Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/americanforestsO8natiuoft FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION VOR a, 1962 OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE NATIONAL IRRIGATION ASSOCIATION H. M. SOTER, EpITOR AND PUB.ISHER WASHINGTON, D. C. “ae WASHINGTON, D.C. PRESS OF JUDD & DETWEILER — CONTENTS OF VOLUME VIII. CONTRIBUTED ARTICLES. Page Administration of U. S. Forest Reserves. Biliberew oth M... fo5 hoch hoak IQI, 241, 279 Agricultural Competition Impossible...... 7o Alaska, Forests of. Dr. B. E. Fernow..... 66 Alkali from Irrigation. Prof. R. H. Forbes. 249 American Forestry Association, Twentieth HAST MAINT el les Ente eats f <1) cP, aioe Soetaieiates! et 28 Appalachian Forest Reserve, The.......... 12 Arizona, Forest Conditions in Southern. ROR Alle Ce LQG 05. ok es 2 os vs. c cbieernte 501 Beetle Pest in the Black Hills Forest Re- serve, The. Filibert Roth............ 458 Berea College, Teaching Forestry at. S.C. ICTS OMS Hs » sev sfcj.c.«) «io olathe en eae 165 Black Mesa Forest Reserve, Grazing and Water Storage in the. A. F. Potter... 236 Boundary Line Between the Desert and the Forest; The. Sajaselolsinwers 3.2 das. 21 California-Nevada Reservoirs. F. H. Newell 78 Colorado, Extent of Irrigationin.......... 323 Colorado, Hydrography of. A. J,. Fellows. 205 Colorado River, Irrigation Possibilities of Ene Wower, | j-B.ippimcott..25.4.34. 06 153 Dendro-Chemistry, Recent progress in. William H. Krug... .257, 302, 342, 386, 476 Dendro-Chemistry, Work in. William H. MRT oe cree: c steht sPaleseiclowic Whiavors Sie la: flere 202 Diseases of Timber. HermannvonSchrenk. 60 Earthen Reservoirs. Arthur P. Davis..... 121 Ast lr sactor 1m thiey .). 4). : ants lad plasva > 298 Ree aMRNES Le. 3 hacc 2 os. 6 Me raieeid att de 511 Exotic Treesin Southern Florida, Planting Olen Joan Gittords, 04.2). 2 «se LO. 073 Fir, A Notable California. William Russel IDKEO DES eC eo Sere DOD EE an ca tcrar een 193 Fir, Notes on a Northwestern. J. Girvin SECL Se mene op Potttae nie 6 o's, eye aie oer diets 362 Fires in 1Igo1, Colorado Forest. Henry Wiyvelel Senna tetris. 9s hhto re veces III TTS @reSt a (ites evens sve ss <8 sy eve, ater heater 296 ices, Horest (September)* .. 20-2. cep ects 423 Fires in Oregon and Washington, Recent Motests Wwilliatm by Coxe ia... coe eee 462 Flood in Eastern Tennessee, May, Igor. New new ANSYEES ie i205) o1e ie. cir =o) 3) 108 6 ic gel dieteee 109 Flood in the Southern Appalachian Region, May, 1901., Wade MH. Harris...:...25% 105 Tiler bagtacnetoys tm isl) ene ae ae 340 Forest and Water Association in New York, ISGANHS SIRE Red? SaaS oh ca a 456 Forestry and Irrigation. George Hebard Mascwells 2.35... E5507 55 ody 1.72, 218,253 (iii) Page Forestry and Plant Ecology. Ernest Brunckeh , { .. tees sne tid. eens ee 251 Frost Checks and Wind Shakes. Eugene Bracevaste A Gis. bce eS A ee 159 Hardy Catdipa,: The ps.).:. ogden’ 2s ae eaepewe 518 Hawaiian Islands, Forest Conditions of the. Wie Ri Castle wise eit eg a re 37 Hemlock, “The Westerns (.2 eos pone ae 426 Humanitarian Aspect of Modern Irrigation. ‘Thomas sBawWalshties ste... eee 505 Ice Storms on Trees, Effect of. Herman H. Chapman! Si chet Ne: lan ae 130 Illegal Sheep Grazing in the Sierra Forest Reserves sohn De Welandias ts snes Immediate Future in Forest Work, The. GittordvBinchotie ericsson cette 18 Inrivation Ueillenhe ws | oasis asa 231, 276 Irrigation Creates Home Markets. Hon. James Wilson). piso soe aes setae oe 10 Jack Pine Plains of Michigan, The. Fili- bert Roth: 23 3k-8 A aie ade eee 413 Larch, A Plantation of EKuropean. Austin P. awes « aan «3 ee eas 472 Light out of Darkness. Guy Elliot Mitchell. 126 Lightning, An Elm Tree Struck by. L. H. Patnimelsiss4 2.25 eee ee ee ee 250 Lumber Industry in New York, The....... 381 Lumbering in New Hampshire. Albert T. Cooper and! di.7 5. Woolseyauiineentee tt 210 Maple Plantations in Vermont. George H. WO d5 2 eRe Pio MCE ec 05 Bia) o.c totes: 123 Maryland, Tree Planting in. Albert Neil- SOU AGENDA Sitar Sac, tte inh oe 72 Massachusetts, Forestry in. Warren H. LE bab bit-qheed A AR OPE ARTERIES cc 80 Mesquite, The; A Desert Study. S J. Hol- BIS SISA. Stleeterlssommcetae hagas ata oie eae 447 Michigan Forest Reserve, The. Thomas H. Sherrard: cite nee Coca, atte 404 Michigan Hardwood Forests, Management of. Walter C. Winchester............ 4II Model Farm in Texas, A; Notable Irriga- tion: Works, Tle yy tt. oe eee 331 Montana, Irrigations 50056... nas eae 379 National Irrigation Congress, The Tenth.. 400 National Irrigation Policy, A. Senator H.C. an Sbrouoh:. Poce sires «icity ahah oor 102 National Irrigation Works. Hon. Francis Gy Newlands: 25 15.0.2, 14a seston 63 Nebraska, Tree Growing in. Dr. Charles E. BESSCV . 3 3.) 2 Cedrela Odorata, Havana Botanical Gardens 175 Cement Lined Canal, Santa Ana (full page). 145 Chestnut Trees on Priestwood Farm, Md. (froutispiece) ...<..% «ge. seer 47 Chippewa Reservation, Cass Lake, Wis.... 313 Cimarron Valley Irrigation, Kans......... 354 Cork Oak, St. Raphael, Prance....-...-.7- 120 Corn Field Buried under Sand Bed.... .. 106 Cotton-Duck Hose, Home-Made.......... 200 Cover Design, ‘‘Speckled Trout Book’’... 221 Deep-Well Stock Watering Plants... ..... 394 Deforested Hillside, Effects of Erosion.... 337 Dutch Windmill at Lawrence, Kans....... 84 Delegates to Tenth Nat’! Irrigation Cong. Colo. Sp’gs (full: pagel). <.. «Seamer 437 Eucalypt Grove (frontispiece)...... ASRS Re 482 Pucaly person Parks... sakes. = Peetatee 514 Fir and Hemlock Forest, Oreg. (frontispiece) 351 Fire, Complete Destruction Following Lum- lGiniteka cee erUARA d Goomomucen cosa joes 409 Fires, Effect of Repeated (full page)...... 424 Fire, Forest Entirely Destroyed (full page) 230 Fire Results in Battle Mesa Reserve, Colo.. 296 Fire, Forest Ruined by, White River Re- Senve;, Colo cc iis «lac Seleneeeet tne 2017 Fireplace,(A: Practical). Ja2cc5 eee eae ees 435 Flat Uplands of the West, Lack of Irriga- Honl(frontisprece jase serele Betas 183 Elood;Gatawina: Ravetema ciao cerns: ancien 105 Flooded Farm Lands, Catawba River...... 108 Floods Along Nolichucky River, Effect of oR DL overs) eens eM aie Gola Gio Bae 339 Flow of Water on Strawberry Patch in © WHsconsings. >. ....nttn-te yee sen eee 198 Blume abavatayette, Calls: «1. is emeectectees 186 Flume for Irrigation, Greeley, Colo. (full PAPE) Riva Jc lcese Acted arena ca. 5 Seog tate pana 184 Forestry and Irrigation Call at the White HMiousel(Cartoon) se. aetacia- 1 eee 56 CONTENTS OF VOLUME VIII. Page Fowler Switch Canal, Cal............ 144 Mrost Check on Gpgmeers. oo ..2 3.6... e ee 160 Frost Check, Contraction, on Birch. ...... 163 Frost Cheek, Contraction, Sectional View. 161 Frost Check, Expansion, Sectional Views.. 162 Fruit Orchard, Irrigated, Yakima Valley, NO aaUMMNET SR REP IEEs he kta ck cls bees 17 NEM ntA ATION: Pieters. ss cee ee eee B22 Garden of the Gods, Entrance............ 358 Glacier, Trees Upset by, Alaska..... ..... 69 Hansbrough, Hon. H. C. (portrait)........ 235 Pratcy Garg Oa, SECON. .: .....-... Bate S20) Pateyataipa, Lopeca, Kats... ......<.. 441 Hardy Catalpa, 20-year-old Plantation in WOW" > oe CA eae Ro OReIOeOEEre OD on odoe 519 Hardwood Forest (frontispiece)........... 393 Hardwood Undergrowth under Mature HATES NTR: 5! 5, acc n at Ones aietepets trees hae nies 302 Hawatian Forest Growths................. 38 ennlocks(Plantedsinglo22emerer sant. 5). sist: 74 Hemlock Seedlings in Rotten Wood....... 428 Hitchcock, Hon. Ethan Allen (portrait)... 442 Honolulu, Bare Mountain Sides........... 39 Irricated@Ameass Cal sap)... js ote 22 Irrigated Areas in Colorado (map)......... 325 Irrigated Areas of Montanaimap)......... 380 Irrigated Areas of New Mexico (map)...... 274 Irrigated Farms, Atanum Valley, Wash.... 49 Irrigation Canal, Jennings, La. (full page). 367 Irrigation Plant on North Platte River, Wyo. 271 Jack Pine Barrens, Roscommon Co., Mich.. 414 Jaek Pine Destroyed by Fire....2......... 408 WabissbeaketGalwran mes. . ciate fe. le weiss 78 ‘‘ Kindred of the Wild,’’ Illustration from.. 305 Kukui Nuts, Aleurites Moluccana......... 117 Lake Superior Forest Reserve, Proposed ETE em safe cetera a, cots ores Wishess'ar so we 315 Laramie River Ditch, Sky Line Canal (full [DBIME) S55 CERES Ge CRA CR RSE ie mere 94 AU AL CUM A EATTOIE: ys liaise ss 4 o.s pele cies oistete 473 Larch Timber, Edge of Clearing..... 38 383 Lightning, An American Elm Struck ye SENT Beanlolly PINeg VAs ee. 22.5.5 > spied vs se 301 Locust Lane, Priestwood Farm, Md........ 326 Longleaf Pine Forest (frontispiece)........ 225 T,ower Colorado River, Boat on........... 153 Lower Colorado River, Dam Site.......... 154 Lower Colorado River, Valley of.......... 156 Lower Colorado River, Vegetation Along . 158 Lumber Camps, North Woodstock, N H.. 214 Lumber and Lumbered Land, North Wood- Gesell, HR r reek hiss... dees 211 McRae, Hon. Thoinas C. (portrait)... 190 Mahogany as a Shade Tree................ 176 Mange rest oi. 2. eee. ks. 174 Mason Valley, Nev., Land that can be Re- claimed by Eerigation. - Se teeaeee. 79 Maxwell, George Hebard (portrait)........ Mesquite Beans, Sheep Feeding on........ Mesquite, Coppice Reproduction, Pinal Co., AFADK: »: Gniswpuslel thal. Sapte Se Me as Mesquite Tree as Cut by Mexicans ....... Mesquite Tree, Mature, Maricopa Co., Ariz. Mesquite, Parasite on +.12.i taste vin wns ye ee Michigan Forest Reserve, Character of Lands Ob. ook ss Bic ee ae ee Mondell, Hon. Frank W. (portrait) Mountain Side, Forest-covered............ Newell, Frederick Haynes (portrait)....... Newlands, Hon. Francis G (portrait) ..... Nile Reservoir Dam at Assuan (frontispiece Noble-Fir,-Clear Length’. 72: 22.00 2 North Poudre Irrigation Company, Char- acter of Lands afi./iipeecs Tas veheanice North Poudre Irrigation Ditch (full page)... Norway Pine, Second.Growth............. Onion Field, Greeley, Colo..........5.... Oregon Forest (full page) Osage Orange }Plantatiome- iy sees eters nae Parry, David McLean (portrait) Pinehot, Gifford! Gportrait)b eee. eee Pine and White Oak ‘* Flat Woods”’’ After oe 2 a.s/a ® qe a8 aw 6, 2 9X ein) ©) elo) bce ee ey Tumbertng: . Sat eee ee Pine Beetles’ Attacks, Marks on Wood wide BAL RY ss cslors) aso sal eos ORE ela 345, Pine Beetle, Freshly Attacked Tree... . 344, Pine Reproduction in Black Hills Forest UES 0 REI or CCIE BTA Moin aise Go Pine Weevil, Tree Attacked by..0.j.c.+« Pinus Attenuata, Burned Area Self-sown.. . Pints Attenwata,, Cones Oke. .en ae enone Pinus Attenuata Covering Burned Slope... Pinus Echinataand Pinus Virginiana, Berea College sis... Pease sch see eee Poinciana Regia, Nassau. sacs eee: Polyporus Pinicola on Western Hemlock .. Rotate, Dusout (tml page)s. esas eee Potato Field Irrigated, Greeley, Colo. (full page) Potatoes Grown by Irrigation, North Ya- kniman Wash (fll parcel. ) s+ " Cee War ee { : : an i FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. ae | HEAVY SPRUCE TIMBER, MAD RIVER, NEW HAMPSHIRE. the appointment of a commission for the purpose. Generous appropriations by the state, to be expended in collabo- ration with the federal government in irrigation investigations. are urged. & Forest Con- Ex-Governor Frank W. ditions in New Rollins, President of the Hampshire. Society for the Protec- tion of New Hampshire Forests, in a recent interview, had the following to say concerning forest con- ditions in the Granite State and the work being done by the Society : ‘“Our work thus far has been along educational lines. We have had the service of several able speakers, who have gone about the state addressing various audiences. such as the granges, and gatherings of summer visitors at our mountain resorts It is the belief of the Society that, by pursuing this course, and by the publication of arti- cles in the newspapers of the state, a healthy sentiment may be built up toward the protection of our trees, and, further, toward the planting of new forests. ‘The Society has been bold enough to hire a forester, aman who has had a thor- ough education in forestry, and who has been doing practical forest work at Bilt- more for some time; he is now going about the state delivering lectures, and visiting the farmers and lumbermen, and giving them advice as to how to cut their timber, and how to plant new forests. His services are open to all residents of the state free of charge. ‘*It is said (by those who ought to know) that the best spruce timber re- 8 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. maining in the United States is in the mountain regions of New Hampshire, and there are also scattered about in various sections of the state consider- able quantities of white pine, which are being rapidly cut. It is not the object of this Society to prevent the cutting of timber, but to induce the lumbermen and the farmers to cut their timber according to the rules of forestry, so that the crop may be perpetual. ‘“Tt is unnecessary to point out how important it is to the State of New. Hampshire, and, in fact, to all of New England, that its forests should be per- petuated. This fact is recognized by all, and itis simply a question of means, and the best way to bring this about. It is a very difficult matter to regulate by legislation, though we think some- thing of a practical nature can be done in this line; but it can only be done after the people have been properly edu- cated. We think a great deal can be done by personal efforts among the lum- bermen, especially when we get them to understand that we are not trying to prevent the proper cutting of timber. We believe that timber is a crop which should be harvested, as much as rye or oats, but that it should be done in a sensible manner, looking to the future supply.’’ & New Forest The register and receiver Reserve. of the Kalispell (Mont. ) land office has received a letter from the Interior Department instructing him of the withdrawal of all lands from settlement in Montana north and west of the Kootenai River. The order will affect over 1,000,0co acres of land in Montana, besides 276,0CO acres in Idaho, which when surveyed will be made into a new forest reserve, to be known as the Kootenai Forest Reserve. January, Obituary. The many friends of Dr. Bernhard KE. Fernow, Director of the New York State College of Forestry, will greatly regret to learn of the death of his only daughter, Miss Gordon Fernow, which occurred on January 3. Miss Fernow died after a short illness, which resulted in blood poisoning. She was just twenty-one years of age, and was one of the most prominent members of the senior class in Sage College, Cornell University. Miss Fernow is survived by her parents and four brothers, two of whom are also students in the university. Fd In Connecticut. State Forester Mulford, of Connecticut, has re- ceived offers of land for the state park from twenty Connecticut towns. ‘These bids were received in response to the call which was sent out by Mr. Mulford sev- eral months ago, stating the provisions of the new state law, which took effect last August, under which the state is empowered to buy land for a practical demonstration of forest methods. The state already owns a sixty-acre tract of waste plain land above Rainbow, in the town of Windsor; and at the Poquonock experiment station Mr. Mulford is rais- ing thousands of young pine and spruce trees to be set out on sandy waste lands of the kind found on the Rainbow pur- chase. The state authority for the acquisi- tion of this property is the law passed at the last session of the legislature, which provided for the expenditure of $2,000 under certain conditions, which were mentioned in the November For- ESTER. The intent of the law is to pro- vide an object-lesson in the handling of woodland, especially on poor soil, so that the citizens of this state may profit by the experiments in scientific forestry car- ried on near their own homes. 1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. ) HON. JAMES WILSON, SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE AND PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. Among the men who have been especially prominent in forestry and irrigation is the distinguished Secretary of Agriculture, to whose care has been confided the consideration of many of the phases of forest preservation and irrigation possibilities. As President of the American Forestry Association, he has taken an active part in its meetings, and has infused much of his characteristic energy and directness into its business transactions. Mr. Wilson was born in Ayrshire, Scotland, August 16, 1835, and came to the United States in 1852, settling first in Connecticut, and three years later removing to Tama County, Iowa, where he became a farmer. He was for three terms a member of the Iowa Assembly, and Member of Congress from 1873 to 1877 and from 1883 to 1885. For six years he was the Director of the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station. On March 5, 1897, he became Secretary of Agriculture and a member of President McKinley’s Cabinet, where he ably championed the cause of forest protection, and has bent his energies toward the largest development of the agricultural resources of the country. 10 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. January, IRRIGATION CREATES HOME MARKETS.* By Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. F we take note of what is in men’s minds at the present time we find that public discussion turns more upon markets than on any other one proposi- tion in planning for our national pros- perity. The policy of the United States for the last forty years has been to build up home markets, not only for our man- ufacturers, but for our farmers as well. We have built up our manufacturers in order that we might have home markets for our farmers, and also to encourage everything that could permanently live and prosper within the United States through the diversification of our in- dustries. Changes are coming about gradually. When I was a boy, forty-six years ago, I went to Iowa. It was a new country in those days, and there was no home- stead law. We bought our land. Our friends, the farmers of the East, were somewhat alarmed as to what the result might be ; but those friends in the East built railroads out to us, and overtook us with the railroads, and sometimes went farther West with them than we had gone, and waited for us to come, and the result, as regards the market- ing of eastern farm products, was in some cases unsatisfactory to the eastern farmer; but the eastern manufacturer got such a market as is not to be found anywhere else in the world outside of the Mississippi Valley,and the prosperity of the eastern manufacturer has in turn brought prosperity to the eastern farmer. Whatever temporary detriment the opening up to agriculture of the rich lands of the Mississippi Valley caused the eastern farmer, has been wholly over- come and overbalanced by the benefit which the eastern farmer has received from the establishment of the great manufacturing industries of the East. We have gone on developing the West as far as the one hundredth meridian. Last year we sold $950,000,000 worth of American farm products in foreign countries, and we are developing a mar- ket for our products in Asia which will absorb the whole surplus of farm prod- ucts from the West, no matter how many additional acres of arid land we may re- claim and cultivate. The product of the western lands will simply increase the great aggregate of wealth which the American farmer is bringing back to this country for our agricultural ex- ports. The immigration in those early days of which I have spoken was of home- seekers. People who came from for- eign countries in those days wanted farms, and they got them and built up the northwest. A change has come—a most undesirable change: The home- seekers who want farms are not coming to such an extent as they did in those early days. ‘The man is coming to this country to live in the cities and work in the factories, and the admonition is forced upon us that the United States of America in its population is becoming somewhat out of balance as regards the town and the country. ‘The cities are growing in proportion faster than the country.- There is danger in this, as all recog- nize. Weshould do everything we can to promote the growth of a rural popu- lation by opening opportunities for peo- ple to get homes on the land and train- ing them to till it, so that they will know how to get their living from the ground. Everything we can do,and that which the Department of Agriculture is doing, to make conditions of rural life more pleasant and prosperous, tends to correct this growing evil of too many * Extract from a speech delivered at Washington, D. C., December 23, Igor, at a banquet given by Hon. F. G Newlands to prominent public men, including members of the Senate and House Committees on Irrigation. 1902. people in our cities and too few in the country. A prominent question to-day in the minds of a great many people is a desire for foreign markets ; but we must never forget that the best market is the home market, both for the farmer and the manufacturer. ‘The Mississippi Valley is worth, as a market, for the manu- facturers of the United States more than all the rest of the world put together, because those people all have good in- comes and they spend their money. I am in favor of having more homes out inthe West. Uncle Sam has a great deal of land and a great deal of water out there. That land is arid, and the water which would make it productive is running to waste. I would wet some of those great mountain valleys and plains, build more homes, and make more markets. The population of this country is out of proportion. Only about one-tenth of it is in the western half of the coun- try. It would be a good thing for all sections to more nearly equalize the growing population of the United States. I would dam some of those rivers and streams, and spread the water out over the land in Uncle Sam’s valleys and es- tablish new fruit ranches and new farms to grow the new kinds of wheat we are producing, so we could send more flour to Asia; also new farms to grow sugar beets, so we could grow more of our sugar in this country, and start new mines and make all sorts of new de- mands in these new western communi- ties, and make new markets for all our eastern manufacturers. The eastern manufacturer will sell in the West, but the western farmer will not sell in the East, except fruits and things like that, which will not compete with the eastern farmer. In 1900 we sold $840,000,000 worth of farm products to the outside world, and we brought back just half of that. We paid $420,000,000 in 1900 for things we cannot grow in the United States. The Department of Agriculture is at work to get those things grown in the United States, so as to make more homes FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. for our own people, give more work to our own people, make better wages for them, and make more markets for us here at home that will stay with us for- ever. We can grow over $200,000,000 worth a year of farm products in the United - States more than we are growing now. We will produce that ¢200,000,000 worth of things that grow in the fields that we have heretofore been importing right on our own American farms, and we will increase the American home market as all you can do with foreign countries throughout the world would not increase it. We can do it quicker and better by farif this great arid region out west is reclaimed and made pro- ductive. That is the development of the United States that I want to see. And I want to say to you, gentlemen, that I have all the confidence in the world that you will move along conservative lines. You must not alarm our eastern brethren by trying to do everything all atonce. This great work will take time. It will take many years to wet all that dry land, but we ought to begin now and go along carefully each year until the great task is done. You will not get many dams built or neighborhoods started before the eastern business men will have their traveling men out there to sell goods. They will find it is a grand thing to have people out there to buy from them. It will make such a purchasing force there as the world never saw before. Stop for a moment and think what our home market is today. The whole world wants to get into the United States to sell things, but our home market is for ourselves first, to develop it to the fullest ExaSiale: You need not worry about finding settlers for your arid land after you have reclaimed it. The Iowa farmers have the money now to buy that land and put their boys on it just as fast as you can get it ready for them, and they will do it: and I would much rather see them do it than have them go to the British possessions. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. January, THE APPALACHIAN FOREST RESERVE. THE SUBJECT OF A SPECIAL MESSAGE TO CONGRESS BY PRESIDENT HE movement to establish a na- tional forest reserve in the South- ern Appalachian Mountains has received close attention in Congress during the past month. On December 6 Mr. Brown- low, of Tennessee, introduced a bill in the House of Representatives appropri- ating $10,000,000 for the purchase of lands in the Southern Appalachian re- gion for a national forest reserve, to be known as the ‘‘McKinley National Park and Forest Reserve.’’ December 17 a bill was introduced in the Senate by Mr. Pritchard, of North Carolina, appro- priating $5,000,000 for the purchase of 2,000,000 acres, to be known as the Southern Appalachian Forest Reserve. A bill containing like provisions was on the same day introduced in the House by Representative Moody, of North Car- olina. ‘This was followed on December 19 by a special message from President Roosevelt, in which he presents the reasons for establishing the reserve and asking the favorable consideration of Congress. The move to establish a forest reserve in the South beganin 1899. Last spring the legislatures of North Carolina,South Carolina, Alabama, Tennessee, and Vir- ginia passed bills ceding to the national government authority to acquire title to lands within their boundaries for forest reserve purposes. with exemption fromtaxes. The text of the President’s message on this subject is as follows: To the Senate and House of Representa- tives : I transmit herewith a report of the Secretary of Agriculture, prepared in collaboration with the Department of the Interior, upon the forests, rivers, and mountains of the Southern Appalachian region and upon its agricultural situa- tion as affected by them. The report of the Secretary presents the final results of an investigation authorized by the ROOSEVELT. last Congress. Its conclusions point unmistakably, in the judgment of the Secretary and in my own, to the creation of a national forest reserve in certain of the Southern States. ‘The facts ascer- tained and here presented deserve the careful consideration of the Congress. They have already received the full at- tention of the scientist and the lumber- man. ‘They set forth an economic need of prime importance to the welfare of the South, and hence to that of the na- tion as a whole, and they point to the necessity of protecting through wise use a mountain region whose influence flows far beyond its borders with the waters of the rivers to which it gives rise. Among the elevations of the eastern half of the United States the Southern Appalachians are of paramount interest for geographic, hydrographic, and forest reasons, and, as a consequence, for eco- nomic reasons as well. These great mountains are old in the history of the continent which has grown up about them. The hardwood forests were born on their slopes, and have spread thence over the eastern half of the continent. More than once in the remote geologic past they have disappeared before the sea on the east, south, and west, and before the ice on the north; but here in this Southern Appalachian region they have lived to the present day. Under the varying condition of soil, elevation, and climate many of the Ap- palachian tree species have developed. Hence it is that in this region occur that marvelous variety and richness of plant growth which have led our ablest business men and scientists to ask for its preservation by the government for the advancement of science, and for the instruction and pleasure of the people of our own and of future generations ; and its the concentration here of so many valuable species, with such favorable conditions of growth, which has led 1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. FOREST SCENE IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN REGION. 14 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. forest experts and lumbermen alike to assert that of all the continent this re- gion is best suited to the purpose and plans of a national forest reserve in the hardwood region. The conclusions of the Secretary of Agriculture are summarized as follows in his report : 1. The Southern Appalachian region embraces the highest peaks and largest mountain masses east of the Rockies. It is the great physiographic feature of the eastern half of the continent, and no such lofty mountains are covered with hardwood forests in all America. 2. Upon these mountains descends the heaviest rainfall of the United States, except that of the North Pacific coast. It is often of extreme violence, as much as 8 inches having fallen in eleven hours, 31 inches in one month, and 105 inches in a year. 3. The soil once denuded of its forest and swept by torrential rains rapidly loses first its humus, then its rich upper strata, and finally is washed in enormous volume in the streams, to bury such of the fertile lowlands as are not eroded by the floods, obstruct the rivers, and fill up the harbors.on the eoast. More good soil is now washed from these cleared mountain-side fields during a single heavy rain than during centuries under forest cover. 4. The rivers which originate in the Southern Appalachians flow into or along every state from Ohio to the Gulf and from the Atlantic to the Mississippi. Along their courses are agricultural, water-power, and navigation interests, whose preservation is absolutely essen- tial to the well-being of the nation. 5. The regulation of the flow of these rivers can only be accomplished by the conservation of the forests. 6. These are the heaviest and most beautiful hardwood forests of the conti- nent. In them species from east and west, from north and south mingle in a growth of unparalleled richness and va- riety. They contain many species of the first commercial value, and furnish important supplies which cannot be ob- tained from any other region. 7. For economic reasons the preserva- tion of these forests isimperative. Their January, existence in good condition is essential to the prosperity of the lowlands through which their waters run. Maintained in productive condition, they will supply indispensable materials which must fail without them. ‘Their management under practical and conservative forestry will sustain and increase the resources of this region and of the nation at large, will serve as an invaluable object lesson in the advantages and practicability of forest preservation by use, and will soon be self-supporting from the sale of timber. 8. The agricultural resources of the Southern Appalachian region must be protected and preserved. ‘To that end the preservation of the forests is an in- dispensable condition, which will lead not to the reduction, but the increase of the yield of agricultural products. g. The floods in these mountain- born streams, if this forest destruction con- tinues, will increase in frequency and violence and in the extent of their dam- ages, both within this region and across the bordering states. The extent of these damages, like those from the wash- ing of the mountain fields and roads, cannot. be estimated with perfect accu- racy, but during the present year alone the total has approximated $10,000,000, a sum sufficient to purchase the entire area recommended for the proposed re- serve ; but this loss cannot be estimated in money value alone. Its continuance means the destruction of conditions most valuable to the nation, and which neither skill nor wealth can restore. 10. The preservation of the forests, of the streams, and of the agricultural interests here described can be success- fully accomplished only by the purchase and creation of a national forest reserve. The states of the Southern Appalachian region own little or no land, and their revenues are inadequate to carry out this plan. Federal action is obviously necessary, is fully justified by reasons of public necessity, and may be expected to have most fortunate results. With these conclusions I fully agree, and I heartily commend this measure to the favorable consideration of Congress. THEODORE ROOSEVELT. WHITE House, December 79, 7907. 1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. I On FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. SAVE THE FORESTS AND STORE THE FLOODS—RESERVE THE PUBLIC LANDS FOR HOME-BUILDERS. By GEORGE HEBARD MAXWELL. N his report on reservoir sites in Colorado and Wyoming, Captain Chittenden says: ‘‘Already in the great- est mineral- producing states of the West, California and Colorado, irri- gated agriculture yields a greater wealth of product than the mines.’’ ‘“Forest and Snow” is the title of Bulletin No. 55 of the Colorado State Agricultural College, recently issued by Prof. i. G_ Carpenter. Init he says: ‘“'The preservation of the forests is an absolute necessity for the interests of irrigated agriculture. The loss of the forest cover means more violent fluctu- ations during the day, greater difficulty in regulating the head-gates and keep- ing a uniform flow in the ditches, and hence an additional difficulty in the eco- nomic distribution of the water. Also the water runs off sooner; hence the streams drop earlier in the summer, and on account of the lessening of the springs, the smaller is the winter flow.’ In a recent editorial the Denver Re- publican says: ‘‘The Eldora fire has swept over an area exceeding 36 square miles of valuable timber, and it appears that it was the result of carelessness or indifference of campers, who neglected to extinguish their fire before leaving their camp. It has destroyed the tim- ber growing on the watershed of the Middle Boulder and South Boulder creeks. The snows on that slope of the mountains will be exposed without pro- tection to the rays of the sun and will melt so rapidly that they will be of com- paratively little value for irrigation next season. ‘Timber once destroyed in the mountains of this state can never be re- stored by a new growth, without the lapse of so many years that this genera- tion cannot count upon the restoration of any forest land. For the people liv- ing now, a forest once destroyed is lost forever. ‘““It follows, therefore, that some- thing must. be done for the protection of mountain forests, or else the time will come when Colorado will be prac- tically without timber. Unfortunately the state is not able to provide this pro- tection. It has not the available funds with which to pay an adequate force of forest wardens. In the East the senti- ment seems to prevail that it is a case of indifference on the part of our people, as if they did not appreciate that the destruction of our forests involves for us a terrible loss. It is an erroneous conclusion, and Congress should recog- nize that the forests of the Rocky Moun- tains are not destroyed by the reckless- ness of our people. ‘“We cannot protect them. We have not the funds with which to pay a suffi- cient number of forest wardens. ‘The forests are, furthermore, on land which belongs to the federal government, and therefore it devolves upon Congress to provide the necessary protection. An effort should be made at the next session of Congress to impress the truth of this upon the national government, so that it may provide for a force of men nu- merous enough to give the protection so greatly needed.’’ Or else ‘‘ The time will come when Colorado will be practically without tim- ber’’ means that the time will come when Colorado will be practically with- out water. This means almost annihi- lation to the state’s greatest industry, irrigated agriculture, and the serious crippling of its mining industry. And yet here is a frank confession that Colorado is powerless to prevent her own destruction. A stronger argu- ment, from facts that stare in the face, could not be made that the national 16 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. January, VIEW IN SOUTH PLATTE RESERVE, COLORADO. government must step in and, for the preservation of our national territory, save from destruction and waste the water supplies of the arid region. Un- less it does this, it is inevitable that an immense area in the West will, in a com- paratively brief period, as time goes, re- vert back to a hopeless and irreclaim- able desert. The people of the whole country are being gradually awakened to this neces- sity, and there is good ground for hop- ing that a broad national policy of water conservation, through forest conserva- tion and flood-water storage, will be inaugurated in this session of Congress; but it is certain beyond the shadow of a doubt that if the national government does this it will give neither the arid lands nor the control of their reclama- tion to the states. It will never sur- render or delegate its obligations to re- claim these lands for the benefit of other than bona fide settlers, who will build whole communities to disseminate their newly created wealth among the people of the entire country through the en- largement of every channel of our in- ternal trade and commerce. TIMBER ON HILLS BADI,Y BURNT. The close connection between forest preservation and water conservation is clearly shown by Captain Chittenden in his report above referred to where he says: ‘‘ There seems to be a well-nigh universal consensus of opinion that the preservation of the forests of the arid regions is distinctly a government duty. Considerable appropriations have been made for the survey of the proposed reservations, and ways and means for their preservation are being considered now. One of the great arguments al- ways advanced in favor of forest preser- vation is the influence which forests are supposed to have in conserving the flow of streams. Inasmuch as the commer- cial value of these forests is practically insignificant, except for furnishing fuel and rough timber, the water question is really the more important one. If it is properly a government function to pre- serve the forests in order to conserve the flow of the streams, surely it cannot be less a government function to execute works which will conserve that flow even more positively and directly. Granting all that can be said of forests in this con- nection, they certainly can never pre- 1902. vent the June rise, and it is precisely this waste flow which the reservoirs will help to save. The forests ought un- questionably to be preserved, and the na- tional government is the proper agency to do it, but the principal arguments therefore apply with accentuated force to the construction of reservoirs.’’ The fact should never be lost sight of that two-thirds of the whole western half of the United States actually be- long to the government—that is, it belongs to the whole people of the country, and nine-tenths of them live in its eastern half. Broadly speaking, it may be said that the people of the East own, and through their representa- tion in Congress, they certainly control two-thirds of the western half of the country. IRRIGATED FRUIT ORCHARD, FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 1 This great public domain is a precious heritage not only for the generation now seeking new fields of activity, but for generations yet unborn. ‘There is every reason in good sense and patriotism that the East should see to it that this vast area of public land shall be saved for the army of home-builders who want homes, and to this end that the forests shall be preserved, the flood waters stored, and the irrigable land sacredly held as a great trust for those who will make homes on it. ‘Save the forests and store the floods’’ should be the slogan of the movement for the conquest of half a continent from the desert, by the con- servation of its water supplies; but with it must go the further motto, ‘‘ Reserve the public lands for home-builders.”’ YAKIMA VALLEY, WASHINGTON. 18 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. January, THE IMMEDIATE FULURE IN FOREST, WOR. By GIFFORD PINCHOT, Forester U. S. Department of Agriculture. HE salient fact about the immediate future in forest work is the unex- ampled opportunity. As we look for- ward to the work just ahead of us, the chance for progress stands out as it never has stood out in forest work in this coun- try before. The opportunity is broaden- ing out in a way that seemed impossible a few years ago, and the opening before all of usin all the different lines of work in which we are engaged is far wider than we are going to be able to use. And that leads me to say (seeing that so many of us are comparatively new in forest work) that the perfectly natural desire of the younger men to begin their life work quickly by dropping here a little and there a little of the thoroughness of their preparation is as completely mis- taken as it is thoroughly natural. We have all of us suffered ‘from it. I am not unacquainted with its evil effects in my own case ; and before we pass on to the real subject of the evening I want to make this declaration: That the first thing Ishould advise any man to do who is thinking of taking up forest work in this country is to make his preparation just as thorough as he possibly can, re- membering that the opportunity, by the time he can use it, will be greater rather than less than it is now. I have had exactly this experience myself. It took me years to catch up with what I let slip because I thought the opportunity was going to disappear; and the result of it was that I had to stop, as so many men in the Bureau have had to do, and go back for the things I had left out of my preparation just at a time when I needed them most. People are asking now, all over the country, what ought to be done in forest work. The time of the vague feeling that something ought to be done has gone by, and the specific demand for a specific thing is here ; and itis our This is the great As a people, we business to answer it. fact in the situation. are ready for forestry. There are two or three special things which we are all striving for, and that must be brought about in the near future if our opportunity is to be used to the full. One of them is the unification of the forest work of the government. We are all glad that the prospect for heartier co-operation between the three organizations that are occupied in forest work is better than it ever has been be- fore; that such co-operation has just now actually begun in a new way ; and that the prospect for the immediate fu- ture is that we shall all unite with new strength and new effectiveness at the old task. Another of the essentials for the im- mediate future is the extension of the forest-reserve system. That may be said to be the first great need of forest work in this country at present. We are coming to it with an understanding and with facts that we have never had before. For example, Mr. Newell* has been compiling maps of the alienated lands in a number of states. Wherever that work has been done we can locate forest reserves with absolute knowledge of how much lieu land selection will be entailed. Some of you may not know that there is a law which provides that any man who owns land inside a forest reserve may exchange it, unless it isa mineral claim, for land outside—a per- fectly just provision as applied to set- tlers, but one which has been thoroughly abused. ‘This law has recently become the great obstacle to the creation of new forest reserves. A knowledge of how many lieu land selections will follow the creation of any reserve will immensely facilitate this most important movement. *Hydrographer United States Geological Survey. * Address delivered before the Society of American Foresters November 2, 1901. 1902. There is but little time left in which the government can get control of new re- serves, and it must be done now or with enormous difficulty hereafter or not at all. The whole matter is admirably il- lustrated by the story of the New York State forest reserve. Years ago, before the Adirondack wilderness was worth anything to sell, far-sighted men tried to secure its reservation for the state. They were laughed at. The result of itis that New York (which has a re- serve of, roughly, a million and a quar- ter acres) has had to pay about $3.50 per acre for the more recently acquired parts of it and must probably pay more hereafter. Following the creation of reserves is the necessity for a much more intimate knowledge than we have yet of the re- serves themselves and of the character of their forests. You are all familiar with the work which has been done in the Geological Survey toward mapping the forest, the burned areas, the agri- cultural lands, etc. That is an admira- ble first step in that direction, admirably well done, but a much more intimate study must be made of the forest condi- tions on all the reserves before any one will be in position to handle the forests in the best manner. One of the largest projects just ahead is the creation of the Appalachian For- est Reserve in the Southern States. You are all familiar, of course, with the general plan. ‘The states in inter- est have, without exception, signified their willingness to yield the necessary jurisdiction to the United States. There has been awakened a very powerful in- terest in the whole subject practically throughout the South, and, with the enthusiastic backing of the Secretary of Agriculture, the opportunity is an ad- mirable one. ‘This is one of the very important movements in forest work. Another phase of forestry which is rapidly growing is the movement for state forest reserves. Michigan has a small forest reserve, and is anxious to increase it, and to handle it properly. Pennsylvania has about 400,000 acres already reserved. Maryland is studying her forests in codperation with the Bu- reau of Forestry. New York, you know, FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 19 has been doing so for some time, and, by the way, in New York one of the important movements of the near future will necessarily be the attempt to repeal that clause of the state constitution which forbids cutting, and therefore forbids practical forestry, on the state lands. Vermont has been having a pre- liminary study of its forests made this summer, also in cooperation with the Bureau of Forestry. California is think- ing of appointing a state forester, and is anxious for a state forest school as a part of the State University. Connecti- cut has appointed a state forester, and has made a small appropriation to pur- chase a forest reserve, and all along the line this movement is pointing up. It will certainly be important. I want to speak briefly of a few other opportunities only less vast before refer- ring to some of the specific pieces of work that are pending. In the first place, there is an enormous field open- ing before the forester who comes in contact with the railroads. ‘The rail- roads use some 120,000,000 new ties a year, if my statistics are correct. They use enormous quantities of timber be- sides for construction in various ways. They own immense areas of land, either in land grants in the West or areas they have acquired in the South and East, and their influence on the side of for- estry is going to mean more than almost any other single factor. The Bureau has just undertaken a working plan for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad for 125,000 acres in West Virginia, which, I hope, means the beginning of intimate contact with the great railroads of the country just as fast we have men to do the work and money to pay forit. That is one of the great opportunities, and it is only one of a dozen which there are not yet men and money enough to handle. Another great opportunity is offered in the South by the turpentine question. One of the largest industries of that sec- tion of the United States is practically disappearing with what may, in all se- riousness, be called frightful rapidity, simply for the lack of modern methods. ‘The turpentine operators, as has so often been the case, began when it made little 20 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. matter whether their operations were carried on economically or not. ‘They have continued in certain ways partly because they were the old ways and also largely because the efforts to change their methods have been based mainly on chemical analyses in the office and on the general conception of what might be possible, instead of on actual experi- mentation in the field. Now, the Bureau of Forestry hopes, with the cooperation of the operators themselves (which, Iam very glad to say, has already been se- cured on a large scale), to assist them to use methods that will save that in- dustry to the South. The chemical uses of wood is another great field just opening out. Then the need of forestry in the Philippines will occur to you, and there is work urgently needed in Porto Rico. But in the Philippines especially, with their 40,000,000 acres of forest, there is a field for foresters which will develop, as I think, one of the best systems and one of the most useful bits of forest work that we shall see for many a long day. I received the other day a copy of a Houston (Texas) paper, containing an account of a banquet given to Mr. John H. Kirby, who has organized the Kirby Lumber Company and the Hous- ton Oil Company. ‘Together they con- trol a million acres of longleaf pine tim- ber in Texas. The Bureau of Forestry is to make a working plan for conserva- tive forestry on all this land. ‘This is one of the most important pieces of pri- vate work the Bureau of Forestry has before it. The people who were at the banquet listened to addresses from a number of prominent lumbermen, and especially from a number of the editors of lumber papers, and it was with the keenest delight that I read the uniformly favorable comments of the men who con- trol the lumber press on Mr. Kirby’s undertaking. Interest in forestry is waking up all over the South. We have, in addition to this Texas work, 50,000 acres of Longleaf Pine to be taken up in South Carolina, 16,000 acres of hardwoods near Grandfather Mountain, in North Caro- lina; 62,000 acres of pine in Georgia, 60,000 acres in eastern Tennessee, and a January, good deal of land, in addition, in the Ap- palachian range. It is fair to say that the southern end of the country, which for a long: time was slow in taking up this new movement, has now waked up. In the Northeast there is the work in Maine, likely to lead to the adoption of forest methods on a large scale not only by the Great Northern Paper Company, but by many other similar organiza- tions ; the work in New York State, with which you are familiar, and much more. There is also before us, and that is the most important work the Bureau has, the preparation of forest working plans for the national forest reserves. In forest investigation the field is so large that it is difficult to talk about it briefly. We know so little of our for- ests, we have actual statistics of so few of the commercial trees, that it is prac- tically possible to do an almost unlimited amount of work, if you have the men, in any particular section of the country. We hope to continue studies of impor- tant hardwoods in the Smoky Mountains on the Cumberland Plateau, of second- growth hardwoods in New England, Bal- sam in Maine, Western Yellow Pine in Arizona,and Sugar Pinein Californiaand Oregon. Some of this work is already under way. Especially we are going to study,and have already begun to some extent, the second-growth question in the East, and particularly in New Eng- land. The whole question of second growth needs to be investigated and put on a practical business-like basis. We know something now about certain kinds of second growth—about the time it takes to growa second crop, and so on— but I do not think enough attention has been given to it hitherto. Nor do I think enough attention has been given to small holdings. The Bureau has often been forced into the consideration of large holdings by their very extent. Now we want todo more work for the individual farmer, which, of course, means the preparation of working plans for a few and the wide publication of the results. The Hickories, Oaks, Ashes, Elms, Chestnuts, Beeches, and Sweet Gum re- quire attention, mainly in the South; 1902. so do forest distribution in Nebraska, Colorado, and Montana; forest fires in a number of different places; the whole grazing question, especially in the West; the study of forest products in codpera- tion with the Bureau of Chemistry— work which is just beginning and of which I expect most important results, particularly for the Philippines; and the immensely important work with the railroads. Finally, I want to speak about the work in tree-planting. I have become intensely interested in that side of the Bureau’s activity during the last year, and I am looking forward to results of very great importance from the study that has been made this summer of the possibilities of unoccupied lands in Ne- braska. My feeling is that very great stretches of the arid middle West are capable of producing trees and sustain- ing a tree growth after the first restora- tive step has been taken by man. As you all know, artificial plantations a little farther east have constantly as- sumed the characters of natural forest, have reproduced themselves on the ground, have made a forest floor, brought a forest fauna and flora to- gether, and have begun to _ spread. That means that these forests are per- fectly capable of sustaining themselves indefinitely after they have once been FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 21 started. I want tosee that sort of thing tested on a large scale still farther west. I believe there are immense tracts there which are capable of producing under forest immensely more than they can in any other way, and I believe our re- sults in that direction are going to be exceedingly useful. The tree-planting work, not only there, but in connection with the railroads, too, is, I think, going to demand more and more atten- tion. The field in that direction is largely unexplored as yet, and the work must go ahead. This is an exceedingly hasty and im- perfect glance at the field, but it is enough to give us alla realizing sense of a vast opportunity and an enormous task. ) THIS VIEW SHOWS DENSITY OF FOREST GROWTH WHERE HEAVIEST RAINFALL OCCURS. A PLANTED FOREST FIFTEEN YEARS OLD, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 1902. is being fostered by inhabitants gen- erally. The slopes of the mountains were bar- ren, and about fifteen years ago the Hawaiian Government undertook forest work, and very soon the hills back of Honolulu were clothed with a dense and luxuriant growth of eucalyptus of sev- eral varieties, the Australian wattle and other trees of that character. ‘These trees have already exercised a noticeable influence in conserving rainfall and ren- dering the climate in the vicinity more agreeable. The islands have a number of very fine cabinet woods, besides a few which are valuable for ship-building purposes, such as the making of knees, ox yokes and bows, and articles of that character; but it is a lamentable fact that with the introduction of many new plants, shrubs, and trees, insects have entered the country which are proving very de- structive to much of the indigenous forest. We hope that one of the lines of work of the American Forestry Asso- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 39 fe) ciation, if a branch can be established in Honolulu, will be the devising of means to check the injury done by these pests. Much of the virgin forest of the coun- try has been destroyed in part by cattle and other foraging animals, as well as direct cutting away for agricultural purposes. ‘The injurious effect of this upon the climate has already been so great as to vastly decrease the product- ive power of some of the localities. I, perhaps, in the absence of statistics, would not be justified in saying that the rainfall is materially less, but in places where in years gone by streams were running nearly the entire year, the water from the floods, poured down on the mountains, now rushes to the ocean in immense volumes, carrying off soil, plants, and in some instances houses. We believe that much of the injury which has been done is remedi- able, and think it within the province of a forest association to work on these lines. VIEW OF HONOLULU, SHOWING BARE CONDITION OF THE MOUNTAIN SIDES. 