefly pure Spruce and where natural reproduc- tion has been almost entirely abandoned for clean cutting and planting, the Ameri- can student will see a form of manage- ment impossible under our conditions. He will, however, have a chance to study the most striking example that Europe af- fords of the dangers and advantages of a purely financial forestry. In Saxony, the most remunerative use of forests is the growing of Spruce for paper pulp. The diameter at which Spruce can be used there for this purpose and its rate of growth are such that it pays best to cut it when it is about sixty years old. At this age, however, European Spruce does not bear full crops of seed, and natural repro- duction under a rotation of sixty years is impossible. It is thus that the system of planting and sowing has come about, it having been found financially preferable to natural reproduction and a longer rotation. Igol. The system is the most remunerative in Europe and there are Saxon forest ranges which yield a net revenue of twelve to fif- teen dollars per acre per annum. On the other hand, it gives rise to dangers, from insects and from wind which are suffici- ently serious to render its advisability an AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 39 to Saxony, particularly those which are taken asa safeguard against wind. The ranges are split up into a number of what are called cutting series, each series constituting an area which is treated sepa- rately. Since the heavy winds in Saxony are westerly, the object in the manage- A MATURE SPRUCE-WOOD IN SAXONY. ypen question. The one is invited by the aising of pure evergreen woods of one pecies over large areas; the other by the lean cuttings, under which trees grown n™closed woods become suddenly and ully exposed. The measures enforced to sive the highest possible degree of safety igainst these dangers are largely peculiar ment of these cutting series is so to lumber them that the youngest woods occupy the west and the oldest the east side. With this in view, cuttings proceed always from east towards west, with the result that the closed forest is never suddenly exposed on the west side. A normal ‘‘ cutting series,” or in other words one in which there is a 40 THE FORESTER. regular gradation of woods of different ages, presents a curious appearance and consists of a series of even aged blocks ar- ranged like the steps of a stairway, from the youngest plantation to the mature stand, and each protecting the other from the ind. This elaborate precautionary measure has one weak point. So long as the heavy winds are westerly, it affords an entirely adequate means of protection. Now and again, however, a strong wind comes from the east, when it is free to work great havoc on the unprotected ma- ture woods which bound the cutting series on that side. The Schwarzenberg forest district, hard against the Bavarian border, contains some representative forest ranges among which are the most remunerative in the king- dom. Having seen the systems applied to the mixed forests of the Schwarzwald and in the pure stands of Spruce in Saxony, the student will have had an opportunity to compare the two great types of forest man- agement in Europe. The painstaking, pa- tient methods by which reproduction is obtained in the Schwarzwald and a high degree of safety attained is in strong con- trast to the Saxon system in which grave dangers are invited by direct violation of the silvicultural laws governing the natural development of a forest. It is a question whether the student will find in Prussia, except upon the Pine Bar- rens, many notable forms of forest man- agement which are not quite as forcibly illustrated in southern Germany. The Prussian working plan method is the most intricate of all and forest management generally in Prussia is more hampered by red tape than anywhere else in Europe. He should not fail, however, to visit the Salmuenster range in southwest Prussia, where Oak is reproduced naturally in in- structive contrast to the treatment of the same species in the Spessart. These are a few of the forest ranges which Americans have found instructive. To include them all would have been to make a catalogue of this paper. The list which has been given is suggestive only in its purpose. Before one has been long in February, Europe, he will be able to make his own plan of campaign far better than another can make it for him. The main point is to weigh that plan thoroughly, and above all, with a realization of the fact that European forestry, although simple in purpose, is intricate enough in its details te bewilder any one who approaches it in a desultory way. It is also well to remember at the very outset, that no man can master the details of European forest management ina year, and that the profit gained from the trip will de- pend largely upon the selection made of those features to be especially studied. The American forest student will find scientific research highly developed in European forestry and he can waste a good deal of his time over abstruse lines of investigation which not infrequently owe their origin solely to the yearning of a scientist to in- vestigate something. He should never lose sight of the fact that his main purpose in going to Europe is to see the effect of forestry upon the forest. The greatest practical benefit to him lies in the study of the woods themselves and of the working plans under which they are managed. The student who goes abroad for a year has no time for a European forest school. Should he spend an extra six months in a semester at one of the several forest schools in Germany, he will have an interesting experience. However, one goes abroad to get what he cannot get at home, and the establishment of forest schools in this country has done away entirely with the necessity for students to attend them in Europe. Before this was the case, the forest school at Munich was most often chosen by Americans. It has an eminent corps of instructors, and Professor Henrich Mayer, who handles silviculture and forest utilization, adds to his remarkable bril- liancy as a silviculturist an intimate knowl- edge of American forests and American conditions. Living is proverbially cheap in Europe, particularly in the villages and smaller towns. In those cases where the student spends a month or more upon one range, it is customary for him to pay a fee of twenty-five dollars per month to the forest Igol. officer. No fee is asked for short visits to forest ranges and the invariable courtesy of European forest officials makes these possible to anyone who bears the proper credentials. One thousand dollars is sufh- foe WORLD'S DEMAND FOR TIMBER By RAPHAEL N the beginning of the 19th century, when the amount of coal obtained from the mines was insignificant and the means of transportation were inadequate, while industry and population were rapidly growing, an opinion prevailed that the existing supply of fuel would not last long and that a fuel famine would follow. This common belief had a beneficial effect, for attention was drawn to the forests, and forest exploitation was placed on a more rational basis. A hundred years later, at the beginning of the 20th century, we see that this prediction is not realized, and that the forests are able-to furnish large amounts of fuel for unlimited time to come. Fear of a fuel famine no longer prevails, but instead, a timber famine is predicted, that is a lack of wood for structural pur- poses. This question was discussed at the International Congress of Sylviculture held in Paris lastsummer, where M. A. Meélard reada paper on ‘‘ The Deficiency of Wood Production in the World,” which has at- tracted general attention. Extracts more or less extensive appeared in nearly all forest magazines. data are taken from the Revwe des Eaux Foréts, the organ of French foresters. The author touches upon a question which is of interest not only to a forester but to any man occupied with social and economic problems. The cardinal idea which he tries to emphasize can be briefly formu- lated as follows: The amount of timber consumed at present all over the world exceeds the amount normally produced by the forests; hence this excess of consump- tion over the normal production is covered AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. Almost all of the following {I cient to pay all necessary expenses for a year in the woods of E urope, and permits of a fair amount of tr: iveling. Less than that sum would curtail one’s movements somewhat undesirably. AND, THE Seria ZQN. at the expense of the main wood capital, thus leading to devastation and destruction of forests in those countries which have still large forest areas, such as Canada, Russia, the United States. To prove this statement Meélard presents figures, seem- ingly carefully collected, concerning the export and import of timber of all civilized countries. The statistics of timber export and import together with the information as to the magnitude of the available ripe crop, condition of the growing crop, rate of growth, and rate of wood consumption are the only means by which a fair idea of the timber supply of a country may be ob- tained. M. Mélard begins with England, and states that the British Isles are but little forested. The wood produced in England itself is of inferior quality and far below the amount necessary for the needs of its commerce and industries. It is obliged, therefore, to rely upon other countries for its wood. The average annual imports-of timber into Great Britain during the past five years have exceeded the exports by 42 3,600, ooo cubic feet which is about 99 per cent. of its total consumption. This does not, however, represent the amount actus lly cut to cover E ngland’s need for wood. At least two- thirds of the timber imported by Engl and consists not of logs but of products alre: idy more or less fit for direct use; so that more than hs Gees 0 cubic feet must be cut to supply the entire wood consumption. M. Mélard, theretore, gives 529,500,000 cubic feet as the amou int which has to be cut to sup] This yearly ne oe G5 onoveon and of timber England’s demand. supply costs England 42 THE FORESTER. corresponds to the annual productivity of about 12,375,000 acres of such well man- aged and well kept forests as the Prussian State forests. Germany, although it has 35,000,000 acres of forests excellently managed and yielding an immense revenue, demands in- creasingly greater quantities of wood, so that for the last ten years the amount of timber which it buys has doubled and its value trebled. In 1808 the excess of im- portation over exportation was equal to 317,700,000 cubic feet, or 24 per cent. of its coal consumption. France produces a surplus of cord wood and small sized timber which it exports to neighboring countries, chiefly to England. But France is compelled to buy large sized timber, and for the last five years the im- ports have exceeded the exports by 105,- go00,000 cubic feet. This amount is equal to half of the general productivity of all French forests and 33 per cent. of its total consumption. Belgium imports annually 63,540,000 cubic feet of timber more than it exports, or 47 per cent. of its total consumption. Holland imports annually 21,180,000 cubic feet of timber wood, or 52 per cent. of its total consumption, for which it pays more than $3,000,000. Switzerland buys every year abroad 49,420,000 cubic feet of timber, or 35 percent. of its total consumption, worth nearly $3,000,000. The States of Southern Europe, such as Spain, Italy, Portugal, Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria and Servia, whose industries are little devel- oped, demand less timber than the countries above-mentioned, but they buy considerable quantities of wood every year. Summing up these figures it is seen that a large portion of middle, western and southern Europe, with a population of 215,000,000, requires annually about 1.23 to 1.41 billion cubic feet of timber for which is paid about $200,000,000. This amount of timber corresponds approxi- mately to what might be produced on twenty-five to fifty million acres of forest land. ) Who furnishes this timber? cuoscsess 2700 160 80 48 32 32 AED, Sei czesogestncero>onc27 2400 240 50 70 120 120 CODE oo gi doe scien ntn-(o) 2527 630 105 125 400 135 265 Ne cedard Gi arstaneysowsudvae ds 680 280 | 40 40 200 34 166 10/9 (05 cs gate 7 ee 1180 500 50 250 200 200 MNEOTLEZI A Geer ss oss cesccstaese 2640 200 140 | 60 60 DM OTAL. 0 y.0as cscccsontsensenenses 74931 19824 | 3474. 9185 | 7165 758 6407 *In the greater number of the areas classified ‘‘ Timber,” the yield would likely be from 3,000 to "age feet board measure to the acre. Hence the money value at $1.00 per thousand feet stumpage or 755 square miles would be at least $14,553.60. But the stumpage value ought not to be consid- ered as of great account compared with the enormous damage caus i i ‘ ed t by the denudation of the watersheds. , is >?r ~e Te Tt) ~ 7 ~ ~ T ~ 7 ~ T YD- i areiy cnou?g Seives Fx eve S C : sses & ~e . aa i= a X ~ ; Ss it W C AA S : t ss fT ; ; sc , = Ss 2 is a X : | 7 7 7 - — > = ~hanci are ade I 4 = . mec ana swvoc ate! : cant g Lhe uie - OTIC 1 ° : iit sahil SSeS SES aaiili . = i —< ‘ Ep ce LOW ea Varc i rmer»niy l C it S C E s \ ——— + Terent veers = . £ = Sse = : : ia.) i ece»nt ears, § o GS. C = cc i é é Sa. ent wath incre SY ence. have eri E - ese! . Z < — tne nA i ihe sueams, asned <« S L . == i1spYyM.raAatI — - oe a — - . + ~ { ) _ + \ } b } ape i ' a 2 ~ ‘1 a a Rss AE a ee - iX a — A i a | a Sa © oe | + tN ‘ ses DY ] Ll T E : Ic Dp nter on our Nol westel | rac sure weir i est La- 7 ry 7 7 ~ Shi _ y ~ c= ‘ =+ ~* oe ~ ae = xt —_ “> * rr Ve = - = eaks seve es a S C . \ C C \ -}. 2 = Sa f —~ ~ _— ? ] = Ec S US. ‘ u .c - 5 7 ~~ ~ oT 7 QT) cS u ee \ cause it t it] 1 ¥y tine l t c ic i . L os . I 7 es an D ita — S ce S S l < Crt C A i1C ual W L = inc t =< C U Lit Ss == : ——S = — ae c E E lhe s e lt i nat al ari Ciai Tease C cnc C t c C = = ve i — : -+ pe i E aft = ce fs ¢ Se =i ‘% , + Vitis . ae ew 6 . . C3 . - =~“ --~ 62 THE FORESTER. the windward margin of the belt. A line drawn from the tops of the tall sentinels on the outskirts of the plantation to the tops of the trees on the inner margin, and touching the tops of the trees of each suc- cessive row, should form a downward curve. A good arrangement where the snowbreak is to be about two rods wide is as follows: March, and fifth rows should be planted with the common Wild Plum. The railway companies of the northwest could save enormous investments in snow fences if they would plant snowbreaks along the north sides of their rights of way. The plantation would require the condemnation of a little more land than is usually occupied by a railway, but in the Snow Break 3 roads wide /, // Yj \ 4, MM Vi) yy Wind Break /o rods wide! Wf iy Lib eM ees de iL fas RY XS AS) 1S; pany ix! y pax XQ L> 8 cy Snow Trap 10 rods wide yy, YY SIAL CSS TO Snow Trap Wind Break « rods wide s yo rods wide NS RS MAY LAWS ‘ MAP OF A PROPOSED PLANTATION SUITABLE FOR THE DAKOTAS, PROTECTED FROM THE PREVAILING NORTH AND WEST WINDS BY A SNOWBREAK. A single row of some stately species such as Bull or White Pine should be planted on the windward side of the belt. The next row, 8 feet towards the object to be protected, should consist of Red Cedar or Laurel-Leaved Willow. The third row should consist of Russian Wild Olive or Choke Cherry, and the fourth long run it would bea great saving be- cause it would be a perpetual improve- ment. ‘The writer has been informed by Prof. N. E. Hansen, of the South Dakota Agricultural College, that the Russian Government is planting trees and shrubs for snowbreaks on a large scale along the the imperial railways in Siberia. IgOl. EXTERMINATION OF AMERICAN FORESTRY Nebes ASSOCIATION. 63 OAK AT LAKE GENEV ie WISCONSIN. By JAMES HE tthreatened destruction of the beautiful forest lands around the well known summer resort, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, has become an im- portant question to those owning houses, and passing the summer months at this place. In my profession as landscape architect, the opportunity offered itself to make a careful study of those causes de- stroying. the great oaks in wholesale fashion. The contour of the land is rolling, some- times changing into abrupt grades Toseine the Lake or natural water courses. Gravel or gravelly soil prevails on the higher lands. On lower lands the gravel is covered by layers, varying in thickness, of hard pan in some instances, and of a gravelly clay containing some vegetable matter in othres. Seemingly these layers have been washed down from the higher lands. The low lands along the natural water courses con- sist of black loam or decayed vegetable matter that, in some instances, becomes boggy; but this is of no special interest here, as it is on the gravel or clay lands that the oak has made its home. Close observation shows that trees growing on the ‘‘ hard-pan” lands have suffered more than those on-more porous grounds, and especially on lands turned into private parks, whether of gravel or clay substance. Besides the oak, the Ironwood—( Car- pinus betula) is gradually becoming ex- tinct. The affliction is general; young and old are alike effected. Such varieties, or species as the Scarlet Oak(Q. coccznea), the White Oak (9. alba), the Red Oak (o>) 7ubra), suffer most; whereas the Bur-Oak or Mossycup Oak (9. macro- carpa), holdsits own. The Pin Oak (2 palustris) and several other species are not found in sufficient numbers in this district to permit satisfactory observation. During the latter part of July and the first part of August last trees in sup- posedly healthy condition suddenly with- JENSEN. ered as if struck by blight. In some in- stances this withering of the leaves was confined to certain ie or branchlets only. Supposing that this sudden attack was caused by a fungus of some kind, I sent several leaves to Professor Bryon H. Hal- stead for examination. The reply was: ‘¢:The oak leaves you send show some trouble but not so clearly that the diag- nosis is satisfactory ” ; and he further sug- gested that the trouble might be at the roots, due to some change that lessened the subterranean water supply. Upon this suggestion several roots were sent; but neither in this instance could there be found any indication of the trouble prevalent. This satisfied me that fungus had nothing, or very little, to do with the extermination of the Oak; but that Pro- fessor Halstead’s suggestion as to lack of water supply was correct, even if the roots did not indicate it. The cause which led to this wholesale dying out is undoubtedly not of recent date; and to get at the 1 ‘oot of the trouble it would be necessary to turn back for al- most a decade. The drouths of 1893, 94 and’95 are still fresh in the memory of every one engaged in agriculture or horticulture ; the drouth being quite general over the country. Losses were great in both industries, especially on higher levels or near large cities where ariel sewerage assisted in the work of destruction. During those three years the earth dried out to a con- siderable depth. Then I noticed by dig- ging a sewer that at a depth of ten feet or more the ditch was perfectly dry; w hen under ordinary conditions water ‘could be found at a depth of three or four feet. Was it possible for trees to obtain ve = for cient moisture under such conditions ? suredly not. And here we may look the starting point of those causes destroy- at Lake Geneva and ing the oak forest other points. THE FORESTER. March, wo heii a ONE OF THE OLD WAYS BUT IN USE YET. BARRELS AND TUBS ARE USED TO STORE STAP. BOILING MAPLE SAP IN KETTLES. SUGAR BUSH. 19Ol. of the sugar makers taking the trouble to provide a stock of dry eel for the pur- pose. No shed or house was used, but the work was carried on in the open air, in all kinds of weather, rain or snow, wind or calm, storm or sunshine. Smoke, steam and falling cinders surrounded the poling kettle, discoloring and flavoring the prod- uct accordingly. By constantly adding to the contents of the kettle the sap was boiled from early morning until late at night. The scum and various impurities rising to the surface were skimmed off as fast as they appeared. Small quantities of milk or white of eggs were thrown into the kettle from time to time to clarify the syrup and by coagulation assist in bringing the impurities to the surface, an old- ficinaned practice still adhered to by many sugar makers. Whenever the liquid was liable to boil over, a lump of fat pork or small piece of lard was thrown in to prevent this. Some sugar makers pre- vented the overflow by an automatic ar- rangement which consisted in hanging a piece of pork over the kettle within a few inches of the boiling sap; and some ac- complished the same result by greasing the rim of the kettle with lard. The test of granulation was usually made by pouring some of the boiling syrup on the snow. If it ‘ waxed,’ and on cooling became brit- tle, the time had come to ‘sugar San / Sometimes a twig, bent and eeteded a the end into a loop, was dipped into re boiling mass; if a film would form across the opening with enough tenacity and elasticity to stretch outward when AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 67 blown upon, the test was deemed satisfac- Cony. Now improved appliances and more in- telligent methods are everywhere resulting in greater economy of production, and much purer product. Of this Col. Fox says: ‘** The complaint is often heard that maple sugar is adulterated, and that it lacks the true maple flavor of the old- fashioned product. The genuine article as now made is so different in color and taste from the product of former years that the consumer is suspicious of its purity. But the ‘true old-fashioned ’ flavor was too often due to impurities, not purity. The peculiar taste was caused largely by sour sap, burned sugar, smoke, cinders, leaves, bark and the rain or melted snow that dripped from the trees into the open tubs and buckets. People acquired a taste for this compound, just as they learned to relish other unwholesome arti- cles of food. On the other hand, the efforts to produce an absolutely pure arti- cle has resulted in a whitish, hard, flinty cake in which there is little lett of the maple taste. ‘¢The refining process may be carried too! far. - A+ pure ‘article: that’ as" merely sweet will not satisfy the consumer. Cane sugar is equally sweet and costs only half as much. The extra price for maple sugar is paid in order to obtain the deli- cious flavor peculiar to that product. The work of refining should cease as soon as the impurities are eliminated, in order to retain as far as possible the distinct taste of the maple.” 68 THE FORESTER: The Forester, PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY The American Forestry Association, AND Devoted to Arboriculture and Forestry, the Care and Use of Forests and Forest Trees, and Related Subjects. The FORESTER assumes no responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles. All members of the American Forestry Associa- tion receive the FORESTER free of charge. Annual fee for regular members $2.00. Anapplication blank will be found in the back of this number. All contributions and communications should be addressed to the EDITOR, 202 14th Street, S. W., Washington, D.C. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to 41 North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa., or 202 14th St., S. W., Washington, D. C. Copyright, 1901, by the American Forestry As- sociation. Vol. VII. MARCH, rgor. No. 3. The Forest Agi- Since the last FoRESEER tation in New went to press an associa- Hampshire. tion named ‘* The Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests” has been organized at Concord (N. H.), and Ex-Governor F. W. Rollins, has been elected its presi- dent; Joseph T. Walker, of Concord, its secretary. Its constitution and a full list of its officers will soon be published. Meanwhile, largely as a result of the agi- tation from which the Association has sprung, a number of forest bills have al. ready been introduced into the State legis- lature. That they are being killed off fast in the committees is of little impor- tance for such was almost sure to be their fate. They are interesting enough simply as the first formulated expressions of a long hoped-for movement which has taken shape very rapidly during the last six months, and which is now producing a State association. Taken together they ex- press a simple and yet fairly complete State policy with regard to the forests—one which involves the establishing and man- agement of a State reservation, the dis- couragement of clean cutting, and the fostering of investments in forest growth through the lessening of taxes. This policy is sure to be adopted ultimately. March, For there are places in the White Moun- tains in which public ownership is as much an essential condition of the region’s per- manent attractiveness and prosperity as anywhere in New York or Massachusetts. The method of cutting off the small trees with the big and then deserting the land to fire, which is still practiced by many lumbermen, is generally both shortsighted from the point of view of whoever owns the land, and bad from that of the com- munity. And lastly, so to distribute taxes as to discourage needlessly an industry which would interfere with no other but would fill a vacancy, shows only improvi- dence. On all these accounts the sub- stance of the bills which have failed in the State legislatures this winter, must become a.reality in New Hampshire in time. The sentiment of the State, as soon as there is any worthy of the name, will demand it, but whether in all things by way of the statute books may be doubted. For instance, a law restricting the cutting for sale of soft woods to trees ten inches or over in diameter, two feet above the ground—such is one of those before the legislature this winter—could never be enforced beyond the point up to which the sentiment of the community was ac- tively in favor of it, and up to that point it would be needless. For the present it is good to see this sentiment being aroused both by the discussion of proposed laws and by a promising association. Fd Just as the legislature of New Hampshire is being asked to pass a law to prohibit the cutting for sale of pine, hem- lock, spruce and fir trees, under ten inches in diameter, there has come to our notice a ** Contract for Cutting and Haul- ing Logs” according to which the Great Northern Paper Co., of Maine, is having its lands lumbered. This company is one of the largest owners of spruce in the northeastern States, and the contract shows that it has decided of its own accord to do about what some people in New Hamp- shire would have their State require by law. This contract is evidently based on An Example to the Point. Igol. Messrs. Pinchot and Graves’ publications on the Adirondack Spruce, and stipulates, briefly, that where the company contracts for cutting, operations shall be carried on so that a future supply of trees can be counted on. The most notable clauses in this contract demand that: All trees shall be sawed and not cut, shall be sawed as close to the ground as practicable, and in no case shall a stump be left higher than the diameter of the tree where sawed, plus six inches. That where there is three feet or more of snow, each tree shall be shoveled out before sawing. That trees smaller than inches in diameter at the stump shall not be sawed or hauled, except small trees that may be cut in swamping, and that these are to be hauled as small as five inches at the top end, whatever length. That no Spruce or Pine shall be used for bridges, roads, skids, slides or other purposes where other timber can be had, and that all merchantable timber used for skids, slides or other purposes shall be hauled and delivered. That all trees shall be run up into the tops and well trimmed before being cut off, and That the person contracting to do the cutting shall carefully guard all fires kindled by him or his employees so that they shall not spread or cause injury, and shall keep the Forest Commissioner’s no- tices in regard tofires posted conspicuously. In other words the Great Northern Paper Co. wishes to have what is forestry of a rough sort practiced on its lands. A man who knows the New England lumber business intimately said recently that three- fourths of the lumbermen of New Hamp- shire were trying to do likewise. The moral of this is that individual initiative may go far toward effecting what the law which has just failed of passage could scarcely have accomplished. A wise and well equipped forest commission might, through such work as the Agricultural Boards have been doing, produce a state of things in New Hampshire in a compara- tively few years such as no mere legislation either now or later could hope to bring about. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 69 A Forest Department in Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Legis- lature passed an Act last month which raises the Division of Forestry of that State’s Department of Agriculture to the position of a Departmant of Forestry. In addition to the new importance which is thus given to the forest service of the State, the efficiency and strength of its or- ganization is much increased by the Act. The department is to consist of a Com- missioner of Forestry, and four others. These shall also constitute the State For- estry Reservation Commission. The Com- missioner is to hold office for four years and so are his fellow members of the Reservation Commission; they are not all to be appointed at the same time however, and their terms of office so overlap that the Board will always have two members of two years’ experience. The Reserva- tion Commission is empowered to buy lands for the forest preserve, to manage them, to sell timber, and to make con- tracts for the mining of any valuable min- erals which may be found in them. The Act further specifies that the Commis- sioner of Forestry shall be the President and executive officer of the Forestry Res- ervation Commission, and also Superin- tendent of the State Forestry Reserva- tions, and shall have immediate control, under the direction of the Commission, of all forest lands belonging to the Common- wealth. He is empowered to execute all rules adopted by the Commission for the enforcement of laws designed to protect the forest from fire and depredation, and is also empowered to employ detective service and to make arrests. It is also provided in this Act that the kindling of fire on a forest reservation, except in accord- ance with the rules and regulations of the Commission, shall be a misdemeanor for which the penalty is a fine of not less than one hundred dollars, or more than five hundred. Governor Stone has just ap- pointed Dr. J. T. Rothrock as Commis- sioner. No State has passed a more thor- ough or broadly founded Act than this, and none has a more conscientious or more vigorous Commissioner. The Act shows what a Commissioner and State 70 forestry association can in time accom- plish; for there can be no doubt that Pennsylvania’s present treatment of her forests is due chiefly to the patient and persistent work of Dr. Rothrock and the other ofticers and members of the State Association. & Results of the The short session of the Congressional last congress has ad- Session. journed and a number of measures which it was hoped would be passed must still wait for another year. First among them are those looking toward the purchase of the Cala- veras Grove, the investigation of the Minnesota Park project, and the establish- ment of a Southern Appalachian Forest Reserve. The proposed Appalachian Re- serve has been surveyed and reported on at the desire of congress, has been recom- mended by the Secretary of Agriculture, and has been voted on favorably by the Senate. It is safe to say that only the great pressure of other business prevented the House from voting in its favor this year. Some ground will have to be gone over again but it needs no prophet to see that though its friends failed of success this year this reserve will in time be established. Of the Calaveras Grove and the Minne- sota Park less can be said. In spite of the efforts of those who are trying to have the Minnesota park question voted on it was hardly mentioned during this session of Congress and on the two or three occa- sions when it was, nothing was done. An act for the purchase of the Calaveras Grove passed the Senate but was opposed in the House. Inthe same way the dif- ferent measures which belong, perhaps, more particularly to the field of irrigation fell through. The Pima Indian appro- priation, carrying $100,000 for irrigation investigations and works in the South- west failed of passage at the very end of the session, as did likewise the different measures attached to the River and Har- bor Bill. Nor was there any increase in the appropriation for the Hydrographic Division of the Geological Survey. THE FORESTER. March, But in spite of what the 56th Congress has not done the year need not be looked upon as one barren of results. The session was a very short one and one unusually full of important business. Besides, much per- suading and explaining, which goes with everything as new as forestry and irriga- tion, will not have to be done over again. And finally the increase in the appropria- tion for the Division of Forestry from $88,520 to $157,240 and the promotion of the same Division to the standing of a Bureau, a measure which was threat- ened with failure at first but which passed without difficulty, are notable steps in advance. am An amendment to the Sundry, ] Civile xe penses” bill was pro- posed last month providing: ‘* That any person residing within the limits of any forest reservation, or any person who did reside therein at the time of its creation, or whose live stock had ranges within the area covered by such reservation prior to its creation and still ranges within its limits, shall be permitted to graze live stock continuously within the limits of such reservation upon the condition that he will at all times use his best efforts to prevent the starting and spread of forest fires in the locality in which his stock ranges.” Although the Department of Agriculture is even now making a thor- ough and careful investigation of the graz- ing question this amendment passed the Senate with but little modification. The chief trouble with this amendment is that whoever framed it did not provide adequately against the depravity of those who apply the letter of the law rather than its spirit. The amendment should be more explicit. After ‘still ranges within its limits” there should be inserted ‘* or whose relatives and friends resided in said re- serve, or had live stock ranging therein, or any of whose herders had ever pastured stock on the reserve.” Its meaning would then be reasonably plain. Legislation about grazing. I9QOl. NEN CS: NOUES, How Forestry Differs from Lumbering. The following defini- tion of the difference be- tween forestry and lum- bering is quoted from the anicle by vir: O27 Ws Price, of the Di- vision of Forestry in the Report of the New York Forest, Fish and Game Com- mission: ‘¢ A working plan is, first of all, a plan for lumbering. It specifies the diameter limit to which trees shall be taken, and includes estimates of the yield. It fixes the areas to be logged over, forecasts the profits to be realized, and sums up the whole situation from a business point of view. In so far, it treats of what is to be done in the forest entirely from the stand- point of the lumberman, and it is based upon the same study of local conditions that any good lumberman makes before he fells a tree. The lumberman’s working plan, however, generally considers only the most profitable way of harvesting the merchantable timber. The forester’s working plan is made with a view also to the removal of the mature timber in such a way as to hasten the production of a second crop. In spite of much that has been said to the contrary, there is no other radical difference in purpose between the two. Both wish to make the forest pay as high an interest as possible upon the capital which it represents. The lumber- man is usually content to receive returns only once from the same area. The for- ester lumbers with a view to lumbering again. Exactly the same study of the quality and amount of merchantable tim- ber, of the conditions for its transport, and the market open to it for sale, is necessary under lumbering and under forestry.” Of the introduction of forestry on the New York State Preserve, Mr. Price con- cludes: ‘¢ Systematic forest management should show good results upon the New York State Preserve. Practical forestry has been proved in the Adirondacks and has been found to pay. It will pay also upon AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 7 AND COMMENT. the Preserve, both in money and in those indirect returns which will result from the maintenance of so large and important a body of forest land and the production of a steady supply of timber. ‘Until the repeal of the clause of the 1894 amendment to the State Constitution which prohibits all cutting in the New York Forest Preserve, the application of practical forestry will naturally be im- possible. This clause entails an annual loss to the State equal to the amount of timber which goes to waste each year. It cuts off entirely what might be made an important resource, and it does not tend to the improvement of the forest itself. When it was passed there was some reason to fear that if lumbering were once begun upon the Preserve it might be difficult to regulate it. The State is now in a posi- tion, however, to base the management upon conservative methods and to see that they are carried out.” a Burning Brush and Forest Fires. ‘Phe most) freq@ wen causes of woodland fires in our State (New York) are the small fires started by farmers for the purpose of burning brush, logs and stumps, in order to clear some piece of land. These are known locally as fallow fires, and the operation is generally alluded to as burning a ‘ fol- ler.’ This work as a rule is carelessly done, and as the farmer always selects a dry time in order to get a good burn, as he terms it, the fire escapes too frequently into the adjoining forest. Having piled the brush and logs into heaps for burning the farmer seldom employs any extra help to guard against the escape of the fire, and so when a breeze spr ings up, as is very apt to be the case, he is unable to control the flames or prevent them from being driven into the adjoining woods. Too often he is known to set fire to his brush heaps and then go away to attend to other work, leaving the fire unwatched. Nearly all Ler de) 14 the burned areas in the Adirondack region are due to the carelessness of men employed in these petty agricultural operations.”— Fourth Annual Report of the New York Forest, Fish and Game Commission, p. 329. & In good part owing to the efforts of the section of Tree-planting of the Division of Forestry in- terest in tree growing has been increasing rapidly in the region of the upper Missis- sippi Valley. An agent of the Divison has recently returned from that region, and reports that the farmers in the territory west of the Mississippi and north of the 4oth parallel of latitude are awakening to the importance of planting trees, especially for economic purposes. ‘The planters are anxious to avoid the mistakes made during the operation of the Timber Claim Act. The groves now being planned are de- signed to be permanent features on the homesteads. To that end, the farmers will use a greater proportion of long-lived slow- growing species than formerly. The de- mand for such hardy, drouth resisting species as the Hackberry, Green Ash, White Elm, Bur Oak, Red Elm, Red Cedar, and Rock Pine (Bull Pine) prom- ises to be greatly increased during the next few years. The greatest present dif- ficulty with which the prospective tree planter has to contend is the fact that commercial growers of nursery stock are not supplied with this kind of material. The nurseries still carry large quantities of the short-lived kinds, such as Boxelder, Cottonwood, Maple and Willow, but are short on the more valuable species. The planting of conifers on the prairies of the West during the past has not been attended with general success. This is partly owing to the use of eastern and in- troduced trees which are not adapted to the country. There is abundant evidence, however, that the Red Cedar and Rock Pine (Bull Pine) will thrive throughout this section. The desirability of ever- greens for wind-breaks on a bleak prairie Long-lived Trees for Plantations. THE FORESTER. March, should lead owners to turn their attention to these hardy native species. & Mr. Wadsworth At the request of the on the Forest Editor of Forest and Commission. Stream, Mr. A. W. Wadsworth, President ofthe New York Forest Fish and Game Commission, has expressed his views on the commission and its work in a letter in which the following paragraphs refer directly to the forests. “In answer to your request for my views on the subject, I beg leave to say that I think that the Forest, Fish and Game Commission is an anomaly as at present constituted, for reasons given under the following heads. ‘¢ The Commission is supposed to have charge of the State lands, amounting to hundreds of thousands of acres (1,384,128) valued at over ten millions of dollars, yet divided into nearly six thousand separate lots (5,974), some covered by valuable timber, subject to forest fires, decay and death; others miles away from the rest, surrounded by hotels and settlements, use- less for game, timber or water supply, but of great value for lease, sale or exchange. ‘* But the Commission can make no rules regarding them beyond the laws enacted. The Constitution prohibits the leasing of land or even the giving away of dead timber, and the Legislature allows but three foresters to look after this property. ‘¢ At such time as the people feel that they can‘ trust their officers and will with- draw the constitutional provision regard- ing them, the State forests should be put in charge of an unpaid Commission, not to exceed three members, who should have absolute jurisdiction within their limits on all matters pertaining to them, such as water supply and pollution, game refuges and protection and the control of camp- ing parties. They should also be em- powered, under proper restrictions, to ex- change, lease or sell outlying lots, and to practice forestry in a proper and conser- vative manner under a well defined plan, and should be allowed sufficient force under their own control to do so.” 1gOl. Interest in scientific for- estry is rapidly increasing in the South. A prelim- inary examination has been made by the Division of Forestry of the U. S. De- partment of Agriculture of the large forest in Polk and Monroe counties, Tennessee, owned by Senator George Peabody Wet- more, of Rhode Island, and examination has established the suitability of this tract for sustained forest management. Work will now be begun and pushed in making a working plan for the forest, which con- tains 84,000 acres of hardwood timber. The Division has also received from the South two other important requests for expert assistance in forest management. The first is from the Okeetee @inke which owns 60,000 acres of Shortleaf Pine land in Beaufort and Hampton counties, in South Carolina. Mr. Overton W. Price, Superintendent of Working Plans ir the Division of Forestry, will make a prelim- inary examination to ascertain whether a working plan for the tract is feasible. In addition to Shortleaf Pine, this tract con- tains Cypress in the swamp lands, and also some hardwood timber. The Okeetee Club’s tract borders on the Savannah river, with markets by water and rail at no great distances. The other request to the Di- vision for assistance comes from north- western Georgia, where a preliminary ex- amination of 16,000 acres of Shortleaf Pine is wanted. Forestry in the South. & Massachusetts ‘‘ There seems to be Wood Lots. little doubt that, for the present at least, White Pine is the best timber crop for the aver- age Massachusetts farmer. The wood is always in demand, having no substitute at all comparable to it, and our supply of the first-class article is in this State (Massa- chusetts), as largely elsewhere, nearly ex- hausted. White Pine springs up readily almost everywhere on worthless pasture land or sandy wastes where hardly any- thing else of value can grow. Among the Berkshire hills it appears to be the only antidote for the all-encroaching shrubby cinquefoil, crowding out the pest when AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 73, nothing else avails. Everywhere it seems begging to show what it could do with only a chance if man were not too obtuse to take the hint. There are thousands of acres of this poor cheap land in Massachu- setts lying idle or growing up with young Pine which farmers often take more pains to destroy than all the labor they would need to put into its cultivation, cutting and burning it over to get for their cattle a barren pasturage not fit for goats. With a small investment of labor and capital all this land might soon yield a good revenue both to its owners and to the State, except by the seashore, where, affected by the salt water, White Pine will not grow, and there its place is taken by Pitch Pine, which also might be turned to better account than it is. White Pine, too, yields perhaps the quickest and largest returns of any valuable timber tree in this State, and there is little risk in its cultiva- tion except from fire. But when land owners all over the State are raising high- priced timber, public sentiment will de- mand more stringent laws for the preven- tion of forest fires and will see that they are executed.” ‘¢ While clearing out old and inferior growth from the w rood lot the remaining trees, the crop to be cultivated, should be thinned and thin bare spots be filled in by planting or natural seeding. A natural woodland properly managed should more than double its value in twenty years, when many of the larger trees will be ready to cut at a good profit, while the wood taken out meanwhile by weeding, thinning, and pruning yields just as Sond a return as though cut in the ordinary way, merely . for its own value.”—Mrs. M. L. Tucker in the Zransactions of the Mass. Horti- cultural Society. 1900. aniele x 4 Among the recent appli- cants to the Division of Forestry for advice and assistance in the manage- ment of its woodlands is the Moose River Lumber Co., which owns a tract of 16,000 acres in the Adirondacks (N. Y.). This tract is mostly spruce land and is situated More Forestry in the Adiron- dacks. 74 in Herkimer County. The preliminary examination has already been made by one of the experts of the Division of Forestry and the working plan will be prepared this spring. It will contain estimates of the present and future yields of timber on the tract, and will also make recommen- dations regarding the lumbering. This application, taken with those which have been received from other owners of private forest lands in the Adirondacks during the last two years, brings the total area of private land in that region, for which working plans have been requested up to more than 400,000 acres. On ‘140,000 acres these plans are already in operation. & ‘* The death is announced in his seven- tieth year of Dr. Bernhardt Danckelmann, for the last thirty-five years director of the Prussian Royal Academy of Forestry at Eberswalde. He was one of the first to advocate the training of foresters in special colleges, and was the author of important works on forestry.” —.Sc/exce. Dr. Danckelmann was the editor of the Zeitschrift fiir Forst- und Jagdwesen. & The Division of Forestry of the U. S. Department of Agriculture has se- lected from its working force two trained lumbermen with some knowledge of forestry, to be sent to the Philippine Islands in compliance with a cable request from the Taft Philippine Commission. The persons selected for this work are Mr. Grant Bruce, formerly a State forester in New York, and Mr. Edward Hamilton. Both of these men are expert lumbermen with some training in forestry, and have been selected in view of their special fitness for the Philippinework. The preliminary forest work in the Philippines has been carried on by a Bureau of Forestry which was established in April, 1900, with Capt. George P. Ahern, Ninth United States Infantry, in charge. The work of this Bureau’ has convinced the Taft Commission of the great importance of the timber lands as a natural source of wealth, and of the neces- Work of the Philippine Forest Bureau. THE FORESTER. March, sity of putting the Bureau on such a footing that it could handle the woodlands properly and effectively. Furthermore, it is evi- dent that the cutting of timber under proper regulations will provide a large and increasing annual revenue. It has been found necessary to permit the cutting of timber to supply the present pressing needs, but care has been taken at the same time that the cutting should be done in a manner that would work no injury to the future growth of the forests. These con- siderations led the commission to cable to Washington for trained foresters to assist in putting the service on a more satisfac- tory footing. Under the Spanish administration the timber lands of the Philippine Islands were in charge of a Department of For- estry which was organized in 1863. The personnel of this Department was made up of expert foresters, rangers, clerks, draughtsmen, etc., the higher officials be ing selected from the Spanish Corps of Engineers. After Captain Ahern was appointed he received authority to employ a small num- ber of foresters, rangers, and clerks; by September his office force had been doubled, in order to handle the work of the Bureau properly. The call for activ- ity on the part of those in charge of the Bureau of Forestry was emphasized at once by the lumber famine in Manila and other important towns, owing to the destruction of buildings in the war, and the increased demand for good dwelling houses resulting from the large influx of Americans. For these reasons the felling of trees and the marketing of lumber had to begin soon after the establishment of the Bureau. Captain Ahern is in con- stant communication with the Division of Forestry, for assistance and coéperation with the Philippine Bureau of Forestry. The work of that Bureau was confined for some months to the Island of Luzon, but recently it has been carried to other points in the Archipelago. The present plan is to cover all the important forests as the development of the working force will permit. One great difficulty which is delaying the work of the Bureau, is the Igol. lack of capable and active subordinate officials. It is difficult to find men famil- iar with the forest conditions and the uses of the woods of the Philippines, who are entirely satisfactory in other respects. It is believed that the best means of securing a competent and efficient force is to ¢mploy new men and train them on the ground as speedily as possible. In this work Messrs. Bruce and Hamilton will be able to render valuable assistance. The Bureau was recently reorganized so as to consist of an officer in charge, an in- spector, a botanist, a chief clerk, and sten- ographer, a translator, a law clerk, a record clerk, 10 assistant foresters, and 30 rang- ers. It is the intention of the officer in charge to work up a forest service on the lines of the work carried on in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, through its Division of Forestry. The wholesale de- struction Of timber will be stopped, and the cutting will proceed under regulations looking to the future yields of the forests. The fire question will also receive close attention. Mr. Bruce and Mr. Hamilton have sailed from San Francisco for Manila on the transport /zdzana. & Two Lumber ‘‘It is time that in this Journals on country, at least in loca- Forest Methods. tions where the timber is to be had, the lumber busi- ness should cease to be a matter of this year and next, and it should cease to be a short term of destructive enterprise and bea per- manent investment such as would attract trust funds or any capital which desired a long term safe investment; inasmuch as it is as safe as any that can be imagined— safer if possible than government bonds, and will pay a better interest.”— 7he American Lumberman. ‘¢ Two things impress themselves upon the mind in this connection. One is that both private holders of timber lands and public officials should become interested at once in practical forestry methods and aims as exemplified in the work of the national government through its division of forestry. The other is that owners of AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. “I Nn timber lands should realize more fully than ever before the inevitable future en- hancement in the value of their holdings. Such a realization will do much to pre- vent waste and the rapid manufacture of trees into lumber when the price of the latter is depressed. This, with care and proper laws to protect the timber against depredation and fire, will do much to pro- long the integrity of our forest resources.” —Lumber Trade Journal. a Report of N. Y. The New York Forest, Forest, Fish and Fish and Game Com- Game Commis- mission in its recent an- sion. nual report to the Legis- lature, made the follow- ing recommendations: ‘¢ That the Constitution be so amended as to provide for the practice of conserv- ative forestry on State lands (a vast estate of 1,384,128 acres, of a value variously estimated at from $5,000,000 to $10,000, - 000, of which this Commision has sole care and control, and which it must pro- tect from damage by trespass, fire and poaching), and the sale of dead, dying or mature timber under proper safeguards. ‘¢ That the excellent work done by the United States Government in connection with our foresters, as shown by the report of the United States Forestry Depz urtment, herewith submitted, be continued and an appropriation of $3,500, as requested, be made for that purpose. ‘¢ That a force of rangers be appointed for the prevention of forest fires, timber stealing and poaching on State land. ‘¢ That all town fire wardens be allowed a moiety of the fine in criminal actions, after payment of expenses, in cases where they can secure evidence that will lead to conviction for setting forest fires. ‘That the Boz ird be allowed to set aside certain limited portions of the State lands as game refuges, and absolutely to prohibit the killing of wild animals therein. ‘¢ That the anti-hounding law be per- manently extended, and that no dogs of a breed which will pursue deer be allowed in the woods at any time. ‘¢ That the killing of does be prohibited at all times.” “6 THE FORESTER. ‘«« Above all, we would especially call your attention to the difficulty of enforc- ing the law in regard to the pollution of streams. This is 2 matter of vital im- portance and not to be dismissed as affect- ing only the lives of some fishes, the pleasure of some anglers or the dividends of some pulp mills. We are a water drinking people, and we are allowing every brook te be defiled. Nature pro- vides that they should be kept pure by animals which feed on the dead matters which fall into them, but the chemicals March, with which they are polluted can destroy all forms of life, so that every beast which dies in the mountains will soon roll down into our reservoirs, pickled in acids which no fish or bacteria can touch and live. It is not necessary to destroy or hamper any industry in order to prevent the pollution of water courses. What is really needed is to check the criminal selfishness of those who would rather poison their fel- low citizens with their offal than to spend a few dollars to take care of it.” RECEN LE PUBEICA TIONS: The Lumber Trade of the United States. By O. P. Austin. From the Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance for November, 1900. Bureau of Statistics, U. S. Treasury Department. This publication meetsa want which has been strongly felt by persons desiring information about the lumber trade, and it should be wel- comed by every student of economics, as well as by lumbermen and foresters. The author has brought together in a well arranged form all the available facts and figures about the lumber trade, presenting his conclusions in a straight- forward, business-like way. Uniform statistics of the lumber business are difficult to secure except for the large centers of production. In other regions estimates of the annual output, of the number of mills in operation, of the capital invested, etc., are in most cases available only for certain years or are altogether wanting. How- ever, the formation of lumbermen’s associations, whose reports are published in the various lum- ber journals, is tending to simplify the collection of such statistics. Mr. Austin has drawn largely upon these sources for the facts concerning production of timber in various parts’ of the country. His tables, comparing the output of lumber for home and foreign consumption, are exceedingly instructive and are most valuable because this information has hitherto been too scattered to be readily available to the average economist, General conclusions regarding supplies of standing timber are extremely difficult to make. No accurate information exists regarding the amount of timber over extensive areas and esti- mates for whole States or for the entire country must bebroad guesses. Still more unsatisfactory are any attempts to predict future supplies, for there is an almost total lack of knowledge of the amount and condition of young timber in the United States and of the growth of the various trees under different conditions. Mr. Austin is wisely conservative in his statements respecting these points. For the total stand of merchantable timber he quotes Dr. B. E. Fernow, who places the amount at 2,300 billion feet. The total an- nual output of lumber is quoted from the /ws- ber Trade Journal of New Orleans as 40 billion feet. In discussing future supplies the author quotes from the reports of Mr. Henry Gannett. It is hoped that this valuable publication may be followed from year to year by others of the same character. Jat; (Sk (Ee The Fourth Annual Report of the Commis- sioners of Fisheries, Game and Forests of New York State—1897. This is the fourth of the large and profusely illustrated annual reports of the New York Forest and Game Commission. The articles which refer more or less directly to the for- ests or wood industries are nine in number. Of these the report of the Superintendent of State Forests is naturally the first, and is fol- lowed by the regular reports on the production of timber in Northern New York, and on Forest Fires in 1898, both also by Col. Wm. F. Fox. The last two are much like those which ap- peared a year ago; the most interesting part of the ‘‘State Superintendent’s Report’’ are the rec- ommendations, and of these perhaps the most important concerns the State’s title to lands in forest preserve. It seetrs that there are still the many parcels of land in the reserve which are occupied by farmers, and according to the pres- ent requirements of law, the occupants pay the taxes. But of these lands a good part are forested and should belong to the State reserve. Experience has shown that to have these lands assessed to the occupants makes it difficult under certain circumstances for the State to secure an unclouded title tothem. It is therefore urged 19O0l. that the law be amended so that ‘‘all the land in the Forest Preserve, together with whatever buildings or other public improvements may be there, should be assessed to the State.’? * * * True farm Jands would in no way be interfered with by this, but the timber producing areas within the preserve might thus more easily be secured to the State. The importance of this is increasing aunually—imore rapidly than ever now that the market for hardwoods is improv- ing,—for : “‘So long as the operations of the log jobbers are confined to the removal of one or two species the protective character of the forest was not seriously impaired. But with the ad- vent of these other industries, requiring more or all of the species growing there, it is evident that large areas of standing timber are threatened with extinction. It becomes more imperative each year that the State shall acquire the terri- tory in order to prevent such results, and also to inaugurate some conservative forest policy whereby it can supply the people with this much-needed product without ruining the source of supply. To accomplish this the State must first acquire the land by purchasing them as fast as they are offered for sale ; and this can be done gradually without interfering with in- dustries already established.”’ A paper by Dr. B. E. Fernow of the Cornell Forest School entitled ‘‘Adirondack Forestry Problems,’’ is an enlarged edition of an article which appeared under the same title in THE FORESTER for October, 1900. The paragraphs in this report which are new, explain the work on the plantations of the Cornell tract, and criticize what Dr. Fernow calls European methods of forest management in the Adirondacks. ‘These passages, he makes it plain, are meant for the work of Messrs. Pinchot and Graves and of the Federal Department of Agriculture. We by no means agree with them, and it seems somewhat strange to find them printed in the same volume with a paper on the ‘Working Plans for the State Preserve,’ by O. W. Price, the superin- tendent of working plans in the Division of whose present methods Dr. Fernow so dis- approves. ‘This last article should be, to those to whom forestry is an unfamiliar field, the most suggestive article in the volume. Wecommend it to all who are interested in this present ques- tion of allowing cutting on the New York Pre- serve. Two articles on the ‘‘ Sanitary Benefits of the Adirondack Forest,’’ and the ‘‘ Adirondack Cot- tage Sanitarium,’”’ by Dr. E. L. Trudeau, de- scribe the results in curing and arresting con- sumption which have thus far been obtained at Saranac Lake. These have an especial interest in this connection now that the State of New York has decided to undertake the institutional treatment of tuberculosis. Of the remaining papers that of the State Entomologist, Dr. EF. P. Felt, on “Insects Injurious to Forest Trees,”’ has already been noticed in THE FORESTER for November, 1goo. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 7/7 Dr. John Gifford’s paper entitled ‘‘ Forestry on Sandy Soils,” deals with a subject about which little of value has been written in this country. Dr. Gifford’s ability to deai with it is already known to those who have read certain of his earlier articles and his report on ‘‘Forestry on the Coastal Plain of New Jersey.”? ‘The drift of his paper is indicated in the first sentences: ‘‘ There are vast areas of sand lands throughout the Eastern United States, especially along the coast and in the neighborhood of the Great Lakes. They exist in such quantities and are in such a deplorable condition that their treat- ment should be a matter of national concern. Sand lands may for a time produce good agri- cultural crops, but for reasons which I shall ex- plain more in detail later, they are far more fit for the production of forests.”? Dr. Gifford takes up first the improvement of soils by forest growth, and then the fixation of sand dunes. The experience of European countries in deal- ing with tasks of which we’in this country are only beginning to realize the importance, is largely cited. Report of the Forester for 1900. By GIFFORD PINCHOT. From the Annual Reports, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Pp. 9. The Report of the Forester for 1900 can be obtained by application to the Department of Agriculture. The last year’s very remarkable advance in all things relating to forestry has been led by the Department of Agriculture and has registered itself in its work. The following extract from the summary of principal results will indicate how much is being done : “During the year applications were received for working plans for 48,078,449 acres, personal examinations on the ground were made of 2,103,- 670 acres, working plans were begun upon I. 325,- ooo acres, plans were completed for 179,000 acres, and 54,000 acres were put under”’management. In accordance with the request of the Secretary of the Interior, the’preparation of a working plan for the Black Hills Forest Reserve was begun as the first step toward conservative IfimMbering on the national forest reserves. The working plans already in operation under the supervision of this Division were all continued, and the char- acter of the work was in nearly all cases much improved. ‘Planting plans were prepared for 59 land owners in It States. A unique and most prom- ising study of the effect of forest cover on the flow of streams was begun in southern California through the courtesy and codperation of the Arrowhead Reservoir Company of San Bernar- dino. Studies of forest fires were made in 26 States, and the grazing investigation requested by the Interior Department for the national forest reserves was inaugurated. Working plans were also begun for the New York State Forest Preserve. ‘‘ The investigations of the growth and repro- duction of commercial trees were continued and “8 THE FORESTER. extended, and the studies in the history of for- estry produced important results, now ready for publication.” ; ; Of the applications for working plans Mr. Pinchot says: ‘‘ Since the introduction of prac- tical forestry on the nationsl forest reserves and on private lands alike depends more than on any other.factor upon the ability of the Division of Forestry to comply with these requests, the meagerness of its resources is the most effective of all hindrances to the progress of forest reform in the United States.’’ Report of the Chief Inspector of Timber and Forestry for Canada,1g00. By ELIHU STEW- ART, Chief Inspector of Timber and Forestry. Part V: Annual Report of the Department of the Interior for 1900. Pp. 15, Plates VII. After pointing out that the management of forests is a legitimate function of the govern- ment, and urging the necessity of continuing the work in this line already begun in Canada, the author of this bulletin speaks of the Cana- dian spruce forests. ‘‘ Fortunately this coun- try,’’ says Mr. Stewart, ‘‘so fruitful in natural resources, seems destined to supply the world with another product of the forest in the spruce timber, which will prebably be as important and valuable in the future as the White Pine has been in the past.’’ In support of this state- meut he quotes Mr. Geo. Johnson, who in a re- cent publication on the ‘‘Pulp Wood of Canada ”’ says: ‘‘In Canada there is practically an un- limited supply of wood suitable for pulp of the highest character. The area of Canada upon which the Spruce grows is almost co terminous with the geographical boundaries. Far east the Spruce grows along the shores of Hamilton Inlet and the northern shores of the Gulf of St. Law- rence. Far north around the shores of Ungara Bay and far northwest in Coronation Gulf, and to the mouth of Mackenzie River the Spruce matures and arrives at good size. Far west along the fiords of British Columbia, Spruce abounds, increasing in quantity as one goes north.” Much of the space in this bulletin is taken up with a description of the Canadian Forest Re- serves, The fire question is discussed and the employment of fire rangers to assist the forest rangers is noted. Fire-guards have been com- pleted in several of the reserves and every pre- caution is being taken to prevent future forest and prairie fires. The enlargement of the Rocky Mountain Park is again suggested, and tree planting on the plains is discussed. The Forests of Allegheny County, Md. By George B. Sudworth. Maryland Geological Survey. Pp. 30. Illustrations 14. Map. It is obviously important that the forest con- ditions in all parts of the country should be ex- amined and reported on. Such reports, though not widely interesting, are invaluable for refer- ence in every question concerning the forests, of any given region, and are to be welcomed whenever they appear, especially when as good March, as this report for the Maryland Geological Survey. After reviewing briefly the geological conditions of Allegany County, Mr. Sudworth describes the character and distribution of the forests and different forest trees. Then afier ex- — plaining the relation of the lumbering and min- _ ing industries to reproduction, he takes up the | fire question, and makes a number of suggestions _ about measures of protection against fire and — the management of the woodlands. There is — little in this report which will be new to those who are familiar with the forests of other parts — of Maryland and the neighboring States, but there are a number of such passages as the fol- lowing which, for the present, cannot be re- peated too often : ‘While in general the damage by fires in this region appears not to be great, especially since there is little or no apparent decrease in the forest eover, nevertheless, the combined effects upon all ages of growth are very appreciable. The greatest damage is done in the periodic de- struction of from one to ten or more years’ growth of seedlings and coppice sprouts. “A few very young seedlings are also killed. Clearly, therefore, the productiveness of these forests is much reduced ; in fact, where fires run through this young growth at short intervals it is prac- tically held at a standstill for many years. Actual growth is confined only to such saplings and older trees as are, from their size, capable of withstanding light fires. The direct effect of retarded production would be much more ap- parent to consumers of timber in the region than it is now, if these forests were systematically cut over for the fullest utilization of timber. The present timber-producing stock would eventually be exhausted. Wooded areas which now give the impression to many of being con- stintly stocked and improving would soon be reduced to an unproductive state. Many acres of woodland are thus to be found which yield practically nothing, from the fact that all small stock is perlodically destroyed.” PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. Forty-Third Annual Report of the State Horti- cultural Society of Missouri. Tribune Print- ing Co., Jefferson City. Pp. 431. Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticul- ae Society, 1900. Part I. Boston. Pp. 126. A Yearbook of Kentucky Woods and Fields. By Ingram Crockett. C. W. Moulton, Buffalo. Illustrated. Pp. 112. : The Uses of Water in Irrigation Part I. By Elwood Mead and C. L. Johnston. - Reprinted from U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Experimental Stations, Bulletin 86. Pp. 82. Plates XXVI._ Figs. 13. Notes on Crategus in the Champlain Valley. C.S. Sargent. Reprinted from Rhodora, Vol. 3, No. 26, February, {gol. New or Little Known North American Trees. Il. C. S. Sargent. Reprinted from the Botanical Gazette, January, 1901. ORGANIZED APRIL, 1882. INCORPORATED, JANUARY, 1897 THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. OFFICERS FOR igor. | President. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. First Vice President. Corresponding Secretary. Dr. B. EK. FERNOW, Ithaca, N. Y. F. H. NEWELL, Washington, D. C. Recording Secretary, GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY, Washington, D. C. Treasurer, OTTO J. J. LUEBKERT, Washington, D. C. Directors. EDWARD A. BOWERS. ARNOLD HAGUE. GIFFORD PINCHOT. JAMES WILSON. HENRY S. GRAVES. B. E. FERNOW. HENRY GANNETT. THOMAS F. WALSH. FREDERICK V. COVILLE. F. H. NEWELL. GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY. Vice Presidents. Sir H. G. JoLyY DE LOTBINIERE, Victoria, B. C. CHARLES E. BESSEY, Lincoln, Neb. CHARLES C. GEORGESON, Sitka, Alaska. D. M. RIORDAN, Flagstaff, Ariz. THOMAS C. MCRAE, Prescott, Ark. ABBOTT KINNEY, Lamanda Park, Cal. HENRY D. MICHELSEN, Denver, Col. ARTHUR T. HADLEY, New Haven, Conn. Wo. M. Cansy, Wilmington, Del. A. V. CLUBBS, Pensacola, Fla. R. B. REPPARD, Savannah, Ga. J. M. CouLTER, Chicago, II. JAMES TROOP, Lafayette, Ind. THOMAS H. MACBRIDE, Iowa City, Iowa. D. C. BURSON, Kans. JOHN R. PROCTER, Frankfort, Ky. LEWIS JOHNSON, New Orleans, La. EDWARD L. MELLUS, Baltimore, Md. JoHN KE. Hopss, North Berwick, Me. N. S. SHALER, Cambridge, Mass. CHARLES W. GARFIELD, Lansing, Mich. Jupson N. Cross, St. Anthony Park, Minn. WILLIAM TRELEASE, St. Louis, Mo. JOHN GIFFORD, Princeton, N. J. EDWARD F. HoBArt, Santa Fe, N. M. W. A. WADSWORTH, Geneseo, N. Y. J. A. HOLMES, Raleigh, N. C. W. W. BARRETT, Church’s Ferry, N. D. Wo. R. LAZENBY, Columbus, Ohio. WILLIAM T. LITTLE, Perry, Okla. J. T. RoTHROCK, West Chester, Pa. H. G. RUSSELL, E. Greenwich, R. I. THOMAS T. WRIGHT, Nashville, Tenn. W. GOODRICH JONES, Temple, Texas. C. A. WHITING, Salt Lake, Utah. D. O. NourSE, Blacksburg, Va. ADDISON G. FOSTER, Tacoma, Wash. A. D. HOPKINS, Morgantown, W. Va. THOMAS F. WALSH, Washington, D. C. ELWOOoD MEAD, Cheyenne, Wyo. ELIHU STEWART, Ottawa, Ont. Wo. LITTLE, Montreal, Quebec. GEo. P. AHERN, Manila, P. I. GEO. CARTER, Hawaii. Annual Dues, $2.00. Life Membership, with exemption from further dues, $100.00. Sustaining Membership, $25.00 a year. Members receive THE FORESTER gratis. APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP. To the Assistant Secretary, AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, Washington, D. C. DEAR SIR: I hereby signify my desire to become a member of the American Forestry Association Very truly yours, INI E aawcsesccaccssaceeectcacecescseaseots2 first law for the encouragement of ober culture ever passed in this country. provided for a bounty of six shillings r every fifty ‘white mulberry trees anted under certain conditions, till the 10le number reached two hundred. In 95 a committee of this Society also ade an interesting report on the ‘* best ode of preserving and increasing the owth of wood and valuable timbers.” Several further negotiations regarding sspass and the use of fire in or near s0dlands were enacted in succeeding ars. A period of small interest to the forest lows, which comes to an end with the actment in 1869 of. a tree planting law 1ich provides an abatement of tax for ad owners planting trees along high- rys—$1.00 for every four trees set out posite their lands. But the first very important promise of tter things to come, was the creation in 72 of the so-called Commission of ate Parks, who were to hold office two ars, and whose duty it was ‘‘ to inquire to the expediency of providing for vest- x in the State the title to the timbered gion lying within the counties of Lewis, ssex, Clinton, Franklin, Saint Law- AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 83 rence, Herkimer and Hamilton, and con- verting the same into a public park.” From the report made by this Commis- sion, May 15, 1873, some striking facts were brought to light. The Commission had found that only 40,000 acres in the region specified then belonged to the State, and that the owners of the remain- ing lands showed an evident readiness to combine for the purpose of raising prices, should the State feel inclined to buy. It therefore recommended that the State should withhold from sale its possessions in this region, and that it should retain all lands forfeited to it for non-payment of taxes. No action followed. It was not till ten years later, 1883, that a law was passed prohibiting further sales of land in the counties named in the above act, and also in the counties of Saratoga and Warren. During the interval the sale of State lands had been continued ; but by the time of the passage of the law 600,000 acres had re- verted to the State for the non-payment of taxes; and these were retained subject to cancellation and redemption. The Legislature of 1884 appropriated the sum of $5,000 to be used by the Comptroller in the employment of such experts as he might deem necessary to in- vestigate and report upon a system of forest preservation. Thus were appointed the members of the so-called ‘* Expert Commission,” with Professor C. S. Sar- gent at their head. Their report urged that the State try the management of the lands which it then held rather than launch forth into purchase before making sure of its ability to do efficient work on a small scale. They submitted bills to the Legislature which were as nearly perfect as conditions permitted, but which were strongly opposed by the timbering inter- ests. Asa result a compromise bill was introduced and enacted. Much that had been of value in the original bill was struck out, but this act, which became law May 15, 1885, still represented the most comprehensive forest law passed up to that time by any of the States. New York thus a second time took the lead. It is quite unnecessary to rehearse here o 4 the general scope of the act of 1885. Trou- bles followed; bills were passed enabling the Commission to buy and exchange lands, and to sell both lands and timber. But the land negotiations were not profitable to the State and the method of exchange was abolished. A spirit hostile to the purposes for which the Forest Commission was _ established arose in districts where the exemption of State lands from taxes worked an injustice. To remedy this an act was passed in 1886 which provided that all wild or forest lands required by the State within the limits of the Forest Preserve should be taxed at a like valuation and at a like rate as those at which similar land within the same coun- ties were assessed and taxed. In 1887 (Ch. 562) there was passed an act to es- tablish parks for the propagation of deer and other game upon lands belonging to the State in the Catskills. The parks were selected and the deer caught and confined. But the deer did not thrive within the nar- row limits provided, and they were again released. Arbor Day was established by the act of April 30, 1888. Since then the Friday following the first day of May has been celebrated as Arbor Day. In accordance with authority conferred by this law, the Secretary of Public Instruction has pub- lished numerous excellent pamphlets and a comprehensive Arbor Day Manual. By an amendment to the Revised Stat- utes passed May 7, 1889, the penalty of a twenty-five dollar fine was imposed for every tree cut or carried away by any per- son, from State lands, Indian lands, or lands within the Forest Preserve. The project to establish a State Park in the Adirondack region was again vigor- ously pushed about 1890 under the leader- ship of the Adirondack Park Association, and in 1892, came the act to establish an Adirondack Park and to authorize the pur- chase and sale of lands within the counties included in the Forest Preserve. . The Forest Commission was reorganized in 1593, the plan being to hand over the control of the Preserve to the State Agri- cultural Department after five years. But In 1595 this arrangement was prevented THE FORESTER. April by the consolidation into a single Commis- sion of the Old Forest Commission with the Fish and Game Commission, the name being changed to the Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission. A year before hadcomethe Constitutiona Amendment (Sec. 7, Art. VII.) which provided that the timber on the Forest Pre serve could not be cut, or destroyed. This amendment was not the natural growth o: an intelligent policy of protection; for tha would have provided for a prudent exploi- tation of the forest. It was a necessary act of self-defence, to which the citizens of the State were driven by the uncertain and un successful methods of the Commissioners. No sooner was the amendment adopted than plans were set afoot in the Legislature for itsrepeal. At the end of the two years required, before a proposed amendment could be laid before the people, viz., in 1896, a proposal to repeal the amendment of 1894 was put to vote on Election Day The President of the Commission, in a letter published in the New York Z7mes, asked the people to vote for the new amendment; and oddly enough the only recommendation he had to urge was the statement that neither the new Commissior nor its predecessor had anything to de with the proposal. On election day the people showed their faith in this recom- mendation by rejecting it by the largest 4 majority ever polled against a constitu- ‘ tional amendment—a majority of 350,000, | * The terms of the first appointees of the Fisheries and Forest Commission came te an end in March, when Governor Roose velt appointed the five present * officers for terms of five years. By an act of February 19, 1900, thé name of the Fisheries, Game and Forest Commission was changed to the Forest, Fish and Game Commission. The altera- tion is, however, more than nominal. Im. | portant amendments to the earlier law a De pear, and the law also gains in force by its greater clearness and brevity. ¥| During the past session of the State Legislature there was passed another im= * This paper was written before this spring’s reorganization of the Commission.—ED. | IgOl. portant law amending the above. This created the much-needed office of chief fire-warden. The examples of Minnesota and Wisconsin have plainly pointed to the necessity of a central administrative office charged with the supervision of the work of local fire-wardens. By the same amend- ment the Commission is authorized to ap- point expert foresters, not exceeding three in number, who shall act as deputy fire- wardens, attend to the matter of reforest- ing burned or barren lands in the Forest Preserve, and otherwise work for its im- provement. Through a most happy arrangement, codperation between the present Commis- sion and the Division of Forestry, United States Department of Agriculture, has come about. By an act passed April 31, 1900, the sum of $2,000 was appropriated for the Superintendent of Forests, for the payment of the expenses of experts fur- nished by the Division of Forestry for estimating standing timber and procuring other information regarding the lands and trees in the Forest Preserve. The three State foresters, appointed under the civil service, were detailed to assist the repre- sentatives of the Division of Forestry, their expenses being paid by the State of New York from the appropriation for the chief fire-warden. The field party from the Division of Forestry, assisted by the State foresters, began work early in the summer on one of the well-timbered townships in the AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. ? ms nN Adirondack Preserve. The field work was continued until October and will result in a detailed working plan for the tract examined, which will be published both by the Division of Forestry and the Forest, Fish and Game Commission. No accurate knowledge of the stand of trees either in single districts nor in the Adirondack Preserve, as a whole, has been available till now. Naturally all intelligent management will wait upon the gathering of this knowledge. This working plan, the first ever made for any part of the State Preserve, will be sub- mitted to the Legislature with recom- mendations urging the passage of an act looking toward the repeal of Art. 7, Sec. VII. of the State Constitution, which now stands in the way of all forest utilization. In view of the scientific character of this work, of the very successful operation of the Division’s working plans among pri- vate owners in the Adirondacks, and of the changed and now thoroughly intelli- gent sentiment of the people of the State, the prospect of the fulfilment of this plan is most promising. If success is attained, New York will fora third time take the lead in practical forestry among her sister States. But more than this, the work which has just been indicated marks a very important date in the history of forestry in this country. State and Federal coéperation in practical forest manage- ment has been for the first time real- ized. IMPROVEMENT FELLING AS A FINANCIAL SUCCESS. By F. E. OLMSTED. Division of Forestry. LL forest crops consist of material differing in value; there is invari- ably a chief product which com- mands high and steady prices in the market and also inferior products for which there is no sale, or at least a very uncertain market. It often becomes necessary for the good of the forest to remove a large part of this inferior material; in any forest the result to be worked for is of course gradually to increase the stand of the most valuable species, and to do this at the ex- pense of the less valuable. Just here is one of the most difficult problems a for- ester is called upon to solve. It is a simple matter of course totake 86 THE FORESTER. out the less valuable trees, but to do this with financial success, or at least without a loss, is quite another matter; the success of the undertaking must depend very largely upon the economic conditions surrounding the forest, and in many instances 1mprove- ment fellings with any hope of profit are entirely out of the question. Take forexample a mixed forest of pine and hardwoods in the South; there is no doubt at all that the future of sucha forest would be greatly improved by the removal April, far outweigh the amount obtained from the sale of such produce. A modified form of this question presents itself in the Adirondacks where spruce is the valuable species, and the hardwoods inferior species; here it is merely a com- parative matter as in many cases the hard- woods can be harvested at a profit; nev- ertheless the returns obtained from them are very small in comparison with those which the spruce affords, and very often the lumbering of such trees is carried on A BADLY FORMED MIXED FOREST OF SAIL AND INFERIOR SPECIES, BEFORE IMPROVEMENT FELLINGS. of a large part of the hardwoods, which would have as a result an increase in the proportion of pine inthe reproduction; as pine is the valuable species here and the hardwoods are practically worthless, such a result is of course much to be desired. In Germany the hardwoods could be cut and sold as firewood at considerable profit, but in this country the expense of lumbering and transport to market would at a financial loss. It should be the object of management in such a forest gradually to increase the stand of spruce and to do this at the expense of the hardwoods; such an attempt is now being made b Prof. Fernow on the timber lands of the New York State University. As an example of what may be done under favorable conditions the following brief description of the way in which the 1901. AMERICAN Sal forests of the Dehra Doon Conser- vancy (British India) are managed may prove of interest. These forests are exceedingly irregular in the character of their stock, owing to the fact that for many years in the past they have been exposed to constant depre- dations, reckless fellings, and severe forest fires; as a consequence the Sal (Shorea robusta) which is here the most valuable broad leaf timber species, has suffered to a very great extent and the forest now FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 87 The principal need is to remove or de- stroy the trees which interfere with the growth of the Sal and to take out the dead, dying, and unsound timber. Such work is now being undertaken and will extend over a period of fifteen years. Ex- cept over limited areas where Sal still pre- dominates, or where Bamboo and Sissu are found (both valuable species, the latter a broad leaf tree valuable for timber) this work can be carried on profitably only on a belt some eight miles in width near the A WELL STOCKED SAI, FOREST ; THE RESULT TO BE OBTAINED BY IMPROVEMENT FELLINGS. consists of a comparatively few well- formed mature Sal trees surrounded by a badly-formed growth of inferior species, and overgrown by a vigorous growth of Sal saplings and poles. In this case the problem is that of mak- ing the forest financially profitable from the sale of inferior material until the young Sal has a chance to develop to maturity. River Ganges, where a good market for firewood exists. In lumbering the forest the following rules are observed : All Sal and Sain ( Zermanalia Ter- montosa, atree second in value to the Sal) over two feet in diameter are removed. Sal and Sain down to six inches in diameter which have ceased to grow, or 88 THE FORESTER. are unsound, or interfering with more favorable growth, are also taken out. All trees and shrubs doing, or about to do harm to the more valuable species are cut; if there is no market for such prod- uce they are killed by girdling. Badly grown or unpromising saplings of Sal and Sain, where the remainder of the more valuable species is insufficient to form a complete crop, are cut back flush with the ground in order that their shoots may form a vigorous regrowth. Crowded groups are thinned out. Two years before the fellings are made the ‘*climbers ” are cut away—in this forest and throughout a large part of India these ‘‘climbers” (chiefly the ‘‘ Majan”’) are very numerous and troublesome, hindering not only the growth of the valuable species but interfering very materially with the fellings. On the year preceding the fellings the trees to be felled are marked. Asa rule the trees to be cut are sold at auction for alump sum onthe stump, and the con- tractor carries on the lumbering under the direct supervision of a forest ranger who is responsible to the District officer for any damage or mistake which occurs; the April, contractor is also liable to fines if the rules are in any way disregarded, and his con- tract usually keeps him employed for a period of two or three years. The income derived from such a forest management may be illustrated by the fol- lowing figures; in recent years the sur- plus has fallen off to some extent: 1888-89. Revenue .. . $32,318.00 Expenditure . = 117,034.60 Surplus . . $15,284.90 1889-90. Revenue. . . $35,079.00 Expenditure . » « 5,268.00 Surplus . . $19,811.00 On account of a certain small amount of Sal and Sain, and also because of the presence of Bamboo and Sissu over lim- ited areas, this result cannot of course be attributed solely to the removal of inferior species; in the main, however, the opera- tions are decidedly ‘‘improvement fell- ings,” and are described simply to show with what success the forest is being gradually made more valuable under a most excellent and conservative manage- ment. THE FOREST AND WATER RESOURCES OF WASHINGTON.* By Hon. Appison G. Foster. U. S. Senator from Washington. OOD and water, forestry and irri- gation, involve great problems. In solving them millions of people, millions of dollars invested or paid to labor are to be considered. By judi- ciously protecting our forests, and by ap- plying public appropriation and _ private investments carefully, there may result a system of irrigating plans which will make productive great bodies of land which still remain parched, desert spots on the face of our country. In this work the West is bound to play the greatest * Abstract of an Address to the National Irri- gation Congress met in Chicago Nov. 22, 1goo. role, and the twentieth century will not only witness the working out of plans now ~ contemplated for forest preservation and for watering irrigable tracts, but will see the fruits of these great efforts adding to our commerce and wealth, and furnishing to foreign markets the manifold products of prosperous and happy millions. This is true for the whole country, but it has a special force for the region of Washington, where the opportunities for taking advan- tage of the supply of timber and of the possibilities for irrigation are so great. For in the beautiful Evergreen State, in the northwestern corner of our country, [gOl. there are combined the rich coal regions of Pennsylvania, the iron features of several ereat States, the fishing industries of the North Atlantic coast, the precious mineral resources of the Rocky Mountain district, and lumber resources that cannot justly be compared with any other section in the world. Further, Puget Sound is the di- rect approach to the ‘* Open Door” of the Orient. In such a State we need good roads; we need forest protection; we need irrigation facilities. Forest preservation is a high road to irrigation; forest destruction means floods. No one questions the wisdom of the policy under which the general government con- trols the commercial waterways of the United States. The construction of storage reservoirs, which will prevent floods, and incidentally serve the purpose for irrigation, is simply an extension of the river and harbor work. Indeed, it is difficult, because of the inter-state ques- tions involved, to see how this work can be done with satisfactory results other than by the general government. A case in point which illustrates this difficulty was the Columbia River flood of 1894. The damage done by this freshet ran into the millions. The entire business portion of the city of Portland was flooded, the river and harbor work at several points was seriously damaged, and there was general devasta- tion for hundreds of miles along the lower river. Now the Columbia River heads in Montana and flows through British Co- lumbia and the States of Washington and Oregon. Its principal branch, the Snake, heads in Wyoming and flows through Idaho, Oregon and Washington, and so on with Bnet inne It is evident that to prevent floods, forest reservation and the reservoir system must be conducted on a far-reaching scale, and must be largely in charge of the general government—just as is other work for the protection and utilization of the nation’s waterways. It is worth considering, however, whether the land which receives the bene- fit of the stored water should not pay a share of the cost of maintenance, which would be but a small amount per acre per year. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 89 Assuming that the general Government will construct the necess< iry storage reser- voirs, then natur: ally the next question is, who will construct the canals? The prob- lem may be solved by the unconditional transfer to each State of the irrigable lands within its borders or otherwise; but in any event the subject should be widely and fully And_ here Washington is especially concerned. To-day the most inviting tracts of our country for thrifty home-seekers are in the Pacific northwest. The available tracts of land in California and the Middle West have been to a great extent taken up, and the home-seekers of to-day, in large num- bers, are turning toward Washington and the neighboring States. We have in the State of Washington, as nearly as can’ be estimated, 117,000,000,000 feet of stand- ing timber, and, approximately, 5,000,000 acres of irrigable lands. The great fir forests are located west of the Cascade range, and the tracts suitable for irriga- discussed. again tion are in the eastern part of the State, on the eastern side of this range. The standing timber may be divided, as to quality, as follows: Red fir, . 68, 338,421,000 ft. Cedar, . 16,309,453,000 ‘* Hemlock, . 14,848,259,000 ‘ Pine, 6,586,520,000 “ Spruce, 6,419,215,000 ‘ Larch, 2,078,601,000 “‘ White fir, 24,550,000 ‘‘ Oak, 3,700,000 “ The irrigable area can reasonably be classified as follows: Under constructed canals and in cultivation, Under constructed nels but not in cultivation, Under canals survey ed, but not constructed, and the feasi- bility of which at reasonable cost has been determined, Under canals projected, the fea bility of which at reasonable 150,000 acres, ac 50,000 .080, 000 cost are undetermined, 5 TO|GOON te Balance presumed to be above possibility of irrigation at cost justified by present con- GUtLONSs srl. casah eee : 53) 2TO\QOONe. Total, 5,000,000 The Cascade and other mountain ranges which encircle the arid district basin will go afford, if properly conserved, an adequate supply of water for every acre that it is possible to reach, and the supply of wood necessary to the settlement of any region is not far to seek. The problems confronting us, neverthe- less, are the same as those in other States. The canals that could be constructed at low cost, and for which the normal flow of the streams furnishes an adequate sup- ply have been built. The additional can- als will be larger and, as a rule, more ex- pensive, and before there can be any extensive addition to our present canal system, provision must be made for the conservation of the water supply by storage reservoirs and forest protection. It is, of course, well known that irrigation canal enterprises have been generally failures from the standpoint of the investor, and while it is doubtless true that the failures were to a large extent caused by inexperi- ence and bad judgment, still for the larger enterprises yet to be undertaken with the additional expense of water storage it will be difficult to overcome the proverbial timidity of capital. As the Far West becomes more densely populated, however, it is probable that sources of revenue may be realized for irri- gation purposes not now at our command. For instance, a just plan for deriving a com- pensation from stock and cattle owners may follow in some States if we extend the forest preservation idea to public grazing lands. At present public grazing lands are being injured by overgrazing, and, in many instances, the cattlemen of small means are deprived of reasonable protec- tion from encroachments by cattle cor- porations. The Agricultural Department has made numerous extensive investiga- tions on this subject and favors protection for our natural pasturage lands and a just compensation to the government for their use. It seems but reasonable that some system of deriving profit from grazing land rentals might be devised for the pur- pose of further developing the arid regions of this country, without in any way ham- pering settlers or others desiring lawfully to acquire lands for agricultural, irrigation or other purposes. Ina short time the ex- THE FORESTER. April, penditure of, say fifty per cent. of the rentals of grazing tracts for purposes of © irrigation would effect a remarkable change for the better in several of our western States. Exact data for determining the quantity of land that could be leased are not at hand; but assuming that there are — forty million acres, which seems a conser- — vative estimate, the gross rental on the basis of five cents per acre would be two — million dollars. Of this one-half would be available for irrigation work. Assum- — ing the average cost per acre of placing water upon the land to be twelve and one- half dollars, the million acres would re- claim eighty thousand acres a_ year. When we consider that this result can be obtained by the simple expedient of mak- ing the stockmen and interested corpora- tions pay for something for which many of them are willing and able to pay, and further that they get full value for their money, it seems as if the plan is entitled to the consideration of those interested in irrigation problems. Practical forestry is needed to’ make permanent the supply of wood and water which these reserves, not only in Wash- ington, but in other parts of the West, . are capable of furnishing to the regions about them. The interests at stake de- mand as thoroughly and carefully con- sidered management as is applied to any national forest lands in the world. The study of the fire question, both with ref- erence to the means of preventing fires in the future, and in dealing with burned- over lands, is of the first importance upon the reserves. Scarcely less necessary to the development of the highest capacity of the forest for the production of timber is the thorough study of the rate of growth and characteristics of the western timber trees. Should practical forestry be ap- plied to the reserves, which is inevitable, the studies which are now being made by the Division of Forestry of Western Hem- lock, Red Fir, and Western Yellow Pine, and other important trees will be of great use; and they already have practical value for private owners of timber lands. The study of Western Hemlock has been un- dertaken in the belief that in the near fu- i 1gol. ture the tree will become of great value; for the prejudice against western hem- lock is largely due to the idea that it is of the same quality as the hemlock of the East, to which it is really far superior. Any study which may thus result in fur- ther development of the timber supplies of the Pacific Coast is of direct value to the irrigators who are dependent on that region for building material and shingles. With the exception of the woods of California, the forests of Washington are the densest, heaviest and most continuous in the United States; and yet the original growth is fast being cut and burned. Mr. Henry Gannett in his report on the For- ests of the United States estimates that there are in western Washington 9,039 square miles covered with enable timber. An area of 3,205 square miles has already been logged; a greater area 3,614 square miles of merchantable timber —has been burned. Upon the area al- ready logged it is estimated that 36,000,- 000,000 feet B. M. have been cut. In other words, out of an area of 15,855 square miles formerly covered with mer- chantable timber, in the State of Wash- ington, 22% per cent. has been destroy ed by fire, 20 per cent. has been cut, and the remainder, 57% per cent. is still covered with standing timber. In less than a gen- eration more than two-fifths of the timber AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. gI has disappeared, in what is considered the richest merchantable timber region in the world. In the twenty years bet een 1870 and 1590, the capital invested in this St ite has increased from $1,285,000 to $19,- 445,000 and the value of the annual pro- duction from $1,307,000 to $15,068,000. For the first four months of the present year the increase in shipments by sea of Red Fir was 18 per cent. over the previous year, while the shipments by rail advanced go per cent. fora corresponding period. The increased sale in shingles showed a corresponding gain, being 23 per cent. One box factory, at Tacoma, received in a single order a requisition for 16,000,000 grape baskets, requiring over 500,000 feet of spruce. Butter dishes and berry boxes manufactured from Wash- ington woods are ordered in half-million lots, and one factory turns out a quarter of a million of the latter daily. The timber resources of Oregon and northern California are rich, the demands on them are also great and increasing. The better the economic conditions in Washington and these States are under- stood, the more clear does it become that the development and prosperity of the Northwest is inseparably connected with the successful completion of irrigation projects, and the economical management of the forests. THE FORESTER. Nn ~\ ‘VIAWNIOD HSILINA GNV VINAA TV NHAMLAG ANIT HHL YVAN OIMIOVd NVIGVNVO HHL NO NOILWLIS VW ‘NVODVWI JO ISVHHINOS ‘SNIVINOOW AMDOU AHL NI GHLVOLIS SI HAMHSHU SIAL uorjeossy A1jsa10,y UeIpeURD ay} JO Asoz1NOD ‘) ‘ad “HAUHSHU MAVd LSHUOT ASINO'T ANV'T, HHL NO HNHOS Igol. The Forester, PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY The American Forestry Association, AND Devoted to Arboriculture and Forestry, the Care and Use of Forests and Forest Trees, and Related Subjects. The FORESTER assumes no responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles. All members of the American Forestry Associa- tion receive the FORESTER free of charge. Annual fee for regular members $2.00. Anapplication blank will be found in the back of this number. All contributions and communications should be addressed to the EDITOR, 202 14th Street, S. W., Washington, D.C. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to 41 North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa., or 202 14th St., S. W. , Washington, 1D, (S Copyright, 1901, by the American Forestry As- sociation. APRIL, SES Vol. VII. No. 4. The irrational and waste- ful division of the gov- ernment’s forest work, between the Division of Forestry of the Agricultural Department, the Land Office and the Geological Survey, which has struck every one who has known anything about the forest situation in this country as being the point at which it has most needed re- modelling, is at last being done away with. It would be difficult to say too much in welcome of any reform in this quarter, but many of the FoRESTER’s read- ers already know this well. What has act- ually taken place can best be understood if certain passages in the official correspon- dence are allowed to explain themselves. In a letter addressed to Mr. M. A. Moody, Congressman from Oregon, Mr. Gifford Pinchot explained his position with regard to the government’s forest work as fol- lows: ‘¢In reply to your letter of inquiry of January 18th, I have to say that the forest work of the United States Government is at present divided among three unrelated and independent organizations. These Steps toward Consolidating Forest Work. are: The General Land Office, which ad- ministrates the national forest reserves; the U. S. Geological Survey, which AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 93 maps them, describes the irforests, recom- mends changes in their boundaries, and establishes the permanent boundaries on the ground; and the Division of F orestry of the Department of Agriculture, which is charged with all matters of professional forestry. The chief interests of the latter at present are the promotion of pre actical forestry among private owners, and the preparation of working plans for conserv- ative lumbering and reports upon technical forest subjects | in the national forest re- serves at the request of the Secretary of the Interior. The work of the Geologic: il Survey 1S temporary in its nature and will naturally terminate when the forest re- serves have been covered. It is better and more economic: lly done by the Survey than it could be under any other man: age- ment. ‘‘In the language of the resolution adopted by the National Board of Trade at its meeting held in Washington in De- cember, 1898, ‘ The liberality of Congress in providing for forest investigations, sur- veys, and administration has been attended with waste of money and lack of effective- ness, due to absence of concentration of forces in plans for the execution of forestry laws.’ ‘* All the trained foresters in the employ- ment of the United States, and with five or six exceptions all those in this country, are in the Department of Agriculture. The administration of the forest reserves is carried on without the participation of a single member of the trained forest force paid by the Government. A similar situ- ation would be created if a bridge building concern should maintain a corps of highly educated engineers, should separate them entirely from its practical work, and should entrust the building of its bridges entirely to men without practicable or theoretical training for that purpose. ‘¢The proposed administration of the forest work of the Government by the De- partment of Agriculture is supported by the following reasons: ‘61, The Department of Agriculture has very important field of farmers and others—the forest already a work for duction of practical forestry on private intro- 94 forest lands—which cannot be moved else- where. The interests of private forest owners, which can be looked after only by this department, are immensely greater in area than those of the Government in the forest reserves. The amount of forest in farms alone is more than four times greater than the whole area of the reserves. ‘62. The time for the introduction of practical forestry on many of the forest re- serves has fully come. This is shown by the fact that private owners have sent ap- plications to the Department of Agricul- ture in the last two and a half years, for assistance to that end on about three mil- lion acres of their land. Since every trained forester in the Government service is in the Department of Agriculture, that Department is evidently the only agency that can introduce practical forestry on the forest reserves. The request of the Secre- tary of the Interior to the Secretary of Agriculture for reports upon technical for- est matters is unanswerable evidence on this point. ‘3, Every source of wealth grown from the soil is already in the sphere of the De- partment of Agriculture. Hence the for- est work rightly belongs to it. The De- partment of Agriculture is already familiar with the problems and conditions of the forest reserves. ‘«Tt is evident that whatever relates to titles, patents, and ownership of the land in the forest reserves should remain in the control of the General Land Office; and it has been objected that a separation of this branch of the work from the practical administration of the reserves is not feas- ible. To my mind the dividing iine is a perfectly clear and sharp one. As a private individual pays a lawyer to advise him and determine, with the aid of the courts the ownership of his real estate, and entrusts the care of it to another agent, so may the United States. The determination of the ownership should be left to that branch of the Government best adapted to the work. The adminis- tration of the forests should likewise, without question, be in the hands of the men who are specially trained for that purpose,” THE FORESTER. April, Before this letter was written the Secre- tary of Agriculture and the Secretary of the Interior had been considering the pos- sibility of having the national forest reserves put under the charge of the foresters of the Agricultural Department. There was some chance that the matter might be referred to Congress, and the Chairman of the House Committee on Agriculture asked the Secretary of the Interior for his opinion on the matter. In reply Secretary Hitchcock wrote on January oth: ‘‘Tam in receipt of your letter of January 5th, in which you ask, in behalf of the Com- mittee of Agriculture, for my views on transferring the administration of the forest reserves, now under the control of this Department, to the Department of Agri- culture. I have considered the matter fully, and I am of the opinion that, al- though there can be no question as to the desirability of a complete consolidation of the Government’s forest work, it would probably be unwise to attempt to secure adequate legislation during the present short session of Congress. On the other hand, it is eminently necessary that the trained foresters of the Government should have charge of all the technical govern- ment forest work. In order to bring this about, the following plan has been agreed upon by the Secretary of Agriculture and myself, subject to the action of your Com- mittee. ‘¢The police and patrol of the forest re- serves will remain under this department, together with the routine office work nec- essary thereto. The investigation and de- cision of all technical forest questions and the execution of the resulting plans will be in the charge of the Forester and his chief assistants, whom I will appoint as special agents without pay, directly re- sponsible to myself. The officials and employees of the Department of the In- terior will furnish promptly and cheer- fully, in the office and in the field, all assistance, information, maps and docu- ments necessary for the execution of this work, and will codperate with the Fores- ter and his assistants in every way. Re- ports on forest work and conditions and IgOl. related subjects in the reserves, prepared by the Forester and his assistants, will be made directly to me. ‘¢ This plan will secure the execution of work indispensable to the use and preser- vation of these forests, for the lack of which they are now suffering. While it will entail additional work upon the De- partment of Agriculture, it will involve no duplication of function. It is, in my udgment, by far the best solution of the problem which can be reached this year.” The Secretary of the Interior thus did not advise any attempt to settle the matter by legislation during the last session, but outlined a plan, to which he and the Secre- tary of Agriculture agreed, for putting the management of the forest reserves under the immediate supervision of the Forester of the Department of Agriculture. Con- gress, accordingly, did not act in the mat- ter. Secretary Hitchcock has not yet taken any formal steps toward the transfer of work upon the reserves from the Land Office to the Division of Forestry, but there is no reason to doubt that such steps will soon be taken. Briefly, the forest reserves which have hitherto been under a management which was completely removed from all connec- tion with a corps of Government officers who had been especially trained for just such work, are at last being brought under the supervision of these officers. This state of things was unreasonable and costly, and could result only in harm to the re- serves. Although it has not yet been for- mally corrected by a vote of Congress, it is safe to say that it has, for fe time being, been set right by mutual consent of the Secretary of Agriculture and the Sec- retary of the Interior. It is not too much to say that no such stride toward the proper management of our forests and public for- est lands has been made since the act which authorized the establishment of national reserves was passed in 1891. a The campaign to pre- serve the redwoods of the Big Basin in the Santa Cruz mountains of Cali- fornia, which the Sempervirens Club has Big Basin Park to be Established. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 95 been so ardently pushing, was last month successful. By a vote of 55 to 1 in the house, and 30 to 2 in the senate, the State legislature appropriated $250,000 for the purchase and maintenance of the tract, and five commissioners were appointed by the governor to disburse the money. In this act California has not only done a great service to the cause of forest pro- tection in the United States, but has also given her citizens a superb park for the enjoyment of themselves and their pos- terity. The Big Basin redwoods possess every qualification of an excellent pleasure ground. Situated within a ride of San Francisco and towns, they nevertheless retain all the character of a wilderness—large areas of primeval woodland, with every aspect of stream and hillside. Besides this the trees themselves are already famed for their size and development, which in any sub- stantial bodies of timber, are unsurpassed short of the heavy stands in the northern countries of the Coast. Park and wood- land are here unusually combined, and the State may well be proud of the energy and public spirit which has secured their perpetuation. hours’ other large few & The Society of The Society of American American Foresters, which was Foresters. founded in Washington by a number of members of the Division of Forestry early in the winter, has been in existence long enough to give good promise of filling the very Gietinet field of usefulness w hich is await- ing it. Its objects as expressed in its con- stitution are: ‘To further the cause of forestry in America by fostering a spirit of comradeship among Americ: in fores- ters; by creating opportunities for a free interchange of views upon technical and allied forest subjects; and by the dissem- ination of a knowledge of the purpose and achievements of practical forestry. #: Thus far in this country forestry has been taken up and advocated by one man here and another man there, each of whom has had to work out the questions which inter- ested him almost wholly alone, who have 96 seldom any of them been able to test their practical suggestions and conclusions by practice, and who have often not even had the advantage of being able to exchange ideas with people who were interested in the same subjects. To a certain degree, this worked well; the result has been that the spirit in which American forest ques- tions have been approached by the serious of purpose has been eminently practical. But, on the other hand, this state of things has been faulty in ways which have grown more and more apparent. There has been an almost total lack of professional feeling and of all which that means. The con- fusion in the forester’s technical dialect, which was referred to in the February ForESTER, is a good example of the re- sult of this, and is the sort of thing which THE FORESTER. April, a society containing the best-trained fores- ters in the country can most easily im- prove. The Society has been holding weekly meetings for the reading and dis- cussion of papers during the last couple of months, and at the end of the year the best of these will doubtless be published. Its short experience has already made it clear that lack of interest need not be feared from the members, and such being the case, its proceedings are bound in time to key up the tone of forest discussions and writings, and to do good in many ways. Now that we have forest schools — and a large amount of practical work under way in this country, it is high time that there were an organization which ex- isted not for agitation, but for the ends to which this society is devoted. =" = 1 — iy | —= = § CORRESPON DENCE: Dying Oaks in Southern Wisconsin. To THE EpITorR OF THE FORESTER: I think that Mr. James Jensen is entirely right in his diagnosis of the trouble about oaks in the neighborhood of Geneva Lake. [ had some time ago come to a similar conclusion, although I had not thought of referring the change in the moisture rela- tions to the series of dry seasons. The trouble is widespread throughout southern Wisconsin. On the railway line between Milwaukee and Madison, for instance, dead oak trees are a conspicuous feature of most woodlands. Here is an example of how apparently slight changes in mois- ture conditions may affect the growth of a body of trees. There isa grove of oaks about fifty years old on the edge of the steep clay bluffs in the Menomonnee val- ley, west of this city. Until five years ago it was in very thrifty condition, with the forest floor well shaded and covered with some shrubby underwood and dense tangles of golden rod and similar herbs— — the very best state of the ground in this — vicinity. In 1896,a road was built up the | bluff, immediately adjoining the grove, in | such a way that the latter was left standing on a promonotory about fifteen rods in width, with steep, naked clay banks on three sides of it. These banks are about forty feet high. From that time the trees began to suffer, and at least one-third of them are now dead or nearly so. I can hardly doubt that this is due to the rapid drying out of this clay promontory, to which sun and wind has now such free access. The building of roads is by no means an uncommon source of danger to forest trees. Especially in the case of hemlock, in this state, the death of all trees for a rod or more on either side follows it almost invariably. ERNEST BRUNCKEN. MILWAUKEE, WIs., Mar. 28. | IQOI. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 97 NEWS; NOTES, AND COMMENT. New York’s The consolidation of the one dollar. By sending twenty-five one New Forest Forest, Fish and Game may become a life member. All contri- Commission. Commission and the For- butions should be sent to Mr. Joseph T. est Preserve Board. of New York State has been effected and a new Forest, Fish and Game Commission of three members has been appointed mi their place. Fhe’ members of this Commission are DeWitt C. Middleton, of Watertown, Charles E. Babcock, of Rochester, and Lieutenant-Governor Timothy L. Woodruff. Mr. Woodruff was on the Forest Preserve Board and has been named as president of the new Commission. Mr. Babcock was one of the most valuable members of the Forest Preserve Board. Neither he nor Mr. Woodruff receive any salary and their terms of office expire January 1, 1903. Mr. Middleton is the salaried member of the new Commission in whom its powers and duties are centered, and holds office for four years. The Commission is a strong one and with it in control of New York’s forest work should be one by which much is accomplished. ye New Hamp- The Society for the Pro- shire Forestry tection of New Hamp- Association. shire Forests has drawn up a constitution, elected its officers, and begun its work. Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution read: ‘¢The object of this association is to preserve the forests, protect the scenery, and promote the establishment of good roads in New Hampshire, and to codper- ate in other measures of public improve- ment in the state.” *¢ Any resident or native of New Hamp- shire, or any person having an_ interest directly or indirectly in the state is eligible to membership.” In order that the membership may be large the annual dues have been fixed at twenty-five cents, and there is to be no initiation fee. Would-be members may pay four years’ dues at once by sending in Walker, Concord, New Hampshire, the secretary of the Society. The other offi- cers of the Society are: President, Ex- governor Frank W. Rollins, Concord; Treasurer, George T. Cruft, Bethlehem; Members of the Executive Committee, the president, secretary, and treasurer, Albert E. Pillsbury, of Boston, and Nahum Tr. Bachelder, Andover; County vice pres- idents and vice-presidents at large. To do its very important work effectively the society must be in a position to pay large bills for printing, postage, the ex- penses of meetings, traveling expenses, etc., and it is to be hoped that all who are in sympathy with its work will give twenty - five cents, and that all who can will give more. ae A New Members of the Colorado Forest Law Forestry Association have in Colorado. this year brought a bill into the state legisla- ture which has passed the house and senate without amendment and will soon become law. The gist of a good part of the bill is found in the first section which provides that ‘‘ No trees needed to conserve the snows, ice or water of any irrigation district shall be cut from any part of the public domain, except as here- inafter provided.” The bill prescribes a procedure for notifying county commis- sioners, the State Board of Land Com- missioners, and those living in the water- shed from which trees are to be cut of the intention of cutting them, in order that there may be time and every opportunity for protests to be made and examined. This, too, is provided for. In addition to this, the act requires citizens of the State who wish to camp in a forest district out- side their own county to take out a per- mit, and compels non-residents of a State who wish to camp within the State to ob- 98 tain the services, at their own cost, of a game or forest warden, who shall be held strictly responsible for fires. It also pro- vides that game and forest wardens shall be charged with the enforcement of the act as it relates to forest fires, and ‘‘ shall have full power to arrest all violators and to deliver them to the nearest constable or sheriff to be dealt with according to the law.” There is further a clause compel- ling railways to keep their rights of way free from inflammable material, and to equip their locomotives with devices for reducing fire risks. The act provides for suing the railway in the name of the State for damages of which it may be the cause, not only to the trees themselves, but to those relying on them for conservation of snow and irrigation waters, and to the promoters of adjacent forest growth. ad The Division of Fores- try has decided to makea thorough examination of tree growth in the State of Nebraska during the coming summer, with the object of finding out whether forest production on a large scale is possible in this region. Throughout the greater part of Nebraska there is but a sparse timber growth, while portions of the State are practically treeless. From the results of the proposed investigations the Division of Forestry hopes to devise means of im- proving and extending the present forest growth, and, in the case of the treeless re- gions, to formulate a plan of tree planting whereby the waste lands may be reclaimed. The best methods of tree culture will be considered and the climate, soil, and nat- ural enemies of the trees in this region will bestudied. The results obtained from this tour of investigation will be of value to several of the neighboring states, for in Kansas, South Dakota, and portions of eastern Colorado, and Wyoming much the same conditions exist. The valley of the Platte River, from Plattsmouth to Kearney, in the eastern part of the State, and the entire western half of the State, will constitute the field of inves- tigation. About May ist, two represen- Tree Planting in the Sand Hill Regions. THE FORESTER. April, tatives of the Division will begin work at Plattsmouth, and go up the river examin- ing and classifying the growth of trees. Especial attention will be paid to the dis- tribution of species, and to all efforts to cultivate considerable bodies of timber. In the investigation of tree planting experi- ments the failures, as well as the successes will be noted, for it is desirable to obtain all possible information on the subject. Kearney will probably be reached before July rst. At this point, the party will be increased to six members and will be equipped with a complete camp outfit, and saddle horses. The following four months will be spent in work that will practically cover the western half of the State. The line of travel will be from Kearney to the western boundary of the State, along the Platte, thence northeast to Crawford, and then in a general south- easterly direction through the sand hills, and down the middle Loup River to Loup. City. As the party will be mounted it can study a wide strip of territory on each side of the route. Nebraska is the meet- ing ground of the plains and mountain floras, and for this reason the party is likely to obtain much valuable and interesting in- formation. The Division of Forestry has received sufficient encouragement from work al- ready done in Nebraska to warrant the thorough examination that is to be made this summer. The fact that many tree growers in the State are already realizing substantial profits from planted timber is noteworthy. A number of men, who- have had wide experience in dealing with the problem of forestry in Nebraska, have written to the Division of Forestry, stating that there is no doubt in their minds of the possibility of increasing the present scant growth of trees, and agreeing that even the sandhills can be forested. Among those who have expressed such an opinion are Ex-Secretary of Agriculture, J. Ster- ling Morton, Prof. Charles E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska; C. S. Har- rison, President of the Nebraska Park and: Forest Association, and E. F. Stephens. The rapid spread of interest in forestry will soon bring landowners to realize that: Igol. timber may be considered as truly an agri- cultural crop as wheat or corn. With the Division of Forestry investigating the best methods of tree culture and offering its advice and assistance to landowners inter- ested in tree planting, there is reason to believe that in the near future much head- way will be made in bringing about a rea- sonable forest growth on lands now almost treeless. The work outlined by the Division, looking to the improvement of Nebraska forests, should attract general attention, considering that throughout this region forest products are in constant demand, commanding high prices and presenting a profitable field for the investment of capi- tal. Improved forest conditions in Ne- braska would mean cheaper fuel, a bene- ficial influence on local climate and a consequent increase in the value of land. Fd Lieut.-Gov. Lieut.-Governor T. L. Woodruff on Woodruff was not long Adirondack ago requested toattend the Forests. meeting of the Brown’s : Tract Guides’ Association of the Adirondacks, and to address the members. In consequence of his inability to be present, the Lieutenant-Governor sent the association a letter, in the course of which he said: *“©As you know, I have been for four years engaged as president of the Forest Preserve Board in the work of purchasing for the State lands in the Adirondacks and Catskills. For $1,950,000 this board has acquired 400,000 acres of land in the Adirondacks alone, and recovered about 90,000 acres which had been lost to the State by previous improper cancellations of the State’s title. The lands thus pur- chased and acquired by the re-instatement of the State’s title, through the operation of the forest preserve board, are worth twice what they have cost the State. In 1883, when a law was enacted prohibiting the further sale of land owned by the State in the Adirondacks, the State pos- sessed 700,000 acres. During the follow- ing 13 years these holdings were increased to 825,000 acres, until in 1896 a 75,000- AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 99 acre tract was purchased from W. Seward Webb, as the settlement in a suit brought by him against the State for damages inci- dent to the damming of the Beaver river for reservoir purposes. Therefore, the State owned 900,000 acres in the North Woods when we took up this work under the provisions of the forest preserve board act in the spring of 1898. Since then this acreage has been increased just 50 per cent., and to-day the State is in undisputed possession of about one-half of the Adiron- dack Park, the park embracing practically all the forest lands in the Adirondack region. ‘¢In my opinion, it is unfortunate that, owing to the constitutional prohibition of the cutting of timber on State land, the matured trees throughout this well-tim- bered forest territory cannot be marketed, instead of going to waste and retarding as they do, the younger growth. The soft merchantable timber, or evergreens, on the State lands, which will soon die of old age, could to-day be sold for a sum sufhi- cient to furnish the State with means to acquire the title to all the lands owned in the Adirondacks by corporations and indi- viduals for lumbering purposes, provided they were granted a proper and reasonable reservation as to the large timber on their property at the time of its purchase. Not only would this course result in the acqui- sition of the land not at present owned by the State, but it would furnish employ- ment to a vast number of our people and supply to the 98 pulp and paper mills in this State raw material, which is decreas- ing in quantity at a rate which threatens the impairment of this great industry, in which the State of New York leads all the other States of the Union. And what is of greater importance to your association, this plan would prevent the further cutting of hard wood, which has now assumed large proportions in certain localities, for the manufacture of wood alcohol and cooperage stock, and which is subjecting large areas of the Adirondacks to the dan- ger of being stripped as clean as a desert. Thus would the next generation find a forest preserved to them by us as grand and beautiful as the one which the genera- is THE FORESTER. tion preceding us enjoyed. but neglected to preserve for us, even when it could be purchased for one-tenth of its present value.” & ‘‘There seems still to linger among a large class of people the idea that forestry consists in preventing lumbermen from cutting trees. These good people forget that our civilization is largely built of wood, and that trees must be cut to fur- nish the necessary material. It would be possible, though in most cases foolish and undesirable, to set aside portions where, for some reason, the forest should be left undisturbed; in such cases of let-alone policy, no forestry, z. e., application of knowledge and skill in reproducing forest crops and keeping up the forest produc- tion, is needed; nature and proper police forces will take care of such areas. ‘¢ The forester is a harvester as well asa grower of a crop; he preserves the forest as the human race and all life is preserved, by removal of the old, and reproduction. In this last activity only, or mainly, does he differ from lumbermen; namely, in that he is bound to reproduce, not necessarily the kind of crop that nature planted, but one that is economically most desirable. He may secure this reproduction either by gradually removing the old crop, relying on seeds falling from, and seedlings devel- oping under the mother trees left on the area—natural regeneration—or else he may remove the old crop at once and replant the cut-over area—artificial reforestation or he may combine the two methods in a variety of ways. Which method is pref- erable depends upon many considerations, but mainly on financial ones.”