40 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. January, PROGRESS IN TREE PLANTING. BY Wietam Je, hawt: Bureau of Forestry. HE past year has been notable for achievement and interest 1n tree- planting. Never before, even during the time of wholesale timber-claim planting, twenty years ago, were so many trees planted in a single year. Timber-claim planting was confined al- most wholly to the Dakotas, Kansas, and Nebraska, whereas planting is now general. Reports of extensive work are in hand from Florida, New England, the Middle Atlantic states, the Lake states, and the Pacific coast, as well as from nearly all the prairie states of the interior. WESTERN PLANTING. Planting in the West has been almost entirely of a general nature. Trees have been needed on the prairies for shade, protection, beauty, and for their products, and trees have been planted for these purposes; sometimes for a sin- gle one, sometimes for all combined. They have been planted in areas of all sizes up to hundreds of acres. There is yet great need of general planting on prairie farms. Many farms are entirely without windbreaks and shade, and many families are paying high prices for fuel that should be grown upon the farm. A forest planta- tion on a western farm is not a thing of comfort only, itis a matter of economy. It is in many cases the most useful and valuable portion of the farm. Educa- tion in the value of trees must be kept up until there will be no unprotected farms. Every effort must be put for- ward to attain this end. ‘The present is a favorable time to encourage this kind of planting, because the prevalence of better financial conditions among western farmers has turned attention to- ward home improvement. Every article and bulletin filled with practical infor- mation and sent out now in readable form, is sure to do great good. A distinct advance has been made in the kinds of trees planted. The rapid- growing softwoods have for several years been giving way to the slow-grow- ing hardwoods. ‘The change is almost complete. "The Cottonwood and Silver Maple are no longer found in quantity in the western nurseries. They have been replaced by Ash, Elm, Locust, Walnut, and Cedar. As completing this change, we must hope for diversi- fication of present offerings so as to in- clude still other valuable species not now obtainable. It is next to impossible to obtain such trees as Red Elm and Hack- berry in large quantities in the nurseries. There is one point upon which great improvement is needed in western plant- ing. Planters are too often well satis- fied with indifferent results. They look with pride at their scattered, grass- bound trees, thinking them fully suc- cessful, when with different manage- ment they would be one hundred per cent better. Many an owner considers his cottonwood grove a successful plan- tation when the truth is it will be gone in a few years and the land again be prairie. Almost without exception among western planters, information is needed on methods of converting plan- tations of short-lived trees, such as Cot- tonwood and Silver Maple, into more permanent timber, such as Elm, Red Cedar, Walnut, and Oak. Itis not gen- erally understood that long-lived trees may be grown under protection of short- lived trees, to eventually take their places and form the permanent stand. Such information is slowly obtaining hold. Gradually both the cultural ne- cessities aud possibilities of planted tim- ber are being learned. One of the important facts recently learned is that forest plantations can be made profitable on a financial basis. The high price paid for fence posts in the West, and the general demand for 1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 41 telegraph poles and rail- road ties is making it pos- sible to grow timber for these purposes with profits equal to those obtained from farm crops, even on the best agricultural land. Some of the timbers adapt- ed for these purposes are easily handled and quickly grown in plantations. Planted timber of Hardy Catalpa, Osage Orange, Russian Mulberry, and Black Locust from fifteen to twenty years old, when cut and marketed as fence posts, returns an amount equal to a net annual gain of from five to fifteen dol- lars per acre from the time of planting. Some of these timbers a few years older would return a still higher rate if sold for telegraph poles and railroad ties. Many such commercial plantations are being de- veloped at the present time. The matter commends it- self especially tothe owners of large farms and ranches where thousands of posts are required annually to keep up fences. The railroads, too, are becoming greatly interested in this phase of tree planting. Some of the foremost roads are giving serious consideration to the question now, and are likely soon to begin ex- tensive planting to provide for future supplies of timber. EASTERN PLANTING. Planting in the East has been largely accelerated in the last few years. A few isolated plantations were established years ago, such as that of David Lan- dreth, in Virginia; Joshua Fay, in Mas- sachusetts, and Gordon Woodbury, in New Hampshire, and have attracted general notice. There was also some planting for such practical purposes as that at Cape Cod, on sandy expanses near the seashore, to keep the soil from blowing. This planting represented GROWTH OF PLANTED TREES IN VALLEY. THE ARKANSAS RIVER only individual, or at best, local interest. There was until recently no general in- terest in the subject. As indicating the change in public opinion, there are at the present time, besides almost numberless small planta- tions, many extensive operations in pro- gress. In Pennsylvania Mr. N. T. Ar- nold, of Ridgway, is planting upon denuded mountain lands. Gen. Paul A. Oliver, of Oliver’s Mills, has recently planted over 400 acres of cut-over land under the direction of a skilled forester privately employed. At Clinton, Mass., the Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Board is planting several hundred acres to protect the watershed forming the drainage area for its reservoirs. ‘The Connecticut State Experiment Station is planting a tract on the sand plains of northern Connecticut to test the practi- cability of reclaiming such lands by forestation. Eastern planting, besides for the di- rect object of producing timber, is being prosecuted for two purposes: First, to utilize otherwise valueless lands; sec- ond, for special purposes, such as the protection of water supplies, and in the improvement of game preserves. Where, besides its commercial value, the forest will serve some special pur- pose, there is scarcely any room to ques- tion the practicability of planting on unforested lands. The question of 42 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. January, along the beach in Currituck County, N. C. Within the last. few years the drifting sand has become a menace to the extensive improvements of the club and threatens to envelop them com- pletely if not checked. To prevent such a disaster the club is compelled to resort to extensive forest planting. In the past there has been no general application of economical methods in eastern planting. Both methods and cost have been marked by great varia- SCOTCH AND WHITE PINE PLANTED ON PENNSYLVANIA. STEEP HILLSIDE NEAR RIDGWAY, THE YOUNG TREES, WHICH HAVE BEEN PLANTED BUT ONE YEAR, ARE TO BE SEEN AMONG THE STUMPS. keeping pure and regular the water supply of cities is of first importance from the standpoint of health and economy, and very often this can be done by keeping the drainage area from which the reservoirs are supplied well wooded. As far as planting is neces- sary for this purpose it is highly practi- cable. Planting is also essential to pro- tect and improve private parks and game preserves. A good example of this is the work proposed by the Curri- tuck Shooting Club on their grounds tion. ‘The difficulty has been intensified by the absence of nurseries handling forest stock in wholesale quantities. It has been difficult to obtain such trees as the White Pine, except in sizes of from two to three feet and at prices of from $25 to, ¢roo per thousand.” Conse- quently plantations established from nursery-purchased stock have been bur- dened by so great initial expense that profitable return is impossible. Eco- nomical methods have been limited to growing the trees from seed or trans- 1902. planting them from neighboring wood- lands. The question of economical meth- ods of planting is all-important. On its solution depends the practicabil- ity of general forest planting. It is scarcely possible that forest planting can prove profitable at a planting cost Ole, 25400 tea0 per iaere, but there isa probability of profit with an initial cost of $5 to $8 per acre. It is entirely pos- sible to plant at the latter rates and pur- chase nursery-grown trees. The only way it can be approximated, even on large areas, is by the planter growing FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 43 the ex- his own trees, and this will be method generally followed where tensive planting is to be done. With few exceptions, the large plan- tations now being established both in the East and in the West are under the immediate direction of the Bureau of Forestry, which, after a study of in- dividual locations, has prepared plans for establishing the plantations and will continue to cooperate with the owners in their management. The assistance of the Bureau has been extended to all applicants, regardless of the size of the plantation. HE greater portion of water used in irrigation is diverted by gravity from flowing streams. While this is true as regards bulk of the water, yet as re- gards value it may be said that some of the _mostimportant sources of supply are utilized through pumping. In ancient times, espe- cially in Egypt and India, where labor had little value and the conditions for divert- ing water by gravity were not favorable, pumping by hand or by animal power was largely in vogue. In modern times the devices for hand pump- ing have been im- : proved upon,although ~** some of them are still - utilized in crude form by pioneers in the arid region ; but with ordi- nary farm wells irriga- tion is impracticable, other than the watering of a few trees or plats of vegetables ; but the beginnings of irri- gation on many a farm in the sub- humid region may be traced to success- ful experiments with water raised in this laborious manner. The next step above human labor in pumping water has frequently been the << Ss SSS —_ a PUMPING WATER BY HORSE-POWER utilization of horse-power. The accom- panying figure shows a simple device by which a horse walking in a circle causes a series of buckets to be lifted from the well, drawing up water sufficient for *It is our intention to publish a series of articles on pumping, giving illustrations of the various kinds of engines, pumps, and windmills employed in different parts of the country, both East and West.—EDITOR. Aa FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. several acres. The possibility of irri- gation in this way is limited largely by the depth to the water in the well and the number of animals available. The next step is the use of the ordi- nary threshing engine, replacing the horse and driving a pump as shown in the accompanying sketch. ‘Tracts of considerable size have been watered in this way, and the value of the crops greatly increased. For example, onions, which would have been almost worth- less, owing. to a drouth, have as the result of water properly applied sold at $150 per acre, and celery at $200 per acre, repaying in a season the whole outlay for well, pump, and engine. Special forms of pumps driven by steam, gasolene, and other forms of engine have been devised suited to the needs of the irrigator. The most important source of power for pumping is the wind. On the broad valleys and plains of the arid regions the wind movement is almost continu- ous for days and weeks, carrying away the dry leaves, even at times sweeping up the loose soil. In many localities there are at depths of 20 or 50 feet or more beneath the surface, pervious beds of sand or gravel filled with waters by the infiltration of rainfall or by percola- tion from stream channels. It is a comparatively simple and in- oh ae CD HET, January, 1902- expensive operation to sink a well into this water and erect a windmill, attach- ing this to a suitable pump. ‘The ma- chinery once provided is operated day and night by the ever-present wind, bringing to the surface a small, but con- tinuous supply of water. This small stream, if turned out on the soil, would flow a short distance, then disappear into the thirsty ground, so that irriga- tion directly from a windmill is usually impracticable. To overcome this difficulty, it has been found necessary to provide small storage reservoirs or tanks built of earth, wood, or iron to hold the water until it has accumulated to a volume sufficient to permit of astream of considerable size being taken out for irrigation. Sucha stream flowing rapidly over the surface will penetrate to a distance and cover an area which would seem impossible with the small flow delivered by the pump. The windmills employed in irrigation are of all kinds, from the highest type of the machinist’s art down to the crude home-made devices. These latter are not to be despised, as many of them are highly effective, and at least they have enabled settlers to procure a_ small amount of water and to obtain a foot- hold upon the soil, by which ultimately they may be able to obtain funds to procure better implements. ost “7A PUMPING WATER WITH A THRESHING ENGINE. Forestry a4 Irrigation H. M. SUTER, Editor and Publisher rs ne ee. = OE eee Pee: HE ae OP Pa re eee blk he ee (Se Re ave CONTENTS FOR FEBRUARY, 1902 GROUP OF CHESTNUT TREES IN MARYLAND Frontispiece NEWS AND NOTES (/dlustrated) . ; } F 47 Controversy in New York — Irrigation in Michigan — Rio Grande Valley—New Hampshire—Railroad Buys Irrigation System — Forest Reserves for Nebraska—Labor Unions Favor National Irrigation— Tour Through European Forests —Forests and Snow — Sale of Public Lands—To Prospective Forest Students—San Antonio, Texas — Lacey Irrigation Bill—Stu- dent Assistant Seminar—Yale Forest Students Study Lumbering MAJOR JOHN WESLEY POWELL (with portrait) ‘ DISEASES OF TIMBER (///ustrated) . Hermann von Schrenk NATIONAL IRRIGATION WORKS Hon. Pager G. SIN ee THE FORESTS OF ALASKA (///ustrated) : : : Dr. B. E. Fernow AGRICULTURAL COMPETITION IMPOSSIBLE TREE PLANTING IN MARYLAND (//lustrated) ; Albert Neilson FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION IN CONGRESS CALIFORNIA-NEVADA RESERVOIRS (J//lustrated) F. H. Newell FORESTRY IN MASSACHUSETTS (///ustrated) : Warren H. Manding PUMPING WATER (///ustrated) RECENT PUBLICATIONS (///ustrated) FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the American Forestrs Association and The National Irrigation Assoctation. Subscription price $2.00 a year, single copies 20 cents. Copyright, 1902, by H. M. Suter. Entered at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., as second-class mail matter, Published Monthly at 5 & 7 ATLANTIC BUILDING Washington, D. C. K, HARFORD COUNTY, MARYLAND. EH ‘ 7 ANTED IN 1822. EK S ON PRIESTFORD FARM, DEER CR K K STNUT TRE E CHE SI OF GROUP THE LARGE 4 GROWN FROM NUTS PI RE EFT IS 36 INCHES IN DIAM 4 7) “ S WI HE STNUT TR K 2 CHE i TH (SEE PAGE 72.) TER EK I, E TH ¢ ON HE v) AD Forestry and Irrigation. Viet. Vor FEBRUARY, 1902. No. 2. NEWS AND NOTES. Controversy in On January 23, the New York. New York State Forest, Fish, and Game Com- mission gave a hearing on an application to have declared void the purchase by the State, of 30,000 acres of land in Franklin county, near Upper Saranac and Tupper Lakes, for the School of Forestry of Cornell University. This application was made by Eric P. Swenson, represent- ing anassociation of residents and prop- erty owners of Upper Saranac Lake. Ex-Gov. Levi P. Morton, Jules S. Bache, Sidney M. Colgate, Charles Peabody, Isaac N. Seligman, F. S. Bangs, and Alfred L. White were among the signers of the petition. The association was represented by David Wilcox and John G. Agar, of New York city, and James F. Tracy, of Albany. Cornell Univer- sity was represented by President J. G. Schurman, Dr. B. E. Fernow, Director of the School of Forestry, and State Civil Service Commissioner Cuthbert Pound. The citizens’ association charges that the purchase of the 30,000 acres of land is unconstitutional, and that the School of Forestry has exceeded its authority, even though the act were constitutional, by cutting down and selling the timber product of the land. Dr. Fernow stated that his conduct of the school has been to demonstrate that the forests can be reproduced with a view to future earnings. He admitted that a contract had been entered into with a Brooklyn cooperage concern for a period of fifteen or twenty years, to utilize the timber cut from the lands. This timber was cut, he said, with a view of affording opportunity for scien- tific reproduction. Lieutenant-Governor Woodruff said that the authorities of Cornell had evi- dently labored under a misapprehension as to what was intended when the school was authorized. He was a member of the Forest Preserve Board at the time of the purchase, and knew that Gov- ernor Black and the legislature had no intention of permitting any one to de- nude any part of the forests. John G. Agar said that it is the in- tention of the school to practically de- nude the entire tract, which would be a great detriment, not only to neighbor- ing property, but to the entire Adiron- dack region David Wilcox said that the purchase of the lands was unconstitutional, be- cause the act authorizing it had not made a specific appropriation for that purpose. The title, therefore, of the lands has never passed from the state, and they are still forest lands within the forest preserve and come within the prohibition of the constitution, that no timber shall be cut on land of that character. Cuthbert Pound held that Cornell had simply done what the legislative act authorized it to do, and that the purchase act was constitutional. In this connection it may be well to cite the facts leading to the establish- ment of the New York State College of Forestry and to the present controversy. During the term of Governor Black the state decided that the preservation of the Adirondack forests was a neces- sity, and large sums were appropriated in 1897, 1898, 1899, and 1900 for the purchase of wild forest land for the for- est preserve. As a part of this policy it was de- cided to establish a school in which 48 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. scientific forestry should be taught. The wholesale cutting of timber on the watershed had been continued so long that it had begun to threaten the water supply of the rivers having their sources thereon. ‘The first result of this ex- travagant cutting of timber was an amendment to the constitution provid- ing for a forest preserve and to prevent the cutting of timber within its bound- aries. Following that came the estab- lishment of the School of Forestry for the purpose of reforesting lands that had been laid waste by the lumbermen. It was in pursuance of this policy that the legislature of 1898 enacted a law to promote education in forestry, to en- courage and provide for the establish- ment of a College of Forestry at Cornell University, and making an appropria- tion of $1c,o0o for that purpose. Following the passage of the act a tract comprising 30,000 acres was pur- chased by the state in the vicinity of Tupper Lake, at acost of $165,000, and turned over to the trustees of Cornell. To the university were given title, pos- session, and control of this land, to conduct such experiments in forestry as it might deem most advantageous to the interests of the state and the advance- ment of the science of forestry. To the school was given the authority to plant, raise, cut,~and) sell! timber at such times, of such species and quanti- ties, and in such manner as it might deem best, with a view to obtaining and imparting knowledge concerning the scientific management and use of forests, their regulation and adminis- tration, the harvesting and reproduc- tion of wood cropsand earning a revenue therefrom. At the close of the hearing it was decided that both sides would be given an opportunity to submit briefs. Td The reclamation of the pine barrens of Michi- gan by means of irriga- tion has been attempted at various times and successful results are announced by Mr. Alexander C. Kay, of East Tawas. He states that there are underlying waters at depths of from 50 to 70 feet, Irrigation in Michigan. February, excellent in character, and which can be brought to the surface by pumping. The soil can be improved by planting in green material such as clover, cow- peas, and similar nitrogenous matter. ‘These lands are cheap and can easily be made productive by intelligent care by enriching the soil and by providing a suitable amount of water during the period of drouth. ed Rio Grande Valley. Great interest has been aroused along the Rio Grande Valley in Texas by the proposed survey for the irrigation of the valley. A bill has been introduced in Congress by Mr. Klaberg for making a comprehensive examination in coop- eration with the New Mexico authori- ties. om New Hampshire. Keen interest in New Hampshire forests was shown at the first annual meeting of the New Hampshire Society for the Protection of Forests, held in Concord, IN.) Hi. on Januany 20st. Sikepresemtar tives were present from different parts of the state. The treasurer, Gen. George T’. Cruft, was able to report a cash bal- ance of nearly $1,500. The report of the secretary, Mr. Joseph T. Walker, of Concord, showed the beginning of an educational campaign that must sooner or later reach the legislature of the state and result in the moderate pro- gressive action desired. Mr. Philip W. Ayres, of the New York State College of Forestry, was elected forester. The program of the Society for the coming year includes: 1. A study of actual forest conditions throughout the state. 2. Codperation with the State For- estry Commission in its efforts to secure conservative lumbering, and with the State Board of Agriculture in encour- aging intelligent sylviculture. 3. Educational work in the public schools, women’s clubs, the grange societies of the state, and similar organ- izations. The officers of the preceding year were unanimously reelected. 1902. The Northern Pacific Railway, through the Northwestern Improve- ment Company, has pur- chased an extensive irrigation system in the lower Yakima Valley, Washington, comprising the Kennewick, Kiona, and Lower Yakima Canals, and a large por- tion of the lands underlying the same. These properties have had a some- what interesting history. In 1888 the Yakima Irrigating and Improvement Company was incorporated with a cap- ital of $400,000, practically all of which was subscribed by capitalists of Buffalo and Niagara Falls. This company con- structed the Kennewick Canal, then made the big mistake, which was the cause of all its subsequent misfortunes, of turning over the canal in 1893 to the Dell Haven Irrigation District, which had been incorporated under the state law, taking bonds of the district for the canal property. The management of the canal under the district organiza- tion was a failure, and after two years of spasmodic operation, further effort was abandoned and the canal has been idle ever since. Railroad Buys Irriga- tion System. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 49 In addition to the Kennewick Canal, the company also constructed the Kiona Canal, which has been in successful op- eration since. It also commenced the construction of the lower Yakima Canal, but did not complete the same, and it has never been operated. No interest was ever paid upon the district bonds, and the company having guaranteed them, they were forced into bankruptcy, a receiver appointed, and the property sold under foreclosure pro- ceedings. It was discovered, however, that the state law did not provide any method of disincorporating an irriga- tion district, and this was necessary before the property could be reorganized. The last legislature enacted the neces- sary law, and under the same the dis- trict has been wound up and all legal entanglements straightened out. In the meantime the eastern capitalists interested, weary of the long delay, made overtures to the Northern Pacific to purchase the property, and after some negotiations the deal was closed. This purchase by the railway com- pany marks a new departure in its policy. Heretofore it has preferred to IRRIGATED FARMS IN ATANUM VALLEY, WASHINGTON. 50 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. encourage others to construct irrigation canals, and this will be its first expe- rience in canal ownership and manage- ment. The operation of the property will be directed by Thomas Cooper, as- sistant to the president of the road, who is familiar with irrigation affairs, and whose policy in all land matters connected with his company has been low prices, quick sales, and speedy development. The main Kennewick Canal is 40 miles in length, with about 10 miles of laterals, and covers about 15,000 acres. The Kiona Canal is constructed and in opera- tion for 10 miles, covering about 2,000 acres, but will ultimately be extended to the Columbia River, a distance of about 24 miles, and will then cover about 23,- ooo acres. The lower Yakima Canal was partly constructed for a distance of six miles, but never operated. It will now be completed and put in operation. The lands under these different canals are of the same general character as those which have made the Yakima Valley famous for its fruit, hops, alfalfa, pota- toes, and other products. The elevation being considerably lower than further up the valley, the climate is warmer and the growing season longer.—Tacoma, Washington, ews. & Forest Reserves The proposition has for Nebraska. been laid before the President to establish three forest reserves, aggregating 558,- 720 acres, in the sand-hill region of Ne- braska. This region includes about one-fourth of Nebraska, and contains by far the greater part of the ten million acres of government land in that state. ‘The proposed reserves are located in the worst part of the sand-hills, and con- tain but one per cent. of land held under private claim. The land is wholly unfit for agriculture, cannot be irrigated, and is of small value for grazing, 20 to 4o acres being required per head of cattle. After a thorough investigation, the Bureau of Forestry has become fully convinced that several species of valua- ble pines can be so successfully and eco- nomically grown as to give the land a producing value far above its present February, rate as grazing land. ‘This conclusion is substantiated both by natural condi- tions and experiment. Two of the pro- posed reserves originally were partially covered by a valuable growth of pine and cedar, and even now in places con- tain many young trees which need only protection to make valuable timber. In other places on the reserves there is a more or less pronounced tendency to- ward shrub and tree growth. Added to the favorable natural conditions are the experiments of the Bureau of For- estry, begun eleven years ago. Pines planted at that time under the worst sand-hill conditions are 15 to 20 feet high and growing with great vigor— this without the least attention except protection from fire and stock. This is the first proposal for national forest reserves on land principally de- void of present forest cover, and involves the principle of artificial forestation. The Attorney-General has given his opinion to the effect that under the law of March 3, 1891, the President has authority to withdraw from settlement land of this character and set it aside by public proclamation in permanent forest reserves. The forestation of the proposed re- serves need not interfere with grazing ex- cept as the land is actually planted to timber. ‘The only effect of the action will be to withdraw the land from settlement and make it available for forestation as needed. ‘The proposal is highly favored by the people and officials of Nebraska generally. Governor Savage, who is a warm friend of forestry and irrigation, has written to the President strongly en- dorsing the plan. Resolutions favoring the plan were recently passed by the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and the State Horticultural Society. * Labor Unions At the recent cunven- Favor National tion of the American Irrigation. Federation of Labor, held at Scranton, Pa., the following resolution, introduced by Delegate H. White, representing the United Garment Workers, was adopted: Whereas, In his annual message the President of the United States recom- —————— —— | 1902. FORE 6 STRY AND IRRIGATION. 51 mends the construction of great storage works to equalize the flow of streams and to save the flood-waters, in order to irrigate and make pro- ductive vast areasof the vacant arid public lands of the West; be it Resolved, 1. That this work in its larger feat- ures is a national and not alocal or state func- tion, inasmuch as the sf, \ land to be irrigated now -2®** ES < belongs to the nation and the proposed under- taking involves inter- state relations properly subject to control bythe nation, since the great rivers of the arid re- gions flow’ through many states, the main- line irrigation canals will supply water to lands lying in different states, and the water flow concerns interests which extend to the mouths of the rivers in the Pacific and Gulf states. 2. That all of the public domain to be irrigated should be reserved for actual settlers of quarter sections or less under the Homestead Act, the sole principle in obtaining title to be occupancy and use. 3. That we are unalterably opposed to the cession, by sale or otherwise, of such lands to corporations or speculators or to the several state governments, and equally to the donation of the proceeds to the states, every such course having heretofore resulted in sales to monopo- lists, with consequent grave injuries to the rights of actual settlers and pro- ducers. THE WESTERN &* Tour through A tour through the European Forests. European forests is announced by the Biltmore Forest School, to begin April 10 and to end July 8. The tour will begin with an excursion through the German forests. ‘The types DESERTS AS THEY AS THEY CAN BE TRANSFORMED.’ From the Brooklyn Lag/e. ARE AND AS THEY CAN BE TRANSFORMED. of silviculture as practiced in the pine, spruce, beech, oak, and coppice forests will first be studied. The Vogelsberg, the Spessart, the Black Forest, the Ba- varian Mountains, and the Tyrol will then be traversed, the tour ending with a trip through Hungaria and Roumania. Altogether this tour will be an excel- lent opportunity for the American for- ester to learn something of European methods. ‘The cost will be compara- tively low and the time consumed in making the trip will be short. Persons interested in the tour will do well to communicate with Dr. C. A. Schenck, director of the school, who writes that he will be glad to include in his party anyone wishing to make the tour. Bad ‘‘ Forests and Snow’’ is the title of an inter- esting bulletin prepared by Prof. L. G. Carpenter and issued by the Colorado Agricultural Experi- ment Station at Fort Collins, Colo. It Forests and Snow. February, FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. ie] ve) LY NHMVL Hd VADOLOHd ‘Watt 009'6 NOLLWAHTIA ‘Ic ANAL ‘NOON ‘INOD ‘VIV MONS ANY SHdO'IS HNVH SMOHS MHIA SIHNT—'I ‘ort “WOMneIsS Wewloax B Ww STRY AND IRRIGATION. 4 4 4 FORI 1902. "MHAOD LSHAO x ( ) HOIVA HHL SH + apa wit >. Ae . qr nS abc LV UUs uk a) . Pee se ad % ‘tz anol NaNVvI HdVYSOLOH< NOW Hd GNVY WHANI, NHHAD NI { MONS SMOHS NOILVELSN'T'II 5 MONkRIS jue aialie ee SIn.— 19 © “OI 54 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. : = one ro eee | February, Dae TAKEN JUNE 2. FIG, FOREST THAN R. FARTHER IN THE “ MBE NT m) en =) 3) P SNOW DRIFTS IN GRE E FIG. 3.—DE 1902. is intended to show ‘‘ the intimate con- nection between the melting snow banks of the mountains and the agricultural prosperity of Colorado.’’ ‘The influence of forests on the melting of snows and the consequent floods or decrease of flow in the streams is carefully traced. A series of eighteen half-tone plates make the bulletin especially attractive. The accompanying plates from this bulletin are reproduced here through the cour- tesy of Professor Carpenter. & Sale of Under the proposed New- Public Lands. lands national irrigation bill the reclamation fund is to consist of such money as is re- ceived from the sale of public lands in the arid states, minus the expenses of administration and survey incurred by the land office. These states and the net amount. credited to each last year are as follows : BG aUZCy its ee age oA ea ae eae $31,755 CTL OR MA ecco «ses Suge otis sos 120, 183 ESI e 21 (0 PR ie NE Ole ea 172,548 1G 0210 aa ieee cnet Ste to er 126,323 Camas ashe hes bts Sani rg ee era en Ste 7,508 INMioniban a <. wy i ke) Ve ak iia baEdE RESERVOIR AND 86 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. The huge, clumsy windmills of Eu- ropean make, such as that erected at Lawrence, Kansas, shown in the accom- panying plate, have within a few decades given place in this country to the light, rapidly running forms. ‘Thousands of these have been made by various firms throughout the country. At first wood was used almost exclusively, but this is being rapidly displaced by metal, espe- cially by thin steel plates and forgings. Although millions of dollars have been invested in the manufacture and pur- chase of mills, and much attention has been given to the mechanical details and the saving in weight and cost, yet com- paratively little study has been bestowed upon the actual efficiency of the various forms and upon their development to- ward theoretical ideals. A view of gardens cultivated by water pumped by windmills is shown in the accompanying plate. ‘This picture has been taken from a windmill platform. In the foreground is a small reservoir, divided by a bank in the middle, so that one part may be used independently of the other. The part nearer the observer is the older; the second part is a recent addition, rendered necessary by the in- crease of the area cultivated. Without windmills the cultivation of the tract of country shown in this picture would be February, impossible. It is doubtful if a single cow could find subsistence on the area which now supports a family. In Fig. I is given a section through one of these small reservoirs, showing at the bottom the puddled earth or clay that prevents the water. from seeping intothe adjacent ground. On this pud- dled earth the banks are built at a height of from 4 to 1rofeet. These are usually built by plowing and scraping up the earth from the outside, the tramping of the horses and the men serving to con- solidate it. When the bank has been built to the proper height it is smoothed and sodded. On the right-hand side of the figure is the pipe or wooden flume from the windmill, and on the left-hand side is shown the outlet box, which is usually built of 2-inch plank. This is closed by some simple form of wooden gate or valve, either lifted by means of a screw or hinged so as to open outward, and is held in place by the pressure of the water against it. The square reservoir is the form usu- ally adopted. The mills, asin the other cases, are placed on each side, pumping through short wooden fiumes over the bank. These reservoirs are not only used for holding water for irrigation, but with a little care serve as ponds for raising fish. SUPPLY PIPE NORA Wii i IA eee 2 DENN CRED ENE A PON AA Ne WY fy /ddddddddiddda UU YY Z FIG. I.—VERTICAL SECTION THROUGH RESERVOIR AND OUTLET. 1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 87 RECENT PUBLICATIONS. Studies of Trees in Winter. A Description of the Deciduous Trees of Northeastern America. By ANNIE OAKES HUNTINGTON, with an introduction by CHARLES S. SARGENT. Pp. 199. Illustrated with rr colored plates by Mary S. Morsk, and photographs by the author. Boston: Knight and Millet, 1902. Price, $2.25 net. This book is divided into fifteen chapters. The first deals with a study of trees in winter. Following this are chapters describing about 30 groups of well-known trees. The restrictive portion of the title, ‘‘“A De- scriptionof the Deciduous Treesof Northeastern America,’’ unfortunately com- pelled the author to omit a num- ber of very interesting cedars, spruces, firs, and pines, native and cultivated, in that region. These trees were slighted be- cause they are evergreen. The first chapter explains a number of technical descriptive terms and calls attention to the salient distinctive features of trees in winter. Brief mention is also made of the essential facts concerning growth and _ struc- ture of trees. The remaining chapters contain notes and de- scriptions of 97 trees, 21 of which are exotic species common in cultivation or naturalized. The author has attempted to show that the deciduous trees chosen can be recognized in winter. The characters named are main- ly the form of the tree, habit of branching, size, color, modifica- tions of leaf buds, branchlets, eolor, and structure of bark. The task is well done, and with the aid of the very excellent half-tones and colored plates, the reader is rarely left in doubt. We cannot help calling attention to the beautiful picture of a su- perb American Elm. The talks about each tree are enlivened by poetical and historical allu- sions, from authors like Virgil and Czesar down to Dr. Holmes in his ‘‘Autocrat of the Break- fast Table.’’? The author’s style is clear and pleasing, and the dry facts are made so interesting that one finds entertainment even in a book of ‘‘Studies.’’ For the most part, technical descriptions have not been at- tempted. The few botanical terms used have been explained, as have also the significance of all generic and specific Latin names. The untaught, however, may halt at ‘‘ subpeteolar.”’ The author deserves special credit for having attempted to distinguish deciduous trees in winter, a season when the layman sees the least number of characters. The trained den- drologist knows trees at all seasons; but until the distinguishing winter features are pointed out, the casual observer is wont to think of leafless trees as quite beyond identification. We believe Miss Huntington has the honor of writing the first popular tree book based on winter characters. _For completeness, we wish the author had given the geographic range uniformly for all species. We are quite satisfied to learn that Studies of ‘trees in Winter,”’ courtesy the From *“‘ ; Publishers, Knight & Millet, Boston. TRUNKS OF SHAGBARK HICKORIES. 88 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. the Linden is found from New Brunswick to Georgia and west to Kansas, but disappointed in reading that the Yellowwood occurs only in Kentucky and Tennessee, or that the Bur Oak js at home on the Penobscot River, in Maine, or Lake Champlain, in Vermont, in the Berkshire Hills and on Ware River, in Massachusetts. The Slippery Elm, also, said to be ‘‘found in cer- tain localities throughout the Atlantic States,”’ but is ‘‘not common in eastern Massachusetts.” Occasionally the author has to rely for dis- tinctive features on summer studies. Prunus virginiana and P. pennsylvanica are distin- guished from P. sevotina ‘‘ by their red instead of black fruit.’? After all, we are afraid this would not be easy. Coming to the nuts that some trees bear, it is surprising to read that ‘“‘shell-barks are of greater commercial value than those of any other hickory.’’ Doubtless the author meant to say, of any other hickories in New England; otherwise the Pecan (which is a hickory, but not of New England) would feel hurt. The nuts of Wicoria glabra are declared to be un- marketable ; nevertheless the best forms of these nuts are sold in the market. Speaking of the ‘‘ hairy brown buds” of the Slippery Elm, the author says, ‘“‘compared with the smooth hard buds on many trees, they are what soft, long-haired Angoras are to ordinary eats.’’ In choosing this simile the author has broken down all lines of conventional descrip- tion. We commend the book as a helpful contri- bution to our popular literature on trees. GBs S: Forest Trees and Forest Scenery, By G. FRED- ERICK SCHWARZ. Pp. 183. Illustrated by 26half-tones. New York: The Grafton Press, 1901. Price, $1.50 It is not too much to say that the author has chosen a subject which is almost entirely un- written in this country; but in giving his thoughts he has vividly expressed the feeling that is common to every true lover of the forest. By a painstaking analysis of the es- thetic elements of forest scenery and its con- comitants, he has presented the subject in a way that all readers may find some new beau- ties and economies in the habits of trees and the conformation of forests. The author shows a careful stndy and famil- jarity with the trees considered. Useful facts and descriptive characters of a large number of native trees are deftly interwoven in the discussion of his subject. Excellent illustra- tions give a clear idea of the author’s obser- vations. One of the most commendable features of the book is its allusions to and popular treat- ment, in connection with the general subject of forestry in its relation to trees and forests. This will be greatly appreciated by general readers, especially just now when the intro- duction of conservative forest management is receiving so much encouragement in this country. very great, and the book before us deserves praise for its timely hints. Popular interest in this subject is_ February, A pleasing feature is the excellent printing and attractive appearance of the book. The illustrations are well chosen and clearly illus- trate the points discussed. Trees of New England. By L. lL. Dame and HENRY BROOKS. Pp. 196. With plates from original drawings by ELIZABETH G. BIGELOW. Boston: Ginn & Co. Messrs. Dame and Brooks have given the New England public, interested in our native trees, a book that has long been needed. This book is a small volume which one can easily put into the pocket and carry into the woods, and at the same time itis the best guide to the identification of our New England trees of any of the smaller books heretofore published. Since the completion of Professor Sargent’s ‘‘Silva of North America,’’ a great many books have been written and illustrated telling about the New England trees in one way or another. These books have, for the most part, told about the esthetic side of New England tree life, often leaving a confused idea in the reader’s mind of just what the species are that were written about, unless he were already familiar with them. None of these books have enabled the amateur to readily identify the New England trees in the woods or open field. Persons interested in the woods and fond of nature do not care in particular to be told in what tespects certain trees are beautiful and pleasing ; they want to make these interpre- tations forthemselves. All this sort of writing about our trees, unless it be done by a master hand, such as a Burroughs or a Muir, is not what the public wants who are accustomed to spending their summer vacations in the woods. They have long wanted a handy pocket volume enabling them to know, with reasonable ac- curacy, the names of the trees which they come across in their tramps through the woods during their summer vacations. They have wanted to know the names of the trees so that they can intelligently talk about them to their friends ; about the various ways that the dif- ferent kinds appeal to them from an esthetic standpoint, as well as in various other ways. It seems to the reviewer that this want has been very well attained in the ‘‘ Trees of New England.’’ In this handy volume an account is given of each species naturally growing in New England, and its salient characters pointed out in a clear text and enforced by, for the most part, a clear and accurate full- page plate from a carefully executed pen drawing. The habitat and range for each species is given with reasonable completeness, for the range of each species within New England. The habit of each species is well set forth and an account is given of the leaves, the winter buds, and the bark. A brief account is given of the inflorescence and fruit, and the horti- cultural value of each species is also briefly set forth. It is unfortunate that a brief paragraph was not added to the account given of each species telling its economic value. Such information 1902. could have been brought together by the authors with little effort and would have added greatly to the value of the book. It would have’ been more satisfactory to the general reader if the diameter of trees were taken breast-high rather than at variable heights on the bole. It is unfortunate that something could not have been given regarding the habit of different trees in the woods as well as in the open, for those who will use the book most are chiefly interested in the trees as a part of the forest rather than as single individuals growing intheopen. A commendable feature is in the publication of the common names of the different trees actually in use in the dif- ferent parts of New England. The book is somewhat marred by the fact that the plates illustrating the species are in many cases placed with the text descriptions of other species. Vor Nia 0c PUBLISHER’S NOTES. Beginning with this number, FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION will contain a department known as ‘‘ Recent Publications,’’ in which it is our in- tention to review the latest books. These book notices will be prepared by competent review- ers, and we hope to make this department an interesting feature of each number of ForR- ESTRY AND IRRIGATION. Publishers will do well to send us books on all out-door subjects; the readers of this magazine are especially in- terested in nature books. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 89 Numerous inquiries have come to us con- cerning the kind of pumps, the cost and capac- ity, successfully used in procuring water for irrigation. Manufacturers and users of pump- ing machinery will confer a favor by sending brief statements covering these details, and particularly the results attained by pumping in different parts of the country. —~ We have just received a copy of J. M. Thor- burn & Co.’s seed catalogue for 1902. The present issue is the one hundred and first an- nual catalogue published by this well-known firm ; it is well printed and contains a large number of excellent half-tone illustrations of flowers and vegetables. Three new books on forestry are reviewed this month, all of them being valuable addi- tions to the literature on this subject. We refer to ‘Studies of Trees in Winter,’’ by Annie Oakes Huntingdon, published by Knight & Millet, Boston ; ‘‘ Forest Trees and Forest Scenery,’’ by G. Frederick Schwarz, issued by the Grafton Press, New York ; and a ‘‘ Handbook of New England Trees,’’ by L. L. Dame and Henry Brooks, published by Ginn & Co., Boston. j Knight & Millet recently purchased the pub- lishing business of Bradlee Whidden, Boston. The line of books on natural history formerly published by him is now being handled by Knight & Millet. ; Studies of Trees ——In Winter A DESCRIPTION of the DECIDUOUS TREES OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA By ... Annie Oakes Huntington ne With an introduction by CARE ES. Sa -SSRGENT, Arnold Professor of Arboriculture in Harvard University and author of ‘“*The Silva of North America” Ibtig Ie SZ LT STE AOE SS ET RN teed ERY any Dummy 8 With twelve colored plates by MARY S. MORSE and photographs by the author One volume, tloth, gilt top I2mo (size 628% inches) $2.25, wet SE Knight & Millet, Publishers 221 COLUMBUS AVE., BOSTON FOREST TREES A N D FOREST SCENERY By G. FREDERICK SCHWARZ Describing, in popular style, the sources of beauty and attractive- ness in American forest trees and sylvan scenery. Handsomely and appropriately illustrated % % PRICE $1.50 For Sale by Booksellers or Sent by the Publishers Ghe GRAFTON PRESS 70 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK Back Files of Lhe Forester The Profession of Forestry . . . - $ .25 Wiols lVe-dvhe Forester, 1698). assess OD Vol. V. The Forester, 1899 . . . 1.00 Vol. VI. The Forester, 1900 . . . 1.00 Vol. VIL. The Forester, 1901 . . . 2,00 Proceedings of the American Forestry Congress and American Forestry Association (1888-1897, inclusive) 1.00 Ask — ———=HIGH GRADE M— Your Druggist ADVERTISERS will do well to take space in Forestry and Irrigation which circulates among an unusually high class of readers. The Twentieth Century Specific for CONSTIPATION BILIOUSNESS LIVER COMPLAINT SICK HEADACHE Card of rates on There is no such combination on the market today and you can have your money back if you are not satisfied with the results. Address Ten Doses, 10 Cts. Thirty Doses, 25 Cts. If your druggist will not furnish it Forestry ana Irrigation send to, 5 and 7 Atlantic Building Stephenson Chemical Co., Greenesburg, Pa. Washington, D. C. FARMING in COLORADO, UTAH ... and NEW MEXICO ... The farmer who contemplates changing his location should look well into the sub- ject of irrigation. Before making a trip of investigation there is no better way to secure advance information than by writ- ing to those most interested in the settle- ment of unoccupied lands. Several pub- lications, giving valuable information in regard to the agricultural, horticultural, and live stock interests of this great west- ern section have been prepared by the Denver & Rio Grande and the Rio Grande Western, which should be in the hands of all who desire to become acquainted with the merits of the various localities. Write S. K. HOOPER, @. P. & T. A. ... DENVER, COLORADO... Scene in Eagle River Canyon along Denver & Rio Grande R.R. In writing advertisers kindly mention FoRESTRY AND IRRIGATION. Forestry 24 Irrigation H. M. SUTER, Editor and Publisher i A=, a ens ee ——————; se Oa ee SaaS OR OEE Sew 1 Te. Oe a) = --~- 92 POON ee em CONTENTS FOR MARCH, 1902 RECLAIMED DESERTS : , ; : é . Frontispiece NEWS AND NOTES (Zélustrated) . ; y : ‘ ? 93 Irrigation Bill Passed by Senate — Pennsylvania Forest Re- serves—Forest Fires—University of California—Measurement of Water—Meeting in Michigan — Winter Irrigation of Orchards —Irrigation in New Jersey—Forestry in Maryland — Extent of Present Irrigation—Tree Planting by Illinois Central—Irrigation in Connecticut—To Cut Timber in the Adirondacks : HON. REDFIELD PROCTOR (with portrait) A NATIONAL IRRIGATION POLICY : E : : Senator H. C. Hansbrough THE MAY FLOOD (1901) IN THE SOUTHERN APPA- LACHIAN REGION In the Catawba River Valley, North Carolina . : ; Wade H. Harris The May Flood in Eastern Tennessee : ; é H. B. Ayres 109 COLORADO FOREST FIRES IN 1901 ; ‘ : : Henry Michelsen III THE PLANTING OF EXOTIC TREES IN SOUTHERN FLORIDA. Part I. (///ustrated) Dr. John Gifford 116 EARTHEN RESERVOIRS . : : Arthur P. Davis 121 MAPLE PLANTATIONS IN VERMONT (Z//ustrated ) George H. Myers LIGHT OUT OF DARKNESS : Guy Elliott Mitchell THE EFFECT OF ICE STORMS ON TREES E : Z Herman H. Chapman PUMPING WATER FOR IRRIGATION. Third Paper (Lilustrated) . : : : ; FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION IN CONGRESS RECENT PUBLICATIONS : ; : FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION ts the official organ of the American Forestry Subscription price $2.00 Entered at Association and The National Irrigation Association. a year; single copies 20 cents. Copyright, 1902, by H. M. Suter. the Post Office at Washington, D. C., as second-class mail matter. Published Monthly at 57& 7 ATLANTIC BUILDING . Washington, D. C. ‘STTIH GINV HHL HONVISIG HHL NI GNV ‘GUVHOUO YAC'IO NV SIHY, GNIHHA ‘CAVHDYO ONNOA VY GNOOWODAUOL AHL NI ‘SOLOVD HIM GHUHAOD ATAHWUMOT | VINYOAVIVO NYHHLNOS ‘SGNWI LYHSHaC GHWIV’ IOAN Forestry and Irrigation. Vou. Arr: DIAC LG 902% No. 3. NEWS AND NOTES. Irrigation The Senate passed the ir- Bill Passed rigation bill Saturday, by Senate. Marchi. ‘There was not even the formality of a roll-call, the sentiment being unani- mously in favor of the measure. When the bill was taken up Mr. Stewart made a speech in its support, as did Mr. Tillman. In the course of the debate Mr. Bacon said that he was glad attention was to be turned to the development of our internal resources, because he believed they would yield far greater returns than the will-o’-the-wisps that were be- ing pursued in distant lands. Mr. Gal- linger pointed out that the settlement of the newly irrigated lands would help the manufacturers, while Mr. ‘Teller asserted that the measure was not local, but would benefit people all over the United States, because it would offer them sites for homes. Mr. Clay also supported the measure as a matter of justice. The bill now goes to the House for action. . & Pennsylvania Ata recent meeting of Forest the Pennsylvania State Reserves. Forestry Commission it was announced by Dr. Rothrock that the forest property in the South Mountains, acquired by the state, would be turned over about the middle of March. It comprises 40,000 acres in the Mount Alto district, in Franklin and Fulton counties. The Barre lands, in Huntingdon County, comprising 8,000 acres, were also reported to have been purchased and now in the state’s hands. Negotiations for the purchase of the Kulp tract, in Union County, from which the timber has been cut by ex- Congressman Kulp, were announced as concluded, and the state will soon take possession of the 28,000 acres. The state reserves now contain 325,700 acres of land, and the Commission ex- pects to acquire 100,000 acres additional during the present year. At the twenty-fifth annual meeting of the Pennsylvania State Board of Agri- culture, held recently at Harrisburg, a resolution was adopted which asks the legislature to furnish funds to establish a training school in elementary forestry. The resolution is worded as follows : Resolved, That the legislature of Penn- sylvania be requested to furnish funds requisite for the establishment of a train- ing school of elementary forestry at Graeffenburg, Adams County, where, on the state reservation, the pupils may, by work done in the state forests, earn what it costs the commonwealth to board, clothe, and educate them, provided said pupils furnish bond to repay the state what it costs to educate them if they fail on examination or are discharged for misconduct. * In spite of this being the winter season, it seems that the danger from forest fires, in cer- tain sections of the country at least, is considerable. From Gabriella, Fla., comes the news that ‘‘ forest fires are raging all through this section of coun- try, doing considerable damage. Horne & Petteway, the turpentine firm, have lost about 12,000 boxes. ‘The fires will cause heavy loss to the stock-owners, as the grass is all burnt off, and it is so dry Forest Fires. 94 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. March, VIEW OF SKY LINE CANAL; TAKING WATER FROM THE SOURCES OF BIG LARAMIE RIVER AND DIVERTING IT INTO THE CACHE LA POUDRE ABOVE CHAMBERS LAKE, NORTHERN COLORADO, AT THE HEIGHT OF 8,000 FEET. 1902. that the new grass will be long in start- ing.’’ Near Sampson City, Fla., forest fires have been burning for two weeks, doing great damage to farmers and turpentine timber. Many buildings have been threatened. The grist mill and cotton gin belong- ing to Col. T. N. Winn, near Hinesville, Ga., were burned a few days ago as the result of a forest fire. In this connection attention is called to the article on ‘‘ Forest Fires in Colo- rado in 1go1,’’ published elsewhere in this number. The author of this article, Mr. Henry Michelsen, has for years been a strong advocate of forest preser- vation, and each season he keeps a care- ful record of all forest fires which occur in Colorado. & University of Dr. B. E. Fernow, Di- California. rector of the New York State College of For- estry, has been appointed lecturer on forestry at the next summer session at the University of California, to be held during July and August, 1902. Dr. Fernow will spend three weeks in the instruction of those interested in the profession of forestry, and will also deliver nine illustrated evening lectures. * There are in common use two units of meas- urement of water when used in irrigation—that giving the rate of flow, as of a stream, and that stating the cubical quantity, as of water con- tained in a reservoir. The cubic foot per second (second- foot) is the unit for the rate of flow. This is a quantity of water delivered by a rectangular flume one foot wide and one foot deep and fiowing at the average rate of one foot a second. In round numbers this is equal to 7% gal- lons each second, or 450 gallons per minute. The rate of flow is sometimes ex- pressed in miner’s inches, but this is an indefinite quantity. In Arizona 4o miner’s inches make a cubic foot per second, and in California 50 miner’s inches make a cubic foot per second. Measurement of Water. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 95 In various localities there are interme- diate values. The unit of capacity used in irriga- tion is the acre-foot, or one acre covered one foot in depth, equivalent to 43,560 cubic feet. One cubic foot per second flowing for twenty-four hours will cover an acre 1.98 feet in depth. In round numbers, a cubic foot per second for a day is equivalent to two acre-feet. * The Joint Meeting of the Michigan Political Science Association and the Mich- igan Farmers’ Institutes was held under the auspices of the Michigan Agricult- ural College (near Lansing) on Feb- ruary 25, 26, 27,and 28. The programs for the caine sessions included discus- sions and addresses on state problems of political science, forestry, agriculture, and allied subjects. The Honorable James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture, addressed the conventionon the relation- ship of the ‘‘ Department of Agriculture to the Farmer.’’ Mr. Gifford Pinchot, Forester of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, was to have delivered an address on ‘‘ The Condition and Sig- nificance of the Forest Movement,”’ but was unavoidably prevented from attending the meeting. Mr. George B. Sudworth, Chief of the Division of Forest Investigation, Bureau of For- estry, spoke on ‘‘The Origin and Development of Forest Work in the United States.’’ Mr. E. A. Wildey, Michigan State Iand Commissioner, presented a paper on na he Forestry Problem in Michigan.’’ C. A. Davis, Professor of Forestry in the University of Michigan, and the Hon. Chas. W. Garfield, President of the Michigan State Forest Commission, spoke on the needs of forest work in Michigan. The meeting was widely attended by repre- sentative Michigan men and was of un- usual interest. In conjunction with the above con- vention, the Michigan State Forest Com- mission held an important meeting, at which the work of the Commission dur- ing the past year was discussed. Mr. George B. Sudworth spoke to the Com- mission on ‘‘ Special Forest Investiga- Meeting in Michigan. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. A MICHIGAN WHITE PINE FOREST IN WINTER. March, 1902. tions Needed in the State.’’ Professor Lane, State Geologist, discussed the possible cooperation of his department with the forest commission. The work of the forest commission is promising. A wide public interest has been awak- ened by the commissioners in favor of state forest work, and it is expected that suitable appropriations and legisla- tion will give the commission increased opportunities for further practical work. & Experiments have been made in southern Ari- zona to ascertain whether water can be advantage- ously applied during the winter season, when an ample supply can be had, but withheld during the summer, when there is a deficiency. In1888 a portion of an orchard was not watered from Septem- ber until January, 1889, when winter irrigation was begun and continued until the end of March. In all eight irrigations were made, the water being applied through furrows. The ground was cultivated after the last irrigation to check evaporation. Water was again applied in June, but not again during the season. The trees grew thriftily and maintained a vigorous appearance allsummer. During the following win- ter about 3 feet of water in depth was applied and the ground again plowed each way and harrowed thoroughly. After each summer shower the soil was again cultivated to maintain a mulch of dust 6 or 8 inches deep. No irrigation water was applied for 8 months, during which period the rainfall was only 2.5 inches: ‘The trees remained in excel- lent condition, and during the hot, dry period a good crop of excellent apricots was obtained. An examination of the roots of the trees showed that they had penetrated in large numbers to a depth of from 12 to 16 feet, some going down to 20 feet. The conclusion has been reached that by applying about 3 feet of water during the winter and with frequent cultivation a deciduous orchard can be maintained in good condition throughout the year, even in the hot, dry climate of Arizona, particularly where the soil is deep and retentive of moisture. Winter Irrigation of Orchards. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 97 Irrigation in Irrigation was reported New Jersey. on 8 farms in 1899. Of the 73 acres irrigated, 69 acres were devoted to crops, as fol- lows: Hay, 26 acres; vegetables, 20 acres; corn, 13 acres; celery, 6 acres; seeds, 4 acres. The total value of the crops produced was $8,720, an average of $126 per acre. The average value per acre of irri- gated land was $155. The total capital invested in irrigation plants was $2,831, and the average cost of irrigating was $36 per acre. & Improvement of forest conditions is a subject being considered by the present session of the Maryland legisla- Cure. Mr. Harry, of Frederick County, has introduced in the house a bill to create a state board of forestry, to consist of three members, to be appointed bienn1-. ally by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate. The commissioners are to be male citizens not under 30 years of age nor over the age of 60 years, one of whom at least shall possess a scientific knowl- edge of forestry and at least two of whom shall each own too acres of farm land within the state. One of the commis- sioners shall always be a resident of the Eastern Shore and one of the sixth congressional district. The commissioners are to have their office at Annapolis and are to receive a yearly salary of $600 each. They are to employ a secretary at a salary to be fixed. It is to be the duty of the board to acquire, in the name of the state, such woodland along the headwaters of the rivers of this state as may be offered at a price not exceeding $8 an acre, the amount purchased in any one year not to exceed the money at the disposal of the board. Provision is also made for the purchase of deforested land in the judgment of the board. Arrangements are made for paying a bounty of rocentseach for Locust, Black Walnut, Black Oak, Red Oak, or Hick- ory trees planted by land-owners under certain regulations, and 5 cents for each Forestry in Maryland. March, FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. ‘NOLONIHSVM ‘SAW’TIVA AHXOW-WONVLVY JO MHIA TVAHNAD 1902. Chestnut or other trees whose wood may be used for fencing or building purposes. A yearly appropriation of $30,000 is pro- vided for the purchase of lands, $5,000 for bounties, and $6,000 for salaries and expenses of the board. 5d Extent of The irrigated area is ap- Present proximately 7,500,000 Irrigation. acres, the greater por- tion of this being in the states of California and Colorado. During the last ten years the irrigated area has been extended, the increase being due mainly to a more complete use of water from ditches already built and not to new construction. In recent years comparatively few large works have been built, but those constructed from about 1885 to 1895 have been gradually enlarged and more land brought into irrigation. Most, if not all, of the large speculative enter- prises for reclamation are in the hands of receivers, the stockholders have lost everything, and the bondholders are being called upon to maintain the works. There exists the anomalous condition that, although the enterprises are bank- rupt, large values have been created. For example, in the case of the Bear Valley Company, the investment of about $1,000,000 is estimated to have created values of very nearly $5,000,- ooo. ‘The enormous apparent profits have not gone to the investors, but to the public in general. & Tree Planting The officials of the Ili- by Illinois nois Central Railroad Central. recently decided to be- gin tree planting along their lines from Chicago to New Orleans. The distance from Chicago to New Or- leans is about 900 miles, and it is the company’s intention to plant over 200,- ooo catalpa trees. At first it was thought to set aside one or two tracts on which to plant the trees, but it has now been decided to string the forest over the entire system. They will not be set out after any pat- tern or design, but will be planted in the ground around stations, along the FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 99 right of way in the country, around warehouses, and every place where they may grow and at the same time add to the surroundings with their shade. The contract for this planting has been let toa private firm. Agents of this firm are now in the field locating places where the larger numbers of trees are to be planted. Scarcity of timber for ties is the cause of the planting of these trees by the railroad. During the last two or three years much difficulty has been experi- enced by railroad officers in obtaining the proper timber for ties, and the great amount used for this purpose has drawn heavily on the lumber markets of the country for the right kinds of wood. * Intensive farming by means of the artificial application of water has been successfully practiced as far north as Connecticut. The Census Office has recently published figures showing that in 1889 there were under irrigation 56 farms, with a total area under ditch of A7I acres, or an average of 8 acres on each farm. The cost of the pipes, ditches, pumps, and reservoirs used in this connection was $16,113, an average cost of $34.25 per acre irrigated. * To: Gat Assemblyman Davis has Timber in the introduced a concurrent Adirondacks. resolution in the New York Legislature carry- ing out the recommendation of Governor Odell permitting forest timber to be cut in the Adirondacks, under rules adopted by the Forest Preserve Board; also allowing the laying out of roads along such routes as may be approved by the Board ; but no steam railroads shall be constructed or operated upon state lands in the forest preserve. The legislature is also permitted by the provisions of the resolution to au- thorize the sale of state lands outside of the Adirondack Park, and the proceeds are to be applied to the purchase of lands within the Adirondack Park. Irrigation in Connecticut. I0O FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. March, HON. REDFIELD PROCTOR, UNITED STATES SENATOR FROM VERMONT, AND VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION FOR VERMONT. ENATOR PROCTOR, chairman of the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry, and one of the most effective friends of forest conservation in the United States Senate, was born at Proc- torsville, Vermont, January I, 1831. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1851, and from Albany Law School in 1859, and was admitted to the bar at Albany and Woodstock, Vermont, the same year. During the next two years he practiced law at Boston, Massachu- setts. In June, 1861, he entered the Third Vermont Regiment as lieutenant and quartermaster. In July of the same year he was placed on the staff of Gen. W. F. (Baldy) Smith, and in October was commissioned major of the Fifth Vermont Volunteer Militia. With this regiment he served one year around 1902. Washington and on the Peninsula. In October, 1862, he was made colonel of the Fifteenth Vermont, a nine months’ regiment, and commanded it at the bat- tle of Gettysburg, and until its term of service ended. After the war Colonel Proctor formed a law partnership at Rutland, Vermont, with W. G. Veazy, but in 1869 he gave up law practice and accepted the office of manager of the Sutherland Falls Marble Company. In 1880, when that company, with another, united as the Vermont Marble Com- pany, one of the largest companies of the kind in the world, Colonel Proctor was chosen president, and in this position displayed rare executive ability. He took a keen interest in the welfare of the 1,000 workmen employed by the company, and presented them with a library of 3,000 volumes. He began his political career as a se- lectman in Rutland; later became a mem- ber of the Vermont legislature—1867, 1868, 1888. He was a member of the state senate and president fro fempore— 1874-1875. Colonel Proctor was elected Lieuten- ant-Governor of Vermont in 1876, and in 1878 was chosen Governor by 20,000 majority. His administration of that office resulted in a reduction of state expenses, the passage of a law estab- lishing savings banks, a law compelling every tax-payer in the state to swear to his list, and a revision of the statutes of the state. He was a delegate to the Na- tional Republican Convention of 1884, and in 1888 was chairman of the Ver- mont delegation to the Chicago Na- tional Republican Convention. In March, 1889, he was chosen Sec- retary of War by President Harrison, and filled that position until November 2, 1891, when he was appointed U. 5. Senator by Governor Page, of Vermont, to succeed Hon. Geo. F. Edmunds, who had resigned. He took his seat Decem- ber 7, at the opening of the Fifty-second Congress. While Secretary of War, he gave special attention to coast and border de- fense, the building of modern guns for fortification and field purposes, the re- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. IOI organization of the army, and the prepa- ration of new tactics to meet modern conditions. He gave unremitting atten- tion to the subjects of bettering the con- dition of enlisted men and raising the standard of recruits. The rations were improved, the rewards for soldierly con- duct raised, and the difficult subject of punishment received close attention. Under the lead of Secretary Proctor more wholesome legislation was secured for the army than at any previous time in an equal period. ‘The country has reason for deep satisfaction in the pro- gress made during his administration in the work of national defense. He gave his attention to this vital subject from the moment he entered upon his duties. His personal experience at the time of the St. Albans raid gave the question of border defense along the Great Lakes its proper weight in his mind in relation to the great and pressing problems of harbor protection. His work was quiet, but effective. Hesoon created unusual interest in the committees of the House and Senate in charge of this matter. His plain and practical presentation of the fact that our great cities, both on the sea and lakes, were utterly defense- less soon carried conviction and gained general support for an appropriation as large as could be profitably expended within the year for the purchase of sites for fortifications for the construction of batteries and mines, for establishing the great gun factory at Watervliet, N. Y., and for the manufacture of heavy guns for sea-coast defense. In 1892 Senator Proctor was elected to fill both the unexpired term of Sen- ator Edmunds and also the succeeding term. He was re-elected in 1898, and his present term will expire in 1905. Early in 1898 he visited Cuba, and his speech in the Senate on the Cuban re- concentrados after his return attracted wide attention. Senator Proctor, in addition to being chairman of the Sen- ate Committee on Agriculture and For- estry, is also a member of the Commit- tees on Military Affairs, Fisheries, the Philippines, and Industrial Expositions. His home is at Proctor, Vt. 102 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. March, A NATIONAL, IRRIGATION POLICY.* By SENATOR H. C. HANSBROUGH. HE purpose of this policy is to assist in providing homes for the rapidly increasing population of the country. President Roosevelt stated the case in a few words when he said in his message that ‘‘ successful home- making is but another name for the upbuilding of the nation.’’ To say that the national govern- ment cannot, within the Constitution, do its part in the development of the latent wealth that exists in a region that is nearly one-third of the total area of the United States is to discredit the genius of the American people. To say that we may not utilize the waste waters that pour down from the moun- tain heights, and by applying these waters to public lands that would other- wise be worthless make two blades of grass grow where none grew before, is to admit that national progress has reached the end, and that we are hence- forth doomed to slow decay. If I may be pardoned for referring to the constitutional features of the case, I find that it has been deemed expe- dient under the Constitution to con- struct large reservoirs at the headwaters and along the tributaries of our great rivers for the benefit of navigation, and incidentally, not accidentally, these res- ervoirs have been and are now being used as storage places for millions of saw-logs. Insome instances navigation has come to be the incidental and log storage the chief purpose. Appropria- tions for this work have been made, amounting to many millions of dollars, directly from the Federal Treasury. By the terms of this bill it is proposed to devote the receipts from the sales of public lands to the improvement of the lands, converting the desert into pro- ductive fields and pastures and making homes for homeless people. It is pro- posed to conserve the torrential waters of the streams and put them upon the plains for the primary benefit of the husbandman, the incidental protection of navigation, and the ultimate and permanent benefit of the nation. ‘Touch- ing this phase of the question, the President very aptly says that ‘‘the storing of the floods in reservoirs at the headwaters of our rivers is but an en- largement of our present policy of river control, under which levees are built on the lower reaches of the same streams.’’ It will be a difficult task to find a constitutional distinction between these two classes of work. Had the recla- mation of the public domain been a burning question when the Constitution was framed, perhaps the gentlemen who are now interested in the deepening and widening of channels and the storage of saw-logs for the benefit of navigation would be without as well as within these doors clainoring for recognition under the general-welfare clause of our organic law. Noone has thought of complain- ing of the policy of opening rivers to navigation at government expense, so that settlers might go in and lay out new fields of enterprise and industry, and there has been no objection to keep- ing these rivers open at government expense, so that the people could mar- ket their products. It would be a bold mathematician who would undertake to: compute the amount of public money spent in this way. It is conceded that great national benefit has resulted, so we do not stop to ask the cost. The advocates of a national irrigation policy submit a plan whereby large areas of land now practically worthless. may be opened, not at government ex- pense: Dit atm@aucost. to bey assessed against the land. Out of these activi- ties will come a new demand for manu- factured products. This will make New England a party ininterest. Penn- sylvania and Ohio will secure a share of the new orders for steel. The South will find an additional market for her cotton and tobacco. * Extract from a speech delivered in the United States Senate February 6, 1902. 1902. The urgency of the case lies in the fact that the public domain in the humid and sub-humid sections of the West is well-nigh exhausted. The frontiers of western settlement are on the very verge of the arid and semi-arid region. In- deed, a large proportion of the home seekers of the past two years, in their eagerness for lands, have pushed on be- yond the humid into the semi-arid areas. It should be understood at the outset that the plan proposed by this bill does not require a great outlay of money ; that it does not contemplate a ‘‘raid upon the Treasury.’’ Neither is there the slightest probability of an over- production of small grains as a result of the successful operation of the project. The cost is limited to the proceeds from the sale and disposal of public lands in the thirteen states and three teknitonies named in the bill. This would involve asum aggregating, per- haps, $2,500,000 per annum, according to official reports on the present income from this source. It is provided in the bill that the cost of construction of each irrigation project shall be paid by the persons directly benefited. Thus the money expended would constantly be recouped or repaid to the reclamation fund, making the system automatic and self-sustaining. As to the fear of overproduction of farm products, there is no ground what- ever for alarm. While it is true that there are in the great West about 600,000,000 acres of lands which might be irrigated, the essential fact is that there is not sufficient water available, and never will be, to reclaim more than Io per cent. of the whole area, or about 60,000,000 acres. It should not be taken for granted, however, that the whole of this area would be irrigated from government works. ‘The irriga- tion experts of the Geological Survey, basing their calculations upon the most thorough investigations in the field, give it as their opinion that 20,000,000 acres would be the limit of land irrigated from waters conserved by government enter- prises, but that this would serve as a nucleus about which private effort would reclaim an equal amount, or 40,000,000 acres in all. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 103 With the disposal and settlement of more than 13,000,000 acres of the pub- lic domain in 1900, the average Decem- ber prices for all farm products in 1901 were much above the average prices for any year as far back as 1892; so that the rapid settlement of the public do- main cannot truthfully be said to have affected detrimentally the prices of farm products ; nor can it be maintained that the opening of a little more than half a million acres annually by means of irri- gation would result in overproduction. On the contrary, it is the history of all irrigated sections that the output of bread foods from irrigated lands rarely meets the local requirements. Wherever irrigation has been success- fully applied large communities have grown up. New mines have been opened in the adjacent mountains, manufac- tories have been established in the val- leys, and railroads have been extended. Naturally these enterprises bring in large numbers of people. All students of irrigation will attest the declaration of the fact that grasses, fruit, and vege- tables are the chief products that come from irrigated lands. In recent years there has been a great scarcity of forage for stock. The large ranges are being gradually denuded of their grasses, and in many instances stockmen have been obliged to decrease their herds. The natural consequence is a falling off in the number of beef cattle in the West as compared with the increase in popu- lation, and an inevitable increase in the price of meats in all the markets of the country. The inauguration of a broader and more general system of irrigation would be a great boon to the stockmen, as well as to the consumers of beef. With hay selling at from $8 to $13 per ton, the irrigator would devote himself to the production of grasses, thus solv- ing the problem which so closely con- cerns the owners of herds. The necessity of immediately adopt- ing some definite policy with respect to irrigation arises from the fact that under existing land laws sources of water sup- ply are being seized upon with great rapidity, largely by men who are not able to utilize them and who are hold- ing them for speculative purposes. For 104 example, a man may secure control of a spring or locality where water might be held to irrigate 10,000 acres. He holds this for his cattle or for raising forage. He has not the means to conserve the water, nor could he do this profitably. It is of no particular interest to him whether 50 or roo families or more might make homes upon the vacant land ad- joining. If he could build the works, if he could get the people there, and if having them there he could exercise gov- ernmental control over them, he could make a fortune; but he cannot do it, and so these public lands around him lie idle. There are thousands of such instances. In one way or another control of the situation is rapidly passing away from the people, and vested rights are grow- ing up. ‘This absence of wise control, if continued, must result in the arid West remaining thinly populated, in- stead of furnishing opportunities for millions of people. Nothing less than prompt action on the part of Congress can prevent this calamity. The construction of works of reclama- tion by the government does not neces- sarily involve the actual irrigation of the land by the government. By saving the floods or by constructing large diver- sion works, taking water from a river and turning it over a divide, it becomes possible for the settlers to build their own distributing systems in the same way that the pioneers have done. The people who originally came to the arid West found a scanty but widely distributed water supply, which they proceeded to utilize. This they have done up to the limit of the available sources. ‘There are other vast quantities of water, however, which are beyond the reach of settlers, and cannot be used until regulated or conserved. It is im- possible for a home-seeker to go out upon the desert and, unaided or by co- operation, build great reservoirs such as are constructed in other countries by the government. For several years past our trade with foreign countries has been phenomenal. This is especially true as respects our exports. First we tempted the foreign appetite with our bread foods, and soon the whole world began to buy. Then FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. March, we sent across the seas the samples of our mechanical skill. Orders have been pouring in for our manufactured goods, until now our modern railway equip- ments, our electrical appliances, our steel bridges, our farm machinery, and a hundred other mechanical appliances, the product of American mills and fac- tories, are to be found in successful use around the globe. The demand has been so stupen- dously great that we are justified in paus- ing to ask if it is to continue indefinitely. The answer is that ultimately there must be a limit to the ability of foreign countries to buy; that in the very na- ture of things the demand cannot out- run the supply. Indeed, there are evi- dences that the manufacturer must soon turn again to the good old home market if he would keep his enlarged factories in operation When he does, he may not find the home market ready to take all his surplus products. Reveling in the saturnalia of trade with foreign countries covering the past half dozen years, he may have overlooked the prime duty of urging an important line of development, namely, the expansion of domestic resources. He will find the arid region of his own country un- claimed. He will find the mountain torrents going to waste, Congress hav- ing failed to authorize their utilization in the interest of home-building. He will find a multitude of men crowding the great cities who should be adding wealth to the nation and bettering their own condition by tilling the soil. This presents but one of several ne- glected opportunities. Thebestindusrty is home industry. The best market is the home market. ‘The most substan- tial and enduring wealth is that wealth which is permanently attached to the nation as a result of domestic enterprise. The foreign market is in many ways a transitory thing. Wecontrol it to-day ; to-morrow it may be lost to us. We put our highest hopes in it with the ever-present danger of having them shattered. A policy of self-reliance is the best policy with nations as with men. It is the pursuit of this policy that has brought us greatness as a na- tion and as a people. 1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 105 THE- MAY FLOOD (1901) IN THE SOUTHERN APPA- LACHIAN REGION. I, IN THE CATAWBA RIVER VALLEY, NORTH CAROLINA. By WADE H. HARRIS, Of the Charlotte (N. C.) Observer. HE disastrous freshets in the val- ley of the Catawba River during the past year have set the people to thinking, and they will hail with delight any practical scheme that may be ad- vocated to lessen the danger from these floods in the future. The matter has been very thoroughly discussed since the heaviest flood of the series occurred, last May, and the conclusion has_ been reached that the destructiveness of the flood is to be attributed not so much to the amount of rainfall as to the destruc- tion of the forests along the headwaters of the Catawba and itstributaries. The contention is made by people who have lived along the Catawba River all their lives, that while the recent rainfall has not been unprecedented, the destruction wrought by the freshets last year is without a parallel. The characteristics of the Catawba River floods have undergone a sudden and alarming change. In previous years all floods along this river rose slowly. The water stagnated like a mill-pond over the bottom lands and, gently re- ceding, left a deep, rich deposit on the already fertile bottoms. The floods have changed, therefore, from an agency of good to the farmers to one of abso- lute destruction—a quick, tumultuous rise of waters and a swiftly rushing current that tears up the soil down to the rocks and hard clay and leaves bar- ren wastes. ‘This extraordinary and deplorable change in the characteristics of the floods has followed the laying A FLOODED FARM. ORCHARDS AND FIELDS UNDER WATER, WITH RESIDENCE AND OUTBUILDINGS THREATENED. 106 waste in recent years of thousands of acres of woodlands in the western part of this state. The illustrations accompanying this article were taken along the Catawba River during and after the flood of May 21, 1901, and a study of them will give a better idea of the destruction wrought than could be obtained from any written description. The rainfall which produced this flood began falling along the Catawba and its headwaters on May 18 and ended on May 21. ‘The rise of the river was very rapid, and the current was at different points 10, 12, and 15 miles an hour, making an average of over 12 miles. ‘This was in the lower section of the state, where a FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. March, in two of the illustrations. One is that of acorn field destroyed by a deposit of sand. Here and there the photographer could see the corn tassels protruding from the sand. The railroad embank- ment to the left prevented this bottom from being washed out and caused the deposit. At other points along the river steep hillsides brought about the same results. The other illustration in question shows where the soil was washed away to a depth of eight feet. The tips of the ‘“cow root,’’ as it is known by the farmers, held up by the man, are yet in the hard clay down to which it had grown. ‘The leaves at the top show the former level of the bottom land. These pictures represent the con- ditions prevailing to a greater or less extent along both banks of the Catawba in McDowell, Burke, Cald- well, Alexander, Catawba, Iredell, Lincoln, Gaston, and Mecklenburg counties. The most serious aspect of the situation is that in most cases the damage to farm lands, if not perma- nent, will outlast the pres- ent generation. The cut- ting down of the banks have lowered them so that VIEW OF A CORN FIELD BURIED UNDER A BED OF SAND TWO TO SIX FEET IN DEPTH- current of that swiftness was unprece- dented. Along the upper Catawba the current was, of course, much swifter. So rapid was the rise that farmers had no chance to take measures for safety, and great numbers of cows and hogs were lost. In many places residences which had never before been approached by the river were partly submerged, but it was not until the flood had subsided that the farmers obtained an idea of the extent of the devastation it had wrought to theirlands. Some bottoms were buried under a deposit of sand varying from two to eight feet in depth, while others were washed out tothe bareclay. These two peculiarities of the flood are shown in the future the lands will be more at the mercy of floodsthanever. Thecrops will be damaged as much by the small freshets now as they were by the larger and less frequent floods of the past. Mr. BE. We Myers; of *@hapell) Hail who is connected with the United States Geological Survey, made a tour of the Catawba River valley a week after the flood, and estimated the apparent dam- age to farming lands at $500,000; but this estimate is probably below the mark. In his official report, he says: ‘‘ The whole secret of the bad effect and extent of the flood lies in the deforesta- tion in the western part of the state. Along the Linville River and in all parts of western North Carolina the country is being stripped of trees, and this is fol- lowed by forest fires, which sweep away 1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. all undergrowth. When | the rains fall on such land there is nothing to retard the current of the water. With great force it strikes theriver. ‘The velocity of the Catawba is increased by the mad violence of the water, and the current de- velops a wonderful and dangerous power. Every man who lives by the river says without hesitation that the cutting away of the timber is entirely re- sponsible for the serious floods.’”’ There have been two notable floods in the Ca- tawba River in the past. The first was in 1848, and the second was in 1876. In neither instance was there any damage to farm lands. The water rose slowly and receded gently, leaving the river bottoms richer by a deposit of fertile sediment. There is no govern- ment record of the rainfall during those periods, but Catawba River land-owners say that there was as much water in the bottoms during the freshet of 1876 as there was last May. The official reports of the Weather Bureau are interesting as bearing out the theory that the destructiveness of the floods of recent years is due to for- est denudation. The heaviest rainfall of last May was 8.86 inches, at Marion, on the r9th and 21st. At Morganton it was 4.50 inches and at Charlotte 3.60 inches. On September 22 and 23, 1898, the rainfall at Marion was 7.11 inches, at Morganton 4.77, and at Lenoir 6 inches. On October 21 and 22, 1900, the rainfall at Marion was 7.97 inches, and at Linville 9.50 in one day (October 21). ‘The rainfall at Morganton was Finches rem October Il, 1897;. 8-67 inches on July 3-8, 1896; 5 inches on October 13, 1893; 6.60 inches on Sep- tember 9-13, 1893, and 5.80 inches on September 22, 1892. Morganton is about central of the Catawba head- CLAY. EIGHT FEET OF SOIL GONE. A °“*COW ROOT”’ IN THE HARD THE TOP WAS FORMERLY AT THE SURFACE OF THE LAND. waters, and the rainfall there is about an average of the mountain sections. Bearing out the theory of forest pro- tection for the prevention of floods is the: experience. of Dr...Pyl. surpiy, superintendent of the state hospital at Morganton, and it is a practical illus- tration of how the proper care of forest growth affects the flow of water in a stream. ‘The state hospital obtains its water supply from a stream in the South Mountains, known as Black Fox Creek, and owns 400 acres of land, including its head springs and watershed. For twenty years past no timber has been cut on this reservation, there have been no forest fires, and the ground is thickly covered with leaves, mold, and under- growth. Near by is another stream of the same size, but the hills that shelter its head springs have been denuded of timber, and the leaves have been fre- quently burned. Dr. Murphy had the volume of water in each stream accu- rately measured last year, in May and again in August. Between those pe- riods the Black Fox Creek had lost only 108 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. March, WRECK OF BRIDGE ON THE SOUTHERN RAILWAY OVER THE CATAWBA RIVER; PART STANDING WAS SAVED BY RUNNING LOADED CARS UPON IT. Io per cent. of its volume of water, while the loss in the other stream was 38 per cent. The three agencies at work in the destruction of the for- ests are the woodman’s axe, the tanbark stripper, and the forest fire. The chips and de- bris and the dead trees left by the two first named feed the latter and facilitate its work of destruction. The destruction of the forests in North Carolina is really a work of recent years, and has been carried on to an alarming extent within the past twelve months. It has become a very serious matter, and the need for some measures to put a stopate: ikbismureent. lite only remedy is government pro- tection, and the people of the state look to it for the salvation of their forests. It 4s certain that if the denudation of the forests of the Appalachian Range is not stopped, there will be a recurrence of these floods in a more aggravated form. The establishment by the national government of forest reservations appears to be the THE DAY AFTER THE FLOOD. VIEW OF FLOODED FARM LANDS. 1902. only solution. The state laws for the protection of the forests are inadequate, and were they of a character more nearly suited to the case, it is doubtful if the state would be able to secure their proper enforcement. The constantly increasing danger from floods and the ravages to crops and farm lands is a serious thing in itself, but coupled with this is the rapid sacrifice of the noblest forest lands east of the Rockies. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 109 The interest manifested by the people of this state in the establishment of a national forest reserve in western North Carolina is manifested in a special act passed last year by the legislature, which gives to the United States the power to acquire by purchase and condemnation lands in the high mountain regions of western North Carolina, and authoriz- ing Congress to legislate concerning the control of said acquisition. THE MAY FLOOD IN EASTERN TENNESSEE. By HH: B. AYRES, U. S. Geological Survey. HE mountain torrents of eastern Tennessee, like other torrents, are habitually surprising to non-resident people; even the mountaineers, who have lived among them since childhood, sometimes lose buildings or fences, or have fields gullied by the overflow of the streams ; roads are blocked by every freshet, but farmers and the town people of the river valleys suffer most notably. The mountaineer is near the source of the stream and can see the storm and its intensity and provide somewhat against it; but the valley people seldom have much warning of a coming flood. The most thorough destruction, too, occurs along alluvial bottoms, at those points where the torrents capriciously change their courses or leave their loads of boulders, sand, or clay during one flood, to be carried further during an- other. ‘The most dangerous places are near the points where the beds of the streams lessen their grade and the tor- r WRECK OF A MILL, HAMPTON, TENNESSEE. I1O rents change to quieter streams. Here boulders are left during one freshet in bars, guiding the current, until a greater freshet moves them or forms a new chan- nel around them. Here eddies collect silt and form fertile farm land that may either be swept away the next year or remain during many years of profitable cultivation. In addition to the move- ment and lodgment of earth and stone, driftwood has caused even more dam- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. March, banks and from wooded islands, or- chards, and flats. A large portion of other debris consisted of fence rails, slabs, edgings, and lumber from saw- mills; wreckage from barns, outhouses, houses, stores, mills, and bridges, among which there was much furniture and machinery. The amount of damage isvery difficult to estimate, owing to its variety and the far-reaching effect of the changes made. Besides the usual items of loss, such as human lives, domestic animals, buildings, mills, logs and lumber, bridges, railroads, wagon roads, and growing crops, agricultural and other lands were washed away or gullied, de- prived of humus, or covered with sand or other debris. The streets of towns and villages were covered with slime, and wells have been filled with polluted water. ‘The flood was followed by epidemics of fever and dys- entery. Stagnation of business and the discouragement of enter- prise was caused through lack of transportation. Several of the counties of eastern ‘Tennessee suffered a di- rect loss of over $1,000,000 each. Four railroads in Carter and Washington counties lost $300, - 000 by damage to tracks, bridges, and buildings. Why so much damage? There has been much careless- ness in placing buildings, bridges, roads, and railroads in exposed situations, and few people have WRECK OF A RAIT,ROAD BRIDGE, DOE RIVER, TENN. age, especially to bridges, most of which would have staid had not floating forest debris, logs, buildings, and other bridges lodged against them and pushed them over or formed dams to spread the flood. The debris from the forest is com- posed largely of branch wood, logs, and uprooted trees left along banks and bars by former freshets; but in this flood were also many culled logs, fresh from stump land, valuable logs from broken booms, and a very large number of freshly uprooted trees, torn from river considered the increased labil- ity to floods through the effect of fire. grazing, and clearing upon the forests that once covered the mountain sides. Rain must fall before it can run off, but the rapidity of the run-off may be greatly modified. How much was the run-off modified in this case? Before the flood the streams were full and the ground was thoroughly saturated ; they could hold no more water; then the heavy rain came, during which 8.8 inches of water fell in 12 hours. ‘The amount of water to be disposed of was unusually great. In this region there 1g02. are no lakes and no dams of importance. There is very little to affect the run-off of water except the forest and other vegetation. In all his work, since the region was first settled, man has done nothing worth mentioning that has had atendency to retard the run-off of water, but his logging, clearing, road-making, ditching, cultivation, and pasturing of land all have tended to increase it; greatly increased floods have resulted, and under present conditions may be expected in the future. The river waters in the flood of last May were five to ten feet higher than ever known before, and when a similar abundance of rain and ground water combine again a greater flood may be expected. This will be the result un- less we change our customs somewhat and keep the surface of the earth better covered, avoid making roads in stream beds, leave brush and trees growing along streams, and have ravines and gullies obstructed by forest growth. Dams also should be avoided, as, by bursting, they increase floods. The value of the retarding effect of forest debris is a factor very difficult to determine. Mountaineers, who are close observers of such matters, say the for- est, especially where the ground is well FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 1 GB tg covered by brush, leaves, and humus, and where roots make the soil porous, greatly retards the water and causes more of it to soak into the earth, while the cleared land, especially old pastures where the earth is compacted clay, sheds water rapidly. ‘These thoughtful men undoubtedly have the right view. Evi- dence on this point is abundant and can be seen by any one walking over the ground. It is perhaps needless to discuss it. Itissurprising, after looking over the field, that these floods are unexpected to anybody. ‘There is abundant evidence in the alluvial deposits along the water- courses of the former volume and power of the torrents before the mountains were wooded. And why should there be surprise as we cause a return to that condition by clearing away the forest ? These effects are to be expected by every reasoning person familiar with the cir- cumstances. They are known to the observing people of the region. Why should the national government hesitate in a policy to ease or prevent the in- crease of these torrents while the adapt- ability of these mountains to forest growing, rather than agriculture, sup- ports the reasonable demand of the people for whatever protection can be secured against floods? COLORADO FOREST FIRES IN 1901. By HENRY MICHELSEN. HE autumn seasons in Colorado are becoming longer, dryer, and hotter as the denudation of the moun- tains proceeds. The precipitation cer- tainly is diminishing. The tables given below are compiled from the reports of the United States Department of Agri- culture. The vegetation was so dry that fires were started from locomotives as late as the beginning of December, resulting in two considerable conflagrations at the foot of Mount Evans, north of the South Platte Forest Reserve. FIRES IN FOREST RESERVES. The total number of fires in the re- serves was 140, causing damage to timber estimated at $5,375. Thisshowsexceed- ingly good work on the part of the forest authorities. To guard 3,000,000 acres, situated in a most broken country, with a loss of less than a thousand acres of live timber, is a feat denoting an admi- rable organization. The only fire which might Pike’s Peak have had dangerous conse- Reserve. quences originated at Rose- mont sawmill, in section 13, township 15 south, range 68 west. It commenced on the night of Septem- ber 21 and burned until September 29. The mill was situated at the bases of Big Chief Mountain and Mount Rosa, When discovered the conflagration had gained so much headway that the set i 2 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. March, Mean | Le gol. ee Remarks. | ree ae Remarks. ture. Degrees. Inches. bo, Sonoces 63.2 INorinallcasvinctsieee Oe 1.45 0.10 above normal. Jttlyie iG 71.6 2: Siabovenotialme rence 1.10 1.10 below normal, same as July, 1900, the dryest July in I3 years. INEABISIE 355 oat 68.2 TeAvabove mortally seer DaPayl 0.75 above normal. September .. 58.8 Slightly below normal...... 0.65 0.30 below normal. October: 49.6 2.6 above normal, highest in 0.60 0.60 below normal, records covering 14 years. November .. 40.0 4.8 above normal. At Den- 0.22 0.66 below normal, smallest ver the mean temperature precipitation for November was 45.6, the highest in 30 | in 30 years. years. | Average temperature for six months, 2.1° above normal. Total amount of precipitation for six months, 6.29 inches. Deficiency in rainfall, 1.81 inches, or 22.6 per cent. | tlers of the whole region began to move their household goods and live stock to places of safety. A huge sawdust pile, with the slabs from a million feet of lumber, was burn- ing fiercely, throwing out streams of fire for a hundred yards. The wind was blowing a gale from the southwest, which drove the flames across the track of the Colorado Springs and Cripple Creek Railway into the lops and tops of the trees, which covered the ground thickly over forty or more acres, from which this lumber had been cut. The fire was traveling northward along East Beaver Creek up a ravine toward the summit of Mount Rosa. This moun- tain is heavily timbered, and there are large groves of pineand spruce upon the sides of Big Chief Mountain which must have perished had the fire been allowed to proceed in its course. James Parfet, a ranger, called for help upon the section men employed by the railroad, who were trying to save the bridge spanning East Beaver Creek, and with their aid cleared the ridge along the south and east lines of the fire. He sent another force to the base of the mountain to confine it within the limits of the gulch, which was in flames throughout its whole length. In this they were measurably successful, but on Monday, September 23, the confla- gration had nearly reached the summit of the mountain in the vicinity of the saddle, which is here about 1,000 feet wide. By cutting a swath and by beating back the ground fires with shovels, the fire was mastered at this point, though traveling northward, however, until ex- tinguished at its outward limits, on Tues- day, September 23. Then the wind again rose, growing gradually stronger. Dur- ing this day and the following night trees were falling in every direction, but by the hardest kind of work the rangers succeeded in holding the ground they had gained to the east, south, and west, putting out hundreds of small blazes and preventing the spread of flames into the main body of timber. Some of the rangers had been at work in this manner for sixty consecutive hours. The danger was, however, not passed. Only on Sunday night, September 29, did Superintendent May, who had been on the ground all the week, consider the work of salvage complete. To appreciate the task performed it is necessary to be familiar with the condi- tions of western woodlands. By inces- sant labor in blinding smoke, in stifling air, in undergrowth so thickly matted that it impeded every motion, amidst winds so changeable that often the hot blast would fall upon them so suddenly as to make escape difficult, these men strove to save the fine forest cover of the sources of North and South Cheyenne ghee ATION. IGATI STRY AND IRR FORE I19g02. =aver Test Beave West rater Middle. “provide the wat =F anc These ) is “olorac : SETICT, ped eo al Ps B ks. ise Yoru, (C = k dis r 833388 | Gree the cities Cripple Cree meed of ASSBaRR nS he Cr lue : most -~is — for 1 th ee Te GC . 1lts. eas 3 = eblo, anc to give tl such resu y Step tere et 4 Pu ifficult ieving s : idiary | ae Bowl! It is dif 1en achiev ie OF aees "SOA1089. ( : nl =\0 J oes pomoN| Oo ee ndoubte eer re ee Se és Lae fire was u red in th NA 1r WL) 8 ~; The fire occu lumber adn | este Tigi. A irts of a the "sa1y jor + Caies : ors utskirts cing to a latte 0 belonging Paper “Krerpuscu] ers geen eee P a allp tain Arerp Holts hag Sout tve. Cé an Mount imber oye : Forest Rese Rocky stroying t he EROS TNO oe | S i J ine 25, des ituated S : 1 ESR Gar Narada aies pe malt : ny o acres, the [Saar are | sS Compa a of 1gO k, one of South * aAT}JOWO 1 3 na ee 3 | onan a llow Cree f rk of the = on v jaar q : sane a oO iminate 4 w H ehoT es SO “ie are : yec S ns Sle : feeder iver lestroy ras fon) P = aM TL WS) Mes ie W rs petepacu-a=2uS eee | Platte mee but ene Sapna 5 . aa ’ iT | é 1 Caen pe state la f governme Ranger ers. uc) adsoig © SOr g S lunte oof *s10}9 SD = adeHres by Vees: 5 t vo va = Tea n 109 uished by n residen hree other M5 j , y T 2 ee 2 ares Beets Gees of July t is reserve 2 Pee pe omens 8 a aided : a the aia shed in ae by thir- i eel Ec. Seal Sivariae extinguis ep cae hes SNe ee, Sac ral fires were | Steinm The tota ass = peas pazeuiys: es ae 2 €rvisor teers. ostly gre . 5 anyes 5 ane ae Ne) by Sup volun Steir a! sti- A fo 38 a 3 = local vo S 280 acre r being x ° aqui} 3 sare. ae ed over wa: e to timbe fa) ‘yung ysniq S1q A 12 burn amag four < | ap pue y ; Laie: Yel d. the 200. ccurre f % pe | g = ‘ : lan ) t only $ 1 >there O raters o 8 Ziapug | 8 : : mated a In Ju : the Sigil of | C : Ww pa 5 “yuINnd YMOLS qlee ice) fires a Creek, t . shed = See ee i Creek las inguis A ee Plum macs were exti “burned 8 : j = ne 2 Sear, SO = cera ee esetve. whic while o s, de- Bl Spaed saqmy 629 :Q -| + : auch nae a fie eae LS vp : 11 1 : 2 Leia ey cS x Sd an are to the e effect 2 be eS “yuiIng Solo oh a : No} over g = timber tely the ly will a ee seoaltbe Sey Fortuna rater supply is FEIPIOL| 5 =o O75: nd w oc- > oytInq va ig & Oo t cover a Qa fire “IDA ; ay: el oes Ss r 2 - rs I 6B: Dt tens On ae nae epi oA 5 of Pepe et 4 faye] Boly : anil red a I for ; juinq x ay oe en ‘ Clits rth 2 é es eerie hite River of the ai Geeky i ho Ao : ver, ary 4 i leaieade ee: Reo. White ee and ae \ieuIp. . = = ater tin z, =o Smsinbos "ag oe Galle res of live of dead ’ light- A Sean iodtitt pe g e a 2 x twenty Be 280 ae caused by ecessi- pea ie a ey 2 V : a : 5 au bably t in ve is AO JUIN Ba1y XN : 2s brush was pro d in a mos irnt itself x re) = techs ; fire iginate d bt rater 4 ea gee This It origina Ifall, an the wa . . . 7 ¢ a ee or oe | ning. — in a winc mage to t n PI (Kempeail a : | le region no dat ner region. Sep- m [=> ‘kom EP ese Stale b ausing ounding don s q Sareea e Ow ONS = es out, Cc f the surr re occurre f the re- pew ‘s1991H0 = awe? r large oe outside ee 55 Sits a =i ; the va 1 rang &q pey Var —__— : Ano Ihe beg south, yas a 1Of anq PENS 5 ; ip 2 so was “ans St aed eae eee tember 26 township ek oe quite saly a ve, in ’ Creek. igidee ro ig ee Sores ne oe die Eeeaecelie Bed THe H = Tes s 1 = icke Sete > 3 bike wind a ead with g igh thic 4pu pie hoses | high € spr 5, throug SRE UE pe ete Ey py) - the fir ss lands, MG g 5 dry ; grass Ay D @ as open > ye aus be a GEaEZ An 114 of Scrub Oak and the undergrowth of quaking aspen groves into the reserve. On October 16 the rangers finally mas- tered it, the precipitous and rugged formation of the ground greatly imped- ing their efforts. It destroyed 120 acres of live timber, principally spruce and pine; Quaking Aspen partially burned, 400 acres; undergrowth, 50 acres; dry brush and dead timber, 60 acres, and grass, 17oacres. ‘Thedamage to water- sheds was comparatively small, as the headwaters of -the creek were not af- tected, The practical immunity of this reserve is to be ascribed to the efforts of three volunteer fire as- sociations, which were formed for the purpose of assisting the government officers in the prevention of fires. The work of these associations has proven se valuable that it is hoped the people liv- ing within the other reserves will also organize. It is certain that the protec- tion afforded by the government is val- ued very highly by the resident citizens. Battlement Mesa Reserve. FIRES OUTSIDE OF THE RESERVES. Sparks from a locomotive ignited the west slope of Mount Baldy June29. The blaze was extinguished on July 2, the railway people and the min- ers having succeeded in limiting the burning area by means of trenching and back-firing. About few square miles of timber were destroyed. On July 24 a large fire started between Morrison and Pine Grove, caused by negligent campers. It was extin- guished about July 28 by employés of the State Land Board, the area burnt over amounting to about s¢v/een square miles. During the month of July five separate forest fires were burning at the same time. Only in one instance were the state officers able to locate the origin in sparks from a saw-mill operated on patented land. A great fire was observed on Mount Evans July 24. It had evidently originated from an abandoned camp, the dry Summit County. Jefferson County. Park County. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. March, weather permitting a rapid spreading of the flames. The mountain at night had the appearance of a volcano in action, and people came from great distances to watch the striking spectacle. About /ez square miles of woodland were denuded. The latest fire of the season began at the foot of Mount Rosalie October 28, burning over seven sguare miles of fine forest growth, until it reached timber line, about December 1, when it died from want of fuel. On July 22 4a fire started in Boulder Canyon, near the property of the Alaska Gold Mining Company. Lack of material to feed on stopped it within forty-eight hours, but the timber of the canyon was destroyed over a distance of four miles. On September 14 a conflagration be- gan ata hunter’scampin a gulch at the foot of Woodland Mountain, near E]- doro, just above Quigley’s saw-mill. It destroyed all the timber in township 1 south, range 74 west, and touched the adjoining townships. It ceased about October ro, after having denuded a dis- trict of some forty-four square miles, which contained the finest timber in Boulder County. The watershed of Middle Boulder Creek has been burnt to bed rock, and the sources of South Boulder Creek have been laid bare. The result must be disastrous to the farming interests of Boulder Valley. ‘There is no tree cover left to prevent spring floods, and there will be no snows to feed the creeks during the late summer months ; hence there will be no water for late irrigation. The Denver papers claim that this fire was of incendiary origin, but it does not appear that any arrests have been made. On September 22 a fire started in the Silver Lake district, near Sunnyside, four miles east of Ward. This also was of incendiary origin. It ran over an area of twenty square miles and burnt itself out in ten days. Boulder County is now practically a mountain desert. Timber for mining purposes will have to be brought from afar, and we may expect to hear of an appeal for aid in the establishment of reservoirs within a year or two. Boulder County. 1902. On September 26 the park Clear Creek between Santa Fé and Big County. Chief Mountain was dis- covered to be onfire. This conflagration was of incendiary origin, and the parties having been brought to trial, two of them were fined /ex dollars each. But for the efforts of the state timber appraisers and the county offi- cials, the damage would have been very great. As it was, over fifteen hundred acres were burnt over. October 21 a fire started on the south slope of Leavenworth Mountain, four miles above Georgetown, denuding “about. 160, aeres”, “Emiployés “of the State Land Board, assisted by resident miners, kept it from spreading into the large timber of the main range. On September 28 a fire started on the mountains near Lime and Willow creeks, in the neighborhood of Red Chiff, from sparks scattered by a saw-mill which is operating there. An area of thirty-four square miles was denuded. The mining interests of Leadville will be severely affected, for the reason that this district hitherto supplied all the timbers used in that important center. On July 11 a fire started at a point on the western slope of the Medicine Bow Range, 24 miles west of Loveland, in a locality containing the heaviest timber remaining in the state. This tract is forty by sixty miles in extent. Fortunately, only about 1,740 acres were denuded, but the loss was 12,000,000 feet of standing timber, 11,000,000 of which belonged to the federal govern- ment and 1,000,000 to the state. The counties of the west- The Western ern slope which suffered Slope. so severely last year had but shght damages to re- cord during 1901. The people are de- termined that fires shall be stamped out. Eagle County. Larimer County. Approximately one hundred square miles of timber lands were laid bare during the summer of rgo1. There is now not a single county in the state which does not show continuous fire sears. The state government officially General Results. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 115 says that a timber famine is imminent, and that recourse must be had to a res- ervoir system if the irrigated lands are to be watered according to their needs. If the results of this destruction af- fected the people of the commonwealth alone, it might be said that, as they suffer from their own indiscretion, noth- ing further ought to be done in the matter. But Colorado is the mother of rivers. The fires at the headwaters of the Platte, the Arkansas, the Rio Grande, and the various water-courses combining upon the western slope into the river system of the Colorade del Occidente affect the nation at large. These streams are fed by the snows that whiten the Great Divide or by the springs emanating from them. With the tree growth stripped from the water-sheds, the snows will be melted by the first heat of summer, and the water will rush in torrents down the shallow beds of the Missouri, to the destruction of farm lands and homesteads ; and there are no true glaciers in our mountains which might supply a flow in the later part of the seasons. When once each year’s snows are melted, the supply of water is gone and the flow must stop. The remedy for all this destruction and waste lies in the hands of the fed- eral government. The government is the owner of the soil, but it pays no taxes. ‘The mountain counties are poor. The state government, although anxious to prevent losses, is but rarely able to expend any money upon matters not strictly utilitarian, or what may be con- sidered as such by the party which hap- pens to be in power. The new law is working well, and the State Land Board has done all it could; but it is not only hampered by want of jurisdiction over the federal lands, but also by a contin- uous lack of funds; therefore the fed- eral government ought to care for its property. That it is able to do this is proven by the admirable results achieved in its management of the reserves. All of the timber lands, both within and outside of the forest reserves, should be placed in charge of the Bureau of For- estry, the superintendents, supervisors, and rangers put under civil service rules, and the law rigidly enforced. There is I16 now much laxity in this regard. The courts do not take hold of trespass and arson cases where only the property of the public is concerned as they do when individuals are wronged. All of this could be achieved out of the revenues created by a rational management of the forest lands. The need is apparent. All the reservoirs that can be built will not store water in the effective manner which is provided by the forest cover. In Algiers and Tunis can be seen the FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. March, remains of magnificent reservoirs, per- fectly dry, built two thousand years ago by the Roman Government. ‘These res- ervoirs cannot be filled, because the de- nuded mountains will not let precipita- tion fall and because evaporation is ab- normal. In Colorado the evaporation now is about 65 inches annually ; it becomes greater as the yearly tempera- ture rises. A preservation of the re- maining forests, therefore, is of per- emptory necessity. THE PLANTING. OF EXOTIC, TREES IN SOU TEE RN FLORIDA: PAR ale By Dr. JOHN GIFFORD, New York State College of Forestry. LTHOUGH no part of Florida is south of the Tropic of Cancer, and although no part of it is absolutely free from the danger of frost, the vegetation of that part of the state south of a line from Cape Canaveral on the east to Char- lotte Harbor on the west is distinctively West Indian in character. Although the danger of frost produces an uneasy feel- ing, it seems to be the case that those regions of the world which are just out- side of the frost limit, either at sealevel or on the mountains in the torrid zone, are superior for the production of cer- tain vegetables and fruits to regions which are hotter or colder. This may be due totwo circumstances: first, the meeting of two distinct vegetal zones, and, second, a slight check in vegetative growth rather favors the pro- duction of seed and fruit, and also per- haps the storage of starch. The first pro- duces a greater variety and the second a greater quantity of useful materials. By a cool check I do not mean either a frost or a freeze, but a temperature of about forty degrees for a short period of time, which is sufficient to stop vegetative activity. This does not apply as much to wood or to rubber as to fruits, such as those of the genus citrus or coffee. It reduces, however, the amount of weedy growth and checks extreme lux- uriance of growth, which is often a hindrance to the practice of forestry. Florida is the southern limit of sev- eral northern and the northern limit7of many southern species. The range of a few trees extends through Florida into the West Indies and Central Amer- ica. ‘The most notable of these are the Live Oak (Quercus virginiana), the Cuban Pine (Pinus heterophylla), and the Red Juniper ( Juniperus virginiana). The Southern Red Juniper is considered a distinct species by many botanists, although the distinction is impercep- tibly slight. The Cuban Pine seems most at home on the mountains of Guatemala and Honduras. There are those who believe that it is best to enhance and unfold the native beauty of a region rather than decorate it with imported ornament. ‘There are also those who believe that the proper thing to do, regardless of ornament or sentiment, is to introduce those species from all parts of the world which will grow best and produce the largest quan- tity of the most useful materials. ‘There are many Australian, African, and In- dian species of trees which will grow in Florida, and both the federal and state governments would be neglecting a 1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 1 oy KUKUI NUTS (ALEURITES MOLUCCANA). plain duty were they to neglect intro- ducing and experimenting with exotics. Both the arid regions of our west and the coastal plain of our south are in need of considerable government codp- eration. A tropical experiment station has been established at Miami, Fla., and there is every reason for hoping that this may develop into an active center for the distribution of valuable exotic trees. The planting of trees yielding other products than fruit has been neglected in Florida. ‘Tropical Florida covers a WHEN STRUNG ON A BAMBOO STICK CANDLE. BURN LIKE A much larger area than many suppose. It is larger than Vermont, or New Hampshire, or New Jersey. ‘There are at least 10,000 square miles in Florida capable of producing tropical products. (Porto Rico contains only 3,550 square miles.) Although in this territory there is some danger of frost, it has great ad- vantages in that it is a part of our mainland, easily accessible and in very direct communication with the markets of the north. It is also a well watered territory, where water may be easily applied during periods of drought. It 118 is distinctively a forest country, emi- nently fitted for the production of wood. Rob it of its forest, and you will not only rob it of much of its beauty, but you will expose a soil which is natu- rally rather sterile to the abusive action of the elements. -Already, owing to the wholesale removal of the Sand Pine (Pinus clausa) from the great sand dune along the east coast for planta- tions of pineapples, the air is at times literally charged with a silicious dust, which is the most unpleasant feature of travel in that region. There are large areas in Florida which, it seems to me, are in great need of the shade and pro- tection which trees afford. Among those trees worthy of intro- duction into or more extensive culture in Florida, the following deserve first place, or are at least worthy of a trial. I do not mean to suggest merely the planting here and there of a few trees, but acres and acres, so that Hlonda may become in time famous for the beauty, variety, and productivity of her forests, as well as a land of fruits and vegetables. Leucalyptus. There are no doubt many species of this remarkable Australian FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. March, genus which will grow in southern Florida. One may see large specimens of eucalyptus trees even in very remote places, such as the Isle of Pines. Outside of its home, it is most abundant in south- ern Europe, Algeria, South Africa, and southern California. ucalyptus ros- trata, or Red Gum, is my favorite. It is a very hardy and valuable timber tree. It is fast growing, erect in habit, and on the whole a tree of great beauty. Its wood is hard, strong, durable, and reddishvinvcolor, “an South Arica 1 is called ‘‘the farmer’sfriend.’’ It grows in damp places, especially on the river flats of eastern Australia, and will prob- ably do very well, if properly tended, on the edge of the Everglades and other swampy districts. It is a very effective drainage agent, every tree acting as a powerful pump, since the quick-grow- ing leaves and shoots transpire tremen dously in the sun of the tropics. A gum called ‘‘ Red Gum,’’ which is ex- tensively used in medicine, is manufact- ured from this tree. It is probably the best known of the Gum Kinos of Aus- tralia. Seeds of this species may be easily secured, either from our seed dealers or can be ordered from reliable firms in Hurope or Aus- tralia. Melaleca leucadendron (Cajeput dree- or Hever Tree) is a tree of Aus- tralia which has been strongly recommended for planting in damp ma- larial regions. This tree yields cajeput oil, which is much: used in medi- cine. Baron von Mueller says that ‘‘ it deserves es- pecial attention as a trop- ICA othe, sit eLO STO dm malarial swamps, and containing in its foliage antiseptic and anti-mias- matic oil. It will grow where no Eucalyptus can be teared, ’ In the light of modern discoveries in reference to malaria, it is, of course, improbable that these CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA. Lees) | (Oxent caniveaviclay marked influence for 1902. good in that line, except in draining the soil, which certainly tends toward the reduction of the mosquito pest. ‘The presence of trees of any kind prevents the stagnation of water. Aleurites moluccana (Indian Walnut or Candle Nut). ‘This tree is common throughout the tropics. It isa favorite shade and street tree in many tropical cities. It isvery abundant in the Sand- wich Islands. Its nuts produce large quantities of oil, which is extensively used as a drying oil for paints and var- nishes. I have heard it said that fully 10,000 gallons are produced each year in the Hawaiian Islands. The nuts, when strung on a bamboo stick, burn likeacandle. The accompanying illus- tration is by Mr. H. W. Henshaw, of Hilo. The tree which yields such a useful oil and which is so easily prop- agated deserves to be much more ex- tensively planted. Scattered almost everywhere through- out the tropical coast towns of the world one sees Casuarina equisetifolia. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 119 blance of its leaves to the feathers of the cassowary. It isof interest to note that the tree really has no leaves, but that the foliage consists of green thread-like, feathery, jointed branchlets. There are several large trees in Key West, and if it continues in favor as at present it will soon be one of the commonest trees of the Florida coast. It is called also the She Oak. (This tree should not be con- founded with the Silk Oak of Australia, Grevillea robusta. 'Thisisatree of great beauty, with orange-colored flowers in racemes, and frond-like leaves, which also grows wellin Florida, but the wood is not of extra quality.) The She Oak probably belongs somewhere in the order Amentaceze, to which the oaks and wal- nuts belong. Cinnamomum camphora, the Camphor Tree. This tree has often been recom- mended for planting in our south. A circular (No. 12) of the Division of Botany, United States Department of Agriculture, was printed on the subject At Palm Beach, Miami, and other Florida towns this tree has been extensively planted and is growing with magical rapidity. Itissometimes called the Toa Tree, and is also known as Beefwood. It is one of the most valuable forest trees of the world. It iseasily propagated, grows rapidly, and in places where few other trees would thrive. It is extensively used in various parts of the world for the fixation of littoral dunes of sand. Plantations of this tree on the Madras coast are now beautiful and valuable for- ests. By its vigorous growth it has fixed the sandsina perma- nentmanner. Its pliant, droop- ing limbs and foliage give with the wind and are in consequence uninjured by tropical gales. It will grow on the beach close to the salt water of the ocean. The accompanying illustiation shows the hairy foliage and pe- Citar Gabtt and Madrone. From the northern Santa Lucias spring three streams of considerable size, beside the smaller ones flowing toward the Pacific. The first of these three is the Sur* River, draining the western slope of the outer range ; it has a con- siderable body of Redwood at lower ele- vations, and scattered groves of the Sil- ver Fir on the high rocky ridges, and flows northwestward into the Pacific. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. May, and Ventura Creek, ddzes venusta ap- pears at its best. It nowhere shows a tendency to a forest, but occupies either the rocky faces of steep canyons, the crests of rocky ridges, or bottoms of the canyons ; always scattered, or in groups of from three to ten or twelve, with the rocks or other trees interspersed. Its preference is the north slope or the vi- cinity of a mountain stream. Its roots evidently seek the moisture found in these situations. The waters of the Carmel are of grow- ing importance,as they furnish the towns on Monterey Bay, such as Pacific Grove, Monterey, and Hotel del MARGIN OF WOODS IN BEAR BASIN, SANTA LUCIA MOUNTAINS, SHOWING SPECIMENS OF SILVER FIR, COULTER’S PINE, LIBOCEDRUS, AND PINUS PONDEROSA. The second is the Carmel River, drain- ing the north slopes of this mountain mass. In this irregular drainage occur most of the groves of Pinus ponderosa, and the largest areas occupied by the Silver Fir, besides considerable Tan- bark Oak,}+ Madrone, and Valparaiso Oak. + Much of the mountain portion of this drainage indeed appears to bear a true forest. Here also, in Bear Basin * Pronounced ‘‘ Soor.”’ + Pasania (or Quercus) densiflora. t Quercus chrysolepis. Monte, with their domestic water supply. The third stream is the Arroyo Seco, one of the three chief branches of the Salinas River. The Arroyo Seco drains eastwardly, rises in the heart of the northern Santa Lucias, and its watershed occupies a greater share of their ter- ritory. ‘The ridges are of great steepness, the can- yons sometimes impassable and the elevations of a greater share of its moun- tains from 3,000 to 5,500 feet above the sea, Santa Lucia peak, on its south- ern boundary, rising to a height sof 5o67eteet. A great deal of this basin is covered with chaparral, with a limited amount of hardwood timber on the north slopes, some /”nzs coultert, and _ occasional tracts of the Silver Fir, which be- comes rather common in the northwest- ern part of the basin, where the waters approach the sources of the Carmel and the Sur. In this basin there would be much more timber than exists at present if forest fires of great destructiveness had not repeatedly swept its steep moun- tains. These fires are known to have been set purposely in some cases. I have photographs of Silver Firs de- stroyed by the fire of 1898; but the greatest destruction was among the 1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 197 THE SILVER FIR ALONG THE UPPER CARMEL RIVER, CALIFORNIA ; A SPECIMEN OF PINUS PONDEROSA IN THE CENTER. oaks. Pinus ponderosa 2 feet in diam- eter were killed, and the Pzxws atlenu- ata, which is supposed in southern California to resist and check forest fires, was burned into the roots and de- stroyed. The Salinas Valley is a very rich val- ley, and is the center for the sugar-beet industry in northern California. Water has been sought at considerable expense through pumping plants, which have not been very successful, Iamtold. So important is the water supply for this valley that, in 1900, the Arroyo Seco was selected as one of the first basins to be examined by engineers under the authority of the United States Govern- ment and the California Water and Forest Association, and several sites for storage reservoirs were mapped. The engineer in charge proposed that I look over the forest conditions of the Arroyo Seco. I have now acquainted myself with the character of the whole, and the actual growth of more than half the basin. A few of the results of the work have been set forth in this paper, one of the most interesting of which, to a botanist, was the discovery that A dzes venusta occupied not infrequent areas in this and the Carmel River drainage, and might under proper care become an im- portant factor in the question of the conservation of an abundant rain and snow fall. Therefore, in closing, let me suggest certain conclusions which seem perti- nent to me: If the Arroyo Seco is to have storage reservoirs, holding a water supply gathered from very steep slopes, with a consequently rapid drainage, the protection of the existing ligneous growth and the propagation of addi- tional forest growth within this basin is the rational accompaniment of the engineering work. Fire must be kept out, and I am sat- isfied that the Silver Fir would be one of the best species to encourage or to propagate over certain large, rocky tracts where few other trees naturally grow. The best hardwoods to accom- 198 pany it would be the Tanbark and Val- paraiso Oak—the two oaks economically most valuable on the coast. Furthermore, the water supply from the Carmel River will soon become in- adequate or inferior for the growing seaside towns on Monterey Bay, if the FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. May same protection from fire is not accorded to the woods at the head of the stream. In this protection of the Carmel and the Arroyo Seco, one of the most inter- esting conifers in the world, the Silver Fir of the Santa Lucias, would be cared for in its original home. RESULTS: OF ‘IRRIGATION IN WISCONSIN, By GEORGE Jie PATCH HE method of irrigating our gar- den bed of matted strawberries is simply to lay a sluice hose along the upper edge of the piece, open a few ports at a time and let the water flood as far as it »williin: a short times then open more ports and close the first, and so on, till the whole strip is watered; then move the hose out onto the plants to the farther edge of the watered strip and repeat the operation till the whole is watered. A large percentage of the plants first set in this bed died, and the remaining ones were allowed to make runners to furnish plants to fill in missing spaces. Through neglect the whole became more or less matted over. We intended to run furrows for irrigating, but it seemed a pity to tear out so many nice plants, and it was not done. Next time we will run the furrows, or rather we will allow no more beds to mat, so that pickers will have something besides berries to walk on. I mention this method of irrigation because raspberries or other small fruits mulched with straw could be irrigated in this way without moving the straw, by laying the hose on top of the mulch, letting the water sink through and spread under it. Under the direction of Professor King about fifteen acres were laid out into ten plats of about one and one-half acres each, the main crops to correspond in size to these plats, which were again subdivided into a total of forty-eight subplats. Alternate subplats were left unmanured, and part of those manured received twice as much manure as the Dt uwethrcss dO eels ™ woot -aeereaamse te -: ee Wea a AEA SH CO nse ILLUSTRATION SHOWING THE FLOW OF WATER THROWN BY THE PUMP USED BY MR. PATCH. 1902. others. One-half of each subplat was irrigated, some of these once a week and some once in two weeks. A labo- ratory was fitted up in the pump-house in which soil samples were analyzed for their water content and their soluble nitrates. Two men were kept busy during the season taking soil cores (in foot lengths, to a depth of four feet, by driving down a brass tube and pulling it up with the soil inside) and conduct- ing the analyses. These soil samples were taken in certain rows and furrows just before each irrigation and at inter- vals after irrigation and the movements of water and nitrates closely followed. Many hundreds of soil samples were thus analyzed during the summer. I am not in possession of the results of these experiments in detail, and if I were I could not use them in this con- nection, as the government reserves the right of first publication of its findings. I may, however, state some well-known facts concerning the irrigation of sandy lands. In the case of such porous soil and open subsoil (pure sand) as we have to deal with, water passes down rapidly, and if too large an amount is applied there is more or less leaching of the nitrates(plant FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 199 it in a form all ready for plants to use. We got better results from our garden irrigation with well water than from our field irrigation with river water, due partly, no doubt, to leaching in the field by applying too large quantities of water, and partly to the difference in nitrate content of river and well water. Where conditions are favorable, there- fore, the well and windmill or other suit- able power cannot be outdone for small areas, and Jam not sure that many wells and small systems of irrigation may not be preferable to one large plant using river water on a large area. In case an engine or horse-power is used to pump from a well, hose may be attached directly to the pump and the water allowed to run into furrows; but with a windmill a pond is necessary to accumulate water enough to pay to attend to running it. Wind is too un- steady a power to allow it to pump directly into furrows, as it would re- quire constant attention to secure an equal and economic distribution of water. The muck soil of swamps and marshes which fringe many of our rivers is made up largely of decomposed water weeds foods) from the soil into the soil water below and carried through springs into the rivers, where they, are: mostly taken up by water weeds, or liberated by denitrifying or- ganisms in the water and the nitrogen re- Piinied to fie ait: Well water, espe- cially in such soils, is therefore very much richer in ni- trates. than’ river water, and therefore much better suited to maintaining fer- tility in the soil, as a part of the nitrates which have been leached out of the soil may be pumped up and returned to THIS CUT SHOWS WATER RUNNING IN SLUICE HOSE IN THE FOREGROUND. THE FURROWS, WITH THE 200 and grasses, the accumulation of ages, in which much of the nitrogen which would otherwise have been carried to the sea has been rescued and stored up. The river from which we pump is fringed by such a deposit, two feet deep and several acres in extent between our pump and the river bed. It occurred to me that it would be possible to stir much of this muck (made soft by par- tial overflow from a mill-pond below) into the water and pump it up onto the land, and thus add humus to the sand and upon which the upland bacteria FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. May, and plant-growth more vigorous than on those portions where no muck settles. It will be necessary to add potash and phosphate fertilizers to make a well- balanced soil, as muck contains com- paratively small amounts of these ele- ments. Professor King had a measured amount of muck added to a small area of soil, analyzing samples of this soil from time to time to determine how much the development of nitrates was affected by the addition of the muck. One advantage of having muck stirred into the water is that it silts up the bot- tom of the furrows, check- ing the downflow and forc- ing more water out of the sides toward the plants. I notice in the |“ Water, Supply and Irrigation Pa- pers’’ of the United States Geological Survey on irri- gation in certain sections of California the statement that their irrigation fur- rows ‘‘are generally less than 300 feet long. ‘This method gives particularly good results on compara- tively heavy soils, which do not absorb water rapidly. When soils are porous and take water from the fur- rows freely the furrows are kept shorter than in heavier soils.”’ Our experience leads us to conclude that to avoid leaching our furrows HOME-MADE COTTON-DUCK HOSE FOR CONVEYING WATER, SHOWING OUTLETS AT THE HEADS OF FURROWS. could work, gradually making the stored nitrogen available for plant food. We fitted out our engineer with hip- high rubber boots and a six-tined fork and had him stir mud when not needed at the engine. We found the mud made the hose more nearly water-tight, and that it did not settle in the hose, as we feared it might, nor in the furrows, except the most level portions, where it gathered to a depth of one-fourth of an inch or more. ‘This is then culti- vated into the soil. Strawberry ground treated thus is becoming darker in color should not be more than 200 to 250 feet long, the furrows wide and flat, and filled as rapidly as possi- ble, shutting off the water as soon as it will run the length of the furrow—three or four minutes. ‘Toward the close of last season we were crowding the whole flow from the pump—6oo gallons per minute—into two or three furrows and rushing it through as quickly as possi- ble. Short furrows, with frequent ap- plications of less than one surface inch of water, must be the rule with us. The increase of yields due to irriga- tion this year will probably run from 50) 10°75 per cent. “Asmumber ot jfile large photographs were taken for the [g02. government, illustrating the appliances and methods used in irrigating. Professor King has recently been ap- pointed Chief of the new Bureau of Climatology of the Depatment of Agri- culture. Professor Belz, one of his as- sistants here, is to go with him to Wash- ington. Prof. A. R. Whitson will con- duct the experiments next season. We had three acres of late potatoes which we were anxious to dig as soon as they were ripe enough. We tested them by digging eighteen hills in an irrigated row and an equal weight from an adjoining unirrigated row, which re- quired forty-two hills. I have reason to believe, however, that the average difference in the field was not as large as this. I think the average was about 85 bushels per acre for unirrigated and 135 bushels for irrigated. The yields from the unirrigated strips were above the average annual yield here. This is the first year of these experiments, and considering the fact that all our crops were planted late on account of unavoid- able delays in the spring, the results se- cured this season should not count for as much as average results of several seasons. One of the most interesting instru- ments in use here is the evaporimeter. A circular galvanized iron tank four feet in diameter and three feet deep is sunk nearly to its top in the ground. From this tank a tube extends a few feet to one side and rises from an elbow to a small platform, on which is a metal box containing clock-work, which slowly re- volves a vertical roller, on which is fastened a sheet of paper, especially ruled and graduated for the purpose. A lever with a peculiar pen fastened across one end, and on the other end a small wire, on the lower end of which is a float hanging in the tube, is care- fully balanced so that the pen swings against the side of the roller. Water is filled into the tank until it is nearly full, raising the float in the tube enough to bring the pen to a certain line on the paper. The box is then locked and left for twenty-four hours, when the pen is again adjusted to the same line by add- ing as much water as has been evapo- rated, or taking out if rainfall has ex- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 201 ceeded evaporation. An irregular line on the paper indicates the amount and rate of evaporation and rainfall during the twenty-four hours. Our irrigations are regulated somewhat by the rainfall thus recorded. It does not matter so much what the evaporation from open water may be, if the soil is thoroughly cultivated evaporation from it may be greatly retarded. Some simple form of rain gage might be useful to farmers by helping to de- termine when irrigation is desirable. A simple way of determining when soil needs water is to press some of it in the hand. If it packs in the hand so as to retain the impress of the fingers, it is. supposed to be sufficiently moist for plant growth; if not, irrigate. This will do, perhaps, in most cases, but there is so much difference in soils that it will hardly do for a universal rule. There must be sufficient water in the soil so that it will pass by capillarity along the surface of the soil-grains to- ward the little rootlets which are suck- ing itin. In clay soils the particles are so very small that there is much more grain surface for water to adhere to, so that the water-holding capacity of such soils is much greater than sandy soils, in which the soil-grains are large and comparatively few in number. But for the same reason plants can use the water to a lower percentage in sandy soil than in clay soil, since in a sandy soil it is spread over a much smaller grain surface, and the water film on each grain will be thick enough to move by capillarity, while if divided among all the minute particles of clay soil it would be too thin to move. The per- centage of water necessary for plant growth in clay may be three or four times as great as in light, sandy soil. Both soils would probably appear to be of about the same dryness, the real dif- ference being discoverable by analysis only. Every man should study the pe- culiarities and needs of his own soil and not follow general rules too closely. I have just made two new sluice- hose sections, each 80 feet long, with ports for every furrow, with an apron end to lay into the furrow, which will be more convenient. We have 2,400 iS) O rs) DRAWING SHOWING SEWER-PIPE WATER MAIN feet of 10-inch sewer pipe coming from the factory, which we will lay through the field, with hydrants conveniently located, to which hose will be attached, running across the field on each side of the pipe line, for distributing water to the furrows. In the accompanying drawing the upper figure shows the sewer-pipe main laid low enough to avoid the plow, with hydrant made by bringing water to the surface through a Y and a one-eighth bend, with a short piece of oiled hose attached (the hose is FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. May, Brass ring hem: y | y —— <—>' cr LEG ee HOSE. AND NEW SLUICE oiled in boiled linseed oil). The lower figure shows the new sluice hose, the ports regulated and closed by drawing heavy hardware cord through brass rings sewed fast and tied with one slip loop, which will hold when wet. Rings of large brass wire are sewed into the ends of the hose and couplings made by slipping one, laid ‘horizontally, through the other and straightening up inside. The sluice hose (which is an original device) seems to be meeting with favor wherever tried. THE WORK IN DENDRO-CHEMISTRY. By WILLIAM H. Krue, Bureau of Chemistry, U. HEMISTRY is essentially a gen- eral science, in that it has for its object the study of the substances which constitute the universe, the transforma- tions of these substances, and the laws which govern such changes. It is evi- dent, therefore, that there are but few special sciences of which chemistry is S. Department of Agriculture. not an important and generally neces- sary part. This is more fully appre- ciated when we know the extensive specialization which: has taken place within the science itself, and most of which is of comparatively recent origin. The field is fer se so large, and the in- vestigations of the last fifty years have 1902. increased the wealth of chemical knowl- edge to such a degree, that it is now quite impossible for a student of the science to cover it zz ¢ofo. ‘The chemists of today are forced to choose a special field of investigation, and the effect of this rapid growth of the science has naturally also been felt in the Bureau of Chemistry in the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and last year led to a ‘division of the work, whereby each branch of chemical investigation was enabled to define closely its field, and to concentrate all thought and efforts on the associated problems. The need of a laboratory which would devote all of its time to the study of the chemistry of forest products, both in its theoretical and practical applications, had been felt for some time, and it was eventually decided to establish such a laboratory. The plans for the organi- zation of the laboratory were prepared by Dr. Wiley, and were approved by the Secretary of Agriculture and the Chief of the Bureau of Forestry. ‘The writer was selected by Dr. Wiley as chief of this laboratory. I believe I can truthfully claim it to be the first of its kind in the United States, if not in the world. A number of laboratories devoted to the chemistry of tanning materials and other materials used in the manufacture of leather are in exist- ence in England and on the Continent, but this line of work forms but a small part of our field. Although the labo- ratory has now been in existence only ten months, the number of problems which we are working on, or which we intend to take up during the coming year has grown far beyond our expecta- tions. ‘The scope of the work can prob- ably be best illustrated by a brief review of the investigations so far planned. The first work taken up by the lab- oratory was a study of the chemical composition of the wood and bark of the Quercus primus, Quercus alba, Quercus rubra, and Quercus velutina, our object being the determination of the relation- ship existing between the chief constit- uents and the variations occurring in different sections of thetrees. This in- vestigation has been extended to the ‘Western Hemlock, and other trees will FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 203 be taken up in turn until we have an exhaustive series of analyses covering the most important American species. Naturally an investigation of this kind is mainly theoretical, but it must not be forgotten that it has also a practical value, especially with trees which are important sources of tanning materials. In response to a general demand, we have formulated plans fora study of the availability of certain hitherto unused woods as asource of wood pulp. Spruce and Poplar have so far been chiefly used for this purpose, but the supply of these woods is rapidly being exhausted, and other woods will in time have to be used. It is proposed to make this work most comprehensive, both from a chemical and microscopical standpoint. ‘The va- rious woods will be subjected to the pro- cesses of disintegration now used, the conditions obtaining in practice being imitated as closely as possible, when the resultant pulp will be studied with ref- erence to the yield, nature, and condi- tion of fiber and utilized as a basis for papers. The results thus obtained will then indicate the variations necessary in the processes so as to make them con- form to the properties peculiar to each wood. In connection with this work we have planned a study of the compo- sition and physical characteristics of the various papers containing either me- chanical or chemical wood pulp which are found on the American market, our ultimate object being the establishment of a paper-testing laboratory similar to that now operated by the German Gov- ernment in Berlin. ‘The necessity of such a laboratory is apparent when we consider that practically all official pub- lications are now printed on such paper, and that the life of wood-pulp papers is in general very brief. The importance of certain standards is self-evident, and we hope to establish and enforce these for the American papers, at least in so far as they are furnished to the govern- ment. An investigation recently suggested and which will receive our attention as soon as the material is at hand isa study of the chemical composition and phys- ical properties of American-tanned sole leathers, for the purpose of determining 204 the influence of the method of tanning on the character and wearing qualities of the leathers. In connection with the methods of kiln-drying lumber which are now ex- tensively practiced, the laboratory has been requested to make a study of the effect of dry and moist heat on the phys- ical properties of various woods. The value of these data will be in their prac- tical application in connection with the use of such lumber in buildings. This work has been held in abeyance until appropriate testing machines can be ob- tained, and we then propose to coop- erate with the Road Material Labora- tory of the Bureau of Chemistry, not only in this work, but also in the test- ing of wood paving blocks and the ap- plication and effect of wood preserva- tives. A large variety of the latter are to-day offered, and a comparative study of their effectiveness should prove of considerable value. Another line of work, which will hardly be received with much pleasure by certain interests, wherein it resem- bles the work on food adulteration so long carried on by the Bureau of Chem- istry, but which will be beneficial in other directions, is an examination of American turpentine as found in the market. It is claimed that adultera- tion, especially with benzine and rosin oil, is most extensively practiced, the result being a pecuniary fraud by which both the buyer and ultimate user suffer, as paints prepared with such turpentine have less covering power and perma- nency. Ina bulletin on oil of turpen- tine, recently published by the Inland Revenue Department, Ottawa, Canada, it was shown that 16 per cent of the turpentine sold in the province was adulterated in the manner just men- tioned. In connection with the turpentine in- dustry, we are now engaged in a study of a series of products obtained by a new method of distilling waste pine. I will not enter into the details of the process, as they will shortly appear in a report which we are now preparing for publication in FORESTRY AND IRRIGA- TION. JI may say, however, that this process appears to be the first which FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. May. successfully and profitably utilizes the larger quantities of dead pine found in the southern turpentine belt. Probably the most interesting work conducted by this laboratory is a study of the chemical composition, constitu- ents, and possible uses of a series of tree secretions which have been sub- mitted by the Philippine Bureau of For- estry. With the exception of a few of the materials, we have so far not been able to find a reference in the literature, and in some cases the work has proved. doubly interesting, as we found investi- gations recorded which have been made with material of doubtful origin. This. naturally introduces an element of un- certainty with reference to the applica- bility of the final results, and it is for- tunate that the materials sent us for examination have in general been care- fully identified. Arrangements have also been made whereby the laboratory will be supplied with samples of the various parts, such as the bark, wood,. leaves, and secretions, if found, of all new trees reported by the exploring parties sent out by the Bureau of For- estry in Manila, and these materials will form the basis for a series of investiga- tions having both a purely scientific and a commercial value. In connection with these various prob- lems we have also planned a series of microscopical studies of woods and. barks, and work of this kind is now progressing with reference to the oaks. previously mentioned. ‘The object of these investigations is not merely his- tological, as we are aware that consider- able work of this kind has been done. Our chief aim is to study the histo- chemistry of the cellular structure, and a number of interesting observations have already been recorded. A large amount of microscopical work will also be required in connection with the in- vestigations on wood pulp and papers. During the coming spring the labo- ratory will also conduct an investigation on chemical methods of killing useless. timber. Finally I may mention the study of analytical methods, especially with ref- erence to tanning materials, which is conducted each year in connection with 1902. the Association of Official Agricultural ‘Chemists. It is not so very long ago that the American tanner or extract man- ufacturer considered a chemical analy- ‘sis to possess no value whatever, and preferred to buy or sell on the basis of the density of the material. This state of affairs was chiefly due to erroneous methods of analysis and the lack of un1- formity even when the same method was followed. Through consistent effort and study on the part of a number of chemists interested in the subject, this has been changed, and at least 75 per cent of the tanning extracts and materials found on the American mar- ket to-day are sold on the basis of an FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 205 analysis by the official method. At the last meeting of the association it was agreed generally that this method is now practically perfect, and it was there- fore decided to take up the study of other analytical methods applicable in a tannery, the object being to eliminate the sources of error now existing. ‘The ultimate aim of all this work is the adoption of an international method for the analysis of tanning materials which will be a service to the American impor- ters, as the European chemists are now using a method which gives to an ex- tract or tanning material a valuation from I to 2 per cent higher than the official method. LEE HY DROGRAPHY, OF COLORADO. Be AS 1. FELLOWS; U. S. Geological Survey. HE relations existing between hy- drography and forestry are inti- mately bound together. Hydrography being, generally speaking, the study of water in all its characteristics and uses, it logically follows that the relationship between the two sciences is so close that they are almost inseparable. It is within the province of the United States Geological Survey to examine into all the inorganic resources of the country, and one of the greatest of such resources is, as all will admit, our water supply. So great is the importance of this branch of the investigations that labor along these lines has been dele- gated to a separate division, namely, the Division of Hydrography of the U. S. Geological Survey, of which Mr. F. H. Newell is at the head. Its work is the study of all problems connected with the existing supply, whether derived directly from rainfall or from the run-off of drainage basins, whether these prob- lems bear upon amounts available for use or upon the use itself. In the pursuit of information along these lines a number of gaging stations have been established throughout the country generally, but more particularly where the call for such investigations has been the greatest. In Colorado, for example, petitions have been sent in from nearly every part of the state, ask- ing that investigations be carried on with a view to ascertaining the amount of water available for irrigation, either by diversion directly from streams or by means of storage. In accordance with these requests, about thirty-five gaging stations have been established and are being operated at the present time. Petitions have been sent in from Maine to California, more from some states perhaps than from others, but enough from all to indicate the great demand for definite information concerning our available water supply and the uses to which it may be put. By some states appropriations have been made for the purpose of cooperating in the work with the Division of Hydrography, the basis of agreement being usually that the Survey will, if it is in its power, devote the same amount of money that the state itself devotes to the investigation. In many cases the amount appropriated by the state has been exceeded ; in some cases the states have appropriated noth- ing, although they have requested that 206 the work be done, which is accordingly being carried on as far as possible. In Colorado the State Engineering Depart- ment has cooperated to the extent of their ability, making measurements whenever possible and furnishing other invaluable assistance. The principal uses to which water may be put are, in general, domestic supply, irrigation, mining, milling, and power purposes generally, and the amount of use will, of course, depend upon tHe amount of water available and the amount of power that may be generated, this amount being dependent both upon the flow of the stream and the available head. While, of course, there is not at pres- ent so great a demand in the East for information concerning water for irri- gation, there is an equally great, if not greater, demand for information con- cerning the amount available for all the other purposes named. In Colorado we make use of water for all these purposes. Upon the same stream the water may perhaps be first used in the development FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. May, of power and in concentrating the ores in our stamp mills in the mountainous. tracts near our mines. Again, a little farther down, it is taken up and used for placer mining. Still again, it may be taken out near the mouth of the canyon, and by utilizing the head ob- tained through flumes, pipe lines, or otherwise, power is generated ; and, again, at the mouth of the canyon the water is taken from the natural bed of the stream and is diverted by means of flumes or ditches to the contiguous tracts of tillable land, and through the use of water thus obtained the agricultural products of Colorado have become of greater importance than even the min- ing products. Again, the water which has percolated into the soil and thus forms an underflow may be once more brought to the surface and again used for irrigation by means of the power generated at the mouth of the canyon. In addition to all these uses some pro- vision must have been made along the course of the stream for water for the domestic supply of the settlers and the A RIVER GAGING STATION. 1902. cities in the drainage basin; so that practically upon many of the streams of the state, as will eventually be the case upon all, every drop of water is used over and over again. I have said that the amount of use that may be made of the water supply is dependent upon the amount of water available ; this will, of course, depend upon the precipitation and the area drained by the stream and its tributaries and upon the general nature of the country; a sandy and level drainage area giving far less run-off than an equal area cov- ered with rocks; and similarly, a tract covered with forest permitting a less violent discharge, although a more con- tinuous and protracted flow than a sim- ilar tract denuded of all vegetation. In the investigation of our water sup- ply the stations established may first be classed generally in two divisions: those which are of a more or less permanent nature—that is, are expected to be con- tinued for a considerable term of years, and those which are of a temporary character, or which are expected to be kept up for from one to four or five years at the most. ‘Those of the first class are generally located upon the most important streams and at the most practicable points upon these streams for deriving correct information con- cerning the flow. ‘Those of a tempo- rary character are established upon the smaller streams, either at the most im- portant points or at points where especial information is desired, and at interme- diate points upon the main streams. Of a permanent character may be named those stations which are situated at the mouths of the canyons of the large streams and those stations situated near the boundaries of the state; for exam- ple, upon the Rio Grande, in Colorado, both stations maintained at present are of a permanent nature, one of them being practically where the water debouches from the mountains, and the second being near the point where the river crosses the line between Colorado and New Mexico. Of a temporary nature, so far as the Geological Survey is con- cerned, at least, are such stations as those upon the tributaries of the South Platte and of the Arkansas and upon FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 207 many of the western streams of the state, where only general information is desired as to the amount of water available for different purposes. All stations established, whether of a permanent or of a temporary nature, have some especial reason for their estab- lishment, however, and these reasons may vary as the uses to which the water is put vary. Inone place the investiga- tion may be simply for the purpose of diverting the amount of water available for irrigation directly from the stream ; in another case it is desired that the amount which goes to waste in a given stream may be known in order that if possible this loss may be prevented and thus reservoirs be made available. Or a station may be established in order that the discharge of a stream may be known with reference to the power that might be developed from this stream ; or, again, a station is established for the purpose of ascertaining the amount of water available as a city water supply upon some of the smaller tributaries of the main streams high up in the moun- tains, perhaps. One of the principal uses to which water is put in Colorado is irrigation, and consequently some of the most im- portant information to be derived is for this purpose. Colorado is divided into six irrigation divisions, and each of these is in its turn divided into a num- ber of irrigation districts, the divisions being governed in general by a superin- tendent who is under the direction of the state engineer, and each district being governed directly by a water com- missioner, who reports to the superin- tendent. Many of the stations estab- lished have been for the assistance of the water commissioners in properly dividing the water of the streams among the various consumers, this being the especial province of the state engineer, who cooperates most fully and heartily with the work of the Division of Hy- drography in this respect. I shall not go into the details of the different irrigation districts at this time, but mention in brief the different irriga- tion divisions into which the state is subdivided, with particular reference to the different drainage basins. These 208 are irrigation division No. 1, or the Platte River Division; No. 2, or the Ar- kansas Division; No. 3, or the Rio Grande Division; No. 4, or the San Juan Division; No. 5, or the Grand River Division, and No. 6, or the Green River Division. Of these the difficulties in distribution of the water are greatest in divisions 1 and 2, and hence the most stations have been established by request in these divisions. In the South Platte irrigation divis- ion the station at Platte Canyon is maintained with particular reference to the power that might be developed and the water available for irrigation pur- poses. The station at Denver is for the assistance of the water commissioner in the distribution of the water at that point, as is also the principal object in the stations upon the tributaries of the South Platte at Forks Creek, Boulder, Lyons, Arkins, and Fort Collins and the others, although in each of these cases the question of available power also enters. The station at Kersey was established for the purpose of ascertain- ing the amount of water that might be stored in reservoir sites known to exist north of the river, as was also the sta- tion at Orchard. ‘The station at Jules- burg was established with particular reference to possible interstate contro- versy. Indivision No. 2 asimilar state of affairs exists. The permanent sta- tions at Canyon City and Pueblo are maintained for the purpose of determin- ing the amount available both for irri- gation and for power purposes. That at Barton is maintained because of its importance as an interstate station, while the intermediate stations are kept up principally on account of the assist- ance afforded to the water commissioners in the distribution of the waters. The same state of affairs exists in the other divisions of the state. Most of the tem- porary stations are intended to be kept lipjas) las been ‘stated; for a, yeah or two only, work then being transferred to some other stream or to some other point on the same stream. Another important branch of the in- vestigations 1s embraced in the low- water measurements made each year upon the various streams in the state. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. May, It is our intention to cover each year certain streams not as yet measured, be- ginning with low-water measurements, data as to the forestation and the possi- bilities for reservoiring water, and the development of power. Still another branch, which is taken up more particularly by the state engi- neer’s office and by Professor Carpenter, of the State Agricultural College, is the measurement of the return water, or seepage. ‘This is carried on quite ex- tensively in the state, and a vast fund of valuable information has been thus derived. The modus operandi at each of the stations is practically the same, although it may differ in detail. Usually there is a gage observer, who reports the daily gage heights of the river, the sta- tion being visited by the hydrographer at the high-water stage, the low-water stage, and at various intermediate points, and from his measurements a rating table is calculated, which gives approxi- mately the discharge for any given height upon the gage rod. In this way the discharge for each day of the year or for an entire week, month, or year may be readily calculated. The most important work under way in the State at this time is the survey of the possibility of diverting water from the Gunnison River into the Uncom- pahgre Valley. A topographical sur- vey and a geological examination are now being made with reference to this point. This is a possibility that has been talked of for years and is consid- ered of first importance. The development of power is as yet in its infancy in Colorado, although upon some streams—as, for example, the San Miguel River—practically every drop obtainable at the low stages is now used for this purpose, in some cases the water being taken and used over and overagain. ‘Thesame condition will un- doubtedly obtain upon the other moun- tain streams of the state in the near future, and I venture to prophesy that the future of electrical engineering in Colorado is very bright. The forest reserves of Colorado are upon the headwaters of some of the most important streams, and their tend- 1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 209 fer. CC f [ T LEE | a [ALELATIOE YYJOUNTS OF LMA LLY LAeeloe | | | | | | |_£.0 | ] | | | ei ; + + + + | £0 4 ll a} 1 + Se oe wee eee | lis ch es eel 1) SLPT | OCT. 4 DIAGRAM SHOWING AMOUNT OF WATER REQUIRED FOR THE IRRIGATION OF THE AVERAGE FARM IN COLORADO AT DIFFERENT SEASONS OF THE YEAR. ency is to retard the melting of snows in the spring and to hold back the moisture in the ground. For this rea- son the run-off is more gradual rather than so violent, as is the case where the hillsides have been entirely denuded of their timber, either by forest fires or by clearing. The absolute tendency to thus retard the flow of the waters in the streams is so self-evident and has been so thoroughly demonstrated that I do not care to go into this matter, but introduce the subject for the purpose of showing the necessity for long-contin- ued measurements upon our streams, which shall prove beyond question the value of these forest reserves to the irri- gation interests. The forests of Colo- rado should be entirely under the super- vision of the Bureau of Forestry. I hope that eventually such will be the case, and that then the sphere of the Bureau will be limited, not to two or three forest reserves, but to the pres- ervation and proper use of the forests of the entire state. I cannot refrain from saying a few words to call attention more forcibly to the importance of this relation to the irrigation interests. In the accom- panying diagram I have endeavored to show approximately the amount of water required for the irrigation of the average farm in Colorado at different seasons of the year. This diagram is based upon observations and experi- ments made at a number of experiment stations, principally bythe Department of Agriculture, and, while any generaliza- tion of this kind must be merely ap- proximate, it is safe to assume that it is nearly correct. The diagram made up from the data obtainable shows that the principal use of water is in June and July, probably the maximum in Colo- rado being about the 1st of July, thus occurring about a month or so later than the maximum of the discharge in our streams. Itis not my intention to go deeply into the statistics showing this fact at this time, but will refer you to the reports of the irrigation division of the Department of Agriculture, under Mr. Elwood Mead, and to the reports of 210 Professor L. G. Carpenter, of Fort Col- lins, Colorado, for definite proof. I simply wish to call your attention to the fact that anything that tends to retard the flow of our streams, making the maximum flow later than it would otherwise be, is in the nature of reser- voiring the water supply, and that for this reason the preservation of our for- ests with this object in view is of the utmost importance to all irrigating dis- tricts. Iam satisfied that if our observations had been kept up long enough upon our streams the records would demonstrate the fact that where the forests have been removed the run-off has been more violent early in the season and the dis- charge almost nothing in the later part, whereas originally there was a much more steady flow for the summer months. I have many figures that would seem to indicate this fact, but it is impossible to generalize from the measurements of any individual year or for any short period of years. In the records which I have a generalization seems to indicate at least that the mini- mum flow of streams where the forests have been burned off is very much less than the minimum flow of years before the damage had been done, and that the minimum stage comes much earlier in the year. This fact is much more FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. May, clearly evident than the fact that there is any material change in the maximum discharge, as the different years vary so widely in the amount of precipitation upon which the run-off depends, al- though here, too, the indications are that the maximum discharge comes earlier in the year than it did previously. A comparison of the statistics at hand illustrates two facts: First, that forest- ation, by tending to equalize the flow in our streams and retarding the maxi- mum stage, will be of the utmost assist- ance in furnishing the water at the time when it is most needed for irrigation, and, further, by increasing the minimum amount it naturally permits of increas- ing those crops which require the most water late in the season, these crops being in many instances our most valu- able agricultural products. The second fact suggested is that even under the most favorable conditions there will still be a vast surplus of water which cannot be used to advantage unless the floods are stored in artificial reservoirs. So that in our slogan, ‘‘Save the forests and store the floods,’’ we have two ani- mating impulses which are not merely akin, but which are so closely akin that they will prove to be like the twin brothers, Castor and- Pollux, of old; who shall conquer and reclaim arid America. LUMBERING IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. By ALBERT W. CooPpeR AND? D158.) WOOLSEY) JR: ROADLY speaking, there are two methods of lumbering which for generations have been practiced in New England. The one is clear cutting. The other, through limitation of size of stumpage, allows a fresh crop every dozen years or so. ‘This, in many cases, approaches the ideal of the scientific forester. It is customary in the great lumber state of Maine. Now, however one may regard these two methods, the practical processes in both, of getting the tree from the stump to the mill, are alike interesting. The operations of J. E. Henry & Sons, North Woodstock, N. H., are an instance of clear cutting. They have applied this method of lumbering partly owing to their nearness to market, so that nearly everything can be utilized, and partly because their land for the most part contains spruce timber. : J. T. Hendrick Manager for Central Eastern Department 715 Fourteenth Street N. W. D. Insurance Company fF New York Cc. WASHINGTON, TREES &A SEEDS High Grade Advertisers For Forestry Purpose will do well to take space in ame — Forestry and Irrigation We grow large quantities of one and two year see dling plants for forestry purpose me and also ¢ arry a full line of which circulates among tree seeds, an unusually high class of readers New “ Forestry’ catalogue and price list nowready. Free on application Card of rates on application NS Address Thomas Meehan & Sons FORESTRY and IRRIGATION Nurserymen and Tree Seedsmen 5 and 7 ATLANTIC BUILDING Germantown Phila., Pa. Washington, D. C. In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. SSS SSS SSS SSS SSS SSS SSS SSS SSS SSS SSS SSS SSS Ssssssssssssssss: Bess 3333333353353 335 5533353535555 5555555555555 5 555555555 FSFN 1A) Y MN - ‘ I bs Ww RAR he i eb Aah ti ty W MW Ne Ce NE \— aa SSS Sh a W A W R W a W : BO OS aa ih v A W h W a 9) ae, e W q Orest(fr an rrigation *¢ Hi W Ik W n W a W 3 Sent Postpaid Upon Receipt of Price Wy A\\ W in W HN W a W ANN | ‘ W uy FORESTRY Forest Planting, Jarchow.........-... s.s.sser+..- $1.50 W U\y | . a Flora of the Northern U. S. and Canada, hg Siac ak Metusiacr eee Gea as oy . a Britton and Brown (3 Vols.)..............---. $9.00 | American Woods, Romeyn B. Hough (in W am Our Nabiveonnede: EiaanieiiMielen aa 2.00 an naXs) 5 oy Hehe) ) pe peeccenoososaceDececeocercre per part... 5.00 ¥ ry North American Forests and Forestry, | Practical Forestry, John Gifford............... 1.20 ¥ AN Hine steSruaGlceny eee eae see: eee ences 2.00 W A W AN The Adirondack Spruce, Gifford Pinehot.. 1.00 IRRIGATION Ww A) W WN Forest Trees and Forest Scenerv. G@ W rN ones ees sal orest scenery, G. Irrigation in the United States, F. H. W ps Frederick Schward.........ceccccsssseceeseene 1.50 IN WN (Bes Scosacsacasoc ceusdeacconansssoosocaacrondacaacca 2.00 WY A West-American ( one-bearers, J. G. Lem- Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wil- W 3 TYLON ch « ctesee Peak coce se escte eeeeaccaaieeeseats ees 1.00 Ee Me i eRe CE TEP S RAI PAN 4.00 » ry Flora of the Southern States, A. W. Chap- Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King........ 1.50 ¥ AN MVE Oo Ks oogseecsogoconene oscces Eoodosssinsodasooescen 4.00 | “4 a ‘ : Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart.. 1.00 W rN Trees of the Northern United States, W nN BAS Mo mae cs ene oF ng eee NS 1.00 EES) HS STAC TINE De gees ctecaa aestons 200 v a) NY AN Elements of Forestry, F. B. Hough......... 1.50 | aN | Ae n\\ Our National Parks, John Muir............... 1.75 | MISCELE ANE 4 uN ae : : Wee, Ss 7 AN Trees of New England, Dame & Brooks..... 1.50 | Held cer ee noc ¥ My rats ras ois Mathie was. ce-0s-cecesaeeetee sa eneceaetadaeeerece 1.75 y uy Studies of Trees in Winter, Annie Oakes W p FTE er Oren Ce a ete eee ies 2.95 | According to Season, Parsons ............-:.