—Dr. B. E. Fernow, Third Report of the Director of the New York State College of Forestry. Pd Effects of Fire «A year ago last Oc- in Southern tober a fire occurred in California. the mouth of the San Antonio Cajon, burning side cafion, called Stoddard’s The Aim cf the Forester. out the Cafion. North Ontario ‘*A gentleman from April, took observations during the late storm of the water passing off from the main or San Antonio Cafion and that from Stod- — dard’s Cafion; in fact, he measured it and found that the water running from Stod- dard’s Cafion was four or five times greater in quantity than the stream running out of the main cafiyon. The relations be- tween. these cafiyons in size and water shed is as twenty-nine is to two. You can thus see the effect in wastage of burn- ing over a given mountain area. Fur- thermore, it was noted in Stoddard’s Cafion, burned completely bare, the water flowing ina flood-like volume from that canon ceased altogether immediately af- ter the rain. ‘¢T have been managing director for some four years in the Del Monte Irriga- tion Company, which supplies irrigating water to 2,100 acres of land. Wehavea system of wells extending over a distance of a mile, from which our water is ob- tained. These wells until five years ago were flowing artesian wells. ‘IT came into the office as director about the time the wells ceased to flow. We placed pumps upon the wells and the first year pumped them down to 16 feet below the surface; the second year to 30 feet; the third year to 45 feet, and this year we pumped to 60 feet. Gentlemen, Tam not at all certain that we can suc- cessfully pump another season unless the rain conditions are much more favorable than in the past few years. ‘‘T have said I doubted our ability at Claremont to pump much longer, but, gentlemen, we are all in the same boat. When we stop pumping the Santa Ana River will be very low indeed, and the wells which you are pumping for a part of your supply have the same ultimate source as our own. Something, in my judgment, has got to be done by us to make these conditions more favorable, or else the pursuit of horticulture in this val- ley will have to be abandoned. I am only telling you this after many years of close observation of this matter. I am trying to lay the truth before you; something must be done, and done at once. We have too long remained supine, action 1901. must be had without delay—effective action—or our occupation will be gone. ‘¢T am not a prophet of evil, but mean fo'be a prophet of hope: * * * It rests with you. These reservations are your property, and if you say so these things can be done, but you must say it, and mean it, and work for it.”—Geo. J. Mitchell before the Farmers’ Institute at Etiwanda, Calzfornia Cultivator. & Forest Reserves The possible relation of and Game Pres- forest reserves to the ervation. preservation of the big game in the West has been discussed in a recent issue of Forest and Stream. A correspondent, writing from Wells, Wyo., refers to the fact that in the region of the Yellowstone Park the decrease in the elk beyond a certain point is due largely, as in other parts of the West, to settlement and stock grazing on their winter ranges. In re- gard to the remedy this correspondent, Mr. William Wells, writes :' ‘¢ Now as regards using the forest re- serves as game preserves. In the first place, the present Teton Forest Reserve, which lies south of and adjoining the Yel- lowstone Park Timber Reserve, should be extended eighteen miles east and forty-eight miles south, thus taking in the great bodies of timber on the Wind River, Gros Ventre and Hoback mountains. All the agricultural land of any value that would be inside of this reserve is already settled upon, and it should be provided that no vested rights held by settlers should be in- vaded. If this should be done, the en- larged reserve properly patrolled and the forest rangers, as at present, instructed to enforce the State game laws, the future of the game in northwestern Wyoming would be assured. Suitable regulations should govern the grazing of stock on the re- serve, and only actual residents on the re- serve should be allowed to graze stock thereon. ‘¢ It must be remembered that the alti- tude of northwestern Wyoming is such that hay is the only crop which can be raised with certainty. The ranchmen are dependent upon stock growing, and with- AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 10! out the use of the outside range the ranches are valueless, as enough stock cannot be kept on 330 acres the year round to sup- port a family. The wild game can winter in much deeper snow than can cattle, and the proposed reserve contains winter range enough for all the game at present upon it, without encroaching on the range needed for what stock would belong to the ranch- man upon the reserve. It is the tramp herds of stock helonging to men who own not a dollar’s worth of real estate that are destroying the public range. The free range is no longer large enough to sup- port all the stock upon it, and a distinction should be made in favor of the men who are improving ranches and building up the country.” Commenting on this editorially, Forest and Stream says: ‘‘Mr. Wells’s letter refers to one district only, and it is not likely that identical conditions prevail near all, or even many, of the other for- est reservations. The character of the country included in these reservations va- ries greatly, and rules suitable for one may not apply to all. One thing, however, is clear. In each reservation there should be a considerable area, where hunting should be absolutely prohibited, which should be an actual and absolute refuge for game, where it could never be dis- turbed. To the country which surrounds them, such refuges would be, in a less degree, what the Yellowstone Park is to the forest reserves which adjoin it; they would be game reservoirs, which uta annually pour forth a surplus of wild ani- mals to stock the surrounding territory. ‘* These forest reservations, if wisely and reasonably administered, would not only be attractive places of resort to peo- ple from all parts of the country, but would be for all time sources of consider- able and growing revenue to the States within which they lie, and to the commu- nities situated on their borders, and no class of people in the whole country are so much interested in having the reserval tions made the most of as those who dwel- nearest to them. The difficulty of carry- ing through such a wholesome change of policy is to make the very people who are 102 to be most benefited comprehend the ad- vantages that they will gain by a proper guardianship of the reservations as to tim- ber and game. ‘‘ For the public at large does not usu- ally take the trouble to think for itself. No better example of this has recently been seen than the hysterical talk and writing indulged in when the great forest reserva- tions were established by President Cleve- land. For a time the newspapers—and among them Forest and Stream—were full of moanings, howlings and denuncia- tions from people who feared something THE FORESTER. April, they knew not what. But the reservations were established, their purposes patiently explained and the fears of the timid set at rest; and now practically everybody in the whole country believes in forest preserva- tion and the setting aside of forest reserves as large as practicable. ‘‘ Within comparatively few years we expect to see the forest reserves set aside as game refuges on some such plan as Forest and Stream has already outlined. Only by such action can our North Amer- ican big game be preserved from ex- tinction.” RECENT “PUBLICATIONS: The Distribution of Forest Trees inIowa. Re- print from Report of Iowa Academy of Sci- ences, 1899. By B. Shimek. Flora of Lyon Co. (Iowa). Reprint from the Report of the Iowa Geological Survey, 1899. By B. Shimek. The first paper is a discussion of the causes affecting the distribution of natural timber and the formation of prairiesin Iowa. Fires, excess of moisture, insufficient moisture, temperature, geological formations, and soils are mentioned as the agencies commonly cited as restricting the forests and causing the prairies. The writer asserts that these causes are inadequate to have produced the present conditions and that a hitherto little noticed agency, wind, is of great importance in this connection, affecting trees mechanically by breaking them, by stripping them or injuring foliage, by spreading fires, and, physiologically by checking the processes of respiration and assimilation. If this is true, the scantiest forest growth is to be expected in the most exposed situations, while the best growth willbe confined to places protected from the wind. This the writer finds to be the case, regardless of the operation of other agencies, such as soil and temperature. He states that the distribu- tion of the native forests of the State is in har- mony with the character and direction of the prevailing winds, taken in conjunction with the topography and course of the river valleys. The point that the wind strongly influences tree growth on the western prairies is well taken and applies over a wide stretch of territory, though itis byno means new. It has long been noticed by observing persons, both in connec- tion with natural and planted timber in the West. It should always be considered in con- junction with other forest-restricting agencies, and the author properly names it as one of the most important agencies concerned in checking tree growth. The second paper is an annotated list of the native trees and shrubs, cultivated forest trees, native herbs, forage plants and weeds of the northwest county of the State. Forty species of native trees and shrubs are mentioned as oc- curring, though none are abundant. Of this list sixteen species are said to occur chiefly along the larger streams, seventeen along pro- tected banks and lower slopes, and seven on the higher slopes and dry places. Of the trees planted in groves the native species are claimed to be more hardy than those introduced, and the deciduous better adapted to the country than evergreens. The European larch is mentioned as the best introduced tree, while the white ash and black walnut rank as the hardiest and most valuable trees among the natives. Mr. Shimek states that both native and planted timber thrives best in places where it is protected from the wind. W. L. H. Some Diseases of New England Conifers. A Preliminary Report. By H. vou Schrerk. Bulletin 25. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathol- ogy: Pp. 56. Plates XV. Figs. 3. It is gratifying that a trained cryptogamist has been able to turn his attention to a line of study showing the relationship of fungi to the destruc- tion of important American timber trees. The attempt does not pretend to be more than a pre- liminary one; but the subject-matter brought together has very great interest. The technical portion of Dr. Schrenk’s paper will be wel- comed by students interested in the pathological effect of these fungi on wood structure, while the practical deductions to be made are of value to the forester and lumberman. 19Ol. Although the various large fungi common to the United States are by no means unknown to systematic cryptogamists, at the same time practically nothing has been done thus far to de- termine their effects upon our timber trees. Dr. Robert Hartig has devoted much study to fungi injurious to European forest trees, es- pecially those of German forests. The results of Dr. Hartig’s studies have been widely pub- lished, and in some cases valuable suggestions have been made to prevent the spread of these injuries. Respecting American coniferous tim- ber trees which have been grown in Germany, and there subjected to the attack of injurious fungi, we have learned considerable that is sug- gestive in the study of American species of funyi injurious to these timber trees as grown in America. Au interesting and vital point in Dr. Schrenk’s studies is, how far the fungi described are directly accountable for the death of timber trees. There is also the very important ques- tion of how far the combined attacks of certain boring beetles and fungi are responsible for the destruction of living trees. So far, Dr. Schrenk’s investigations point out mainly that injurious fungi attack weakened or very old trees through some wound. This discovery is, however, not at all encouraging, since a very large percentage of some of our forest trees are in a dead or dying condition as the result of fire and other causes than the attacks of fungi or insects. Dr. Schrenk points out that this use- ful dead timber may be rapidly destroyed by fungi. He shows also that in nearly all cases the destruction is complete. Fore the restricted area over which Dr. Schrenk’s preliminary investigations extended he finds there are five principal species of injur- ious fungi, with several others making a possible eight altogether. While some of these species are more or less common on the broad-leaved trees, his attention was directed mainly to the effect of these fungi on the principal coniferous timber trees of New England forests. These trees are the Red Spruce, White Spruce (prob- ably also the Black Spruce, which Dr. Schrenk seems to have erroneously considered the same as the Red Spruce) Balsam Fir, Hemlock, Arborvitz, White Pine, and Tamarack are the remaining trees subject to the attacks of these fungi. The author very carefully describes the character of each fungus in its relation to the above trees, giving excellent illustrations also of the pathological effects upon the wood struc- ture. Owing to the short time possible to give to this report, the author is compelled to admit that the amount of damage wrought by these fungi must as yet remain unknown. He be- lieves, however, that the destruction of dead and decayed timber is annually so great that the loss warrants the hastening on the part of lumbermen of careful utilization of all dead standing timber. Dr. Schrenk is unable also to point out any remedial measures of importance. The one which he cites under /olyporus AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 103 schwetnitzii as a common resort in Europe for checking the spread of the fungus is hardly practical or applicable, as he himself admits to forests in this country. With extended investigation it is to be hoped that the author may be able to suggest methods of preventing the spread of injurious fungi in American forests. In the meantime, the serious damage wrought by these fungi suggests very plainly that over-ripe coniferous timber should be utilized before it is rendered useless through the attacks of fungi. There are, as a matter of fact, not a few small areas of old pine timber in the Northeast and Allegheny Mountain forests which are rapidly deteriorating through these causes. The owners are entirely unaware of the insidious destruction going on while they patiently wait for expected rise in stumpage value. As aremedial precaution it seems possible that during lumbering operations much can be done that will lessen the damage from destructive fungi. Lumbermen are, in a practical way, very familiar with diseased trees. They know them, as Dr. Schrenk remarks, as punky, conchy, etc., and leave them standing because they are unfit for lumber. It would seem wise that such trees should be destroyed along with waste tops and brush which improved methods of lumbering Insist on. Gy Bais: Report on the Measurement of the Volume of Streams and the Flow of Water in the State of New York. By Edward A. Bond, State Engineer and Surveyor. Pp. 127. Map I. Figs. and Illustrations 65. The State Engineer and Surveyor of New York has issued a notable pamphlet dealing with the flow of the streams of New York, mainly for the year 1900. This publication is of interest to foresters and engineers since it shows the behavior of the streams issuing from the mountain and forest-clad lands of the State. It gives the daily discharge at various points in cubic feet per second, these facts being graph- ically shown by small diagrams. The condition of the rivers is also illustrated by numerous photographs. It is to be hoped that the State will continue the collection of facts of this kind, as upon these must rest the largest and best utilization of the water resources of the State, and also consider- ations as to the preservation of the forest and the extension of the protection of the head- waters of the streams. After such data have been acquired, extending through a series of years, it will be possible to discuss more intel- ligently the effect of forest upon river flow. The report is noteworthy as an illustration of prompt and business-like methods on the part of the State engineering office. The work was authorized by law, dated April 13, 1900, and through coéperation with the U. S. Geological Survey the measurements were continued through that vear and the results published before the end of December, the data being brought up to the 3oth of November. Such 104 prompt computation of results and publication is worthy of praise and emulation by others. Sylviculture in Relation to Horticulture. By Dr. John Gifford, Cornell University, New Jersey Horticultural Society Report. Pp. 18. Silviculture and horticulture in their relations to each other are much talked about and much misunderstood. A paper like this one is most welcome. Dr. Gifford has a good deal to sav about the relations between silviculture and horticulture in warm countries, but the last part of his article is devoted especially to the value of silviculture to the farmers of New Jersey. The difficulty of an economical protection against fire is touched upon, and a number of suggestions are made with regard to it. Compilation of Notes on the Most Important Timber Tree Species of the Philippine Is- lands. Prepared by Capt. G. P. Ahern, in charge of the Forestry Bureau at Manila. Pp. 103 ; colored plates XLV. Cloth §2.co, gold ; leather $3.00, gold. Address Forestry Bureau, Manila, P. I. This book is intended to make accessible to any one who may be interested in Philippine woods or the forests of the islands and their ex- ploitation, whatever information of a practical sort is now in print. The following are the headings of the book’s eight chapters : I. Extract from Forestry Regulations, and list of tree species not at present on tariff list. 2. Notes on the Philippine forests and their exploitation. 3. Descriptive notes of fifty important tree species. 4. The Anay or White Ant. . Strength and weight of woods. Uses of woods. . Gutta-percha. Authorities cited. Captain Ahern evidently thinks that the proper management and care of the Philippine forests is synonymous with their proper ex- ploitation. At present, roads and all means of transportation are lacking, so that the forests are inaccessible for any purpose, and such are the methods of managing and cutting that the innumerable forest products are being wasted where they do not go to waste. _ This book makes no pretense at being original in contents, or being more than a pamphlet of OI DN THE FORESTER. April, | reference got out to meet the demands of the . Of its kind, however, it is first — present hour. : rate and will certainly be most useful. Progress of Forest Management in the Adiron- © dacks. Annual report of the Director of the New York State College of Forestry. By Dr. B. E. Fernow. Pp. 4o. This is an interesting report on the work which the Cornell Forest School has carried on in managing its 30,000-acre tract in the Adiron- dacks. Its author makes it the occasion for a © consideration of what ‘‘an American system of © forestry,’’ often mentioned nowadays, may © really be. Although readers who do not know about the different attempts at forest manage- © ment which have been made in the Adirondacks will probably fail to get the meaning of many of the things which Dr. Fernowsays, this is un- | doubtedly the most interesting part of the re- port. Dr. Fernow decides that ‘If sylvicul- tural methods have been properly applied to renew the harvested forest in superior compo- sition ; if the old crop has been utilized to the fullest possible extent ; and if this is done with © due regard to economy, all has been done that | can be done.’’ This may be true and may work well on the Cornell tract, but it does not neces- sarily follow, as the author seems to hold that | it does, that estimates of the future yield of wood per acre, are more misleading than useful. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. Prospectus of the Yale Summer School of | Forestry at Milford, Penna. Yale University, New Haven, Conn. A Course in Forestry at the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. | Durham, N. H. A Disease of the Black Locust. Hermann von © Schrenk. Printed separately from the Twelfth | Annual Report of the Missouri Botanical | Garden. Pp. Io. Plates III. The Commercial Side of Governmental and | Private Forestry. By C. A. Schenk, Bilt- MOTE Nes Cae eros Carrying Capacities of Irrigation Canals. By Samuel Fortier. Bulletin No. 71. Experiment | Station of the Utah Agricultural College. First Annual Report of the Michigan Forestry Commission, for the year Igoo. ( 70 be reviewed later.) ORGANIZED APRIL, 1882. INCORPORATED, JANUARY, 1897. THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. OFFICERS FOR togor. President. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of ‘Agriculture. First Vice President. Corresponding Secretary. Dr. B. E. FERNOW, Ithaca, N. Y. F, H. NEWELL, Washington, D. C. Recording Secretary, GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY, Washington, D. C. Treasurer, OTTO J. J. LUEBKERT, Washington, D. C. Directors. JAMES WILSON. HENRY S. GRAVES. EDWARD A. BOWERS. FREDERICK V. COVILLE. B. E. FERNOW. HENRY GANNETT. ARNOLD HAGUE. F. H. NEWELL. THOMAS F. WALSH. GIFFORD PINCHOT. GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY. Vice Presidents. Sir H. G. JoLy DE LOTBINIERE, Victoria, B. C. CHARLES EK. BESSEY, Lincoln, Neb. CHARLES C. GEORGESON, Sitka, Alaska. JOHN GIFFORD, Princeton, N. J. D. M. RIORDAN, Flagstaff, Ariz. EDWARD F. HoBart, Santa Fe, N. M. THOMAS C. MCRAE, Prescott, Ark W. A. WADSWORTH, Geneseo, N. Y. ABBOTT KINNEY, [amanda Park, Cal. J. A. HoLMEs, Raleigh, N. C. HENRY D. MICHELSEN, Denver, Col. W. W. BARRETT, Church’s Ferry, N. D. ARTHUR T. HADLEY, New Haven, Conn. WM. R. LAZENBY, Columbus, Ohio. Wo. M. Cansy, Wilmington, Del. WILLIAM T. LITTLE, Perry, Okla. A. V. CLUBBS, Pensacola, Fla. J. T. RoTHROCK, West Chester, Pa. R. B. REPPARD, Savannah, Ga. H. G. RUSSELL, E. Greenwich, R. I. J. M. CoutTER, Chicago, Il. THOMAS T. WRIGHT, Nashville, Tenn. JAMES Troop, Lafayette, Ind. W. GooDRICH JONES, Temple, Texas. THOMAS H. MAcBRIDE, Iowa City, Iowa. C. A. WHITING, Salt Lake, Utah. D. C. BURSON, Kans. FRANK W. ROLLINS, Concord, N. H. JOHN R. PROCTER, Frankfort, Ky. D. O. NouRSE, Blacksburg, Va LEWIS JOHNSON, New Orleans, La. ADDISON G. FOSTER, Tacoma, Wash. EDWARD L,. MELLUS, Baltimore, Md. A. D. HopxKINs, Morgantown, W. Va. N. E. HANSEN, Brookings, S. D. THOMAS F. WALSH, Washington, D. C. JoHN E. Hopss, North Berwick, Me. ELWoop MEAD, Cheyenne, Wyo. N. S. SHALER, Cambridge, Mass. ELIHU STEWART, Ottawa, Ont. CHARLES W. GARFIELD, Lansing, Mich. Wo. LITTLE, Montreal, Quebec. Jupson N. Cross, St. Anthony Park, Minn. GEo. P. AHERN, Manila, P. I. WILLIAM TRELEASE, St. Louis, Mo. GEO. CARTER, Hawaii. Annual Dues, $2.00. Life Membership, with exemption from further dues, $100.00. Sustaining Membership, $25.00 a year. Members receive THE FORESTER gratis. APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP. To the Assistant Secretary, AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, Washington, D. C. DEAR SiR: I hereby signify my desire to become a member of the American Forestry Association Very truly yours, INCOR Co pore P. O. Address AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. HENRY ROMEIKE, The First Established and Most Complete Newspaper Cutting Bureau in the World. 110 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. ESTABLISHED LONDON, 1883; NEW YORK, 1884. BRANCHES: LONDON, PARIS, BERLIN, SYDNEY. THE Se es CUTTING BUREAU hich I established and have carried on since 1881 in London, and 1884 = ‘New York, reads, through its hundreds of employes, every news- r and periodical of importance published in the United States, nada and Europe. It is patronized by thousands of subscribers, pro- ssional or business men, to whom are sent, day by day, newspaper clippings, collected from all these thousands of papers, referring either o them or any given subject. ; : : ; : : : 3 HENRY ROMEIKE, 140 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. The Plant World An Illustrated Monthly Journal cf Popular Botany ESTABLISHED 1897 The Only Non-Technical Periodical Devoted Exclusively to this Branch of Biology, and Dealing with all Phases of Plant Life Each issue of Volume IV, commencing in January, IgoI, will be enlarged by four additional pages, and the special features of the volume will be as follows: A department of notes and sug- gestions for teachers ; articles descriptive of various groups among the lower plants, illustrated by ~ full-page plates ; series of articles by prominent botanists recounting their collecting experiences. in such countries as Cuba, Porto Rico, Alaska, etc.; discussions of important economic plants ; book reviews, and general items. The S-page supplement, devoted to a systematic account of alk known families of flowering plants, which has been such a valuable feature of the past volume, will be continued and even more freely illustrated. Many of our sub cribers have voluntarily testified to their appreciation of The Plant World, but the words of Professor Charles E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, are particularly gratifying to us, and should bé remembered by every- botanical periodical. Hesays ‘‘ The Plant World has made a place be without it.’’ Subscription Price, $1.00 per Year. Sample Copy Free on receipt of 1-cent stamp. THE PLANT WORLD COMPANY, P.O. Box 334, Washington, D.C. Kindly mention THE FORESTER in writing. 20 Cents THE FORESTER Vol. VII ‘ MAY, 1901 No. 5 CONTENTS : ORDINARY MOUNTAIN FORM OF LODGEPOLE PINE . . . . ._ . Frontispiece THE STUDY AND PRACTICE OF SILVICULTURE. HENRY S. GRAVES (Illustrated) 105 Director of the Yade Forest School. saa EXAMPLE OF SLOW GROWTH OF LODGEPOLE PINE. C.S. CRANDALL (Illustrated) 112 Division of Forestry ; THE RUBBER INDUSTRY OF COSTA RICA. H. STUART HOTCHKISS (Illustrated) 116 EDITORIALS Growth of Interest in ee The Fire In order that the good will of its readers may become as effective as possible in aiding to solve our pres ent forest problems, the Foresrer indicates five directions in which an effective advance is chiefly needed. — The forest work of the United States Government which is now being carried on by the Depart- ment of Agriculture, the General Land Office, and the Geological Survey conjointly, should be completely — and formally unified. The division of authority between the three offices involves great waste, an consolidation is directly and emphatically pointed to by the present voluntary co-operation between them, — 2. A system of forest management under the administration of trained foresters should be introduced . “~ into the national and state forest reserves and parks. i 3. Laws for the protection of the forests against fire and trespass should be adapted to the needs of — each region and supported by the provisions and appropriations necessary for their rigorous enforcement. — 4. Taxation of forest lands should be regulated so that it will encourage not forest destruction but — conservative forest management. ; a 5. The attention of owners of woodlands should be directed to forestry and to the possibilities of ap- plying better methods of forest management. ; ye Me Persons asking themselves how they can best serve the cause of forestry will here find lines of work © suggested, along which every effort will tell. No opportunity for doing good along these lines should be- neglected. ; phere, . + THE AUK. A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION. As the official organ of the Union, * The Auk’ is the leading ornithological publication of this country. 4 Each number contains about I00 pages of text, a handsomely colored plate, or other illustrations. The — principal articles are by recognized authorities, and are of both a scientific and popular nature. The de- — partment of «General Notes’ gives brief records of new and interesting facts concerning birds, contributed — by observers from throughout the United States and Canada. Recent ornithological literature is reviewed at — length, and news items are commented upon by theeditors. ‘The Auk’ is thus indispensable to those who — woald be kept informed of the advance made in the study of birds, either in the museum or in the field. _ PRICE OF CURRENT VOLUME, $3. SINGLE NUMBERS, 75 CTS. Address WILLIAM DUTCHER, Treas., ec 525 Manhattan Avenue, NEW YORK CITY — HENRY ROMEIKE, | The First Established and Most Complete Newspaper Cutting Bureau in the World. at 110 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. j ESTABLISHED LONDON, 1881; NEW YORK, 1884. : BRANCHES: LONDON, PARIS, BERLIN, SYDNEY. THE PRESS CUTTING BUREAU AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. The Gilman School = _ Also called For Girls 7 Cambridge School The teachers are trained for their work. The classes are small. The laboratories are complete. The buildings are sunny. The playgrounds are ample. The School aims to develop the best type of woman- 90d that refinement and intellectual training can pro- ice. The ideal is the highest, and no detail is too nall for the personal attention of the Director, r. ARTHUR GILMAN, first Regent of Radcliffe College. Each course is suited to the stage of the pupil’s ad- incement and not the pupil to the course. The usual courses of the ‘‘ Finishing School” ven to all who wish them. The Resident pupils are provided with such careful id kindly attention as a mother desires for a daughter hen away from home. Parents who appreciate the ilue of cultivated home life, as distinguished from the fe of the hotel or boarding house, will be interested in e arrangements of the Residence The place in which The Gilman School is established yssesses exceptional advantages for instruction and tivation. The Cambridge Common was the first camp-ground ’ the American Revolution. There Washington drew is sword as Commander-in-Chief of the Patriot Army. Introduction required. The Manual describes the School. Nos. 34 and 36 Concord Avenue, CAMBRIDGE, MASS, are JU8Us University of the South SEWANEE, TENNESSEE. DEPARTMENTS: ACADEMIC MEDICAL THEOLOGICAL PHARMACEUTICAL LAW PREPARATORY The University of the South is situated in the center of its woodland domain of 10 000 acres, on the summit of the Cumberland Mountains, 2,000 feet above sea level. Open from March to December, the academic year being divided into three terms. Students from other universities may attend the summer session, July 3 to September 26, in any department. The university domain is being !umbered in a scientific manner under the direction of the Division of Forestry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, and an unusual oppor- tunity is afforded for the preliminary study of forestry. Sewanee presents an exceptionally attractive field for the study of geology, forest and field botany. For further information address THE VICK CHANCELLOR. Private Estates Private Parks. orest and Game Preserves. F. von. HOFFMAN, LANDSCAPE AND FORESTING-ENGINEER. it. James Building, sroadway and 26th St., sack Files of THE FORESTER For Sale. ‘ol. Il. The Forester, 1896 (3 sets left), each . Rta 5 The Forester, 1897 (lack= NEW YORK. ‘ol. Ill. ing No. 10), 3 sets left, each DIAS ‘ol. 1V. The Forester, 1898, 75 ‘ol. V. The Forester, 1899,. offs.) ‘ol. VI. The Forester, 1900, . 1.00 roceedings of the American Forestry Congress and American Forestry Association (1888-1897, inclusive), 1.00 eee eSO: | ALL EMPLOYES In the operating department of the ‘Alton Road ” are required to pass mental and physical examinations calculated to secure absolute safety to passengers and freight. Fidelity, promptness, and accuracy are re- warded by the merit system, the result being that one of the safest railways in the world is “THE ONLY WAY” ee GRO. J. CHARLTON, GEn’L PASSENGER AGENT, CxHiIcaGco, ILLINOIS. Kindly mention THE FORESTER in writing. THE FORESTER. Yes... It is possible To buy a typewriter that Will continue to produce satisfactory work during years of constant use ; and this is the height—and the depth— of typewriter economy. Any one of our three machines Will perform such a service. We shall be glad to make you thoroughly acquainted With one or all of them. u New Century z= Densmore Yost UNITED TYPEWRITER AND SUPPLIES COMPANY 1421 F St., N. W., Washington, D. C. The Plant World An Illustrated Monthly Journal of Popular Botany ESTABLISHED 1897 The Only Non-Technical Periodical Devoted Exclusively to this Branch of Biology, and Dealing with all Phases of Plant Life Each issue of Volume IV, commencing in January, Igor, will be enlarged by four additional pages, and the special features of the volume will be as follows: A department of notes and sug- gestions for teachers ; articles descrij tive of various groups among the lower plants, illustrated by full-page plates ; series of articles by prominent botanists recounting their collecting experiences in such countries as Cuba, Porto Rico, Alaska, etc.; discussions of important economic plants ; book reviews, and general items. The 8-page supplement, devoted to a systematic account of all known families of flowering plants, which has been such a valuable feature of the past volume, will be continued and even more freely illustrated. Many of our sub cribers have voluntarily testified to their appreciation of The Plant World, but the words of Professor Charles E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, are particularly gratifying to us, and should be remembered by every- one who contemplates taking a botanical periodical. Hesays ‘‘ The Plant World has made a place for itself, and I cannot afford to be without it.”’ Subscription Price, $1.00 per Year.. Sample Copy Free on receipt of 1-cent stamp. THE PLANT WORLD COMPANY, P.O. Box 334, Washington, D.C. Kindly mention THE FORESTER in writing. ORDINARY MOUNTAIN FORM OF LODGEPOLE PINE. HE FORESTER. Wo. VII. MALY Igol. INO. &- SPECIAL NOTICE. The American Forestry Association will not meet at Colorac Springs, as announced in the columns of this issue, owing to the post- ponement of the meeting of the National Irrigation Congress. however, meet in affiliation with the American Asso- Association will, lo The ciation for the Advancement of Science at Denver, Colorado, August 27th to 29th, inclusive. Announcement of meeting will be issued later. must meet in marketing his timber, have made recommendations to private owners which are absurdly impractical and which a forester, who understood his business, would never have made. The real nature of forestry has been misunderstood, not only by lumbermen, but also by many persons who call them- selves foresters. SSome who have under- stood the laws governing the life of trees have believed themselves competent for- esters, although they had no thorough knowledge of the art of tending or repro- Orro J. J. LUEBKERT. yauerrerr UL WOLCITY. But what is the difference between for- estry and dendrology ? The chief differ- ence is that the dendrologist’s work is for scientific purposes alone, while forestry 1s an applied science. But the facts upon which the practice of forestry is based, are really an extension of dendrology. The dendrologist studies trees, chiefly for the purpose of identification and classifi- cation. Whatever study he makes of the habits and life of trees is usually general in character and is confined to the indi- The forester further and vo0eS > vidual. THE FORESTER. 106 ‘IN “HUMOWWVIIG “LI LOOV SONI'IdvS AHL OL AWALNI LNOHLIM GOOM GOD OLNI dA GHYAYOM ANY JAD (aanynorsy jo ydad Ss ‘ 66g1 10; Yoog 1e9q W014) MVO HOUVI V “ONIYHEANNT AALLVAYAHSNOD 19OI. studies the life of trees as they occur in groups. He studies the individual as it forms a part of the whole forest. He studies the influences, which affect the de- velopment of trees, and he studies their behavior under different conditions. In other words, studies the life of the forest. This knowledge is classified and arranged inasystem. It is the science upon which the whole practice of forestry is based. The forester has taken up dendrology and extended it. He has appropriated the knowledge and embodied it into the sci- ence of silviculture. As ordinarily defined, silviculture is the establishment and care of woodlands. It AMERICAN. FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 107 ural means. In the popular mind this is the practice of forestry. It may be better called the practice of silviculture, as dis- tinct from the science of silviculture, which I would define as the whole body of observed facts having to do with the life of the forest. Silviculture teaches how to produce forests. Itis silviculture that distinguishes forestry from ordinary lumbering, and most lumbermen think that silviculture and for- estry are identical. This idea is natural, especially in view of the fact that a num- ber of experiments, to demonstrate prac- tical forestry, have been made ‘in this country which are really demonstrations of WASTEFUL METHODS OF LUMBERING NEAR HILL CITY, SOUTH DAKOTA. is the art of establishing plantations by seed or by planting. It is the art of tend- ing forests, of thinning them for the im- provement of their character and compo- sition, of pruning, when practical, and of removing the timber in such a manner that reproduction will take place by nat- practical silviculture and not of practical forestry. I repeat that forestry 1s an art and a business whose practice is based on scien- tific facts and principles. The practice of silviculture is the art of the forester. I lere he can show his knowledge of the life and 105 requirements of trees and can demonstrate his skill in moulding forests into such a shape that the greatest amount of the most valuable material will be produced in the shortest possible time. But it is the busi- THE FORESTER. May, country. We know extremely little about the life of our trees and every encourage- ment should be given to experiments which teach how to handle them. But they should be understood as experiments in SOFT MAPLE FOREST PLANTATION, TWELVE YEARS OLD, IN PALO ALTO COUNTY, IOWA. OUT THE GRASS. TREES TOO FAR APART TO KEEP SHOWS A FAILURE IN TREE PLANT- ING DUE TO LACK OF SILVICULTURAL STUDY. ness side of forestry, forest management, which makes this knowledge and skill of value and practical utility. A demonstra- tion of silviculture, which pretends to be a demonstration of practical forestry, but which makes financial considerations of in- cidental interest alone, does an injustice to forestry, especially at this time when the science is on trial as really practical for business men. Experiments in silviculture are of great value and are very much needed in this silviculture, made to increase our know]l- edge of the silvicultural treatment of our forests, and not as demonstrations or ex- amples of practical forestry. Nothing would delight the forester more than the opportunity to base the man- agement of his forest upon silvicultural considerations alone. He could produce in the end a very complete forest. But this can be done only on experimental tracts. In the countries where forestry has been 1901. practiced for many years, systems of man- agement have been developed which suit the local economic conditions. The meas- ures, which the forester as a silviculturist would like to use, are modified by finan- cial considerations. The silviculturist must expect always to fall short of his ideal. He must always make some sacrifices and his final method must always be a com- promise between what would produce the AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. TOO the part of the silviculturist here than in Europe. The forester who expects to ac- complish at once the results secured in Europe will fail. The American forester must devise systems of management which will accomplish the owner’s object and at the same time maintain the productiveness of the forest. It may take him some years to perfect his systems, and he may have to use makeshifts at first. But if the methods * LUMBERING APPROACHING FORESTRY. most perfect results silviculturally and what is possible for the owner financially. If that is true abroad, it is a much more important fact inthis country. The forest owners demand more here than abroad. The market generally allows the cutting of only a limited class of timber, prices are low, labor is high, freights are high, roads are poor or wanting, and danger from fire and trespass is very great. These conditions necessitate a greater sacrifice on MANY SMALL TREES LEFT. SAPLINGS CUT TO STREW ROAD WORST FAULT.”’ are correct, they will develop with the changes of economic conditions and the change of public opinion. No mistake can be made than to assume an greater uncompromising attitude in the face of financial considerations and public opinion and to insist that measures must be used which involve more money than the owner can afford to expend. Forestry always costs something. It may involve an investment in the form of mer- 110 chantable trees left for the production of seed or as soil cover, or it may involve the expenditure of money for marking tim- ber, for protection or for planting. But the forester has no right to advise the ex- penditure of a single ‘dollar unlsss he can show that it is necessary. Often tree planting on a large scale is recommended where the sandk eats of natural reproduction have not been studied at all. A forester should never advise the expenditure of money for planting unless he can show that the returns on the in- vested capital will be greater than by waiting for natural reproduction, or give a reason equally good. In many sections of the country the methods of practical forestry will not for the present differ very radically from the methods of the careful lumberman. The silvicultural methods, which can be used in most of the spruce forests of Maine, will not at first be very different from those already in use by certain farsighted lumbermen. But the fact that lumber- men have been clever enough to use systems of practical forestry v without the advice of scientific foresters is no reason why these methods should not be classed as true forestry. The fact that our conditions are rough and that our silvicultural methods must be at first crude, has caused a tendency among some American foresters to under- estimate the value of a thorough knowl- edge of the practice of European silvicul- ture and of the importance of silvicultural study in this country. Some have shown a tendency to study the questions of ex- ploitation and other subjects of forest management alone and to consider silvi- cultural study, except as it has to do with growth and yield, merely of scientific interest. Forest management in most parts of the country has for its first object the removal of the merchantable timber in such a way that the productiveness of the forest will not be impaired. No person is in a posi- tion to accomplish this object who does not have a knowledge of the methods of forestry used elsewhere and who does not have an intimate knowledge of the silvi- THE FORESTER. May, cultural character of the forest which he is handling. The American forester will have to use considerable ingenuity to devise systems of management which will accomplish his purpose, and he will be able to devise them only when he understands the require- ments of every species in the forest which he is treating. A forester who neglects his silvicultural study is apt to use some system of management with which he is already familiar. In order to justify the use of any system a second time he must study the forest with as much care as if he were introducing an entirely new method of management. The silvicultur- ist should get into the closest touch with the needs of the different trees under all circumstances. He should study the re- production of each species, obtaining infor- mation relative to the production of seed, the amount produced and the frequency of seed years, the conditions most favorable to germination of seed, the requirements of the seedlings with regard to light, soil moisture, effect of wind, frost, fire, etc. He should study the requirements of every tree at each period of its life with respect to every influence which affects its devel- opment. The forester should carry on his silvicultural study according to a syste- matic plan and not rely on haphazard ob- servations. Unfortunately, most of the silvicultural observations which have been gathered about our trees have been made when merely passing through the woods. This is very well when the lack of time prevents further study, but where a work- ing plan is made and a new system of treatment is developed, the silvicultural study ought to be backed up by data col- lected in a systematic and scientific man- ner. And when the final method is evol- ved the forester should have a clear notion, based on comparative observations, of what will take place when the forest has been treated. He should know how each tree will develop, presupposing that there are no disturbing conditions, and should be able to prophecy, so far as this is ever possible, what the character of the repro- duction will be. The forester should have an intimate IgOl. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. ’ PLANTING, NECESSITY FOR BURN. NO SEED TRELS IN be fi 112 knowledge of the growth and production of forests under different conditions. The growth is of great importance in the silvi- cultural treatment of trees. With some trees the rapidity of growth is the factor which enables them to maintain their posi- tion in the forest. The relative rate of growth must always be considered in creat- ing mixed forests and is one of the impor- tant characteristics which the tree planter has to know. A knowledge of the production of for- ests is used chiefly in problems of manage- ment. In making a working plan such in- formation is absolutely necessary. Where planting is done the owner must know how soon he may expect some returns and whether they will be enough to cover the initial outlay. Empirical and normal tables of yield for even aged forests are, therefore, of the greatest value. Most of our forests will be managed according to some system of selection. It is just as im- portant in this case for the owner to have a knowledge of future production as when a forest is planted. The owner must know how much timber can be cut at present, and how much can be cut in the future. This information should be gathered and presented in tables of yield. Our forests are very irregular, and proph- ecies of future yield can at the best be only approximations. Where possible THE FORESTER. May, they should always be founded on the growth of trees which are grown under conditions like those which will prevail under the new system of management. It is nearly always possible to find such con- ditions, but if they cannot be found, the growth of virgin trees must beused. The figures will certainly be conservative, for the growth is slower than under new con- ditions of light after lumbering. Such tables of growth should be made for dif- ferent localities wherever possible and, of course, for all forests under different sys- tems of management. The forester must take the conditions which he finds at hand. The fact that he cannot determine the future growth with mathematical accuracy is no reason why he should not determine the facts as accu- rately as possible. Some working basis he must have and it is perfectly legitimate and scientific to take the best figures which can be obtained, and to use them until empirical tables can be made. Let no person make the mistake that a_ scienti- fic study of the forest is unnecessary in this country. Every system of manage- ment which is not based on such study will fail. And the successful forester will be the man who appreciates that the study of the science of silviculture and the practice of silviculture go hand in hand. AN EXAMPLE OF SLOW GROWTH (OF “LODGE ORE EINE By CoS Cranpanr Division of Forestry. HE southern extension of the Lodge- pole Pine in the Rocky Mountains covers the full width of Colorado and occupies large areas between altitudes of 7,000 and 10,000 feet. Owing to its aggressiveness in taking possession of lands on which other species have been killed by fire, the Lodgepole Pine is gradually increasing its holdings. This ability to reclothe burned areas is a valuable charac- teristic of the species and it may be de- pended upon to perpetuate forest cover on many acres that might otherwise remain treeless. All species of the mountain region are of slow growth because the conditions are semi-arid, but no species shows such ex- tremes in rate of growth, and such per- sistence under adverse conditions as does the Lodgepole Pine. Trees in moist situa- IgOl. tions and not crowded by near neighbors may develop with reasonable rapidity, as is shown by an example taken from a mountain slope at an elevation of 9,500 feet. This tree at the age of 52 years was 42 feet high, 1234 inches in diameter, breast high, and had added the last inch to its diameter in a period of five years. This development, however, must be regarded as exceptional. The stand of the AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 113 of four inches and over at breast height. Bacio Bane ee ‘ alsam, and of small seed- lings two Douglas Fir, one Balsam, one Engelmann Spruce, three Aspen and two Willow. There is no other vegetation except a few small patches of the low mountain huckleberry ( Vaccinium myrtil- lus) and a few plants of Prince’s Pine ( Chimaphila umbellata). The dead trees SLOPES ON NORTHERN SIDE OF GRAYBACK RANGE, SAN BERNARDINO FOREST RESERVE, CALIFORNIA, BEARING LODGEPOLE PINE AND LIMBER PINE. species is usually dense, and much of the area it occupies consists of mountain slopes or elevated plateaus where the combination of excessive dryness and close crowding admits only very slow development as the following example will illustrate : An acre of ground on the gently sloping top of a mountain ridge at an altitude of 9,500 feet carries 773 Lodgepole Pine and three Douglas Fir trees, having diameters ALTITUDE [1,000 FEET. on-the acre number 293, 85 of which have fallen; these all belong to the same genera- tion as the living trees, and represent, in part, the natural thinning through crowd- ing. Ninety-two per cent. of the 773 Lodge- pole Pine trees fall below ten inches in breast-high diameter, and only two per cent. reach twelve inches and over. From six selected sample trees, it is found that TYPES OF YOUNG LODGEPOLE PINE GROWTH ABOUT 20 TO 25 YEARS OLD. UAL ld i si LOPE OF SLEEPING LOWER §S OF SAM ED TREE N EST O S REPRODUCTION M CONES O NE FOR PI SHOW OLE N. EP AI LODG URN IN 7D B OI SPECIES E MOUNT AP C FIRE KILL N RO F AMERICAN .FORESTRY ASSOCIATION II Bi 5 TQ01. the average diameter, bre Ss hig! 5 is 8% years I his shows tl ] i L re ist 129) a) Se se S 1e annua incre =} t i : i f : aa emen f . eae ~ » 1 54 eet, with an average of 44 feet. Ages Counting the annual rings from the « range between 150 and 163 years, with an _ side, the tree of most rapid arc wth incl ie: 50 Stik growth inc 2S average of 154 years. 25 in the last inch < fontaine oles 5 ast inch added to its diameter: Tete eR, © cenensnareciniee ai CEO REET ARTS ace oan a NF ODE PUPS Ses 2 a ie BURN OF 1889 ON BLACKFEET RESERVATION, NEAR MIDVALE, MONTANA. DENSELY RESTOCKED WITH LODGEPOLE PINE. the tree of slowest growth includes 75 rings, and averaging the six trees, it ap- pears that it has taken 48 years to add the last inch in diameter to this forest. An annual increment of .o2 of an inch is in- The trees are sound Comparing the averages of diameter and age is enough to show the present rate of growth. It is found that at 50 years the average tree has acquired a diameter of 5-3 inches, or about 62 per cent. of the present diameter; and at 100 years of age it has 86 per cent. of the diameter at 154 deed slow growth. and healthy in appearance, but the crowns Haas = wile © 20 poe oon it vs ¥ y if ro \* aX omee Gite mee coulis nee euct fe ~~ Os ~ > > = ~ ¥ ~ : ~ ™“ ~ ‘ ~ ‘ ~ < x YESS X cM ~ , ~ “ . S ~ 118 Many interesting experiments in rubber cultivation have been tried throughout the world, but in Central America a least, no experiments of the past can be called decided successes. There are, however, some under way at the present time, that bid fair to yield better results than their predecessors. Realizing the uncertainty of making a paying proposition out of a rubber planta- tion alone, most of the experiments have been made in connection with banana or cacao plantations. Of these the former would appear to offer the best chance of success because, it is invariably the case that where in nature you find the most luxuriant growth of Cas¢¢//oa trees, there is the place to lay out your * bananal ” with assured success. Of course the ban- THE FORESTER. May, his attempt to get the most possible gum from the tree at one cutting, usually suc- ceeds in killing it outright, or ruining it for a future yield. Ona banana plantation near Jimenez, Santa Clara Province, some experiments have been made that promise to give good results. In this case the cultivator has placed beds of young rubber trees planted about a foot apart in the most favorable places. When these attain a height of from eight to fifteen inches they are trans- planted and scattered among the bananas at generous intervals and with the idea in mind to give them conditions as nearly like nature as possible. As many of their roots are very near the surface it is impos- sible to plough around them and thus keep them free from the weeds which sap their SHOWING METHOD OF CUTTING CASTILLOA. LOWED TO COAGULATE ON THE TREE. ana will grow (often profitably) in land unsuited to rubber, yet as a rule most of the great plantations have been reclaimed from land once thickly covered with trees of the latter variety, that have fallen prey to the ravages of the rubber thief, who in GUM AL- energy. This, however, is not a serious problem, as the shade afforded by the bananas, which is so necessary to the com- mercial condition of the rubber tree, serves effectually to suppress all of the less toler- ant kinds of vegetation. It is found an Igol. advantage to pile dead leaves and other refuse around the base of the tree from four to eight inches in height and to a dis- tance of from two to three feet from the trunk; by this means the rains of a trop- ical summer are prevented from caking the clayey soil into a hard impenetrable mass and the worms, which are abundant, are brought to the surface, thus allowing the water to circulate freely through the holes that they have made and thereby dis- solve those mineral properties essential to vegetable growth. Near Port Limon on the coast many young rubber trees are grown merely for exportation and with no idea of tapping. These are grown among the cacao and when about a year old, are cut off just below the leaves, and the stems are packed in boxes, the layers being separated by a a & ALi BGAN Y HE last clump of Pine trees, the rear guard of the virgin forest that once covered the hills and valleys of Allegany County, N. Y., four hundred and ninety trees in all, have been sold for $7,500, probably the highest price ever paid in the State for that number of Pine trees on the stump. The trees have been for many years one of the sights of South- ern Allegany County, .and heretofore Lucius and Ebenezer Norton, the owners, have refused to put a price on them. The Pines are on the hillside, in the town of Scio, seven miles east of Bolivar. During the Jast winter one-third of the trees have been cut away and the logs hauled to the mills at Belmont and Wells- ville. In all, it is expected that the 490 trees will cut 720,000 feet of lumber. The price paid is naa Susea tree. he largest tree cut so far was over sixteen feet in cir- cumference at the butt and the rings on the stump showed it to be over 295 years old. Clear pine lumber is now worth $70 for each 1,000 feet: When the pioneers came to Allegany County their greatest trouble was to get ‘rid of the pine Forest and to get AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 119 little dry earth. The market for this queer product is, I understand, Belgium whence they are reshipped to the Congo. In the Talamanca district in southern Costa Rica the Indians have gained very favorable results by planting the trees in the forests in close imitation of nature and although they tax utmost by constant they are vitality to the and severe b leeding e reported to derive a very respect- able income from their venture. Although the Cas¢z//oa is inferior to the flenia trees of the Amazon regions in many respects, both in the quantity and quality of the yield, yet I think we safely look for a steady increase in the rubber trade in Costa Rica as the subject of cul- tivation becomes better understood, and the inhabitants learn to gather their prod- uct systematically and economically. their may PINES: the land cleared. The virgin Pines were cut down, rolled into heaps and burned. The finest. pine lands in the county for years went begging for buyers at $r an acre. That was before the canal and the railroads came. During the last three years, since the great jump in lumber prices went into effect, every availabie piece of timber land in the county has been bought by the owners of portable mills and ‘the lumber marketed, so there is to-day very little standing timber of any kind in the county. The telegraph com- panies have bought the Chestnut for poles, the railroads have bought the small Chest- nut for fence posts and the Oak for ties, and the Hemlock has been cut off for lum- ber. In the oil- -producing district lumber has to be shipped in and even wood for fuel is becoming scarce, while the price of heavy timbers for drilling rigs is advancing steadily. The mangle roller mills are working up all of the Maple that the forest worms did not destroy, and in ten years the farmer will wake up to the fact that he must burn coal for fuel because be nothing burn.-— Zhe Lixpress. there will >a Wy Bu Ja else to The Forester, PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY The American Forestry Association, AND Devoted to Arboriculture and Forestry, the Care and Use of Forests and Forest Trees, and Related Subjects. The FORESTER assumes no responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles. All members of the American Forestry Associa- tion receive the FORESTER free of charge. Annual fee for regular members $2.00. Anapplication blank will be found in the back of this number. All contributions and communications should be addressed to the EDITOR, 100 Atlantic Building, Washington, D.C. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to 41 North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa., or 100 Atlantic Building, Washington, 1D)5 (Gx Copyright, 1901, by the American Forestry As- sociation. Vol. VII. APRIL, 1901. No. 4. Growth of Inter- That the general pub- est in Forestry. lic is coming to have a better appreciation of the value of forestry to the country at large events of the past few months sug- gest most forcibly. It has been but a few years since the forester was almost an object of pity. His warnings as to the wholesale destruction of our forests were often received with derision, and he was looked upon as a mild sort of a crank. Those were the days when our forests con- tained *¢an inexhaustible supply of tim- ber.” With the enormous increase of business in this country during the last twenty-five years, especially in the lumber industry ; the tremendous amount of forest products needed for home consumption, and the rapid increase in the exportation of lumber has suddenly brought many persons to realize that something must be done to insure the stability of our lumber supply. It is this sudden awakening on the part of the people that will insure scientific forest methods a fair trial. The public is coming to know what forestry really is: that it is good sound business, not a fad; that forestry does not forbid the cutting of trees, but on the other hand, really means that more trees may be cut and at THE FORESTER. May, the same time insure the future production of the forest. One of the most notable changes on the question of forestry is the attitude of lumbermen. At first they were suspicious of the forester and his methods, but at the present time lumbermen in every part of the country are showing a tendency to be guided by expert advice, and to cut their timber in a conservative manner looking to the perpetuation of the supply. During the past winter there has been a notable amount of interest shown in for- estry. The national government as well as the legislatures of a number of states have given forest measures careful consid- eration. Congress showed its appreciation of the government’s position on the ques- tion of forestry by raising the Division of Forestry to a Bureau and more than doubling its appropriation for the coming year. The legislature of Pennsylvania voted to establish a Department of Fores- try, and the same was done in Indiana. California by an almost unanimous vote of its legislature appropriated $250,000 for the purchase of the Redwoods in the Big Basin of the Santa Cruz mountains, and but recently Minnesota passed a law which sets aside delinquent tax lands asa part of the State Forest Reserve. In addi- tion to the above measures the legislatures of Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennes- see voted their consent to have the National government establish a forest reserve in the Southern Appalachian mountains within their several boundaries. New forest associations have been formed, and the work of the older organizations ex- tended. The press throughout the coun- try has evinced much interest in forestry and is responsible in a great measure for the rapid spread of knowledge regarding it. The practice of forestry is good busi- ness; Americans are keen business men and once convinced of the value of a plan that energy so characteristic of them may be counted on to push it to a successful issue. There are decided indications that forestry is beginning to appeal to men as a sound business proposition, and there is reason to predict that within a few years IgOl. the practice of forestry in the United States will be carried forward ona_ very large scale. The education of the public to an appreciation of the value of forests will be the quickest and most effective way to accomplish their careful preservation. ad On another page will be found a list of forest fires that have been reported up to the time of going to press on this number of the ForEsTER. ‘The season of the year when forest fires are most likely to occur has scarcely arrived and yet ina month there is recorded severe fires in nine states, showing not only the usual loss in timber burned, but destruction of houses, barns, fences and in several cases even towns were in imminent danger of de- vastation. * From now until late autumn the chron- icling of forest fires will be an almost daily occurrence. What this means the forester, the lumberman, the owner of timber lands and the lover of forests fully appreciates. With these reports of forest fires will come cries from many quarters for fire legislation, and theories without number for the prevention of fires will be ad- vanced. Candidly the fire question has been carefully studied by the most com- petent experts in the country and there is neither a lack of knowledge of fires and their origin, nor laws for the punishment of those responsible for them. There appears two, effective—though not original—ways of controlling this ever recurring, and greatest enemy of our for- ests. The first is a proper enforcement of the existing fire laws; for on the statute books of nearly every state in the union will be found laws that if properly en- forced would goa great way toward lessen- ing the number of fires. The second is to educate the public mind to a proper ap- preciation of the value of forests and what a formidable and destructive enemy fire is to them. In most cases the origin of a forest fire is not hard to determine. Sparks from a passing locomotive, carelessness on the The Fire Question. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. part of farmers and settlers, in clearing land and burning brush, allow ing the sparks and flames to escape to the woods; a half burned match or lighted cigar dropped while walking through the woods: the neglected camp fire of the hunter or camper; the burning over of lands by cattle and sheep owners to secure good pasture for the next season, or the vandal who sets fire to the woods for revenge: all these are well known causes of forest fires and in fact responsible for nearly all of such conflagrations. ; Aside from the destruction of mature timber, and the killing of young growth, forest fires frequently menace human life. To show what havoc may be wrought by these fires it is only nesessary to recall sev- eral notable fires. The Miramichi fire in New Brunswick, which pa ar over an area of 2,000,000 acres, caused loss se over 500 buildings and 160 lives. iA 187 Peshtigo, Wis., was destroyed by a ar fire, 2,000 square miles of territory were burned over, and between 1,200 and 1,500 people perished in the flames. A more recent disaster of this kind was the Hinck- ley, Minn., fire of 1894 in which 500 lives were lost and more than $25,000,000 worth of property destroyed. These are only a few of the worst cases. A fire in New Jersey during the month of April was only prevented from destroy- ing a town by the combined efforts of its residents. These ex umples serve to show what terrible havoc is possible from forest fires, and does not take into account the thousands of less important fires that occur annually, which, in the aggregate, destroy millions of dollars’ worth of valuable tim- ber and other property. Let those charged with the administra- tion of the laws see that they are rigidly A few years of such rule will areless hunter or maliciously enforced. impress the c inclined persons, and fires will grow much less frequent. Meantime let the friends of our forests continue to teach the indi- vidual a true appreciation of their value to and there will be less ne cessity for the laws. When the public is thoroughly aroused to the importance of th will be a public the community forests there aroused spirit in favor of their preservation that will in itself be ample protection. & ‘*An act to set apart and appropriate certain tax title lands for the State forestry purposes, and to provide for quieting the title thereto in the State, and to appropriate money for the expense thereof.” The foregoing is the title of an act re- cently passed by the Minnesota Legisla- ture, whereby all lands title in which re- verted to the State through delinquent taxes prior to 1891, and are unfit for. ag- ricultural purposes, are set apart for State forest purposes and are declared a part of the Forest Preserves of the State. The act provides that only such lands as are totally unfit for agricultural purposes shall be set apart; and in addition before any lands are thus appropriated the propo- sition in regard to the same must be sub- mitted to the Board of Commissioners of the county in which the lands are situated, who are to decide if such lands are unfit for agricultural purposes. One-half of the income from such lands will go to the State, one-fourth each to the town and county in which the land is situated. The law requires the Attorney General to serve notice on delinquents informing them as to termination of the period of re- demption; he is also charged with the duty of bringing action in the name of the State to quiet title to each tract of such land. Such actions shall be brought only at the written request of the Minnesota Forest Lands for Forest Purposes in Minnesota. THE FORESTER. May, State Forestry Board. When titles in these lands are quieted they shall become a part of the Forest Reserve of the State, and are thereafter under the control, care and management of the State Forestry Board. This law goes into effect at once. This law as it stands, though conserva- tive, is a step forward in the movement looking to the preservation of the existing forests of Minnesota, and the reforestation of cutover lands. It is at least an oppor- tunity for a practical start in state forest management. According to General C. C. Andrews there are nearly three million acres in Minnesota, in detached localities, of idle non-agricultural lands, which will begin to earn a good income as soon as they are forested. Under the new law much will depend on the opinions and decisions of the boards of commissioners of the several counties. There isa chance that the tracts of land thus secured for forest purposes will be so scattered that the State Board will be handicapped in their endeavors to produce the forests. However, this law marks the beginning of the redemption of waste lands through reforestation, and Minnesota has set an example in regard to derelict lands that several other states could follow with advantage. It is a matter for regret that the resolu- tion for a National Park in Minnesota, after passing both branches of the legisla- ture by an almost unaminous vote should fail to receive concurrent action owing to the legislature adjourning before the matter was reached on the calendar. NEWS, NOTES, The Forest Fire Season. That season of the year when we may expect, upon opening the news- papers, to see reports of forest fires, is at hand. Already there is a long list of such fires, reported from all sections of the country. As early as March 4th the Cincinnati papers printed a dispatch from Columbia, AND COMMENT. Ky., which stated that ‘*A forest fire raged west of this place yesterday, de- stroying thousands of panels of fence, and other property. Near Elroy, a forest fire burned the Mt. Pleasant Church and two large barns; near Dunnsville the old Tay- lor mansion and several large barns were also burned.” On the same date was reported a forest 190I. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 122 H a H lo) oa va Z ie) = i U , ~ 4 mH IN IDAHO. .) RVI 7 4 RESE mA it tR FORES RIVE ‘st ST, PRII *ORI I :) ¥ PINE Hi yy 0 : VAAN EN |. geal 4 ij “4 A ATS: PN eee pee ed CPC ETEEIEL BURNT WHITE 124 fire near Parkersburg, W. Va., which de- stroyed 1,000 acres oe fine timber, and for a time Earestened the city itself, a rain storm finally stopping the fire. Flemings- burg, Ky., the same day was threatened by a forest fire and a number of barns were burned. The town of Saratoga, La., on March 14th, was threatened with total destruction by a forest fire. A number of dwellings were burned. From Meridian, Miss., comes the news that forest fires have been sweeping over Lauderdale, Jasper and several adjoining counties, causing heavy damage to timber. New Jersey had a big forest fire on April 1st, when the town ior Winslow had a very narrow escape. Following is a local newspaper account of this fire: ‘* One of the most extensive forest fires that have visited this section of the State is raging in the big woods north of this city. The fire reached a point just east of the town of Winslow last night, and for several hours it was feared the town would be wiped out. Men, women and children fought the flames and succeeded by back firing, in turning the flames to the north of the town WwW hile the men threw up trenches to keep the fire away, women and children carried their househeld goods to places of safety in the fields and are guard- ing them, as a change in the wind is feared. Several farm buildings, about 5,000 acres of big timber, and thousands of cords of wood have been consumed. Many narrow escapes of the fire fighters have been reported.” Destructive forest fires during the first week in April raged in the Ramapo mountains, near Nyack, N. Y., causing heavy damage. In the same way many acres of valuable timber was destroyed at Deep River, Conn. In northern Michigan and the Cumberland Mountains of Tennes- see, forest fires have been burning for a number of days. Great loss is feared, as the country in both regions is very dry. a Mining and The Scranton (Pa.) 7776- Forestry. wne makes some plain statements on the rela- tion of mining and forestry. We quote THE FORESTER. May, the following from a recent editorial in that paper: ‘¢ More than twenty-five years ago an official of the Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal company, while showing some of the mines and slopes of that company, and the then famous ‘open-air coal quarry’ where the great twenty-four-foot vein came out on a mountain side above the Wyoming Valley, had a word to say about forestry. ‘* No one in this part of the world was making any stir about forestation or re- forestation, or the cultivation of the forests for commercial, agricultural and sanitary needs. The glorious woodlands that up to fifty, even forty years ago, had been one of the greatest prides of ‘ Picturesque Pennsylvania,’ were being ruthlessly de- stroyed without any attempt to save the young timber or to replant the desolate spaces. It was all greed for the present without any care for the future. ‘¢The official in question, as he ex- plained the necessity of enormous use of timber in the mines to make them safe, and pointed it out as the party went through one of the mines, said regretfully : ‘We have used up all the available pine timber of this section of the State, even that of Wayne County, and are obliged now to bring from beyond Williamsport, in Lycoming and adjacent counties, what we must have.’ He indicated that it could, in the nature of things, be but a few years until all the primitive forests of this State should be sacrificed, and he deplored the folly from a commercial point of view of such destruction without adequate meas- ures of reproduction and preservation. ‘¢ There are statements made some- times that a mining—a mineral-produc- ing—country has no such interests in forestry as has an agricultural region, but this is a mistake. They have begun to learn this lesson in the western ore-pro- ducing states, where many a rich ‘ find’ has been left unworked for lack of timber and, -with « that, Jack of @water-.) ‘she Comstock mines are the grave of the Sierras,’ said one of the leading scientific explorers of this country years ago; and to-day California and Nevada are awaking Igol. to the immense loss to themselves that has resulted. California is making efforts to repair the loss. Nevada is, to all intents and purposes, dead and can do nothing. Pennsylvania may well heed the lesson.” ad It is to be hoped that the legislature of New Jersey will enact, at its next session, laws looking to the preservation of its remaining forests, and also to the reforestation of cut-over and burned timber lands. The New York Sun only a few days ago had the follow- ing to say on this subject editorially : Agitation of Forestry in New Jersey. A BURNT PINE FOREST, SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 125 might be applied to the reduction of the school tax. To the State Geological Sur- vey is due the credit of the project. This commission is composed of the Governor, Col. Washington A. Roebling, ex-Senator Henry 8. Little, who has given $500,000 to Princeton University; ex-Senator Ed- ward C. Stokes, who has always been an advocate of strict economy in State affairs, and Lebrius B. Ward, an authority on water supply. The commission, in its work of collecting information about the forests of New Jersey and making a study of ways and means, has had the assistance of such experts as Mr. Gifford Pinchot, Chief of the United States Division of THE FIRE, WHICH BURNT THE LEAVES FROM NEARLY ALL THE CROWNS, HAD PASSED LESS THAN TWENTY-FOUR HOURS BEFORE THE PICTURE WAS TAKEN. ‘It is said that in his next message to the Legislature Gov. Voorhees of New Jersey will recommend State ownership of forests for the purpose of preserving them and dealing in lumber. An income of $500,000 a year could be derived from the system, it is estimated, and this amount Forestry; Prof. Arthur Hollick, of Co- lumbia University, and Dr. John Gifford, of Cornell. The last named made this report on the State forests: ‘ I n the pes: of private owners, under the seer which at present exist, the future ofa ne part of the forest land is not bright. 4 126 change of some kind is necessary, and this must come either in the form of a change of ownership or of the circumstances which fetter ownership. The only way in which the ownership may be quickly and mate- rially changed would be by State purchase. EOMMIOSE “of the forest land in New Jersey lies in the south and southeastern part of the State, consisting largely of pine growth, but there is a considerable area of miscel- laneous timber in the northern part, along the New York border. Speculators have lately invaded the pine lands, bought dis- tricts at a low price, and established lumber camps to supply the railroad, telegraph and telephone companies with ties, logs and poles. The Geological Survey re- ports that landowners have been defrauded in some instances, and that the methods of the lumbermen are wasteful, no provision, such as replanting and care of second growth, being made for the future. At the present rate of timber cutting the supply might possibly last for forty years, but at the end of that time New Jersey would be denuded of its woods, unless at- tention had been paid to forestration.’ Ex- Senator Stokes says: ‘It may take some time to get action on the lines as contem- plated, but if the people will study the subject carefully, and do 4 little figuring on their own account, they will see that it is a progressive twentieth century proposi- tion. Germany derives an immense in- come from its forests. Why not New Jersey, when it has so much at stake? Let the State take this land, carefully cultivate it, prevent forest fires and wood steal- ing, and it would be but a short time till various wood-working factories would be established. With them would come small communities, and the quiet wilder- ness would wake up to the buzz of the saw and the shriek of the whistle.’ The forest area of the southern counties is as follows: Ocean, 813.087 acres; Burling- ton, 303,777; Atlantic, 271,638; Cum- berland, 166,264; Cape May, 80,851; Gloucester, 74,818; Camden, 66,588. or 1,797,003 acres out of the State total of 2,069,819. Professor Gifford is enthusi- astic about the future of forestration in New Jersey under State control. He sees THE FORESTER May, a profit not only in the sawmill industry, but in the cultivation of hard wood for chemical purposes and the exportation of charcoal, and in producing wood for pulp and celluloids. ‘¢ The proposal of the Geological Sur- vey is certainly very attractive, but unless the people of the State are educated in the advantages to be derived from it, and they bring pressure to bear on the Legis- lature, the difficulties to be surmounted will try the faith of its sponsors. The speculators, which term no doubt includes powerful corporations, will send a lobby to Trenton to prevent enabling legislation, or to insure a handsome price for their holdings. To disparage the plan a cry will be raised that it is a job to benefit certain interests. Common sense, how- ever, should win in the end.” a Irrigation The following extract and Forest from an_ editorial in Preservation. a recent issue of the Saratoga (Wyo.) Szz, shows a clear appreciation of the great benefits to be derived in that region from ir- rigation and proper preservation of forests: *¢ As soon as the people generally be- gin to see the benefits and importance of irrigation the question of forest preserva- tion begins to take shape. ‘¢ Without forests to hold the snow and furnish water for irrigation that industry must fail, and with its failure a long train of disaster springs into existence. Every industry must suffer and decline. In this— valley we are almost entirely dependent upon irrigation, for it furnishes hay, grain, vegetables, beef, poultry, eggs, butter and many other necessities of life. Without irrigation the stock industry would be practically wiped out. Without irrigation it would hardly be possible to work the valuable copper mines in the adjacent mountains, on account of the immense cost of transporting the necessities of life into the mining camps. At present the greater part of all the supplies used in every mining camp in either range is fur- nished by the ranchmen and farmers of this valley. ‘* Again, without an abundant supply 1gOl. of water in our streams, there must be a large decrease, if not an entire ex- tinction, of the fish which now swarm every water course flowing through this valley. It would be a severe blow, in- deed, if our people were suddenly deprived of the food furnished by the trout which fill our streams and which have become such an important factor in our lives. “Tf the broad and inviting prairies, which lie between the North Platte River and the mountains on either side, are to be brought under cultivation and made to furnish homes to the coming thousands; if these now barren acres are to perform their part in the great economy of life, it will be necessary that our forests be pre- AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. oad 12] it depends upon the construction of reser- voirs and the promotion in every way of the irrigation question and Congress can- not too soon begin the active work of con- serving our forests, appropriating money for the construction of reservoirs and in every way fostering the life of the arid West.” — es a Tennessee and 6 a = a ee ee ee ee ae — A = fee ae ie Set he Eee Goareve Lesbo Tammesss: Puss, arr ere Er er i ee yw ee nteteanemelll SOS. 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CRIES 2) SSS OCS es Se ~ mene ae Shes she Loe em a — [S82 Tomer ta8= at iz _ az ee rl i= te —_— ames sor Sesser es Gieeetige Ge Ge We Sere sos os Se ee See = =a = Sree © 2 Se ot sy Si Se £ See Se Te Geetquess am Gigesste a Unoressxtr gf Dincsam. | Ses de ae Seer SEE Lasse 2. — Wasnocaum. > - Gmeerst S G ee EEEEeeS ee THE PLATFORM OF THE FORESTER In order that the good will of its readers may become as effective as possible in aiding to solve our pres- ent forest problems, the ForusTer indicates five directions in which an effective advance is chiefly needed. i 1. The forest work of the United States Government which is now being carried on by the Depart- ment of Agriculture, the General Land Office, and the Geological Survey conjointly, should be completely — and formally unified. The division of authority between the three offices involyes great waste, and i consolidation is directly and emphatically pointed to by the present voluntary co-operation between them, ~ 2. A system of forest management under the administration of trained foresters should be introduced ~ into the national and state forest reserves and parks. Whe i 3. Laws for the protection of the forests against fire and trespass should be adapted to the needs of ~ each region and supported by the provisions-and appropriations necessary for their rigorous enforcement. ~ 4. Taxation of forest lands should be regulated so that it will encourage not forest destruction but — conservative forest management. - : apy ih 4 5. The attention of owners of woodlands should be directed to. forestry and to the possibilities of ap- plying better methods of forest management. i : j Persons asking themselves how they can best serve the cause of forestry will here find lines of work © suggested, along which every effort will tell. No opportunity for doing good along these lines should be i neglected. ; J. A. ALLEN, : THE AUK F. MM. CuaPman, : a: Editor. bag juve 4 Assoc. Edttor, A Quarterly Journal of Ornithology a OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION. As the official organ of the Union, ‘ The Auk’ is the leading ornithological publication of this country. Each number contains about 100 pages of text, a handsomely colored plate, or other illustrations. The principal articles are by recognized authorities, and are of both a scientific and popular nature. The de- partment of ‘General Notes’ gives brief records of new and interesting facts concerning birds, contributed by observers from throughout the United States and Canada. Recent ornithological literature is reviewed at length, and news items are commented upon by the editors. ‘The Auk’ is thus indispensable to those who woald be kept informed of the advance made in the study of birds, either in the museum or in the field. PRICE OF CURRENT VOLUME, $3. SINGLE NUMBERS, 75 CTS. Address WILLIAM DUTCHER, Treas., m 525 Manhattan Avenue, NEW YORK CITY — ———— _ HENRY ROMEIKE, The First Established and Most Complete Newspaper Cutting Bureau in the World. 110 FIFTH AVENUE, | NEW YORK. ESTABLISHED LONDON, 1881; NEW YORK, 1884. SO ea BRANCHES: LONDON, PARIS, BERLIN, SYDNEY. THE PRESS CUTTING BUREAU which I established and have carried on since 1881 in London, and 1884 in New York, reads, through its hundreds of employes, every news- — paper and periodical of importance published in the United States, © Canada and Europe. Itis patronized by thousands of subscribers, pro- ~ fessional or business men, to whom are sent, day by day, newspaper ~ clippings, collected from all these thousands of papers, referring either to them or any given subject. . hc KORTE th h : ! a HENRY ROMEIKE, 410 FIFTH AVENUE, ~=—s—s NEW YORK. — The Gilman School * Also called For Girls 7. cambridge School The teachers are trained for their work. The classes are small. The laboratories are complete. The buildings are sunny. The playgrounds are ample. The School aims to develop the best type of woman- hood that refinement and intellectual training can pro- duce. The ideal is the highest, and no detail is too small for the personal attention of the Director, Mr. ARTHUR GILMAN, first Regent of Radcliffe College. Each course is suited to the stage of the pupil’s ad- - vancement and not the pupil to the course. The usual courses of the ‘‘ Finishing School” are _ given to all who wish them. _ The Resident pupils are provided with such careful _ and kindly attention as a mother desires for a daughter when away from home. Parents who appreciate the value of cultivated home life, as distinguished from the life of the hotel or boarding house, will be interested in the arrangements of the Residence. ; The place in which The Gilman School is established _ possesses exceptional advantages for instruction and cultivation. The Cambridge Common was the first camp-ground _ of the American Revolution... There Washington drew _ his sword as Commander-in-Chief of the Patriot Army. iB Introduction required. The Manual describes the School. Nos. 34 and 36 Concord Avenue, CAMBRIDGE, MASS, AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. JuS ee University of the South SEWANEE, TENNESSEE. DEPARTMENTS: ACADEMIC MEDICAL THEOLOGICAL PHARMACEUTICAL LAW PREPARATORY The University of the South is situated in the center of its woodland domain of 10,000 acres, on the summit of the Cumberland Mountains, 2,000 feet above sea level, Open from March to December, the academic year being divided into three terms. Students from other universities may attend the summer session, July 3 to September 26, in any department. The university domain is being l!umbered in a scientific manner under the direction of the Division of Forestry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, and an unusual oppor- tunity is afforded for the preliminary study of forestry. Sewanee presents an exceptionally attractive field for the study of geology, forest and field botany. For further information address THE VICE CHANCELLOR. Private Estates Private Parks. F. von. HOFFMAN, LANDSCAPE AND FORESTING-ENGINEER. Forest and Game Preserves. St. James Building, Broadway and 26th St., NEW YORK. | MISS REYNOLD'S School, 66 W. 45th St., New York.—Special students admitted to regular classes. A few young girls received into the family. | For Sale. Vol. _ Proceedings of the American Forestry Congress and American Forestry Association (1888-1897, inclusive), 1.00 4 Back Files of THE FORESTER: 3 II. The Forester, 1896, each $2.50 | ' Vol.Ill. The Forester, 1897... .. 2.25 _Vol.IV. The Forester, 1898, .. 75 mevol. V. The Forester, 1899,. . 57 Vol. VI. The Forester, 1900, . 1.00 | | ALL EMPLOYES In the operating department of the “Alcon Road ” are required to pass mental and physical examinations calculated to secure absolute safety to passengers and freight. Fidelity, promptness, and accuracy are re- warded by the merit system, the result veing that one of the safest railways in the world is “THE ONLY WAY” GEO. J. CHARLTON, GEN’L PASSENGER AGENT, CxuicaGo, ILLINOIS. Kindly mention THE FoRESTER in writing. THE FORESTER. Yes... It is possible To buy a typewriter that Will continue to produce satisfactory work during years of constant use ; and this ts the height—and the depth— of typewriter economy. Any one of our three machines Will perform such a serbice. We shall be glad to make you thoroughly acquainted With one or | all of them. New Century ‘Densmore Yost UNITED TYPEWRITER AND SUPPLIES COMPANY 1421 F St., N. W., Washington, D. C. | The Plant World An Illustrated Monthly Journal cf Popular Botany ESTABLISHED 1897 The Only Non-Technical Periodical Devoted Exclusively to this Branch of Biology, and Dealing with all Phases of Plant Life Each issue of Volume IV, commencing in January, 1901, will be enlarged by four additional pages, and the special features of the volume will be as follows: A department of notes and sug- gestions for teachers ; articles descriptive of various groups among the lower plants, illustrated by full-page plates ; series of articles by prominent botanists recounting their collecting experiences in such countries as Cuba, Porto Rico, Alaska, etc.; discussions of important economic plants ; book reviews, and general items. ‘The 8-page supplement, devoted to a systematic account of all known families of flowering plants, which has been such a valuable feature of the past volume, will be continued and even more freely illustrated. Many of our sub-cribers have voluntarily testified to their appreciation of The Plant World, but the words of Professor Charles E. Bessey, of the University of Nebraska, are particularly gratifying to us, and should be remembered by every- one who contemplates taking a botanical periodical. Hesays ‘‘ The Plant World has made a place for itself, and I cannot afford to be without it.”’ Subscription Price, $1.00 per Year. Sample Copy Free on receipt of 1-cent stamp. THE PLANT WORLD COMPANY, P.O. Box 334, Washington, D.C. Kindly mention THE FORESTER in writing. FIG. I. TYPICAL LONGLEAF PINE FOREST OF THE WESTERN LOUISIANA-TEXAS AREA. NOT INFREQUENTLY PATCHES OCCUR THAT WILL CUT 20,000 TO 25,000 FEET OF TIMBER, BOARD MEASURE, TO THE ACRE. THE FORESTER. mon: VII: Pea hORE SIS AND THE PROBLEM OF nemVviEt it FOR THE LONGLEAF JUINE, root. No. 6, FORES® PINE LANDS. MAN- By WILLIAM L. Bray. University of Texas. HE peculiar relation of the Texas region to the distribution of rainfall and humidity gives special signifi- cance to the question. of forest resources. Texas lies across the zone of transition from the Gulf type of rainfall (exceed- ing 40 inches annually) to the Great Plains type (under 20 inches annually), the Mexican type (of low annual precipi- tation with maximum in September) and even extends so far west as to bring the western boundary within the Pacific zone of climatic influence with a meagre rain- fall of less than 10 inches, and a relative humidity represented by an evaporation capacity of So inches annually. These extremes of moisture conditions, together with geological structure and physiography, determine in general the presence or absence of forested areas, and in particular the type of forest prevailing upon a given timbered area. Of course, a great portion of the State’s area is tree- less, and even a larger portion possesses a dwarf woody vegetation —for example, the Rio Grande Chaparral—of more than doubtful value, or a sparse and insufficient tree growth—the Mesquite prairies. It is estimated, however, that about 24 per cent. of the State is timber land. This includes several prominent forest types of varying degrees of value commercially or in a protective way. The timber areas are as follows (Fig. 2): (1) The East re region, known as the Lignitic belt; 2) The eroded Cretaceous are: ra Ed- wards Plateau—of central Texas; (3) The highest mountain summits and mountain cafions in Trans-Pecos Texas, and (4) The river bottom timber in the prairie and plains areas of central and western Texas. By far the most important of these areas is that of the East Texas Lignitic Belt, and here lies at present the more urgent need of conservative forestry. In dismissing the remaining areas from the present dis- cussion, it should be stated that while none are of commercial significance more than locally, the timber of the erosion or hill country of the Edwards P Ea 1u is of great value in a protective way namely, in its relation to water supply and to preventing soil erosion and destructive floods to which the region is subject . This will give rise to one of the chiet forest problems of the future. The East Texas forests are a part of the great forest area of the Atlantic Coast Plain, which, entering the East Texas region in typical luxuriance, comes presently into region of reduced rainfall and untavor: ble (for and so terminates, except for the outlying Cross Timbers and an area which extends to- wards the Rio Grande Repair the Colo- rado River (Fig. 2). forests ) seologic: il structure 132 THE FORESTER. The entire western margin and the out- lying areas just mentioned, are occupied by the so-called post oak (Quercus minor) timber and commercially are of no gen- eral value. The areas, however, give rise to another problem for future forest ad- ministration; namely of replacing the oak timber by certain pines or other valuable species—a thing which, apparently, would be possible to a valuable degree. This June, constitutes the most valuable element in each case. The first is the Shortleaf Pine (Pinus echtnata), which occupies an area of over 25,000 square miles, forested with a mixed growth of pine and hard- woods, lying in the northeast corner of the State and southward along the east side as far as Angelina County. The second is the Loblolly Pine ( Péxus Teda), which occurs with lowland and swamp _hard- pox * it FIG. 2. Woops; 4. POST OAK TIMBER ; FOREST TYPES IN THE TEXAS REGION: 2. LOBLOLLY PINE AND SWAMP HARDWOODS; 3. LONGLEAF PINE; 5. TIMBER OF THE CRETACEOUS HILL I. SHORTLEAF PINE AND HARD-— COUNTRY—MIXED CEDAR, OAK AND OTHER SPECIES ; 6. ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST TYPE. leaves the East Texas forests proper which in turn present three forest types, each offering its peculiar problems of forest management. Each of these types is che uracterized by a species of pine which woods over an area of some 6,000 square miles bordering the coast prairie as far west as Houston and thence northward to the Shortleaf belt, but interrupted by the third type, the Longleaf Pine (Pexus pal- IQOl. ustr¢s), which occurs typically in pure forests over an area probably not exceed- ing 5,000 square miles. This body of - Longleaf Pine is the westward continua- tion of the large Longleaf Pine area of AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. Ww of the cut of the past few years has been taken from the longleaf forest, and since this is the most valuable forest area while at the same time the smallest, it presents the most urgent as well as the most criti- FIG. 3. LONGLEAF PINE LAND AFTER LOGGING OPERATIONS, SHOWING WASTE AND DEBRIS, AND AMOUNT AND CONDITION OF TIMBER REMAINING UNCUT. JASPER CO., TEXAS. Western Louisiana and is thrust in be- tween the shortleaf and_ loblolly areas. In the longleaf area also, the bayous and streamways are accompanied by the lob- lolly and swamp hardwoods. Lumbering operations, directed chiefly to marketing more than locally the pine timber have been carried on in all these forests for more than forty years, but the lumber business in Texas and Western Louisiana has only within the past ten years assumed dimensions at all compara- ble to those of the recognized lumbering states. In 1880 the total cut in Texas forests was estimated at 328,000,000 of feet. In 1900 it reached the high mark of one billion feet. By far the greater part cal problem for forest management. Con- fining attention, therefore, to the Longleaf Pine forest we may inquire into the condi- tion of affairs more minutely. (Fig. 1.) In the first place, it is (aside from its inherently greater value as timber land) a more critical and difficult question than either that of the shortleaf or the loblolly forests just because the Longleaf Pine oc- curs in pure forest formation; for while in the former cases a forest stand of some kind is left on the ground, in the latter case a tract of forest may be of such uniformly large sized trees that logging operations leave almost nothing upon the ground. From the forester’s point of view, of course, such a cut as that would never be neces- 134 sary, but from the lumberman’s point of view it is to be made when in his judgment that method will yield him the greatest profit. Until within a comparatively few years, it did not pay to cut clean, so that lands logged over ten to twenty-five years ago have a good deal of timber on them. But with recent advances in price and methods of utilizing young timber, many lumbermen find it most profitable to cut clean, thus leaving the ground practically bare as it begins its new era. IGA FIVE YEARS AGO. PERIODIC FIRES. THE FORESTER. June, would not have been cut ten years ago now finds a ready market, so that the result of logging is to leave at best only a thin stand of small or diseased timber. The actual conditions are worse than this, however, because the ground is strewn with great quantities of waste logs and tops in which successive fires find ready fuel and so, burning periodically, prevent any seedlings from developing. Meanwhile the grasses come in in greater abundance and add ma- terial for the flames (Fig. 3). YOUNG LONGLEAF (‘‘ORCHARD”’’) PINE ON LAND LOGGED-OVER TWENTY-— SHOWS SMALL PINES ON MARGIN OF AREA EXPOSED TO TO THE RIGHT ARE GOOD TREES WHICH WERE LEFT AFTER FIRST I,OGGING, NOW READY FOR THE MILL. This longleaf area is the center of a tre- mendously active lumber business. The market demand is strong, the prices good and there is really very little to interrupt active operations from the year’s beginning to its close. Under these circumstances, the forest capital is being whittled down at a rapid rate. As already stated, a great deal of young or imperfect timber that The waste of material as a result of logging operations is a deplorable thing, and to none more than the lumbermen themselves. There are instances in which waste logs would appear to aggregate nearly one-half of the total cut. This means, of course, much diseased and im- perfect timber. Still, such material would be too gladly seized upon and will be when IgOl. the supply becomes slim and prices still much higher. which it seems might be avoided. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. Further, in the actual log- ging operations there is a kind of waste This 135 ample, for the first ten miles east of Mos- cow in Polk County. 3- That even more thousands of acres are covered with an open stand of perfect HIG. 5. THAN FIFTEEN YEARS AGO. is the destruction of saplings and poles by the felling and removing of the large trees. Sometimes in actual numbers the trees so destroyed outnumber two or three times those actually cut for the mill. These matters, of course, have their bearing upon the. question of forest renewal. Looking over the field now at the end of a quarter century of active lumbering, one finds: 1. That still a vast deal of mature pine —no one knows approximately how much —is waiting to be harvested. 2. That many thousands of acres of logged-over land are an unproductive wilderness of tall grasses, widely scattered saplings and blackened trunks; for ex- he 4 ;. PX, | at | n x Bo te FE ie f ae FIELD OF LONGLEAF PINE IN HARDIN CO., TEXAS LOGGED-OVER MORE TYPICAL OF MANY TRACTS LOGGED-OVER IN EARLIER DAYS OF LUMBERING. COMPARE FIG. 6. young pine which is rapidly growing into mill timber; for example, between Beau- mont and Olive, and Beaumont and Sils- beeen (bic.rS.) 4. That on large tracts logged over twenty and twenty-five years ago, trees that were then too young to find a market have since matured and constitute some very valuable forest land,—recent cuts upon such tracts having yielded as high as 5,000 feet of timber to the acre. (Figs. 4,5-) 5. That present markets, methods of preserving sap timber, and regard for the economy of tram building, lead to a much closer cut than formerly and consequently or imperfect timber to leave less young begin forest renewal upon. 136 6. That the amount of reforestation by seedlings has been so inconsiderable as to constitute no important factor in estimat- ing future timber supply. 7. That in connection with 6 and prob- ably the cause of condition therein de- scribed, the logged-over lands, in common with virgin forests, have been swept by fires annually or at such frequent periods as to destroy practically all seedlings. (ig 262) 8. That while some thousands of acres of logged-over lands have been cleared up for farming, many thousands of acres of unimproved lands are offered for sale at a ETGanOs THE FORESTER, PINE LAND ADJACENT TO THAT SHOWN IN FIG. 5. June, a conservative forest policy for lands still uncut. The very practical question now arises as to whether, if given an opportunity, this Longleaf Pine land will reforest itself. The fact previously pointed out that after twenty-five years of lumbering the amount of growth being added from seedlings is inconsiderable, would seem to suggest a negative answer. This coincides with the view commonly held by lumbermen. But my observations upon this point suggest a different conclusion. The seeds of Long- leaf Pine are ordinarily produced in great abundance and become well scattered. SHOWS THE PATH OF A DESTRUCTIVE FIRE WHICH FOLLOWED LOGGING AND RUINED PROSPECTS FOR SECOND CUTTING. low figure, including state lands formerly leased for the timber on them. These conditions furnish part of the facts upon which to estimate the possibili- ties of natural reforestation upon such lands and the practicableness of adopting They germinate readily; thrusting forth the radicle even before they leave the burr. In the fall, thousands of seeds are found far enough along in germination to have secured their attachment to the soil. On places where the annual burning off of Igol. grass has been missed, one finds many seedlings of a year’s growth. Further- more, where there is a spot which, for some reason, has escaped fire during a series of years, one finds a close stand and most beautiful growth of young Longleaf or “Orchard Pine” as it is called (Fig. 4). Even these young patches have a constant struggle with fire on their borders. I re- cently saw one where the fire had invaded the outer ranks and singed all the leaves except the terminal tuft. Thanks to the resistant qualities of this species when young, this fiery treatment had not killed them. Ihe periodic recurrence of this burning off of grass and débris on both cut and uncut pinelands isa most familiar and certain phenomenon. That it should keep the land bare of young pines is as true as that former prairie areas now timbered were kept free from woody vegetation so long as the heavy grass covering was burned over periodically. The cases are identical. If one wants to see the vigor with which woody species will gain ground after the fire check has been removed, let him contemplate the tide of chaparral that is submerging the Rio Grande country. The question would next appear to be what steps to take in order to give this re- foresting energy a chance to express itself. The answer is, of course, by all means protect the seedlings from fire. This, however, does not begin far enough back. We must go back to the logging opera- tions and change some things if the best possible opportunity is to be given for re- forestation within a brief enough time to make it profitable. This would necessi- tate such changes as the following: 1. That not so much waste timber and tops shall be left after logging. 2. That poles and saplings shall not be needlessly sacrificed in felling large trees. 3. That young trees felled for a single cross tie or two should be left to reach a maturer growth. 4. That old trees—perhaps inferior for lumber—shall be left at sufficiently fre- quent intervals to insure a uniform seeding of the ground. The question as to whether the preven- tion of all fires in virgin forests is wise is AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 5/ an open one. It is not there a question of seedlings but of damage to old trees. It is reasonably certain that the annual burning off of a light grass and pine straw débris is not dseaaeine of sound timbe: in any consideral )le quantity (except where some act, such as blazing a tree, or some accident has exposed a wounded pitcl surface ), and it certainly appears to hold in check the dam: ize due to certain insects. Moreover, unless fires could be prevented with certainty (at present a most difficult undertaking) they would break out just when the accumulated débris of several years would give them enough to Sie) large timber. It must be said that pro bably the same difficulty experienced in preventing fires in virgin forests would be experienced in the lands where aimed at. What, now, would be the lumberman’s attitude towards such a proposition as would result from the foregoing condi- tions? We will assume that he, of all men, is deeply interested in securing the permanence of the longleaf forests. With circumstances of risk, taxes, market de- mand, and interest rates as they now are, we believe he will say he could by no means afford to so conduct his business as to give the requisite conditions for secur- ing reforestation and consequently succeed- ing cuts of timber. But if the State would remove the risk of loss during reforesta- tion and the taxes in large measure from the land in its unproductive condition, these things, together with the increased price of longleaf timber and lands which is sure to come in the future, might serve to neutralize the present demands for im- mature timber and warrant the sacrifice of interest in invested capital for a series of years. ~ Tt is evident that, L\ body case of logged-ov er protection of seedlings was whatever is to be done, the State must take the initiative. And it is just to its interest to do this. With it, it is not a question of immediate financial profit, but of preserving the proper balance between forests, agricultu- State could ral and grazing lands. The not only enact and administer moting conservative lumbering laws pro- among pri- 138 vate holders; it could, and in my opinion, ought, to become the owner and active manager of all the logged-over land obtain- able under reasonable terms, making of it the forest reservation upon which could be practiced a system of management looking to the restoration of the Longleaf Pine, such as would be an object lesson and stimulus to private holders. It would be all the better, also, if whatever remains of unsold state and county-school pine lands THE FORESTER. June, should be placed under such regulations that when our timber is sold from them it should be removed in such a manner as to leave the requisite conditions for forest renewals. In any case, it appears to be evident that the time is ripe for our State to organize with reference not only to the longleaf for- ests but to all its forests whether commer- cial or protective. As we say now-a-days, itis ‘‘up” to Texas to do something. FOREST: CONDITIONS AND POSSIBIEIMIES “IN TENNESSiiae By Burr J. Ramace, Pu.D. Dean of the University of the South Law School. TRETCHING like a long thin piece of ribbon from the great Appalachian chain of mountains to the Mississippi River, the rhomboidal-shaped state of Ten- nessee, by reason of its length and its’gra- dations of altitude, possesses topographical features unlike those of the other American commonwealths—unless one should have Kentucky in mind—and a climate of the most varied description imaginable. Largely to the influence of these natural characteristics may be traced an almost endless variety of soils, numerous navi- gable streams, and a majority of the spe- cies of timber to be found in the United States. For the sand and clay of west and middle Tennessee, no less than the limestone formation of east Tennessee, produce forests whose value is only sur- passed by those of Georgia and the Caro- linas, although the destructive system of lumbering, which has been in vogue ever since the day of the pioneer, bids fair to ruin one of the greatest resources of the State, and one too, that is the natural heritage of the public. Legislation there is, to be sure, against the willful, causeless and wanton firing of woods and the stereotyped Arbor Day has been adopted; but little beyond this has been enacted either in the way of encour- aging tree-planting, enforcing the preserv- ation of forests, or executing laws already on the statute books. Private initiative and activity have, however, in a measure remedied some of the most glaring defects in governmental administration, and in numerous instances the farmers display un- usual wisdom and foresight in such mat- ters as the cutting down of trees and the clearing of new lands. But much remains to be done. First of all there is crying need of a more general and intelligent in- terest in the matter of forest preservation, and in this work we shall have to look to the patriotic press of Tennessee which has already done so much in this direction. Any practical suggestions along these lines must be based, of course, on a com- prehensive knowledge of our forest re- sources; but, unfortunately, this is not ob- tainable at the present time. No committee seems ever to have been appointed by the legislature either for the purpose of recom- mending desirable forest legislation or for obtaining those facts on which such sugges- tions must necessarily be based. Informa- tion of the nature just indicated ought natu- rally to embrace a forest survey, such as that recently undertaken by the State of Wis- consin, and a general description of the topography, soils, climate, drainage and river-systems of the State. It might also go so far as to include a description of 19OI. forest conditions, past and present, exist- ing systems of taxation, the logging opera- tions now in vogue, and what methods, if any, are adopted for the purpose of repro- ducing forests totally or partially destroyed. But it would be a grave mistake to infer from the preceding remarks that nothing whatever has been done either by individ- uals or by the State to call attention to forest supplies as factors in the wealth of the people. For many years there has been in existence a Bureau of Agriculture, Statistics and Mines, whose annual reports throw a great deal of light on the natural resources of Tennessee. On it there could be very successfully engrafted a most admirable system of forest super- vision and at the same timea saner method of enforcing the numerous laws passed for the protection of fish and game. According to the report of this Bureau for the year 1874, there were at that time in Tennessee 13,268,789 acres of forest land, or almost one-half the entire area of the State. In the meantime, however, the enormous material development of the commonwealth, including the exploitation of its coal and iron fields, has brought about an unprecedented growth of all forms of industry, and the corresponding demand upon our forests has told sadly against their future welfare. The list of trees of commercial impor- tance found in Tennessee includes many species of oak, ash, beech, birch, buck- eye, cedar, chestnut, wild cherry, cot- tonwood, cypress, dogwood, elm, fir, gum, hickory, linden, locust, maple, mulberry, pine, poplar, sassafras, syca- more, tupello and walnut. These are, of course, of varying degrees of value, and are employed for numberless pur- poses. Even the much-despised Black Jack Oak of the ‘“‘ Barrens” is not with- out its use, for during the Civil War it was not unusual to manufacture saltpeter from its ashes. Our once extensive cedar forests of middle Tennessee are fast dis- appearing before the onslaughts of the fence-builder, the basket-maker and the leadpencil manufacturer—legitimate de- mands surely, but little is being done to replace the trees thus taken, while the AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 139 stately poplar, which is without rival any- where, bids fair to be relegated to the least accessible portions of the State. That something must be done is plain enough. Never was there a better oppor- tunity for some statesman to come forward and couple his name with a legislative act covering this whole subject. For notwith- standing the fact that A bulk of our for- est lands belongs to private owners, their influence on our rivers, climate, wealth and general well-being causes the forests everywhere to become a matter of public interest and concern. Fires have been described as the great- est enemy of the forest, and this has been especially true of Tennessee forest fires. But notwithstanding legislation on the subject, we have not yet reached the point of creating a fire patrol, and our lands may still be classified as they were by the pioneers, who grouped them under the three heads: ‘* Mountain lands, river lands and * barrens.’ Unless a more conservative plan of lumbering is intro- duced, it may not be very long before the third group ‘will alone survive. Adding to the destructive form of lumbering now in vogue the further enemies of the forest —insects and fungi—there is still the graz- ing question to consider. Preventive measures and intelligent treatment will come in time and do much to overcome the present lack of system; but in the meantime sheep and cattle, by being al- lowed to roam at large through the woods, are annually destroying untold possibilities for forest production. It is not wise, however, to close one’s eyes to facts and the truth will soon. be forced upon us that our timber supply is fast being exhausted without any prov ision for the future. More thana quarter of : century ago a prominent citizen of Te nessee declared that ‘+ m: iny of our finest iron fields will soon be deprived of half their value unless some legis: itive protec- tion is given to the young timber.” Mean- time what has been the effect of this wholesale denudation of our forests upon our fields, our climate, our navigable streams? An _ interesting practical example in 140 forestry, the first attempt in Tennessee, is being carried on at the present time on the domain of the University of the South at Sewanee. This tract of nearly 10,000 acres of hardwood is being lumbered in a scientific manner under the direction of the Division of Forestry of the United States Department of Agriculture. After a thorough examination of this tract by the government experts a working-plan was made and lumbering has begun, and is being carried on with a view of provid- ing a steady annual income to the univer- THE FORESTER. June, sity, and at the same time taking care to protect and promote the future growth of the forest. During the early spring the Division of Forestry began collecting the necessary data for a working-plan on $5,000 acres of forest land in Polk and Monroe counties in eastern Tennessee be- longing to Senator George Peabody Wet- more of Rhode Island. Is it not possible that these examples will bring the State to realize the necessity of a well-defined forest policy and at the same time awaken private owners to the needs of the hour? PORES INES. UN PINES ORE Siar PRUSSIA. By F. Tracy HusBarp. INE forests are in all probability the most easily set on fire and this is espe- cially true of those growing on sandy soil. Such forests form the chief stand of the district at Chorin, a little village near Eberswalde in Prussia. The pines (Pe- nus sylvestris) are growing in clear stand on a sandy soil, presumably the delta for- mation of the under ice-streams of the glacier that once covered the region. The ROAD AND PATH ACTING AS FIRE LINES. A FIRE PATH MAY CHECK A SURFACE FIRE. FIRE IS SHOWN BY THE UNBURNED GRASS. THIS PICTURE SHOWS HOW A ROAD OR THE LIMIT OF THE IgOl. stand is especially endangered by the main line of railroad from Bean to Stettin, but despite these conditions there have been very few serious forest fires in it. That there have not been more is due solely to the excellent system of fire lines which cut up the stand into small sections and successfully prevent the spreading of any fire that may start. SETTING A BACK-FIRE ON THE WINDWARD SIDE OF A ROAD. Adjoining the line of the railway, and running parallel to it, is the main fire line. This ie a strip, about thirty-five feet wide, on which a small number of trees are kept as ‘‘ spark-catchers.” The trees used for this purpose are of various genera, birch, beech, pine, etc., but the forester in charge gives the pine the preference, as it is evergreen and conse- AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. [4] is loosened so that the fresh broken is always exposed. The strip and ditch together form the regular form of fire line along railroads and are excellent venting large fires. alights in the takes fire soil in pre- Suppose that ground covering and this e; there are no dry lower branches nor any weed growth which can furnish fuel to the fire so that it runs but slowly. If the fire is not discovered and put out it finally reaches the ditch and there, not having previously attained any size, it is unable to get across and therefore burns itself out. In those localities which are most en- dangered by the trains, a further system of fire ines is employed. This extra pro- tective belt occurs back of the before- mentioned ditch. A section of the nor- mal stand is divided, by four-foot ditches similar to the first, into squares with a side of about thirty feet. The area em- braced within these squares is} kept free from all such things as fallen branches, dry grass and the like. The ditches are swept clear of all pine needles and other easily inflammable stuff and the ground is kept bare by hoeing. This extra protective belt prevents the spread of any fire which starts within the ordinary fire line beside the rail- way, and is only a necessity in sare ally exposed localities where sparks are liable to be blown beyond the ordinary eae quently of greater service in [£ the early spring when the danger from fire is greatest. The trees are kept clear of branches for at least two to Banee tect from the round ; and the ground covering is of grass or some low grow- monoreen erp. | All dry material and all weeds are carefully removed. These precautions are taken to pre- vent the fire from making rapid headway. Back of the strip just eccribed 1 is a shal- low ditch some four feet in width which runs parallel to the track. This ditch is very carefully freed of all growth what- ever and from two to Pacer times in the course of the spring and summer the earth A FIRE LINE ALONG HERA Ale pki TWO CLEARED SPACES A RAILROAD WITH SEPARATED BY A DOUBLE ROW OF TREES IN- TENDED TO CATCH THE SPARKS. In the interior of the stand still anothe1 protective system ise mployed. This con- sists of a series of roads whic h intersect the stand forming a sequence of squares the sides of which are about seventy yards. These roads are twenty ploughed up each spring feet in width; are and are 142 sown down with Ceradella, a low-grow- ing Spanish plant belonging to the pea family (Leguminose@ ), and similar in habit to the common vetch (Vécéa satzva). Ceradella isa very close grower and seems to thrive on all soils and to keep fresh and sreen in the worst droughts—consequently it is eminently fitted for the prevention of the spread of ground fires. Such roads planted with Ceradella serve to check in- tra-stand fires before they obtain great headway, and in case a fire has got be- yond control they give the fire fighters a point from which contra-fires can be started. THE FORESTER. June, Such is the complete system of firelines in use in the district and by means of them a stand very exposed to danger from fire has escaped all large fires for a long period of years. The railroad bears a large part of the expense of the formation of the pri- mary fire line as well as its entire cost of maintenance: the secondary belt and the fire roads are paid for by the Department of Forestry. For many of the details contained in the foregoing I have to thank Herr Forstmeis- ter Dr. Kienitz, who has charge of the district and who very kindly accompanied me through his interesting Revier. OUR WANING FORESTS: R. W. SCHLICH, the well-known forest expert, in a recent address before the London Society of Arts predicted a positive timber farnine in the near future unless systematic measures for increasing the world’s supply be speedily adopted. He pointed out that the use of wood, in spite of its replacement by coal as fuel and by steel in construction, was steadily increasing. The per capita con- sumption in the four chief countries of Europe is now fourteen cubic feet each year, and ina few years will probably reach twenty cubic feet. For this increase the use of wood in paper making seems chiefly re- sponsible. ‘The steady rise in prices, es- pecially of coniferous woods, in spite of much cheaper transportation, shows that the world’s supplies are rapidly diminish- ing. Only five out of eighteen European countries export more timber than they import. Scandinavia and Russia are the principal exporters. The limit of pro- duction in the former seems to have been reached. Russia still has large forests, but domestic demands are rapidly increas- ing, and an exportable surplus can not long be depended upon. The North American supplies are vis- ibly declining. China has no timber to spare, and that country, when developed on modern lines, will be an importer * required for its application. rather than an exporter. There remain the rest of Asia, South America, and Africa as sources of supply. But these do not furnish any considerable amount of the coniferous woods, which are most in demand. Dr. Schlich therefore concluded that the danger of a deficient supply of coniferous wood was practically at hand, and that deficiency of all kinds would soon occur unless remedial measures were adopted. The remedy is easy, although time is Ttis,.as Dir: Schlich pointed out, to cultivate timber upon waste land, just as other crops are cul- tivated upon more fertile soil. In Great Britain alone there are 25,000,000 acres of such lands. One-quarter of this area, Dr. Schlich asserted, would make the country independent of foreign supplies of timber. The same remedy would re- store the declining timber industry of the United States. That this remedy will have to be adopted soon is evident, for natural growth can no longer keep pace with demand. The country that first engages in syste- matic timber cultivation on a large scale will do much to assure its own perpetuity as a nation. That Spain’s political and industrial decline dates from the practical wiping out of her forests isa fact from which it is easy to draw the lesson. IQOL. teen OrEk PROFESSIONAL By Dr. OW that forestry has already become an important profession in this country and that two of our leading universities are turning out professional foresters, the question of title and degree isan important one. The following is written for the purpose of inviting discus- sion pro and coz. The term forester is generic in nature. It should include as in Germany, India and elsewhere men who do forest work whether they are graduates of forest col- leges or not. A man may attend a forest college for one year and having had already a good general training may fhe able to go into the forest and do as well, if not better than a graduate in forestry. He is entitled to the title of Forester, but not of course to the degree and title which the institution confers upon its graduates. This article refers only to the title which graduates in forestry should receive. The term forester as a general generic title cannot be improved upon. It seems to the writer thatthe terms Bachelor in For- ectny (B-F.), Master of Forestry (M.F.), and Bachelor of Science in Forestry (B.S.F.) are for several reasons objec- tionable. I have suggested therefore the title of Forest Engineer (F.E.) for the following reasons: Forestry is a profession similar to civil and mechanical engineering and being a new subject in this country, should receive a distinct degree. By establishing the title and degree ia Forest Engineer, it will aid in the establishment of the profes- sion of forestry on a footing with other similar professions such as civil, sanitary, and mechanical engineering. The title of Forest Engineer is not new and is not an invention on my part. The use of the title ‘*ingenieur forestier” is common in France, Belgium, and Rou- mania. Forestersin Spainand in Spanish countries including Cuba and the Philip- pines are known as ‘‘engenerio de mon- Fes, Ob engineers’ of the forests. The young foresters who go to India from the te! > AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 143 TITLE FOR FORESTERS JOHN GIFFORD. Royal Engineering College at Cooper’s Hill, England, of which the college of are known as * certified engineers in forestry.” Some object to the title ‘engineer ” because it is loosely used in this country even for engine drivers. It would be diffi- cult however to find a more appropriate term than ‘* engineer” for foresters. It comes from the Latin ‘+ ingenio” which means ‘* to produce,” ‘* to engender,” ‘* to propagate.” This certainly applies to the forester, whose work is the formation and care of forests. Even in its American sense the word ‘¢engineer” is quite applicable for fully one-half of the forester’s work is strictly engineering. He must build roads, even railroads, sawmills, dams, flumes, timber slides, and a host of similar constructions. He must also do survey work. Before he can measure the amount of timber in a piece of land he must be able to measure the land. He must do topographical work and map making. Now is the time to adopt such a title It should, however, be strictly confined to the graduates of forest colleges and to those persons upon whom these colleges may honorarily confer the degree. The degree F.E. is short, to the point, professional in nature, and already in use in several parts of the world and even ina part of our own possessions. It is familiar, more or less, to the Spanish-speaking peoples of Central and South America. ina profession of this kind where the nature of the work is practically the same in quality and qui antity throughout the world the sooner a universal title tablished the better. The title of Bachelor and Master should forestry is a part, is Cs- be confined to academic work. Chere should be no grading of Bachelor and Master in professional degrees. Whena man becomes a Doctor of Medicine and Surgery that settles it. In such cases the Bachelor and Master titles are When a man becomes a C.E. or M.E. that useless. 144 should settle it. He is then fit, if a graduate of a good college, to practice his profession anywhere. The same should be so in forestry. The writer hopes that both the Yale Forest School and the New York State THE FORESTER: June, College of Forestry will do away with the titles of Bachelor and Master of For- estry and both confer the degree of F.E. (Forest Engineer). It will sound strange at first but will soon become as familiar and as common as C.E. and M.E. are to-day. TIMBER ESTIMATING: By (Es. Ayes. U. S. Geological Survey. IMBER estimators have, as a rule, been reticent concerning their methods. Their employers who buy and sell on their estimates, do not ask them. As long as those immediately concerned are content, there is no need of literature on the subject, but when the value of the property of people inexperienced in sales by estimate is at stake and the owners have no personal knowledge of the record of the several estimators, they have a right to some idea of the manner of doing the work. The fundamental principles of estimat- ing are very simple, and consist in ascer- taining the number of trees, their dimen- sions and the percentage of merchantable timber in them. The measurement of a tree is very simple and of little importance. The principal difficulties of estimating are: Locating the land to be estimated. Determining the number of trees. 3. Determining the average size of the trees. 4. Determining the percentage of defects. 5. Determining the proportions of the several grades of lumber. In locating land the most intricate prob- lems of land surveying may arise even where the land has been subdivided into sections or when subdivided into so-called forty-acre tracts. In such cases the adjust- ment of errors and the reéstablishment of lost and obliterated corners require a high degree of technical skill. In practice, lines are run and location is kept by compass and pacing, or by tran- sit and chain according to ae accuracy de- sired and the difficulties of the ground. The counting of trees may seem a very simple matter and under some circum- stances itis. When all of a small group of trees are in view from one point it is easy to count them but a large tract of dense timber or a few timber trees among dense saplings are different problems. The defects of timber whether from rot, crooks or worm holes are matters of close study. They are to be familiarized (though never mastered) only by long study not only in standing timber but also in seeing defective logs put through the mill. In estimating grades of lumber that may be manufactured from the timber in ques- tion, the highest skillis necessary. In con- sidering methods of estimating, the differ- ences of general forest conditions are also to be bornein mind. That is, whether the for- est is broken by openings such as lakes, swamps, meadows, brush land or burns; whether it is young and thrifty or old and defective. Inthe application of European methods used in estimating cultivated uni- form forests there, to primeval or natural or irregular forests here, there should be great caution; for uncultivated forests rarely have such a uniform stand. That one acre may represent a forty- -acre tract or that any portion of a large forest can be chosen to represent the w ‘hole, is a very serious question. In this fact les a difh- culty inexperienced men are apt to stumble over. The selection of representative tracts to be measured or closely estimated to serve as a factor for the whole tract is a problem the most skilled estimators are reluctant to undertake. I9Ol. The Forester, PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY The American Forestry Association, AND Devoted to Arboriculture and Forestry, the Care and Use of Forests and Forest Trees, and Related Subjects. The FORESTER assumes no responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles. All members of the American Forestry Associa- tion receive the FORESTER free of charge. Annual fee for regular members $2.00. Anapplication blank will be found in the back of this number. All contributions and communications should be addressed to the EDITOR, 100 Atlantic Building, Washington, D.C. Subscriptions and remittances should be sent to 41 North Queen St., Lancaster, Pa., or 100 Atlantic Building, Washington, D. C. Copyright, 1901, by the American Forestry As- sociation. Vol. VII. JUNE, toor. No. 6. The Denver The summer meeting of Meeting. American Forestry Asso- ciation, announced for Denver, July 10—12th, has been postponed, owing to the calling off of the meeting of the National Irrigation Association. The Association will, however, meet in afhlia- tion with the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at Denver, Colorado, August 27—29th inclusive. The committee in charge hope to make this meeting one of the best in the history of the Association, and a large attendance is expected. The full program, including a list of the speakers, will be published in the July number of the ForRESTER. ad When active field work in the Division of For- estry began, nearly three years ago, one of the principal obstacles to its success was the lack of men. Trained foresters in any- thing like sufficient numbers did not exist in this country and for many reasons it was unadvisable to import them from abroad. Nothing remained but to educate them. For that purpose, young men, The Training of Government Foresters. chiefly college graduates, who had deter- mined to make forestry their profession, AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. were taken into the Division as student- assistants, and sent to the field under trained foresters to learn something of their business by practical work. At the end of the field season some of these men returned to their work in the universities. some came to Washington to continue with the Division. In addition to the regular work, which was made as instructive for these men as the necessity for accomplishing as much as possible with a limited appropriation would permit, weekly meetings were held, at which papers on various phases of for- estry were read and discussed. These meetings were made to cover not only subjects.of technical forestry, but also a sufficient range of allied topics to give the student-assistants a right point of view and a just perspective in forest work. The resources of Washington in scientific men and material were widely drawn upon, and the series of talks at these meetings was such as could not have been held in any other city. The attendance for the first year was from 15 to 30; this year it has increased to from 40 to 75. During the present season the charge of the meetings has been taken over by the Society of American Foresters. Some of the subjects and speakers were : ‘‘ Forest Fires in New Jersey,” by Henry S. Graves: ‘* The Methods and Aims of Hydrography,” by Frederick H. Newell; s¢Alaskan Forests,” by C. Hart Merriam ; ‘¢ Forest Growth and Sheep Grazing,” by Frederick V. Coville; ‘*‘ Forest Manage- ment in the Dehra Dun Conservancy of British India,” by F. E. Olmsted; ‘* For- est Problems in the Southern Pine Belt,” by, |. A. Holmes; ‘¢Commercial Forest Plantations in the Middle West,” by Wil- liam L. Hall; ‘* Forests of the Olympic Peninsula in Washington,” by Henry Gannett. The Society of American Foresters numbers among its members two Presi- dents of the United States, one Vice- President, four Cabinet Officers, and prac- tically all of the professional foresters 1n the United States. Its meetings may therefore be expected to attract speake rs of reputation and experience. Chas. 1). 146 Walcott, Arnold Hague, and W. J. Mc- Gee have agreed to give papers in the fu- ture, and talks are expected from Vice- President Roosevelt, Secretary Wilson, and others. During the last summer 65 student- assistants were in the field. During the winter an average of about 25 were at work in the office. Most of these men will go from the Division to a forest school and will return to the Government work after thorough training. Not the least of the results of these meetings has been the creation of a strong esprit de corps among foresters in Wash- ington. a Lumbermen and Forestry. Perhaps the most encour- aging sign of the day in forest matters is the grow- ing interest of lumbermen. From a nat- ural distrust in the beginning of the forester and his methods, the average lumberman has come to realize that the practice of fores- try is good business, and the number of lum- ber firms who are handling their woodlands on the lines of scientific forestry is rapidly increasing. The lumber trade journals are devoting considerable space to forestry, and we quote the following from an edi- torial ina recent issue of the Lumber- man’s Review as showing the position of the lumberman: ‘¢In the course of a recent lecture on ‘Forest Problems in the United States,’ delivered by Prof. H. S. Graves, of the forest school of Yale University, the state- THE FORESTER: June, ment was made that the forests of the United States comprise ar area of 1,100,- 090 square miles, of which less than one- third is under government ownership. Be- tween one-third and one-fourth of the private forests are in small holdings of from five to ten hundred acres. The most difficult problem in connection with the American forests is the management of the 250,000,000 acres of forest, land in private ownership asa speculation. Here again we find a forest expert directing special atten- tion to the commercial side of the problem of forestry, and it is worthy of mention that Professor Graves is of that modern school of foresters who, within the past ten years, have brought forest theories, as held in this country, into consonance with the practi- cal commercial ideas held by the timber- land owners and iumber manufacturers. Sentiment has its proper place, but it has never yet been mixed up with the manip- ulation of a large timber tract by a lum- berman. The sentimental side of forestry has been swept aside during the past ten years by the rising tide of practical forest economics. Few lumbermen will place the needs of the next generation paramount to their own present success and comfort. They will strip their tract in two years unless they are convinced that, as a busi- ness proposition, they should simply cull out the mature timber each year, treat the tree as a crop, and reap an annual harvest from their holdings. This is precisely what the forest schools at Yale and Cor- nell and the Division of Forestry at Wash- ington claim an ability to demonstrate.” NEW S,, NOTES, Government The government forest ex- Forest Exhibit hibit prepared by the Di- at Buffalo. vision of Forestry, U.S. Department of Agricul- ture, for the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, N. Y., consists entirely of a pho- tographic display. This display includes sixty-two colored and uncolored transpar- encies, ranging in size from 20 x 24 inches AND COMMENT, to 48 x 60 inches. Two of the transparen- cies are 4 x to feet, the largest ever made. The subjects illustrated are: Lumber- ing, and its effects on forest reproduction ; the effects of forest fires on forest land, and the relation of such denudation to the flow of water in streams and the sup- ply of water for irrigation. The princi- pal types of trees are illustrated, to show Igol. the size and lumber production of various wooded regions in the United States. The value of preserving certain types of pro- tective forests on watersheds, for the con- servation of water important to adjacent areas of agricultural lands is also illus- trated. A special feature of the display is the illustration of individual trees of the mam- moth Sequoia, the giant Red Firs and White Firs and Sugar Pines of the Cali- fornia forests. Typical agricultural and forest lands in the East and West are il- AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. as of | De\ recent visit to two of the Chippewa Indian reservations satisfies me that there are strong grounds for the common pression that the Indians are _ beine wronged by the cutting of pine timber under the ‘¢dead and down” timber law and that the way this law is administered offers a premium for causing forest fires. There are 7,000 Chippewa Indians, in a dozen different bands, scattered for 200 miles from east to west in northern Min- nesota with many settlers in their vicinity. and it is very important that they have no 1in- lustrated on a large scale showing the principal protective agencies of natural adjacent mountain forests and planted shelter-belts of forest trees. The regions and subjects from which these illustra- tions were taken are representative of the principal agricultural and forest sections of the United States. In addition to transparencies, maps show the distribution of the principal lines of work carried on by the Division of Forestry. Charts show the history, size and location of the United States Government reserves, National parks, and also State forest reserves, parks, and pre- serves. a Gen. G. C. Andrews, Chief Forest Fire War- den of Minnesota, has Improper Cutting of Indian Pine Timber. given to the press the fol- lowing statement relative to cutting ‘*dead and down” pine on the Chippewa Indian reservations : good cause of dissatisfaction. forests are worth $8,000,000. existing treaty this pine on the ceded res- ervations must be sold in forty-acre tracts, but from various causes such sale is held Their pine Under the in abeyance. Ordinarily, once in six or eight years, from unusual blow-downs of pine or from fire, there would be occa- sion for cutting some million feet of pine under the ‘*dead and down” law. But through eagerness of people to get the pine the Interior Department, which has good intentions towards the Indians, has been so misinformed as to permit exten- sive lumbering operations under the law for successive years. ‘¢T went and looked at the pine logs, probably 20,000,000 feet, partly in boom and partly in piles at Wolf Lake and Pike Bav on the reservation, which includes Cass Lake, and at Elbow Lake in the northeast part of White Earth reser vation, and think that 70 per cent. ol all I could mG co Chere see were sound and merchantable. 148 were enough that were unsound and worth- less or that were wholly blackened by fire to apparently lend bad character to the whole. In this system of lumbering the logger contracts to cut and haul and boom in water whence they can be floated toa mill or to pile near a railroad the ‘* dead and down” timber. He is paid so many dollars a thousand for doing this, and if his contract is a good one it is for his in- terest to cut as much as possible. The numerous substantial log houses at the camps and the roads made and bridges built in the vicinity of the operations as well as the logs themselves all betoken extensive lumbering. Having reached the place of transportation the government sells the logs to various lumbermen who will pay the highest price for them. It is the universal opinion that under this system it is impossible to prevent the cut- ting of green and sound timber. It is also the common opinion that fires are set in order to make a cause for cutting timber in this way. I am confident that at least 50,000,000 feet of sound timber has been cut the past winter, and judging from hearsay about 100,000,000 feet has been cut. Of course I have not the means of knowing whether the Indians will receive the full value of the pine, but my impres- sion is that they will not receive its full value within from $50,000 to $100,000. However that may be, this is certain that under the guise of cutting ‘‘dead and down” timber a great deal of sound tim- ber is being cut, and the whole business has a character of fraud and tends to ex- cite in the Indians discontent, disrespect for the government and for white people generally. ‘¢ There is a remedy for this abuse, and it ought to be applied speedily. The ad- ministration of the Indian pine forests in Minnesota is not a local but a national matter. It concerns the people in the other States as much as it does the people in Minnesota, for it involves the honor of the United States Government. These lands should be administered on forestry principles; by which is meant that the mature trees should be cut and marketed as rapidly as practicable and the young THE FORESTER. June, trees left to grow, and all protected from fire. The tops and branches would not be left as now a menace in dry weather to the safety of the remaining forest. There are plenty of young Americans al- ready trained in theoretical and practical forestry and who would be glad to take charge of these forests and would take professional pride in managing them in an economical manner. The government could do nothing better to inspire the re- spect and good will of the Indians than to place these pine lands under scientific forestry management. & Diminution ‘©The permanent de- in Cut of cline in the pine lumber White Pine. product of the sawmills of Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota is graphically portrayed by the report of the output of these mills for 1900, the comparative table giving the product by districts and the grand totals for a series of years. These sta- tistics have now been compiled for twenty-eight consecutive years, and form the only complete and reliable figures ex- isting in regard to any grand department of the lumber industry. They have been secured from the mill men themselves and their completeness of detail is con- vincing. ‘« The last year the product passed the eight billion mark was 1892, and now it has dropped below five and a half billions. The grand totals for the last eleven years, in round numbers, are as follows: 1890, 8,597,000,000; 1891, 7,880,000,000 ; 1892, 8,594,000,000; 1893, 7,326,000,- 000; 1894, 6,821,000,000; 1895, 7,050,- 000,000; 1896, 5,726,000,000; 1897, 6,- 233,000,000; 1898, 6,155,000,000; 1899, 6,056,000,000 ; 1900, 5,485,000, ooo. The exact total for last year is 5,485,261,000 Peet. ‘¢ During the last two years there has been every inducement for the mills to turn out a heavy product; and yet there was a slight falling off in 1899 as com- pared with 1898, and a heavy decrease in 1900. Every resource was strained to make a heavy output, but without result, IgOl. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION IN. [49 Yearbook for 1899 U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. THE EFFECTS OF FIRE AFTER LUMBERING IN NORTHERN MINNESOTA PINE FORESTS. Yearbook for 1899 U. S. Dept. of Agriculture THESE TWO VIEWS WILL FOREST LAND IN MINNESOTA DEVASTATED BY FIRE. EXPLAIN TO SOME EXTENT THE DIMINUTION IN CUT OF WHITE PINE. 150 except to prove that at last the closing years of the White Pine industry of the Northwest, as one of great magnitude, are at hand. With such results it must be admitted that the product will decrease annually until it reaches a point where by the adoption of preservative forestry meth- ods it can permanently be maintained. ‘* The decrease is not confined to any particular part of the White Pine territory, but is seen in Minnesota as well as in Michigan. In the comparative statement it is seen that west of the Chicago district THE FORESTER. June, ‘The mills in the Chicago district— including those on Lake Michigan and in the upper peninsula of Michigan—cut 1,056,810,000 feet in 1900, against I,150,- 721,000 in 1899. The heaviest percentage of decrease was naturally found with the mills on Lake Huron waters. ‘* The grand total of stock on hand at the mills or primary points on December 31st last was 2,839,705,000 feet, against 2,728,271,000 at the same date in 1899, 1,494,739,000 in 1898, 3.915,558,000 in 1897, 4,053,937,000 in 1896 and 4,18o,- A WHITE PINE FOREST IN PENNSYLVANIA. the total for 1900 was 4,077,000,000 feet, against 4,401,000,000 in 1899. This in- cludes the mills west of Lake Michigan except those along the Green Bay shore and the upper peninsula of Michigan. Every district in this territory but two shows a decline. Even Minneapolis and upper Minnesota cut less in rg00 than in 1899. The Mississippi River below Min- neapolis, however cut 562,000,000 feet against 504,000,000 in 1899, and the Wis- consin valley 613,000,000 against 542,- 000,000. 360,000 in 1895. It is to be noted that there was a decrease of 58,000,000 feet west of the Chicago district, where is produced three-quarters of the entire output. There is thus shown a heavy falling off in ship- ments for 1900 compared with 1899, and yet stocks are nowhere near the old time standard, either in actual quantity or com- pared to the output. ‘*The total shingle output of the pine and hemlock mills of the Northwest for 1900 Was 2,400,000,000, against 2,899,- 000,000 in 189g. This reduction followed 1gol. that in lumber, but shows that the output of shingles is holding up much better than that of lumber. It is about the same as that of 1895 and 500,000,000 larger than that of 1896. The territory west of the Chicago district produced 969,000,000 shingles in 1900, the Chicago district 917,000,000 and the eastern part of the field 514,000,- 000. ‘¢ The statistics of hemlock production will be a surprise to everyone and will fully explain the reason for the adverse market conditions during most of last year. The output for 1900 was 1,166,284,000 feet, against 568,410,000 feet in 1899 —an increase of 297,874,000 feet. The stock on hand, however, in- creased in still greater proportion. There was reported on hand De- cember 1, 1899, 287,920,000 feet ; while December 1, 1900, the stock was 622,312,000 feet—an increase of 334,392,000 feet. But the pro- ducers have already heeded the warning, and the log input of this winter and the hemlock Jum- ber product of the year will be heavily decreased, and probably by next fall the balance will be restored.”— American Lumberman. & Destruction of A letter was recently Forests along received from a_ well the Yukon. known member of the American Forestry Games WW. Fem Coe a@f Deeser @ Boest Meee Eee @f Reretrs. inte = Gs af were bows af ie. = 4 SI4a SSD LOSDON Gk: NEW FORE. we | ia THE PRESS GUTTING BUREAU é wine: I SSactstet eat Gave cet om Sues offi om Leniom and 2 an Mew Yor, cede Gooch i | pare — [ ae = : ae" = = a q tm Ge Unite Stee fssonel a Tees De ‘wie ae seat dey by Ger, 129s soma eS a 6 ee > hem ar any Swen sxies digress ROMEIKE, ® FETH A : YORK. Ls Lin” — —_—— —_— —— = 6 iW + <- —_-+ — ps gz Gilman School! THE eee re Sei sti hWec~ts - sles ~ ss Sarre treet Gor ther a Snail os = a ; i aE iL ba ++ ; TG THE FORESTER. BEREA COLLEGE, BEREA, KENTUCKY. A YEAR’S WORK IN FORESTRY IS OFFERED. College Forest Reserve Affords Fine Facilities for Study. {061 ‘ff Faquiajdag suadO way [ry Excellent Advantages at Moderate Expense. aw — LINCOLN HALL, BEREA COLLEGE. sun HORTICULTURE aes For illustrated circular of information address Ss. C. MASON, M.Sce., , Professor of Horticulture and Forestry. | IMPORTANT WOODS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS With Forty-three Colored Plates BY CAPT. GEORGE P. AHERN, 9th U. S. Infty. IN CHARGE OF THE FORESTRY BUREAU. Beautifully Bound in Cloth, $2.00 gold Flexible Leather, $3.00 gold By Post, 25 cents gold extra —— —— SEND P. O. MONEY ORDER Sold at CHOFRE & CoO., Manila, P.I. Kindly mention THE FORESTER in writing. THE FoRESTER. WoL. Vil MINING AND FORESTRY IN AUGUSTE, IgOl. COLORADO. By H. M. Suter. HAT successful mining is in a great measure dependent upon a _ steady timber supply all persons engaged in that industry will readily admit. Hence the close relation of mining to forestry—to an intelligent exploitation and perpetua- tion of forests—is at once apparent. Mining, under the systems followed in this country, whether for gold, silver, cop- per, or coal, requires a great amount of timber. Cheap fuel and mine timbers are most essential in the exploitation of min- eral lands if ore is to be mined profitably. In this connection the following quotation from a paper by Mr. Gifford Pinchot read before the Trans-Mississippi Commercial Congress at Cripple Creek, Colorado, in July, is most appropriate here: ‘+ Pros- perous mining is impossible without pros- perous forests. With the rare exception of such surface mines as those of the Mes- saba District, mining requires timber and requires it in enormous quantities. Thous- ands upon thousands of cords are needed yearly in the larger mines to support the galleries and make possible the extraction of ore. For the most part, the grade of timber is not high, nor would it bear long transportation. The interest of the miner therefore is especially bound up with the preservation of the forests near his mine. It is one of the hopeful signs that the more intelligent miners and the managers of the more important mines are becoming rap- idly convinced of the necessity of safe- guarding their supply of timber by the protection of forests near home. Mining may thrive temporarily on the destruction of forests, but such thriving can not last. Successful mining therefore is impossible without prosperous forests, and for the most part, such forests must be found in the immediate neighborhood of the mines.” In discussing the question of the rela- tion of mining and forestry in Colorado, a state that includes conditions typical of almost every mining camp in the West, the Cripple Creek district, regarded as the greatest gold mining camp in America, may be taken as a striking example of the statements contained in the foregoing quo- tation. There mining has thrived tem- porarily on the destruction of forests near the mines, but already the demand for timber has become so great and the sup- ply near at hand is so nearly exhausted that the future profitable working of these mines is threatened. The Cripple Creek district, discovered in 1891, has in the ten years of its exist- ence as a mining camp produced $102,- 742,710 worth of gold. Beginning with an annual output of $200,000 in ISqgI, there has been a remarkable yearly in- crease until in the year 1900 the production reached $22,500,000, and for the present year it is estimated that the output will reach $30,000,000. Not only has the Cripple Creek district produced a reat amount of gold, but it has been done at a sood rate of profit, as more than $12,0 05 000 in dividends have been paid by the ‘dNVO ONININ LSHLVHUD S,VOINHINV ‘OGVUO'IOD ‘MHAUD HIddrao si NYWH4I14 NIG 3495 Igol. various mining companies. There are nearly 200 mines in the district shipping ore, and the indications are that Cripple Creek as a mining camp will continue ac- tive for years to come. Not the least important factor in the success of the mining operations carried on in the Cripple Creek district to date has been an adequate supply of timber near at hand. In consequence fuel and mine timbers were secured at low rates. The surrounding mountains were, at the discovery of gold in Cripple Creek, well timbered and for a few years afforded AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 155 near the LTe< UT mining Ci amp were almost stripped of their forests while the dem: and for lumber of every description aay forced the lumbering operations further into the mountains. The cutting was care- less, wasteful, and wholly without system. The excitement that took possession of the district over the continued rich dis- coveries of gold extended to the lumbering operations and there was but one thought —that of getting fuel and mine timbers with the least possible expense and delay. The future growth of the forest was never thought of. Then fires followed the cut- SCENE NEAR CRIPPLE CREEK, SHOWING HOW TIMBER ON MOUNTAIN SIDES HAS BEEN DESTROYED BY FIRE. steady supply. However, the new min- ing camp drew to it thousands of prospec- tors, many new mines were opened, ore in paying quantities found and the devel- opment of the entire district went forward with marvelous rapidity. The great in- crease in the number of mines, with the accompanying demand for fuel, mine tim- bers, and building material to house the rapidly increasing population, drew heay- ily on the supply near at hand. es Within a few years the mountain sides ting and the destruction in many cases was complete. Here again the old story of an ‘**unlimited timber supply,” careless methods of lumbering, followed by that most destructive enemy of forests—fire. To-day the country near Cripple Creek is almost destitute of trees of any size. One must go some distance into the mountains to find timber of any value. Cripp! e Creek of to- day is surely learning a lesson from the past—a costly lesson it promises to be. A lesson slowly but 186 that has been forced on many another mining community—that of the timber supply close at hand being exhausted through wasteful methods of lumbering, followed by bringing in timber from a distance at high prices. The result has been increased cost of operation. Much of the timber used at Cripple Creek now is being shipped in from saw-mills sixty to one hundred miles away, while the heaviest timbers are imported from Oregon. - A majority of the mines are forced to use coal for fuel, while the. price of mine timbers and building materials is steadily increasing. What this means can be best appreciated when it is stated that over 25,000,000 feet of lumber was consumed in Cripple Creek last year alone. A mine owner who has been prominent in Cripple Creek since the first discovery of gold, gives as his opinion that unless some very radical change takes place soon, the rapidly increasing cost of timber will, in five years, very seriously threaten the profitable working of mines throughout the district. The man in question has known the region for thirty years, i is presi- dent of one of the most prominent mining companies and well qualified to speak on the situation. His opinion is supported by the statements of a number of other mine owners. What is true of the Cripple Creek district in regard to mining and timber supply is equally true of many of the other mining camps of Colorado. The question naturally arises: What can be done to improve the present situa- tion and at the same time insure for the future a steady timber supply? At the be- ginning of the year 1900 there remained in Colorado about 7,000 square miles of timber land. During the year mentioned fires in fifteen counties destroyed 758 square miles of this remaining forest area so that at present little more than 6,000 square miles are left. Of this the greater amount is included in the 3,103, 360 acres of national forest and timber reserves within the state. Obviously the national government, con- trolling as it does the major portion of the remaining timber area of Colorado, is in the best position to inaugurate a forest THE FORESTER. August, policy that will relieve the present situa- tion and insure an adequate timber supply in future years. By placing the scientific management of these reserves under the direction of the Bureau of Forestry, and making liberal rules in regard to the cut- ting of dead, down, and ripe timber it would go a long way toward averting what now seems a rapidly approaching timber famine. Throughout these reserves there is an immense amount of dead and down tim- ber. The handling of these forests on the principle of scientific forestry will require the removal of this dead and down timber in order that the young and growing tim- ber may have a fair chance, and also that the danger from fire may be lessened. As the reserves are near the mining camps this dead and down timber to a great ex- tent can be used for mining purposes. Adding to this the ripe timber that should be removed from time to time for the good of the growing forest, there will be a very substantial timber supply obtainable on the reserves while their forests are being perpetuated. Mine operators and other classes will gladly use this dead and down timber. Its sale will be a source of income to the government, from timber which is now to a great extent going to waste. More liberal rules then regarding the cutting of dead and down timber will not only pro- duce financial profit to the government, but it will assist in the future development of these forests and at the same time pro- duce cheap timber and fuel for one of the state’s leading industries. In advocating more liberal rules for the cutting of dead and down timber on the reserves it is meant that such cutting shall be done on the lines laid down by a scien- tific forester; that the miner seeking fuel and timber, and the forester looking out for the future welfare of the forest, work hand in hand. In the event of such a policy being introduced it will be incum- bent upon mine operators and others cut- ting on the reserves to see that the rules laid down are obeyed; that fire is guarded against, that unlawful cutting and timber stealing are stopped. Obviously it will be ‘AVMV SH’IIN ALHNIN—HONYY OLSTAD HMA AMONW’T NOLO GQNNOUWOMOVA HHL NI SNIVINAOW GHddVO-MONS ‘“ONINWOAA GANV ONILLOD HONONHL ANVEA SHGIS NIVINOON ‘“HuMuHH GHLVOO'L SHNIW @’IOO ANVN ‘“LOrINetsia MHHUOD A’TddIdD “WOLDIA HO NMOL ow hui 47 i and tg shre wo4y} got 188 to the advantage of mine owners to see that all rules are closely observed, to war- rant a continuance of them. An active policy in regard to its forests in Colorado by the national government, along the lines suggested, will do much to relieve the present situation. It will also do much to arouse the people of the state to the importance of forest preservation. Mining is only one of the many industries of the state that is dependent in a great measure on prosperous forests. If the great natural resources of Colorado are to be developed to anywhere near their full THE FORESTER. August, extent the present destruction of its for- ests must stop and the remaining timber lands exploited in a sensible manner. Per- haps the greatest danger to the interests of Colorado would be a failure of the water supply; that a steady supply of water is greatly dependent on good forests needs no argument. Therefore the preserva- tion of forests in Colorado is a matter for the serious attention of all the people. With the national government pointing the way there will be no excuse for lack of interest on the part of the people within the state. THE INVESTIGATION NOW BEING MADE IN NEBRASKA BY THESU..5 BUREAU; OF FORE Sih By WiiiaM L. Hatt, Superintendent of Tree Planting, Bureau of Forestry. HE forest investigation now in prog- ress in Nebraska, consists of a study of the planted and natural timber. It is a part of the general study of forest encroachment on the plains—a subject demanding investigation over at least twelve states of the Middle West. The planted timber is being studied to find, not only what thrives best in different sections of the state, but what is most valu- able for the various purposes for which planting is done. Before complete success can be regularly attained in growing tim- ber, it must be known what kinds of trees are most valuable for such common pur- poses as shade, windbreaks, and fence- posts, and how fast they will grow in a given locality. It is equally necessary to understand the methods of planting and cultivation by which planted timber can be made in the greatest degree profitable and permanent. The natural timber is being studied to find what species occur, to what extent _ “This paper was read at the summer meet: ing of the Nebraska State Horticultural Society, held at Kearney, Neb., July 17 and 18. timber is increasing, and the conditions under which the increase takes place. So | far as possible, these questions are being | studied in all parts of the state. The eastern half offers the more attractive field, because there the natural timber is more abundant, the country has been longer settled, so that more information is obtain- able, and the natural tendencies seem to exert themselves more strongly. But the study of these questions, over the western half of the state is more important at this time, because their solution for that region will throw light on the utilization of much of the non-agricultural, government land in that part of Nebraska. So in the west- ern half of the state, the investigation is being prosecuted with the greatest possible detail. The work is done chiefly by observation. I am sometimes ask whether or not we make chemical analyses of soils to deter- mine whether trees will grow. We do not. The elements of fertility are present in such quantity in all soils of the state as to insure the successful growth of trees. The chemical composition of a soil then, s Liane ae ig j Nee > 4 * ¥ ss « I9Ol. is not a very important factor in tree growth in this region. There are, how- ever, other agencies of vital importance, and these we study very closely. Fire, soil, moisture, wind, heat, and animals are the natural agencies that influ- ence most strongly the growth and distri- bution of trees in this region. Fire has been the most important agency in deter- mining the distribution of the forest. Dr. Bessey argues with great force that fire has been the sole cause of large areas of the state being prairie instead of forest. This much is certain: Since the settlement of the country with the consequent pre- vention of fires, many thousand acres of prairie land along streams and ravines, have naturally become covered by timber. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 189 Water is the limiting factor of many species of forest trees in this region. The eastern species extend westward to the point where the moisture is not equal to their requirements and there they stop. The western species extend eastward to the point where the moisture is too great, and there find their limit. Moisture is, to a great degree, the limiting agency of both eastern and western species. In its influ- ence upon trees, the moisture of the at- mosphere is almost as important as the moisture of the soil. Wind and heat are important only because they intensify the moisture conditions. While acting indi- rectly, their influence is often so powerful as to cause trees to fail where they would otherwise succeed. Many of the cajions HIG. 1. YEARS AGO. HAS SINCE SPRUNG UP NATURALLY. At the present time, fire is a matter of only local importance. Soil is important, not on account of its chemical composition, but because of its physical condition. Trees thrive best on porous soil where their roots can penetrate the ground deeply. The loess and sandy soils of Nebraska are very favorable to trees for this reason. YOUNG TIMBER GROWING ON LAND THAT WAS IN CLOVER MEADOW TWENTY-FIVE THE DENSE GROWTH OF BOX ELDER, GREEN ASH, AND WHITE ELM TABLE ROCK, NEBRASKA. along the Loup Rivers have an excellent growth of timber in spots protected from wind and intense heat, while exposed spots are barren. Animals keep young forest trees eaten off, and the ground so tramped that seeds do not germinate. In the eastern part of the state where the land is not pastured, the forests are spreading; where it is pas- 190 tured they are at a standstill. The effect of pasturage is not so noticeable upon planted timber, because stock is often not admitted to the groves until the trees are too large to be destroyed. But the effect upon reproduction is as fatal in planted as in natural timber. Since reproduction cannot take place, no plantation can be permanent if regularly pastured. IME OF ITS RANGE. HILLSIDES OF WESTERN NEBRASKA, BUT IS NOT ADAPTED TO THE EASTERN PART OF THE STATE. BURWELL, NEBRASKA. The agencies just mentioned are receiv- ing close study in this summer’s investiga- tion. They act differently upon the dif- ferent species of trees, and on this account the problem is very intricate. But be- cause trees are affected differently by such agencies as soil, water, wind, and grazing THE FORESTER. ROCK PINE ON THE EXTREME EASTERN LIMIT THIS TREE GROWS OVER THE DRY August, it may be possible to find for every section of the state, species that will thrive and even become valuable as timber. The foregoing indicates the primary ob- ject of the investigation. We want to tind out whether there are forest trees which will make a profitable growth in western Nebraska. There are over ten million acres of government land in this state. Nearly all of it is unfit for farming, and at least a third of it is poor grazing land. The part unfit for farming and grazing be- longs to two classes. One class consists of very broken, clay land in the western part of the state; the other class consists of almost pure sand in the sand hill region. The clay land originally held a scant growth of Rock Pine (Bull Pine) and Red Cedar. Very little of the timber remains now, but the fact that it once grew is proof positive that it will grow again if given an opportunity. The sand hills, so far as our knowledge goes, have not been timbered. Their adaptability to trees must, therefore, be studied from general conditions and from planting done since the settlement of the country. We have one case of pines flour- ishing with great vigor, under typical sand-hill conditions. In the spring of 1890, the U.S. Department of Agriculture sent a large number of pines for plant- ing on the sand hills in the south- west part of Holt County. One of the worst possible locations was chosen. The land being too sandy to admit of plowing, the trees were set in furrows run through the sod. Not a stroke of cultivation has been given since. The plantation contains four species, Scotch, Austrian, Rock, and Banksian Pine. The Scotch and Austrian Pines are from six to eight feet high; the Rock Pine from four to six feet, and the Banksian Pine from twelve to eighteen feet. The trees are now en- tering upon their period of greatest growth. woae ee OS 7 IgOl. Their thrift indicates complete adaptability to the situation, and unless burned out, they will certainly attain suitable size for lumbering. The conclusion forces itself that the species which are adapted to that location, will grow on hundreds of thousands of acres in the sand hills where the natural conditions are precisely the same. The party from the Bureau of Forestry will pay especial attention to that portion of the government land in the state which is not well adapted to farming or grazing, and will bring together every bit of obtain- able information on its adaptability to forest growth, and on means of foresting it in case it is adapted to trees. If it is found that portions of this land AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. Ig! West. This work can not be done quickly. It will require many years. But it can be started soon, and the sooner the better. It is a work of too long duration to be adapted to individual or even corporate enterprise. If done at all it must be done by the State or General Government. Several important considerations seem to mark it as preéminently the work of the National Government. First, the government owns the land. Second, the government has already the organization, both to carry on the necessary scientific research, and to administer the work. Third, the government has already a forest reserve system covering forty-six million acres. These forest lands are protected and kept under a system of culture or FIG. 3. THE SAN DHILL, REGION IN WHICH IS LOCATED THE SUCCESSFUL PLANTATION OF PINES SHOWN IN FIG. 4. GARFIELD COUNTY, NEBRASKA. can be forested economically with valuable timber, certainly all will agree that it should bedone. Timber is the great want of the Middle West. FEE, General Passenger Agent, St. Paul, Minneapolis. BEST SERVICE BEST ROUTE BEST TRAINS BEST EQUIPMENT os BEST TRACK 55 ¢ 10) ISIS; Goc General Convention, Episcopal Church SAN FRANCISCO, GA, OGFOBER, 190. mae UNION PACIFIC. Three Trains Daily from Council Bluffs and Omaha. HAIN InhoNaIS) Two Trains Daily from Kansas City, passing through Denver SUE als and the Rocky Mountains. Ree If you want a quick and pleasant trip be sure your ticket reads Ee ERCIFIC over the Union Pacific. | ee RIVER Dining Car Service, Meals a la Carte. a mis s Through Palace and Ordinary Sleepers. : a A : 1 ibrary Car ‘hair Cars, Pintsch Light. 5 cing < bré Cars, Chair Cars, Pin 9 THAN VIA ANY OTHER Buffet Smoking and Library S pate Full information cheerfully furnished on application R. TENBROECK, General Eastern Agent, 287 BROADWAY, NEW YORK “£0 He Kindly mention ‘THE FORESTER 1n writing ELBE FORESTER: OUTING AN.ILLVSDRAT ED MAGA Z ree OF SPORT TRAVEL “ADMIRE AND. COVNT RY, EEE EDITED BY CAS PA Rowers ARE YOU INTERESTED IN Golf, Yachting, Shooting, Photography, Tennis, Bi- eyeling, Polo, Automobiling, Fishing, Country Living, College Sports, or in Horses, Dogs, Birds, Game Protec- tion and Forest Preservation ? . Especially Important Articles apropos SIR THOMAS LIPTON and the America’s Cup and the Proposed Visit of British Golfers. PRACTICAL PAPERS ON Country Living and Country Homes, Care of the Garden, Fine Poultry, Pedigree Cattle and Horse Breeding in America, England and France. OUTINGS DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY Is Conducted by GIFFORD PINCHOT, U. S. F. Every Number Entertaining, Instructive, Authoritative. 25 Cents a Copy. $3.00 a Year. Write for Special Offer to New Subscribers. The Outing Publishing Co., 239 Fifth Avenue, N. Y. Kindly mention THE FORESTER in writing. 20 Cents PTE FORESTER Vol. VII OCTOBER, 1901 No. 10 CONTENTS : _LONGLEAF PINE FOREST IN EASTERN TEXAS . . . . .. . ~~ Frontispiece NEWS, NOTES AND COMMENT (lllustrated). An Apology. Private Forestry on Large Scale. U.S. Forest Reserves. A Change of Base. Fire Record. Forestry in the South. Tree Planting in Wisconsin. Sheep Raising and Forest Reserves. Forest Bureau for Kansas. Pennsylvania Forest Preserve. Tree Planting in Indiana 4 2 : : : y zl i , d F : s : 4 : 237 THE REFORESTATION OF WATERSHEDS (Illustrated). T. P. LUKENS ; : 244 INSECT ENEMIES OF FORESTS AND FOREST PRODUCTS (Illustrated). A. D. HOPKINS 250 Entomologist, West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station. THE OPEN RANGE AND THE IRRIGATION FARMER. PROF. R. H. FORBES . : 254 Director Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station A FOREST WORKING PLAN (Illustrated). . . . - 3 - ss + 258 THE BILTMORE FOREST SCHOOL (lIllustrated). . : ‘ : : : : : 260 | RECENT PUBLICATIONS . . .. . aay Oe IE oy orton” ii een eae Published by The American Forestry Association Lancaster, Pa., and Washington, D. C. Entered at the Post Office of Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. THE PLATFORM OF THE FORESTER In order that the good will of its readers may become as effective as possible in aiding to solve our pres- ent forest problems, the Forsstsr indicates five directions in which an effective advance is chiefly needed. 1. The forest work of the United States Government which is now being carried on by the Depart- ment of Agriculture, the General Land Office, and the Geological Survey conjointly, should be completely and formally unified. The division of authority between the three offices involves great waste, and consolidation is directly and emphatically pointed to by the present voluntary co-operation between them, 2. A system of forest management under the administration of trained foresters should be introduced into the national and state forest reserves and parks. 8. Laws for the protection of the forests against fire and trespass should be adapted to the needs of each region and supported by the provisions and ‘appropriations necessary for their rigorous enforcement. 4. Taxation of forest lands should be regulated so that it will encourage not forest destruction but conservative forest management. 5. The attention of owners of woodlands should be directed to forestry and to the possibilities of ap- plying better methods of forest management. Persons asking themselves how they can best serve the cause of forestry will here find lines of work suggested, along which every effort will tell. No opportunity for doing good along these lines should be neglected. ’ 1. The yearly course comprises 12 consecutive FOREST SCHOOL | ‘rents. | - In addition a special winter term is offered ending March 15. AT BILTMORE, N.C: 3. A three-monthly tour through the European TR TT TST forests will begin April 1, 1902. The lectures cover, in the course of a year, all branches of forestry exclusive of forest aesthetics and of forest gardening. The Biltmore School is directly connected with the forestal management. of the Biltmore Estate, a tract of land comprising I1I0,o00 acres. This Estate is the only place in America at which the methods and the results of economic forestry can be studied. Daily excursions secure for the student an intimate acquaintance with the practical and administrative side of forestry. | For further information apply to C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Biltmore, N. C. HENRY ROMEIKE, The First Established and Most Complete Newspaper Cutting Bureau in the World. 110 FIFTH AVENUE, | NEW YORK. ESTABLISHED LONDON, 1881; NEW YORK, 1884. BRANCHES: LONDON, PARIS, BERLIN, SYDNEY. THE PRESS CUTTING BUREAU which I established and have carried on since 1881 in London, and 1884 in New York, reads, through its hundreds of employes, every news- paper and periodical of importance published in the United States, Canada and Europe. It is patronized by thousands of subscribers, pro- fessional or business men, to whom are sent, day by day, newspaper clippings, collected from all these thousands of nee ais either to them or any given subject. : HENRY ROMEIKE, 110 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. em. MEIER, Consulting Forester, MAHWAH, N. J. Advice given to woodland owners and others desirous to place their property under profitable management. - Forest material marketed if desired by owner. Talks on Forestry. Write for particulars, terms, etc. ORCHIDS ORCHIDS We are the largest orchid growers in the United States. Our price-lists of freshly imported and estab- lished orchids may be had upon application. LAGER & HURRELL, SUMMIT, N. J. Orchid Growers and Importers. Forest and Game Preserves. Private Estates Private Parks. F. von. HOFFMAN, LANDSCAPE AND FORESTING-ENGINEER. St. James Building, Broadway and 26th St., NEW YORK. MISS REYNOLDS School, 66 W. 45th St., New York.—Special students admitted to regular classes. A few young girls received into the family. Back Files of THE FORESTER For Sale. Vol. IV. The Forester, 1898,.. . . $1.00 Vol. V. The Forester, 1899, . 1.00 | Vol. VI. The Forester, 1900, . 1.00 | Proceedings of the American Forestry Congress and American Forestry Association (1888-1897, inclusive), 1.00 Kindly mention THE FORESTER in writing. THE University of the South SEWANEE, TENNESSEE. DEPARTMENTS ACADEMIC MEDICAL THEOLOGICAL PHARMACEUTICAL LAW PREPARATORY The University of the South is situated in the center of its woodland domain of 10.000 acres, on the summit of the Cumberland Mountains, 2,000 feet above sea level. Open from March to December, the academic year being divided into three terms. Students from other universities may attend the summer session, July 3 to September 26, in any department. The university domain is being !umbered in a scientific | manner under the direction of the Division of Forestry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, and an unusual oppor- tunity is afforded forthe preliminary study of forestry. Sewanee presents an exceptionally attractive field for the study of geology, forest and field botany. For further information address THE VICE CHANCELLOR ~ ALL EMPLOYES In the operating department of the “Alcon Road ” are required to pass mental and physical examinations calculated to secure absolute safety to passengers and freight. Fidelity, promptness, and accuracy are re- warded by the merit system, the result veing that one of the safest railways in the world is “mow ONLY WAY” GEO. J. CHARLTON, GEN'L PASSENGER AGENT CurcaGo, TLLINOIm. ‘GNV'T YHANIL SINT FO SHUOV NOITTIN HNO AO ONVIGNVH HHI NI GHISHOOaHY NAA SVH AULSHAOA 40 OVHUNd “S “1 HHL JO HONVAISISSV GNV HOIAGVY HHL ‘SVXHL NUYHISVH JO SISHUOA ANId AVHIONOT AHL NI ANAOS kaa ae PBA Nef att aed +> THE FORESTER. Vou. Vik NEWS, An Apology. An apology is due the readers of THE FoRESTER for the tardy appearance of the September number. The delay was occasioned by very unusual circumstances: the editor on his way home from the Denver meeting had his suit case, containing the copy for the September number, stolen. Thus it was necessary to make up the number a second time. The hard luck did not end at this point, for the suit case also contained copies of all the papers read at the Denver meeting. Not even the thought that the thief was unable to realize on the contents of the suit case at a pawn-shop can recon- cile us to the loss. Let it be hoped that he was at least an enthusiast on forestry and irrigation, therefore getting some- thing of value for risking a trip to the penitentiary. Through the kindness of the authors copies of these papers have been secured, and they will appear in THE ForesTerR as rapidly as space will permit. a The latest request received by the Bureau of Forestry for assistance in the hand- ling of private woodlands, is one fora working plan for about 1,- 000,000 acres of longleaf pine land in southeastern Texas. This timber land is the property of the Kirby Lumber Company and the Houston Oil Company, of Texas. The holdings of these concerns cover about eighty per cent. of the virgin forest of longleaf pine in Texas. The officials Private For- estry ona Large Scale. OCTOBER, toor. No. IO. NOTES, AND COMMENT. state they are very anxious to exploit their forests on scientific lines, cutting the mer- chantable timber in such a way as to in- sure protection to the young crowth. A preliminary examination of this large tract will be made by the Bureau, likely in December. : ; All things considered this large area of timber land, if handled on the lines which the Bureau will advise, should prove one of the most interesting undertakings in the line of forestry for private owners yet at- tempted in the United States. This immense tract, covered with a heavy growth of timber that is in constant demand, with markets by rail and water near at hand, if exploited in a conserva- tive manner, should bring splendid returns to its owners. Adding the fact that the tract is located in a section of the country where tree growth is rapid, it does seem that the owners will act wisely in hand- ling the whole along the lines of scientific forestry. ig The feeling that the tech- nical management of the United States serves should be under the direction of the Bureau of Forestry, is becoming wide- The immense areas included in number of for- U. S. Forest Reserves. forest re- spread. these reserves present a est problems that only trained foresters The questions of the recula- ut- can solve. tion of grazing, prevention of fires, « ting of timber, and caring for the water supply in the reserves are of vital impor- tance to the entire west. In many sections 238 the water supply for irrigation and other purposes is directly dependent on the forested areas within the reserves. Be- sides the future timber supply must in a great measure come from the same source; it is therefore of the utmost importance that these reserves should receive the wisest possible administration. Dr. B. E. Fernow, director of the New York State College of Forestry, in a recent statement published in Recreation, sums up the situation in a convincing THE FORESTER. October, but already the Secretary of the Interior has recognized that technical management of these timber lands is necessary and has called on the Bureau of Forestry to pre- pare the necessary plans. As soonas such plans are formulated, their execution should also be left with the Bureau, for technical supervision of the cutting of tim- ber is as essential as technical plans, and it is questionable whether the General Land Office, which was instituted simply to dis- pose of the public domain, could be so WASTEFUL METHODS OF LUMBERING IN BLACK HILLS FOREST RESERVE, SOUTH DAKOTA. WITH THE TECHNICAL MANAGEMENT OF THE RESERVES UNDER THE DIRECTION OF TRAINED FORESTERS, SUCH WASTE COULD BE AVERTED. manner. We quote Dr. Fernow’s re- marks on this point: ‘¢ That finally the Federal Government must institute a full-fledged management of its 40 forest reserves, comprising over 46,000,000 acres, is self evident, and it is only a question how soon and how this will come about. At present the General Land Office is still in charge of this property, organized as to furnish this technical su- pervision and continuous management.” od For the benefit of those persons so fond of refer- ring to our ‘inexhaust- ible timber supply,” we reprint the follow- ing from the Chicago Post: A Change of Base. | 1901. ‘s Word has been received that the last stick of lumber belonging to Knapp, Stout & Co., of Menominee, Wis., was sawed to- day and that the mills have closed perma- nently, after being in operation longer than half a century. This is considered by lumbermen as another step toward the de- sertion of Wisconsin by that interest. Not many years ago this state and its neigh- bor, Michigan, were numbered among the largest lumber-producing states of the Union. To-day the White Pine, which first attracted investors, has been almost entirely exhausted. ‘¢Company after company has deserted these districts and sought new fields where the forests are thick and where they can be purchased standing at a nominal price. Companies now operating north of Illinois are either going far into the interior to get White Pane. or else they have turned thew attention to Hemlock and hard woods which can be found. Thirty years ago when government land could be purchased in this district for less than $2 an acre, the White Pine was most in abundance and Hemlock was spurned, as it did not bring enough money when cut, sawed, and shipped to the market. Now this is changed, and even the Hemlock has been cleared out to a large extent. In the north- ern part of Wisconsin and parts of northern Michigan, not adjacent to the lake, the for- ests still flourish, but the monarch pine has been slaughtered.” The ‘+ inexhaustible timber supply ” of Alaska has furnished a theme for numer- ous articles on how the rest of the world would some day find a most abundant supply of timber in the Alaskan forests. But here are a few facts recently published in the San Francisco Chr onicle, which tell the same old story : ‘¢s Wherever commerce invades the tim- ber lands the forest growth quickly disap- pears. This is aptly illustrated in the experience of the Yukon Valley in Alaska. The steamer trafic of only three or four seasons on that river has already created a timber famine on its banks. Of course, that section of Alaska is not heavily tim- bered. Most of the commercial forests of south and nearer the Territory lie farther AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 239 the sea coast, where the climate is milde1 and more favorable to the growth of conif- erous trees. These always forests have been spoken of as inexhaustible. But we are learning in this state the sad lesson that once the woodman begins to hew for commercial purposes a time limit can be quickly set on the life of the densest tim- ber growth, particularly if nothing is done for its conservation and renewal, as is liable Alaska. ‘* The exhaustion of the timber supply on the banks of the Yukon River will create a serious problem in the navigation of that stream. It is now mercial highway, to be the case in a great com- whose importance is growing each year. All the boats plying its waters have been drawing their fuel from its forests. These are now failing rapidly, and, unless coal or oil is discoy- ered in available quantities in the neigh- borhood, river navigation will have to be abandoned soon.” as The Fire Since the September For- Record. ESTER went to press the following forest fires have been reported : Michigan. A few days ago near Port Huron, Mich., during a squall on Lake Huron, six vessels were wrecked on the beach. The crews of all the vessels were rescued by the life saving crew during the night. A heavy smoke caused by forest fee hung over the lake and caused the navigators to lose their course. Rieoms Detroit comes the news that for days the dense smoke from Canadian for- est fires hung over Lake Erie, Lake Huron, and the Detroit River and practi- cally tied up navigation. Fully a dozen excursion boats were unable to return to the citv and hundreds of excursionists who left Saturday afternoon pelled to spend the night on the boats. The from forest was carried across Lake Michigan were cCOMm- hres 1.2. to Chicago smoke these where it hung in dense clouds. On Sunday, September 22d, in the Colorado. a forest fire mountains broke out near Eldora, Boulder County, and at last 240 THE FORESTER. reports was still burning. The first re- port stated that fully thirty-five square miles of heavy timber had been burned, and many mine buildings destroyed. A large number of men fought the fire for days but were unable to get it under con- trol, and assistance was then asked of the Department of the Interior, as the fire was burning over government land. The fire was caused through the neglect of a October, Columbia River on both Washington and Oregon shores. The town of Moores- ville, four miles back from the Columbia River, was surrounded by fire and for some time grave fears were entertained for its safety. Ranchers living in this dis- trict had many buildings destroyed by fire, and for some days they were compelled to fight the flames. The loss in timber will amount to many thousands of dollars. SCENE IN PIKE’S PEAK FOREST RESERVE, SHOWING PRESENT CONDITION OF MANY MOUNTAIN SLOPES THAT WERE ONCE HEAVILY WOODED. RECKLESS CUTTING AND REPEATED FIRES HAVE REDUCED THE FORESTS OF COLORADO TO ABOUT SIX PER CENT. OF THE STATE’S AREA. MEANWHILE THE FIRES CONTINUE TO BURN. camping party to extinguish their fire. In passing it may be noted that only about six per cent. of the present area of Colo- rado is forest land; and this small portion is being rapidly destroyed by fires each year. Washington. Forest fires during August were the worst in years and did great damage to the timber belt along the Especially fierce fires during the early part of the month raged between Lake Sammanish and on the Snoqualmie River, and Halley’s lumber camp on the Sno- qualmie River was only saved by the strenuous efforts of fifty men who fought the flames. Thousands of dollars’ worth of timber was destroyed. Another tre- mendous fire raged in Woodenville and Grace on the Seattle Division of the Igol. Northern Pacific. Several farm buildings were burned and damage has been done to timber in Chehalis and Mason counties. On August 11 an overland train on the LUMBERED AND BURNED FOREST NEAREPORT CRESCENT, OLYMPIC PENINSULA, WASHINGTON. Great Northern railroad had a thrilling race with the flames leaping about it on both sides. Four bridges along the road caught fire during the day but prompt action on the part of the railroad em- ployees prevented their being destroyed. Foreign. From Berlin comes the re- port of a terrible forest fire during the first week of August in the extensive pine forests of Kalkirchen on the Dutch- Prussian frontier. Several thousand acres of valuable timber were destroyed, train service throughout the district had to be suspended and the damage up to the time of the report had already reached $240,- 000. In Russia the total loss from recent forest fires is estimated at $50,000,000. The fires have been mostly incendiary. It is estimated that 250,000 acres of forest land have been burned over and 187 vil- lages completely or partially destroyed. In northern Ontario and Quebec the damage to standing timber by forest fires is estimated at from $2,000,000 to $3,000,- 000, including the holdings of private owners and the government. At the set- tlement of White Bay in Newfoundland 23 houses were recently destroyed by a forest fire. Many fires are also raging on the British Columbia coast. Hawaii. A recent report received from Honolulu states that a forest fire which be- AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 241 gan in the Hamakaua district several weeks ago is still burning, lable damage to the ests in its vicinity. and threatens incalcu- plantations and for- It has already burned over thousands of acres. At last reports the fire was driven by strone winds and was threatening a tract of between 40,000 and 50,000 acres of forest. It has been proposed to call out the national guard work on the fire. The area burned is almost wholly gov- ernment land, but cane fields are threat- ened. It is estimated that the fire is twenty miles in length. Live stock has been removed to Hilo to prevent the ani- mals dying for lack of water, and there has been a general exodus of settlers from the district since the unprecedented condi- tions developed. and set the soldiers at ae Forestry in The Bureau of Forestry the South. continues to receive re- quests for assistance in the handling of timber lands in the South. In addition to the request for a prelimi- nary examination of 1,000,000 acres of longleaf pine land in Texas, already men- tioned, several other requests have recently been received. Burton & Co., have asked for an examination of their tract of 25,000 acres of pine land situated in Berkeley county, South Carolina. The East Tennessee Iron and Coal Company, owning 60,000 acres of hard- woods in the Cumberland mountains, are anxious to cut their timber on conservative lines, and have requested a preliminary examination of their tract. From North Carolina comes a request from Mr. Hugh McRae, for advice in the handling of 16,000 acres of hardwoods, situated near Grandfather Mountain. An examination is also asked for 16,000 acres of pine land in Polk County, Ga. Agents of the Bu- reau of Forestry will inspect these tracts at an early date. A working plan is to be made this win- ter by the Bureau for the woodlands be- longing to the Okeetee Club, the prelim- inary examination haying already been made. This tract is located in Beaufort and Hampton Counties, South Carolina. 242 Tree Planting Mr. Wm. L. Hall, Super- in Wisconsin, intendent of Tree Plant- ing in the Bureau of For- estry, has just completed, an examination of 15,000 acres of ‘‘ cutover” white pine Jand in Wisconsin. The tract is the prop- erty of the Bay Shore Lumber Company of Chicago and is located in Forest county. The land was cut over about fifteen years ago and left idle, meantime growing up an Birch, Red Cherry, Alder, and Aspen. An examination of this tract was re- ‘quested of the Bureau of Forestry, by the owners, in order to determine if replant- ing would be feasible. Mr. Hall will rec- comend experimental planting of White THE FORESTER: October, ing industry in which all mankind, ex- cepting the sheepman, came in for a lampooning. According to this paper there are but two kinds of men: sheep- men and their enemies; and of the latter Senator Warren classed as most dangerous the ‘* theorists” and ‘‘ faddists.” Consid- erable space is devoted to the ‘‘ theoretical forest reserve makers, who, from Pull- man cars or eastern office rooms, map out forest reserves as big as eastern states.” We can imagine with what salvos of approval Senator Warren’s audience re- ceived this antiquated product of an ob- scure joke carpenter, long since dead. But the Senator betrays a decided lack of THESE SHEEP WERE BEING HERDED ILLEGALLY IN A FOREST RESERVE. Pine ona small section of forty acres to test what can be done. In case of success, planting ona large scale will likely follow. od Sheep Raising Senator F. E. Warren, at and Forest the annual meeting of Reserves. the Eastern Wyoming Wooi Growers’ Association held re- cently, read a paper on the sheep rais- information as to the way in which re- serves are established, what they are es- tablished for, and the present sentiment among western people generally on the reserve question. If Senator Warren will take the trouble to look into the matter he will find that the Federal government usually assigns such tasks as the laying out of reserves to competent men. Further, that the ques- Igol. tion of creating a reserve is considered in its possible effects on every class of people and industry, rather than for a certain set of individuals or a single in- dustry. Senator Warren was talking to sheepmen on this occasion and his paper was in the right vein to please. Senator Warren in his paper asserts that ‘* everybody is against the sheepman.” Anyone acquainted with the present con- ditions in the West knows there is a great deal of truth in this statement and the ‘‘ enemies” of the sheep raiser, as Senator War- ren puts it, are legion. The re- sponsibility for this condition of affairs rests with the sheepmen themselves. Fair-minded people, and the west has a_big proportion of them, do not deny the rights of the sheepmen, but the latter on the other hand have been disre- gardful of the fact that sheep rais- ing is but one industry and that there are many other occupations that deserve consideration. In a word, the opposition to forest reserves, on the part of sheepmen and others, has been caused by the cutting off of the ‘¢ something for nothing” state of affairs. Free pasturage, and free use of public lands cannot be given up without a struggle. That is the bone of contention: ‘*some- thing for nothing.” The forest reserves of the West will be increased in number and area from time to time, simply because it is the wish of the great majority of people of that sec- tion. The feeling in favor of the reserves is growing stronger every day. The accompanying illustration is sug- gestive of conditions in certain sections of the west, and will give some idea of the way the sheepmen make ‘‘ enemies.” Td The Topeka CafZztal ‘‘ hopes to see the Kansas Legislature in the near future set individ- ual land owners a good example and in- cidentally accomplish valuable results for Forestry in Kansas. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. YAGGY CATALPA PLANTATION IN RENO CO., KAN. TEN YEARS OLD AND FOUR TO SIX INCHES IN DIAMETER. 245 the state, by inaugurating Bureau of Forestry.” The point is well taken, and the Capr- tal’s statement that ‘* Kansas can rival] any locality in producing artificial forests” is borne out by results obtained in many sec- tions of the state. The accompanying illustration shows one of the successfu| forest plantations of Kansas. a systematic Kansas can grow forest trees and the state can do a TREES great deal of good ‘by encouraging the people to take up tree planting more gen- erally. J & Pennsylvania The State Forest Com- Forest Preserve. mission of Pennsylvania recently concluded the purchase of the furnace property of the Mont Alto Iron Company, and about 23,- 000 acres of mountain land in Franklin and Adams counties, running down to the Marvland line. This latest addition to the State’s forest preserves lies along and 244 across what is known as South Moun- tain, a part of the Blue Ridge, and is one of the most picturesque sections in Penn- sylvania. It has hundreds of beautiful springs and is well timbered throughout, a new growth having replaced the timber cut off years ago to furnish charcoal for the furnace. The mountain tops on the tract are about 1,200 feet above sea level, and from an observatory built upon one of them can be had a magnificent view of the Cumberland Valley from the Susque- hanna to the Potomac. A pleasure park, comprising hundreds of acres, with paths made through the forest, rustic bridges across all streams and many buildings for the comfort and enter- tainment of visitors is a part of the pur- chase and is known as Mont Alto Park, the resort of many thousands of peopie every year. The price paid for the 23,000 THE FORESTER. October, acres is understood to be about $7.50 per ache. & Tree Planting A forest plantation 4,100 in Indiana. acres in extent is to be started in the Kankakee bottoms, Newton County, Indiana. The land, which is the property of Mr. Joseph Adams, of Chicago, was recently exam- ined by Mr. George L. Clothier, an agent of the Bureau of Forestry, and Mr. W. H. Freeman, secretary of the Indiana State Board of Forestry. The examina- tion was made in order to determine upon plans for the planting. The object in starting this plantation is to establish a permanent forest, and it marks the first attempt in Indiana at tree planting on the advice of a trained for- ester. THE REFORESTATION Bye ok. HE question of the management of our depleted and rapidly disap- pearing forests is second to no other in importance to the people of the United States. No nation on earth was so blessed in the beginning with the ex- tent and quality of forests as our own, but through lax laws and political influence the mass of our forests have passed into the hands of a few. Not only is the waste and destruction of the original crop distressing, but also the entire disregard of the future that has been thus far the rule. While the economic question of for- estry is of vital importance to the whole people, on which volumes could be writ- ten, the phase of this question which most concerns the people of southern Cali- fornia is the preservation of our forests for the conservation of water. It is no *Read at the summer meeting of the Ameri- can Forestry Association, Denver, Col., Aug. 27-29. OF OUR WATERSEEDS:= LUKENS. longer a disputed question that the de- pletion of forests causes the extremes of floodand drouth. Humid regions become arid, for proof of which we are no longer compelled to cite Palestine and other parts of the old world, but we see it clearly por- trayed in our own country. In the seven counties of southern Cali- fornia, there is approximately 10,000 square miles of arable land, with a popu- lation of 305,000 and property with as- sessed value of $160,000,000. There is an almost unbroken range of mountains, from the coast in Santa Barbara county to San Diego, that forms a barrier from the Mojave and Colorado deserts on the north and east. This mountain area of 4,500 square miles has wisely been set aside as forest reserves, for on this rugged moun- tain range southern California depends for its supply of water for all purposes. So much is known of the early history: that the mountains were well forested, Igol. the valleys were well covered with oak trees, and the streams flowed continuously above ground. Until recent years sheep- raising was the chief industry. They were herded in the mountains without re- straint, and, as is known to all observers, destruction and devastation are the result of sheep-grazing in our mountains, espe- FIG. I. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 245 tains which has not been burned over. There are many other causes of fire, but they are due to the carelessness and indiffer- ence of man in nearly every case. Laws inflicting a heavy fine and punishment do not check the destruction perceptibly. In spite of the fact that each year many fires have occurred in these mountains, the YELLOW PINE FOREST IN SAN BERNARDINO FOREST RESERVE, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. cially in arid regions. For a while the sheep men annually burned their ranges, to make accessible new areas, until now there is but a small portion of these moun- ee J a aggregate »s that have been impose‘ aggregate of fine on the individuals responsible for theit origin, is merely nominal. In the twelfth D> ; os century, Germany became alarmed at the 246 THE FORESTER. great number of fires, and to abate the evil a law was passed punishing any one wantonly setting fire to the forests. The punishment was this: the offender was bound hand and foot and drawn three times through the fire. Although this punishment was inflicted upon offenders, the destruction continued until the forests were well guarded. The question of protecting the small portion of forests still remaining and of rehabilitating the vast areas that have been October, succeed, can do more than we. Their rivers have returned, and all the manifold blessings induced by forests. When once the management of our for- ests is placed, to remain, in the hands of our skilled foresters, backed up with lib- eral appropriations and unhampered by political parties, then the wanton waste and destruction will be reduced to the minimum. So our forests, being rehabili- tated with all blessings, will soon become self-supporting. HIG. §2: denuded, can only be accomplished by the adoption of a rational forest system. Why should our country, so enlightened and so far in advance of other nations in the me- chanical arts and industries, be so lax and deficient in the management of its forests? Surely not for lack of skill and intelli- gence. We cannot concede that Germany, France, and other nations that are not only realizing a direct profit from their forests, but have rebuilded agriculture to a profit- able plane, without which no country can SCENE IN SAME FOREST ONE WEEK LATER, SHOWING LOPPINGS LEFT AFTER CUTTING. There is abundant proof that the moun- tains of southern California were once heavily timbered. Fully 80 per cent. of all the area now is covered with brush, but for the most part sparsely. This brush, naturally very inflammable, when heated by a few weeks of constant sunshine be- comes as tinder, and a fire once started is most difficult to control; in fact it cannot be controlled until fire breaks are made by removing the brush along the ridges. The handful of men employed as rangers, one I9gol. man to 37,000 acres of steep, rugged mountains, is entirely inadequate, although they have accomplished a great deal in watching careless persons, and in putting out small fires. A bucket brigade in a FIG. 3. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 247 What to plant and how to plant must be be governed by local conditions. Within the boundaries of our 16,000,000 acres of forest reserves, the structural and climatic conditions vary greatly. I have the most SHOWING BUSH COVERED AREA IN THE SAN GABRIEL FOREST RESERVE, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. large city would be as effectual in battling fire as the small number of men now em- ployed in the reserves. While the brush is valuable as a water conserver, a tree covering is much more desirable, inasmuch as the soil under trees is cooler and moister than under brush. The roots of trees are larger and penetrate to a greater depth, and the surface receives more humus to form a mulch to retain the water and prevent evaporation. As fast as the brush is burned, there should be planted the seed of indigenous trees. An area forested exclusively with trees has also the advantage of being less suscepti- ble to fire. profound respect for Nature—she has made no mistake in planting trees, all being suited to the conditions surrounding them. While it is possible some foreign trees will thrive for a while, it is not safe to plant other than indigenous trees except in an experimental way. The forested area of southern California is about equal to that of Prussia where, under government control, the annual net profit of $1.50 per acre is realized, beside the incalculable indirect benefit of equal- izing stream flow, etc. In the Grand Duchy of Baden the annual net direct profit is $2.60 per acre, ten cents an acre annual net profit more than our govern- 248 THE FORESTER. ment received for the redwood forests. One average redwood tree from the Cali- fornia forest will yield more timber than any acre of forest in Prussia. With all these factsin sight, our government should withdraw from sale every acre of timber Jand unsold; and, cared for by the Bureau October, We have some most striking compari- sons, showing the value of forest covering for the conservation of water. The San Gabriel River Basin watershed with an area of about 23 square miles delivered less than roo miners’ inches during the dry months of 1900, while the San An- FIG. 4. SHOWING SPRUCE AND PINE FOREST THAT FORMERLY COVERED THE ENTIRE AREA SHOWN IN FIG. 3. TREES DESTROYED BY RECKLESS CUTTING AND REPEATED FIRES; AT PRESENT ONLY A FEW LEFT IN PROTECTED OR INACCESSIBLE PI,ACES. of Forestry and the trees milled as they mature, the profits would go far toward the rebuilding of our devastated areas. tonio, with one-half the area, produced 175 miners’ inches at the minimum. These basins are contiguous in. the same Igol. range. There is the same precipitation in each, but the San Gabriel has been repeat- edly burned until much of the area is nearly bare, and consequently the water conservy- ing power is seriously impaired. The San Antonio basin has been burned but little, and the covering in most part is intact. Bear Valley, in the San Bernardino reserves, contained in 1860 two large lakes, each covering more than a section, and about 5,000 acres of rich meadow. Late in the sixties, sheep were driven into the valley, and during several of the first years of herding, at least 30,000 shee were pastured there. Later the feed be- came scanty and the number was decreased until at the end of twenty years of grazing, the number was reduced to 2,000 and the food was poor for that number. There were formerly large streams which not only kept the lakes full, but discharged through the summers large volumes of water. Now the lakes are dry and the streams have so diminished that during five months of the year the streams do not reach the outlet of Bear Valley Dam. The slopes of the mountain forming the watershed of Bear Valley, once so rich in tree and bunch grass covering, are nearly bare. Natural reforesting, as conifers matured and died, was precluded by the sheep, since they ate all little conifers as they showed themselves above ground. The Vandeventer Valley, in the San Jacinto Reserve, comprising about 3,000 acres, had not been disturbed by man or beast up to 1870. In that year 2,000 cat- tle were driven in, and were soon fattened on the luxuriant growth of grass. A large stream flowed through the meadow from Toro Mountain. This herding of cattle was continued for twelve years. I visited this valley last summer and found no grass, no water, and nothing growing in the valley but worthless sage-brush. Every- where I find the most distressingly evil ef- fects of stock grazing in the forest re- serves. It is not feasible to regulate stock grazing; where communities depend upon water for irrigation, who can determine the number of sheep or cattle that can be herded without destroying or seriously in- juring paramount interests ? AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 249 During a dry year in the valleys, just the time when the mountains should be undisturbed, there would be the greatest desire on the part of stock men to drive their herds to the mountains; at that time also, there is more danger of fire. Stock is driven into forest reserves every year, presumably to be ‘fed on owned or leased land. I have onecase in mind where 700 cattle were driven into a leased meadow. capable of feeding no more than 200 head. Cattle are turned loose and roam at large, destroying the grasses and little conifers on all slopes; hence, all stock herded in the reserves on private holdings should be under fences, ingress and egress to which should be compelled by roads. The total assessed value of all the sheep and cattle in the seven counties of south- ern California is $1,200,000, while the assessed value of the property dependent on the water conversed in our reserves is $160,000,000. It is clearly seen which is the paramount interest. People with homes in the reserves are a help in keep- ing down fires, but the people who go in for a frolic should be under watchful re- straint, if permitted to go at all. Lumbering in southern California has always been unprofitable to the investors, owing chiefly to the inaccessibility of the timber regions. The mountains are so precipitous that to reach the pine and fir forests necessitates the building and main- taining of very expensive roads, over which to haul the lumber. Then the pro- digal extravagance so universally played where something is acquired for nothing is conspicuous here; the scrap heap is much larger than the lumber piles. The trees fit for milling grow at an eleva- tion of from 5,000 to $8,000 feet. The trees grew sparsely, and in consequence the limbs are large and grow low, resulting in knotty lumber, and a waste of at least one-half the tree; worse than waste, for the lopings are left to dry and become dis- a menace to the new forest. A sad sight it is to see a deforested area in our semi-arid country, where a tree 1s so valuable as a water conserver. It isa desolate picture. The crop be harvested by the forester and his trained same could 250 assistants more profitably by cutting only mature trees and effectually disposing of the lopings, without disturbing the well- mulched surface which is so essential. When forest trees are removed, if man will assist just a little, reforestation will be speedy and complete, for the surface is rich. But after repeated fires it is more difficult. The soil that has been building for one or two hundred years, is nearly or quite gone, and the rains run off rapidly, while the sun and wind dry up the surface. The plan to build storage reservoirs, as advocated by the National Irrigation As- sociation, is most commendable and should receive the support of every friend of forestry. At the same time let us put our natural reservoirs in repair. ‘The rainfall THE FORESTER: October, on our mountains will average 48 inches annually, and if our mountains are well clothed, at least one-half will be retained by percolation. With our 4,500 square miles of watershed in southern California, we would have 2,800,000 acre feet of water for irrigation. Then would our country be productive and bloom as the rose, and be capable of sustaining a greater population than the same area in any part of the world. 5 And what is true of southern California is true of all the western arid and semi- arid portion of the country; capable, when the forest and irrigation plans are perfected, of sustaining a greater popula-. tion than now exists in our nation. Stop fires, plant trees, and build reservoirs. INSECT ENEMIES OF FORESTS AND FOREST PROD EieiS: By A. D. Hopkins, Entomologist, West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station. HE problem of insect enemies of forests and forest product, is be- coming one of special interest and importance to consider in connection with other problems relating to the introduction and practical application of scientific meth- ods of forest management. The evidence obtained by the writer from special investigations along this line during recent years, is conclusive that the losses resulting from the depredations of insect enemies of living forest trees are very great. This is true both as related to the direct causes of death of trees, and of the pin and worm hole defects in the standing timber, and the manufactured product. Some of the most striking examples of these insects and their ravages may be briefly mentioned as follows: the destruc- tive pine bark beetle,* which in 1891-1893 * Dendroctonus Hopk. Srontalis destructor Zimm was so vastly destructive to the pine and spruce forests of the middle Alleghanies. The chestnut timber worm* is the most destructive enemy of the wood of the old living chestnut trees throughout the Ap- palachian region. The oak timber wormt is not only destructive to the wood of liv- ing trees, but also heavy oak lumber and timbers in mill yards and in structures under conditions which favor a continued moist condition of the wood. The de- structive heart wood borerst infest and are destructive to the wood of living trees in- jured by fire and other causes. Other wood-boring insects breed in the wood of old dead trees, stumps, logs, railroad ties, and other heavy construction material after it becomes old and begins to deteriorate. The spruce-destroying beetle § of the northeastern spruce region is another ex- *Lymexylon sericeum Harr. +Eupsalis minuta Drury. tCerambycid and Buprestid beetles. §Dendroctonus piceaperda Hopk. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 25 WORK OF WESTERN PINE BARK BEETLE IN BARK OF /inus ponderosa. SPECIMEN FROM MCLOUD RIVER NEAR MT. SHASTA, CALIFORNIA. ample of a great destroyer of matured spruce timber, which within the past half- century has caused the death of billions of feet of this valuable timber. There are a number of other examples of destructive enemies of the principal for- est trees of the Rocky and Cascade moun- tains and coast regions of the Northwest, discovered by the writer during investiga- tions there in the spring of 1899. The western pine destroyer * attacks and kills the finest specimens of the Western Yel- low Pine in California, Oregon, Wash- ington and Idaho. The mountain pine Dendroctonus + is destructive to the Moun- tain or Silver Pine in eastern Washing- ton, northern Idaho, and Montana, and also infests the Sugar Pine of southern Oregon. There is also a closely allied species—the pine-destroying beetle of the Black Hills {—which has been the cause * Dendroctonus brevicomis Lec. + Dendroctonus monticola Hopk. MS. {t Dendroctonus ponderosa Hopk. MS. of serious trouble in the pine forests of western South Dakota and eastern Wvom- ing. The Douglas spruce Dendroctonu is a common enemy of one of the most valuable timber trees of the Northwest. The fir tree destroyer + either kills, or causes a defective and decayed condition of the heartwood, of the California and grand fir trees from northern California to British Columbia, and westward to Mon- tana. The Douglas spruce bark borer,} the western hemlock bark beetle.§ and the western hemlock bark borer || infest the living bark, and either kill the trees or cause gum spot defects in the wood of the Douglas Spruce and Western Hemlock in Oregon and Washington. In addition to these examples of the enemies of the living trees and timber products, we may mention another ex- ample of the depredations on oak and hemlock tan bark by two or more species of beeties, which convert into a fine pow- der the ‘‘ flesh” of the bark. These in- sects are widely distributed through the BARK INJURY TO PIN} PINE BARK BI SHOWS CHARACTER OF BY THE DESTRUCTIVE * Dendroc onus pse udotsuga Hopk. MS t Scolvtus 7 ubscaber Lec. t dsemum nitidum Lec i Hylesinus tsuga Hopk. MS. Melin« ph a arummondi Kirby. bark regions of the eastern and north- eastern United States. At one tannery where the stored bark was examined by the writer some $50,000 worth of hem- lock bark was infested. In one stack of over 2,000 cords the inner part of the bark was largely converted into powder. Many other examples of the destructive ravages of insect enemies of forests and forest products could be mentioned, which THE FORESTER. October, methods of preventing losses, suggested by a knowledge of the habits of the insects, the peculiar character of their work, and the conditions favorable and un- favorable for their depredations, we may mention the following: investigations of the tan bark insects revealed the fact that they do not attack the bark until it is two or three years old. Thus if tanners and dealers see to it that no bark is allowed nee see ceases ioe L a rb t —! WOOD BORER. LARVA BORE THROUGH | THE OUTER SAP-WOOD JUST BENEATH WORK OF CHESTNUT TIMBER WORM. OF LIVING, INJURED, AND DEAD TREES AND LOGS. have been observed and studied by the writer, but these should be sufficient to indicate the magnitude of this feature of the forest problem. As examples of some of the simple INFESTS WOOD SURFACE AND DIRECTLY ACROSS GRAIN. HASTENS DEATH OF TREE AND DECAY OF WOOD. to remain in the stacks or stored in sheds for more than three years from the time it is taken from the trees, all trouble from this source would be prevented. The facts determined from an investi- 19O!. gation of the spruce-destroying beetle of the northeast demonstrated the fact that this great destroyer of the spruce attacks only the larger and matured trees over 12 inches in diameter, thus suggesting the importance of harvesting the matured timber and leaving the younger growth for future supply. It was WT also found that the insect is single- ha brooded in the Maine woods, and that it can be attracted to hack- girdled trap trees. Thus if a large number of trees are girdled in an area marked for cutting the fol- lowing winter, and they are near an area of matured timber that it is desired to protect for subse- quent cutting, the trap trees may be cut during the ordinary log- ging operations. In this way the trees with their cargoes of insects may be removed during the spring log drives, before the broods emerge and thus lessening danger to the other timber. Therefore, with no additional expense beyond that of girdling, vast numbers of the insects will be effectually de- stroyed and the remaining timber over considerable areas protected from their ravages. There are many other results obtained in recent investigations, which suggest methods of pre- venting losses from the depre- dations of insects on forest trees and forest products. These, even AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATIC IN. 1 commoner injuries, and in that relatine to some important features in their habits. life history, and distribution. progress : years. considerable has been made within recent This technical knowledge of the insects, of their habits, and the character under American conditions, are capable of practical application, in some cases involving simply an inexpensive change in time of cut- ting and methods of handling the product. Other methods suggested from these studies require, for their successful appli- cation, the adoption of scientific forest management. In the case of the chestnut timber worm this would require the har- vesting of all matured timber, the destruc- tion by fire of all defective trees, and the prevention of wounds on the young and thrifty timber. In the accumulation of data relating to the kinds of insects to blame for the CHARACTER OF INJURIES TO OAK BY THE OAK CARPENTER WORM. of their work will be of prime importance in subsequent investigations to determine practical methods of preventing losses. However, it will require a considerably greater expenditure of time and money than has yet been available, to demonstrate the practical value suggested by the knowl- edge already obtained. Experiments in girdling and cutting timber at different times in the year, to determine the relations of time of cutting to exemption from attack by insects, and 254 the durability of the timber, is one of those lines of experiments which we have determined, by preliminary investigations, will yield most valuable results. But it is a line of work which, to carry to comple- tion, involves the unlimited control or ownership of sections in various kinds of forests; also the work of several assistants, and more expense than can be allowed from the funds at present available for such work. With the adoption of scientific forestry THE FORESTER. October, it is possible, through proper coéperation, to demonstrate the practical value of recom- mendations for preventing losses from insect depredations on forests and forest products; or to conduct new experiments for the determination of new facts. Therefore, it is hoped that in this era of liberal appropriations for scientific re- search, and increased interest in its value to public interests, the subject of codpera- tion and better facilities will receive its share of attention. THE OPEN RANGE, AND THE IRRIGATION BAKER: By Proressor R. H. ForsBEs, Director Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station. IPA JUL N this connection, moreover, comes up the problem of water storage. Those who are so earnestly advocating the storage of water in great and costly reser- voirs in these regions, have here a very serious problem to contend with. I am not aware that a method has yet been de- vised which will keep a great reservoir clear when filled from supplies of this character. The problem of range administration, therefore, is seen to be vitally connected with that of water storage; for if this problem remains unsolved, of what utility is it that we construct reservoirs costing millions of dollars, and create extensive farming communities beneath them, if within a limited period the reservoir is to be filled and the investment of time and labor of hundreds of farmers is thereby to be destroyed? Yet again, the destructive force of these floods is a very serious matter throughout the southwest. When the range is bared, the water, especially on the steeper water- sheds, gathers into the lower levels with great rapidity, giving rise to dangerous and destructive floods. I have observed as low as twelve and fifteen hundredths of an inch of rain to cause running water on the surface of a tramped-out range. The effects of a sudden fall of a half or three- quarters of an inch of water on such a range can be imagined. During this present summer season, the rains having been unusually severe, numer- ous instances of the destructive force of these sudden floods are at hand. On the San Pedro River, one man is reported to have lost a hundred acres of fertile land in a few hours through the erosive action of the stream. At Fairbank, Ariz., in the Babacomari wash, a flood fifty feet deep collected in as many minutes, pouring fif- teen feet deep over a rock-ballasted rail- road which was supposed to be secure. In the Santa Cruz valley, the floods have carried everything before them, washing out bridges and deepening and extending the eroded channel of the river. These, indeed, are instances of destruction of property analogous in nature and in cause to those great floods in central Texas which, originating in devastated ranges, have accumulated as they have neared the sea, and whose disastrous results are too well known to need comment. This briefly, is a bird’s-eye view of the Tgol. situation, and having stated the case, I am -morally responsible for suggestion as to a remedy. Positive answers at this time are few, for the science of ‘‘ rangery,” if I may be allowed to coin a word, is yet in its infancy. During the two years, however, that the Arizona station has been making its first advances in the study of southwestern conditions, the problems have begun to take shape, systematic work is under way, and results are beginning to appear. The objects of range study are, in the first place, to demonstrate economic methods for the improvement and recla- mation of the great areas of devastated, worn-out grazing lands of the semi-arid regions, and, finally, to suggest such ad- ministration of the country thus reclaimed, - or the yearly decreasing areas of yet un- ruined ranges, that the interests of all concerned—the stockman, the irrigation farmer, and the possible investor in the storage propositions of the future—may be brought into harmony with each other, as well as be individually bettered. In the study of ways and means whereby reclamation of worn-out ranges may be ef- fected, the first expedient which suggests itself is the withdrawal of cattle and sheep from them. The Arizona station, aided by the De- partment of the Interior, and with the codperation of the Division of Agrostol- ogy of the Department of Agriculture, located and fenced a typical tract of some 350 acres of worn-out country near Tuc- son about one year ago. Even in this short period of time, the difference be- tween the vegetation within and without our fences is very apparent, and we are most confident of results capable of eco- nomic application through the agency of restfalone. This, indeed, is an expedient whose effectiveness is well known to the stockmen of this country, and in certain districts where it has been possible in some degree to coéperate to this end, stockmen have by mutual consent re- frained from putting excessive numbers of cattle upon their ranges. The uncertain- ties attending such efforts, however, in a country which is not owned or legally AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. controlled by those operating in it, are too great to make applicable knowledge of the beneficial effects upon the ranges. This knowledge must be coupled with legal ingenuity in order to be effective— but more of this a little later. Another branch of study applicable to the problem of range reservation is that of the introduction of new species of arid re- gion vegetation capable of taking hold and furnishing additional forage in this coun- try. When we reflect that perhaps half of the areas inhabited by civilized nations are semi-arid in character, including those regions in which formerly flourished the most ancient peoples, the possibilities for discovering drouth-resisting fruits and for- age of value are certainly very attractive. Certain of our native species, also, in skillful hands, should be found capable of great improvement. The cac¢z, for in- stance—most changeable in the hands of the plant breeder—are full of possibilities as forage in this country. In the old world, indeed, under the stress of severer conditions—especially in Sicily—the cac- tus has been developed into a most re- munerative forage. Still another department of range-im- provement work consists in the study of the methods and effects of water restraint and storage in the open face of the range. The current ideas of water storage are for the most part formed on colossal lines. ‘¢ Save the forests and store the floods,” is the prevailing cry, and in the popular mind storage means a dam, scores and perhaps hundreds of feet in altitude, and a reservoir of many square miles in extent, impounding the waters of a great river and costing many millions of dollars. The magnitude of these plans is character- istic of the age in which we live; but | desire at this time to state a principle of water storage of which we hear but little, but which has been found by other peo- ples and in other ages to be adequate for the maintenance of countries even more arid than this, in condition to sup- refer to the cheap port large populations. | construction of numerous reservoirs and embankments smaller water courses and the broad, gen- small, across the hse Zt Gress ss Chater af aur wes Rhee ee = Ge ie ame tow et GaEsiiy GES) amie = eet we oem be eee ee Te op SE i ie eer. ete thes cw AEE aE emi aeelabie Go nis. Peis Ge Gi wee ee) er fees Teeny an Noort Scirace om thee ium sesso. Wi Syemeti=. the serio) ees. wiine WE DES tes TA ome Gt eo So Nant SS ie De Ga a ST SE Twn oT wh est ae et ee a oe ee thee Gee — ic ss. ee mereci om camaié: res. all amie aif = MS SS ne comet om Pets TT TIES ens, Seay eee ie a cuss: fmm: af Hes oe Tigo ese eats ee ami. we ES I ee ee we att ike (SE a we eee oe ee (die wn 7 a iw. conse fr aoe | ame Gece Hie otliee att = ihm oi a ee Zw eis Ge ea Whe. wet! 0 oe a SS & a ae Zit owe oe | TE Saas mx forme te ass mame el Tee tome eee ere ie wacziiinny-aileel,, he= meee, cnr tlle: matali, avalon’ ammenities Gil, anni] an See a wetter lie sssuhst sutice ip sneak comsuiatk mm 2 Ge eet ot wee ee ae i en ee ensialiiny ‘west walituls IY cae ademeeeensellll iy at Term i foe. SB few gles glendl ae on cme ThE SOE On ese ann Gow De. Gotti. Ie anil ihermentienett: fe diay, Real: sqgesenge el mm wt the ee Ge ee eee 2 ear? *: =e Th Te actos ii ogee fe 2 The mer WT Tut ame vmsnme om: ot te pum wiles: ties Dace ant npor t Sn Peat a 2 wey few mae Tt winp ba wae pEeet auch dl STi. Aer ihe oles eee Che ia "? ame ees sen neces 2. In addition a special winter term is offered ending March 15. at BILTMORE, N. C. 3. A three-monthly tour through the European SOT RT NR forests will begin April 1, 1902. The lectures cover, in the course of a year, all branches of forestry exclusive of forest acsthetics and of forest gardening. The Biltmore School is directly connected with the forestal management of the Biltmore | Estate, a tract of land comprising I10,000 acres. This Estate is the only place in America at which the methods and the results of economic forestry can be studied. dj Daily excursions secure for the student an intimate acquaintance with the practical and administrative side of forestry. : Wy For further information apply to i C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., Biltmore, N.C. HENRY ROMEIKE, The First Established and Most Complete Newspaper Cutting Bureau in the World. {10 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. ESTABLISHED LONDON, 188); NEW YORK, 1884. Bid BRANCHES: LONDON, PARIS, BERLIN, SYDNEY. pa THE PRESS CUTTING BUREAU which I established and have carried on since 1881 in London, and 1884 _ in New York, reads, through its hundreds of employes, every news-_ paper and periodical of importance published in the United States, | Canada and Europe. It is patronized by thousands of subscribers, pro- fessional or business men, to whom are sent, day by day, newspaper _ clippings, collected from all these thousands of papers, referring either to them or any given subject. : : t ‘ a HENRY ROMEIKE, {10 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. Bay ) ag AMERICAN FORESTRY. ASSOCIATION. fen MEIER, Consulting Forester, MAHWAH, N. J. Advice given to woodland owners and others desirous to place their property under profitable management. Forest material marketed if desired by owner. Talks on Forestry. Write for particulars, terms, etc. ORCHIDS ORGHIDS We are the largest orchid growers in the United States. Our price-lists of freshly imported and estab- lished orchids may be had upon application. LAGER & HURRELL, SUMMIT, N. J. FREDERICK EHRENBERG, LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT AND PRACTICAL LANDSCAPE GARDENER, 50 East 125th St., Orchid Growers and Importers. NEW YORK CITY. Plans for Parks, Gardens and Cemeteries. Laying out of new, and improving and chang- ing of old grounds of every description. Plant ing schemes, etc. Consultations, also by letter. Highest References. LMGISS REYNOLDS School, 66 W. 45th St., New York.—Special students admitted to regular classes. A few young girls received into the family Back Files of THE FORESTER For Sale. Vol. IV. The Forester, 1898, . . $1.00 Vol. V. The Forester, 1899, . 1.00 Vol. VI. The Forester, 1900, . 1.00 Proceedings of the American Forestry Congress and American Forestry Association (1888-1897, inclusive), 1.00 Kindly mention THE BEL ‘University of the South SEWANEE, TENNESSEE. DEPARTMENTS ACADEMIC MEDICAL THEOLOGICAL PHARMACEUTICAL LAW PREPARATORY The University of the South is situated in the center of its woodland domain of 10 000 acres, on the summit o! the Cumberland Mountains, 2,000 feet above sea level Open from March to December, the academic year being divided into three terms. Students from other universities may attend the summer session, July 3 t September 26, in any department. The university domain is being !umbered in a scientific manner under the direction of the Division of Forestry U. S. Department of Agriculture, and an unusual oppor tunity is afforded for the preliminary study of forestry Sewanee presents an exceptionally attractive field for the study of geology, forest and field botany. For further information address THE VICE CHANCELLOR. ALL EMPLOYES In the operating department of the “Alcon Road ” are required to pass mental and physical examinations calculated to secure absolute safety to passengers and freight. Fidelity, promptness, and accuracy are re warded by the merit system, the result veing that one of the safest railways in the world is “nHE ONLY WAY” Gho. J CHARLTON, GEN'L PASSENGER AGENT OureaGco, LLLINOIs FoRESTER in writing. THE FORESTER: A MONTHLY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE School Science TEACHING IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS Bright, Inspiring, Practical articles on the | School Science is enthusiastically endorsed and teaching of science. supported by leading educators in science | hrou_hout the world. Short, Newsy, Helpful notes on the progress dee alien im science. School Science is the only Journal in existence : phe t Sma tm J Se Novel, Suggestive, Mlustrated descriptions of ceo department devoteti-to. metric apparatus, experiments, laboratory equip- ; ment and plans. Every live science teacher finds School Science indis- : pensable. Send for sample copy. $2.00 per year, Interesting, Valuable, Pertinent Correspond- | 25 cents per copy. ence Department. | TRIAL SUBSCRIPTION OFFER: Three Months for 25 cents. ROOM 1318 SCHOOL SCIENCE, !38 Washington St., Chicago, III. READY The Profession of Forestry A Pamphlet Containing an Address BY MR. GIFFORD PINCHOT Forester, U. S. Department of Agriculture AND AN ARTICLE ON Study in Europe for American Forest Students BY OVERTON W. PRICE Chief of Division of Forest Management, Bureau of Forestry Also includes a List of Reference Books on Foresty. This pamphlet contains much valuable information for beginners in forestry, especially those who expect to enter the profession. Price, 25 Cents, mailed to any address, postpaid, on receipt of price. THE FORESTER 100 Atlantic Building WASHINGTON, D. C. Kindly mention THE FORESTER in writing. From Yearbook U. S. Depart. of Agriculture, 1900. A FOREST IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS, DOGWOOD IN FLOWER. THE FoRESTER NOVEMBER, Igol. NEWS, NOTES, AND COMMENT. American For- estry Associa- tion. The annual meeting of the American Forestry Association will be held in Washington, D. C., on Wednesday December rith. The election of officers, presentation of reports, and such other business as requires to come before the entire Association will be trans- acted at this meeting. There will two sessions: one at 10:30 A. M. and the second at 2:30 P. M., the meeting place to be the same as last year, in the Metzerott Building, 1110 F Street. Td Attendance The rapid spread of inter- At the Forest est in forestry throughout Schools, the country is being felt in educational circles this fall, and a most gratifying increase in at- tendance is reported from the leading for- est schools. At the New York State Col- lege of Forestry, thirty-eight students are enrolled this fall, an increase of one hun- dred per cent. over the attendance of last year. The men are divided as follows: Three Seniors, six Juniors, nine Sopho- mores, fourteen Freshmen, the remainder being special students. From New Haven the following let- ter has been received from Mr. Henry S. Graves, Director of the Yale Forest School: ‘‘In reply to your letter I would say that there are in the Yale Forest School this year ten men who will be classified as second-year students, and twenty-one who will be classified as first-year men. Our incoming class is so large that it has been necessary for us to refuse admittance to three men who applied after the opening of the school.” There are eleven students at the Bilt- more Forest School for the winter course. The men attend lectures every morning for two hours at the office of the Di- rector, Dr. C. A. Schenck. During the afternoons the students accompany Dr. Schenck to such places as his practical tasks as forester of the Biltmore estate call him. um In the South. Last month in this de- partment mention was made of the lively interest being taken in forestry by private owners of woodlands in the Southern states. Since then the Bureau of Forestry has received additional requests for aid in the management of timberlands in that section. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Com- pany has asked for a working plan for its tract of 125,000 acres of mixed hard and soft-woods, situated in Nicholas and Poca- hontas counties, southeastern West Vir- ginia. A request has been received from the Georgia Iron and Coal Company, with headquarters at Atlanta, Ga. This com- pany desires advice in the handling of two tracts; one of 16,000 acres in Bartow County, and the other of 30,000 acres in Dade County. The foregoing include only the most recent requests for assistance from privat owners in the South. The Bureau more than a year past has been coop ing in the handling of timbet that section. At Sewanee, T\ main of the University of the South co sisting of 7,000 acres of hat being lumbered according to a \ plan made by the agents ot the Bure Ie \ working plan has also 100.000 acres of pin in \ belonging to the Sawy & A 266 ber Company, of Pine Bluff. Another interesting piece of work just completed by the Bureau of Forestry is a working plan for a tract of 60,000 acres in south- eastern Missouri, belonging to the Deer- ing Harvester Company of Chicago. During the summer the agents of the Bureau of Forestry have been at work col- lecting the necessary data for a working plan for 85,000 acres in Polk and Monroe counties, East Tennessee. This tract is the property of U. S. Senator George Peabody Wetmore, of Rhode Island, and the timber consists of a wide range of hardwoods. A working plan has also been made during the past field season for a tract of 60,000 acres in the Cumberland mountains of Tennessee. In addition to more than a million and a half acres of private forest land in the South, the Bureau of Forestry has requests for the handling of more than 2,500,000 acres in other sections. Added to this are nearly 50,000,000 acres of United States forest reserves and state lands, for which the Bureau is asked for technical assistance from time to time. Not only have the people throughout the country shown interest in practical forestry, but Congress at its last session so far recog- nized the importance of the government’s work in this line as to raise the Division of Forestry to the rank of a Bureau. The annual appropriation was also increased from $88,520 in 1900 to $185,440 in 1g9or. Still the demands upon the Bureau con- tinue to greatly outstrip its resources. ed A rather unique forest ex- hibit is being displayed on the pulleant board in the Plainfield (N. J.) Public Library. The exhibit consists of eighteen speci- mens of wood grown under the direction of the State Forester on an eight-acre piece of land in southern New Jersey, and repre- sents the uniform growth of two years. The specimens measure a little less than a foot in length, and are suspended by twine from one end of the bulletin board to the other. The specimens are numbered and a key and explanz itory notes accompany them. Above the specimens hangs the colored chart of the U. S. Bureau of Forestry, entitled, ‘‘Lessons in Erosion due to A Good Example. THE FORESTER. November, Forest Destruction,” and below is given a list of books in the library on the subject of forestry, among them being the file of the ForESTER. Emma L. Adams, the librarian, makes the excellent suggestion that public libraries might render a great deal of assistance in this way in making forestry more popular with readers. & Duties of Capt. Seth Bullock, su- Forest Rangers. pervisor of the Black Hills forest reserve, has issued instructions to the forest rangers under his charge, that deserve more than passing notice. Capt. Bullock was form- erly sheriff of Deadwood, S. D., in the old days when nerve and bravery were required, and is a personal friend of President Roosevelt. A copy of his list of instruc- tions has reached the notice of the Presi- dent, who admires its business-like tenor. The notice is as follows: ‘¢ DEADWOOD, 8. D., Sept. 4, 1901. ‘¢ To Forest Rangers, ‘* Black Hills Forest Reserve: ‘6 Sz7s: Your attention is called to the fact that in a number of instances the monthly reports of the forest rangers of this reserve show but a few miles travelled per day while patrolling their districts. From two to ten miles frequently appear as all that is accomplished, no other work being undertaken or reported as having been performed. ‘¢ You are advised that a forest ranger is supposed to patrol his district on horse- back, and that the patrolling of districts on foot will not be permitted. A few monthly reports—very few, I am glad to say—indicate that that particular ranger performs as little service as he can during the month, just enough to have his report approved and escape censure. Rangers of this class must not be disappointed 2 they are furloughed this fall, and an additional leave of Pogeinee granted them next sum- mer. Shiftless, eeless work will not be tolerated in the future. An honest day’s work honestly performed is what is re- quired and will be insisted upon. ‘* You are expected to thoroughly patrol your district, getting to every part ‘of it at least once a month familarizing yourselves ‘with every trail onal every road upon or through it; by whom and for what pur- poses they are used. You should also IgOl. AMERICAN know the name and occupation of every resident of your district, temporary as well as permanent, and ascertain by what right they are upon the reserve and what their business is. An especial and vigilant watch must be kept for forest fires. Visit often the places frequented by campers, as they are a prolific source of fires. Estab- lish correspondence at various points with- in your district with persons residing there- in who will keep you advised of forest fires and depredations, either on the forest reserve or on the public lands near by. ‘*s See that the forest fire notices are put up and maintained upon all the public roads and trails of your district. Report all cases of fire and trepass as soon as you have knowledge of them. In all your in- tercourse with the public extend such treatment that every honest man within your district shall be your personal friend. ‘¢ SETH BULLOCK, ‘¢ Forest Supervisor.” As many persons know, the ranger ser- vice in a number of the reserves is decidedly inadequate. The rangers do their work in a listless manner and as a result the re- serves suffer great losses from fire, and timber thieves. One of the things most needed in the United States forest reserves is a_thor- oughly competent ranger service and if rules similar to those laid down by Capt. Bullock, were adopted and enforced inthe reserves gene! rally, the present unfortunate state of ins in many sections could be prevented. 5 Papers from Elsewhere in this number the Denver will be found a paper on Meeting. the ‘* Black Hills Forest INesenve, by Mir iy. M: Griffith, of the Bureau of Forestry. This paper is one of the series read at the Den- ver meeting of the American Forestry As- sociation. The Black Hills reserve is a most striking example of the great eco- nomic value of forests to a community, and Mr. Griffith’s article was written after two season’s work in this particular locality. In the October number of THe Fores- TER we failed to note that the interesting paper on ‘Insect Enemies of Forests and Forest Products,” by Dr. A. D. Hopkins, of Morgantown, W. Va., had been read FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 267 i it the Denver meetin l I el of these papers will be printed as early as space will permit. | st The Fire California. \ forest fire Record. raged near Pacifi Grovi and Monterey durine the second week in Octobe rs The d image done is estimated at $100,000: and many thousands of acres of brush and timber were burned over. At one time the fire became so threatening that messengers were sent out for help. Large parties of men fought the flames for a full day and at one time the fire reached half a mile of the town. One of the most disastrous forest fires in recent years occurred in northern Cal- ifornia during the months of July and August. A short notice of this fire was printed in the September Foresrer, but owing to its seriousness it is felt that the facts which have come to hand since should be published. This fire started July rst on a sheep range, about 10 miles east of Red Bluff, and is reported as started by herders to clear brush-land for sheep range. Ex- tremely dry, hard winds blew almost con- stantly during July and usually from the north or south, so the fire ‘** angled” across the wind generally. The burned area is nearly all sheep range and timber land, and is about 40 miles long by 5 to 15 miles in width, and lies mainly in the country drained by Deer and Sulphur a point within Creeks and some smaller streams. ‘The fire continued to burn eaaily until Au- gust 10, fully forty days. During much of this time another great fire was devas- tating the ranges further east. The creeks of this region are where their bottoms join the Sacramento Valley, for irrigating. A lumber flume used, terminating at Red Bluff, which brings down lumber from the Champion M1 is also fed by these m yuntain streams. As these creeks head in the region ol heaviest rain and snow fall, they ar among the most valuable tributari Sacramento River. Such fires will doubtedly greatly affect the flow of these streams, thus decreasing their value irrigation and at the same time mu¢ ' navi ration f the rive l] injury to the result. 268 We quote the following from a letter received from a gentleman who recently visited the scene of this disastrous fire: ‘¢Tt is now a region of desolation, where before was a dense forest cover—not of large timber, usually, but of small ever- greens, and, on the slopes, heavy brush. | THIS VIEW SHOWS EFFECT ON FOREST OF REPEATED FIRES. Already the valuable streams flowing down from the burned district show a sen- sible diminution in volume,compared with their flow of previous years at this season. ‘¢ The other day, in talking with some men who have been engaged largely in lumbering here for thirty years, the fact was brought out and emphasized without a dissenting voice, that the flow of all these streams is reduced one-half since the forest covering of the watersheds has been so largely destroyed. ‘* More serious by far than the diminishing of these streams (which irrigate only a comparatively small por- tion of the great valley) is the effect in reducing the sub-moisture which make great areas so famous for productiveness, without irri- gation. The sub-moisture supplies a water-strata so close to the surface that it may be pumped for the irrigation of a still greater area.” Pennsylvania. During the last week of October forest fires raged more fiercely than THE FORESTER. November, ever before throughout Westmoreland, Fayette, and Somerset, as well as in adja- cent counties. Hundreds of mountaineers turned out to fight the flames and save property, and miles of valuable timber, together with farm houses, were burned. A cloud of smoke hung over the Pennsyl- vania Railroad for fifty miles from Greens- burg to Johnstown, and by day the sun was almost obscured. The fire did the greatest damage along > the Chestnut Ridge where the forest is dry as tinder, as not a drop of rain had fallen for more than sixty days. On the southeast side of Uniontown the flames ap- proached to within four miles of the town and hundreds of people turned out to fight the fire. Brush was burned away and counter fires started to protect tracts of timber and houses. The flames threatened the cultivated areas of the three counties. The water supply was low in all the burning area so that there was little hope of saving prop- erty when it was once reached by the fire. The water supply was scarcely enough to afford drinking water for cattle. Wild animals were seen fleeing before the flames. In their fear they approached farmhouses, seeking shelter. At Ridge- view Park, near Millwood, 118 cottages and a summer hotel were threatened with destruction and a big force of men worked THE RESULT OF RECURRING FOREST FIRES, THE FOREST FLOOR HAS DISAPPEARED. to surround the grounds by burning a safety belt around them. The Pennsylvania Railroad did all in its power to look after its lines and there was no interference with traftic. The Igol. Conemaugh, feo Kiskimmietas, Biel NC oughiogheny Valleys are embraced in the burned and threatened areas. The water supply in the city of Uniontown is almost exhausted for ordinary purposes. The fires in many cases were caused by the carelessness of hunters. FALLEN AND STANDING FOR THE NEXT FIRE. State Forestry Forest improvement and in Connecticut. extension is being taken up in a practical manner by the State of Connecticut. A State Forester has been appointed and an appro- priation for the purchase of lands on which to experiment has become available. The Board of Control of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station at New Haven, which was empowered by an Act of the General Assembly at its January ses- sion to select a State Forester, has chosen Mr. Walter Mulford for the position. The Act passed by the Legislature was entitled *‘ An Act Concerning the Re- forestation of Barren Lands,” and in sub- AMERICAN FORESTR G FIRE-KILLED TIMBER READY ASSOCIATION. stance, provision is made in by the State Forester of the srowth of oak. ror pur hase land suitable tor pine, or ¢ he stnut timbs f. such land to be used as a State Par] following way: Che land will be deeded to the State ot Connecticut, but is to be by the town in which it lies at t the \ in the assessed and taxed same rate and in the same w;: Ly as similar land held by private own- ers. It is to be managed in such manner as to secure as. rapid and profitable a growth of timber as possible, artificial planting of val- uable timber trees being resorted to wherever necessary. It may. if desirable, be fenced, but not with barbed wire. The whole will be under State Forester. It is hoped that this undertaking may be of practical use in re- storing to forest production lands at present nearly worthless. Fur- ther, that such lands may be so tended as to serve as an object lesson in tree planting and in the proper management of woodlands, thus leading to a rational and consequently more profitable handling, by their owners, of the cord-wood lands and timber lands of Connecticut. The amount appropriated by the State for this object is $2,000 for two years, and no land can be bought, under the provisions of the act, for more than $4.00 per acre. Mr. Mulford has issued a notice to owners of waste lands and cut- the charge of the more over woodlands suitable for the growth of calling their attention to the pro- law, which went into effect timber, visions of the October tst. on ctopel S ar ISOS, the U Agri- Di- first In October, Department of Interest in Pri- vate Forestry. 5. The South Ac- culture, tive. of Forestry, through its vision offered to give practical assistance to farmers, lumbermen and others, in the handling of then lands. The to this olfer was im- mediate, and in three ye torest response “rs priv: ite owners acres of woodland have of OVeCTr |, OC 10.000 availed themselves of the opportunity. 270 THE FORES PER. In no part of the country is wider in- terest being shown in conservative forest management by private owners than in the Southern States. Up to date the amount of private lands in the South for which advice in handling has been asked of the Bureau of Forestry is 1,534,000 acres, and a very large part of the work which will be done by the Bureau for priv ate owners in the immediate future will be in that section. The industrial development of the South on all sides during the last ten years has been remarkable, but no single industry has made greater strides than the lumber business. Thisis not surprising when it is considered that the Southern States con- tain a greater percentage of forest area than any other section of the United States. The South has become a very important factor in the lumber markets of the world, November, Within recent years many lumbermen from the North haye been attracted to the southern field; the forests of Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Wisconsin having been almost exhausted, many of the leading woodmen of those states are now engaged in cutting timber in the South. The forests of the three states just mentioned were once considered inexhaustible, but once lumbering begins in earnest no forest area is inexhaustible. The present con- ditions of the forests in many northern and eastern states is sufficient evidence on this point. The South now has a great army of lumbermen cutting away its forests, and in spite of their great extent, unless the cutting is done on conservative lines, the day is not far distant when the conditions now existing in the North and East will A SPRUCE FOREST IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS, NORTH CAROLINA. not only through its wealth of forests, but from the fact that it has unusually good transportation facilities. In reaching the home markets ee lumbermen have the advantage of a number of excellent railroad systems e handle their products and such important seaports as Norfolk, Charleston, Savannah, Mobile, Tampa, New Orleans and Galveston provide ex- cellent outlets through which to reach the foreign markets. be found there also. For this reason it is encouraging to see the interest in practi- cal forestry displayed by the owners of private timberlands. This tendency to cut timber conservatively, looking to the future value of the forests, as well as to present profits, must be the safeguard. Conservative methods are now being taken up in the North when almost too late, and it will be greatly to the credit of southern lumbermen if they begin the protection of 190. AMERICAN their forests in time; taking to heart the sad experience of people in other sections. a 4 “ Meeting of National Live Stock Asso- ciation. Great preparations are being made for the fifth annual meeting of the National Live Stock As- sociation, which will be- Sere ; held in Chicago on December 3d. The attendance promises to be the largest in the history of the organization. The committees appointed some time ago to draft bills for national laws to be~ sub- mitted to Congress have accepted the drafts of bills as follows: Federal inspection on interstate ship- ments of live stock; Government inspec- tion of woolen ponder allowing settlers in the arid and semi-arid districts the right to exchange lands of equal value with the Government so as to solidify their hold- ings; for a Second Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, who will be required to give his sole attention to the live stock in- dustry; for a classified assessment of live stock. The grazing question will receive close attention, especially the matter of grazing on public lands. Mr. Gifford Pinchot is to be one of the speakers and his subject ‘¢Grazing in the Forest Reserves” will attract the closest attention. Mr. Pinchot has studied this question very closely and his views as set forth in a short article in this number, present a most reasonable solution of a problem that at present is caus- ing much trouble throughout the far West. The list of speakers already secured for the convention includes the following: Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agricul- ture; D. E. Salmon, chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry ; fae decick We Coville; botanist of the U. q. Department of Agri- eulture; Governor .Richard Yates, and Carter Harrison, mayor of Chicago; Senator Warren and Col. Torrey, of Wyoming. & Tree Planting in An appropriate and en- Memory of Pres- during memorial to the ident McKinley. late President McKinley is proposed by Mr. Orlin M. Sanford, of Pittsburg, who that on Arbor Day and at other times trees be planted in honor of the third martyr President. suggests FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. ~J The suggestion has met with the warmest approval, and letters commend- ing it have been received by Mr. Sanford from the White House. members of the Cabinet, Governors of States, superin- tendents of instruction. presidents of state agricultural colleges and many other dis- tinguished men. Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture and President of the American Forestry Association. writes: ‘¢T think I can take a very important part in your matter—I can furnish some of the trees. | propose to send out next spring 50 trees through each member of Congress suitable for each locality. If you care to carry out your work further T can say to them that when they send their quota of trees out to their constitu- ents they suggest that the recipients plant one at least in each memory of President McKinley. It is easy enough to get an idea started, but the getting of suitable trees is quite an important matter. I] propose to send out long-lived trees—oaks, elms, maples, wal- nuts, etc. So I think my contribution to the furtherance of your idea may be worth while.” Another letter received by Mr. Sanford is from Mr. Gifford Pinchot, chief of the au au of Forestry and is as *T assure you of my hearty approval of your proposed plan, and my willingness at all times to do anything in my to further it. I am pleased to note the many immediate and favorable re- sponses which your suggestion has received and so well deserves. I feel certain that if next Arbor Day is designated as a time for planting trees in memory of President McKinley the people throughout the coun- try will promptly take up the matter. The appropris ateness and value of such a memorial is at apparent, and Mr. McKinley was so universally loved that | am sure on such an occasion as the one neighborhood in follow Ss pow er once suggested the number of trees planted would be unusually large.” a In New Mr. Joseph T. Walker, Hampshire. Secretary of the Society New Forests has published a re- for Protection of Hampshire port, which covers the work done by the Society during the first six months of its 272 existence. Beginning with the formation of this Society in the early part of the pres- ent year, strong efforts have been made by its members to arouse interest in forest preservation among the people through- out the state. A NEW HAMPSHIRE SPRUCE FOREST. Articles calling attention to the great need of conservative treatment in the handling of New Hampshire forests were sent to the newspapers of the state during early spring and summer. To interest the great number of summer visitors in the Society posters setting forth the object of its work were sent to every boarding house and hotel in the state. On May 9th, Arbor Day, Hon. John M. Woods, of Boston, gave an address at Somersworth; June sth, Hon. Joseph B. Walker, of Gonconl delivered an address on forestry at Freedom. The Society was also represented at the July meeting of the Appalachian Club. During the month of August a series of meetings was held in the mountain regions. The leading speakers at these meetings were Dr. John Gifford, of the New York State College of Forestry, and Dr. John 1D Quackenbos, of New York. The ob- ject of these meetings was to arouse pub- lic interest, and it is believed they proved successful in awakening a sentiment favor- able to a scientific administration of forests. At a meeting of the Executive Commit- tee of the Society held in September, it was decided to push the work of the THE FORESTER. November, Society by lectures on scientific and practi- cal forestry, to be given during the pres- ent fall and coming winter, in different sections of the state. To carry into effect this purpose, it was found that more money was necessary, and it was decided to increase the annual dues to one dollar a year, establish a patron membership fee of five dollars per year, a sustaining member- ship of twenty dollars per year, limited to two years, and allow the life membership to remain as already fixed. The executive committee also decided to employ a practical forester, at a salary of $1,000 per year. This man is to give lectures throughout the state, and also visit lumbermen, and those having pieces of timber, and instruct them how they can cut it to the best advantage. He is to be at the call of farmers and lumbermen throughout the state free of expense. The Boston & Maine Railroad have agreed to furnish him transportation, as they are largely interested in this subject; they have also agreed to make a contribution towards the cause. The Society, in spite of having been in existence but a short time, has accom- plished considerable work. The supply of funds has been limited, but all bills have been promptly met. Encouraged by the interest aroused, the future work noted above was outlined, and to meet the ex- pense of this new campaign a special con- tribution is being taken up. Ex-Governor Frank W. Rollins, President of the So- ciety, has given $roo and several others have promisedalike amount. Altogether this New Hampshire Society has accom- plished much good, and the example they are setting should arouse the neighboring states of Maine and Vermont to action, on the very important question of conservative treatment of their forests. Bad The Turpentine During the past summer Industry. Dr. Charles H. Herty,7ai the University of Georgia, and a collaborator in the Bureau of Forestry, made a close study of the tur- pentine industry of the southern United States. Through wasteful methods this industry has been greatly injured during recent years, and unless turpentine opera- tors at an early date adopt a more con- servative plan of gathering the product, it I9OI. will soon be a thing of the past. Dr. Herty’s investigation was made with the view of devising ways to improve the present threatening conditions, and the re- sult has been the collection of many valu- able facts from which it is felt practical plans will result to assist in the production of naval stores. The results of Dr. Herty’s investigation will be published at an early date. Ata recent meeting of the directors of the American Forestry Association Dr. Herty’s work was discussed and produced such a favorable impression that the fol- lowing resolutions were passed: ‘¢ WHEREAS, the perpetuation of the na- val stores industry is of vital importance to the South, and ‘¢ WHEREAS, the present methods of gathering turpentine are destructive to the forest and threaten the extinction of the in- dustry itself, therefore, be it ‘6 Resolved, That the Board of Direc- tors of the American Forestry Association express their hearty approval of the in- vestigation now in progress by Dr. C. H. Herty as a collaborator of the Bureau of Forestry, to devise conservative methods of turpentine cropping and to ascertain their practicability.” ad Forest Reserve In a paper read at the re- Wanted in semi-annual meeting of Maine. the Maine State Board of Trade, Mr. Francis Wig- gin, of Portland, strongly advocates estab- lishing forest reservations in that State. Mr. Wiggin’s paper on ‘‘ The Preserva- tion of Maine Forests,” points out the great damage likely to result to some of the State’s leading industries unless some- thing is done to check the present reckless destruction of the forests. The views ex- pressed in his paper are shared by many of the leading business men of the ‘State and it is hoped that they many arouse public sentiment to that point which will lead to early and intelligent action on the part of the legislature. There is no State in the Union where the public welfare depends to a greater extent on the forests than in Maine. A portion of Mr. Wiggin’s paper is re- printed here: ‘¢ The preservation of our forests means permanent employment for thousands of AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. tw “I wage earners. It means comfortable homes for the wives and « hildren of these laborers. It means the preservation of our magnificent water powers. Othe great industries, as the cotton and woolen industries and all other industries that de- pend on water for their power, are in- terested in this great question. This State has mz iny and varied resources. Many of them are practically inexhaustible is no danger of there is no danger of lime; there is no danger of our slate. But our lumber worth a hundred times more than all these combined, and this resource is in danger of being exhausted. ‘¢ What can the State do, and what can the State Board of Trade do? The dan- ger to our forests does not come so much from the extensive land owners and the large companies as from the small ers. The small owners in many are heirs of former large owners, and they have no particular interest in their lands except to realize as much money as possible from them at once. The large owners are more conservative and many of them draw their contracts for the sale of stumpage with great care and strictness. ‘¢The International Paper Company, which owns nine pulp and paper mills in this State, made and is enforcing a rigid rule in cutting lumber on the 300,000 acres or more which it owns in Maine. ‘This rule provides that no tree less than 12 inches in diameter, breast high, shall be cut. The Great Northern Paper Com- pany, w hich owns the paper mills at Milli- nocket and Madison, has a similar rule for There exhausting our granite; exhausting ou exhausting resource is great Oown- Cases its Maine timber tract of over 300,000 acres. These two companies and the Ber- lin Mills Company employ skilled for- esters on their lands. ‘« Shall the State of Maine look resignedly while the destruction of the woods upon which the State’s hi and prosperity depends goes on unrestrained and take no action in the matte! is the same authority under the constitu tion for the State to examin the right ot eminent domain that there is in the State of Pennsylvania, New York, New Hamp shire. Minnesota, Michigan, or C: "I Maine has three important ry have done more for the industrial dey ae 274 ment of the State than all the other causes combined. But let the destruction of our forests go on for the next 25 years at the same rate, and in the same reckless man- ner that has been the case during the last 25 years, and, unless scientific experts are all wrong, the volume of water will not be so constant as now. There will be greater and more disastrous floods in the spring, because the forest jands being stripped will not retain the rain or the water from the melting snows, while on the other hand the rivers will run very low during the heated summer and during the fall and winter. ‘* The poorest and cheapest land in the State is adapted to forest growth, such as the sides of hills and mountains, rocky and barren lands where nothing but trees could be made to grow. Such land could be purchased at a low price per acre and by proper regulations and care could be made to pay large interest on the invest- ment. ‘What other State could set apart as reservations three such sections as the six townships containing the five great Range- ley lakes, or the ten townships that contain THE FORESTER. November, Mr. Wiggin recommended that the State Board of Trade appoint a committee to look thoroughly into the question of forest preservation, and that, if such action seems appropriate after the report of the committee has been received the board ad- dress the legislature by resolutions or otherwise; that immediate steps be taken to arouse public interest; that Arbor Day be more generally observed; and that a course in forestry be established at the University of Maine. ad South Carolina The South Carolina In- Exposition. ter-State and West Indian Exposition will open at Charleston, South Carolina, December 1, 1gor and close June 1, 1902. Its purpose is to display the material resources and the manufactured products of the United States, and particularly of the Southern States of the Union. The Exposition Company has been chartered by the State of Seuth Carolina, with a capital stock of $250,000 and resources amounting to $1,- 250,000. The special object of the Exposi- tion is to develop the commercial and indus- trial opportunities of the West Indies and MINERALS AND FORESTRY BUILDING AT SOUTH CAROLINA EXPOSITION. the great Moosehead Lake, with Kineo and the Spencer Mountains, or the twelve town- ships that would include our highest eleva- tions, Mt. Katahdin, and the beautiful West Branch lakes? Could these three sections be set apart for use as State parks, posterity would have cause to hold in grateful re- membrance the wisdom and foresight of the public-spirited men who were instrumental in bringing about such a desirable result.” to establish closer trade relations between the United States, Cuba, and Porto Rico. An extensive Government exhibit will be made by special arrangement with the President of the United States and the heads of the several executive departments at Washington. Twenty states and cities of the Union have provided for representation at the Exposition, and special exhibits have been secured from Cuba and Porto Rico. ah arr ie Ms ne Sh Te Pek OS. or => IgOl. The forest exhibit of the U. S. Bureau of Forestry at Buffalo will be transferred to Charleston in time for the opening of the Exposition. The Forest Building at Charleston, a view of which is printed here, is a very picturesque structure, of the Spanish Mission type, containing 20,- ooo feet of floor space. It is true that the United States has had almost too many expositions during late years, yet the South Carolina venture is most welcome. Denied financial aidsby the national government in the very be- ginning, its promoters have pluckily gone ahead, and as the time for its opening draws near it becomes quite evident that they will have an exposition quite worthy of the cause it represents. The south is developing with great rapidity and the South Carolina Exposition will do much to bring its interests in touch with other sections of our country as well as with foreign nations. The Forester extends its best wishes for the success of the affair. Tad At the last session of the Michigan Legislature a tract of state land in Crawford and Roscommon counties, in the central part of the state, was set apart for the use of the State Forestry Commission as an experiment station.. The tract com- prises 100,000 acres surrounding Hough- ton and Higgins Lakes. bs tion was early recognized by the National mat: ly responsible for setting Government. The W hite River Plateau protecting adequ ; ; uate national Lore Reserve was the second of the forest re- serves. although even in 7anews = ao VIEW OF NORTH MAM PEAK, BATTLEMENT MESA RESERVE, COLORADO. SHOWS ALMOST COMPLETE DESTRUCTION OF FOREST BY DEEP BURNING GROUND-FIRES. serves to be established. and it wasrapidly State or its citizens may reasonably take followed by the Pikes Peak, Plum Creek, the initiative in pointing out and urging South Platte, and Battlement Mesa Re- the reservation of such tracts as appear serves. There has been, however, no ad-_ suitable. In selecting these reserves two dition to the reserved area in Colorado’ considerations are alWays uppermos since December 24, 1892. One slight re- namely the preservation and perpetuati duction, in the Battlement Mesa Reserve, of the forest, both for itself and for the has just taken place. timber it can yield, and also the protect ‘‘ Few regions need forest protection of the water supply upon which a more urgently than Colorado. Her for- animal as well as vegeta le, dep ests are vitally connected with her other It follows, theretore, that thos interests. Their prosperity forms one of are most suitable which the indispensable factors without which same time, the sources of strea) ‘ the prosperity of the State can not be per- ests either mature or growl! i manent nor its industries successful. It to furnish cover. : should never be forgotten that the only [In the matter of protecting thes forests which are permanently safe are tional reserves after they have once those which are permanently in the pos- set apart the state and its citizen 284 those most nearly interested, have a further duty to perform. This was made manifest recently by the very destructive fires in the mountains west of Denver. To the people of Colorado it is matter of common knowledge that these fires burned for days destroying many acres of valuable stand- ing timber, threatening the existence of several mining camps and their inhabitants, and laying bare the soil at the headwaters of a most valuable irrigation system. All the available machinery of the state was called into action and an appeal was made to the National Government for aid in checking the conflagration. As the peo- ple of the state were alive to the damage being done by the fires and to the neces- sity for extinguishing them, so they should be alert in adopting every means for pre- venting them. ‘*An ounce of preven- tion,” and so forth, is peculiarly applic- THE FORESTER: November, est administration of other lands to en- courage the growth of new forests and to prevent the destruction, by wanton lumber- ing, or needless fires of those now stand- ing. The U.S. Department of Agriculture through its Bureau of Forestry is always ready to aid by suggestion and other- wise so far as lies in its power: if the state would codperate, for instance, by requiring that their fish and game war- dens should be practical foresters as well, a great step would have been taken. Then let these wardens be held responsible for the economical propagation, protection, and use of the State forests, as they are now held responsible in the case of fish and game. Where lumbering is going on upon state land, let the wardens superintend the operation by designating the trees to be cut, seeing to the preservation of the COMPLETE DESTRUCTION BY REPEATED FIRES OF A FOREST, IN BATTLEMENT MESA RESERVE, COLORADO. able, for the damage done in five days can scarcely be ‘* cured” in fifty years. In addition to the service which may thus be performed by coéperation between the citizens, the state, and the United States, the local state and county organ- izations may do much by intelligent for- remainder and providing, if possible, for a new growth in the future. Where lumbering has been completed upon state land or where the trees, though standing, are dead and dry—a tempting food for flame—let them burn over the slashings or the useless standing, timber at a season Igor. when the fire can be controlled. Thus by one act the ground can be made more suitable for a future growth, and less kely to start a fire of devastation in the dry months of late summer and autumn. It would take but a few fires such as that of this year above Buffalo Park in AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. to = A destroyed so much valuable timber in the vicinity of Eldora. It will bea new thine to prosecute with vigor s any one thought to have forest fire, but it is what should be done whenever and caused a just such a fire 1 occurs responsibility can be placed upon the right person. A FOREST. Platte canon to cause a perceptible dimi- nution in the summer and autumn flow off the Platte, and every resident of Den- ver as well as every ranchman from Platte cafion to Greeley, must view with appre- hension any lessening, however slight, of the water supply i in the city mains, or in the irrigation ditches of the Platte V alley. The press has done and can do much to bring about a better understanding of the value of forests to the state. They can also do a good work by insisting that the forest laws be enforced. The Denver e- publican has been especially active in try- ing to arouse the people of the state to a true appreciation of the present state of affairs. An editorial recently published in the Republican is reproduced here because it hits the nail squarely on the head: (lteisesaia that certain persons are under surveillance because of their sup- posed responsibility for the fires that have ‘¢ The time has come when there must be a determined effort to save the of this state. Their greatest danger is from fire, and the only way to prevent destruction in that way is to punish with severity every man who can be shown to have caused a forest fire, either purposely or through neglect. ‘¢ Tt has been suggested that the fire near Eldora started by who wished to secure a permit to cut mine that kind being a fire-swept district, forests great Was persons timbers, readily obtained for while the trunks of the large little injured, as a rule, that good timbers for shafts and di ifts in a mine. ‘¢ Whether there is any foundation for this supposition we do not know, but all clues of that should be followed to the end, and no guilty permission of trees are So they make kind consideration man. An example all forest-fire fiends by should be shown any should be made of 286 punishing them to the full limit of the law.” The forests of Colorado must be pre- served for the public good; the future of agriculture depends upon it, and if the THE FORESTER. November, people interested in mines wish to protect their investments they can do it in a great > measure by encouraging the preservation of the remaining forests. Intelligent and immediate action is what is needed. PRESIDENT ROOSEVELEIFS VISIT TO Tri NEE WO souk SCHOOL: By GrEorGE DuDLEY SEYMORE. HE most memorable chapter in the history of the Yale Forest School was written on Wednesday, Oc- tober 23d, when the President of the United States singled out the School for a call during his brief visit to New Haven for Yale’s Bi-Centennial Celebration. The President arrived in New Haven in the morning, and after the conferring of degrees in the Hyperion Theatre, was driven to the home of his host, Mr. Wm. W. Farnam. Mr. Farnam’s place is on Prospect street, nearly opposite the Yale Forest School, which occupies the beauti- ful stone house and extensive grounds of the late Professor Othniel C. Marsh, who bequeathed the property to the University. At about half-past four, the President sent for Professor Henry 9S. (Graves (Yalevoz)., DixectorJom thes alee torest School, and Mr. Gifford Pinchot (Yale SQ), who was connected with the founda- tion of the School, and is a member of its Governing Board. As soon as this mes- sage was received, Professor Graves and Mr. Pinchot went over to Mr. Farnam’s, where they were cordially received by the President. After a few minutes’ conver- sation, the President, walking with Pro- fessor Graves, and followed by Mr. Pinchot, Mr. Farnam, Captain Cowles, of the Navy, and Mr. Cortelyou, walked leisurely through the grounds surrounding Mr. Farnam’s residence and across the street to the Forest School. The President seemed in the best of spirits, and in his conversation with Pro- fessor Graves repeatedly expressed his keen interest in forestry. Arriving at he School, the President was received by Mr. and Mrs. James W. Pinchot, two of its founders. He asked to have each of the students, who were assembled on the west balcony of the house, presented to him. Professor Graves introduced the students and the President shook hands with each, and made some apt remark to every one of them. He kindled when he came to the students from Montana, Kan- sas, and Minnesota, and remarked after- wards that he was glad to know that the School was being attended by men from all parts of the Union. After admiring the view from the bal- cony, and the extensive grounds of the School, the party entered the house where they were joined by Professor James W. Toumey. The party then moved from room to room, examining the School equip- ment. The President showed great in- terest in the School library, not merely looking at the room, but going to the book shelves and eagerly reading the titles. He expressed the wish that he might spend some time there examining and reading the books. On leaving the building the President again expressed his interest in the School and the pleasure he had had in seeing it and the students. It is well known that the President is warmly interested in the subject of forestry, and it is expected that great advances will be made in national forestry during his administration. 1gOl. AMERICAN iia BLA CK FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. to Ss “I HILLS FOREST RESERVE. By Epwarp M. GriFfFiru. Bureau of Forestry. HE Black Hills Forest Reserve of South Dakota contains approxi- mately 1,215,000 acres including the Wyoming portion, which was added to the reserve by proclamation of Presi- dent McKinley, September 19, 189%. Within the limits of the reserve, there is a population of about 25,000 who are chiefly engaged in mining, the annual output amounting to some $3,000,000. Lead City, the principle mining center, where the Homestake Mine is located, has a population of 8,000 and is constantly grow- ing, while Deadwood, its sister city, claims 5,000 people. Custer, Hill City, Keystone, and Spear- fish, towns of from 1,000 to 2,000 in- wood; and the Homestake Mining Com- pany also operates a narrow gauge road from the eastern foothills to Lead. So the cities, mines, and lumber mills have excellent railroad facilities. The character of the country, as its name implies, is hilly, the average elevation being 5,000 feet, with Harney Peak 7,405 feet, the highest point. Granite is the prevailing rock on the east side of the Reserve, and limestone on the west. Pinus Ponderosa, commonly called Yellow or Bull Pine, composes at least ninety per cent. of the timber, and is the only species which reaches a merchantable size. Spruce (Picea canadensis) is found in the gulches, and on some of the steepest A SAWMILL COMMUNITY IN BL/ habitants, lie along the line of the Burling- ton and Missouri Railroad which crosses the Reserve from north to south. The Northwestern Line has a railroad on the east side of the Hills, which enters Dead- ACK HILLS, SOUTH DAKOTA. slopes, but is too short and limber to be of any commercial value. Aspen (/opulus tremuloides) comes 'p readily after and serves as an excellent nurse fot fires the young pines. 288 THE FORESTER. These bodies of pine timber, are sepa- rated by long draws or gulches, which contain good agricultural land and usually enough water to serve the needs of a rancher. These draws are being rapidly sauled upon by squatters much to the de- November, serve as a whole, the amount of timber destroyed from this cause is surprisingly small. If the forest officers, in charge of the Reserve, can keep out the fires, the future of the forest is assured, for the natural reproduction of the pine, espe- AN OPEN PARK OR DRAW, BLACK HILLS FOREST RESERVE, light of the forester, who sees in these strips of cultivated land, separating bodies of timber, excellent natural fire lines. These squatters have developed some very val- uable farms and are a desirable, hard- working class of settlers, who are directly and deeply interested in the welfare of the Reserve. For this reason it is hoped that the General Land Office will not carry out its threatened policy of expelling them from the Reserve. The growth of grass, especially on the Pamestone soils, is very luxuriant, and will furnish feed for thousands of cattle or sheep. At present the law allows each rancher to run 120 head of cattle on the Reserve, but up to the present time no sheep have been permitted to graze within its boundaries. in the north- forest fires have done taking the Re- Around the mining centers, ern part of the Hills considerable damage, but cially on the granite soils, is remark- ably fine. Planting will only be neces- sary in one or two sections in the north, where all the seed trees and young growth have been destroyed by repeated fires. The greatest enemy of the timber is the spruce and pine bark beetle (Mexdrocto- nus rufipinus) Which has destroyed the timber on whole townships in the northern Hills. This tremendous spread was un- doubtedly partly due to the old wasteful methods of logging, which left all except the best logs to rot in the woods and so furnished a breeding place for legions of beetles. The only remedy seems to be to cut out the beetle-killed and in- fected timber as soon as possible, and insist on clean logging. No timber should be cut in spring or summer, as the beetles breed in the fresh cut tops and stumps when the sap is up. This season only a IQOl. AMERICAN FORE comparatively small amount of timber has been killed and it is fair to infer that the worst of the destruction is over. There are a large number of applica- tions for timber and the demand for lum- ber, mining timbers, ties, cordwood, etc., reaches 60,000,000 feet, board measure, peryear. Thisis below dhe amount which could safely be cut, but the demand is steadily increasing. Cutting is limited to a certain diameter, usually 12 inches on the stump, and the contractors are obliged to work up the tops into cordwood, and pile the brush away from the young timber, so that it can be burned. All trees above 12 inches, which are to be cut, are. marked by the ranger, and he must also scale ail logs, ties, or cord- wood. Tie cutting has been carried on to a SRY “ASSOCIATION ready and willing [TO 7a Dp reasonable rules. The forest force whic] pel work in the Ress rve consists of visor, and under him a force of 1 to each of which he whom a district is assioned., { Twenty-eight is responsible. rangers are employed in summer during the dry months, the danger from fire. force bers ten. Unfortunately these men are not trained foresters and often do not stand their work or sympathize with the forest reserve movement. The question of water supply is as im- portant 7 the people of the Hills as that of timber. Nearly all the and contain when there is most The winte num- under- main va small lleys canons mountain EXCELLENT REGROWTH OF considerable extent, but the work is ex- tremely unsatisfactory and the débris caused by the hewing of ties in the woods is a constant fire menace to the forest. The operations of the lumber mills, since they have been obliged to work the tops up into cordwood, are as praiseworthy as those of the mining companies. T he latter are YELLOW PINE, BLACK HILLS FOREST streams, which generally have their rise in springs, but nevertheless many of them AT AN ALTITUDE OF ABOUT I RESERVE. are apt to run dry in the summer. n the northern Hills wate is nearly to the gold, and in and plains streams are very Vail ( irrigation. Ifo miner as this reason oreatest importance U fully : pear: ‘ slopes bordering on ( restricted On Cri he 290 Formerly the miners stripped the timber from the slopes of the streams on which their mines were located; now they are having the lesson of the relation of forests to stream flow driven home very forcibly. They are obliged to spend thousands of dollars building flumes to convey water from other streams, which have not been cut over. The mine owners especially have come to realize, by bitter experience, that their properties are nearly worthless without wood and water; and they will heartily support the Government in meas- ures looking toward forest protection. One of their greatest needs is for cord- wood, and they are often willing to buy the dead standing and down timber with- out touching the green timber. Under such conditions where there is a steady demand for cordwood, which can be made from the tops and dead timber, an ad- THE FORESTER. November, equate supply is in this way easily se- cured, while the forester can depend on a fine natural reproduction for restocking the blanks produced by lumbering. An excellent system of roads throughout the Reserve, makes practicable the transporta- tion of lumber and logs for long distances. The revenue from the sale of timber in the Black Hills Forest Reserve, is sufh- cient to pay for its supervision, and also that of the Big Horn and Teton Reserves in Wyoming. In point of revenue, de- mand for timber, population, and accessi- bility it 1s the most important of all the forest reserves. Public sentiment favors it heartily, andithe Reserve to be of great eco- nomic value to the community, only needs a thoroughly honest, efficient, and busi- ness-like administration, which, in the past, unfortunately, has often been lack- ing. THE HARRIMAN ALASKA EXPE DMTI@NE: Illustrations reprinted here through the courtesy of Doubleday, Page & Co. Although there has been a steady stream of books and magazine articles on Alaska during recent years, the publication in popular form of the results of the Harriman Alaska Expedi- tion, of 1899, will be welcomed by the public. This work contains the re- sults of one of the most remark- able scientific expeditions ever organized, and the discoveries made by the Harriman party in the fields of zoology, botany, ornithology, etc., are of the greatest value. The “Expedition was origi- nally planned by Mr. Edward H. Harriman, as a summer cruise for the pleasure and re- creation of his family and a few friends. It was at first intended to proceed along the Alaska coast only as far as _*The Harriman Alaska Expedition, pub- lished by Doubleday, Page & Co. New York. Ig0I. Svo, with 4o colored plates, 85 photo- gravures, 5 maps, and 240 illustrations in the text. 2 pp. 500, 2 vols. Price $15.00, ez. Kadiak Island. For the comfort and safety of his family a large steamer and crew was required, and as preparations ESKIMO WOMEN, PLOVER BAY. were on a scale disproportionate to the size of the party, Mr. Harriman decided —to use his own words—‘‘to include some guests who, while adding to the in- I9gol. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. terest and pleasure of the expeditions would gather useful information and dis- tribute it for the benefit of others.” In planning the research work and selecting the scientific personnel of the party Mr. Harriman was assisted by Dr. C. Hart Merriam. From the preface of the work we learn that ‘* many of the in- vited members were connected with the Washington Academy of Sciences, and the interest Shoe by them soon came to be shared by that organization, which gave its hearty co6peration; under its auspices the scientific results are now being published.” To quote further from Mr. Harriman’s prefatory remarks: ‘‘ Although big game played an important part in the original plan, no extended or organized effort for hunting was made, oho sportsmen un- selfishly foregoing their own pleasure and allowing the ecicntific workers to use their camp equipment. Much valuable time was thus saved and we were enabled to extend the cruise to the Seal and other islands of Bering Sea, and also to the coast of Siberia and Bering Strait.” The expedition was organized by Mr. Harriman in coédperation with the Wash- ington Academy of Sciences, but entirely at his own expense, in the spring of 1599. The party included as Mr. Harriman’s guests three artists and 25 scientists. ] SCIENTIFIC Part Prof. Wm. H. Bi ( Yale University. John Burroughs, O thologist and Author. Dr. Wesley R. ( ec, Yale University. F. V. Coville, Botan- ist, U. S. Dept. of Agri- culture. Dr:: Wm: He Dall. =| Paleontologist of the U at Se Geological Survey . | W.B. Devereux, Min- ing Engineer, Colorado Springs, Col. Daniel G. Elliott, Field Columbian Museum, Chi- cago. Prof. Benj. K. Emer- son, Geologist, Amherst College. Dr. B. E.° Fernow, Director N. Y. State Col- lege of Forestry. Dr. A. K. Fisher, Biological Survey, Washington, D. C. Henry Gannett, Geographer, U. S. Geological Survey. KADIAK ISALNI UYAK BAY, G. Ke. Gilbert, Geologist, l . Ss. Geo- logical Survey. | Dr. George Bird Grinnell, lEdito1 7 ah oer pan Forest and Stream. 292 Thomas, Ga.) Kearney, Jii-, 7 -ssistame Botanist, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Charles A. Keeler, Director of Museum, California Academy of Sciences. Prof. Trevor Kincaid, Zoologist, Uni- versity of Washington. Dr: ©. Hart Merriam, (Clict vor ithe Biological Survey, Washington, D. C. John Muir, Author and Student of Glaciers. Dr. Charles Palache, Harvard University. Robert Ridgway, Curator of Birds, U. S. National Museum. Prof. Wm. E. Ritter, President Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences. De Alton Saunders, Botanist, South Dakota Experiment Station. Dr. William Trelease, Director Mis- souri Botanical Garden. Mineralogist, ARTISTS. R. Swain Gifford, New York. Fred. 5S. Dellenbaugh, New York. Louis Agassiz Fuertes, Bird Artist, Ithaca, N.Y; The eastern members of the party left New York for Seattle by special train on May 23, 1899, meeting the other members at Seattle. From this point the expedi- ye oe } : ees H au F + ‘ Lan iy ) \ THE LORE SPER: November, northward among the forested islands and fiords of the ‘‘inside passages”; from Sitka a northwesterly course was followed passing the glaciers and snow-capped peaks of the Fairweather and St. Elias ranges; from Cook Inlet the course was changed to the southwest and the Alaskian Peninsula, Aleutian Islands, Kadiak and the Shumagins were visited; at Unalaska the course was again northward into the Bering Sea, stops being made at Bogoslof Volcano, Fur Seal Islands, the islands of Hall, St. Matthew, and St. Lawrence. Visits were also made at the Eskimo set- tlements on both the Asiatic and American coasts and then the homeward journey began. Among the scientific results of this ex- pedition is a greatly increased knowledge of the fauna and flora of Alaska. Impor- tant collections were made of the small mammals and birds of the coast region, many marine animals, seaweeds and the largest collection of insects and land plants ever brought from Alaska. The collec- tion of photographs made numbers nearly five thousand and is easily the best series of pictures of this region. The facilities for exploration were of the best; the expedition had a ship with no MURRES. tion sailed for Alaska on May 30th, on the steamship Geo. W. Elder, especially chartered for the purpose, and was gone just two months. During the two months’ cruise a dis- tance of 9,000 miles was covered and the route taken was as follows: From Puget Sound to Juneau and Lynn Canal, thence other business than to carry the party wherever it cared to go. The equip- ment also included naptha launches, small boats and canoes, camping outfits, stenographers, photographers. The two volumes composing this work contain the narrative of the expedition and ten articles of general interest. ‘‘ The Nar- AMERICAN NOOT: rative of the Expedition,” by John Bur- roughs, the well-known author and ornith- ologist, is a splendid piece of travel de- scription, and the one hundred and eighteen pages covered by it alone pours make a most delightful book. ‘The Pacific Coast Glasiens ” is one of a most impor- tant of the ten papers and was contributed Dy John Muir. The other papers ‘« Natives of the Alaska Coast Region,” by George Bird Grinnell; ‘* The Diccovers and Exploration of Alaska,” by William Healey Dall; ‘‘The Forests of Alaska,” alker: THE NEW AND OLD VOLCANOES IN 18¢0, FISH COMMISSION. by Dr. Bernhard E. Fernow; ‘Days Among Alaska Birds,” by Charles Keeler ; ‘¢ Geography of Alaska,” by Henry Gan- nett; ‘* The Atmosphere of Alaska,” by pyalliam El “Brewer; ‘* Bogoslof, Our Newest Volcano,” by C. Hart Merriam; ‘* The Salmon Industry,” by George Bird Grinnell, and ‘+ Fox Farming,” by MiagE Washburn. There are also two poems, *¢ Alaska,” by Charles Keeler, and ‘* The Innuit People, ” by William Healey Dall. The two volumes included in this work contain a general summary in popular form of the eal: accomplished by the Harri- man Alaska Expedition. The technical matter, in the fields of geology, paleontol- ogy, zoology, and botany, will follow in a series of illustrated volumes. Mr. Harriman’s hope, in inviting the REGEN Pt Important Philippine Woods. By CAPTAIN GEORGE P. AHERN, Director of Forestry Bureau of the Philippines. Pp. 112. 44 colored plates. Published at Manila. This handsome volume was prepared by Cap- tain Ahern in order to satisfy the many inquiries concerning the Philippine forests, and the char- acteristics of the leading timber tree species. FORESTRY ASSOCTATTON Ly ) scientists to might cathe tribute it for tl I been abundantly realiz a. 5B liberality of Mr. Harri amount of valuable information « ( Alaska party ina few months, mi secured for m: iny years yet. collected by the members of ight not have bee He may a be given credit for introducing a new forn of recreation, which if followed |] wealth hunting nove Ity, good men o!f will result in much of people. Dy; to the great mass FROM PHOTOGRAPH BY U. S. Merriam’s work in preparing these volumes for publication reflects the greatest credit on his ability as an editor. The book is most readable and has’ been compiled in a manner to delight the general reader. All in all Dr. Merriam seems to have been a valuable member of the expedition. The volumes are illustrated in a striking manner with colored reproductions of birds, animals, flowers, and landscapes. There are also many photogravures, hundreds of pen drawings. Taken as a whole the work is a splendid piece of book- making, and great praise is due the pub lishers for the unusually attractive manne in which they have presented the records of this remarkable This work wil! undoubtedly be the final au- thority on Alaskan matters for many years. and scientific expedition. JBLICATIONS. The book contains eight ch S é considerable information I ploitation of these forests. Chere are ' ‘ notes on fifty important tree species, th and weight and uses of the wood [here 1 chapter on gutta percha, and extract forest regulations in the Philip] ins e \ #1 7 , : ry ’ ( ti \ of this book is greatl ner l 294 colored plates. Altogether it is a work of con- siderable value, especially to persons interested in the forests and botany of the Philippine Islands. The History of a Trade-Mark. WHEELER. Published by Chas. S. Paul, Minn. Pp. 31. Illustrated. In this nicely illustrated booklet is given a concise history of the adoption of the unique trade-mark of the Northern Pacific Railroad. From the time of Chow Lien Ki and his wonder- ful cave is a long cry, but the symbol of the Great Monad evolved in ror7 A. D., is now em- blazoned on the cars, offices, stationery, etc., of agreat transcontinental railroad and is indeed a most striking trade-mark. Mr. Wheeler has told the history of the Great Monad very cleverly and the little book is well worth having. The Northern Pacific asa railroad system is fully as remarkable as its trade-mark and under its present active management is doing wonders in assisting in the development of the great Northwest. A Souvenir of Plymouth Parks. By A. S. BUR- BANK. Plymouth, Mass., Igor. Illustrated with 46 halftones. This handsome souvenir book contains a brief history of the parks of Plymouth, Mass., and is illustrated profusely with splendid engravings. The people of Plymouth are to be congratulated on their series of beautiful parks, and many larger and wealthier cities will do well to follow the example they set in providing recreation spots for the people. The frontispiece to the volume is a picture of Nathaniel Morton, Presi- dent of the Park Commission. By OLIN D. JESS, Shes THE MAGAZINES FOR NOVEMBER. A welcome newcomer in the magazine world is Country Life in America. Ordinarily the appearance of a new magazine in the already crowded field, would cause one to fear for the safety of the bank account of the persons financ- ing the venture. However, in the case of Country Life in America, it seems the pub- lishers, Doubleday, Page & Co., are appealing to a class that will gladly welcome their new periodical. As the name implies this magazine deals with country life, and if the excellence of the first number is maintained, there is little doubt of its success. Mr. Liberty H. Bailey, a well-known writer on the subjects to which this magazine will be devoted, is the editor. The opening number contains a number of interesting illustrated articles, the two best being by Mr. Bailey on ‘“The Abandoned Farms,’’ and ‘‘ Ellerslie, An American Country Seat.’? The literary excel- lence of Country Life in America is made doubly effective by the great number of splendid illustrations used. It is not too much to say that this magazine is one of the most artistic published. Scribner's Magazine, always attractive, con- tains a number of interesting articles this month. The first installment of a new novel by F. Hopkinson Smith, entitled ‘‘The For- tunes of Oliver Horn” is given. ‘‘The Pines of Lory,” by J. A. Mitchell, is continued, and ‘EE, THOR DS iGraks November, Theodore Roosevelt contributes a second paper concerning experiences ‘‘With the Cougar Hounds.’’ Notable articles are: ‘‘ Russia of To-Day,’’ by Henry Norman; a third paper on the ‘‘ United States Army,’’ by General Francis V. Greene; ‘‘Marquis Ito,’’ and ‘‘ Among the Dunkers.’’ The World's Work for November contains an article of great interest to readers of the For- ESTER, on ‘‘ The Proposed Appalachian Forest Reserve,’’ by Dr. W. J. McGee, chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology. In this article, which is splendidly illustrated, Dr. McGee in- sists that the only method of preserving the most attractive scenic region in eastern America is by establishing the proposed reserve. He further argues that public sentiment, science and health demand the saving of the stream sources. This number also contains a number of other timely articles among which are: ‘‘Japan and the United States,” by Midori Komatz, Secretary Japanese Legation at Wash- ington ; ‘‘ Problems of the British Empire,’ by Sydney Brooks; ‘‘The Pivotal Farm of the Union ”’ by Liberty H. Bailey ; and the ‘‘Beauti- fying of Cities’? by Charles H. Caffin. Alto- gether this is one of the best numbers of the World’s Work that has yet been published. Outing for November, though more especially a football number, contains several interesting articles on other phases of out-door life, among which are: ‘‘My First Bull Moose,’ ‘‘ Wild Geese in the Northwest,”’ ‘‘ Bits of Woodcraft,” and ‘‘Photographing the Belted Kingfisher.” There has been great improvement in the illns- trations and printing of this number, and in spite of being handicapped by a hideous cover design the November Outing is by far the most attrac- tive number vet published. McClure’s contains among a number of excel- lent articles, a character sketch of President Roosevelt by William Allen White; Ray Stan- nard Baker explains ‘‘ What the United States Steel Corporation is, and How it Works.”’ The Review of Reviews has articles on ‘‘ The New York Municipal Campaign ’’ with sketches of the leading candidates, and the Philadelphia campaign is also described. There are two ar- ticles on the war in the Philippines, and John S. Wise writes on the ‘Efforts to Preserve Game.” The Cosmopolitan for November like nearly all the magazines for the month contains articles on President Roosevelt and the New York campaign. Zhe National Geographic Magazine has an article on ‘‘ The Sex, Nativity and Color of the People of the United States,” compiled from Census Bulletin No. 103. Dr. William L. Bray has an interesting illustrated articlein 7he Botanical Gazette on the ‘‘ Vegeta- tion of Western Texas.”? The Saturday Evening Fost announces a series of articles on ‘‘ The White Invasion of China’’ by Senator Beveridge, of Indiana. Current Advertising for Novem- ber is an unusually handsome number and is filled with valuable information for all persons interested in advertising. Mr. Bates has proven that an advertising magazine can be made in- teresting even to the general reader. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATIC WN. ORGANIZED APRIL, 1882. THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. President. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. First Vice President. Dr. B. E. FERNOW, Ithaca, N. Y. F Corr esponding Secretary. . H. NEWELL, Washington, D. C Recording Secretary, GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY, Washington, D. C. Treasurer, OTTO J. J. LUEBKERT, Washington, D. C. Directors. JAMES WILSON. HENRY S. GRAVES. EDWARD A. BOWERS. FREDERICK V. COVILLE. B. E. FERNOW. HENRY GANNETT. ARNOLD HAGUE. EF. H. NEWELL. THoMAS F. WALSH. GIFFORD PINCHOT. GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY. Vice Presidents. Sir H. G. JOLY DE LOTBINIERE, Victoria, B.C. JOHN GIFFORD, Princeton, N. J. CHARLES C. GEORGESON, Sitka, Alaska. EDWARD F. HoBart, Santa Fe, N. M. D. M. RIORDAN, Flagstaff, Ariz. W. A. WADSWORTH, Geneseo, N. Y. THOMAS C. MCRAB, Prescott, Ark. J. A. HOLMES, Raleigh, N. C. ABBOTT KINNEY, Lamanda Park, Cal. W. W. BARRETT, Church’s Ferry, N. D. HENRY MICHELSEN, Denver, Col. Wo. R. LAZENBY, Columbus, Ohio. ARTHUR T. HADLEY, New Haven, Conn. A. C. Scott, Stillwater, Okla. Wo. M. Cansy, Wilmington, Del. J. T. RoTHROCK, West Chester, Pa. A. V. CLUBBS, Pensacola, Fla. H. G. RUSSELL, E. Greenwich, R. I. R. B. REPPARD, Savannah, Ga. THOMAS T. WRIGHT, Nashville, Tenn. CHAS. DEERING, Chicago, II. W. GoopDRICH JONES, Temple, Texas. JAMES TROOP, Lafayette, Ind. C. A. WHITING, Salt Lake, Utah. THOMAS H. MACBRIDE, Iowa City, Iowa. FRANK W. ROLLINS, Concord, N. H. D. C. BURSON, Kans. REDFIELD PROCTOR, Proctor, Vt. JOHN R. PROCTER, Frankfort, Ky. D. O. NOURSE, Blacksburg, Va. LEWIS JOHNSON, New Orleans, La. ADDISON G. FOSTER, Tacoma, Wash. EDWARD IL. MELLUS, Baltimore, Md. A. D. HOPKINS, Morgantown, W. Va N. E. HANSEN, Brookings, S. D. THOMAS F. WALSH, Washington, D. C. JoHN E. Hospss, North Berwick, Me. ELIHU STEWART, Ottawa, Ont. N. S. SHALER, Cambridge, Mass. Wo. LITTLE, Montreal, Quebec. CHARLES W. GARFIELD, Lansing, Mich. GEO. P. AHERN, Manila, P. I. WILLIAM TRELEASE, St. Louis, Mo. Won. R. CASTLE, Hawaii. CHARLES E. BESSEY, Lincoln, Neb. Annual Dues, $2.00. Life Membership, with exemption from further dues, $100.00. Sustaining Membership, $25.00 a year. Members receive THE FORESTER gratis. APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP. To the Assistant Secretary, AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, Washington, D. C. DEaR SiR: I hereby signify my desire to become a member of the American F< Very truly yours, IMCD (2 REE ; P. O. Address THE FORESTER. z < a = fe) ° °o = Ee = = a < c w = w z w x - < a 4 ie i) < ° z < ~ Nay OX. CONTRIBUTED American Forestry Association. — The Nineteenth Annual Meeting at Wash- ington, D. C.; Report of the Board of Directors ; Minutes of the Meet- ing and Resolutions ; Treasurer’s Re- [DOIME cososcoadocconcon0eTbo00s06) NESCUHEBORCOOSEEOE Summer Meetiae See cecras east cooaiaowes Big Basin Redwood Park, The. Dr. Wm. RAISSelMeD II Giyaecesteenceescnaceseeeoscssoe- Black Hills Forest Reserve, The. FE. M. Grit Cece ctels secelgaeiis's Cavs oncsccecituweecesaes Colorado Forest Fires in 1900. Henry IMP CHCASe Te secaeceeet es sak ccesoscececceestacss Destruction of Timber by the Galveston Sion, — \y/iide, 1 18s e 5 eeonneecnneeeeaeenee: Development of Water Resources. F. TOWN Gwe tiene cia ctcive's conc e ovececeveceaterest Example of Slow Growth of Lodgepole PinewAtin Coe Crandall c.c..5..+-.-.. Extermination of the Oak at Lake Ge- neva, Wisconsin. James Jensen...... Fire-Lines in Pine Forest in Prussia. F. PPA CY MENU DAT) -cjsccsenceece cena seiseseeanes First Session of the Yale School of For- ES tava elu CP er esis elenciswie sce nestisasciscismmincs Forest Conditions and Possibilities in Tennessee. Burr J. Ramage, Ph.D... Forest Fire Record for November......... - Forest Laws of New York, The. Tread- elgg @levelat drmiist cn ieqcessceseaters sss sc Forest and Water Resources of Washing- LOT mines one ALG. Hostetrc......--. Forestry Agitation in New Hampshire. Hie Ceteihha tidesses aces asccecesste’saieeesselsce see Forests and Reservoirs. F.H. Newell... Grazing in the Forest Reserves. Gifford TETSTE)EVG1E icodnquosbdoonaBaS pobeoroEedEOdonbscuen bn Improvement Fellings as a Hidaveial Suc- CEs, IB, IB, OllimngieGlecsocsones csdepsoaoce Insect Enemies of Forests and Forest Products. A, D. Hopkims............... Investigation Now Being Made in Ne- braska by the United States Bureau of Forestry, The. Wm. L. Investments of Safety and Profit............ NEWS, NOTES, AMimmOtsPHeMOnesters LHC ..c.c.+0-s-sesserssseee Agitation of Forestry in New Jersey........ ic eye) 125 ARTICLES. Mining and Forestry in Colorado. Suter Eg. & New York State College of Forestry Obituary—Dr. Charles Mohr. UGS WORE. 5. 20c00es terse ee ee Open Range and the Irrigation Farmer, The. Prof. R: H Our Waning Forests 3.00.2 pee eee Outlook for Forestry in the Philippines.. Philippine Forest Products. F. Hilder Presidents sWescace: =a aa eee ee President Roosevelt’s Visit to the Vale Forest School. George B. jHOLTDOS:is oicenscosent Geo. D. Seymour..... Professional Title for Foresters, The. Dr. Johny Gifford. <-esreneeeeee sees Railroad’s Interest in Forestry, A........... Reclamation of the Arid Region, The, R Si bltomi eo ses tee veces tone teeeeen Seater Reining Maple Sap vets sees tsses eee seeeeee Reforestation of Watersheds, The. T. P. Lukens Reproduction of Trees and Range Cattle. @xS3 Crandall tation se. n sostoneeactapee cs Rubber Industry of Costa Rico, The. R. StuantvHotchikiss:-\scssss 104 Instructions to Fire Wardens, State of Deutsch-englisches Forstworterbuch......... 324 ING Wc VOEIS oono-c peecun ketene apeeeea renee 15 Disease of New England Conifers, Some. 102 Lumber Trade of United States, The ..... 76 Distribution of Forest Treesin Iowa, The. 102 Mazama, The................sscscceseeesesceseeeess 130 Flora of Lyon County (Iowa)................. 102 Missouri Botanical Gardens, Twelfth An- ISOLEStONIMTSCtiye AMG eminisesisacac anne eclscienewle 2 nial Report.....ccscssesesesconsserceserssenese 263 Forests of Allegheny County, Maryland, Notes on the Red Cedar..............ssssesesees 324 Slyke oak tn cote wicnciatits » Salon ciewisiowle « 78 Outcasts, THE. ......c0t.0.s-cccnosnnenssssessvsnnes 262 Fourth Annual Report of the Commission Plant Liferof Alabamia...t......0-ccococcccneunss 3 of Fisheries, Game and Forests of Practical Text-Book of Plant Physiology 63 ING WMO GEs State: cccscce) ecnccr-s-0en-=esecens 76 Proposed Scheme of Cooperation in For- Fourth Annual Report of the Forest Pre- est) Tree Planting in Manitoba and serve Board of New York, for 1900... 208 Northwestern TerritOry.....-.-1++ssss0++% Harriman Alaska Exposition, The (Illus- Progress of Forest Management in Adiron (HAWG) co cooonpoceeeBOnee PAG eOOECDE EEE EERO oO 290 dacks.. “ Hearings Before the Commission on Pub- Report of ie Chief Thanesh tor of pee lic Lands of the House of Represen- and Forestry for Canada, 1595 and tatives, Relating to the Reclamation TQGO:crupageaee sans INDEX. ILLUSTRATIONS. Report of the Connecticut Agricultural Arid: Lands. c.css-csancasacuecacen-scseacoore essen Experiment: ‘Station: icescsssscrecsneseans 130 Axton.and the RaguettedRiver.........0-.- Report of the Forester for Ig00............... 77 Bear Valley. Dani Calitoriaiapeeeeeeceeeeeee Report on the Measurement of the Vol- Biltmore Forest School Students on Euro- ume of Streams, and the Flow of pean: Lour. setersemeccet ee ie Water in the State of New York...... 103 Black Locust Forest Plantation, Meade Report of the Royal Commission on For- County, Hansa once ctn-nc-nosete een eee est Protection in Ontario..............0. 26 Black Mesa Forest Reserve, Arizona....... Silviculture in Relation to Horticulture... 104 Burn of 1889 on Blackfeet Reservation, Smithsonian Institute Annual ReportIgoo 323 Montana ecscscecteteer ses seeee se eee eee Souvenir of Plymouth Parks, A.............. 294 Burnt-over Hillside, Bitter Root Forest Spanish Public Land Laws, in the Philip- Reserve, Montana, voc so5.cosa-- essen DIMES eeneeseeeecsins Sncidblaidletepseaeneeteeemaces 263 Burnt White Pine Forests, Priest River Sylvan Ontario—A Guide to Our Native HoresteRiesenyesiidaltonennascer er aeeeeee Trees and Shrubs......... Sabaiaheee nee: 208 Burnt White Pine Forest, Southern New Wildertess WaySss.!.:..0:s.ssssccsteo-s see 130 AS ssf Soecn esos A ceeonos aeosyesn noanenbsccce Yearbook of the United States Depart- Camp, Yale Summer School of Forestry, ment of Agriculture for Tgoo............ 263 Milford, \Pa:..¢sgesgsaswc daeesessbaaise eeeeere F Characteristic Stand of Timber in White ; BOR River Plateau Region, Colorado, A.... Swiss Forestry Journal, Me ssecqeee teens 51 Complete Destruction by Fire, Battle- Belgian Forestry Bulletin eee 51 ment Mesa Reserve, Colo........ssse+e++: Queensland Agricultural Journal............. Sls | @onsermutee Lumbering, Biltmore, N. C. indiantHoresters hese. eeeeen see ce 52 Cutting on Biltmore Estate, A..c.ccescsese-- FRONTISPIECES. Destruction of Timber by Fire, Cripple Adirondack Forest, An. April. Creek, Colorado. ce wos: ieee Beech under Oak in the Spessart. January, Destructive Fire Among Pines .............-. Destruction of Forest by Fire, Priest River Forest Reserve. September. Forest in the Southern Appalachians, A; Dog- wood in Flower. November. Longleaf Pine Forests in Eastern Texas. October. Mount Baker, Washington Forest Reserve. July. Ordinary Mountain Form of Lodgepole Pine. May. Sub-Alpine Forest, Ruth Mountain, Washing- ton Forest Reserve. August. Teton Forest Reserve, Scene in, Wyom- ing December. Timber Blown Down Near New Caney, Texas. March. Typical Longleaf Forest of the Western Louisi- ana-Texas Area. jules Virgin Redwood near Crescent City, California. February. OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS. Along ‘Smithy Rivier.ssctons reset eee 36 America’s Greatest Mining Camp, Cripple Creeks Colorados-ssss.se ee 184 Dining Tent, Yale School of Forestry..... Dragway and Tramway, Little Snowbird Creek SNoriy Caxolinamercen se eeeene rere Effect of a horestubine.s..sec-eeneeeeeree teas Effect of Recurring Forest Fires: :.2.--.-.--0 Effects of Fire After Lumbering in North- ern- Minnesota... <2s:52-..,upeenect nee tenes Fire Burning Along A Fallen Log........... Fire-killed: inibeti.5 9 .ccs-cepeseeeeeee eee Fire Line Along Railroad: <...,,..-+-...2--0-- Fire Lites: . 1 feseesosn0 see sanwe te agaeee nee cece Forest, As ceciccciscsucaceiitcttcc Sone noeee nec seem Forest Fire on the Yukon River, Alaska, A. Forest in the Southern Appalachian Mountains’ INWiCaiaccscetepeeeeeeeeee eres Forestry Building at Pan-American Ex- POSitioms. cio Miescanteceegg peeeeeemteeee Forest in Township 40-Balsam and Hem- LOCK (s,s saacectesn castes eone oe Ni Seemla ese Asbeeee Grazing in Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming Grazing Sheep, Black Mesa Forest Re- 284 106 185 136 221 166 B12 313 268 149 135 311 269 I4I 140 285 I5E 165 147 259 7k Hauling Logs, Tarlac Province, Luzon, Hauling Logs Into Tarlac, Luzon, P. I... Illegal Sheep Grazing in Forest Reserve.. Insect Enemies of Forests : OaksCarpenter WOril..:..:....c.. 000060004 In the College Forest (Cornell).............. Irrigated Fruit Farm, Bitter Root Valley, IMO inka alememe ease eee: caecesesiccneessneces Lake Louise Forest Park Reserve, B. C... Lake Nehasane, Adirondacks........... Pees. Lecture Halland Laboratory, Yale School ofeBorestry, Milford, Pa..s:..:.-02.0..0. Lodgepole Pine in Grazing Region, Big- horn Forest Reserve, Wyoming........ Logging Railroad on Private Woodland, arlae Province, Luzon, P. I.........3:. Log Tram Through Storm-Damaged Arca Of the Galveston’ Storim.:...........s<<00. Longleaf Pine Land After Logging. ..... Lumbered and Burned Forests Near Port Crescent (Olympic Peninsula)......... Lumbering Approaching Forestry.......... Mature Spruce-Wood in Saxony, A Measuring Togs, Tondo Beach, Manila, Method of Cutting Castilloa .................. Minerals and Forestry Building—South Careline Exposition. :..52:.....s.s-c00-05- Minnesota Forest Lands Devastated by TENS. ooaccnooaqndanegnanqsnnbenisodec oon nagoHonTe Mixed Forest of Sal and Inferior Species Mountain Forests of Biltmore (N. C.), Aer eater Gy ..... 5.2. 2-cceaserscssases- Native Method of Sawing Timber in the TMG ITIES) ahs srescococecsscsecorenaceerceness Natural Reproduction of Silver Fir, Black ORES teecer erase se sea eciiececteesisse sca esessisee North Main Peak—Battlement Mesa Re- SSRI, (COD, scccaccqossooapccnsepsbacesbaotiogdes North Platte River, Wyoming................ Biinesery AU@artier Of-.........-...025 -s.s00.0-+- Old Burn, Battlement Mesa Forest Re- Serve, Col0..............csseceseceeserereeeeees Old Burn Lodgepole Pine Forest... : Old Sheep Range, Black Mesa Forest Re- SCLC eerie cone scecnace sets cemsns- Open Park or Draw, An, Black Hills Forest RESCrve...........s-ssccesccasceeceeees Orange Orchard at Redlands, Cal........... INDEX. Planting on Waste Lands.........0....5 ecceee. Poplar Butts Left in Logging...... si Possibilities of Reclamation by reiga! ition. Primitive Lumbering in France.............. Pure Stand of Mature Silver Fir, Black HOLESE.2 2. ncwueateearadit nsec Possibilities of Irrigation of Arid Lands: A Generale VAG Waleesee sete eee eee B. Brookside Avenue, Redlands, Cal rU(0] a ih: Mane Ar ED Oa CRE Racquette Lake, Adirondacks Redwood Flat ; No Lumbering Redwood Horests..-.s..0ane ee eee ee Regrowth of Yellow Pine, Black Hills HOKeStyReservernasieseese: ae eee nee Redwoodirees (Aut. sst nese ee eee San Carlos Dam Site, Gila River, Arizona. Sawmill Community, A, Black Hills, South: Dakotats 2. cscs eeeeeeeeee neice aoe Scene in Pike’s Peak Forest Reserve.....240, 2 Scene in Whitney Preserve, Adirondacks. Scenes in Forest Reserves in Southern California : 1. Yellow Pine Forest, San Bernar- dino Reservel.2.:s..csdesseecss oeeges 2. Loppings Avter | Cuttings vnc: 3. Brush Covered Area, San Gabriel Forest RieSenviel-csecc: seen: iocseenoues 4. Spruce and Pine Forests, San Ga- brie] Forest Reserve:cs..+...-.s-eer- Seed irees*in' Burtt! 7.220: sesce-tenesessseowens Setting: Back#ayiiresa.c.csce-cusesserneaseneemeues Slopes of Grayback Range, San Bernar- Gino) Horest RESCnVe...cc.sc-scncnscenwsenes Small Western Yellow Pine, browsed by Soft Maple Forest Plantation ........-. ...... Splash Dam, Middle Fork, Little River... Spruce Forest, A: Southern Apalachians. New Ham pshire...........2.csssscesscsees Stage to Crescent City, California .......... Successful Plantation of Pine in Sand Hill Region, Garfield County, Ne- PLAS Ate eee cs conse see ectscecsdnasNsebapnaneneas Successful Plantation of Pine, Polk County, Nebraska...........seeeeseeeenees ; Sugar Bush—Boiling Maple Sap. ... -...--. Surface Fire, A... ....cscssccececeseseeseseceeens . Ten Foot Stump on Ten Foot Windfall... Timber Growth of Years, Table Rock, Nebraska.......:ssseeseeeees Tonto Basin Dam, Arizoma.........+++1++ e Twenty-five IgI Vili Typical Sand Hill in Western Cheyenne INDEX. White Pine Forest in Pennsylvania, A..... County, Nebraska. A cee ee 128 Wooded Slope Conservator of Snow and Victor, Cripple Creek District, Colorado... 187 Rainfall ’../.2 354.6 Steet ee ee Wasteful Methods of Lumbering, Black Yaggy Catalpa Plantation, Reno County, ll SihoresteResernve sees eee eeeeeee 238 KaaSaS) eimeac: ceascn nen seater eee Wasteful Methods of Lumbering, Hill Voung Wodsepoleseinepe----)eeeeaee CitysSouthsDakotayese ss aero 107, | Moun g Rubiersirecs yas snes eee White Mountain Apache Indian Reserva- Young White Pine in New Hampshire.... tion; -ArizOn avalos. 2c osetia eee ee 276 MAPS. Distribution of Forest Trees of Nebraska Burned overdangoqooies. cee eee AIVEMMADS. Absa: ctsces tes eee eos eee 315-318 Proposed Plantation Suitable for the Da- Forest Types in the Texas Region........... 132 kotas .csieiede ties ea aes eS Western Colorado — Showing Areas 150 227 243 114 071 200 RVE, WYOMIN RESE OREST 4 TON FI <> TE 4 7 THI = 4 Y NI SCE 1 THE FORESTE VoL. VII. DECEMBER, Igol. No. 12 NEWS, NOTES, AND COMMENT. Change of Beginning with the Jan- A Month of If the last three or four WEES uary number THE For- Forestry and weeks may be taken as a = Saeiae SE f ESTER will be combined ck National Trrigation and published under the title of For restry and Irrigation. The new magazine will be an improve- ment in every way over the present one. It will contain additional pages of reading matter, more illustrations, and wil! printed on better paper. The reasons for the combination of these two magazines are as follows: The Amer- ican Forestry Association has been pub- lishing THe Forester, and the National Irrigation Association through the Chair- man of its Executive Committee has been publishing Watiéonal Irrigation. It has been felt for some time that both organiza- tions needed a better magazine. The two associations and their work have grown, likewise the causes they represent. Since the objects of the organizations are in many instances identical, it is believed that one publication covering the whole field can be produced at a less relative cost be and upon a higher standard than that reached by two independent publica- tions. The new magazine will take the place of THE Forester as the official organ of the American Forestry Association, and will be sent regularly to all mem- bers, without additional cost. /orestry and Irrigation will also be the official organ of the National Irrigation Associa- Gent. This does be sacrificed for irrigation or On the contrary more space will be de- voted to both subjects as the increased cir- culation guaranteed by the combinat ion makes possible the public: ition of a larger and more attractive magazine. not mean that forestry will vice versa. Irrigation. criterion, forestry and ir- rigation are soon to have innings. Since the publi- cation of the November Forester a num- ber of incidents have taken place which indicate the great hold these two impor- tant questions are gaining. President Roosevelt in his first message to Congress has fulfilled all expectations by his strong recommendations regarding forestry and irrigation. It was felt that the President would give matters close consideration, and the generous share of his message devoted to what he properly terms ‘‘ the most vital of the internal ques- tions of the United States,” gratifying to the advocates of irrigation. Secretary Hitchcock has just completed an inning —or these must be most forestry and a reorganization of the Division of For- estry of his department, placing trained foresters in charge of the work. He goes still further in- his annual report and rec- ommends that the control of the United States forest reserves be turned over to the Department of Agriculture. This should be done, and with both the Secretary of the Interior President and suggesting this change it should be made at the present session of Congress. Secretary Wilson in his annual report devotes considerab le space to torest! l irrigation, and he ena out the necessity of better laws for the ha diing of t lands. | | On another page ot this issue is printed an account of a really remai devoted to forestry, which w ntly held at Cumberland, Md \ road « bro ht toget r over two fompany dred of its lead officia to hun —— 296 lectures on forestry. This same railroad company a few weeks ago requested from the Bureau of Forestry a working plan for a tract of timberland 125,000 acres in extent. The foregoing are but ‘signs of the times.” Forestry and irrigation have ar- rived—and they have come to stay. Tad Forestry in the There are a great many High Schools. ways of interesting the people of this country in the rational treatment of our remaining for- ests, but the one sure and lasting way is to educate them up to a true appreciation of the prominent place forests have in the welfare of the nation. Now that the general public are taking more interest in the matter, and forest schools are being established to train young men for the profession of forestry, it would be a good idea to extend the plan of education still further. By teaching high school students something about the economic value of forests a great step for- ward will be made. Dr. Jno. Gifford, of the New York State College of Forestry, had an interestingarticletouching this point in arecent number of the School Review, from which we quote the following: ‘For the acquisition of knowledge of a general nature relating to the forest which every man and woman should know, the high school is the place. All are agreed that in case it should be taught at all it does not belong below the upper grades of the high school. It is also true that a very large proportion of our high-school graduates would never acquire such knowl- edge unless they get it in the high school, because many of them never go to colleges and universities, and because many of our colleges and universities do not offer instruction in many of the most important subjects. There is no subject, for in- stance, of more general interest and of more importance than ethnology, yet how few even of our great universities offer in- struction in this subject and how few of their graduates know even the names, to say nothing of the natures, of the peoples who once inhabited America. ‘Tt is not my intention to suggest the addition of another subject to the high- school curriculum. It should be given, however, the place in physical and com- mercial geography to which its importance THE HORE SEEER December, entitles it. It is very easy for a man to exaggerate the importance of his specialty. Few doubt, however, the importance of forests. As compared with Europe, gen- eral information on the subject is wofully Jacking throughout this country. Very few know the meaning of forestry. Ar- bor Day celebrations have done much to stimulate an appreciation of trees but these celebrations are often farcical, if not misleading in nature. A song is sung, poetry recited, and then a few trees, often only one, are carelessly stuck in the ground, often in the very place which should be left open. A very small pro- portion of these trees live, however. ‘‘ O, Woodman, Spare that Tree” is sung. A forester never hesitates to cut a tree if it is ready to cut, but he always plants more and plants them well. Aside from this question of Arbor Day, an institution which has been adopted in many parts of the world and which will do lasting good if properly conducted, why should forestry be taught in high schools ? First of all, every great movement in this country must have popular support back of it. ‘¢ Our people must be educated to a point where they will know the advantages of a forest cover and the meaning of forestry. When this occurs the future of forestry is assured. The main cause of reckless, wasteful forest destruction in this country is ignorance. It is certainly one of the functions of the public school to overcome this difficulty. It is not necessary to in- troduce forestry into the public schools of Germany because forestry is born and bred into the body of every German. The proper care of forests is there a matter of course.” ie The Forest In his annual report Reserves Again. just published, Secretary Hitchcock, of the De- partment of the Interior, states that the United States forest reserves should be under the direction of trained foresters. The Secretary says that the time for the introduction of practical forestry on the forest reserves has come. States and pri- vate owners of forest land are, he says, already codperating with the Government for the better handling of their holdings to the extent of more than 5,000,000 acres. Forestry, dealing as it does with a source of wealth produced by the soil, is prop- 1gOl. erly an agricultural subject, he continues. The presence of properly trained foresters in the Department of Agriculture, as well as the nature of the subject itself, makes the ultimate transfer, if found to be practic- able, of the administration of the forest reserves to that department essential to the best interests, both of the reserves and of the people who use them. Attention is called to abuses that still exist and form the chief obstacle to the ex- tension of the forest reserve system. Early legislation is recommended as abso- lutely essential to correct the abuses in regard to lieu land selection. That the present method of handling the reserves is inadequate, is too well known to need repetition to anyone famil- iar with existing conditions. The forest reserves of the United States cover nearly 50,000,000 acres and a great variety of technical problems arise in con- nection with their administration. The agricultural, grazing, and mining indus- tries of many sections depend, in a great measure, on an intelligent administration of the timber and water resources of the reserves. The President’s strong recom- mendations on this point, in addition to Secretary Hitchcock’s, should bring about the desired changes at this session of con- gress. The technical administration of these reserves should be under the direc- tion of the Bureau of Forestry as both the President and the Secretary suggest. On the subject of irrigation the Secre- tary has the following to say: ‘¢ There is no one question now before the people of the United States of greater importance than the conservation of the water supply and the reclamation of the arid lands of the West, and their settlement by men who will actually build homes and create communities. The appreciation of this condition is shown by the fact that both the great political parties inserted in their platforms, articles calling attention to the necessity of national aid for the creation of homes on the public domain.” at Volunteer In these days of disastrous Firemen. forest fires it is a great satis- faction to print the following: CoLBRAN, Cout., Oct. 18th, 1go1. Mr. O. F. Curtis, Forest Supervisor: We the undersigned have formed our- AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. selves into what is known a Forest Fire Company No. 3, in the Battlement Mesa Forest Res¢ rve, with Ranger R. N. De- . ; Beque as Captain, and to be called on by him when needed in the vic inity of ships 11 and 12S. R. ox. 96, 97 Signed by W. J. VAN Buskirk, of Mesa, Cole and thirteen others. CoLBRAN, Co... Oct. I9, I9or. Same, to be known as Forest Fire =f r . aon . > FN . Company, No. 2 in vicinity of Township 11, Ranges 94 and 93. Signed by Harry Payn, at - , Colbran, and seventeen others of \ ega, Egalite and De Beyer. 