-+ 1.75 Wy a Manual of Botany, Asa Gray «........cc000c0000 2.00 | Horest Neighinoss | Aap we v 3 Practical Horestny, Hulllen:..s-.-cecsessr ee eDO Wild Life of Orchard and Field, Ingersoll 1.40 y A v a Ww WN W A) Vv rN W A\\ W \ é : NY a If readers desire books not on the above list let us know what they are, V4 ry : : : <7 A and we will send them at regular retail price, postpaid. Address . A\\ y MN v WN v tos d Irrigati W ‘s orestry an rrigation ¥ rN wv A\\ W a W m Atlantic Building Washington, D.C. Y AN W a W rs ——— ee — SS = == SSS SS SSS or = == ¥ WN ui rN a ve a aN ya ¥ A. N Gos NY W v_ \ J i D {gO2. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 262 x PUBLISHER'S NOTES. ‘“Three Hundred Miles on the Colorado River’’ is the title of a neat booklet which gives an account of a hunting, camping, and exploring trip by the boys of Agassiz Hall, a well-known California school. These mid- winter excursions by the students of Agassiz Hall have become annual affairs and add much to the otherwise attractive life of the school. Agassiz Hall is at Alta, a small station on the Central Pacific Railroad, in the pine forests of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, 3,709 feet above sea-level. Agassiz Hall is a home school, where teach- ers and students meet on the intimate personal relationship of a large family. It offers the greatest freedom possible. It isa select school and receives boys only on recommendation. The number of boys received is limited to four- teen. The teaching force is large, so that each boy receives practically private tutoring. Each boy has his own separate room. Boys may keep horses if their parents wish. There is unexcelled opportunity for outdoor recreation, and boys are encouraged to ride, swim, row, fish, shoot, trap, snowshoe, build log cabins, and practice woodcraft as an aid toward devel- oping self-reliance, quickness of observation, and insight. The climate is such that there have been camping parties for one or two nights each two weeks throughout the winter. The boys are taught field work in natural his- tory, and-in out-of-school hours several boys have made valuable collections of skins of mamunals and,birds. There is conducted, in connection with the school, Camp Agassiz, which is primarily a boys’ camp under the direction of the head- master of Agassiz Hall, who, with his family, makes this camp his summer home. The camp is in the High Sierras, near the famous Glen Alpine Soda Spring and Resort, seven miles southwest of Tallac and 6,700 feet above sea- level. It isopen from June 20 to September Io. The enormous growth of the business of Thomas Meehan & Sons has made it necessary to establish a complete office at their Dresher- town, Pa., Nurseries. This will be under the direct charge of Thomas B. Meehan, who will devote his entire energies to increasing the wholesale branch of the business. The innova- tion will be made July 1, and after that date all wholesale business will be transacted at Dreshertown. At that place the firm owns 200 acres of land which seem specially adapted for growing high-grade hardy ornamentals. The Groszmann School, formerly located at Vares, Virginia, but now at ‘‘Pinehurst,’’ cor- ner Ft. Washington Avenue and Depot Lane, New York, has been established for the benefit of a small number of exceptional children whose individual needs require physical, men- tal, and moral treatment by experts. The di- rector of the school, Dr. paed. Maximilian P. E. Groszmann, has wide experience as an edu- cator, principal, and student of and writer on educational science. He was for many years superintendent of the ‘‘ Ethical Culture Schools’’ of this city, founded by Dr. Felix Adler, and recognized as a pioneer institution of modern pedagogy. The adoption of genu- inely progressive methods, and the promotion of the most cordial relations between teacher, pupil, and parent have always been the chief characteristics of Dr. Groszmann’s work. He is assisted by competent teachers. The practical courses in forestry by Mr. F. von Hoffman, which, as announced in the April and May numbers of FORESTRY AND IRRIGA- TION, were to be given at Glen Summit, Lu- zerne County, Pennsylvania, during the pres- ent summer, have been indefinitely postponed. This action has been made necessary owing to the destruction by fire of the forests in which the demonstrations were to have taken place. The severe forest fires throughout Luzerne County during the last week in April passed over the tract used by Mr. von Hoffman as a demonstration forest and ruined his work of last season, making it impossible to begin his courses as announced. While temporarily forced to abandon this work, Mr. von Hoffman will continue his work as landscape architect and forest engineer, as announced in his ad- vertisement on another page of this issue. We beg to call the attention of our readers to the advertisementsin this numberof FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. A numberof new announce- ments appear in this issue, and with these, as in the case of other advertisements, we have satisfied ourselves that they are from reputable business houses. This is to be our policy in admitting advertisers to the pages of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION : not to accept the advertise- ments of any but reliable people FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is growing in circulation and influence, and an increasing number of advertisers are taking space in its pages. Our readers can help the magazine by mentioning the fact that they saw the adver- tisement in FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION when corresponding or dealing with any of the firms whose announcements appear in these pages. This will be a help both to the magazine and to the advertisers, as the latter are anxious to know the effect of their advertisement. If you have friends interested in the subjects to which this magazine is devoted, send us their names and we shall take pleasure in mailing them sample copies. Sf 22 FPP IDI F III IO IISA IIIS DIOP IDI IIOP FID aD aa ay v SS CmUDWHHCEES y a v Ch Indi fs WY : eyenne Indians | ® — ANANADNIUNADNANAMNANMNANANANANANNANANAAANANANAN 4 4 W a v R have always been noted for their chastity, bravery, intelligence, ‘i ‘ and great fighting qualities. While they fought the whites for 4 a years, some of them were also, at many times, trusted scouts and y rs allies of Generals Crook, Miles, and others. Ww ay rif R The Northern Cheyennes are now located on a reservation in the ‘4 os valleys of the Tongue and Rosebud rivers in Montana, not far 4 R south from the Northern Pacific Railway M4 iN ; we fe ‘**Wonderland !1902”’ has a chapter that describes these redmen y a and will give you a glimpse of their life and habits. It is fully ¥ a illustrated from photographs taken specially for the purpose. = n Send Chas. S. Fee, General Passenger Agent Northern Pacific ka : Railway, St. Paul, Minn., six cents for the book. It will repay i ay you, for there is also much more of value in the pamphlet. y is L£ Fal al ths ic haat Shihan hh ts at tak de hs he = SSSE Principal > UNION... most direct line Points PACIFIC to ane ‘ West Every business interest is to be found on or adjacent to its line For the Farmer, thousands of acres of rich agricultural land. For the Stock-raiser, immense areas of excellent grazing land. For the Miner, the great mineral deposit of the West. For the Homeseeker, millions of acres of land already under irrigation, while but little is yet under actual cultivation. Write for copy of pamphlet “Business Openings on the Union Pacific’ Full information cheerfully furnished by E. L. LOMAX . . Qmaha, Neb. HIN aN GENERAL PASSENGER AND TICKET AGENT ay f& In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. ORGANIZED APRIL, 1882. INCORPORATED JANUARY, 1897, Bo) |) American Forestry Association OFFICERS FOR 1902. President. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. First Vice-President. Corresponding Secretary. Dr. B. E. FERNOW, Ithaca, N. Y. F. H. NEWELL, Washington, D. C. Recording Secretary, GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY, Washington, D. C. Treasurer, OTTO J. J. LUEBKERT, Washington, D.C. Directors. JAMES WILSON. HENRY S. GRAVES. EDWaRD A. BOWERS. FREDERICK V. COVILLE. B. E. FERNOW. HENRY GANNETT. ARNOLD HAGUE. F. H. NEWELL. THOMAS WALSH. GIFFORD PINCHOT. GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY. Vice-Prestdents. S1r H. G. JoLY DE LOTBINIERE, Victoria, B. C. | JOHN GIFFORD, Princeton, N. J. CHARLES C. GEORGESON, Sitka, Alaska. EDWARD F. HOBART, Santa Fe, N. M. D. M. RIorDAN, Flagstaff, Ariz. W. A. WADSWORTH, Geneseo, N. Y. THOMAS MCRAE, Prescott, Ark. | J. A. HOLMES, Raleigh, N.C Wm. R. DUDLEY, Stanford University, Cal. W. W. BarRErtT, Church’s Ferry, N. D. HENRY MICHELSEN, Denver, Col, Wma. R. LAZENBY, Columbus, Ohio. ARTHUR T. HADLEY, New Haven, Conn. A. C. ScoTtT, Stillwater, Okla. Wo. M. Cansy, Wilmington, Del. J. T. RoTHROCK, West Chester, Pa. A. V. CLUBBS, Pensacola, Fla. | H. G. RUSSELL, E. Greenwich, R. I. R. B. REPPARD, Savannah, Ga. THOMAS ‘. WRIGHT, Nashville, Tenn. CHAS. DEERING, Chicago, III. Wo. L. BRAy, Austin, Texas. Jenens Troop, Lafayette, Ind. C. A. WHITING, Salt Lake, Utah. HOMAS H. MACBRIDE, Iowa City, Iowa. FRANK W. ROLLINS, Concord, N. H. D. C. BURSON, Kansas. REDFIELD PROCTOR, Proctor, Vt. JOHN R. PRocTER, Frankfort, Ky. D. O. NourRSE, Blacksburg, Va. LEWIS JOHNSON, New Orleans, La. ADDISON G. FOSTER, ‘!acoma, Wash. EDWARD L,.. MELLUS, Baltimore, Md. A. D. Hopkins, Morgantown, W. Va. N. E. HANSEN, Brookings, S. D. THOMAS F. WALSH. Washington, D. C. JOHN E. Hopes, North Berwick, Me. ELIHU STEWART, Ottawa, Ont. N. S. SHALER, Cambridge, Mass. Wo. LITTLE, Montreal, Quebec. CHARLES W. GARFIELD, Lansing, Mich. Gero. P. AHERN, Manila, P. I. SAMUEL B. GREEN, St. Anthony Park, Minn. Wo. R. CASTLE, Hawaii. WILLIAM TRELEASE, St. Louis, Mo. | J. H. McLeEary, San Juan, P. R. CHARLES KE. BESSEY, Lincoln, Neb. | Annual Dues, $2.00. Life Membership, with exemption from further dues, $100.00. Sustaining Membership, $25.00 a year. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the Association, and is sent regularly to all members. To the Assistant Secretary, AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, WrATS EL UNIG A OIN;, | D2: DEAR SiR: I hereby signify my desire to become a member of the American Forestry Association. Very truly yours, (NGC : Tia th Bae ee fe ee. eee Recs P. O. Address my BA-HA-NI the 20th century specific for Constipation, FORESTRY and Biliousness, Sick Headache, Advertise in IRRIGATION. Liver Troubles, Rates on application. ) Stomach Ailments. | 30°. Bites of The Forester The Profession of Forestry . . . « $ .25 ols) IVe) dhe Horester;e (096i on yen el 00 Vol, ~ Va Whe-Porester, 1099... cc BeOU Vol. VI. The Forester, 1900 . . . 1.00 Vol. VII. The Forester, 1901 . . . 2.00 Proceedings of the American Forestry Congress and American Forestry Association (1888-1897, inclusive) 1.00 Your money back if not relieved. 10 Doses 10c., 30 Doses 25c. Ask your druggist or send to— STEPHENSON CHEMICAL CO., Greenesburg, Pa. Indigestion, and all FARMING in COLORADO, UTAH . +» and NEW MEXICO ... The farmer who contemplates changing his location should look well into the sub- ject of irrigation. Before making a trip of investigation there is no better way to secure advance information than by writ- ing to those most interested in the settle- ment of unoccupied lands. Several pub- lications, giving valuable information in regard to the agricultural, horticultural, and live stock interests of this great west- ern section have been prepared by the Denver & Rio Grande and the Rio Grande Western, which should be in the hands ot all who desire to become acquainted with the merits of the various localities. Write S. K. HOOPER, @. P. & T. A. . ++ DENVER, COLORADO. . Scene in Eagle River Canyon along Denver & Rio Grande R. R. In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. Forestry 4 Irrigation H. M. SUTER, Editor and Publisher eC ern ————————— — BI RTT LN a FOSS NE AE Li TE AS eee WCE NO He CONTENTS FOR JULY, 1902 SKIDDING RED FIR IN A WASHINGTON FOREST Frontispiece NEWS AND NOTES ( ///ustrated) Special Summer Meeting—Commencement at Chinelt Fo Have Charge of Irrigation—New Forest Officers—Commencement at Yale Forest School— View of Irrigation Pumping Plant at Guern- sey, Wyoming—Forest Reserve Transfer Bill—Field Work of the Bureau of Forestry—A Minnesota Forest Reserve—New Forest Association— Southern Forest Reserve—Forest Extension—Map Showing Irrigated Areas in New Mexico—lIn Cornell’s Favor. HON. FRANK W. MONDELL (wth portrait) : $ COMMENT ON THE IRRIGATION BILL (with cartoon) ADMINISTRATION OF U.S. FOREST RESERVES. Part III. Filibert Roth THE RED CEDAR IN NEBRASKA (J//lustrated) . Louis C. Miller FORESTRY IN NEW JERSEY : : ; A Jerseyman WHITE PINE PLANTING IN NEW ENGLAND (//lustrated) . Harold B. Kempton NOTABLE? IRRIGATION WORKS, I.—The Sunnyside Canal (Lllustrated ) : : : : : é : FOREST FIRES Wikated). IRRIGATION IN THE EAST A WORKING PLAN FOR ARKANSAS “FOREST LANDS (Lllustrated ) ‘ PROGRESS IN DENDRO- CHEMISTRY ; “Wm. H. ae RECENT PUBLICATIONS 269 304 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the American Forestry Association and The National Irrigation Association. Subscription price $2.00 a year; single copies 20 cents. Copyright, 1902, by H. M. Suter. Entered at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., as second-class mail matter. Published Monthly at ATLANTIC BUILDING Washington, DC. THOUSANDS OF ACRES OF THIS VALUABLE TIMBER WERE DESTROYED BY FOREST SKIDDING RED FIR IN A WASHINGTON FOREST. FIRES DURING JUNE (P. 296). Forestry and Irrigation. SS VOLceveulk JULY, 1902. * NOs NEWS AND NOTES. At the invitation of the Michigan For- estry Commission and the Michigan Agricultural College, the special summer meeting of the American Forestry Association for 1902 will be held at Lansing, Michigan, on Wednesday and Thursday, August 27 and 28, to be followed by an excursion to Mackinac. There will be three sessions on Wednesday, August 27, at Io a. m., 2.30, and 8 p. m., and two sessions on Thursday, August 28, at ro a. m. and 2.30 p.m. The sessions will be held at the State Capitol. At the close of the afternoon session on August 28, a special train will be provided to convey those who desire to accompany the excursion to the Michi- gan Forestry Preserve in Roscommon and Crawford counties, by way of Sag- inaw and Bay City. From this point the excursion will proceed to the hard- wood forests in Antrim county, thence to Mackinac Island. * Commencement At the commencement at Cornell. exercises of the New York State College of Forestry there were two graduates, Mr. E. A. Sterling and Mr.W.W.Clark. Mr. Sterling was the only graduate present, as Mr. Clark had been excused a few weeks earlier in order to accept a posi- tion in connection with the Forestry Bureau at Manila. Mr. Sterling has accepted a position with the New York State Forest, Fish, and Game Commis- sion. Thiscommencement was the first at which the degree of F. E. (Forest Engineer) has been conferred on the graduates of this college. The former graduates have also been granted the Special Summer Meeting. degree of F. E. in place of B. F. ( Bach- elor of Forestry), which was formerly conferred. During the college year just ended there were forty-four students registered at the New York State Col- lege of Forestry. & To Have It is now definitely known Charge of that the national irriga- Irrigation. tion policy which the re- cently passed Irrigation Bill provides for will be carried out by the Secretary of the Interior through the U. S. Geological Survey, as at present constituted, under the immediate super- vision of Mr. Charles D. Walcott, the Director, and Mr. F. H. Newell, the chief of the Division of Hydrography. This removes any danger of the work falling into the hands of untried men. The work of the Survey in all its rela- tions to the development of the irriga- tion resources of the arid region has been eminently satisfactory to the people of the West who are familiar with what has been so far accomplished. Mr. Newell has been in charge of the work for fourteen years. He entered the employ of the Geological Survey under Major Powell, who may really be said to be the father of the national irriga- tion policy, and his great conception of the marvelous possibilities of the arid region under a national plan for its de- velopment seems now about to be real- ized. Mr. Newell has made almost a life study of the subject, and is proba- bly more familiar than any other man in the United States with the irrigation resources of the West and what must be done to accomplish the purposes of the new national irrigation law, which has been well designated the new Homestead Law. 270 New Forest Mr. A. A. Anderson, Officers. of New York, owner of Palette Ranch in western Wyoming, has accepted the position of special superintendent of the Teton and Yellowstone Forest Reserves. Mr. An- derson will enter upon his duties at once, and after completing the organization of the patrol force, expects to devote the greater part of the summer to the examination of the territory with special reference to the advisability of retaining the present boundary lines. Mr. Henry Michelsen, well known as the vice-president of the American For- estry Association for Colorado and one of the leaders in forest matters in that state, has accepted the position of super- visor for the group of forest reserves about Pike’s Peak (Pike’s Peak, Plum Creek, and South Platte Reserves). These are among the most important of the national forest reserves, and they have suffered a great deal from timber depredations and fire. It is encourag- ing to note that a man deeply interested in forest matters has been put in charge of them, and his appointment will likely result in a much needed improvement in the administration of these reserves. Mr. J. B. Leiberg, formerly of the U.S. Geological Survey, widely known through his excellent reports on the Priest River, Bitter Root, and other forest reserves, published in the annual reports of the U. S. Geological Survey, has entered upon his duties as forest supervisor of the northern half of the Bitter Root Reserve in Idaho. Mr. FE. T. Allen, of the Bureau of Forestry, Department of Agriculture, and at present serving as inspector of forest reserves in the Department of the Interior, is engaged in an inspection of the Pike’s Peak and South Platte Re- serves. 54 Commencement ‘The commencement at Yale Forest exercises of the Yale School. Forest School took place on June 24 and 25. ‘There were eight men in the grad- uating class. The class day exercises were held on Tuesday, June 24, when a class tree FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. July, was planted on the school grounds. Mr. Akerman spoke for the class, and Professor Toumey responded on behalf of the faculty. The graduation exercises were held in Battell Chapel on Wednesday, June 25. This is the first time that the degree of Master of Forestry has been conferred at Yale. Following isa list of the mem- bers of the class: Alfred Akerman, Charles Sidney Chapman, Alfred Knight Chittenden, George Edwards Clements, Christopher Temple Emmet, Ralph Sheldon Hosmer, Roy Lear Marston, and George Hewitt Myers. Mr. Chapman, Mr. Clements, and Mr. Hosmer have taken up work in the Bureau of Forestry. Mr. Akerman and Mr. Marston have been appointed in- structors in the Yale Forest School, and will take up their duties in the fall. Mr. Chittenden has gone abroad to con- tinue his studies in Europe, and Mr. Myers is studying forest conditions in the West. Mr. Emmet is engaged in studying the preservation of railroad ties under Dr. von Schrenck. * Comment on ‘The defeat of the bill Forest Reserve to transfer the adminis- Transfer Bill. tration of the forest re- serves from the Depart- ment of the Interior to the Department of Agriculture has caused much com- ment, for the measure had the indorse- ment of President Roosevelt, the Sec- retary of the Interior, and the Secretary of Agriculture. Representative Can- non, who was mainly responsible for the defeat of the bill, on the plea of economy, comes in for severe criticism. The American Lumberman, of Chicago, one of the most prominent trade jour- nals in the country, alludes to Mr. Can- non’s speech against the bill as ‘‘ about as small and mean a piece of political buncombe as has ever been seen in Con- gress.’’ This journal further goes on to say that ‘‘the trouble seems to be that there was apparently no positively partisan advantage to be gained in this matter, and Mr. Cannon seemed to think that he had found an opportu- nity to make a reputation for economy without sacrificing anything of political 1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. NO ~I ol IRRIGATION PLANT OF W. N. MILES NORTHWEST OF GUERNSEY, WYOMING. KRATER ON BANKS OF THE NORTH PLATTE RIVER, EIGHT CONSISTS OF TWO CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS WITH A CAPACITY OF 3,000 GALLONS A MINUTE, LIFT OF 20 FEET. ONE HUNDRED ACRES UNDER DITCH, AND THE OWNERS REGARD THE EXPERIMENT A SUCCESS. pull. He will find out eventually that he has made one of the greatest mistakes of his public career.’’ A number of other papers comment in the same vein, and general regret is expressed at the defeat of a bill which was considered ‘‘a strictly non-political one, and which was in the interest of the public.’’ 5 Bureau of On July rst the Bureau Forestry of Forestry began its Field Work. field season of 1902, and its work is now being carried on in twenty states. The Bu- reau has appointed go new student assistants for this season, the entire field force numbering 165 men. ‘The work includes, among other things, the gath- ering of the necessary data for several working plans, a study of a number of well-known commercial trees, the ex- amination of farm woodlots, and a study of the treeless areas with a view of de- vising plans for forest extension. The Bureau of Forestry begins the new fiscal year of I902-1903 with an appropriation of $291,860 ; the amount for the year just ended was $185,440. This increased appropriation shows how this work commends itself to Congress, and it makes possible a much wider range of work. ‘The present season’s work is by far the most varied and in- teresting yet undertaken by the Bu- reau of Forestry, and is being car- ried on in Maine, New Hampshire, Ver- mont, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, North Carolina, Michi- gan, Minnesota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Montana, Arizona, and California. Later in the season it will be extended to still other states and territories. The field work necessary for a work- ine plan for the tract’ of the Great gfe Northern Paper Company, which was begun last field season, is being con- tinued now, and will be finished this year. Itis being carried on by two fully equipped parties, each consisting of 15 men. A working plan is being made for the tract of hardwoods of the Lin- ville Improvement Company, lying around Grandfather Mountain, in west- ern North Carolina. The Bureau is also making a careful study of the forest re- sources of Otsego county, New York, with the purpose of drawing upa simple and direct manual of instructions for the management of the private forest lands in that county. The expenses of the field work are being borne wholly by Mrs. Alfred Corning Clark, who is greatly interested in forestry and desir- ous that the forests of the county shall be treated in a practical manner. Through the cooperation of Mr. Ring, Forest Commissioner of Maine, a study has been undertaken of the forest con- ditions of that state. This isto include an investigation of the behavior of the spruce after lumbering, in order to draw up simple and practical rules for hasten- ing the production of a second crop upon lumbered areas. It entails alsoa careful study of the fire problem and of the best means of fighting fire in this region. This investigation further in- cludes a consideration of local log scales. Much attention will be given during the present season to the examination of woodlots, in the management of which the assistance of the Bureau has been requested. Two skilled men will be detailed for this work, and it is the intention of the Bureau that its agents shall visit all woodlots for which appli- cations have been made. One of the most important and inter- esting undertakings by the Bureau of Forestry during the present field season is a careful study of a number of the most valuable American commercial trees. This will include, among others, a study of the Adirondack Balsam, in Franklin county, New York. Incident to the work of the Bureau in connection with the Chippewa Indian Reservation in Minnesota, a careful study of the Red Pine is in progress. The study of the rate of growth of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. July, the Sugar Pine in California, which was begun last season, is being continued. Last year’s work began in the northern part of the state and in southern Ore- gon, and this season the examination will be continued southward with the idea of covering the full commercial range of this important timber tree. The southern hardwoods will be studied in Kentucky, North Carolina, and West Virginia. This work will be mainly devoted to a consideration of the oaks and the Yellow Poplar, the idea being to study them in their commer- cial ranges, along with other trees which occur in mixture with them. The work by the Bureau of Forestry during the present field season will also include an investigation of the distribu- tion of forests, their character, extent, and the available supplies of timber. The study of the forest resources of the best timbered counties of Maryland is being continued ; this work was begun in 1900, and has been going on through each field season since. Examinations of the forest conditions and resources of Vermont, and also of portions of the northern peninsula of Michigan, are being made. Investigations have begun in the col- lection of published and unpublished data showing the past and present yields of wood of various kinds, including im- ports and exports, and consumption for all purposes. This investigation also includes a consideration of American woods in foreign markets and foreign woods in home markets. Attention is being given to the collection of data showing the production and value of by-products of American forests. This will include commercial gums, resins, turpentine, and tan extracts. & On July 1st the Division of Forest Extension was established in the Bu- reau of Forestry, to take charge of the work heretofore done by the Section of Tree Planting. ‘The work of the new division will be to devise plans for in- creasing the forest area where it is deficient. This it will do by the en- couragement of planting where that is Forest Extension. 1902. necessary to secure a stand of trees, and by improving the conditions for natural seeding over areas where the present forest stand is insufficient. Several parties are now in the field in connection with this work. In the Middle West a large number of land- owners have made application for as- sistance in establishing woodlot and other forest plantations, and the work of examining these farms and prepar- ing plans for them is now under way. On the forest reserves recently es- tablished in the sand-hills of Nebraska by President Roosevelt's proclamation preparations for extensive planting are being carried forward as rapidly as pos- sible. The necessary buildings will be erected, seed beds and nurseries will be prepared, and a large quantity of seed collected in preparation for planting next spring. A field party of seven men is making a forest survey of Oklahoma, including a special study of forest conditions on the Wichita Forest Reserve. On the Prescott Forest Reserve, in Arizona, an investigation is being made to devise methods for increasing the forest stand by improving the conditions for natu- ral seeding. In Massachusetts and New Hamp- shire a party is studying the reproduc- tion of White Pine, on old fields and pastures, for the purpose of determining the best conditions for seed germination. In addition, a party will study the re- sults of planting to reclaim the sand- dunes along the Atlantic Coast. A great deal of work has been done for this pur- pose on Cape Cod, in Massachusetts, and some in New Jersey. A thorough study is also being made of the drifting sand along the Columbia River, in the vicinity of The Dalles, Oregon, to devise means for controlling it by planting. * Attorney General Davies has decided that the New York State College of For- estry has not violated any provisions of law on the land held by it in the Adiron- ack Preserve, and he has made public an opinion in which he holds that there exists no cause for the commencement of an action to dispossess from lands In Cornell’s Favor. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 273 which the college holds for forest purposes. In his opinion Attorney General Davies says : ‘‘This contention rests entirely upon the assumption that the lands in ques- tion are ‘the lands of the state,’ and this assumption is wholly unwarranted. The lands are the property of Cornell University. The act in pursuance of which they were purchased provides that ‘the university shall have the title, possession, management, and control of such land,’ for a period of thirty years. ‘The argument that the state is the equitable owner rests, of course, wholly upon the theory that the moneys of the state were unlawfully employed in their purchase. ‘This is not the fact. The doctrine of equitable ownership and resulting trusts has no application. Any corpo- ration or individual owning lands within the forest preserve may cut and destroy the timber upon it at will. It is only the lands of the state which are pro- eCeel, 7 a» New Forest The passage of the Irrigation Bill is bound to arouse interest in forestry throughout the West. To reclaim the arid lands by means of irrigation de- pends in a great measure upon the pro- tection of the forests along the head- waters of the streams. They serve to break the force of the rain and regulate the run-off, and thus minimize the dam- age to reservoirs from silt. About the headwaters of many streams, the waters of which will now be utilized, the gov- ernment has established forest reserves, whose importance in the irrigation movement cannot be easily overesti- mated. The success of a number of important irrigation projects will depend on the administration of the forest re- serves. With the beginning of national irrigation these reserves assume a new and greater importance, and it 1s impera- tive that they receive the best technical administration obtainable. Inthe recla- mation of the arid region forestry and irrigation must go hand in hand. 1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 270 ADMINISTRATION OF THE U. S. FOREST RESERVES. By FILIBERT ROTH, Chief of Division R, General Land Office. PART III.—BUSINESS AFFAIRS. HE work done by the field force in the U. S. Forest Reserves may be divided into protective or patrol duty, timber-work, and miscellaneous duties, principally in connection with the con- trol of grazing, the examinations of land claims, and applications for privileges, such as rights of way for railways, wagon roads, canals, etc. Generally the patrol duty is still the most important, and probably 75 per cent of all the work belongs under this head. As might be expected, the protective work is directed chiefly against fire and timber depredation or trespass. That this work has borne fruit is fully demon- strated and quite generally acknowl- edged. Hundreds of small fires, which might in many cases have developed into destructive forest fires, have been extinguished in their beginning. Sim- ilarly, a strict patrol, together with an orderly system of disposing of timber, has reduced timber depredations to a marked degree. In certain mining dis- tricts only a few years ago the mining concerns largely supplied themselves with fuel and timber by operating under the mischievous law of 1878, which al- lows indiscriminate cutting on mineral lands. Atthe same time, trespass cases, ranging in amount from a few hundred to many thousands of dollars, were mat- ters of course and were met on every hand. In these same districts all de- mands are now supplied in a regular way. ‘The timber is purchased, and its removal is carried on according to defi- nite rules and plans. Theclaim that a small band of a few hundred men, scat- tered over such large areas, can accom- plish little or no good has proven en- tirely false, and there are thousands of people ready to testify to the fact that the expenditure of public funds on the reserve patrol has been a most successful investment. During the first years of reserve ad- ministration this work was naturally of an experimental nature. Generally each ranger was assigned to a particular beat or district (usually many miles in extent) and was left without further surveillance than the supervisor of the reserve could accomplish. Inthesmaller reserves and in districts where roads and trails were abundant, this plan worked fairly well; but in the large re- serves, where means of communication were scant and poor and where rangers, on this account, were sometimes all the summer without the advice and assist- ance of their superior, it was seriously defective. Even faithful men require encouragement and a certain amount of recognition. For this reason the sys- tem has been altered in the manner al- luded to before. It is now expected that the force on the reserves will be organized on the following order: suppose, on a given reserve, there are to be assigned during the summer season 12 rangers of class ELI .4 of class IL; and 1 of class 1; "the reserve will then be divided into 12 or- dinary beats. Each of the 4 men of class II will be given charge of three such beats or men. Each of these will perform ranger duty like the others, but at the same time look after the men of class III. ‘They will be required to ride with them and see that they cover their territory in the best manner. ‘They will also advise and instruct them and in cases of importance accompany and assist them. The ranger of class I, in turn, will go from district to district, look after the more important cases, es- pecially matters of timber-cutting, etc., and thus represent the supervisor when- ever and wherever this officer cannot 280 appear in person. It is hoped in this manmer to establish a closer organization and a better spirit, and at the same time prevent carelessness. While this sys- tem requires that a better salary be paid to the men of classes I and II, it is be- lieved to be a fact, well sustained by the experience of similar patrol and protec- tive bodies, that ro men well organized are worth more than 15 men without proper organization. So far, the rangers have not been uni- formed and merely carry a badge; but in the San Gabriel and Pine Mountain and Zaca Lake reserves in California the rangers patrolin uniforms. This has re- sulted in much advantage to these ranger bodies, which, under the active leader- ship of Supervisors Thomas and Slosson, have earned for themselves general es- teem and recognition. The timber-work, or work in forestry, has been limited so far to supplying urgent applications, cases where the timber was needed in or near the re- serve, the miners and farmers being the principal consumers. While thus far this branch of the work has been rather secondary, it follows from the very na- ture and object of these reserves, as well as from the experience of the first few years of their administration, that the timber-work will soon be foremost, and that in nearly every reserve the ranger will have to become something of an estimator, scaler, and general tim- ber surveyor. Even now there is great need of a thorough study and description of many of the forests of these reserves; for only a careful detail survey of this kind will make it possible to dispose of the ripe material in a judicious manner, and guard against overcutting and other serious mistakes. In disposing of timber the protection of the forest has ever been the guiding principle. Timber is never sold simply because some one is willing to take it if ample concessions are made. On the contrary, timber is sold only after the local officer’s report shows that the tim- ber may well be spared; that there is a real, urgent demand for the same. Preferably it is sold only if its removal is likely to bring about an improvement FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. July, of the forest by replacing an old open or broken forest by a denser young growth, which better subserves the pur- poses of a protective forest. In distributing the cutting over the reserves, it is the intention always to adhere strictly to the forester’s first principle—never to cut more than is growing. In applying this rule, any given reserve is considered in relation to its surroundings, and an effort is made to avoid overcutting, not only for the entire reserve, but also for any partic- ular natural district, watershed, etc. So far the amount of material dis- posed of has been small in nearly all reserves, compared with the amount which the forest is capable of supply- ing. Moreover, every effort has been made to induce consumers, as far as possible, to satisfy their demands from injured and dead material. In most reserves, and especially in the Rocky Mountain region, this exists in large quantities, since the fire-damaged trees season on the stump and commonly re- main serviceable for years. During the year rg00-1g01 there were sold, in round numbers, about 26,000,000 feet of timber and 21,000 cords of wood, or, expressed in cords, about 73,000 cords, alltold. There were given away, under the free-use system, about 20,000 cords, of which fully three-fourths was cord-wood and fencing, and nearly all cut from dead material. While the cut for the past fiscal year is very much greater, it is still a mere trifle in most reserves. Ina few, however, this is not the case, and a small supply, together with the great danger of permanent de- nudation, owing to difficult and slow reproduction, have made it necessary to restrict and discourage timber sales. Timber in forest reserves is disposed of in two ways—either by sale or by what is known as the free-use system, where the material is given gratis to set- tlers, prospectors, and others. This. latter method is an outgrowth of the liberal homestead idea, and is treated strictly as a privilege to be granted only to those who appearentitled and worthy. Since it is primarily a method of supply- ing settlers, and involves in nearly all cases only small quantities, mostly of 1902. dead timber for fuel, fencing, house- logs, etc., it has been found very desir- able to make the system as simple and expeditious as possible. ‘To this end the superintendent formerly granted all ap- plications of this kind, and of late this authority has been transferred to the supervisor, or actual manager of the reserve. At the same time, however, the maximum amount granted by the local officer has been reduced from $1co to $20 stumpage value. In cases of sale a formal application, accompanied by a detail report involv- ing a forest description and estimate of the timber desired by the applicant, is submitted to the Secretary of the Inte- rior, who grants or refuses the sale. If granted, the timber is usually offered for sale by regular advertisement. The successful bidder is then required to enter into a contract, sometimes accom- panied by a bond, pays in advance, and conducts his work in accordance with the printed and written contract, under the supervision of a ranger or other forest officer. In all cases the area from which the timber is to be removed is limited by a blazed line ; all trees, in live timber, are marked for cutting. There is usually asize-limit, modified to meet conditions ; the height of the stump, an economical use of the trunk, and, in many cases, the use of all of the wood above three inches in thickness, is prescribed and insisted upon. In most cases thus far allowed, the tops are worked up into cord-wood, and the limbs are piled ready for burn- ing, so that many of the cuttings on the reserves have been done in a man- ner creditable to any forest manage- ment. ‘The logs, cord-wood, etc., are measured and stamped before removal, just as in similar operations elsewhere. So far, then. the forest work in the reserves has been little more than a modification of ordinary lumbering, re- stricted to local, urgent demands. It has been limited to such timber as could be spared without injury to the protect- ive forest, and at the same time secure an economic use of the material; also a cleaning up of débris, such as any orderly farmer demands in his wood- lot, thus avoiding the dangerous fire- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 281 traps of the ordinary logger’s ‘‘slash.’’ In addition, a few attempts have been made in other directions. In some of the reserves fire lines have been cut for the protection of the timber, and also a few preliminary experiments have been made of reforestation of burns and chaparral lands. So far, the results of these experiments are too few to warrant further description. To what extent reforestation of bare lands and similar work in practical forestry will be intro- duced is difficult to state now. ‘That there are a number of localities where a reasonable expenditure of money for this purpose would be well repaid, there is not the least doubt, but with present appropriations matters of this kind must remain among the deszderata. Grazing in the forest reserves to-day is of greater importance, financially, to the people of the respective districts than is the timber business. Generally, sheep and goats are for- bidden to graze on reserves. This is in accord with the general belief and ex- perience that close-herded bands of any kind of animals are more destructive than scattered loose-footed grazing ani- mals. Owing to peculiar local condi- tions, sheep-grazing is permitted at present in eight of the forty-six reserves now in existence. A limited number of cattle and horses are permitted to graze in nearly allreserves. During the season of r90r the total number of animals grazed on reserve pastures amounted in round numbers to 1,180,000 head of sheep and 277,000 head of cattle and horses. Under the present rules the grazing in all reserves and of all kinds of stock is controlled by a permit system, which makes it necessary for every one to make formal application. For the accommo- dation of actual settlers within forest reserves owning small herds, the matter is simplified by having the supervisor issue the permits. In all cases the. total number of ani- mals allowed to graze in any given re- serve is decided for each year by the Department of the Interior, and also the time when stock may enter the reserve, as well as the length of the grazing season. In all reserves where sheep are 282 allowed, they are restricted to certain parts of the reserves, to protect areas specially subject to erosion or other- wise likely to be damaged, and. also to avoid conflict between cattle and sheep, which, as is well known, do not thrive together. Aside.from the work incidental to this permit system, these grazing privileges involve considerable effort and time on the part of the field force in seeing to a FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. July, proper distribution of stock, and pre- venting trespass by men without per- mits or by fiocks on closed areas. The miscellaneous work in connection with the examination of land and min- ing claims, rights of way of roads, rail- ways, canals, etc., and also in connec- tion with applications for the privilege of building and running saw-mills, hotels, etc., can only be alluded to in this outline. THE RED CEDAR IN NEBRASKA. By Nours Cr verre. Bureau of Forestry. N May, 1901, a party was sent to Ne- braska by the Bureau of Forestry to investigate the condition of natural and planted timber in that state. In mak- ing this investigation the Platte River was followed from its mouth to the Wyoming line. The party then turned north to the Pine Ridge district, then southeast, through the sand-hill region, to the Middle Loup River. Particular attention was paid to the two most val- uable timber trees—the Red Cedar and the Rock Pine, - It’is ‘the purpose of this article to give a few facts gained from the investigation of the Red Cedar. The quantity of cedar timber produced in Nebraska has never been great, but in certain localities it has been a boon to the pioneer, in that it furnished ma- terial for fencing and other important purposes. The quantity of Red Cedar in the Platte River region fell short of expec- tations. The growth in most places is small and scattering, and on islands on which it was reported as growing it is not to be found. ‘This is explained in this way: all the seed trees have been ‘cut for posts, and the young seedlings have been removed foy door-yard plant- ing. Nearly every county investigated has a scattering growth of Red Cedar, but itis found in greatest abundance on Lee Island, in the Platte River, near Fre- mont. ‘This island has an area of about 50 acres and contains a mixed growth of Red Cedar, Cottonwood, White Elm, and Green Ash. ‘Taking the island as a whole, the Red Cedar is the predomi- nant species, the Cottonwood ranking next. Conditions are extremely favor- able for tree growth, and, as the owner has protected this growth from fire and stock, the indications are that he will soon have a crop of valuable timber. A scattering growth of Red Cedar is found along the bluffs of Cedar Creek, in the vicinity of Fullerton, Nance County. There is also a fine growth on anisland © in the Platte River near Central City, Merrick County. From Central City to Kearney the cedar is rare, and is not common again until the loess bluffs south and west of Gothenburg are reached. Here it is found only as scat- tering specimens, often growing on the bare, steep bluffs at a height of 200 feet from the base. ‘That trees of fair size once grew in that locality is evident from the great number of stumps that are found. When the Union Pacific Railroad was being constructed through the Platte River Valley, every canyon was literally stripped of Red Cedar, as well as of all other timber. Asa result of this, the only growth that remains is scattering and of little value. In the bluff regions of the North Platte, in the vicinity of Ogallala, the Red Cedar is found growing on very steep and rocky slopes.‘ “No large speci- 1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 2 (o°e) io) REPRODUCTION OF RED CEDAR ON LEE ISLAND, FREMONT, NEBRASKA, SEED-TREE IN THE FOREGROUND. mens are found for the same reason given in other regions: they have been cut for posts and other purposes. In the course of time a limited supply of valuable post timber can again be cut from these areas. In Scotts Bluff and Banner Counties some of the best growth is found in moist places in the canyons. There is also fair growth in more exposed areas. The reason for the better growth in the canyons is due, perhaps, to the protec- tion given by the cliffs. Some very large specimens originally grew in this region ; the largest now standing is five feet in diameter and 4o feet in height. The Red Cedar is not abundant in the Pine Ridge region. For two hundred miles along the Niobrara River, in the northern part of the state, only scatter- ing and isolated specimens are found. Some of the nearby canyons contain much young growth, and in many places the bluffs are dotted with cedar stumps, showing that formerly there was a dense growth of this species here. During the early days large quantities of tele- graph poles, ties, and posts were cut along this river and shipped to various points in the state. So completely has the cedar been removed, that were it not for the remaining stumps, one could scarcely believe that there had been, originally, a dense growth of timber anywhere along this stream. Less than thirty years ago the canyons east of Anselmo were filled with a mag- nificent growth of Red Cedar. Many scrubby specimens still remain in this region, but only one gives us any knowl- edge of the character of the timber that once grew here. This is a lone tree, 60 feet high and 18 inches in diameter. Telegraph poles, posts, etc., have been hauled from this locality a distance of 35 to 40 miles. Many other instances might be given setting forth the original condition of the Red Cedar in Nebraska, but those mentioned above will suffice to give a somewhat general idea of the primitive supply of this valuable timber. Owing to the present scarcity of Red Cedar in most localities, it is rather diffi- cult to thoroughly test the rate of diameter and height growth of the older class of trees. The better growth is on private land, and it is seldom that per- mission can be obtained to cut for analy- 284 sis. However, considerable data on di- ameter increment was secured by means of ‘‘ Pressler’s accretion borer,’’ and in this manner recent diameter growth can be approximately determined. Two Red Cedars on Lee Island, Fre- mont, Nebraska, were examined to learn the rate of height and diameter growth. ‘These trees grew where the water level is not greater than 2 feet, where the sub- soil is sand, and the surface soil is an alluvial deposit from 6 to 8 inches in depth. The conditions for growth were good, and these trees were cut froma pure stand of Red Cedar. An examination was also made of two trees on an island at Central City, Ne- braska. ‘These were intermingled with a dense growth of Green Ash, White Elm, and Hackberry, besides a number of shrubs, such as Prickly Ash and Dog- wood. ‘The soil formation is similar to that of Lee Island at Fremont, and the water table is two to six feet below the surface. The conditions for growth are fair. ‘The average height of the four trees analyzed was 28.4 feet ; the aver- age diameter, 6.9 inches; the average annual height growth, .77 of a foot ; and the average annual diameter growth, 22.01 auuinel. Several trees were also examined on the river bluffs in the locality of Lee Island, and it was found that they, too, showed an annual diameter growth of .22 of an inch. Situation, in this case at least, made no difference. The following figures show the rate of diameter growth of the Red Cedar in two widely separated regions, both pre- senting strikingly different soil forma- tions : vw “x a o % © oA | do a : us 3 |god aa Locality. a5 = | Siu 3 | < ao on avs 3 | = 5 i oteobed erste 2 x 5 vz, AS jefe ifiscce| | rel ; ; Inches.\ Feet. | Inches 10 | Dismal River, Hooker Co..| 6.96 2An 20 2on| Scotts Bluth Corncess-sre-eas 14.2 37-5 13 | — —— INSU mocdccns aotoganaces 10.5 30.8 .16 | The above data is interesting from the fact that the measurements made in the sand-hills of the Dismal River re- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. July, gion show a decided increase in diameter growth over that of the same species in the Scotts Bluff region, the latter being commonly considered more favorable to the growth of Red Cedar. The diameter growth, as well as the height growth of the Red Cedar of Ne- braska, compares favorably with that of northern Alabama, as noted in a recent bulletin* published by the Bureau of Forestry. The average annual height growth for Alabama is I foot for the first 37 years, that of Nebraska being .77 of afoot. ‘The average annual diameter growth for Alabama is .15 of an inch ; that of Nebraska .21 of aninch. These figures show a difference in average height growth of .23 of a foot in favor of Alabama, while on the other hand they show a difference in diameter growth of .06 of an inch in favor of Nebraska. When the favorable conditions for tree growth in northern Alabama are con- trasted with the unfavorable conditions of western Nebraska, it is encouraging to the tree planter to consider the above figures. The reproduction of Red Cedar in Nebraska is good. Inno locality where seed trees occur is reproduction lacking. Where seed trees are scarce, naturally reproduction is limited. In many places the growth is sufficiently dense to create in course of time true forest conditions; but, on the other hand, there are many areas where only a tree is growing here and there along the bluffs, and in such places forest conditions will be absent for years to come. If these scattering specimens are permitted to develop into seed trees, the surrounding areas will eventually be seeded and a substantial stand of trees will be produced. The best reproduction in the state is on Lee Island, at Fremont. Here, as has been mentioned before, the condi- tions for tree growth are excellent. Re- cent reproduction is very noticeable, and seedlings one-half to one inch high are seen in great abundance. In the shade of some tree or shrub of moderately dense foliage young red cedar seedlings * Notes on the Red Cedar by Dr. Chas. Mohr. Bulletin 31, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture. 1902. are numerous. Near the bases of cot- tonwood trees great quantities of seed germinate. Seed trees are abundant, and the sandy condition of the soil makes a most favorable seed bed for the germination of the seed. In counting the stand of seedlings, such remarkable figures as these were obtained: on an area of 20 square feet, sixty seedlings were counted, these ranging in height from 3% inches to 3% feet. This is an unusually large number when we come to consider that on an acre with such a stand there would be 120,000 trees. Counts of seedlings in other localities in the state show the follow- ing results : Locality. Popa ez Dismal River, Thomas County........ 10,800 Middle Loup River, Hooker County... 2,638 Middle Loup River, Thomas County. . 280 Middle Loup River, Cherry County... 525 latte saver) cuelsCoumtiyanee eee 10,026 Cedar Canyon, Scotts Bluff County 9,695 JAVICLA OC. ores 5 cis ) homesteaders are to be paid into the United States Treasury to the credit of the 1,600 Chippewa Indians of Minne- sota. Each Indian—man, woman, or child—living on the four reservations is entitled to have an individual allotment of 80 acres. Of the 830,162 acres con- tained in these reservations, the follow- ing will be the result when the new law is carried out: Acres. Water surface (lakes, rivers, streams). 218,470 Inditarieallo tin emrsmrrs rena s iielecire 140,000 Ones biaysll ang Steprsay ceieicette eye 231,000 Islands in Cass and Leech Lakes and points around Leech Lake...... 17,000 OpPenslorsettlenlenitan reer ian tier 223,692 Ota yet eee or errr eran 830,162 During the past month there have been many forest fires in various sectious of the country. In California there were de- structive forest fires “near |) Redditg, Forest Fires. VIEW IN THE CHIPPEWA RESERVATION NORTHWEST OF CASS LAKE. Photo by Mr. Arthur B. Herrell. THREE OF THE CASS LAKE BAND OF CHIPPEWAS IN THE CENTER. 314 Cazadero, Grass Valley, Monterey, and Tuolumne. Wyoming has been visited by forest fires during the past two weeks, the worst being near Lander ; also ina sec- tion of country west of the Medicine Bow Forest Reserve. On August 8 three destructive fires were reported from the vicinity of Battle Lake. The fires reported last month from Colorado, in the vicinity of Durango, burned over an area of 25 square miles of territory. On Blanco Mountain 5,000 acres have been burned over. On August 2 a fierce forest fire was reported burning near Leadville; another serious fire burned over a large area in the region of Allen’s Park. Near Gun’s Hill, Virginia, a forest fire recently did considerable damage to the timber tract of the Blackstone Lum- ber Co. In Bladon and Sampson coun- ties, North Carolina, forest fires de- stroyed several houses and much valu- able timber during July. reported from Carbon, Montana, while recent reports from Alaska state that unusually destructive forest fires are raging in the timber along the Yukon River. During July there was a large forest fire in the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve in Arizona. * The first number of the Magazine of Arboricul- ture, which is to be the official organ of the International So- ciety of Arboriculture, will be issued on September 1. It will contain from 16 to 24 pages, and Mr. John P. Brown, secretary and treasurer of the society, is to be editor. Marysville, New Forest Magazine. &* What is claimed to be the largest tree in the world was recently dis- covered by a party of hunters in the Converse Basin, Fresno county, Cali- fornia. This tree 6 feet from the ground is 154 feet 8 inches in circumference, making it over 51 feet in diameter. Persons who have visited the tree since the first report was made have verified the statements of the men who discov- ered it. The tree is located in the Sierra Forest Reserve. The Largest Tree. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. Fires are also- August, Going to the Philippines. Mr. Gifford’ Pinchot. Forester of the U. S. De- partment of Agriculture, at the request of President Roosevelt, will make an examination of the forest. resources of the Philippine Islands dur- ing the autumn months. Mr. Pinchot will sail from Vancouver on September 8 and will return to the United States in December. * Proposed Lake Recently, upon the rec- Superior Forest ommendation of Gen. Reserve. Cc. C. Andrews, Chief Fire Warden of Min- nesota and the U.S. Geological Survey, and concurred in by the General Land Office, temporary withdrawal was made of an area amounting to 20 townships. and 15 sections in Lake and Cook coun- ties, Minnesota, pending consideration of the question of making a forest re- serve of this area, to be known as the Lake Superior Forest Reserve. The lands withdrawn lie within the following described townships: RASOUNG Rea As GouINes Re aes eaniGio. VE ‘Téa N 4 Rv5; 6, 75-950; LO; audsEY We 162 Ni. Re 5)6, Facey aud: Loa: TGS IN. Rosh O,a7e alld SW All west of the fourth principal me- ridian. General Andrews’ letter to the Com- missioner of the General Land Office was as follows: Si. PAUE, -viiNiNe. May ro, 1902. Hon. BINGER HERMANN, Commissioner General Land Office, Washington, D. C. DEAR SiR: I have the honor hereby to recommend that the following town- ships, all public land, situated in Cook and Take counties, in Minnesota, and comprising, after deducting water sur- face,an areain round numbers of 500,000 acres, be set apart by the President asa forest reserve, namely : T.59, K.5,S8and.o We T-GOn, ea Corgis T. 61, Ro 5 to 11 W.,,botlt inclusive: T. 62, Ri 5,t0 10 -W., both inclusive: T. 63, R:.5 to 7 We, both inclusive: and south half of IT. 63, R. 8: 1902. ye, HW | r UJ FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. oP) = On DA ta CANA i HES = oS q MAP OF NORTHEASTERN MINNESOTA, SHOWING LOCATION OF THE PROPOSED LAKE SUPERIOR FOREST RESERVE. Ten of these townships are unser- veyed, and all of the lands are practi- cally vacant, with these exceptions, that Gubyshali of 1-59; R:9. Wo,and TL. 60, R. 8 W., are vacant, and that two-thirds Mind Gorin cOW and: ViGm Ros) We. are vacant. I make this recommenda- tion for the following reasons: 1. The land has a.general elevation of about 1,200 feet above Lake Supe- rior, is generally hilly and rocky, and more valuable for the production of timber than for agriculture. It is nat- ural timber land, but much of the orig- inal timber was killed by fires many years ago. Its soil is only third or fourth rate, and the fact that, although fairly accessible, none of it has been taken by settlers is of itself evidence that it is undesirable for agricultural purposes. The benefit that will accrue to Min- nesota by having this waste and vacant land utilized for forest purposes is quite evident. Every one knows that the supply of pine timber in Minnesota is fast diminishing. Already several kinds of lumber from the Pacific coast are competing here with our home pro- ducts, and as our home supply decreases rates of transportation on lumber from the coast will be advanced. Increase of the price of lumber will tend to retard the development of agricultural lands, farmers being among the principal local consumers of lumber. On this land pro- posed to be created a forest reserve it will require about eighty years for pine timber to grow to merchantable size. The population of the United States in eighty years from now, according to the estimate of the most competent judges, based on our past history, will be 320,- 000,000. Every one can see that the demand for lumber will then be very much greater than at present. 