5 4 McKinley Na- A Bill for the purchase of tional Park. a national reserve in the Southern Appa- lachian Mountains, to be known as the ‘¢ McKinley National Park and Forest Re- serve,” was introduced in the House by Representative Brownlow, of Tennessee. Following is the text of the bill. Be ut enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of Agriculture is hereby em- powered and directed to purchase land suited to the purpose of a national park and forest reserve in the Appalachian Mountains within the States of West Vir- ginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Tennes- see, in total extent not to exceed four mil- lion acres, and to care for, protect, use, and said any part of it when so purchased for a na- tional park. Src. 2. That the Secretary of Aocri- culture is hereby empowered and directed and regulations and forest make accessible the reserve or to make such rules establish such service as he may deem necessary for the care, protection, and use of such forest reserve, and to sell such wood and timber as may be removed with out injury to the forest: 7? led, That no wood or timber shall be sold otherwise than by public auction, except to actual settlers. and in no case at less than the ap praised value thereot: i further, That the proceeds of such s le “shall be covered into the Treasury of the United States atte defravine all exper 298 for the care, maintenance, and improve- ment of the same. Sec. 3. That the sum of ten million dol- lars, or as much thereof as may be re- quired, is hereby appropriated for the pur- chase of lands for a national park and for- est reserve, as hereinbefore specified, said reserve to be known as the ‘‘ McKinley National Park and Forest Reserve”; and said ten million dollars shall be available until the expiration of the fiscal year nine- teen hundred and ten and nineteen hundred and eleven unless sooner expended. ad The Division of Forestry, of the Interior Depart- ment has been completely reorganized. Final ac- tion has just been taken by Secretary Hitchcock, who has appointed four trained foresters, to assist in handling the many forest problems that are constantly coming up in his department. The action of the secretary means much to the West, as the administration of the immense forest re- serves of the country will hereafter be in the hands of men especially trained for the work. Not only has Secretary Hitchcock brought to his aid trained foresters, but he has prepared instructions to guide the future management of the Division. The move is expected to result in scientific work for reforestation and the better care of the reserves, which now include nearly 50,000,000 acres of land in different states. Mr. Filibert Roth is to be the head of the reorganized division. He was in the Division of Forestry, of the Department of Agriculture for many years. He is an old buffalo hunter, cow puncher, sheep raiser, and lumberman, and in addition has had two years’ experience as a professor in the New York State College of Forestry. The other appointees mone Smith Riley and William H. B. Kent as head rangers; Edward T. Allen, of the State of Wash- ington, forest inspector, and Henry J. Tompkins, forest expert. Mr. Tompkins is a graduate of Cornell, has had field ex- perience, both as an assistant, and man in charge of field forces. Allen, Riley and Kent have had both technical and practical] experience. The secretary has also prepared rules Foresters for the Interior Department. THE FORESTER. December, covering the questions of grazing, and of the business administration of the Division of Forestry. He believes grazing permits should be issued only for periods of five years, and that preference should be given residents in the vicinity of the reserves, as against persons from a distance, or resi- dents from other states. Local questions, he holds, should be decided upon local grounds, and in each case upon the merits of the question involved. The sale ot mature timber is to be en- couraged, as well as the disposal of ‘+ dead and down timber,” which is a menace to the forests. In the sales of timber market prices will rule, and a list of salable tim- ber is to be kept in the office of every tim- ber supervisor. All applications for timber permits are to be promptly disposed of in the future, as delays in this direction in the past have led to much criticism of the depart- ment. It has been determined that after Jan- uary I, 1902, all timber killed by fire will be charged for at the same rate as green timber. This is designed to prevent the burning of timber by lumbermen who wish to secure permission to cut it under the rules governing ‘‘dead and down” timber. Ped Meeting of The first annual meeting Tennessee of the Tennessee Forest Forest Association was held in Association. the Chamber of Com- merce, Nashville, No- vember 12 and 13. The opening session on November 12 was called to order at g: 00 A.M. by the President of the Asso- ciation, Dr. B. J. Ramage. The address of welcome was delivered by Mi. W..@ Collier, President of the Chamber of Com- merce, after which a series of interesting papers were read. Col. >). Bo Killibremg of Nashville, read an interesting paper on the ‘* Necessity of Preserving the Forests of Tennessee and the Legislation Necessary for that Purpose.” Dr. C. A) Schemes Director of the Biltmore Estate, followed with a paper on ‘‘ Forestry as a Business.” The morning session closed with a paper on **Some Native Trees for Parks and Yards,” by. Drs J.) J. BD.) Hinds, obmiie University of Nashville. The afternoon session was opened by Mr. J. E. Goodwin, with a paper on IQOl. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. Reprinted trom the September For ESTER. A NATIVE SAWMILL IN THE PHILIPPINES. Courtesy Dr. John Gifford. SAWING BOARDS BY HAND IN FRANCE. SHOWS THAT PRIMITIVE LUMBERING METHODS AR} STILL IN USE. FROM PHOTO TAKEN NEAR PARIS. 300 ‘¢Forests and Salubrity.” Mr. R. W. Powell followed taking for his subject ‘©The Relation of the Forests of Ten- nessee to the Manufacturing Industries.” At the evening session Professor Chas. A. Keffer addressed the members of the Asso- ciation on ‘* Forestry a Problem in Econ- omics.” The second day of the meeting was opened with a paper on ‘* Arbor Day,” by Hon. Morgan C. Fitzpatrick, Superin- tendent of Public Instruction. The Asso- ciation then proceeded to elect officers for the ensuing year, the following being the result: Cal J. 8: Killebrew, Giceeniente Prof. Chas. A. Keffer, of Knoxville, Binet Vice-eresident;) Dr. B. yo Ramage; jot Sewanee, Second Vice-President; L. E. Rehse, of Memphis, Third Vice-President ; Dr. LC. Glenn, Secretary and Treasurer; RK W.- Powell ix Hl: Baird, Dies Jiocils 1B Pinds. = andi). evdwint Executive Council. « For a State At its next session the Forest School. Legislature of Pennsyl- vania will be asked to es- tablish a School of Forestry. Its object will be to educate and train young men to take charge of and care for the immense forest reservations which the State is ac- quiring. In round numbers these reserva- tions scattered through the central and eastern portions of the Commonwealth already exceed 400,000 acres. The scheme of a State Forest School is a very comprehensive one. The number of its students will be limited. They will be educated and supported at the State’s ex- pense, but in return they must give bond to refund the amount expended in their education if they ae the employ of the Commonwealth. J.) To Nothrock, Commissioner of 7 ae for Pennsy I: vania, in an interview printed in the Phila- delphia Press, has the following to say regarding the proposed school: ‘*T want to establish a School of For- estry with a first class of twenty boys: i would have them selected by competitive examination, after which they would have to. undergo a physical examination to demonstrate that they have the health and strength necessary to become foresters. Having sucessfully passed these require- ments the applicant would then be entered as aforest apprentice. This would entitle THE FORESTER. December, him to receive his board and lodging at the expense of the State, and a small sum of money each month for clothing. ‘** As to the school itself I would make the term necessary to graduation full six years. In addition to the forester now employed by the State, I would have an additional teacher to give instruction in mathematics, surveying, and road-making, and an additional instructor familiar with trees and the animal life of this State. That would constitute the faculty of the School. ‘¢ Before any student could enter the School he would be compelled to give sub- stantial bond to reimburse the State for all the expense it might incur in his educa- tion and care, if at any time within the first two years he should fail in his ex- amination or be dismissed for cause. Dur- ing these first years the apprentice would, under the personal supervision of his in- structors, pass at least three days each week in actual work in the State forests. The remainder of his time, excluding va- cations, would be spent in ciasses and in- door work. Only such studies as would be of practical benefit to him as a forester would be included in the curriculum of the school. ‘¢ At the end of two years, if the stu- dent has passed his examinations success- fully and given additional satisfactory bond, he seule be advanced to the grade of Cadet and wear a uniform. By virtue of his position he would be recognized as an officer of the State and clothed with power to make arrests and act as peace- officer on State reservations. He would be placed in charge of small classes of beginners, to familiarize himself with the work of directing and managing men. ‘¢ At the end of the third year he would be granted a larger allowance for clothing and the close of the fourth year would see him advanced to the grade of Assistant Forester. He would then be entitled to a suitable change in uniform and additional compensation. At the close of the sixth year, having passed all of his examina- tions successfully, he would receive a diploma and the degree of Forester. The ranks of the school would be filled by the admission each year, after the first year, of a limited number of students, not to exceed twenty, by competitive examina- tion. I9Ol. AMERICAN ‘¢ Ample precaution would be taken to prevent the admittance of students who did not intend to make forestry their life profession, and there would further be no period during the six years of school life when the student would not be required, or at least liable, to do manual work in the State forests for at least half his time. In this way there would be constantly in the employ of the State and under the di- rection of the Forest Commissioner a trained body of young men, educated and experienced and able to take charge of the forest interests of the State.” we Secretary Hon. James Wilson, Sec- Wilson on retary of Agriculture, is Appalachian strongly in favor of the Reserve. establishment of a forest reserve in the southern Appalachian mountains, as the following from his annual report will show: FORESTRY AS sy { )¢ \ ] [ ¢ IN. Che ion ( is mn n ] | nent protect the ! streams, to maintain an impaired supply Oo} a national recreation ground the single exception of the Adi will be readily accessible to a l m- ber of people than any other forest 7 n in the [ nited States. I believe t t these considerations render the purcha by the Federal Government of the proposed re- serve in the southern Appalac hians desir- able in every way. The policy involved is not new. The proposed pur hase will not involve the creation of a precedent for that has already been done. In 1806 the Government purchased from the Blackfeet Indians of Montana an area of approxi- mately 615,500 acres for the sum of $1,500,000, and on February 22. 1807. became part of the Flathead Forest Re serve.” PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT’S MESSAGE. STRONG RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION, UBLIC opinion throughout the United States has moved steadily toward a just appreciation of the value of for- ests, whether planted or of natural growth. The great part played by them in the cre- ation and maintenance of the national wealth is now more fully realized than ever before. Wise forest protection does not mean the withdrawal of forest resources, whether of wood, water, or grass, from contributing their full share to the welfare of the people, but, on the contrary, gives the as- surance of larger and more certain sup- plies. The fundamental idea of forestry is the Jerpetuation of forests by use. For- est protection is not an end of itself; it is a means to increase and sustain the re- sources of our country and the industries which depend upon them. Zhe preser- vation of our forests ts an tmperative business necessity. We have come to see clearly that whatever destroys the forest, except to make way for agriculture, threat- ens our well-being. NATIONAL ForREST RESERVES. The practical usefulness of the national forest reserves to the mining, grazing, irri- gation, and other interests of the regions in which the reserves lie has led to a wide- spread demand by the people of the West for their protection and extension. The forest reserves will inevitably be of still greater use in the future than in the past. Additions should be made to them when- ever practicable, and their usefulness should be increased by a thoroughly busi- ness-like management. At present the protection of the forest reserves rests with the General Land Of- fice, the mapping and description of the timber with the United States Ge Survey, and the preparation of plan their conservative use with the Bur Forestry, which is also char general advancement of practical fore in the United States Ch ’ tions should be united 1n | Forestry, to which they properly 302 AGES ENOUISS Se EGIN The present diffusion of responsibility is bad from every standpoint. Its prevents that effective codperation between the Government and the men who utilize the resources of the reserves, without which the interests of both must suffer. The sci- entific bureaus generally should be put under the Department of Agriculture. The President should have by law the power of transferring lands for use as for- est reserves to the Department of Agricul- ture. He already has such power in the case of lands needed by the Departments of War and the Navy. The wise administration of the forest reserves will be not less helpful to the in- terests which depend on water than to those which depend on wood and grass. The water supply itself depends upon the forest. In the arid region it is water, not land, which measures production. ‘The western half of the United States would sustain a population greater than that of our whole country to-day if the waters that now run to waste were saved and used for irrigation. Zhe forest and water problems are perhaps the most vital internal questions of the United States. GAME PRESERVATION. Certain of the forest reserves should also be made preserves for the wild forest crea- tures. All of the reserves should be bet- ter protected from fires. Many of them need special protection because of the great injury done by live stock, above all by sheep. The increase in deer, elk, and other animals in the Yellowstone Park shows what may be expected when other mountain forests are properly protected by law and properly guarded. Some of these areas have been so denuded of sur- face vegetation by overgrazing that the ground- breeding birds, including grouse and quail and many mammals including deer, have been exterminated or driven away. At the same time the water-stor- ing capacity of the surface has been decreased or destroyed, thus promoting floods in times of rain and diminishing the flow of streams between rains. In cases where natural conditions have been restored for a few years, vegetation has again carpeted the ground, birds and deer are coming back, and hundreds of persons, especially from the immediate December, neighborhood, come each summer to en- joy the privilege of camping. Some at least of the forest reserves should afford perpetual protection to the native fauna and flora, safe havens of refuge to our rap- idly diminishing wild animals of the larger kinds, and free camping grounds for the ever-increasing numbers of men and wo- men who have learned to tind rest, health, and recreation in the splendid forests and flower-clad meadows of our mountains. The forest reserves should be set apart forever for the use and benefit of our people as a whole and not sacrificed to the short-sighted greed of a few. The forests are natural reservoirs. By restraining the streams in flood and re- plenishing them in drought they make pos- sible the use of waters otherwise wasted. They prevent the soil from washing, and so protect the storage reservoirs from fill- ing up with silt. Forest conservation is therefore an essential condition of water conservation. RECLAMATION OF ARID LANDS. The forests alone cannot, however, fully regulate and conserve the waters of the arid region. Great storage works are necessary to equalize the flow of streams and to save the flood waters. Their con- struction has been conclusively shown to be an undertaking too vast for private ef- fort. Nor can it be best accomplished oy the individual states acting alone. Far- reaching interstate problems are involved ; and the resources of single states would often be inadequate. It is properly a na- tional function, at least in some of its fea- tures. It is as right for the National Gov- ernment to make the streams and rivers of the arid region useful, by engineering works for water storage, as to make useful the rivers and harbors of the humid region by engineering works of another kind. The storing of the floods in reservoirs at the headwaters of our rivers is but an en- largement of our present policy of river control, under which jievees are built on the lower reaches of the same streams. The government should construct and maintain these reservoirs as it does other public works. Where their purpose is to regulate the flow of streams, the water should be turned freely into the channels in the dry season to take the same course under the same laws as the natural flow. Igol. _ The reclamation of the unsettled arid public lands presents a different problem. Here it is not enough to regulate the flow of streams. The object of the Govern- ment is to dispose of the land to settlers who will build homes upon it. To ac- complish this object water must be brought within their reach. The pioneer settlers on the arid public domain chose their homes along streams from which they could themselves divert the water to reclaim their holdings. Such opportunities are practically gone. There remain, however, vast areas of public land which can be made available for home- stead settlement, but only by reservoirs and main-line canals impracticable for private enterprise. These irrigation works should be built by the National Government. The lands reclaimed by them should be reserved by the Government for actual settlers, and the cost of construction should so far as possible be repaid by the land re- claimed. The distribution of the water, the division of the streams among irriga- tors, should be left to the settlers them- selves in conformity with State laws and without interference with those laws or with vested rights. The policy of the Na- tional Government should be to aid irriga- tion in the several States and Territories in such manner as wi!l enable the people in the local communities to help them- selves, and as will stimulate needed re- forms in the State laws and regulations governing irrigation. Witt BENEFIT ENTIRE COUNTRY. The reclamation and settlement of the arid lands will enrich every portion of our country, just as the settlement of the Ohio and Mississippi valleys brought prosperity to the Atlantic states. The increased de- mand for manufactured articles will stimu- late industrial production, while wider home markets and the trade of Asia will consume the larger food supplies and ef- fectually prevent western competition with eastern agriculture. Indeed, the products of irrigation will be consumed chiefly in upbuilding local centers of mining and other industries, which would otherwise not come into existence at all. Our people as a whole will profit, for successful home making is but another name for the up- building of the nation. The necessary foundation has already AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. been laid for the inauguration of the p just described. It would be unw begin by doing too much, tor 1 rreat deal will doubtless be learned both as to what can and what cannot be safe . tempted, by the early efforts, of necessity be partly experimental in character. At the very be einning the Government should make clear. be yond shadow of doubt, its intention to pursue this policy on lines of the broadest p iblic interest. No reservoir or canal should ever be built to satisfy selfish personal o1 local interests; but only in accordance with the advice of trained experts, after long investigation has shown the locality where all the conditions combine to make the work most needed and fraught with the greatest usefulness to the community asa whole. There should be no extrava- gance, and the believers in the need of ir- rigation will most benefit their cause by seeing to it that it is free from the least taint of excessive or reckless expenditure of the public moneys. Whatever the nation does tension of irrigation for the should harmonize with, and tend to improve, the condition of those now living on irrigated land. We are not at the starting point of this de- velopment. Over two hundred millions of private capital have already been ex- pended in the construction of irrigation works, and many million land reclaimed. Dhey were supplied with Johnson pumps, fires in the mountains about Laurel Creele From Parkersburg, comes the report that a fierce fire during the latter part of November raged all the way from Park- ersburg to Grafton along the B. P. O. Railroad, much fencing was destroyed, and thousands of acres of valuable timber were burned over. Tgol. Virginia.—Early in November it was learned in Roanoke, that forest fires were raging along the slope of the mountains in Tazwell County between Graham and Flat Top yards. Owing to the falling leaves and absence of rain for several weeks, the flames made great headway. The moun- tain was at one time covered by a sheet of flames, and a vast amount of pine timber and fences have been burned or ruined. The flames crossed from one side of the railroad and river to the other at numer- ous places. Ohio.—Forest fires caused considerable damage to farmers near Arcadia, last month. Three disastrous fires have been reported from this section. New York.—A forest fire broke out on Luzerne mountains in the Adirondack region one day in November and Fire Warden Roach had a large gang of men EFFECTS OF A FOREST FIRE, BIG BROOK, WHITNEY PRESERVE, working all night to prevent it from spread- ing. About 500 acres were burned over. Early in the month a fire broke out in the AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 313 woods south of the railroad track at Islip, Long Island, and was driven by the heavy north wind toward the village. It spread rapidly, and when it reached a small ham- let half a mile to the north, the villagers turned out in force to fight the fire, and succeeded in starting a back fire and head- ing off the main blaze. But for the timely and efficient work of the fire fighters the hamlet would undoubtedly have been wiped out. Illinois.—It was learned from dis- patches sent out from St. Louis, on No- vember 17th, that forest fires were raging in the vicinity of Red Bud and Alto Pass, Illinois. North of Red Bud the woods along the Black Creek and Richland Creek bottoms caught fire and the farmers of the region were compelled to fight the flames to save their homes. Farm property in the vicinity of Alto Pass was greatly endangered by forest fires YORE. NEW ADIRONDACKS, which burned in the timber west and south of that place. Dense smoke enveloped the whole territory. out in response to a call for help from the The town people turned 214 De Ge Onu dey ile acc people in the country and strenuously fought the flames. The fire at one time reached a point only half a mile from the town, and was being driven by a high wind. Much fencing and several fruit orchards were destroyed. Missouri.— About the middle of Novem- ber forest fires broke out south of Poplar Bluff, Missouri. The sky was soon cov- ered with dense volumes of smoke and a great amount of property was endangered. Hunters were driven in on account of the intense heat and smoke, and they reported Vecember, that deer, wolves, and other game fled north to escape the flames. Arkansas. — A telegram from Sedg- wick, on November 16, stated that the plant ot the Culver Lumber Manufactur- ing Company was burned, along with sev- eral hundred thousand feet of lumber. Tennessee.—During the second week in November a fire broke out in the oak and chestnut forests near Sewanee, Tenn., and before it could be controlled damaged several hundred acres of timber. TWENTY NATIVE FOREST TREES OE INE BRA Slee By Dr. Cuarues E. BEssEy, OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA. N studying the forest trees of Nebraska it has been a comparatively easy mat- ter to determine the fact that by far the greater number of species have mi- grated out upon the plains from the great body of North American forests lying in the Mississippi Valley and _ eastward. These trees found their way into what is now the State of Nebraska by way of the forests which border the Missouri River. As we pass downward along the river from southeastern Nebraska the forest belt becomes larger and larger until it event- ually merges into the gr Seni body of forest trees lying on the easterly side of the Miss- issippi V alley. The trees which have come into Ne- braska in this way are the common Red Cedar, Pawpaw, probably all of our Wil- lows which attain the dimensions of trees (six in number), one Cottonwood, Bass- wood, all of our Elms (three in number), Hackberry, Mulberry, all of our species of Ash trees (three in number), our Wild Apple, four species of Hawthorns, June Berry, Wild Cherry, Choke Cherry, Wild Plum, Coffee Bean, Honey Locust, Red- bud, Sycamore, two species of Bacto n, Buckey e, one of our Maples, Box elder, Sumach, two species of Walnut, all of our Hickories (five in number), all of our Oaks (nine orten in number), Ironwood, Blue Beech, and possibly one Birch. There are thus fifty-six or fifty-seven species of trees which have without much question come into the State from the forests of the South- east. The trees which have come into the State from the Rocky Mountain forests number but ten species, and they have made much less impression upon the forests of the State than those which came from the eastern forests. In this list are the Bull Pine, the Western Red Cedar, four species of Cottonwood, Buffalo Berry, one Maple, and two Birches. There are sixty-six or sixty-seven species of native trees in Nebraska, and of these fifty-six or fifty-seven have advanced into the State from the southeast, while ten have advanced eastward more or less into the State from the Rocky Mountain forests being west of the State line. I have shown elsewhere that these trees are not now, and probably never have been, at rest in the State. Some of them are possibly los- ing their foothold, but others are certainly advancing still further into the State. For this paper I have selected twenty of the Nebraska trees, as through a discussion of their distribution it will not be difficult to understand that of all the species. For a similar discussion of all the species see my paper ‘* The Forests and Forest Trees of Nebraska,” published in the Annual Report of the Nebraska State Board af Igol. Agriculture for 1899, and issued late in 1900. Buti PINE. Pinus scopulorum (Engelm.) Lem- mon.—Our tree is what Engelmann sep- arated as the variety scopulorum of P. ponderosa in the Botany of California, Vol. II., p. 126 (1880). It has been doubted whether this is entitled to more than varietal rank, since our trees are but little different from those on the Pacific coast, which are regarded as typical. If this is to be deemed a variety our tree will then be named P. ponderosa scopulorum Engelmann, otherwise it will be given as above. ; This tree forms dense forests in the northwestern and northern portions of the State, extending from the Wyoming line along Pine Ridge and the Niobrara River to the eastern boundary of Rock and Keya Paha counties. It occurs also on the AMERICAN FORESTRY ASS ICIATION. occurred in Franklin county in the Re: lican valley where it seems now t tinct. (See map Novis) ue this is proving to be a y 1a growing in the Sand Hills of N EASTERN Rep CEDAR. Juntperus virginiana lL. Sp. P (1753).—Eastern Nebraska streams and occasionally scattered ove the hills in central Nebraska. and possibly the western border. This Red Cedar does not occur in dense growths any p in the State. It very freely planted, and without question many of the trees were brought from too far east and south to thrive on the plains. They should be grown from seeds from Nebraska trees. e has been Rep CEDAR. Juniperus scopulorum (Sargent) Garden and Forest, 10 (1897).—This species has WESTERN been so much confused with the foregoing that it is quite difficult to assign its range All the Red with accuracy. Cedars in the State were until recently be of one species, namely, the first mentioned, but Pro- supposed to fessor Sargent has deter- mined that in western Ne- braska many, if not all, of the trees belong to the western MAP NO. I.—DOTTED SECTIONS SHOW DISTRIBUTION OF BULL PINE IN NEBRASKA. North Platte River as far east as Deuel county, and also south of that river on the mountainous uplift known as the Wild Cat Mountains. It is so abundant in the latter region that sawmills have been erected, and much lumber manufactured from it. It is said to occur, also, in iso- lated patches on the high rough land _ be- tween the North Platte River and Pine Ridge. I have myself not seen the pine in this latter locality, but it is so reported by government surveyors. It occurs in limited areas in the Loup Valley in the eastern edge of the Sand Hills, and also in Greeley and Custer counties. It for- merly occurred along the Platte River eighteen or twenty miles east of the junc- tion of the North and South Platte forks, as is shown by fragments of roots dug from the ground. Similarly, it formerly species. In assigning its range, I should give it as the western countiesof Nebraska extending eastward along the Platte and the Niobrara rivers for a hundred miles o1 more. ‘These two distin- guished by the fact that in the western species the fruits are larger and do not ripen until the second year, while in the eastern species they ripen durine the first autumn. are more inclined to grow into compact, rounded tops, and the foliage is usually Nebraska _ horticult trees may be In the western species the trees more glaucous. long ago noticed the difference between the two species, and p anted the we rn under the name of ‘‘ Platte Ceda ind ‘¢ Silver Cedar.” CoMMON COTTONWOOD. Populus delt Marshall, Arbustum Americanum, 190! 1785).—This rapidly erowing tree which is common through- 316 out the State is in my opinion one of the most valuable of our native trees. The common practice of writers on arboricul- ture in describing the Cottonwood as worthless is not to be sanctioned, as the tree grows easily on all situations, and produces in a short time good fuel and valuable lumber. That the fuel is not as good as beech and hickory may be ad- mitted, and yet as we cannot grow these we may as well accept Cottonwood fuel at its fair valuation, remembering that it was produced in a wonderfully short time. It may be questioned whether the annual heat producing product is less in the Cottonwood than in the Beech and Hickory, when the difference in the rate of growth is taken into con- sideration. Basswoop oR LINDEN. Tilia americana L. Sp. Pl. 514 (1753).— South- eastern to northern counties from Jefferson to Gage, Richardson, Cass, Saun- ders, Nanice,, Douelas, Knox, Rock, Brown, and Cherny.) (see Map sNomee.))) slanted successfully somewhat westward of its na- tural range. WuitE Em. Ulmus americana L. Sp. Pl. 226 (1753). —Throughout the State; in some places, rare and much scattered, but in other places, especially in the eastern portions sometimes very abundant. This is the finest and most successful of our native trees for shade and ornament. It grows rapidly after careful setting in any situation, in fully one-half of the State, and in the central and western por- tions it grows well under irrigation, or in the moist cafions. In some of these cafi- ons I have seen as fine specimens of this noble tree as grown anywhere in the country. Rep Eto. Ulmus fulva Michaux Boreali-Ameri- cana, I: 172 (1803).—In some recent lists this bears the name U. pubescens Walter, Flora Caroliniana (1788), and there is reason to believe that this may be the prior name. Common in the eastern part of the state to Franklin, Adams, Buf- THE “PORE SaE RS December, falo, and Brown counties, and reported from the valley of Medicine Creek in Fron- tier county. Is successfully grown for some distance beyond its natural range. HACKBERRY. Celtis occidentalis L. Sp. Pl. 1044 (1753 )-—More or less common through- out the State, but less abundant in the west. One of the best trees for ornamental plant- ing. Its tough branches are rarely in- jured by snow, sleet, or storms of any kind. Its usual manner of growth is with a stout stem bearing a compact, rounded symmetrical top. MAP NO. 2.—SHOWS DISTRIBUTION OF BASSWOOD IN NEBRASKA. WuiteE ASH. Fraxinus americana L. Sp. Pl. 1057 (1753).—-In eastern Nebraska from Sarpy county southward. This is the species which many planters supposed they were setting on their farms, while as a matter of fact they were planting the Green Ash. There are many fine trees of ‘the White Ash in the forests along the Missouri River, and in many places in the eastern portion of the State it is successfully grown from plantings. As it is very much more valuable than the Green Ash, wherever possible it should be planted rather than the inferior species. GREEN ASH. Fraxtnus lanceolata Borkhausen, Hand- book Forst. Bot. (1800). It received the later name J. vérzdis by Michaux filius in Histoire des Arbres (1813), and the latter name has been very generally adopted by American botanists, and is still used in Gray’s and Coulter’s Manuals. —Common along the streams throughout the State. This is the ‘* Ash” which is most com- monly planted on the plains, and while it IgOl. AMERICAN occasionally produces a good tree, it is by no means as valuable as the White Ash. As the latter tree will grow well in many places where the Green Ash is planted it is to be recommended instead of the in- ferior species. The tree of the Green Ash is much smaller, and of less upright growth, and it is so subject to the attacks of borers that in many places in Nebraska it is almost impossible to find a perfect specimen. Honey Locust. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Sp. Pl. 1056 (1753)-—In nearly all publications the FORES’ rRY ASSOCIATION. 17 a to this tree, since the spec imens in his her barium with this name attached. as well as the original des« ription, agree fully with ourtree. Dr. Gray long ago (1829). in a letter to Dr. Torrey (Letters of Ree Gray I: 150), called his attention to the fact that Linné’s name above referred to the tree subsequently described by Michaux (F]: Bor. Am. 2: 253, 1802) as .A. ertocar- pum, which is identical with Ehrhart’s A. dasycarpum. For some reason, not now regarded as valid, no effort was made to restore this name, and so we find that in all the editions of Gray’s Manual, down to the present, the been permitted to stand. In the counties east of the MN ninety-eighth meridian, Tis where it error has grows naturally along the streams and in the lands. West of this line it is planted abundantly low ag. and it thrives in nearly all MAP NO. 3.—SHOWS DISTRIBUTION OF HONEY LOCUST IN NEBRASKA, generic name is given as Gled¢tschia in spite of the fact that Linné spelled Gled7t- sta, evidently from Gleditsius, Latinized from the German Gleditsch. Southern, eastern, and northern counties from Frank- lin to Richardson, Lancaster, Douglas, Dixon, and Holt. (See Map No. 3.) Successfully grown far beyond its nat- ural range. ‘This is one of the desirable trees for planting on the plains. It is easy to propagate and may be transplanted without difficulty. SYCAMORE. Platanus occidentalis L. Sp. Pl. 999 (1753).-—Along the Missouri River from Richardson county to Douglas. Success- fully planted far beyond its natural range. It is one of the best trees for planting for shade and ornament in towns and cities. SILVER MAPLE. Acer saccharinum L. Sp. Pl. (1753)-—This tree is commonly given the name of A. dasycarpum Ehrhart, Beit- raege zur Naturkunde, 4: 24 ( 1789), but the name given by Linné certainly belongs 1055 parts of the State where ‘a sufficient water is available. =e = fad Box ELpeEr. >? Acer negundo L. Sp. Pl. 1056 (1758).—This is the Negundo aceroides Moench (Methodus Plantas Horti Botanici et Agri Marburgensis, 1794), and this name has been generally adopted in American man- uals. In Gray’s and Coulter's manuals this name is used. In some lists the name appears as Wegundo negundo (L.) Sud- worth, while in still others, as /A’u/ac negundo (L.) Hitchcock. Since, how- ever, this tree is really a maple, there is no good.reason for abandoning the name orig- inally given by Linné. Found throughout the State. This is another of the quickly grown native trees against which there is a good deal of unwarranted prejudice. It is true that it is not as valuable a tree as some in ley ] er al- my list, but it is easily erown und most any conditions, and produces within a few years a large quantity of fair fire wood. = lt is one of the hardiest of the trees of the maple family, \ nat urally as far north on the pl S “\ ley of the Saskatchewat River in the British possessions, and on the Central Plains it has pushe d out alo | ns and into the canons along with a tew eC! of our hardiest spe 318 BUTTERNUT. Juglans cinerea L. Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 1415 (1763).—Found sparingly in the south- eastern part of the State from Gage to Johnson, Nemaha, Otoe, and Cass coun- ties... (See Map, No 4) Successfully planted some- what outside of its natural range. WALNUT. Juglans nigra L. Sp. Pl. 997 (1753).—Found quite abundantly in the southern, eastern, and northern portions of the State, from Harlan county, Saline, and Lancaster to Burt, Dixon, Knox, Rock, and Cherry and eastward. (See Map No. 4.) One of the most generally planted trees for timber. It is successfully grown far outside ‘ts natural range. Some planta- tions are promising soon to bring in good returns of valuable timber. SHELLBARK HICKORY. Flicoria ovata (Mill.) Britton, Budlletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 15: 283 (1888). This was first called /uglans MAP NO. 5.—SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF BUR OAK, RED OAK, AND WHITE OAK IN NEBRASKA. ovata by Miller in the Gardener’s Diction- ary, edition (1768). In 1808 Rafinesque separated the hickories generally from the walnuts under the name //¢corza (by a typographical error printed ‘‘ Scorza”’), but Nuttall, in ignorance of this, made a genus with the same limitations, but with the name Carya (Genera of North Ameri- can Plants, 2°) 220, 1818). > INuttalls name was taken up by the botanists gene- rally, that of Rafinesque being allowed to THE FORESTER. December, remain in obscurity until it was revived by Britton in 1888. Through a mistake by Michaux (Flora Boreali-Americana, 2: 193, 1803) this was called by him ,/aelans alba, but it was not the 7. a/éa of Linné MAP NO. 4.—DOTTED SECTIONS SHOW THE DISTRIBUTION OF WALNUT AND BUTTERNUT IN NEBRASKA. (Sp. Pl. 997, 1753). Nuttall transferred this mistake, calling this tree Carya alba, the name by which it has generally been known. In Gray’s Manual, even in the latest edition, Nuttall’s name is_ used. Common in the southeastern counties from Gage to Cass. On account of the high value of the timber which this species yields, as well as for its nuts, it should be planted much more gener- ally than it has been hitherto. WHITE OAK. Quercus alba L. Sp. Pl. 996 (1753).—Confined to the southeastern part of the State, and certainly known to occur in Douglas, Cass and Nemaha counties. (See map No. 5 ) Although its natural range is limited to a narrow belt along the Missouri River, there is no reason for doubting the possibility of successfully growing it far beyond this region. As its wood is of such high value it would be advisable to plant freely of it especially in favorable situations, that is, on the richer and more moist lands of the eastern third of the State. Bur Oak. Quercus macrocarpa Michaux, Histoire des Chenes de lAmerique, 2 (1601)-—— The most widely distributed of our oaks, occurring throughout the eastern half of Igo}. the State west to an irregular line drawn from Harlan county to Custer and Chei ry. (See Map No. §-) tensively in the region of its natural r: inge, and for some distance beyond. Although its timber is by no means as valuable as that of the White Oak it furnishes a valu- able fuel, and is worthy of being grown for this purpose alone. That it can be grown very easily is shown by the fact that Should be grown ex- in many places the Bur Oak forests are now spreading spontaneously, without active aid from man. This is the case moreover along the western border of its range, as well as eastward. els LEADING citizen of Nebraska, aN when in Congress not many years ago, mildly opposed forestry and irrigation for the reason, as he said, that there was already an_ over-pro- duction of agricultural crops and_ that to add to dnete quantity meant still harder times for the farmer. This senti- ment is rather strong in parts of the East and South and it is the chief obstacle in the way of intelligent legislation. It is due in part to a misunderstanding of eco- nomic laws and in part to ignorance of the resources and requirements of the dis- tant West, an ignorance which is shared even by the settlers themselves. For the first time in history the Anglo-Saxon has to solve the problem of reclaiming an arid region. His forefathers belonged to the stronger race and taking for their share the best watered portions of Europe they drove the Latin nations south to the dry plains and low mountains adjacent to the Mediterranean Sea. Thus all our tradi- tions, our laws and customs, and all our systems of agriculture are planned for too much water instead of too little, for drain- age instead of irrigation. The truth is that instead of competitors we shall always be customers for our brethren to the East. The tillable lands of the inter-mountain region are so limited * Read at the Summer meeting of the Ameri- can Forestry Association, Denver, Col., Aug. 27 29. AMERICAN FORESTRY ee CLAMATION OF By R. L: ASSOCIATION. Rep Oat ~iercus rubra L. Sp. Pl. ; -Next to the Bur Oak, this the W distribution in the State. Tt ward from Richardson county t | ter and northward to Dixon. see M No. 5-) This species is worthy of very gen planting in the eastern half of the State. Its wood is valuable not only for { but still more for use in the manufacture of furniture, and there is no reason why thi supply should not be met in part by plant- ing on the eastern plains. THE ARID REGION.* FULTON. in extent, so widely scattered and rounded by customers in the cattle ranges, and along the railroads that there can never bea surplus for export. On the contrary we shall be obliged for ages to depend upon the great trading cen- ters of the older States for nearly all the manufactured articles we use. We will have plenty to give in exchange, of course, but nothing that will touch the producers of any class, farmer. It is one of the blessed things about oun great country that part of it natural which without coming incompetition with those of any other part. The different sections of the union so happily complement eac!l other in all the raw materials that the greater the : in any one part the greater the prosper so sur- mines, the much less the every has riches can be developed resources of wealth and ictivity it of all. The centers of the iron industry scattered from the lakes to the among the first beneficiaries of each 1 mining district. New England feels in het erowth of nt UA a new settleme Kansas to California and the new ditch built, not : that does not draw upon th the nail mills, t furniture ware houses ¢ ah ; Chus every farm } manutacturin: fit, for his m: men of his home town bet 320 THE FORESPER: December, with wages paid regularly. Every order anywhere in the Rocky Mountains sends that comes means mouths that must be fed back an electric thrill which not only en- and nobody can furnish the food but the — livens the shop where it is built, but it adds ORANGE ORCHARD AT REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA, ON LAND RECLAIMED BY ERRIGATION, nearby farmer. So that every enterprise to the consumption of the product of tha that makes work for a new locomotive region and to that extent makes prosperity. Igol. But it does not stop there. The shop that makes the locomotive sends to other shops for tools and machines, and they in turn send further for the tools that make the tools and the machines that make the machines, and the chain widens and ex- tends its reach clear back to the mine where the men dig out the ore, to the shops that make dye picks and shovels they use, to the forests where the handles are cut and to the mills that cut the lumber for erecting the shop. There is no hardwood west of the 100th meridian and in large sections there is no coal or iron. Tnene : is oil in places but its extent is uncertain. But even with fuel the absence of suitable materials will leave the west dependent for agricultural machinery of every kind, farming imple- ments, wagons, buggies, and fine furni- ture upon the older States for generations to come. It takes an age to build up such establishments as those turning out fine carpets, ribbons, watches, etc., and there will be a demand that will steadily grow with every passing year. This will give the American business man and manufacturer a market right at his door that will be far more valuable than all the foreign possessions we can ever acquire. Here we will make both sides of the bargain. Our foreign trade divides the benefits but if we trade be- tween ourselves we are both buyer and seller, maker and user and all the advan- tages are our own. Western America is the most heavily mineralized region on the globe and when its boundless riches are developed there will be a field for enter- prise not equalled since Columbus discov- ered America. It is a question what is to become of the large crop of mining, mechanical, and electrical engineers that are annually grad- uated from the universities of the country. They leave college to find every branch of business overdone and many of them turn to some very modest occupation, from peddling corsets to running cable cars until the time comes when they can gain a foothold in their chosen line. The reclamation of 100,000,000 acres or even a fraction of that number means opportunities for thousands of trained men. There will be importe int public canals and bridges, irrigation systems, and railroads to plan and oversee, there will be wor ks, AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 221 cities to build and oreat every kind to engage the ene reies of the wide feet enterprises of awake youne will wander re stle Ss men whose from the crowded east- ern home in search of opportunity and venture. acd- When we were children we used to sing ‘¢Uncle Sam is Rich Enough to Buy | All a Farm,” and this consciousness was a safety valve for all the discontent and envy arising from deprivation among the poor. The public lands were open and the tinker and the tailor. the bookkeeper and the barber, the labore) and his sons knew that if worst came to worst they could go west and find a quarter- section and make a home on it. Who can tell what misery, what riots, what anar hy, what class hatred we have esc: aped through this happy condition. But all that is a thing of the past now. The safety valve is closed. The tillable land is exhausted and the prairie schooner no longer flits across the country with a family aboard hunting for an open claim to settle on. The greater than ever before because the whole Middle West and even Iowa and are as thickly New York and New England were when they their sons and daughters out to fill up Ohio, Kentucky, and the Mississippi Valley. Then the home-seekers small fraction of territory compared with that which is swarming to-day. All New England, the Atlantic States, the whole Mississippi Valley clear to the foot of the Rocky Mountains is dotted with houses full of children who in years must have homes of their own. Where shall they go ? Shall they crowd out their older brothers on the farms or take lower wages and longer hours in the coal mine or the factory in places at all?) Who can think of such an alternative, with its privations, its strug- labor, its and hardship need is Kansas settled as sent came out of a school twenty order to get gles for a chance to strikes against hard conditions, without casting about for some relief. Whocan calculate the strain upon republican institutions when the hungry poor have no place to go and have the extravagance of the rich flaunted constantly in their faces Only divine intelligence could foretell the many ways in which the upbuilding of the West will benefit thé rest of the unio The vast sums spe nt in é 222 trol the floods of the Mississippi would be largely saved because foresting the va- cant lands, storing the winter floods, and soaking the dry plains with surplus water would go a long way toward preventing the yearly peril. The present system is going from bad to worse for already the bottom of the river is higher than miles of farms and thousands of houses, and every dollar spent in piling up levees makes it higher and increases the danger. Settlements develop mining as well as other industries, thus still further stimu- lating the demand for machinery, tools, powder, etc., which reaches all over the East. Every farm will be within reach of the hills that everywhere contain pros- a BE be @ rs Ea ® bs ‘3 THE FORESTER. December, supplies of all kinds, to say nothing of the population it always attracts, in the way of traders, professional men, and non- combatants of every kind. The miner is always a good liver and has no use for money except to spend it, and a mining community consumes more of the good things of life, per capita, than any other class of men. They send out the cash for everything they eat, drink, or wear, and it all has to be carried to them. They afford an excellent outlet for all the farm produce that can be raised and thus build up towns and villages in the valleys, mak- ing opportunities for professional and busi- ness men, which in turn draw upon the great trading centers of the older states. ARID LAND THAT CAN BE RECLAIMED. pects, and the young men will go there instead of fiddling their time away. They can work in a nice warm tunnel all through the storms of winter, piling up ore that can be hauled to mill when the roads open, and are likely at any stroke of the pick to discover a valuable mine, and a good mine is the greatest market maker in the world. The work itself requires immense outlays for labor, machinery, and The arid states are already valuable customers for their neighbors east of them, and when it is considered that a popula- tion fifty or a hundred times as great would not crowd them at all, their value as future allies can be imagined. The interchange of commerce has been the greatest incentive to ambition in all ages that the world has known, and to- day it is the dominating force, stronger {9Ol. than any other human passion. Wars have been waged and millions of lives sacrificed for the possession of this, that, or the other market, by the commercial nations. What war would give us a field for enterprise and commerce equal to this western world of ours? And this we have with no need for conquest. Only the tenderest ties exist between us. No bloodshed is necessary to secure it, no misery to follow its possession, no enemies to overcome. It is ours and it is the richest portion of the globe left unde- veloped. It has advantages unequalled in AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 2 many respects for there is no such thine as missing a crop, there is no lack of A ready market, no tever swaimps, or cholera but the sunniest. happiest and most healthful land that lies outdoors, with conditions that will train up a noble race of men and women who wil] build an empire in the West such as their fath- ers did in the East, and endow it with a high and splendid growth of American civilization. The adoption of an adequate policy to secure such splendid results would be a fitting opening for the twentieth century. al no plague RECENT PUBLICATIONS, Plant Life of Alabama. MouR. Contribution to U. S. Herbarium. Pp. 921. Plates XIII. The following excellent review of Dr. Mohr’s book was written by Professor John M. Coulter ard published in the November number of the Lotanical Gazette - ‘Dr. Charles Mohr has left behind him a most substantial monument. The bulky vol- ume before us contains the botanical records of ‘forty years of sojourn and wanderings’ through the State of Alabama. It may be added that the ‘wanderings’ were by no means aimless, but were those of a keen and tireless observer. Such a mass of observations by a single man is the possession of no other State. Itisa pleasure to note that the author was permitted to complete the organization of his notes of a lifetime into permanent and usable form. ‘‘The book presents the patient study of a great and interesting area, not by the perfunc- tory cataloguing of species collected, but by the discussion of the broad biological features which have determined the flora and its distribution. The author evidently fully appreciated the newer aspects of the problems of floras and has presented to us, in terms of Merriam’s life zones and Warming’s plant associations, the general ecologic and floristic features of Alabama. ‘The general discussion occupies 137 pages and is full of material for the student of phy- togeography. After some preliminary historical material, in which the work of such pioneers as Bartram, Buckley, Gates, Peters, Beaumont and Nevius, are fully noted, the general physio- graphic features of the State are presented under topography and geology, river systems and climate. Then follows an account of the general principles of plant distribution, the sig- nificance of life zones and of plant associations and formations being explained. These princi- By. DR. CHARLES ples are then applied to the flora of Alabama, which is presented in its general character and distribution. “The ecologic relations are considered under the following titles: forest flora, open land or campestrian flora, water and swamp flora, organ- otopic flora (epiphytic, saprophytic, parasitic and insectivorous plants), and introduced plants and their influence upon native plant associations. The distribution falls naturally under the two general heads of the Carolinian and Louisianian areas; the former including the mountain re- gion, the table-lands of the Warrior and Coosa basins, the region of the Tennessee river valley and the region of the lower hill country; the latter including the region of the central pine belt, the central prairie region and the mari- time pine region. “The systematic catalogue occupies 682 pages, and is‘a model of painstaking care in the way of bibliography, synonymy, and range. ‘Tt is a matter of great regret that the author was not spared long enough to receive the con- gratulations of his associates upon the appear- ance of his monumental work.’’ Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for 1go0o. Pp. 759. Tllustrated. As the Annual Report of the Smithsonian In- stitute for 1900, just issued, marks the close of the century, considerable space is given to reviews of the progress in various branches of science during the nineteenth century, prepared by men distinguished in their various fields. The sub- jects thus reviewed are Astronomy, Chemistry, Geology, Physics, Electricity, Geography, Biol- ogy, Medicine, Psychical Research, which, with an article on the Century’s Great Men of Sci- ence, furnish in brief a picture of scientific ac- tivity of the last century. China, which has figured so much in the public eye during the year past, is given especial prominence. There is a brief sketch of the Pekin Observatory, the looting of which created so much comment ; an article by the Chinese Minister, Wu Ting-Fang, on mutual helpfulness between China and the United States ; Chinese Folklore and some Western Analogies, and an exceptionally interesting account of the loot of the Imperial Summer Palace at Pekin in 1s This latter is an abridged translation from a journal written by Count D'Herisson, who was on the staff of the French General during the oer Anglo-French expedition to China in 1860 and an eye witness of the extraordinary scenes he de- scribes. It appears to have entirely escaped at- tention during the late crisis, although it has an interesting bearing on recent events and illus- trates in a curious manner how history repeats itself. Aéronautics, which only in the last decade has been growing to be considered a science, has several articles devoted to it by M. Janssen, Lord Rayleigh, Secretary Langley, and others. Among the thirty or more other articles there may be mentioned, as illustrating the variety of the subjects treated, papers on malaria and the transmission of yellow fever, by Surgeon-Gen- eral Sternberg; an essay on Huxley, by Pro- fessor Brooks, of Johns Hopkins, and a paper on so practical a subject as incandescent mantles. The Smithsonian Reports which are dis- tributed by the Institution to libraries through- out the world, may be had by purchase at cost price from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington City, and may generally be ob- tained, also, free of charge, from the applicant’s member of Congress. Notes on the Red Cedar. By the late Dr. CHAS. Mour. Published as Bulletin 31, Division of Forestry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. This bulletin deals with the economic value, uses and character of red cedar timber, and with silvicultural and botanical features of the spe- cies. It is fully illustrated by plates and figures. The cedar forests of the various States are described, including their yield of timber. The soil, climate, and the associated trees, which in- fluence the production of different qualities of cedar timber, are also considered. The structure and uses of red cedar wood are fully described, as are the germination of the seed and the growth of the tree from the seed- ling to maturity. The heights and diameters attained by cedar of various ages are shown by tables of measurement. The principal enemies of the red cedars (fire, live stock, fungi, and insects) are described in relation to the reproduction and growth of commercial timber. The bulletin concludes with notes on natural and artificial reproduction and the management of red cedar forests. The information given in this bulletin will be of special interest to the consumers of Red Cedar and to tree planters and owners of cedar-bearing lands. Deutsch-englisches Forstworterbuch. Diction- ary of English and German Forest-Terms. By KARL PHILIPP. Published by J. Neumann in Neudamm. This is a most useful publication of 107 pages giving first the German term with its English equivalent and in the second half of the book vice versa. Every student of forestry should own this book because it is useful and accurate. Some day we hope that Oberforster Philipp will add the French equivalents, then a definition and then finally convert it into an international encyclopzedic dictionary which is needed so much at present to universalize the meanings of many terms which are at present so vague, and often even misleading. Jeep IW ocleno bic gee Vecember, Most Americans who have travelled in the Black Forest have had the pleasure of meeting Oberforster Philipp. He speaks English, is young, active, and up-to-date. He was formerly forest assessor at Herrenwiess but is now stationed as Oberforster at Sulzburg. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. II. The Wyan- Bulletin No. 31, Pp. 30. Plates American Breeds of Fowls. dotte. By T. F. McGREw. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. xX", Figs: 3. Bulletin of the Bureau of American Republics. No. 4, Vol. XI., pp. 203. Insect Enemies of the Spruce in the North- east. By A. D. HOPKINS, Ph.D. Bulletin No. 28, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Pp. 80. Plates XVI., Figs. 2. The Fall Army Worm and Variegated Cutworm. By F. H. CHITTENDEN. Bulletin No. 29, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Pp. 63. Plates XI. Miscellaneous Results of the Work of the Division of Entomology. Performed under the direction of Dr: L. O. HowARD. Bulle- tin No. 30, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Pp. 97. Plates II., Figs. 209. Prunes and Prune Culture in Western Europe. By E. R. LAKE, Bulletin No. 10, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Pp. 22. Illustrations X. The Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. By Oscar LOEW and D. W. May. Bulletin No. 1, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Pp. 52. Illustra- tions III. The Tuberculin Test ef Imported Cattle. D. E. SALMON. Bulletin No. 32, Bureau of Ani- mal Industry, U.S. Dept. Agriculture. Pp. 22. Note on the Chicken Tick. By ALBERT HAs- SAL, of the Bureau of Animal Industry. Pp. 7. Illustrated. Experiment Station Record. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Vol. 12, No. 12, pp. 87. The Relation of Sparrows to Agriculture. By SYLVESTER JUDD, Ph.D. Bulletin No. 15, Division of Biological Survey, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Pp. 92. Plates IV., Figs. 19. Seeds of Commercial Salt Bushes. By G.N. CoLLINS. Bulletin No. 27 of the Division of Botany, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Pp. 28. Plates VIII. The Chayote: A Tropical Vegetable. By O. F. Cook. Bulletin No. 28, Division of Bot- any, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Pp. 30. Plates VIII. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Con- vention of the Association of Official Agri- cultural Chemists. Edited by HARVEY W. WILEY, Division of Chemistry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Pp. 152. Plates II. Shade in Coffee Culture. By O. F. Cook. Bulletin No. 25, Division of Botany, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Pp. 42. Plates XVI. Consular Reports for November. Vol. LXVII., No. 254, pp. 150. AMERICAN FQRESTRY ASSOCIATION. ORGANIZED APRIL, 1882. INCORPORATED JANUARY, 1897 THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. OFFICERS FOR 1oor. President, Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. First Vice President. Corresponding Secretary. Dr. B. E. FERNOw, Ithaca, N. Y. F Recording Secretary, GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY, . H. NEWELL, Washington, D. C, Treasurer, OTTO J. J. LUEBKERT, Washington, D. C. Washington, D. C. Directors. JAMES WILSON. HENRY S. GRAVES. EDWARD A. BOWERS. FREDERICK V. COVILLE. B. E. FERNoOWw. HENRY GANNETT. ARNOLD HAGUE. F. H. NEWELL. THOMAS F. WALSH. GIFFORD PINCHOT. GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY. Vice Presidents. Sir H. G. JOLY DE LOTBINIERE, Victoria, B. C. JOHN GIFFORD, Princeton, N. J CHesEEs C GEORGESON, Sitka, Alaska. M. RIORDAN, Flagstaff, Ariz. Renae McRag, Prescott, Ark. ABBOTT KINNEY, Lamanda Park, Cale HENRY MICHELSEN, Denver, Col. ARTHUR T. HADLEY, New Haven, Conn. Wo. M. Cansy, Wilmington, Del. A. V. CLUBBS, Pensacola, Fla. RB: REPPARD, Savannah, Ga. CHAS. DEERING, Chicago, Ill. JAMES TROOP, Lafayette, Ind. THOMAS H. MacBRIDE, Iowa City, Iowa. D. C. BURSON, Kans. JOHN R. PROCTER, Frankfort, Ky. LEWIS JOHNSON, New Orleans, La. EDWARD L,. MELLUS, Baltimore, Md. N. E. HANSEN, Brookings, S. D. JOHN E. Hopss, North Berwick, Me. N. S. SHALER, Cambridge, Mass. EDWARD F. HOBART, Santa Fe, N. M. W. A. WADSWORTH, Geneseo, N. Y. J. A. HOLMES, Raleigh, N. C. W. W. BaRRETT, Church’s Ferry, N. D. Wo. R. LAZENBY, Columbus, Ohio. APE SCont Stillw ater, Okla. J. T. ROTHROCK, West Chester, Pa. H. G. RUSSELL, E. Greenwich, R. I. THOMAS T. WRIGHT, Nashville, Tenn. W. GooDRICH JONES, Temple, Texas. C. A. WHITING, Salt Lake, U ee FRANK W. ROLLINS, Concord, N. H. REDFIELD PROCTOR, Proctor, vt D. O. NouRSE, Blacksburg, Va. ADDISON G. FOSTER, Tacoma, Wash. A. D. HOPKINS, Morgantown, W. Va. THOMAS F. WALSH, Washington, D. C. ELIHU STEWART, Ottawa, Ont. WM. LITTLE, Montreal, Quebec. GEO. P. AHERN, Manila, P. I. CHARLES W. GARFIELD, Lansing, Mich. 5, Won. R. CASTLE, Hawaii. WILLIAM TRELEASE, St. Louis, Mo. CHARLES E. BESSEY, Lincoln, Neb. Life Membership, with exemption from further dues, $100.00. Members receive THE FORESTER gratis. Annual Dues, $2.00. Sustaining Membership, $25.00 a year. To the Assistant Secretary, AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, Washington, D. C. DEAR SIR: I hereby signify my desire to become a member of the American Forestry Association Very truly yours, AN To ese a tetera te eee oe aot nd ie P. O. Address THE FORESTER. “The History of a Trademark.’’ The title of the leading chapter in Wonderland 1901 published by the Northern Pacific Railroad Co. will prove a strange revela- tion to all who read it. It unfolds the story of an ancient symbol of great significance to the Chinese, Koreans and Japanese, and one peculiarly appropriate in its oriental meanings and uses to the calling to which it has been wedded as a trademark symbol. The ancient and modern, the Oriental and Occidental, have been happily joined by this device, and the new awakening that has come to China and the part being played in the drama by the United States, invest this emblem and its story with an added interest. Wonderland 190! will be sent for price of the postage alone, Six Cents, to any address by CHAS. S. FEE; General Passenger Agent, St. Paul, Minneapolis. ERNEST SETON-THOMPSON Writes on ‘‘The Recognition Marks of Birds’’ and illustrates 18 species of Hawks and Owls in December Bird-Lore, and FRANK M. CHAPMAN begins a serial entitled ‘‘ How to Name the Birds,’’ to contain pictures of over 50 species. This number will be sent, free, to all new subscribers for 1902 and as A CHRISTMAS PRESENT We will mail it, with a properly inscribed Christmas card, giving your name as the donor of Bird-Lore, for 1902, to any address in time to be received on Christmas Day. ‘‘Bird-Lore has on its own merits taken its place in the front in the list of popular natural history magazines.’’— 7he Auk. Twenty cents a copy. One dollar a year. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Mulberry and Crescent Streets, Harrisburg, Pa. Kindly mention THE FORESTER in writing. age ee on “University % Pl DO NO REMOVE THE CARD FROM THIS POCKET Forestry Library ae of Toronto a Acme Library Card Pocket LOWE-MARTIN CO. timitep ences peepee int Au Oy Dye se seh " Ses date peewee ee “ a ee nar —- ee rege ern aoe, a pie sh Someta ei ee oer ee nn vonh me se nepenina rate ran eee ea enn es Tere arte © eS ited 3 : ya enna at ee eee nt Sr NT eee ret eos reese me tena ert Ananth wf REO rr enn