316 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 3. The land in question contains many fine lakes and streams, and will, if ad- ministered as a forest reserve, prove valuable also as a fish and game pre- serve. 4. The educational effect of such a reserve would be useful in promoting forest economy in this state. 5. I have been reflecting upon this matter forovera year. I have alsoseen occasional expressions in the public press favoring a forest reserve, to include some of the highlands north of Lake Superior. I have examined the government plats of all the surveyed lands in Minnesota north of Lake Superior, and those herein contained are about the only lands that are available from being vacant. This is the only opportunity (outside of In- dian reservations) of securing a number of townships in a body in this state for aforestreserve. Of course, it is under- stood that the state of Minnesota is en- titled to sections 16 and 36 in each town- ship as school lands ; also that the state will have a right to any swamp lands there may be in either township ; also, should any of the reserve be found to be good agricultural land, I, for one, would expect that the law would be made to permit, if it does not now permit, the use of such lands for agricultural pur- posesay. ldo not expect. the reserve to August, be a wilderness, nor to shut out any necessary means of communication. Very truly yours, C. C. ANDREWS, Chief (Forest) Fire Warden. The accompanying outline map of northeastern Minnesota shows the loca- tion of the proposed Lake Superior Forest Reserve. * National Irriga- The Secretary of the Interior, after consul- tation with the officials of the Geological Survey, under whose active charge the national irrigation work is being conducted, has ordered additional lands in six states withdrawn from settlement, in accordance with the provisions of the irrigation bill, pending a careful survey of the proposed reser- tion Projects. voir sites and canal routes. ‘The lands. withdrawn lie within the states of Colo- rado, Wyoming, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, and California. It was considered important in ad- vance of definite surveys to make with- drawals of a sufficient amount of land to include all of the proposed irrigation works and their ramifications, as well as the lands affected. Selections have been. made in advance in a somewhat liberal manner, in order to allow the VIEW ALONG THE LOWER COLORADO RIVER, SHOWING PUBLIC LANDS WITHDRAWN PENDING SURVEY OF RESERVOIR SITES. 1902. consideration of alternative projects or to provide for unforeseen contingencies. In order to prevent speculative entries it was decided that these withdrawals should be made before it was announced that the work was to be taken up. It was not intended in making with- drawal of these lands that all are to be irrigated or ultimately utilized. Sur- vey parties now in the field will deter- mine as soonas possible the lands needed, and the others will be restored to entry. The projects now under consideration are as follows: Nevada.—Truckee—Carson surveys. California and Arizona.—Colorado River survey. Arizona.—Salt River survey. Colorado.—South Platte survey. Colorado- Utah.—Grand River survey. Wyoming.—Big Horn survey. The lands to be segregated in each of the townships are included in the fol- lowing townships and ranges: TRUCKEE-CARSON (Mt. Diablo Meridian. ) i: ne to 20 Ni aanelusive, Ri716,-07,; and 18 E. I. ro to 15 N., inclusive, and 19, 20, and 21 N., R. 19 E. T. 9 to 24 N., inclusive, R. 20 E. T. 7 to 17 N., inclusive, and 19 N., Re or E- T. 13 to 17 N., inclusive, and 20 N., Rae se T. 16 to 18 N., inclusive, and 20 N., Re 230he T. 16 to 18 N., inclusive, and 20 and or NN. R24 FE. T. 16 to 21 N., inclusive, R. 25 E. T. 16 to 20 N., incl., R. 26 and 27 E. To16to 25 N., inclusive, R- 28, 20, Z0,and.ar 1. 7 20 to 24 N., incl., R. 32 and 33 E. SURVEY, NEVADA. COLORADO. RIVER SURVEY NIA AND ARIZONA. CALIFOR- (San Bernardino Meridian. ) ae) alee or Oe Tree, and’s N., R.25 7. Tree and 3 Nz, 0:26 H. aie, oa bes 27 34; iT ontaete. oO. auclusive, R. 22, 23, and 24 i. vo tesr2 oS. , suclusive, R..21 i OF FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. taf (Gila and Salt River Meridian.) i. 19o.and 20.N:) R22 WW VA to 10 5, iaclusive; B..22, 22; 23, 24, and 25 W. All of Colorado River Indian Reser- vation which may be open to entry and settlement. SALT RIVER SURVEY, ARIZONA. Gila and Salt River Meridian. ) 2. 2 and, No, Ra 1 and 2 to77, Ns, inclusive, Rie, Seokec2. sandra i. 2, 3, and 4 N., R. 2 and 3 EF. Zand. 3, Nok. 4°and5 ee, and 2'S.;,.R: 5,0; ande7 He and 20N., R26 and 7 E. Ageatde so s,; ik 7 EY: 2 2) 5 tal ( ac: Als We ale li le Ae I, I I I, I, I I 3) 7, SOUTH PLATTE SURVEY, COLORADO. (Sixth Principal Meridian. ) 4 N., R. 56 to 62 W., inclusive. aL eseN Rees 10/64. W., iueltsive: a GN eR 54° to 57° W., imelusive 7 Nes 55 to.56. W..,. inelusive: i son AR 52° to 56, W., inclusive. Gio ke 50 to 56, inclusive: 1 To Nv, R. 409 to 53 W., inclusive: Irie. Rk. 47-t0.52 Ws inclusive: T. 12 N., R.45 to 48 W., inclusive. GRAND RIVER SURVEY, COLORADO— UTAH. (Ute Meridian. ) Nauk. Ecand 2.) wanda EH, ee HN FR we (Sixth Principal Meridian. ) Me: Sy. 3. Ie G8, 99); and 104 W. Ws o05-.ok.. Lo3-and TOs WE. IOO, IOI, 103, IN UTAH. (Salt Lake Meridian. ) ig and 20 Sj ak. 25; and 2G. lee aD 39'S .e Rs. sea BIG HORN SURVEY, WYOMING. (Sixth Principal Meridian. ) A 5bee52s (a Sau. RGO.. Bale, 83, and 84 W. 318 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. August, re) HON. WILLIAM A. REEDER. ON. WILLIAM A. REEDER, of Kansas, is one of the most effective friends of national irrigation. Asamember of the House Committee on the Irriga- tion of Arid Lands, he has done much valuable work. Both in committee and among his fellow-members Mr. Reeder did splendid service in helping to bring about - the passage of the Irrigation Bill at the recent session. Having a wide knowledge of the West and its needs, and himself a practical irrigator, he has been able to approach the question on its broadest and fairest lines. "Thoroughly con- vinced of the advisability of Federal aid in the construction of large irrigation works in the West, Mr. Reeder has lost no opportunity of pressing the matter in Congress. William Augustus Reeder was born August 28, 1849, in Cumberland county, Pa.; when 4 years of age his parents emigrated to Ipava, Fulton county, IIl., where, at the age of 14 years, he began teaching in the public schools. This vocation he followed until 30 years of age, the last 10 years of his work being in Kansas, where he was principal of the Beloit public schools. Mr. Reeder in 1871 took up a claim in Mitchell county, and has resided continuously since in this Congressional district. On August 18, 1876, he engaged in the banking business in the town of Logan, Kans., his present home. In 1890, in partnership with A. H. Ellis and J. J. Wiltrout, he purchased an extensive tract of land on the Solomon River and established the largest irrigation farm in the State of Kansas, which is now operated as a cattle and hog ranch. In 1898 he was elected to the Fifty-sixth Congress, and was reélected to the Fifty-seventh Congress. 1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 319 TREATMENT OF SECOND-GROWTH WHITE PINE. PAR sh. By WALLACE I. HuTCHINSON. HE following methods of thinning and pruning White Pine, and the effect of such cuttings, are based on in- vestigation carried on in the natural pine groves of southern New Hamp- shire. Many of the principles set forth, although applicable to this portion of the country, will have to be sightly mod- ified to suit conditions elsewhere. As the supply of White Pine decreases and the stumpage value increases pro- portionately, the aim of nearly every farmer who owns a woodlot is likely to be the production of the greatest quan- tity of valuable timber in the shortest possible time. To do this, his first ob- ject should be to stock the area with a sufficient number of trees to form a com- plete cover overhead. This is not only beneficial to the soil, but also for the proper development of the trees. In _ the natural woods this state of affairs very often exists. Natural forests are likely to be more valuable than artificial plantations, for most natural forests grow only in such situations as are congenial to the life of trees, the seeds of which will not germi- nate readily in unfavorable soils. Na- ture seldom errs in the choice of condi- tions favorable to tree-growth, a judg- ment in which man is very liable to Erion. Shortly after the leaf canopy is estab- lished the growing trees begin to crowd one another, and the struggle for light and space commences. A number of the trees overtop the rest, rearing their heads to the full enjoyment of the light. Below these a few trees here and there enjoy with their leading shoots the light which is not absorbed by the dominat- ing trees. Others are left so far behind in the race that they are deprived of en- joyment of all direct light—that 1s, they are suppressed. They live for a shorter or longer period, but unless they are a shade-enduring species they are not apt to survive for any great length of time. al TARE OY ea vee. agae MP. animes ° al - FIG. I.—A WELL-MANAGED FOREST; LARGE TREES READY FOR MARKET; UNDERGROWTH SUFFICIENTLY DENSE TO PROTECT THE SOIL. 320 Thus the forest is divided into three classes—dominant, intermediate, and suppressed trees. This struggle for ex- istence goes on during the entire life of the forest, and is apt to so reduce the growing space of each dominating tree that it cannot reach its fullest develop- ment, and on account of crowding is likely to assume a long, lanky shape, which is very easily damaged by wind and snow. It is this state of affairs that the owner should strive to obviate by thinning his trees. Thinning is the cutting out of such tree-growths as in- terfere with the healthy development, and hence the future value, of the crop. This form of thinning is termed the ‘weeding ’’ out of the undesirable trees: A single tree growing in the open and in the complete enjoyment of light will develop a full crown and root sys- tem and lay on a maximum volume of wood, but growth under these condi- tions has several serious drawbacks: Ist. Trees growing in this manner do not always produce the greatest volume of wood per acre. Although every tree in a crowded woods has a smaller vol- ume than the isolated one, yet, owing to. the "greater, mimber tom trees, tue crowded stand generally has a larger total volume per acre, and therefore greater stumpage value. 2d. Isolated trees usually grow short or crooked, while trees in thick woods are, as arule, straight. 3d. Trees in the open generally have branches low down on the trunk; con- sequently they produce knotty and less valuabletimber. Moreover, openstands are not apt to improve the fertility of poor soil on account of exposure to the light, which dries out the moisture; hence open stands can be grown best only in naturally fertile soils. These few conditions govern profit- able growth in all localities. Thus while in one case it would be proper to remove all suppressed and dominated, and even a part of the dominating, trees, in another case it would be nec- essary to look carefully after all of these classes in order to secure the maximum growth and the highest timber value from the land. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. August, Certain important changes are gradu- ally taking place in the growth of trees in the forest, both individually and col- lectively. There are changes in the soil in which they grow, in the surrounding atmosphere, and changes wrought even upon the inhabitants in the neighbor- hood ‘These changes are chemical and mechanical. A growing tree takes from the soil the elements that are essential to its development, but restores them to: the soil through its fallen leaves and branches in the form of carbonaceous. and nitrogenous matter. Thus, under normal conditions the soil grows richer and capable of supporting larger and more luxuriant forests. The mechanical changes are more easily traced. The roots of trees change the composition of soil by forcing their way into it, thus. disintegrating the rocks and earth and allowing the free access of air and water. In dividing the trees of a forest into: classes an account must be taken of the dead trees. These should be removed at every thinning, as they can be of no benefit to the other classes, but may be a constant source of danger from insects, fungi, and, in many cases, fire. All thinnings are carried on with one of two objects in view: first, the pro- duction of the greatest quantity of ma- terial; second, the production of the highest quality of timber. The means. of attaining these ends differ consider- ably. Experience has taught that the great-. est quantity of timber is produced in the shortest time by the vigorous develop- ment of the dominating trees. These are removed and converted into lumber as soon as the undergrowth is of sufh- cient density to protect the soil (Fig. 1). The first thinning is made as soon as the struggle for existence commences—that is, when it is found that the trees are contending with each other for light and space. If the owner of the woodlot has gone over his land in the early stages of its tree growth and weeded out the un- desirable trees, this first thinning may be delayed till the tenth or fifteenth year, when the trees taken out may be utilized for firewood or temporary fence posts. The thinning should be heavy enough to give the trees that remain the- Zs FIG. ser! | y foie r< pea eee + Aes ons eae ke aie . 4 HH op jaa 4 © fy Ah 0 METIS tae Ld if A ene — ee : 4: en FIG. 2.—NATURAL REPRODUCTION OF WHITE PINE, SHOWING DENSITY OF GROWTH. FIG. 3.—SHOWS EFFECT OF THINNING AND PRUNING; SA i>) N is) FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. August, FIG. 4.—NATURAL REPRODUCTION OF WHITE PINE. SEED TREES (IN THE RACKGROUND) ON THE WINDWARD SIDE. space they require. As White Pine may naturally come upin avery thick stand, quite a slash will be necessary to rid the woods of the undesirable trees (Fig. 2, Fig. 3). In choosing the ones to be re- moved, the deformed and diseased trees should be taken first. The former, if left, will never amount to anything, and are liable to injure the growth of the remaining crop. The latter usually harbor injurious forest insects, which in a great many cases cause considerable damage. There can be no set rule as to what -~ as mg 4, ‘ titty BS Tes FIG. 5.—SHOWING GRAY BIRCH AND YOUNG WHITE PINES. 1902. space of time shall elapse between thin- nings. The quicker the growth, the shorter the interval between cuttings duvine the early ie of ‘the tree, the time being gradually lengthened as the trees advance in age. Common sense will have to govern largely on this point. The expense of thinning can be almost eliminated by the sale of the trees to be used in box-board manu- facture, in southern New Hampshire White Pine for box boards being worth from $6 to $10 per thousand. Under no conditions should brush wood be left in the forest, as it greatly increases the danger from fire. If the work of thinning is carefully carried out, a stand of White Pine should be ready for the market in thirty or forty years, while by that time the ground will be in good condition for a seed-bed. Cutting for reproduction should be carried on with considerable care and forethought. A few select trees, vary- ing in number from ten to thirty per acre, may be left on the cut-over area to seed the ground, or a small lot may be cut clear and the ground allowed to seed itself from the surrounding trees. In the latter case the seed trees should FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 323 be left on the windward side, so that the seeds can readily blow into the open (Fig. 4), the cuttings to be made, if possible, when there are indications of a good seed year. While the white-pine seedlings are still small, Gray Birch (Betula populi- folia) is almost sure to come in, and, as it grows much more rapidly than the pine, soon overtops the latter trees (Fig. 5). The birch should be allowed to remain only as long as it is of mate- rial aid to the seedling asa nurse. Af- ter the pines are old enough to take care of themselves the birch should be re- moved. Even aged stands in a natural forest are rare, as the whole of a denuded area is seldom seeded at once. Ina natural forest, therefore, cutting should begin by taking out the mature trees first, thus allowing those that remain to quicken their growth through the increased amount of light and space. In sum- ming up it may be said that when the object is to produce quantity, thinning should be early, heavy, and often during the first half of the life of the woods, and more moderate and at longer inter- vals during the second half. EXTENT OOF TRIGA TION IN COLORADO: AREA RECLAIMED ALMOST DOUBLED DURING LAST TEN YEARS. URING the decade 1889 to 1899 Colorado advanced to the front rank of irrigated states, surpassing Cal- ifornia in the extent of land under irri- gation, but remaining second in the number of irrigators and in the value of irrigated crops. The colderclimate and greater altitude of Colorado make it im- possible to raise the high-priced citrus or semi-tropical fruits, or to practice the degree of intensive farming for which Arizona and California are noted. The land surface of Colorado com- prises 66,332,800 acres, of which only 9,474,588, or 14.3 per cent, were in- cluded in farms in 1900, and 2,273,968 acres, or 3.4 per cent, were improved. Of this area, 2,240 acres are included in the Indian reservations. Of the total area in farms, 24 per cent is improved. The importance of irrigation as a fea- ture of the agricultural development of the state is shown. by the fact that the irrigated land outside of the Indian res- ervations amounts to 1,611,271 acres, or 70.9 per cent of the improved farm land. In 18go0 the acres irrigated out- side of the Indian reservations num- bered 890,735, or 48.8 per cent of the improved land. Since then, by the opening of new ditches and canals, by the enlargement of those previously constructed, and by the application of more intelligent methods of water dis- tribution, 720,536 acres of land have been added to the irrigated area of 324 the state, an increase of 80.9 per cent. In 1890 most of this land was public domain and comparatively valueless. At the present time its value, at a low estimate, is $28,968,552; an average of $40.77 per acre. Irrigation has added this large amount to the farm wealth of the state. The total number of acres of irrigated crops is 1,300,840, while the total num- ber of acres of land irrigated is 1,611, 270. ike ‘difference of Bre MGigactes represents in part the area of pasture lands irrigated, but includes also a con- siderable acreage, which, by reason of shortage of water, was only partially irrigated and did not produce crops. On the other hand, it is probable that a portion of the area upon which crops were reported as grown without irriga- tion was really irrigated at some time during the year. While the number of farms outside of the Indian reservations increased in ten years 50.7 per cent, the number of irri- gators increased 82.3 per cent, and the irrigated area 80.9 per cent. Most of the water used for irrigation is surface water obtained from rivers, but, in addition to this, considerable quantities of ground water, or so-called underflow, found at depths varying from 20 to 1,500 feet, have been utilized. There were 227 farms which were irri- gated wholly or in part by pumping this underflow from wells. The number of acres of irrigated land for each mile of ditch operated averages 218. ‘The number of acres under ditch for each mile is 390, or nearly twice the areairrigated. In other words, the area rendered cultivable by irrigation would be nearly doubled if the ditches already constructed were furnished with a suffi- cient and properly administered water supply. In 1899, however, the water supply in many parts of Colorado was excep- tionally deficient, and in years of aver- age precipitation the area irrigated is undoubtedly much larger. The average cost of constructing the ditches was about $1,575 per mile. The average construction cost per acre of land under ditch was $3.60, and per acre of land actually irrigated in 1899, FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. August, $7.21. The average cost of mainte- nance per acre irrigated in 1899 was $0.34; but estimating the cost of water right upon the basis of the area irrigated in a year of short water supply neces- sarily made the average cost higher than it would be in an ordinary year. In 1899 the average value of arable land under ditch, but not yet prepared for irrigation, varied from $2 to $20 per acre, while that of irrigated land is from $24 to $1,000. The difference repre- sents the increment to the value of the | land by irrigation and the improvements thereby made possible. This shows a large profit on the cost of ditch con- struction. There were in 1889 7,055 acres irri- gated from wells. The total cost of con- struction of the irrigation systems ob- taining water from wells was $190,566. The value of all land in irrigated farms, not including buildings, is $79,696,998, and in unirrigated farms, $10,640,465. The value of all buildings on irrigated farms is $13,178,702, and on unirrigated, $2.822,700. The land in irrigated farms, then, represents 88.2 per cent of the total value of all farm lands, although consti- tuting but 65.8 per cent of the total acre- age. The value of buildings on these farms is 82.4 per cent of the total for all farms, and the value of implements and machinery 83.1 percent. ‘The irriga- tion systems in the state, as reported in 1899, represent a cost of $11,613,732. The value of the irrigated products grown in 1899 was $15,633,938. The irrigated area in crops 1s I, 300,840 acres. The income from this land in 1899 was therefore slightly more than $12 per acre, Exclusive of the Indian reservations, the average value of land, exclusive of buildings, is for all farms, $9.54 per acre; for unirrigated farms, $3.29, and for irrigated farms, $12.77. The aver- age value per acre of irrigated land is $40.77, while that for the best irrigated land, suitable for growing alfalfa, ranges from $50 to $150, and irrigated fruit land has in some instances a reported value as high as $1,000 per acre. The principal rivers of thestate are the South Platte, Arkansas, Rio Grande,San Juan, Grand, and Green. The three last 1902. : al ( | R10 BLANCO | seer pees wa t M x +-- Beer FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 325 ! IMOREAN n8--4----£1 ARAPAHOE ' \ H k ea Wee) eh a eas os : 'Mo 'LA PLATA ‘fARCHULETA} ue Sele \ “| | Sey Sa fe gerne bf FT NS ee en area Ber ee we ae eer eee en ee ee” aes aaa oat oe SKETCH MAP or COLORADO . SHOWING THE Total Irrigated Area 461,271 Acres IRRIGATED AREAS ACCORDING TO THE CENSUS OF 1900. r- ] ° 25 Scale 5O. 7S 100 Mies mentioned are tributaries of the Colorado of the West. Thestate has been divided by law into six large drainage divisions, corresponding with the natural hydro- graphic basins of the above-named six principal rivers. For administrative purposes, these divisions are subdivided into water districts. The most important drainage basin in Colorado is that of the South Platte River. The headwaters of the South Platte are in South Park,in Park county. In the mountains the stream has aconsid- erable fall, which gradually diminishes asitentersthe plains. Likemoststreams in this region, it is subject to great fluc- tuations in volume. During the spring floods its channel is nearly a mile wide and the discharge is very great, while at other seasons it sinks into its sandy bed and becomes almost dry. The area comprised in the drainage basin of this stream and its branches is 90,011 square miles. On no river in the United States has irrigation been more largely developed or extended to a larger area than on the South Platte and its tributaries. Em- braced in its drainage system are many populous cities and towns and the rich- est farming communities in the state. The area under ditches and canals di- verting water from the main Platte and its tributaries in Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska is approximately 2,000,000 acres. In Colorado the area irrigated in 1899 was 711,192 acres, an increase since 1889 of 68.4 percent. In this section are 38.9 per cent of the total number of irrigated farms in the state. 326 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. August, CULTIVATION OF THE YELLOW LOCUST IN MARYLAND: BASED ON THE TREE-PLANTING RECORDS OF PRIESTFORD FARM. By ALBERT NEILSON. ONSIDERING the rapidly dimin- ishing supply of timber in Mary- land, the consequent increase in price and growing demand for lumber, and the favorable soil and climatic condi- tions for rapid tree growth, it would seem that our farmers would do well to raise trees for profit, and especially the Yellow (Black) Locust, The cultivation of the Yellow Locust ‘is comparatively an easy matter. The trees grow rapidly and require very little attention after their third year. Locust fence posts will outlast those made from any other kind of timber grown in the Hast, excepting, perhaps, the Red Cedar. A seasoned locust post when put in the ground will last from thirty to forty-five years. In addition to being extensively used for posts, the Yellow Locust is also used in ship- building and in making telephone and telegraph poles and pins. For these purposes the Locust has a much greater value than White Oak, and the trees mature much quicker. Locust is some- times used for cross-ties. It grows at about the same rate as Chestnut, but has a much higher commercial value. In view of the great demand for this timber, the ease with which it may be grown, and the nearness to markets, the writer feels that it will pay nearly every farmer in Maryland to cultivate the Yellow Locust for profit. Almost any farmer in the state at nominal ex- pense can have a small lo- cust plantation from which to supply his own fence posts. One acre of young locust trees 15 or 20 years after planting will yield from 3,000 to 4,000 posts, and the second growth will supply another crop before the first posts are worn out. Besides furnishing posts for home use, with proper care these farm plantations will prove a source of income to their owners through the sale of excess materials produced. By way of illustrating what may be done in the cultivation of the Yellow Locust in Maryland, the following facts taken from the tree-planting records of ‘*Priestford Farm,’’ in Har- ford county, may prove in- teresting. The first plant- LOCUST LANE PLANTED ON PRIESTFORD FARM IN 1876; TREES ARE NOW I0 TO 24 INCHES IN DIAMETER. ing of Yellow Locust on ‘* Priestford Farm’’ was done in 1826. ‘The seeds 1902. were planted where the trees now stand. There are notes to show that in 1837 the farm began to cut posts, though up to last year no record had been kept as to the value of the posts used on the farm and sold ; but from the first cut- ting to the present day the farm has not only had plenty of posts for its own use, but a large number has been sold. The first planting was in lanes or av- enues, and insmall plantations. In the plantations the trees were set eight feet apart, and in the avenues about four feet. Some of the plantations have dis- appeared, as they were not fenced in, and the second growth was destroyed by cattle. Where the trees have had protection they have continued to yield crop after crop, and have greatly in- creased in numbers from volunteers and a little planting. so that now ‘‘ Priest- ford Farm’’ has about 3,000 locust trees, divided up as follows : 510 trees 20 to 76 years old, 12 to 36 in. diam. 580 trees 12 to 20 ‘‘ ee ONcOnle QMO Aigo ua Sree s2et OL Om lunc. During the past year a careful record has been kept of cutting and sales. Four hundred trees were cut, and sev- eral hundred more were available. Many of the trees cut last year had been allowed to get too old, and there Was a certain amount of waste. Asa rule, the Yellow Locust should not be allowed to grow over 4o years, the best wood being obtained up to that age. The results at ‘‘ Priestford Farm’’ show that vellow locust trees 8 to 18 inches in diameter can be grown from seedlings in 15 to 20 years. Such trees will yield four to eight posts each, mak- ing an average of six posts to a tree. After the first crop is cut the suckers will grow from the stump six feet high the first season. An estimate for a locust plantation of 10 acres, based upon the writer’s expe- rience, would be as follows: Plowing and preparing the ground, ae AGS MNS lakes Gare: ake . $50 Planting 8 feet apart 680 trees to the acre, Io acres, 6,800 trees or seed in the hill, (REIS. LOT st SAR De BOA RE OR RSIS ttre! 340 Io per cent replants, 680 trees, @ 5 Ciera 24 Labor planting 10 acres, @ $2... 20 Labor for working and cutting for 3 years, (@ $1 per year per acre . 30 Labor trimming for 3 years, @ $1 per) year PEtPAen er Cr asec oer elt e nie «> « 30 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 327 to acres of land at a valuation of $30 per acre, $300 ; interest, 6 per cent per year, $18, for 20 years.... Or a cost of $86.40 per acre. At the end of the first 15 years some posts may be cut, poles could be cut sooner ; but I believe it would be much more profitable to allow the trees to grow to 18 or 20 years of age. I esti- mate that the following results can be had at that time : there would be at least 6,000 trees, producing an average of 6 posts to a tree, which would give 36,000 posts of three grades—mortised posts, board-fence and wire-fence posts. From these the financial return would be as follows : 18,000 mortised posts, (@) 30¢.. $5,400 9,000 board-fence posts, @ 20c ....... 1,800 9,000 wire-fence posts, (@ Toc... : goo. Firewood per acre, $Io...... Ne eters 100 $8,200 Less cost of making : 18,000 mortised fence-posts, @ MZ Ce oe hae een meat pe ee eke $2,160 g,000 board-fence posts, @ 4c. 360 9,000 wire-fence posts, (@ Ic. go - 2,610: $5,590 Or a profit of $559 per acre. If the timber should be cut for cross- ties and posts, we would have the fol- lowing results : 6,000 cross-ties, first grade, (@ 55c..... $3,300 24,000 posts at an average net price of 1S CAIN ater eri Mie de Ne SiSve reac seis, eens 4,320 Cordwoodsandi poles 14 sae 100 #7, 720 Less cost of making : 6,000 cross-ties, (@ Ioc. ..... $600 Cutting wood and poles......... 50 - 650 $7,070 Or a profit of about $700 per acre. I do not take into consideration the first cost per acre for starting the plan- tation, because that is more than cov- ered by the continuous crops and the number of young trees that can be had for increasing the plantations. The interest on the land would probably be a legitimate charge to be deducted from the profits. More profit could be worked out by using the larger trees for shipyard purposes. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. August, ILLEGAL SHEEP. GRAZING INSITE PSE RRA FORE So! RESERVE, wiki Wie Cc Ol Res Gir LEGAL RIGHT. By JoHN D. LELAND, Division of Forestry, General Land Office. ANY complaints have been made that sheep were trespassing in the Sierra Forest Reserve, in California, to the great detriment of the reserve and to interests dependent thereon. Alle- gations have been made that the De- partment of the Interior did not enforce the rules and regulations prohibiting sheep from grazing in this reserve, and more or less odium has been cast upon the officers in charge of the matter. It is but just and fair that the general public, the people of California, and the employés of other branches of the public service, who discover the sheep in the reserve, shall be advised as to the responsibility for the large number of sheep that are from time to time found roaming over this reserve. After having received petitions signed by hundreds of residents and citizens liv- ing along the borders of the Sierra For- est Reserve, the value of whose property depends largely upon the amount of wa- ter available for irrigation, and much ‘convincing evidence that sheep grazing in the reserve was a detriment to it and to a great majority of the interests de- pending thereon, the Secretary of the Interior issued an order prohibiting sheep grazing therein. ‘This order was issued under authority of the act of June 4, 1897 (30 Stat., 34-36), which provides that : ‘‘ The Secretary of the Interior shall make provisions for protection against destruction by fire and depredations upon the public forests and forest res- ervations which may have been set aside or which may be hereafter set aside under the said act of March 3, 1891, and which may be continued; and he may make such rules and regulations and establish such service as will insure the objects of such reservations, namely, to regulate their occupancy and use and to preserve the forests thereon from de- struction; and any violation of the pro- visions of this act or such rules and regulations, shall be punished as is pro- vided for in the act of June 4, 1888, amending section 5388 of the Revised Statutes of the United States.’’ In response to an inquiry by the Sec- retary of the Interior as to whether a criminal prosecution to punish a person who grazes sheep in a forest reservation in violation of an order prohibiting the grazing was sustainable, the Attorney General approved the opinion of the Solicitor General in which he stated that such a prosecution would be sustained. The Solicitor General said: ‘“Any violation of such rules and reg- ulations is, by statute, made an offense punishable as provided in section 5388. By this law the control of the occupancy and use of these reservations is handed over to the Secretary for the purpose of preserving the forests thereon, and any occupancy or use in violation of the rules and regulations adopted by him is made punishable criminally. It seems to me Congress has a right to do that. Suppose Congress had provided that the occupation or use of a forest reservation by any person without permission of the Secretary should be a misdemeanor. Would not this be a valid exercise of legislative power? ‘The present statute does no more. ‘The regulation is rea- sonable and necessary. It restrains no one in the enjoyment of any natural or legal right. To use the language of Chief Justice Fuller Zz ve Kollock (165 WeS5264533): ‘“«’The regulation was in execution of or supplementary to, but not in con- flict with, the law itself, and was spe- cifically authorized thereby in effectua- 1902. tion of the legislation which created the offense.’ ‘‘Your question, therefore, is an- swered in the affirmative.’’ Many sheep trespasses occurred in the Sierra Reserve, and many arrests were made. Of certain arrests made, nineteen of the parties pleaded guilty, and fourteen were fined $5 each, four were fined $25 each, and one was fined $50. These nominal fines encouraged a violation of the rules, because the grazing of a band of sheep at a cost of but $5 made cheap grazing. Some of the parties so fined were the herders of rich sheep-owners, men who have taken every means possible to defy the rules and regulations, and whose actions have been sustained by the courts in Califor- nia. On several occasions these people have taken sheep into the reserve in violation of orders. On one occasion one of the parties took five herds of sheep into the reserve, and when two of the forest rangers tried to drive out one herd, the owner and his herders, with threats and show of firearms, took the sheep away from the rangers and defied orders to remove the sheep. They were arrested and held toanswer. When the time came for trial before Judge Wellborn, of the southern district of California, 35 cases were pending. A demurrer to the criminal information was filed by the defendants, and Judge Wellborn sustained the demurrer, hold- ing that the act under which the rule prohibiting grazing was made, in so far as it declares to be a crime a violation of the rules, was unconstitutional, in that it delegated legislative power to an administrative officer. As a result of this decision all criminal prosecutions in Judge Wellborn’s jurisdiction were discontinued. Commenting upon this decision, the Attorney General said (see his Annual Report for 1900, page 40): ‘‘Under the present procedure it is impossible for the government to have the decision of the district court re- viewed, although it is the opinion of the district attorney having charge of the case, and of the Attorney General, that the decision was erroneous and ought to be reversed.’’ FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 329 Several arrests for sheep trespass in the forest reserves of Arizona were sub- sequently made, and on March 25, 1902, in the district court of the fourth judi- cial district of Arizona, nine indictments were presented against parties charged with the crime of pasturing sheep on the public lands ina forest reservation. The defendants filed a demurrer, as in the California case, which the court over- ruled, and a verdict of guilty was found and fines were imposed. In these cases one, as a test case, was appealed by the defendant to the supreme court of the territory and is now pending. Civil suits for damage were also brought against the defendants in the California cases for the trespass on which the criminal proceedings were based, and they entered demurrers to the complaints on two grounds: first, that the state law gave stockmen the right to graze on the public domain un- less fenced ; and, second, that the priv- ilege of grazing on the public lands had been so long conceded that it had become a right. Judge Wellborn, on May 7, 1go1, overruled the demurrers and re- quired the defendants to answer the complaints. Within a few days there- after four parties again took sheep into the reserve, and injunctions were asked for on the part of the government. At the hearing the defendants alleged that they were going to private land holdings within the reserve with their sheep, and had the right of ingress and egress, and the right to pasture on the reserve be- cause no injury would result therefrom. The court, however, on July 31, I901, enjoined them from driving, pasturing, herding, or grazing sheep upon the reserve lands, or in any way doing in- jury thereto: Provided, That in the use of the private lands situated within the said reserve in the pasturing and graz- ing of sheep thereon (said land amount- ing to 9,240 acres, and which is re- ferred to and described in the affidavits filed in other actions) they desist from unnecessary and wrongful delay in go- ing from one tract to another of such private holdings, and also in leaving the reserve at the end of the summer season. This was all that these people re- $6) 2) quired to accomplish their ends for the grazing season of 1901; but to get back into the reserve in 1902 they asked a modification of the order of July 31, 1901, so as to allow them to enter the reserve, cross the public lands, and reach the alleged private holdings. I say alleged advisedly, for in many in- stances the title to the land and the right to use it is only alleged, and is not and does not exist in fact. The fact that it was simply an allegation, which would not in all cases be borne out by the facts, was laid before the court, but the judge decided that the petitioners should have the benefit of the doubt as to the title to the land they claimed to have leased or to own, and on May 7, 1902, modified his order of July 31, r901, so as to allow the entry of the sheep again in 1902, allowing four sheep to each acre owned or leased by the defendants. Four sheep to the acre! Think.of that, and then say that the Sierra Forest Reserve is not an ideal grazing ground. My information is that it is an excep- tional tract that will support more than a sheep per acre for the grazing season, and that usually two, three, and even four acres are required to sustain a sheep. In no regular application com- ing before the Department of the Inte- rior has the applicant asked to take into his private holdings more than one sheep tothe, acre: The swamp and overflowed lands in California were granted to the state, but until the state receives its patent, or the legal equivalent, a certification of the lands to the state by the federal govern- ment, the surveys may be questioned and the grant simply remains in process of adjudication, and the jurisdiction over the land is in the Land Department. Except as shown hereafter, not a single acre of the lands claimed has been pat- ented to the state. In many instances the state, assuming that the surveys showing lands to be swamp lands would be accepted as correct, has sold these lands before the claim has been adjudi- cated. There have been fraudulent surveys, of which the state was in- formed, notably the Benson surveys ; yet the state has set up claims to lands FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. August shown by these surveys to be swamp lands and has sold or leased them. It is these alleged swamp-land claims prin- cipally that these defendants claim the right to use—whether by purchase or lease from the state I am not advised. Some of the tracts claimed by these de- fendants have been sold by the state to other parties, who have used them as bases for lieu selections, the tracts hav- ing been redeeded to the United States. In these cases, if the swamp-land claims are good, the deeds will be accepted and the title to the lands will remain in the government. Ifthe swamp-land claims are found not to be good the said deeds will be refused, because the land did not pass out of the United States under the swamp grant. How, then, under any conditions, can these defendants have any right to use ¢hese tracts ? In other cases the state sold lands, and the parties to whom sold used the lands as bases for lieu selections. These lieu selections were held for rejection, because the base lands did not pass to the state under the swamp grant, the survey being fraudulent, and the right of appeal was given. No appeal was: taken, and the case was closed. The state could not thereafter assert any title thereto; yet these very lands are among those claimed by one of the de- fendants. Under the school-land grant each sur- veyed section 16 passed to the state 7 presenti, These defendants assert aclaim to the Sit, sees 16; I 7.S3 Re265H., presum- ably under lease or purchase from the state. The state, however, had sold this land to other parties, and it has been redeeded to the United States as a base for lieu selection. As to the other tracts in question, the state has never advised the General Land Office that it is. laying any claim tothem. If it is mak- ing any such claim, it is probably rely- ing upon the surveys as indicating their swampy character. It is possible that the state may have good claims to some of these tracts, but until such claims, if any exist, are tested by an examination of the Land Office records, as in the cases cited above, which cases show that the court allowed these defendants to: 1902. take sheep into lands actually owned by the United States, much injustice will be done by the court decisions. The rules of the Department of the Interior relative to the use of private lands within a forest reservation for grazing purposes are as follows: ‘*Persons who own, or who have leased from owners, lands within any reserve which they desire to’ use for grazing purposes, and who must cross the reserve lands with their stock to reach such private holdings, must make application to the supervisor for the privilege of crossing. The application must be accompanied with an abstract of title showing the ownership of the land and, if leased from an owner, a certified copy of the lease, and must state the number of stock to be taken in, the length of time required to cross the reserve land, the route over which the stock is to be driven, and the date of starting, and the time when the stock will start out again; also how much stock the owned or leased lands will carry during the period it is proposed to keep the stock thereon. When any such application is made to the super- visor, he will examine it with care. and if he finds it reasonable and just and made in good faith for the purpose of utilizing such private holdings only, he will approve the same and forward it to the Commissioner of the General Land Office. After the Secretary approves the application, due notice thereof will FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 331 be given the applicant, through the supervisor, and he may then take his stock in Saks These rules and a statement showing the doubts as to ownership of the lands claimed were before the court when it decided to accept the evidence of the defendants, and to give them the bene- fit of the doubt as to ownership. The order of the court, made without applying the test required by the de- partment rules, gives these four defend- ants the right to take 28,784 sheep into the reserve, with the right to cross the public lands back and forth to reach 60 disconnected tracts of land located in 65 different sections and in 15 different townships. Any man having a meritorious case who will comply with the rules will ob- tain all his rights. promptly without going tocourt. The General Land Office recognizes the right of ingress and egress to private holdings within a for- est reserve, and any good-faith use of these holdings is in no way discour- aged; but when a man wants to take 4,000 sheep to 1,000 acres which would not support 500 sheep during the graz- ing season, and applies to go over the public lands for a distance of 50 miles, when he could reach the land by a reg- ular route of not over 25 miles, and when he is not certain that he has the right to use more than one-half of the I,000 acres he is going to, the Land Office is not the place to apply to. NOTABLE IRRIGATION WORKS. IIl.—A MODEL FARM IN TEXAS.* N the outskirts of San Antonio, Texas, is located possibly one of the most successful, as well as one of the most lucrative, small farms in the entire South. In addition to being a practical dem- onstration of the success of irrigation as applied to the growing of garden truck in the semi-arid district of Texas, it is a monument to the enterprise and faith of Mr. F. F. Collins, its promoter and owner. It is an object lesson in intensive agriculture, and, aside from manifesting the fertility of soil and the presence of artesian water in great sup- ply, it has proven to the growers and others of western Texas the wonderful element of profit which attends intelli- * The text and illustrations of this article are reprinted here through the courtesy of the Southern Pacific Railway Company. 332 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. WELL FLOWING ONE THOUSAND GALLONS PER MINUTE. gent agriculture in the matter of pro- viding for the tables and appetites of the public generally. Irrigation has made southern Cali- fornia highly productive, it has given life to the barren sands of central Ari- zona, it has brought wealth to the farm- ers of Colorado, and is making fortunes for the rice-growers of Louisiana and emacs. It is not new in any particular sense, and yet the experiment of Mr. Collins has in a manner extended the area pos- sible of irrigation and brought into be- ing a series of conditions which will inure to the benefit of the country in SHOWING METHOD OF IRRIGATING THE FURROWS. 1902. and about the Bexar county metropolis. So remarkable have already been the results that the rich, black mesquite plains on the outskirts of San Antonio have doubled in value in the past six months, reaching, during January, $100 per acre. The change has been due to the sinking of a 6-inch well six hundred feet and finding a water stratum that runs 1,000 gallons per minute of pure, clear liquid, with a temperature of 74 degrees, F. F. Collins has for many years been identified with the development of Texas. Seeking the country contigu- ous to San Antonio immediately after the civil war, he commenced his new life in the wastes devoted to the long- horned Texas steer. He was the first man to urge the sinking of artesian wells in the dry sections and to intro- duce the windmill as motive power. He was practical and enterprising, and, in order to prove the truth of his theory, brought a well-borer from the Middle States which he used to put down a well. Water was found, the windmill distributed it among the shallow earth tanks, and his theory was an accom- plished fact. Mr. Collins first, from a theoretical standpoint, was considerably interested in the development of the intensive sys- tem of farming practiced by the peas- autry and skilled market gardeners of France, Belgium, and Italy. During the past few years, in order to follow out the investigations he had decided upon making in regard to irrigation, he visited the chief countries of the world in which market gardening and irrigation were practiced, either jointly or asa general feature of agricultural development. From close observation he became convinced that the peasants of the three countries named made the best market gardeners. Returning from his travels, Mr. Col- lins began to put his plans into opera- tion Purchasing 148 acres of ground in the immediate outskirts of San An- tonio, he put down the two wells which made his venture a success and proved conclusively that sufficient water could be secured at a reasonable depth. The area purchased by Mr. Collins was virgin FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. a9 9 IID mesquite prairie, having asufficient slope to permit the water to reach all portions of the field purely by gravitation, and enabling the furrow system of irrigation to be put into execution. The first well driven by Mr. Collins. was a 10-inch pipe, which, at a depth of 600 feet, tapped a stratum of water- bearing rock. A measurement of the volume of water which flowed from the mouth of the well gave the output at 1,000 gallons per minute. Somewhat elated by his success and desiring an additional supply of water, he put down another well some forty feet from the first, but with a 12-inch casing. Water was reached at the same level, but, to. his surprise and chagrin, he found that the combined output of the two wells. but equaled the flow from each indi- vidual well, it being evident that the vein could not supply water fast enough of its own pressure to double the output of the first well. The water secured, however, was sufficient to irrigate 400. acres, and, aside from the fact that $3,500 had been expended unneces- sarily, the lack of an additional water supply did not interfere with the pro- eCus Dividing his farm into plots of 12% acres each, he built on each plot a small three-roomed house and a good barn, conducted water pipes from a four-mil- lion-gallon reservoir, into which the sur- plus water was forced by its own press- ure (the head of the water being 20 feet above the surface), thus supplying pros- pective tenants with an unlimited quan- tity of fresh water for household use. The farm was of such shape as to per- mit an equitable division of the terri- tory, so that the cottages all faced its northern boundary. ‘The main avenue to the plots followed the boundary fence directly in front of the cottages. The work of clearing the land of its mesquite timber was begun during the fall of r900, and the grubbing and re- moval of the mesquite roots was com- pleted in time to permit the tenants to begin operations early in the spring of 1901. By this time Mr. Collins had se- cured a full complement of market gar- deners, among the lot being Germans, Belgians, and Italians, with a Mexican FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. VIEW SHOWING TENANTS DWELLINGS. or two and several Americans. This afforded him an opportunity of judging each nationality in the matter of thrift and industry, and, while not particu- larly pleased from a sentimental stand- point, he reached the conclusion that the tenants most desirable were those from Belgium and Italy, and at the be- walaaives:: [ZAiz Na he Hf Was is NZ] A oa BS he | WZ XE a Bs. y, 7 \ i ginning of 1902 his entire tenantry was made up of thrifty representatives from the two countries mentioned. He found that, while the American did not lack the ability, he usually wanted some one else to do the work while he sat on his front gallery and smoked a pipe. The Mexican was found to be naturally too ONE OF THE RESERVOIRS. 1902. shiftless, when left to hisown guidance, to make even a moderate success. At the end of the first year Mr. Col- lins had reached the conclusion that irri- gation of garden truck in the magnifi- cent black loam of San Antonio, the soil being fully three feet in depth, was not only perfectly feasible, but offered a splendid return on the investment. His enterprise netted him 14 per cent., and his tenant leases for 1902 are based upon the same figures. The rent per acre is fixed at $22.75, which includes a residence, barn, and water. Deducting $2.75 for the land tax, leaves a net return of $20 per acre, a price which under ordinary conditions would be very high, but which in the present instance is not in the least ex- tortionate, in view of the splendid oppor- tunities for profit afforded the tenants of the Collins farm. Inorder to prove this is so, it will only be necessary to quote a few instances of individual gain by some of the tenants of Mr. Collins, and this illustration will also serve to indi- cate the wonderful fertility of the black mesquite soil when crops are given water at the proper time, and are also given careful cultivation. One tenant, who devoted a portion of his plot to corn for market consumption, raised go bushels per acre as the first crop, and as soon as the crop had been harvested, at once planted a second crop on the same land, which yielded 50 bushels, or a total of 140 bushels per acre in a single season. Another tenant, who planted part of his field in Irish potatoes, sold the crop at a rate of $250 per acre. As soon as the first crop was removed he planted the land in sweet potatoes, which he harvested late in the fall, and which FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 335 netted him $275 per acre, or a total of $525 per acre from the potatoes. At least $100 per acre was realized from smaller vegetables planted in the same plot, thus making a total of $625 per acre for this particular portion. A German tenant, from the proceeds of his entire year’s work, paid the ex- penses of a family of five, including stock feed for the entire year, and at the end of the season had in the bank $3,600. On an experimental acre devoted to sugar cane 40 tons were raised with an imperfect system of cultivation, due to a lack of familiarity with the methods employed by sugar planters generally. Another acre devoted to the cultiva- tion of cotton yielded one bale of the staple, although fully one-half of the crop was destroyed by the Mexican boll weevil. Mr. Collins said the yield on this acre, had it not been for its partial destruction, would have been fully two and one-half bales—a wonderful yield, all things considered. Mr. Collins has recently purchased another tract of land separated from the Collins farm, and is now clearing this with a view to putting into execution the same system he now employs. He has constructed a reservoir which will have a capacity of 8,000,000 gallons of water, which, added to the first reser- voir near the wells, will give Mr. Col- lins a surplus of 12,000,000 gallons of water to be applied as he may direct. In the meantime both reservoirs will be stocked with black bass, and will thus afford the owner considerable sport in the course of a year or two. The experiment of Mr. Collins will undoubtedly be followed by a number of enterprising landholders in San Antonio. THE WATER RESOURCES OF THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS. NTEREST in the Southern Appa- lachian Mountain region has be- come general during the past three years, mainly through the efforts of public-spirited citizens to have a por- tion of the forested lands of this region set aside as a national forest reserve. The matter of establishing a forest re- serve in this section has been pushed vigorously in Congress, and at the last 336 session a bill for this purpose passed the Senate. Consideration of it in the House was prevented through lack of time. However, the bill will be taken up again by the House during the next session, and there is a reasonable pros- pect of its becoming a law. Much has been written about the forests of the Southern Appalachians, especially since the campaign for the reserve was begun. A recent valuable publication * by the U. S. Geological Survey, contains a description of the water supply of the region and empha- sizes the importance of the streams in the development of the country. This report was prepared by Mr. Henry Al- bert Pressey, and is the result of a sys- tematic measurement of the water sup- ply from this area. * Hydrography of the Southern Appalachian Mountain Region. By Henry Albert Pressey. Parts I and II. Being Water Supply Papers 62 and 63. Illustrated with 44 half-tone plates from photographs. Published by U. S. Geo- logical Survey. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. August, In the report it is shown that this great mountain system stretches from Maine southwesterly for nearly 1,300 miles, terminating in northern Ala- bama. From the Potomac south the ranges are higher and broader than in Pennsylvania. They spread out into the Blue Ridge, the Shenandoah, the Alleghany, and Greenbriar Mountains, extending, with broad and fertile val- leys between, in nearly parallel lines through Virginia and West Virginia into North Carolina and Tennessee, and culminating in the Iron and Great Smoky ranges, the great mountain re- gion of the southeastern states. In this southern mountain mass 63 peaks equal or exceed a height of 6,000 feet, 25 peaks are higher than Mount Washington, and 288 peaks are over 5,000 feet. From North Carolina and Tennessee the ranges, leaving spurs in South Carolina, turn more westward through Georgia and Alabama, and sink into the hills of the gulf water- TYPICAL FOREST-COVERED MOUNTAIN SIDE. 1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. Se) ww “J VIEW OF A DEFORESTED HILLSIDE, SHOWING EFFECT OF EROSION, SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN REGION. shed. This great mountain system forms the backbone and watershed of the eastern part of the United States. The greatest masses and the highest peaks are in western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee, which region may be considered a high plateau, bounded on the west by the Smoky Mountains and on the east by the Blue Ridge. These ranges, almost touching on the north, part company, and then almost come together again in the south, thus enclosing this upland plateau, which has a maximum width of 55 miles and an area of about 6,000 square miles. The report further shows that the en- tire region is well watered. The main divide of the river systems is the Blue Ridge. The States of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Ala- bama, Tennessee, and West Virginia are partially watered by rivers rising in the mountains near the North Carolina and Tennessee state lines. One of the prin- cipal tributaries of the Ohio and one of the largest feeders of the Mississippi head in the same mountains, and the region may be justly termed one of the chief watersheds of the United States. Grandfather Mountain, at the junction of Watauga, Mitchell, and Caldwell counties, in North Carolina, probably the most massive of the Southern Appa- lachians, may be taken as the center of this watershed. Thence the waters pour north, east, south, and west. From the many Other springs on the southern slope of Grandfather Mountain flow some of the headwaters of the Catawba, which, rising in the Black Mountains and descending in leaps of from 5 to 100 feet to the Piedmont Plain, likewise crosses into South Carolina and, as the Wateree, passes on to the Atlantic. Flowing from this region into the At- lantic, besides the Catawba, are the Yadkin, Broad, Saluda, Chatooga, Tu- galoo, and Oconee ; into the Gulf are the Chattahoochee and the Coosa ; into the Mississippi are the New River and the Tennessee. From the western slopes of the Blue Ridge flow the head- waters of the great Tennessee River sys- tem, as doits larger tributaries, the Hols- ton, the Nolichucky, and the French Broad. OO iss) CO FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. WATER-WASHED GULLY, MCDOWELL COUNTY, N. C. August, AND IRRIGATION. y / FORESTR 1902. VIEW SHOWING EFFECT OF FLOODS ALONG NOLICHUCKY RIVER, 340 The scenery of the Southern Appa- lachian region is the grandest in the eastern states. The mean annual tem- perature varies from nearly 60° F., at Salisbury, N.C. (altitude, 760 feet), east of the mountains, to 49° F., at Linnville (3,800 feet), the latter being the mean annual temperature of Boston and Chi- cago. The annual rainfall is copious, especially on the eastern slopes of the mountains. At Highlands, in Macon county, the annual normal precipita- tion is about 72 inches; at Asheville it is about 42 inches. In regard to the timber resources, Mr. Pressey states that, notwithstand- ing the inroads that have been made on the forests that once covered nearly the whole of these mountains, nowhere in the United States is there an equal area of land covered with so great a variety of valuable timber. - The wal- nuts, tulips (poplars), and oaks reach their best development here. White Pine also occurs in considerable quan- tities. Lumbering on a large scale has been carried on for only a few years, but it is very destructive ; some of the companies saw anything that will make a plank. In the case of the bark-gath- erers the waste is even more deplorable and ruinous. However, it was found that this section is moderately free from forest fires. Iron ore occurs in large quantities in a number of counties; copper, mica, corundum, gold, and other IRRIGATION FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. August, minerals have been mined to some ex- tent. The drainage basins, discharge meas- urements, and water-powers of the va- rious rivers and their tributaries are described at length by Mr. Pressey, and much information of value to mil- lers, lumbermen, miners, stock-raisers, farmers, and travelers is to be found in this report. Mr. Pressey insists upon the impor- tance of the forests to the preservation of the soil of this region, and notes with satisfaction that the heavy forest growth on Grandfather Mountain is not to be destroyed. In order that the springs which give rise to so many streams on Grandfather Mountain may not be dis- turbed, 1,400 acres have been set aside as a public park, by the Linnville Im- provement Company, under five com- missioners, one of whom is the Commis- sioner of Agriculture of North Carolina, and another the State Geologist, Prof. J. A. Holmes, with whose active assist- ance the surveys and examinations de- scribed by Mr. Pressey were made. Altogether this well-prepared report contains an excellent description of a region which is now attracting the attention of the entire country. It should be of great value in making known the many natural resources of the Southern Appalachian region. It is well written and deserves to be widely read. IN FLORIDA. ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF THE VALUE OF IRRIGATION IN THE HUMID REGION. RRIGATION occupies a position of growing importance in the agricul- tural economy of Florida, though it is a comparatively recent innovation, hav- ing been first resorted to in 1888 by the orange-growers. The results were ap- parently so satisfactory that the num- ber of irrigators has increased from year to year. Until the disastrous ‘‘ freeze’’ of 1894-95 irrigation was confined al- most wholly to orange groves, but with the destruction of thousands of orange trees many of the irrigation systems were thrown out of use, and the atten- tion of irrigators was turned to the industry of truck farming. In this industry the need of irrigation was quickly felt, as the products of truck farms are of large commercial value, and even a partial loss of crops is very costly. The cultivation of fruits and [902. vegetables has proved most profitable, and the development of these branches of agriculture has been very rapid, giv- ing a great impetus to the use of irriga- tion. At the present time by far the greater number of irrigation systems in the state are used by truck farmers and growers of small fruits. Although it has a heavy mean annual rainfall, Florida is subject to severe drouths, especially during the grow- ing period between February and June. In the sections where irrigation is re- ported the soil is naturally non-reten- tive of moisture, and, owing to the great heat, evaporation is excessive. The state appears to be underlaid by artesian waters at depths varying from 25 to 500 feet below the surface. Where these waters have been tapped the supply is found to be ample, many of the wells flowing with considerable pressure and great volume. In most cases no cost for pumping is entailed in irrigation, and the expense of main- taining the plant is very slight. The usual cost of one well, including drill- ing, casing, cement pipes, and every- thing required to complete a plant capable of irrigating 10 acres, is about $500. The system employed on the leading farms is as follows: continuous under- ground cement pipes are laid from the wells to hydrants, plugs, or standpipes, from which the water is distributed in small furrows between rows. ‘These pipes are made and laid at the same time by a machine, in trenches pre- viously prepared, and extend without break to any desired part of the field. The pipe itself is composed of two parts sand and one part cement, with a usual inside measurement of three inches, and an outside measurement of six inches, and costs about 10 cents per foot. In a few localities the water is pumped by FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 341 windmills into tanks, whence it is dis- tributed over the land through iron pipes or wooden troughs. Gasoline en- gines and rotary pumps are sometimes used instead of windmills. A well, with its equipment of gasoline engine, rotary pump, and iron pipe sufficient to irrigate three acres, costs about $500. Using gasoline, at 14% cents per gallon, asa fuel, such a plant will deliver 2,000 gal- lons of water per hour, at an average cost of 4 cents per hour. The most extensive irrigation systems in the state are located in Gadsden county, and belong to two companies engaged in the cultivation of Sumatra tobacco. The cost of constructing these plants, which irrigate 250 acres of to- bacco, was $36,250. In 1899 the value of the tobacco grown was $91,000, or an average of $364 per acre. The water for these plantsis pumped by steam from several smallcreeks into reservoirs, from which it is distributed through ditches by gravity. One of the companies has per- fected an elaborate plan of distribution through troughs and overhead sprays, the water being applied in a manner very similar to that of natural rainfall. Among the humid states where irriga- tion was practiced in 1899, for general crops, Florida ranked first in the area irrigated, in cost of plants, and in value of irrigated crops. In that year there were 180 irrigated farms, 166 of which reported irrigated products. On 14 farms, 53 acres of non-bearing orange trees and pineapples were irrigated. Forty-three irrigation systems, repre- senting an aggregate cost of $78,525,and covering 751 acres, were not operated in 1899. ‘The value of the products of the 1,485 acres irrigated was $302,870, or an average of $203.95 peracre. The total cost of the pumping systems, ditches, and wells was $232,388, or an average ot S101, 52 per acre. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. August, RECENT PROGRESS IN DENDRO-CHEMISTRY. REVIEW OF RECENT ARTICLES IN LEADING CHEMICAL JOURNALS. By WILLIAM H. KRuG, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. HI - Peru Balsam? Az Biltz (Chem. Ztg., 26, 436). Author reports preliminary results of his in- vestigations. He has isolated: (a) A white body insoluble in absolute alcohol and ether, M. P.=120°-130° C., soluble in benzol, acetic ether, and chloroform ; (6) freecinnamic acid ; (c) acompound soluble in 5 per cent sodium carbonate solution, crystallizing from dilute alco- hol in needles, M. P.=260° C., and (2) a brownish-yellow body which can be extracted with I per cent potassium hydrate solution and on saponification with alcoholic potash yields cinnamyl alcohol, cinnamic acid, and a colorless, pleasant-smelling oil, C,,H,,O or C,,H,.O, Bebe er 6-ona0) West Indian Sandalwood Oil. Ernst Deussen (Arch. d. Pharm.; 240, 288). The author has continued his investiga- tions, and by fractionation of the lower boiling portions of the oil has obtained two distillates which consist of ses- quiterpenes. The new sesquiterpene, Cr, is an edorless oil; Bo Ps,,—146 = ian Co. D0, 902,, (a) about =5-. The higher boiling sesquiterpene is dextro-cadinene, C,;H,,, odorless and colorless liquid, D°=0.9247, a=-++50°, fips hOo. bie. —200, 261. Ci. bube. 5a —t54 0° Cr))) Lins sesquiterpene resinifies more readily than levo-cadi- nene and yields the hydrochloride of the latter when treated with hydro- chloricacid. Between these two hydro- carbons there is another fraction con- sisting of sesquiterpenes, which also resinifies very readily and yields no crystalline hydrochloride, B. P.,,=150°— Meas Co De —@.01d),.a—-- FO 5 7. West Indian sandalwood oil contains from 30-40 per cent of sesquiterpenes. The Formation of Camphor in the Camphor Mree,., Ay lschirch and =H: Shirasawa (Arch. d.’Pharm., 240, 257). Camphor is a conversion product of an ethereal oil formed in the oil cells pres- ent in all parts of the tree. These cells are present very early in the life of the tree, and are developed as in the other Jjaurinaceze. “At first: the oilin) the cells is yellow, later on colorless, and easily volatilized. In the latter condi- tion it readily separates camphor, and from the oil cells the camphor is dis- tributed throughout the whole woody tissue. The number of oil cells depends on climatic conditions and the locality. ‘The Resin of «Picea vulgaris. Tschirch and M. Koch (Arch. d. Pharm, 240, 272); “Nhe erude resin was soluble in ether, leaving a consid- erable residue, consisting of impurities. The purified resin was a reddish-brown mass, soluble in alcohol, benzol, chlo- roform, acetic ether— acid number, II5-123; saponification number, 129 ; iodin number, 54.36. Dry distillation yielded formic, acetic, and succinic: acids. The purified resin was found to contain (a) picipimaric acid, 3 per cent, C,H,O,; amorphous powder, Me-P=130°=135" Ci, soluble-imrethter alcohol, benzol, insoluble in water— acid number, about 288; iodin num- ber, 64; (6) piceapimaric acid, 2 per cent ©, oO, crystalline, i. Pease C., inactive ; soluble in usual solvents— acid number, 187 ; iodin number, 35.5; (c) a- and /- picipimarolic acids, 47 per cent, both inactive, amorphous, sep- arated by means of their lead salts, @-acid. Mi. Py = 95 —e649€..: ¢ acid M. P.=93°-94° C.—acid number, 200— 207; iodin number, 46; (ad) picore- sene, 15 per cent, C,H,,O ; white pow- der, -Mc P!=¢o°—95= 1G Gsolublessin usual solvents ; (e¢) ethereal oil, 30 per cent, B. Pe=175-—180,) ©... D—o. 5,0; yellow, mobile; (/) traces of a bitter principle and a coloring matter. 1902. EHlemi. A. Tschirch and J. Cremer CArehw. doo Pharm: 940: 7203).>-“The elemis may be classified in two groups— one which on mixing with alcohol shows crystalline constituents, and one which under these conditions remains amor- phous. All elemis are derived from Burseraceze. The Manila elemi is ob- tained from Canarium, the Brazilian from Protium, the Yucatan from Amy- ris, the former East African from Bos- wellia, and the present East African probably from Canarium. The authors have studied a Canarium, a Protium, and an Amyris elemi. 1. Manila elemi, soft, almost white, soluble in ether, chloroform, etc.—acid number, 20-22 ; saponification number, 29.5-33.5- It was found to contain: (a) a-manelemic acid, C,.H.,O,, crystals, M. P.=215° C.—acid number, 102-106 ; saponification number, 190-204; (6) j-manelemic acid, C,,H,,O,, amorphous, inactive, M. P.=75°-76° C.—acid num- ber, 90-96 ; saponification number, 112- 118; (¢) a- and 3- amyrin whose prop- erties have been described by Vester- bereee (a). bryotmin, —C. HO. (1. per Rete Mab Sree Ge > imactive- (é)° a bitter principle, 1-2 per cent; (/) an ethereal oil, 20-25 per cent... -P: Emeiyet7O.—175 Gs, U=0.955.; (2) maneleresene, C,,H,,O7, 30-35 per cent, white amorphous powder, M. P. 63°- 65° C. . This elemi was obtained from Canarium commune, LL. 2. Yucatan elemi. Obtained, accord- ing to Henkel, from Amyris elemifera Royle; contains no resin acids. ‘The following constituents were separated : (a) Yucamyrin, 10-15 per cent, which was separated into 4- and - amyrin, Me Pi—-179- Cr; (6). yuceletesene, Cz ane Ge—7o. percent, Mi Pi 75°-77"- ; (c) ethereal oil, 8-10 per cent, ie he Si(@ oa bitter principle. African elemi (Kamerunelemi). Re- cently introduced, probably obtained from Canarium schweinfurthti Engl. Constituents: (@) afelemic acid, 8-10 per cent, C,,H,O,, white amorphous, M. P.=97°-98° C., soluble in usual solvents—acid number, 81-90 ; saponi- fication number, 1oo-104; (4) afamy- rin, 20-25 per cent, C,,H.,©, needles, M. P.=170° C.; (c¢) ethereal oil, 15-20 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 343 per cent, D=0.953, B. P. chiefly 160°— 175°C.; (d) afeleresene, 40-45 per cent, Bol, MC P= 76°75 7 Analysis of Tanning Materials: Filter Papers and Soluble Solids. H.C. Reed (fours Soc. Chem- Ind? 21, 61. .-S: and S. filter papers No. 590 give the most satisfactory results. The filter must be kept full during filtration, and clear filtrates are always obtained when 2 grams of kaolin are used as an assist- ant. ‘The author recommends the gen- eral adoption of the official method used in the United States and the exclusive use of S. and S. filter paper No. 590. The Solubility of some Soft Resins. Ch. Coffignier (Bull. Soc. Chim., Paris. (3), 27, 549). The literature contains many contradictory statements on this subject. The question is of considera- ble importance in the manufacture of varnishes, and the author has deter- mined the solubility of dammar, sand- arac, and mastic. Robinin, Violaquercitrin, Myrticolo- tin; “and. “@syritrin: “A. G. Perkit (Journ; Lond’ Chem: Sec, “81, 473). Robinin is prepared by extracting the flowers of Robinia pseudacacia with hot alcohol, concentrating the extract, and pouring it into water. The residual alcohol is removed by distillation and the resulting aqueous solution is ex- tracted with ether. Robinin has the Lomita: Core Op .or Okt)... Tes is. hydrolized by acids, the products being campherol, small quantities of dextrose, and rhamnose (not galactose, as pre- viously stated). The dextrose may be due to the presence of traces of another glucoside. The hydrolysis of the robi- nin is therefore represented by one or the other of the following reactions : ClO, 4 OC. Oy 3€, Be@, ) Cet Onl 4H,0=—C,.H,,0, = 2 Cay LO, t= Cel eOs: Investigations on Brasilin. St. v. Kostanecki and V. Lampe ( Ber. deutsch. chem. Ges., 35; .667); and E.- Bollina; St. v. Kostanecki and J. Tambor (Ber. deutsch. chem. Ges... 35, 507 5..) The Nature of Caoutchouc. C. O. Weber (Ber. deutsch. chem. ‘Ges.; 35, 1947). Larch Turpentine and Venetian Tur- 344 pentine.” L. EH. Andes (Chen. Rev: Bett- und) Harz-sinds, ion Gs 126), mex brief review of the properties, forms of adulteration and substitution, and meth- ods proposed for the detection of same. The article presents no new facts. Genuine Japanese Rhus Lacquers. (Oesterr. Farb- und Lack- ztg., 1902, No. 4.) Analysis of Spent Alkali Liquor from the Soda Process. M.L,. Griffin (Journ. mule | CHEM SOC f 245145. 22350) Oleo-distearin in the Fat of the Seeds of Theobroma Cacao. R. Fritzweiler FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. August, (Arbeit. a. d. kaiserl. Gesundh. Amte, 18, 371). Heise first found this mixed glyceride in the Mkanji fat of Stearo- dendron stuhlmannt Engl., and the Kokum butter of Garcinia indica Choisy. The author has obtained it from cacao butter. Two hundred and fifty grams of the fat were dissolved in a mixture of 150cc. ether, 150cc. chloroform, and 150 cc. alcohol. The second deposit of crystals obtained was purified, and finally had the melting point 42.2-42.5 C. and was neutral. The analytical data show it to be oleo-distearin. RECENT PUBLICATIONS. Insect Enemies of the Pine in the Black Hills Forest Reserve. By A. D. HOPKINS, Ph. D. Bulletin No. 32, new series, Division of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agri- culture: “Pp. 24. Plates Vil; Figs. 5: The work reported in this bulletin by Dr. Hopkins was undertaken at the request of Mr. Gifford Pinchot, Chief of the Bureau of For- estry, and under instructions from Dr. lL. O. Howard, Chief of the Division of Entomology. The investigations in the Black Hills Forest Reserve were conducted in company with Mr. Pinchot and Mr. Griffith, a field assistant in the Bureau of Forestry. In traversing the Black Hills Reserve vast numbers of Rock Pine (Pinus ponderosa scopulorum) were ob- served that were dying or had died within recent years, of sizes ranging in diameter from 4 inches to the largest trees. The dying trees were found to occur in clumps of from a few examples to many hundreds. Mr. H. S. Graves estimated in 1897 that about 3,000 acres of pine in the Black Hills Forest Reserve had been killed. Further data furnished by the Bureau of Forestry show that the actual amount of dead timber, as deter- mined by a detailed survey of the timber re- sources of the reserve in Igol, is ‘‘an average stand of 1,956, feet board measure, of bug-killed timber on 116,000 acres, giving a total of 226,890,000 feet, board measure.”’ It is the general opinion among settlers and others who have had an opportunity to note the conditions affecting the pine that the dy- ing timber commenced to attract attention about six or seven years ago, or about 1895. The evidence found by the writer in old dead standing and felled trees, indicates that the pine-destroying beetle has been present for a much longer time. It was also evident that much of the devastation supposed to have been caused by forest fires was caused pri- marily by insects. Many hundreds of trees were examined dur- ing the investigation, including those that were living and perfectly healthy, living and freshly attacked, infested and dying, recently dead, and old dead ones which bore evidence of having been killed by the pine-destroying beetle. All stages of the insect, including the Courtesy Div. of Entomology. FRESHLY ATTACKED TREE, SHOWING PITCH TUBES. ADJOINING TREE NOT ATTACKED. 1902. adult, the egg, different stages of the larva, the pupa, and recently transformed beetles, were observed and studied. The first indication of attack is the red dust or borings lodged in the loose bark and fallen Courtesy Div. of Entomology. MARKS ON SURFACE OF WOOD WHEN THE BARK IS REMOVED. around the base of the tree. The next and more conspicuous evidence is the presence of numerous small masses of pitch or so-called pitch tubes on the outer bark at the mouth of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 34.5 x the entrance burrows (see accompanying illus- trations). In this bulletin Dr. Hopkins also suggests methods for preventing losses from the attacks of the pine-bark beetle. Irrigation Farming. A handbook for the prac- tical application of water in the production of crops. New edition, revised, enlarged, and rewritten. By Lucius M. WILcox. Illustrated. Pp. 500, cloth. Orange Judd Company, New York. Price, postpaid, §2. Since the publication of the first edition of ‘‘Trrigation Farming ’’ so many important im- provements in irrigation have been made and new and better methods been introduced that in order to keep abreast with the times a new edition of this work has been issued. Realiz- ing this need, the author has prepared this volume, which has been largely rewritten, en- tirely reset, and considerably enlarged so as to present in systematic sequence and concise form everything pertaining to the most mod- ern irrigation methods. As the author has devoted much of his life to practical irrigation work, the statements made in this book are based on practical ex- perience. One strong position taken by the author all through the work is the importance of con- sistent and scientific cultivation in connection with all irrigation operations. While the first edition was primarily written tor our western farmers and farms, this new edition also de- votes some attention to irrigation in humid regions. The principal chapters treat very fully of the advantages of irrigation ; relations of soils to irrigation; treatment of alkali; water supply ; canal construction ; reservoirs and ponds; pipes for irrigation purposes ; flumes and their structure ; duty and measure- ment of water; methods of applying water ; irrigation of field crops, the garden, the or- chard, the vineyard, and small fruits ; all about PUBLISHER’S NOTES. It gives us pleasure to call attention to the Gilman School for Girls, now one of the best known and most successful institutions of its kind in New England. It had its origin in the personal need of the founder’s family. It was originally intended to bea neighbor- hood class ; but as the theory became better known pressure to admit pupils was so great that a school proved a necessity, and in re- sponse to this demand, in 1886, the Gilman School came into being In the limited space at our disposal we can do little more than call attention to the work this school is doing. Mr. Arthur Gilman, its founder, is too well known as an author and educator to need an introduction to readers of this magazine. As the editor of the ‘‘ Story of the Nations’’ series, for which he wrote alfalfa and windmills and pumps. The vol- ume is appropriately illustrated. the volumes on ‘‘The Romans’”’ and ‘‘ The ’ Saracens,’’ we have conclusive proof of his ability asa writer and historian. The splendid success of his school testifies to his work as a leader in the field of education. At the Gilman School arrangements are made for all ages of pupils as follows: for girls under eight years of age; for girls be- tween the ages of eight and twelve ; for young ladies who do not expect to enter college, who may take a ‘‘cultivating’’ or ‘‘ finishing ”’ course, broadening their work in a way that is not practicable for those who are fitting for admission examinations ; for young ladies who are fitting for college; and for young ladies who have passed the age for admission to col- lege but wish to continue advanced work. The Gilman School, with its excellent corps \-< > = ~—-2~—A> aa -—~— < ye i i ie TREES... and. . SEEDS FOR FORESTRY PURPOSES Our nurseries are known the % world over as headquarters for Forest Tree Seeds and Seedlings and nearly every Foreign Gov- ernment is supplied by us. We have a large acreage of one and two year seedlings especially grown for Forestry purpose % New ‘‘ Forestry ’’ catalogue with prices of seeds and seedlings ready September Ist. Write now THOMAS MEEHAN & SONS INCORPORATED wo Nurserymen and Tree Seedsmen...... Dreshertown, Montgom’y Co., Pa. TENNESSEE 3,000,000 PEACH TREES WHOLESALE ot NURSERIES WINCHESTER, TENN. EXCLUSIVE GROWERS OF PEACH TREES JUNE BUDS A SPECIALTY No agents travel, but sell direct to planters at wholesale prices. Absolutely free from diseases and true to name. Write us for catalogue and prices before placing orders elsewhere. peach nursery in the world. Address J. C. HALE, Proprietor Winchester Tennessee ‘GOLD | IN A NUTSHELL New Book . . All about Nuts Price, Ten Cents American Plant & Seed Company Nashville, Tennessee Largest I I I II Sa a LE DR a a a ET a => Vw i Forest and and Trees Hardy Perennials Ornamental = Paeonies Iris Phlox Grown in Large Quantities eg We are Importers of Forest Tree Seedlings, Evergreens ..and Choice Trees... ea Ask for quotations on anything pertaining to Forestry, Nursery, or Garden LAUREL HILL NURSERIES FRANK BRUNTON, Manager Stockbridge . . Massachusetts, U.S. A. For Fall of 1902 and Spring of 19038 We offer a large and choice line of General Nursery Stock Special attention is called to the following : Apple, Cherry, Peach, Keiffer and Dwart Pear, Downing Gooseberry, Catalpa, Box Elder, Silver and Cut-leaved Maple, Moun- tain Ash, Carolina Poplar, Tulip Tree, Black Walnut Seedlings, Pecans, Clematis Paniculata, Wistaria, Norway Spruce, Hy- drangea P. G., Berberry, Privet, Hybrid Perpetual and Climbing Moss Roses, Apple and Pear Seedlings and Root Grafts. For prices address F. S. PHOENIX, Bloomington, Iil. JAPAN WALNUT TREES Hardy as an oak. Postpaid 35c., four for $1.00. Strawberries, Red Black Raspberries, Blackberries. Send for prices on large lots. A. Y. CATHCART . and . Bristol, Indiana In writing Pitee ee kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION x BBR SSS SS SS a_ENSEES EEN eee “t ( Naa ee ye Gn, flan, oman, mn (aN ENN NN, NNN Sew NV v SG Vv Wr ) eee 1902. of instructors and historic surroundings, can be highly recommended, and persons in search of a first-class institution will do well to corre- spond with Mr. Gilman. A select school that is highly recommended is Miss White’s Home School, at Concord, Mass. The number of pupils admitted is limited to twenty, in order that each may receive close individual attention. ‘This school offers unu- sual opportunities for instruction in English, French, German, Drawing, and Music. Miss White’s Home School is open to both girls and boys, the sessions running from October to June. Particulars regarding the work of this school may be had by addressing the principal, Miss Flora J. White. A school that has come rapidly to the front among the high-grade preparatory schools of the South is the North Carolina Military Acad- emy. Its object is not only to give boys a thorough preparation for the leading colleges and technical schools of the country, but also to furnish a liberal training for those not con- templating a college course. The North Carolina Military Academy is located in the town of Red Springs, Robeson county, N. C., in a community noted for its healthfulness, social refinement, and literary culture. Red Springs is on the Atlantic and Yadkin division of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad. The climate of Red Springs and the surrounding country is similar to that of Southern Pines, the well-known health resort. Capt. Clarence A. Short, B. S., is principal of the North Carolina Military Academy. The school year of 1902-1903 opens on Septem- ber 3. The Randolph-Macon System of Colleges and Academies now comprises five members, offering secondary and collegiate instruction to both sexes, but in different institutions. Those for young men and boys are: Randolph-Macon College, at Ashland, Va., chartered in 1830; Randolph-Macon Academy, at Bedford City, Va., established in 1890; Randolph-Macon Academy, at Front Royal, Va., established in 1892. Those for young women and girls are: Randolph-Macon Woman’s College, at Lynch- burg, Va , established in 1893 ; and Randolph- Macon Institute, Danville, Va., admitted in 1897. The Randolph-Macon Academy, whose an- nouncement appears on another page, is sit- uated at Front Roval, Va., at the foot of the Blue Ridge, near the Shenandoah River. It is easy of access and is located in a most health- ful region. The academy has chosen for itself the field between preparatory home school and the real college course. It prepares boys for college, under discipline appropriate to their FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. ‘just before the examinations. 347 years. Particulars may be had by addressing the principal, Charles I, Melton, A. M. The illustrated catalogue describing the Adi- rondack Summer School is one of the hand- somest that has reached us this season. This unique school is conducted by Mr. J. Liberty Tadd, Director of the Public Industrial Art School of Philadelphia and well known as the author of ‘‘ New Methods in Education.’’ The Adirondack Sumimer School, which is now in its sixth session, is situated about two miles from Saranac Lake village and seven miles from Lake Placid, New York, on one of the highest and most picturesque spots of that beautiful region. Mountains surround the camp, which is on an eminence overlooking three valleys. The site contains an ideal com- bination of mountains, lakes, and forest. Every facility is offered students to gain knowledge and experience in the new methods of education as advocated by Mr. Tadd and now in such demand in all parts of this coun- try and abroad. ‘This school offers students an unusual opportunity for instruction in art, manual training, and nature study while en- joying the summer in a most healthful region. The session lasts from June to September. We beg to acknowledge receipt of a copy of the recently issued catalogue of Syracuse Uni- versity. Syracuse University corresponds to the American idea of a group of coordinate colleges in which may be pursued the funda- mental courses of liberal arts, law, medicine, and Christian ethics. To these are added a college of fine arts and a college of applied science. That Syracuse University is growing in equipment will be readily appreciated when it is stated that in five years five buildings have been erected at an expenditure of $750,000. In the thirty-one years since Syracuse was estab- lished the attendance has grown from 41 to 1,806. A summer school was held at the uni- versity from July 1 to August 9. The eighteenth session of the Jones Summer School of Mathematics and Languages is now in progress at Ithaca, New York. This school is entirely distinct from the summer session of Cornell University, and the work of the uni- versity classes is not duplicated. It is for three classes of pupils, as follows: Candidates for admission to Cornell University who lack some of the entrance requirements ; students who, by reason of illness, change of course, or other cause, have deficiencies to make up, and can- didates for the university under graduate scholarships who wish to review their studies The Jones Sum- mer School is under the direction of Prof. George W. Jones, the author of a number of widely used text-books on mathematics. ae serie EERE | 23s UE OOK Sit can ‘ | | | | S ee os 3S Secon ~ Forestry and irvigetin Sent Postpaid Upon Receipt of Price ee Ynys ee SS | ( ) FORESTRY Korest: Planting wWanchOwicscscrsec sess $1.50 Y | » Pr : ; The White Pine, Gifford Pinchot............. 00 4 ‘ Flora of the Northern U. S. and Canada, es neds : Hee ( ) Britton and Brown (3 vols.)..............---. $9.00 American Woods, Romeyn B. Hough (in ¢ ) : MIM Sup AVS) e.c.cacocenceseseesaewsaeteetes per part... 5.00 | Our Native Trees, Harriet L. Keeler........ 2.00 | E ) ee ea E , S : Practical Forestry, John Gifford............... 1.20 > g North American Forests and Forestry, . 3 ; 4 BP THESteB UMC cen nesses seseeeecie et ccsees ence 2.00 Rd The Adirondack Spruce, Gifford Pinchot.. 1.00 IRRIGATION »} > mm z. Ty Q eet x | 5 . = . C ( Forest Trees and Forest Scenery, G. | Irrigation in the United States, F. H. ( Frederick SChwara.......sssesseeeeeseteer ees 1.50 | Newell kav Pec tee, ee 2.00 West-American Cone-bearers, J. G. Lem- | Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wil- WN ON pacccisccpeeessessacecesieceeiedrneasemccecesserissentens 1.00 | son ~ So oO aaa ~a~a~ wo OPP PF FAA Flora of the Southern States, A. W. Chap- Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King........ 1.50 WOE Oise cooecoscosscnpecossS Segesaos BoccoccoubeSéGHomasacc 4.00 Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart.. 1.00 Trees of the Northern United States, | Bis eAc AO ar ast Sangeet cece sehen meee eae eae 1.00 | Irrigating the Farm, Wilcox............. 0... 2.00 MISCELLANEOUS Our National Parks, John Muir............... 1.75 = 1] OS POPOL PDPD PL LP Field Book of American Wild Flowers, Trees of New England, Dame & Brooks..... 1.50 ( Mier Steenececensneenes Remaasassnanemeeercsenenerecisce 1.75 4 Studies of Trees in Winter, Annie Oakes Euntinedoncseree etter ee 2.95 According to Season, Parsons ............c0-++ Nocti ¢ | e Jej x har e ) Manual of Botany, Asa Gray ...ecsecceeeseeeee 2.00 | Forest Neighbors, Hulbert.......-.....-.. .. .... 1.50 ( Prachicaleborestnyay Hullenssessesssss seers 1.50" "| Wild Life of Orchard and Field, Ingersoll 1.40 « If readers desire books not on the above list let us know what they are, ‘ and we will send them at regular retail price, postpaid. Address | Elements of Forestry, F. B. Hough a ey ee a a a et Forestry and Irrigation | : hah aa ded oss In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Atlantic Building Washington, D.C. *| ee ee eee ek ae a Forestry «4 Irrigation H. M. SUTER, Editor and Publisher CONTENTS FOR SEPTEMBER, 1902 SCENE IN AN OREGON FOREST . : : : Frontispiece NEWS AND NOTES (Jl//ustrated): . : : 2) 855 New Forest Reserves—Mr. Walcott’s Trip—Forest Tree Nurseries in New York—Examination of Engineers—News from the Forest Reserves—Irrigation in the Cimarron Valley— Meeting of the Utah Irrigation Association—Progress of Recla- mation Work—Mr. Pinchot Goes to the Philippines—Forest Fires. THE TENTH NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS (///us- trated) THE SUMMER MEETING OF THE AMERICA N FORESTRY ASSOCIATION DAVID MacLEAN PARRY (with lon NOTES ON A NORTHWESTERN FIR ( ///ustrated ) J. Girvin Peters IRRIGATION AND RICE GROWING IN LOUISIANA ( ///us- trated ) TREATMENT OF SECOND. GROWTH WHITE PINE. Se II (Lllustrated) . 5 : : . Wallace I. Hutchinson THE RESERVOIR IDEA ( //lustrated) : G. M. Houston IRRIGATION IN MONTANA (with map) THE LUMBER INDUSTRY IN NEW YORK ( ///ustrated) RECENT PROGRESS IN DENRO-CHEMISTRY Wm. H. Krug RECENT PUBLICATIONS FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 1s the official organ of the American Forestry Association and The National Irrigation Assoctation. Subscription price $1.00 a year ,; single copres ro cents. Copyright, 1902, by H. M. Suter. Entered at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., as second-class mail matter. Published Monthly at ATLANTIC BUILDIN Go Wiaehieron. Die len tes Jee icngeet AEP on man, nee OREGON oe. Fs IN SRE reo Mane het RES RS oe D FIR } AND RI M 1S) 2 S| gy te FIR, Forestry and Irrigation. SEPTEMBER, 1902. No. 9. NEWS AND NOTES. Wor Vv Ll. New Forest Seven new forest re- Reserves. serves have been estab- lished recently by presi- dential proclamation. These include three new reserves in Arizona: The Mount Graham Forest Reserve, 118,600 acres in extent, located in Graham county ; the Santa Catalina Forest Re- serve of 155,520 acres, in Pima county, and the Chiricahua Forest Reserve, in Cochise county, of 169,600 acres in ex- tent. In Montana two new reserves, the Madison Forest Reserve of 736,000 acres and the Little Belt Mountains Forest Reserve of 501,000 acres, have been established. The first-named re- serve is in Madison and Gallatin coun- ties, bordering on the western side of the Yellowstone National Park. The Little Belt Reserve is located in Meagher and Fergus counties. A large new reserve has also been set apart in New Mexico, to be known as the Lincoln Forest Reserve. It is 500, ooo acres in extent and is located in Lincoln county. An unusually large reserve has just been set aside in Alaska, to be known as the Alexandria Archi- pelago Forest Reserve, and contains 4,506,240 acres. : In addition to the foregoing new re- serves, a number of changes have been made in the reserves already established. Lands have been added on the eastern side of the Yellowstone Forest Reserve, increasing its area by 24,960 acres. The Medicine Bow Forest Reserve, in Wyoming, has had recent additions made to the amount of 20,533 acres. The White River Reserve, in Colorado, has been decreased in area by 68,160 acres along the headwaters of the White and Yampa Rivers. The Crater Lake National Park of 164,560 acres, which was established by Congress at its last session, reduces the size of the Cascade Forest Reserve, in Oregon, by 152,680 acres. The total area of all the forest re- serves is now 58,850,925 acres. It is interesting to note that the total area of the United States, exclusive of island possessions, is 2,362,960,000 acres. Thus it will be seen that the forest reserves now amount to about one-fortieth, or about 2% per cent, of the entire area of the United States. In square miles the area of the reserves is 91,954, or almost twice the size of Pennsylvania. 5 Mr. Walcott’s Hon. Charles D. Wal- Trip. cott, Director of the U.S.Geological Survey, in whose charge has been placed the ex- aminations of forest reserves and the work of reclamation of arid lands, is making an extended trip of inspection through the West. At Helena, Mont., he met Mr. F. H. Newell, the Chief Engineer of the Reclamation Survey, and, together with Mr. Arthur P. Davis and other engineers, he made an ex- amination of some of the reclamation projects of Montana, Wyoming, and other states. In Wyoming particular attention was given to the proposed system of reser- voirs in the Big Horn Mountains and to the possible storage and diversion of the Shoshone River. Proceeding eastward, the party was joined by Hon. Frank W. Mondell, Member of Congress for Wyoming, and later by Senator Francis E. Warren. The trip was made up Sweetwater River to what is known as ‘“Devil’s Gate’’ Reservoir, on the Tom Sun Ranch. Later Mr. Walcott con- tinued his trip to visit reclamation pro- jects in Nevada. 352 Forest Tree The New York Forest, Nurseries in Fish, and Game Commis- New York. sion has decided to estab- lish state nurseries for the propagation of seedling trees which are to be used in reforesting denuded lands in the state forest preserve, and for free distribution throughout the state. The commission has already estab- lished a forest tree nursery in the Cats- kill region at a place near Brown Station, on the Ulster and Delaware Railroad. This nursery, which is favorably located as regards slope, exposure, and climatic conditions, is planned for the raising of two million seedlings, the beds and rows being laid out accordingly. A large number of different species are planted there, and this nursery will be used to meet the demands for free distribution. Work on a much larger nursery will be commenced this fall on lands selected for the purpose at Saranac Inn Station, on the Adirondack Division of the New York Central Railroad. At this point there is a clearing of about six acres on which farming operations have been carried on for several years, leaving the soil in good condition for nursery pur- poses. This clearing is closely sur- rounded on all sides by a tall forest, which will afford protection and shelter from unfavorable weather conditions. The soil will be carefully prepared this fall and made into beds of suitable size. The commission expects to carry about three million seedlings in this nursery at all times, and, in addition, to set out enough transplants for their work in reforestation. In case a larger number is required for this work the area of the nursery can be easily enlarged. While the product of the. Catskill nursery will be mainly used for free distribution, the Adirondack nursery will be devoted almost entirely to the propagation of seedlings to be used in the silvicultural work planned by the commission. The intention at present is to raise only White Pine and Red Spruce in the Saranac nursery, as it seems advisable to first give the native species a fair trial. Two parties, each in charge of a pro- fessional forester in the employ of the commission, are now traversing the FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. September, woods in search of seed cones, which must be gathered in the autumn or early fall before the scales open. The for- esters were instructed to secure several hundred bushels of cones, if possible, but, as this is not a seed year for White Pine or Red Spruce, it is doubtiul ar they will be able to secure much seed this fall. A neat and attractive building will be erected, in which the forester in charge will reside permanently. It will con- tain a loft for the preparation, care, and storage of seeds, while part of the ground floor will be utilized as a tool- house and for storage purposes. Commencing three years ago, the commission began tree planting, and has continued the work each successive season. Last spring over half a million seedlings were set out on the denuded and burned lands near Lake Clear Junc- tion, Franklin county. ‘This work was done under the personal direction of Foresters Knechtel and Pettis, who em- ployed sixty-three men for more than a month. At this date very few of the young trees set out last spring have died, the loss being less than one per cent. The plantation was visited re- cently by the Ways and Means Com- mittee of the Legislature, who expressed themselves as well pleased with the work. & An examination of civil and hydraulic engineers will be held at an early date to secure additional men for the service of the U. S. Geological Survey. The men selected will be used as assist- ant engineers and hydrographers in connection with the survey of the water resources of the country, and also in the reclamation work in the West. Persons desiring particulars concerning the com- ing examination can secure the same by addressing the Civil Service Commis- sion, Washington, D. C. Examination of Engineers. a News from Mr. A. A. Anderson, the Forest Superintendent of the Reserves. Teton and Yellowstone Forest Reserves, has just completed a tour of these extensive 1902. reserves, selecting and appointing men, organizing an efficient patrol service, and examining the new boundaries of these reserves, with a view of making such corrections as may be necessary. Mr. Anderson reports that an unusually large amount of outside live stock, espe- cially sheep, has been driven into the new additions to these reserves, causing much damage to the range. Major F. A. Fenn, Superintendent of the Forest Reserves of Idaho and Mon- tana, has just finished an extensive tour of the Lewis and Clarke and the Flat- head Reserves, in Montana. There is great rejoicing among the forest officers of the Sierra and Stanis- laus Reserves of California over the at- titude of the courts toward sheep tres- pass. The late decisions practically refute those of Judge Wellborn, and grant a temporary injunction to restrain sheepmen in their efforts to graze sheep in the reserves in violation of the rules and regulations, and practically in defi- ance of the orders of the Department of the Interior. Mr. HE. T. Allen, Inspector of Forest Reserves, has spent nearly all of the summer in the reserves about Pikes Peak and the Battlement Mesa, Colorado. He reports a wretched condition of af- fairs. Serious maladministration has led to extensive timber trespass, much of which, it is believed, has been hidden by intentional setting of forest fires. Inspector H. D. Langille has com- pleted his work in the Uintah Forest Reserve, in Utah, and is now working in the White River Reserve, in Colorado. He reports serious overgrazing of the Uintah Reserve. Much of Mr. Lan- gille’s time has been taken up by cases of timber trespass. The whole matter of timber cutting, both from sales and free use, has been seriously misman- aged for some time, which has caused the settlers and miners in and about the reserve much inconvenience. A peculiarly unsatisfactory condition exists at present in the Uintah Forest Reserve on account of the lack of de- marcation of its southern boundary line, this being the boundary line between the Uintah Forest Reserve and the Uintah Indian Reservation. A number FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. aga of sheepmen who have leased Indian lands are having other sheepmen, pre- sumably grazing under permit in the forest reserves, arrested for trespass on their leased grounds. In turn, Super- visor Marshall is trying to prevent out- side sheepmen from grazing on what he believes to be lands within the forest reserve. Seth Bullock, the Supervisor of the Black Hills Forest Reserve, has been authorized to employ extra assistance, in view of the great danger from fire in the extensive sections of beetle-killed timber. Supervisor Moser, of the Lewis and Clarke Forest Reserve, in Montana, re- ports an unusually successful season. Among other things accomplished by this officer is the first successful prose- cution of a timber trespasser on forest reserve lands in Montana. A regular “‘ gun permit ’’ is now issued by the supervisors of the reserves in northern California. Noone is allowed to carry firearms in these reserves with- out a permit. The permit is issued on condition that the bearer will obey all rules and regulations, and especially that he will carry the permit whenever in the reserve with arms; submit cheer- fully to inspection of permit and gun ; that he will not mutilate live timber or any other property ; observe the game laws, and extinguish fires before leaving camp. ‘This step has become necessary on account of the many fires started every year by gun-carrying parties of tourists. Mr. Fred. Breen, Supervisor of the Black Mesa and San Francisco Moun- tains Reserves, in Arizona, reports nu- merous fires in these reserves. On ac- count of the unusual drouth and summer logging the work of the rangers has been very arduous this season. Mr. R. C. McClure, the Supervisor of the Gila Forest Reserve, reports that the reserve is decidedly overgrazed. He adds, however, that it is difficult to estimate how much stock would have perished had it not been for the recourse to reserve pastures. Mr. W. T. May, Superintendent of Forest Reserves of Colorado and Utah, has left the service. Armor Thompson, Supervisor of the Teton Forest Re- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. September, eer Foo) “SVSNV >I NUHLSHMALOAOS ‘AH/VIVA NOWMVWID HHL NI NOLLVYOIMUI 1902. serve, in Wyoming, has also left the service, and has been succeeded by Mr. Robt. Miller, of Jackson, Wyoming. Mr. Archie P. Craig, of Mesa, Colorado, has been appointed Supervisor of the Black Mesa Forest Reserve. & An important meeting of the Utah Irrigation Association will be held at Salt Lake City on October 2 and 3. A number of im- portant matters will come up for con- sideration, among them the proposed reclamation works in the state, a dis- cussion of forest problems, and the graz- ing question. Meeting of the Utah Irrigation Association. * Progress of | The reclamation work by Reclamation the federal government, Work. through the U. S. Geo- logical Survey, is being carried forward rapidly. During the month of August, in Ari- zona, work has been continued in ob- taining information concerning irriga- ble lands, and data was secured fora cadastralmap. In California, low-water measurements have been going on, and especial attention given to the rate of flow of water beneath thesurface. The surveys in the Gunnison Canyon, Colo- rado, have been continued for the pur- pose of preparing detailed plans for taking water out in the vicinity of Mon- trose. In the northeastern part of the state, along the South Platte River, sur- veys have been begun for the reclama- tion project in the vicinity of Sterling. The measurement of the headwaters of Snake River has been continued in Idaho, and also preliminary surveys of several possible reservoir sites. In Kan- sas the best locality for deep wells has been under consideration. There are a number of field parties in Montana engaged in the Milk River survey, ascertaining the best location for diversion canals and the possibility of irrigable lands. . FORI 1go2. Td INOD NOLLV HudnOd HLWON Ad GHNA\O SANV’I ALOVUVHD ONIMOHS | dane FET IEM 376 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. slope. The forests of the western slope are somewhat denser and more valua- ble, and on that account are also attract- ing the man with the axe. They, too, suffer extremely from forest fires, but the snowfall and the water supply of that slope is more than sufficient for the very narrow valleys that can be irrigated on that side. As early as fourteen or fifteen years ago the engineer of the unfortunate company that succeeded to the interests of the famous Carter Cotton, projector and developer of the North Poudre ditch, saw that owing to the very late priority of his company’s ditch it would not only be very desirable, but abso- lutely necessary, to construct several storage reservoirs for the impounding ef the waters that came down to the head of the ditch at a time when they were least needed. Although the res- ervoirs that he caused to be built were comparatively small, nevertheless here was the beginning of an idea that has grown and expanded in all directions, till within the last few months we have the completion of the famous Fossil Creek Reservoir. This reservoir, ow- ing to its advantageous position as well as to its size, gives every evidence of be- ing what its projectors have all along hoped for: absolutely the best of storage reservoirs in northern Colorado. ‘This reservoir is the essential factor in the working out of what may be called the “transfer idea.’’ To refer back to the disappointed Carter Cotton and to his successors, every season added to the undeniable fact that the North Poudre ditch could have water only in the very earliest days of the irrigating season. When the real necessity for irrigation water came upon it, and when crops gave promise of a good harvest, except for a ‘‘ dry ditch,”’ it would be found wanting. The North Fork of the Cache la Poudre, from which the North Poudre ditch takes water, is what is known as an ‘‘early stream.’’ Early in the year there is usually an abundance of water for storage purposes from this source, in addition to the regular amount of water required for direct irrigation. September, With this one fact in their favor, the North Poudre Irrigation Company, the successor in ownership of the North Poudre ditch and 20,000 acres of land lying under it, entered upon a sys- tematic and scientific development of the reservoir idea. ‘They have built, or rather completed, the reservoirs that nature has all but built for them on their lands lying immediately under and below the North Poudre ditch. These include in all twelve reservoirs, covering in the aggregate about 3,500 acres, with a total capacity of 2,450,000,000 cubic feet of water. In these reservoirs it is the plan to store the surplus waters that come down in the early spring. How- ever, owing to the fact that most of these reservoirs lay below the level of the best of the company’s lands, they have been, on that account, of little use to their owners. ‘To borrow from the ‘“perpetual - motion idea,’’ another wheel was wanting. Strange enough, this missing wheel was found yet farther down; not only farther down the Cache la Poudre Val- ley, but entirely below any lands owned by the company. It was found in the shape of what is now the Fossil Creek Reservoir, a huge basin with a dam 48 feet high, 206 feet wide on the base, and 60 feet in width at high-water line. In the making of this dam the require- ments were 279,585 cubic yards of clay loam, 300 car-loads of stone of 40 tons each, and four car-loads of Port- land cement. ‘There were employed on the various parts of the work of con- structing this reservoir, during a great part of last winter, 325 men, 300 teams, and seven large machine graders. The reservoir, with its inlet ditch from the Cache la Poudre River, with a capacity of 400 cubic feet per second, was com- pleted June 1, 1902, at a total cost for site, right of way, and construction of $180,000. A good feature of this dam is its stone pavement covering the entire inner face one foot thick, and another not less important feature is the width of its safety wasteway, through which water can be allowed to escape without danger to the dam in a stream 600 feet wide 1902. ‘HLGIM NI LYAA O7I SHOVUAAV ANY ‘dona AGVAUM ANMOLIVA UVOAS ‘OGVUO'IOD ‘ANWIHAO' LV SLANA SINHNLVANL WO ILUVNO V SI ATId AHL bk Gs SH TIW V AO uw Cr ‘SNOT NEG EC Ef TE 378 Saal A FIELD OF ONIONS NEAR GREELEY, COLORADO. THE YIELD WAS 708 BUSHELS TO THE ACRE. and 1o feet deep, if necessity should ever arise. The outlet through which the water is to be drawn for irrigation purposes has a capacity of 600 cubic feet, or 4,500 gallons, per second of time. The discharge of this water through the outlet is governed by steel gates moving vertically. These gates are governed by screw power from the top of astone well lead- ing down through the middle of the dam to the stone and concrete outlet culvert. From the winter flow of the Cache la Poudre, which at the point where the Fossil Creek Reservoir inlet leaves that stream is not the property or appropri- ated water of any other irrigation company, it is proposed to fill this reservoir once between the 1st of November and the 1st of April of each year. ‘The Fossil Creek Reservoir outlet delivers water back into “thes Cache “la Poudre River at a point immediately above FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. September, what is known as No. 2 and No. 3 canals. Both of these are large and senior appropria- tors of water from the Cache la Poudre River. The North Poudre Ir- rigation Company pro- poses to work its ex- chance -idea, s1o) sthe great advantage of its North Poudre ditch, by delivering out of Fossil Creek Reservoir to these two canals the water that they are en- titled to from day to day on account of their appropriations on the river at their head- gates. Whereupon the owners of Fossil Creek Reservoir will call upon the River Com- missioner to give them credit for the amount of water they are delivering from day to day; and to give them per- mission, on account of thus supplying the river with water, to take into their North Poudre ditch about 40 miles up- stream an equal amount for their uses on their lands 20 to 30 miles up the valley. Under this plan it is thought that the A MACHINE PRESSING ALFALFA. 1902. reservoir in actual practice will be emp- tied by the first of June, after which date the usual spring floods begin. At the time of these spring floods there is al- ways a great deal more water than all the appropriators on the river can pos- sibly use, and so it will be the plan of the North Poudre Irrigation Company to at once begin to fill Fossil Creek Reservoir for the second time in the year, and then go through the above process again. Summarizing, the Fossil Creek Res- ervoir, added to the areas and capacities above given, makes a total of 4,200 acres covered by this company’s reser- voirs. These have a total capacity of 3,000,000,000 cubic feet. Figuring on a basis of the present price of reservoir FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 379 water, $150 per million cubic feet, the Fossil Creek Reservoir twice filled and emptied will yield to its owners and water-consumers an annual service in water the amount of $165,000. But for various reasons the price of $150 per million cubic feet is much above the average value of stored water, and if we cut this price in two to allow for the years when, owing to rainfall, water will not be in such demand we yet have over $80,000 in annual dividends from this investment. And those who are yet more conservative may still further reduce the price, and reduce it again, and even they will be able to see that the Fossil Creek Reservoir is destined to make four blades of grass grow where one grew before. IRRIGATION IN MONTANA. REMARKABLE INCREASE IN FARM VALUES IN THE LAST THIRTY YEARS. HE necessity for irrigation in Mon- tana is not so imperative as in states farther south. The table-lands and cultivable areas of thestate generally are of low elevation, as the slope of the Great Plains, which constitute a large part of the state, is toward the north. By reason of its diversified physical character, comprising lofty and detached mountain ranges, broad valleys, and vast table-lands, the western end of the state receives a larger precipitation than the eastern plains. The accompanying sketch map represents by areas in solid black the main regions in which irriga- tion has been successfully applied to any considerable extent. The period between 1870 and 1900 has witnessed a remarkable change in agricultural values. Thecensus of 1870 reported live stock on farms in Montana valued at $1,818,693, and farm lands, including buildings and implements, valued at $729,193. In that year no report was secured of the value of live stock on the range or public domain. If account were taken of this fact, it would be seen that in 1870 the value of live stock in Montana was at least three times that of all farm land and build- ings. In the thirty years succeeding the live-stock interests gained enor- mously, and in 1900 had a value nearly forty times that in 1870; but the num- ber and value of farms have increased so much more rapidly that in 1900 they were worth $62,026,090, while the live stock had a value of $52,161,833, or: 15.9 per cent less. In 1870 farming was but an incident to live-stock rais- ing, while in 1900 the conditions were reversed and the keeping of animals was less important than other agricultural operations. This tremendous increase in agriculture is largely due to the suc- cessful application of irrigation in the cultivation of hay and forage, cereals, fruits, and vegetables. The number of farms outside of In- dian reservations increased in ten years 132.9 per cent, the number of irrigators I17 per cent, and the irrigated area 171.3 percent. Of the 13,047 farms in the state, excluding those in the Indian reservations, 8,043 are irrigated and 5,004 are unirrigated. Theacres in the Sal 4 FLATHEAD Xe N ~. CK 2 A ‘ Jv N oT = fl 4 oT, ee ' NES saat ‘ IDEER LODGES yi ca ah ( ‘ EN 9 SW, SKETCH MAP MONTANA. IRRIGATED AREAS ACOONDING TO THE CBNSUs OF 1900. Scale irrigated farms number 5,822,995; in the unirrigated, 2,468,091. The value of all land in the irrigated farms, not in- cluding buildings, is $36,057,373, and of the unirrigated, $2,241,354. Live stock on the irrigated farms has a value of $32,384.654; on unirrigated, $109,- 777,479. > Lhe irrigated farms are 61.6 per cent of the total number, and the corresponding percentage of acreage 1s 70.2; that of the value of land and im- provements,exclusive of buildings, 79.7; buildings, 75.6; implements and ma- chinery, 7i-2 4 live stock, 62-1, and that of the total of all these forms of farm wealth is 67.9. The average size of all farms, exclu- sive of the holdings of the Indians, is 635 actes. “Lhe average size of irri. gated farms is 724 acres, and the aver- age amount of irrigated land on each irrigated farm is 118 acres. On the farms making use of irrigation the aver- age value of products not fed to live stock is $5.55 peracre. Inthecounties, omitting Indian reservations, the aver- age value per acre of land, exclusive of buildings, is, for all farms, $5.45; for unirrigated farms, $3.71, and for irri- gated farms, $6.19. The average value of irrigated land per acre is $19.66, while that of the best irrigated land, FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. September, —-e ened ‘ suitable for the growing of alfalfa, is. from $25 to $100; irrigated fruit land is even more valuable. The total amount invested in irriga- tion ditches in Montana to June 1, 1900, is approximately $4,683,073. The total value of irrigation products in 1899 was $7,230,042. ‘The number of acres of land irrigated for each mile of ditch reported is 140. ‘The number of acres. under ditch for each mile is 267. The average cost of;construction per mile is. $687.47, and per acre $4.92, for land actually irrigated in 1899. Most of the investments in irrigation ditches have been highly profitable, few disappoint- ments following the efforts of irrlgators to reclaim the arid lands. While it is known that Montana pos- sesses considerable quantities of ground water, or so-called underflow, but few attempts have been made to utilize it for irrigation. ‘Theamplesupply furnished by the streams, and the comparatively inexpensive systems required to divert it upon the land account for the fact that there are no reports of farms irri- gated from wells. The total number of acres of irrigated crops in 1900 was 755,865, while the total number of acres of land irrigated was 951,154, the difference, 195,289 1902. acres, representing approximately the area of pasture land irrigated. It is probable that a portion of the area upon FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 381 which crops were reported as grown without irrigation was really irrigated at some time during the year. THE LUMBER INDUSTRY IN NEW YORK. A HISTORY OF THE INDUSTRY FROM COLONIAL TIMES TO THE PRESENT DAY. T this time of unusual public inter- est in the forests of New York a recent publication* by the Bureau of Forestry, in which the lumber industry in that state from the days of its begin- nings to the present time is described, will be of decided value. This bulletin opens with a description of the primitive forest, its composition, the beginnings of the lumber industry, the first saw-mills, the early lumber markets, and the primitive methods of lumbering. Rafting and log-driving are graphically described, and the history of log-marks, log-scales, modern saw- mills, tanneries, and the rise of the wood-pulp industry is traced. Just when the labor of the early set- tlers first took the form which we now call lumbering it is impossible to say, but it is shown that in 1623, nine years after the first house was built at New Amsterdam, three saw-mills were erected there by the Dutch West India Com- pany ; and, with their erection, com- mences the history of lumbering in the State of New York. The machinery for these mills, which was shipped from Holland, was con- structed to run by water-power or by windmill. One of the mills was erected on Governor’s Island and was probably operated by wind-power; another, which stood on Sawmill Creek, a tributary of the East River, may have used a water- wheel. In 1639 the mill on Governor’s Island was leased at an annual rental of 500 merchantable boards, half oak and half pine. Timber thieves flourished in the early * History of the Lumber Industry in the State of New York. By William F. Fox. Bul- letin No. 34, Bureau of Forestry, U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture. Pp. 59; plates XIX. days, and there were likewise foresters to look after them. In 1770 Adolphus Benzel, son of Archbishop Eric Benzel, of Sweden, was appointed inspector of His Majesty’s woods and forests in the vicinity of Lake Champlain, at a salary of £300 per annum. It is interesting to note that as early as 1700 Lord Bellomont, governor of New York, rec- ommended that each person who re- moved a tree should pay for planting ‘‘four or five young trees;’’ that no tree should be cut ‘‘that is marked for the use of the Navy,’’ and that no tree or trees be cut ‘‘ but when the sap is in the foot...’ Within the last twenty years the log- ging industry in northern New York has been materially affected by the demand for material necessary in the manufacture of wood-pulp, an industry of comparatively recent development. Ground pulp, obtained by holding blocks of wood against a grindstone, was first made in this country in 1867, at Stock- bridge, Mass. Chemical mills, in which the fiber is reduced by the action of acids under steam pressure, were introduced about the same time. Now there are 293 mills, mechanical and chemical, in the United States, of which 1o2 are lo- cated in New York. At first the New York mills used only Poplar (Populus tremuloides). This was deemed a desirable condition by for- esters, because this species does not ap- pear to be available for any other pur- pose, while at the same time it is the tree with which nature most quickly reforests burned areas in the Adiron- dacks. But Poplar was soon discarded in favor of Spruce, to which have been added within the last five years some of the other conifers, the process of man- “dNVO DNIDSO'TI MOVANOUMIGVY NV September: FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 2, 1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. THE PULP-WOOD INDUSTRY. CUTTING SPRUCE IN THE ADIRONDACKS. PULP-WOOD 1,0GS DASHING ALONG A WATER SLIDE. 384 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. THE END OF THE SLIDE. STACK OF FOUR-FOOT PUILP-WOOD LOGS AT THE MILL. September, 1902. ufacture having been improved so that a satisfactory fiber is now being ob- tained from Hemlock, Pine,and Balsam. The effect of the wood-pulp industry on timber-cutting was soon evident. Where the lumbermen formerly took nothing less than two-log trees, leav- ing nearly all that were 12 inches or less in diameter, the wood-pulp men cut all the trees of certain species, large and small. This close cutting left no provision for future growth, and thinned the forests so severely in places that further damage was inflicted by wind and ice storms. It will probably be news to many per- sons that the lumber industry of New York attained its maximum develop- ment at some time prior to 1865, when there were, according to the state cen- sus of that year, 3,963saw-mills. Per- haps three-fourths of this number were mills equipped with one saw only, none of which cut over 100,000 feet in a year. From the Tenth United States Census (1880) it appears that there were then 2,822 mills in New York, with an in- vested capital of $13,230,934, giving employment to 17,509 men, and paying out annually $2,162,972 in wages. The combined lumber product of these mills amounted in 1880 to 1,148,220,000 feet, board measure, not including laths, shingles, and staves. Within the next twenty years there was a great decrease in production. There are not over 150 mills in the state to-day with an annual output of over 100,000 feet. The production is now confined almost wholly to the Adiron- dack region, the mills which are stocked from there having sawed in 1899 the following amounts : : Feet, B. M. 9) KC es Ph a te Aa, Ea 148,203,491 PC MLOCKE As A raedion or SRF sete Nak 46,545,772 Bae 5. yea nels ee ke 33,132,807 Hardwoods tarde cima. ien ent case 24,296,554 nOtalies Chr csc hates 252,178,624 A Number. HES Re oo esate oe bee oo 33,619,000 AtMSHE oe ose ers ka keel eee. fh 49,329,090 a FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 385 To the amount of sawed lumber should be added 195,568,623 feet of logs that went to the pulp mills, making the total forest output of northern New York that year 447,747,247 feet. There are several small saw-mills in the Catskill counties, with a few others scattered throughout the western part of the state, their combined product not exceeding 60,000,000 feet. The advo- cates of conservative forest management need no better argument than is con- tained in the foregoing figures, showing the great decline in this industry within the last twenty years. Many people attribute the disappear- ance of the forests to the work of the lumbermen. This Colonel Fox points out is an error. He shows this is due to the farmer, not to the lumberman. In clearing his land the farmer cuts and burns every tree and bush for the pur- pose of improving his land. The lum- berman takes only a few scattered trees to the acre, confining his selection to some merchantable species. The care- lessness of the farmers in burning their brush and log heaps has caused many of the fires that have destroyed so much of our forests. Lumbermen do not start fires for their work. The cutting and skidding are mostly done in the late fall, and the log-hauling in winter, when the woods will not take fire. The writer further claims that ‘‘had no other in- dustry but lumbering been carried on within our borders, the once unbroken forests of New York would still be standing.’’ Colonel Fox’s bulletin makes avail- able for the first time in concise form the particulars of the lumber industry in New York. It gives an excellent view of the beginnings, methods, and various stages through which this im- portant industry has passed. It con- tains a lot of information that should be of value in determining a policy for the future management of the state forests. An attractive feature is the large num- ber of excellent illustrations, several of which are reproduced here. ae 386 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. September, RECENT PROGRESS IN DENDRO-CHEMISTRY. REVIEW OF RECENT ARTICLES IN LEADING CHEMICAL JOURNALS. By WILLIAM H. Kruec, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. ONCERNING Benzoin. E. Knoe- venagel and J. Arndts (Ber. deutsch? sChem=sGes.,. 25, 1982) study of the action of alkalies on gum benzoin. ‘The authors find that when benzoin is digested with a 60 to 80 per cent solution of an alkali in a closed vessel as much as 40 per cent of the gum is converted into benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid when the alcohol is removed by means of water vapor. Prolonged action both at low and high temperatures produces toluylene hy- drate, hydro-benzoin, and a body hav- ingsthe fonmnula Cal .O» Sucrose in the Seeds of Gzngko biloba and Camellia theifera. U.Suzuki( Bull. Coll. Agr. Tokio, 4, 350). The seed of Gingko biloba contain almost 6 per cent soluble sugars, chiefly sucrose, while those of Camellia theifera were found to contain 5 per cent. The Volatile Oil of the Wood of Cryp- tomerta Japonica. C. Kimoto (Bull. Coll. Agr. Tokio, 4, 403). The wood, which has an odor resembling pepper- mint and is used in the manufacture of sake-casks so as to impart a certain aroma to the beverage, contains an ethereal oil which the author isolated by distillation with steam and purified by fractionation. The fraction possess- ing the most pleasant odor was obtained between 260° and 270° C., and had the elementary formula C,,H°,, The au- thor supposes that this fraction resem- bles camphor and suggests the name sugiol. It is a neutral oil, almost in- soluble 1n water, soluble in alcohol, ether and ehlororor, as, P5—264—. D= 0-935: Kaki-Shibu. M. Tsukamoto (Bull. Coll; Agr. Pokio, 4) 220). 9 Phe juice of the unripe fruit of the kaki tree, Diospyros kaki, l,, is used in Japan for the impregnation of fish nets and wrap- ping papers and renders these more durable. Author finds the value of this. juice to depend on a peculiar tannin in- soluble in water and alcohol and soluble in dilute acids. It becomes insoluble as. soon as the volatile acids present in the juice are removed by evaporation, and thus forms a thin coating which protects. the material. Constituents of the Flowers of the Coffee Tree. WL. Graf (Ztsch. oeffentl. Chem. 8 (1892), 148). The flowers were obtained from trees twenty years. old growing in Réunion. ‘They were yellowish brown, had an intensely bit- ter taste, and were found to contain caffeine (0.92 per cent), phytosterol, a reducing sugar, and probably caffetannic acid. Transmigration in Woody Plants. G. Andre-(Compt. ‘rend: -134,. 0514)? A study of the variations occurring in the organic and inorganic constituents. during the development of the branches and leaves of the horse-chestnut. The investigation covered the period em- braced by the completion of the length growth and the falling of the leaves. The Detection of Ground Wood in Chemical Pulp: J. ‘Hlertkorn (Chem: Zte-26, 1642): ) The reaction eivenuby, Kaiser (Chem. Ztg., 26,335) 1s smore or less common to all alkyl-sulphuric acids and aromatic sulphonic acids. The latter especially, from benzol on and inclusive of anthracene oil, give in- tense colorations with ground wood, while chemical pulp and Swedish filter paper in most cases are not colored. The blue or red color is more intense the more concentrated the reagent. The most intense color is obtained when the reagent is prepared by heating the hydrocarbon with the sulphuric acid until sulphurous acid is formed. In this case a slight color is obtained with ‘ aa sz- x AA —_2: DZ ASS cera “. SSS io a, | | TREES. and. . SEEDS 1 @ I F< : FORESTRY PURPOSES Our nurseries are known the world over as headquarters for Forest Tree Seeds and Seedlings and nearly every Foreign Govy- ernment is supplied by us. We have a large acreage of one and two year seedlings especially grown for Forestry purpose % New ‘‘ Forestry ’’ catalogue with prices of seeds and seedlings ready now. THOMAS MEEHAN INCORPORATED SONS wNarserymen and Tree Seedsmen...... Dreshertown, Montgom’y Co., Pa. 3,000,000 PEACH TREES ost WHOLESALE WINCHESTER, TENN. NURSERIES EXCLUSIVE GROWERS OF PEACH TREES JUNE BUDS A SPECIALTY No agents travel, but sell direct to planters at wholesale prices. Absolutely free from diseases and true to name. Write us for catalogue and prices before placing orderselsewhere. largest peach nursery in the world. Address J. C. HALE, Proprietor Winchester Tennessee GOLD IN A NUTSHELL New Book . . All about Nuts Price, Ten Cents American Plant & Seed Company Nashville, Tennessee ae Forest and rest and é Trees Hardy Perennials Paeonies WW Tris Phlox Grown in Large Quantities Ornamental oa We are Importers of Forest Tree Seedlings, Evergreens ..and Choice Trees... oe Ask for quotations on anything pertaining to Forestry, Nursery, or Garden LAUREL HILL NURSERIES FRANK BRUNTON, Manager Stockbridge . . Massachusetts, U. S. A. For Fall of 1902 and Spring of 1903 We offer a large and choice line of General Nursery Stock Special attention is called to the following : Apple, Cherry, Peach, Keiffer and Dwarf Pear, Downing Gooseberry, Catalpa, Box Elder, Silver and Cut-leaved Maple, Moun- tain Ash, Carolina Poplar, Tulip Tree, Black Walnut Seedlings, Pecans, Clematis Paniculata, Wistaria, Norwz ay Spruce, Hy- drangea P. G., Berberry, Privet, Hybrid Perpetual and Climbing Moss Roses, Apple and Pear Seedlings and Root Grafts. For prices address F. S. PHOENIX, Bloomington, Ill. JAPAN WALNUT TREES Hardy as an oak. Postpaid 35c., four for $1.00. Strawberries, Red and Black Raspberries, Blackberries. Send for prices on large lots. A. Y. CATHCART . . . Bristol, Indiana NN ae oa a OS a aS a_i aas aams ea In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION GE DPLLL LD IDLE PLL LI GLEE LE LPI PLPLLEP EDEL LIL LESSEE FE LAE S ) ’ Ask for Prices J.H. H. Boyd, Gage, Tenn. DEALER IN on Pin Oaks .Tree and Shrub Seeds Magnolia tri petela Tree Seedlings in Large and Small Lots Catalpas, Russian Mulberry, Sugar Maples Black Locust, and many other indefinite ornamental varieties Would like to correspond with any one who Oriental Planes could supply good fresh tree and shrub seeds this fall. a wn and PIO) SOPs, AO) IAICDI/NGYS, CALIFORNIA PRIVET FOR HEDGING We Have a Surplus of Apple Trees 4 to 5 feet whips and 4 to 5 feet branched; also EXTRA FINE cherry trees, grapevines—in fact, a general line of nursery stock at live and let live prices. Write OUR SHRUBBERY us.* Agents wanted. is more extensive and finer than ever. od Immense stocks of Spirea Anthony Southern Nursery Co. Waterer, S. triloba, Viburnum to= Winchester Tennessee mentosum, &c., &c., now ready for delivery. . . Of Standard Hydrangea iculat difl re “hav ‘ } Fagest an best stocesn the comers, | Lie Greeley Nurseries Weeping Lilacs, extra fine. SORA ae 2 ee ee ee a ee OO Growers of and Dealers in HOOPES, BRO. & THOMAS Choice Nursery Stock MAPLE AVENUE NURSERIES WEST CHESTER PENNA. GREELEY ig PUPS AGENTS WANTED « COLORADO | : : BOOKS ON FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION : : : Sent Postpaid Upon Receipt of Price FORESTRY | Studies of Trees in Winter, Annie Oakes JUV ARRAY ECCK) Cl aaceoagncaccenceaesad GoRMerccoD iedoesotica t $2.25 Flora of the Northern U. 8. and Canada, Manual of Botany, Asa Gray ...........e00ceeeee 2.00 Britton and Brown (3 VoOIs.)..............--+. $9.00 é Our Native Trees, Harriet L. Keeler........ 2.00 North American Forests and Forestry, VWs BLUNCKOns:. .vstescessscceee ss cose cee cere 2.00 The Adirondack Spruce, Gifford Pinehot.. 1.00 Forest Trees and Forest Scenery, G. WUE Clerics Chiwaze-weeseacce ee cask cease 1.50 Practical Forestry, Puller... 2..-c0..00+c-n-s + === 1.50 Horest Planting, JiarchoOw:...c..c.sce-inssereseeses 1.50 The White Pine, Gifford Pinchot............. 1.00 American Woods, Romeyn B. Hough (in yawhaeY 40}2) 61 )s1)) spoceiccoooosenscee4ucotocoo{bc per part... 5.00 Practical Forestry, John Gifford............... 1.20 West-American (one-bearers, J. G. Lem- IRRIGATION 10010) 30 Jad nop aandanodo pasbes KeoGsDadioasiou bine one odoacdead 1.00 Flora of the Southern States, A. W. Chap- Irrigation in the United States, F. H. ( TAA eee estrclatiencete mereeacestinioiecet «indice nccietsels care aeec 4.00 INI) eu seep oan Sacenceooe cocoaso0 26 cooUoGacecoudadacoccon 2.00 ¢ Trees of the Northern United States, ~ Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wil- Hy ARAM Bitter che aidecedsis wast cvslaueer sine teosiontors 1.00 BOTAN GE ce eect iiw etentcs seam eee aloes daria ea eaani obi Gace 4.00 Elements of Forestry, F. B. Hough......... 1.50 Irrigation and Drainage, F. H. King........ 1.50 Our National Parks, John Muiv............... res Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart.. 1.00 Trees of New England, Dame & Brooks..... 1.50 Irrigating the Farm, Wileox............. 2... 2.00 ( » 4 ( ( If readers desire books not on the above list let us know what they are, and we will send them at regular retail price, postpaid. Address Forestry and Irrigation tea Building Washington, D.C. . K eae SS ee =. RS NN pene ~~) In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 1902. chemical pulp, which differs, however, from that given by ground wood. Rhimba, a Plant Wax from Mada- gascar. (Revue des Produits Chim., 1892; abstract in Chem. Rev. Fett u. Harz Ind., 9 (1892), 190). ‘This wax, which has recently been introduced in France, is stated to be derived from the rhimba tree, but the exact origin and method of collection is unknown. It may prove commercially valuable as a basis for sealing wax and candles. Taxine, the Alkaloid of Yew. T.E. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 389 Thorpe and G. Stubbs (Jour. Lond. Chem. Soc., 81, 874). The authors in- vestigated the autumn-gathered leaves of male and female trees of the species Taxus baccata. ‘The alkaloid taxine was obtained in the form of very fine glistening particles. The Melting of Copal and the Losses Incurred Thereby. (Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter, 62, 5, 44). The Constructional Woods of British Guiana. L. M. Hill (Proc. Inst. Civil Eng, iq7eGn),53): RECENT PUBLICATIONS. American Food and Game Fishes. By Dr. DAvID STARR JORDAN and Dr. BARTON WARREN EVERMANN. Illustrated with colored plates, text drawings, and photographs from life. Pp. 573. Special net. price, $4.00. Published by Doubleday, Page & Co., New York. This handsome new volume, the latest in the series known as the New Nature Library, contains a popular account of all species of food and game fishes found in American waters north of the equator. It further contains keys for ready identification, the life histories, and methods of capture of the various fishes. The authors, Dr. David Starr Jordan, president of Leland Stanford University, and Dr. Ever- mann, of the U S. Fish Commission, are the acknowledged leading American ichthyolo- gists, and this book will be regarded as author- ity on the subject. From their great funds of scientific knowl- edge and enthusiasm for the subject the au- thors have produced a delightful book. Hav- ing the enthusiasm of sportsmen and anglers, they have made their compilations in a man- ner that will prove highly interesting to the generalreader. On the other hand, all descrip- tions are done with close attention to scientific accuracy. The result isa book that may be used at all times for reference and yet has all the delightful qualities of a series of well-writ- ten fishing sketches. Itis easily the best nature book of the year. This book is illustrated in an unusually at- tractive manner. The volume contains 10 plates in colors, 108 half-tones from photos, and 208 line drawings. The frontispiece, a colored plate showing a brook trout in natural colors, is the best piece of color printing we have seen. Perhaps the most interesting point about the illustrations is the series of photos of live fish, by Mr. A. Radclyffe Dugmore. There are more than one hundred of these. Taken altogether, this volume is an unusu- ally good piece of book-making, and we believe is only surpassed by the same publisher’s splendid two-volume edition of the Harriman Alaska Expedition. Nature Study and Life. HODGE. Pp. 514. 200 half-tones and line drawings. Co , Boston, Mass. Dr. Hodge treats the subject in an original manner. In his introductory chapter he dis- cusses the various values of nature study under the heads of economic, esthetic, educational, ethical, and religious. Of these he puts the economic value first. This is an unusual argu- ment in the field of science, and yet we believe he is justified in the order. His argument on the question is strong and one that ought to be generally read. The book proper is devoted to natural life near home, opening with a chapter on chil- dren’s animals and pets. This is followed by descriptions of insects, plants, gardens, birds, and a chapter on elementary forestry, The author has produced a book that should be of great value both to the general reader and the teacher. It will likely, however, have its greatest value as a text-book, fer which pur- pose Dr. Hodge more especially prepared it. The volume is splendidly illustrated with over 200 plates from photos and line drawings. A pleasing feature is the use of side headings in black-face type. By Dr. CLrieTON FP. Illustrated with over Ginn & Proceed- Pp. So. Iowa Park and Forestry Association. ings of the First Annual Meeting. Illustrated. This well printed and illustrated report con- tains the proceedings of the first annual meet- ing of the Iowa Park and Forestry Association, which was held at Des Moines in December, tgot. In addition to the minutes of the meet- ing, its contents include the papers read at the meeting, the constitution and by-laws, and a list of the officers of the association. Forestry in Minnesota. By Professor SAMUEY, B. GREEN. Published by the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn. Pp. 4or. Illustrated. A new and improved edition of Professor Green’s ‘‘ Forestry in Minnesota ’’ has recently 399 been issued. The first edition of this book, which numbered 10,000 copies, was published by the Minnesota Forestry Association. That such a large edition should be exhausted in so short a time testifies to the favor with which it has been received by the public. This volume is used as a text-book in a num- ber of colleges, and normal and high schools. Seventh Annual Report of the Chief Fire Warden of Minnesota for the Year 1901. Pp. 135. Illustrated. This report, which in contents and appear- ance is fully up to the high standard set in previous years by General Andrews, contains an account of forest fires in Minnesota during the year Ig01. It shows that the number of forest fires reported by fire wardens was fifty- five. These burned over an area of 58,395 acres, and did damage to the amount of $42,140. There were nineteen prosecutions for causing fires and seven convictions. This report also contains a series of articles on European forestry, and the whole is hand- somely printed and illustrated. There area number of articles in the Septem- ber magazines that are likely to interest readers of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. The World's FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. September, Work contains articles on ‘‘A Typical Irrigated Community ’’ and ‘‘ World Wide Lessons from Kansas Farms.’’ In the Atlantic Monthly ‘‘ Going Into the Woods ”’ and the ‘‘ Kansas of To-day ’’ are subjects of interest. The Review of Reviews has a timely and important paper on ‘‘The Migration to the Canadian North- west.” Outing, McClure’s, and Scribner's all contain pleasing articles on outdoor life. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. Tennessee Forest Association. Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting, held at Nashville, Tenn., November, Igor. Lands of the Colorado Delta in the Salton Basin, Bulletin No. 140, University of Cali- fornia. Pp. 51. The Pulp Industry in Canada. By D. Lorne * McGibbon. Pp. 16. Annual Report of the State Geologist of New Jersey, I901. Pp.178 Illustrated. Measurement of Water for Irrigation. Bul- letin 53, University of Wyoming Experiment Station. Pp. 57. Illustrated. Report of the Horticulturist, 1901, Depart- ment of Agriculture, Canada. Pp. 87-135. Illustrated. PUBLISHER’S NOTES. Rawlings Institute, the well-known school for young ladies, situated at Charlottsville, Va., issues an unusually handsome catalogue for 1902. The faculty isa large and competent one and is headed by Rev. H. W. Tribble, president, to whom all inquires concerning the school should be addressed. Rawlings Institute offers special advantages for the study of modern languages, art, music, and elocution. Persons who have timber or mineral lands for sale, or wish to purchase lands of this char- acter, will do well to announce this fact in the advertising pages of FORESTRY AND’ IRRIGA- TION. Among the readers of this magazine there are many persons on the lookout for business opportunities. An advertisement in these pages will be read only by substantial people. A school for boys that is attracting attention is St. James School, located near Hagerstown, Md. Much of the success of this school is due to the efforts of its headmaster, Mr. J. Henry Harrison He has shown unusual ability in directing its affairs, and a number of boys have been prepared under his direction for the leading universities. Altogether, it is an institution that can be highly recommended. For catalogue, address St. James School, Hagerstown, Md. The University of the South, at Sewanee, Tenn., offers unusually good advantages to students who contemplate taking up forestry as a lifework. The university is situated in the center of its woodland domain of 7,000 acres. In addition to the regular university courses of study students have an opportunity _ to observe practical forest methods in opera- tion, as the woods are being lumbered in a con- servative manner, according to a working plan prepared by the Bureau of Forestry. The University of the South has a beautiful and healthful location, and offers an especially at- tractive field for the study of forest and field botany. Particulars may be had by address- ing the Vice-Chancellor. The Tennessee Wholesale Nurseries, at Win- chester, Tenn., make a specialty of peach trees, and are carrying a stock of 3,000,000 trees. Catalogue can be secured by writing to J. C. Hale, proprietor. The American Plant and Seed Co. of Nash- ville. Tenn., whose advertisement is printed in this number, are publishing an interesting little book on the growing of nut-bearing trees for profit. Hoopes, Bro. & Thomas, proprietors of the Maple Avenue Nurseries, West Chester, Pa., are sending out an interesting catalogue de- scribing their stock of trees and shrubs. A. Y. Catheart, of Bristol, Indiana, is mak- ing a specialty of growing Japan walnut trees. His advertisement in this number is worth noting. Forestry 4 Irrigation H. M..SUTER, Editor and Publisher CONTENTS FOR OCTOBER, 1902 SCENE IN A HARDWOOD FOREST : : : Frontispiece NEWS AND NOTES (//lustrated) ‘ 5 ; 39 At the Yale Forest School—New York State College of Forestry — Biltmore — Forest School in Nebraska — Michigan Forest Schools — Utah Irrigation Congress — Banquet in Honor of Mr. Maxwell —Administration of the Forest Reserves — Deep- Well Stock-Watering Plants on the Western Plains—Collecting and Planting Forest Tree Seeds—Meetings— Timber Tests of Native Trees. FOR THE PROTECTION OF NEW HAMPSHIRE FORESTS MAJOR JOHN WESLEY POWELL DEAD (with portrait) THE TENTH NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS GEORGE HEBARD MAXWELL (with portrait) THE MICHIGAN FOREST RESERVE ( //lustrated) ; 5 Thomas H. Sherrard MANAGEMENT OF MICHIGAN HARDWOOD FORESTS Walter C. Winchester THE JACK PINE PLAINS OF MICHIGAN (//lustrated) , Filibert Roth THE TRESPASS PROBLEM, AND HOW TO SOLVE IT Ernest Bruncken THE CLIMATE OF THE WHITE PINE BELT (with three tables) Alfred J. Henry SEPTEMBER FOREST FIRES ( ///ustrated) THE WESTERN HEMLOCK ( ///us/rated) RECENT PUBLICATIONS FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 1s the official organ of the American Forestry Association and The National lrrigation Association. Subscription price $1.00 a year, single copies 10 cents. Copyright, 1902, by H. M. Suter. Entered at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., as second-class mail matter. Published Monthly at ATLANTIC BUILDING Washington, D. C. LLOW POPLAR E TULIPS DRE ORY ). *) a, OF THE aNS SPECIME DRO OOD G 7 4ST, SHOWING HARDWOOD FORE A A +E LIPIFE N TU IRIODEN 4 (I Forestry and Irrigation. INO> TO. VOL. Va: OCTOBER 1902: NEWS AND NOTES. At the Yale Reports from the Yale Forest School show that the attendance this year will be between 35 and 40. ‘The teach- ing force has been strengthened by the addition of two new instructors—Mr. R. L. Marston and Mr. Alfred Aker- man. A new wood-testing laboratory has been the chief addition to the school equipment. This new laboratory, the botanical laboratory and herbarium, and the wood- lot of 400 acres, of which the school has charge, makes a very complete equip- ment for instruction. Forest School. * i. New York Seventy students are reg- State College istered at the New York of Forestry. State College of Forestry” for the collegiate year an 1902-1903. Of these, 30 are old stu-| dents and 4oarenew. FElevenare grad-_ uates of other departments of Cornell University and of other colleges and universities. juniors, 17 sophomores, 32 freshmen, s ih and 3 specials. & One special student is a native of the Philippine Islands and a graduate of © St. Thomas College, at Manila. An- } other special student is from Eulenberg Forestry School, Austria. is * The Biltmore Forest School begins the work of the new collegiate year with an attend- ance of sixteen students, a larger num- ber than ever before. The new building in which the Forest Department of the Biltmore Estate, as well as the school, will hereafter be housed, has been com- pleted. Mr. Ernest Bruncken, of Mil- waukee, Wis., has joined the Biltmore At Biltmore. There are 2 seniors, 11 - tains the information that a number of staff and will teach forest botany, eco- nomics, law, and allied subjects. Mr. Bruncken is the author of ‘‘ North American Forests and Forestry,’’ he was Secretary of the late Wisconsin Forest Commission, and is an able lawyer. Last spring seven of the students ac- companied Dr. Schenck on an excursion through the forests of Germany and Austria. During the summer, the stu- dents were in camp on Pisgah Moun- tain, where they had opportunities to take part in the various forestal opera- tions carried on under the direction of Dr. Schenck. * The University of Ne- braska, beginning with the present collegiate year, is offering instruction in forestry. This work will be under the direction of Dr. Charles HE. Bessey, the well- Forest School in Nebraska. _ known botanist of the university. A recent letter from Dr. Bessey con- men have taken up the course in for- estry at Nebraska. Some of them are well advanced in the scientific course, and are now turning to forestry. It is expected that five or six men will be graduated from the forest department in 1904. * Michigan For- Instruction in forestry est Schools. is to be given at beth the University of Mich- igan, at Ann Arbor, and the Michigan Agricultural College, at Lansing, be- ginning with the present collegiate year. The courses in forestry at the Univer- sity of Michigan will be under the di- reetion of Prof: C.\.A.. Davis: “These courses are open only to students who 394 have received a bachelor’s degree from the University of Michigan or from other colleges or universities, and cover two years’ work. At the Michigan Agricultural College the forest work will be under the direc- tion of Mr. C. C. Bogue, who was re- cently appointed professor of forestry. * The Utah Irrigation Congress held a meet- ing at Salt Lake City on October 2 and 3. The matter of most importance taken up by the congress was the consideration of irrigation projects in Utah in which the aid of the federal government might be secured. It was decided to recommend the Utah Lake project as being the one which would result in the greatest good to the people of the state. Mr. F. H. Newell was present and addressed the congress on the irriga- tion work being done by the federal government under the recently passed reclamation act. Utah Irriga- tion Congress. & Banquet in To show their apprecia- Honor of tion of Mr. George H. Mr. Maxwell. Maxwell’s efforts in be- half of national irriga- tion, the California section of the Na- tional Irrigation Association recently tendered him a complimentary banquet at Los Angeles. Highty-five men were present at the banquet, among them being two United States Senators, several Members of the House of Representatives, and leading citizens of California. Addresses were made by Senator Bard and Representa- tive McLachlan, of California, and Sen- ator Quarles, of Wisconsin. 5d Administration The Department of the of the Forest Interior has just issued Reserves. a new circular outlin- ing the organization, direction, and control of the patrol serv- ice in the forest reserves. ‘The weak points of the former loose system of patrol, and its evil effects on rangers and people alike are fully set forth. Under the new plan the ranger of Class I is FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. October, termed asszstant supervisor, the ranger of Class II retains the term zanger, while the temporary men of Class III are called guards. ach grade carries with it a particular rate of salary, and also well-defined authority and respon- sibility. Each reserve is now divided into a number of districts, and each district is placed under a ranger of Class II (ranger), with a variable number of guards, the ranger being held respon- sible for conditions in his district and the proper performance of duties by his guards. Similarly the assistant super- visor (ranger of Class I) is the super- visor’s general field man, who looks after all important work in the field—a thing which the supervisors of the larger and more inaccesible reserves are not able to do alone. & The Bureau of Forestry has men in the field col- lecting forest-tree seed in view of extensive planting to be done in several localities this winter and next spring. The For- est and Water Association of Los An- geles County, California, has collected over one hundred pounds of the Ps attenuata seed, and Mr.T. P. Lukens, an agent of the Bureau of Forestry, has col- lected a large quantity of Sugar Pine and Incense Cedar seed, all of which will be planted during the coming winter on the denuded portions of the San Ga- briel and San Bernardino Mountains. A deep interest exists throughout southern California in this forest plant- ing. Arrangements will probably be completed soon for cooperation between the Bureau of Forestry and the boards of trade of Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo for planting on the mountains near those cities. Much interest has been awakened nearthe town of Visalia in the same work. A quantity of pine and cedar seed will be furnished to Mr. F. S. Breen, forest supervisor, for experimental plant- ing in the open parks of the San Fran- cisco Forest Reserve, Arizona. A large amount of Pinus ponderosa seed is being collected in the Black Hills Collecting and Planting For- est- Tree Seed. DEEP-WELL STOCK-WATERING PLANTS ON THE WESTERN PLAINS. 396 of South Dakota and the New Mexican Rockies, for planting on the Dismal River Forest Reserve in Nebraska. The red juniper seed, to be used in the same way, are to be obtained from the Platte River region, and the jack pine seed from central Minnesota. A large seed bed has already been completed on the Dismal River Reserve and is now in readiness for planting. Mr. J. W. Riggs, of Waterloo, Kan- sas, an agent of the Bureau of Forestry, is collecting conifer seed in New Mexico for trial planting in the drier portions of southwestern Kansas and Oklahoma. There is strong evidence that the coni- fers which are inured to hot dry situa- tions in the eastern Rockies will thrive on the southwestern plains, and Mr. Riggs expects to give the matter a thorough test. As stated in the September number of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION, the New York Forest, Fish, and Game Commis- sion has decided to establish a state nursery for the propagation of seedling trees, which are to be used in reforest- ing denuded areas in the state forest re- serve. Several parties in charge of the foresters employed by the Commission have been collecting red spruce seed, and they have secured about 200 bushels of cones. In the September number, in calling attention to this work, it was erroneously stated that this is not a seed year tor Red Spruce., It is not, how- ever, a seed year tor Wiiite Pine. om A convention in the in- terests of the proposed Appalachian National Forest Reserve has been arranged to be held at Ashe- Meetings. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. October, ville, N. C., on October 25. This meet- ing, suggested by the Asheville Board of Trade, has been taken up by the Knoxville Chamber of Commerce, the Raleigh Chamber of Commerce, the Newport Board of Trade, and the di- rectors of the Appalachian National Park Association. Prof. J. A. Holmes and other well-known speakers will ad- dress the convention. ‘The Tennessee Forest Association will hold its annual meeting at Knoxville on November 12. & Timber Tests The scope of work of of Native the Bureau of Forestry Trees. has been broadened by the recent organization of a Division of Forest Products, of which Frederick E. Olmsted has been appointed chief. A series of strength tests of timbers will be made in collaboration with the Bureau of Chemistry. Western timbers of whose strength no exact knowledge has ever been obtained will receive spe- cialattention. The Bureau of Forestry has bought a Riehlé testing machine, powerful enough to try the cross- breaking strength of a beam 12 by 12 inches, 16 feet long. ‘The machine’s capacity is 200,000 pounds, and it is fitted with an autographic and automatic attachment. ‘Tests are now being made of timbers of the size used in heavy con- struction work. At present the timber used 1s bought in the market. Later tests will be made of timbers sawed from trees selected from the forest, in order to establish, if possible, the effect of different localities and conditions of growth on the quality and strength of the wood. POR THE PROTECTION OF NEW HAMPSHIRE FORE SIs: AN IMPORTANT MEETING OF THE STATE FOREST ASSOCIATION. HE Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests recently held an important meeting at Concord, N. H., at which steps were taken for the establishment of a reservation in the White Mountain region. A number of distinguished speakers were present from New York, Massachusetts, and other states, which made the gathering a notable one. ‘The widely distributed use of the White Mountains makes them a national breathing spot, and the dis- 1902. cussion of means to preserve the timber on these mountains, particularly on the higher slopes that have been recently purchased by lumber companies, was the key-note of the meeting. Ex-Gov- ernor Rollins, president of the society, presided, and Mr. Joseph T. Walker acted as secretary. Addresses were made by Senator William E. Chandler, Mr. Winston Churchill, the author, and a number of others. Mr. Philip W. Ayers, the society’s for- ester, presented a statement of his inves- tigations for the Society in the mountain regions of thestate. He gavea history of the work of the Diamond Match Com- pany in New Hampshire, and of the sev- eral pulp companies, including the Inter- national Paper Company, J. H. Henry’s Sons, the Berlin Mills Lumber Com- pany, and others. He spoke of having met different granges, farmers’ insti- stutes, teachers’ meetings, and women’s clubs throughout the state. According to Mr. Ayers, there is a strong senti- ment throughout the state in favor of the establishment of a state nursery for the distribution of trees and seeds adapted to forest growth in New Hamp- shire. Another subject which the pub- lic is coming to regard with favor is the exemption from taxation, for a term of fifteen years, of land properly planted to forest. Mr. Ayers presented numerous letters favoring a reservation by the federal government in the White Mountains. They were from Col. John Hay, Secre- tary of State at Washington, D. C.; Rev. Edward Everett Hale, D. D., of Boston; Senator J. H. Gallinger, of New: Hampshire; Mr. Filibert Roth, of the General Land Office, and several others. Letters were also presented from Dr. B. E. Fernow, Director of the New York State College of Forestry at ‘Cornell University, and from the Bureau of Forestry at Washington. Mr. Winston Churchill, the author, was the next speaker. He had con- ferred with President Roosevelt on the ‘subject, and expressed the President’s hearty approval of the plans to save the White Mountains from desecration. Mr. Orton B. Brown, of the Berlin Mills Lumber Company, was listened FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. am to with particular attention, as_ his company has recently purchased the remaining virgin spruce forest on the northern slope of Presidential Range of mountains. He said the timber was needed by his company for cutting this winter and succeeding winters, but for the coming season they would not cut the points of greatest scenic value un- less compelled to do so by business exi- gencies. He stated that his company would sell the land again at a fair price, being naturally interested in the scenic beauty of the state and anxious to pre- serve it. They are willing to contrib- ute toward it, but his company could not afford itself to maintain so valuable a piece of land asa public park. Mr. George H. Moses, Secretary of the New Hampshire State Forestry Commission, presented a motion that the Society heartily cooperate with the committee appointed at Intervale, of which Dr. Edward Everett Hale is chairman, to present the subject before Congress. This motion was unani- mously adopted. The committee re- ferred to is one appointed at a meeting held at Intervale, N. H., early in Sep- tember for the purpose of bringing to the attention of Congress the necessity of establishing a forest reservation in the White Mountains. The committee consists of Dr. Edward Everett Hale, chairman; ex-Governor Frank W. Rol- lins; Rev. Dr. Daniel Merriman; Hon. A. E. Pillsbury, Boston; Mr. Henry James, 2nd, Cambridge; Prof. J. Raynor Edmands, Cambridge; Mr. J. Stickney, and Mr. H. P. Nichols. A strong plea for concentration of effort and cooperation of all forces was made by Col. Henry O. Kent, president of the New Hampshire State Forestry Commission, especially in regard to measures to be brought before the New Hampshire Legislature next winter for the establishment of a nursery or some source of supply of seedling trees for distribution throughout the state. The active support of the Woman’s Clubs of New Hampshire was pledged by Mrs. Sarah G. Blodgett, president of the New Hampshire State Federation of Women’s Clubs. Several represent- ative club women, including Mrs. Ellen 398 McRoberts Mason, of North Conway, chairman of the Forestry Committee of the Woman’s Clubs, and Mrs. Olive Rand Clark, of Manchester, were pres- ent and promised active cooperation. Among other speakers were Dr. Charles S. Murkland, President of the New Hampshire College of Agriculture, and Mr. F. W. Rane, professor of hor- ticulture and agriculture at that institu- tion; Rev. W. W. Niles, Bishop of New Hampshire; Mr. E. Bertram Pike, of the Pike Manufacturing Company ; Mr. Henry James, 2nd, of Cambridge, Mass., formerly editor of the Forester, and Mr. W. T. Burgess, editor of the Vew Eng- land Flomestead, of Springfield, Mass. A series of resolutions presented by FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. October, Dr. John D. Quackenbos, of New York, a vice-president of the Society, were approved, in which the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests. expressed itself in favor of legislation looking to the establishment of a nur- sery for the distribution of young trees. and seeds, the exemption from taxation for a term of fifteen years of land prop- erly planted, together with a bill to provide for a survey which shall de- termine the location, character, value, extent, and ownership of the forests in the White Mountain region. It was felt that if a national reserva- tion in the White Mountains is secured, that the state will cooperate to its utmost extent: MAJOR JOHN WESLEY POWELL DEAD. AS EPAMOUS SSClIE NTIS 1a AN A PIONEER IN THE IRRIGATION MOVEMENT. AJ. JOHN WESLEY POWELL, Director of the Bureau of Eth- nology of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington, died at his summer home at Haven, Me., on September 23, and was buried in the national ceme- tary at Arlington on the 26th. Maj. John Wesley Powell was one of the world’s foremost scientists. He was regarded as the pioneer in the study of ethnology and the chief authority on the subject. He was known equally well as a geologist, anthropologist, and geographer. His contributions to scien- tific literature include some of the most important works extant, and his official reports, to the number of more than a hundred volumes, are considered scien- tific text-books. Major Powell was the son of a Metho- dist minister, and was born March 24, Toga, at. Mount Mors N. VY. Eas father’s work as a minister took him to all parts of the United States. The elder Powell died while the family was living in northern Illinois. Major Pow- ell was then about fourteen years of age, and he had already demonstrated his fondness for the natural sciences and displayed great aptitude in the study of natural history and geology. He made a number of collections of objects of natural history, one of which found its way to one of the colleges. He first attracted the attention of the scientific world when, at an early age, he made a trip to Texas, then a peril- ous journey, to secure the seeds of bois d’arc, commonly known as the osage orange tree, with which to grow hedges and thus solve the fence problem which was bothering the farmers of Illinois and other prairie states. After his re- turn he took a special course at Oberlin College, Ohio, and later was made sec- retary of the Illinois State Natural His- tory Society. At the outbreak of the civil war Major Powell enlisted in the Twentieth IIli- nois Volunteer Infantry. Major Powell served in every rank, from that of pri- vate to lieutenant-colonel of artillery, which rank he held in the Second Illi- nois Artillery at the battle of Shiloh. In this engagement the section of the regiment under his command held a very important position, the holding of which meant victory for the Union forces. Major Powell held it and during the latter part of the battle his right arm 1902. was shattered by a shot in such a man- ner that it was necessary to immediately amputate it. When the wound had healed sufficiently for him to get out of the hospital, Major Powell rejoined his regiment and remained with it until peace was declared. At the close of the war he was made professor of geology at the Wesleyan University, at Bloomington, IIl., and was later made professor of geology at Northern University, Illinois. In the summer of 1867 Major Powell led a field class to Colorado, where the sum- mer was spent in study in the Rocky Mountains. This was the first class of this character that ever did such work, and led the way for the establishment of the summer schools of geology that have become an important feature of scientific study. At that time the valley of the Colo- rado River was practically unknown. Major Powell formed the idea of ex- ploring it, and with a small party built boats and embarked at Green River, the terminus of the Union Pacific Rail- road,in1868. Hemadethetrip through the Colorado Canyon safely, with the loss of but two of his party, these two having left the expedition to go across country to Salt Lake City. This expe- dition through the canyon was the first and the only one that has ever been made. Portions of the canyon have been explored, but the entire length has never again been traversed by man. A second trip through a portion of the canyon was made by Major Powell, accompanied by Prof. A. H. Thompson and J. K. Hillis. The reports on the geological, geographical, and ethno- graphical conditions of this valley led to the establishment of the United States Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain region in 1870, and led also to a continuance of the work of exploration and investigation. Nine years later the four surveys, then operating under the authority of the government, which included the one just mentioned, the Hayden sur- vey, King survey, and Wheeler survey, were combined, and the present United States Geological Survey was organ- ized, with Prof. Clarence King as di- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. oom rector. At the same time the Bureau of Ethnology was organized and Major Powell placed at the head of it. A year later Professor King resigned, and Major Powell was selected to take his place as director of the Geological Survey. During the time he was at the head of the Survey, Major Powell evolved a plan for the irrigation of the less humid regions of the West, which was dis- cussed at length by Congress. The plan adopted by the government, as embodied in the bill passed at the last session of Congress, is almost identical with the plan proposed by Major Powell. In MAJOR JOHN WESLEY POWELL. 1894, owing to trouble with his arm, Major Powell resigned his directorship and entered Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, where he underwent an op- eration. He subsequently resumed his scientific work as director of the Bureau of Ethnology, and was the director of the Bureau up to the time of his death. He made many important contributions to philosophy, and by many scholars is held to rank with such men as Herbert Spencer, Comte, and Bacon. His many scientific papers and addresses have been published from time to time, and include several hundred titles. 400 During his lifetime Major Powell re- ceived a number of honorary degrees from educational institutions through- out the world. The most important of these were the degrees of Ph. D. from the University of Heidelberg, Germany, FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. October, and LL. D. from Harvard ; he also re- ceived the degreeof-L1) DP: from the Columbian University of this city, Ph. D. and LL. D. from the Wesleyan Uni- versity of Illinois, and A. M. from the Illinois State College. THE TENTH NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. HELD AT COLORADO SPRINGS, OCTOBER 6-9, WITH: Ay VARGCE ATTENDANCE. HE Tenth National Irrigation Congress was held at Colorado Springs October 6-9, with nearly 500 delegates present from the various west- ern states. The program of the four days devoted to the work of the con- gress was made up of discussions of the questions now most vitally affecting the west. The workings of the new irrigation law, the preservation of the forests, and colonization were the topics that re- ceived special attention. The leading business interests of the west and the country in general were well represented, and the work of the congress should re- sult in a great impetus being given the development of the west, and a conse- quent increase of prosperity in the coun- try at large. The opening session of the congress, held on Monday, October 6, was called to order by President Thomas F. Walsh. Immediately after calling the meeting to order, Mr. Walsh read the following telegram from President Roosevelt: “‘Ac- cept my hearty good wishes. Nothing has been done in which I have taken a greater interest during my administra- tion than the inauguration of nationally aided irrigation.’’ Governor Orman then delivered the address of welcome, and was followed by Mr. Walsh, who spoke on ‘‘ The Humanitarian Aspect of Irrigation: » Inthe evening a re- ception was tendered the visiting dele- gates at the Antlers Hotel. The morning session on Tuesday, Oc- tober 9, was opened with a report of committees on credentials and on _ per- manent organization. This was fol- lowed by the appointment of a commit- tee on resolutions. Secretary Maxson then read his report. Hon. Alva Adams, of Colorado, spoke on ‘‘ Pathfinders and Pioneers ;’’ Mrs. Gilbert McClurg, of Colorado Springs, extended greetings from the General Federation of Women’s Clubs. Presi- dent Slocum, of Colorado College, made an address on ‘‘ The Universities’ Inter- rest in Irrigation Problems.’’ There were also addresses by D. W. Lawler, Minnesota; R. W. Young, Utah ; Willis Moore, Chief United States Weather Bureau. John H. Murphy spoke on ‘‘ The Interest of Organized Labor in National Irrigation.’’ The discussion of forest problems was then taken up. Prof. L. G. Carpenter spoke on ‘‘ Ne- cessity of Forestry Instruction in West- ern Educational Institutions;’’ Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, ‘‘ Forestry at the Lou- isiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis.’’ The afternoon session opened with an address by Hon. LL. G.* Powers, oi@the Census Bureau, on ‘‘ The Irrigation Census.’” » Hon. \ lL... Bradford serince spoke on ‘‘ Harmony in the West?” Wesley A. Stuart on ‘‘Artesian Well Irrigation.’’ The beet sugar and irrigation discus- sion was taken part in by Herbert My- rick, J. G:. Hamilton, J. Fk. Canmpion¢ Hon. R. W. Bonynge, Representatives Tawney and Morris. John W. Springer spoke on ‘‘ The Relation of Live Stock Interests to National Irrigation,’’ and Prof. Thomas Shaw on ‘‘Agricultural Production by Irrigation.’’ The colonization discussion was led by Hon. John Henry Smith, of Salt Lake, president Trans- Mississippi Con- 1902. gress; Col. Thomas Holland, national secretary Salvation Army colonization ; a paper by Commander Booth-Tucker on ‘*Colonization’’ was read. The evening session was held at Col- orado College. There was an illustrated lecture by Clarence Johnston, U.S. De- partment of Agriculture, on “‘ Irrigation in Egypt;’’ an address by Hon. F. E. Brooks on ‘‘The Future of Colorado under the Irrigation Act,’’ and a series of stereopticon views of Colorado scenery by Gilbert McClurg, secretary Colorado Springs Chamber of Commerce, followed by a reception at Coburn Library of Colorado College by President Slocum and faculty. Senators Patterson and Teller both addressed the congress on Tuesday, October 7. On Wednesday there were addresses by Congressmen Tawney, Heatwole, Morris, and Stevens of Minnesota, and Williamson of Oregon, Hon. J. M. Carey of Wyoming, Senator Dietrich of Nebraska, and Hon. R. W. Bonynge. The national irrigation act was discussed by Mr. F. H. Newell, chief engineer of the reclamation survey. Mr. Elwood Mead, in charge of the irrigation inves- tigations of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, also made an address. One of the most important matters considered by the Congress was the question of merging the National Irri- gation Congress with the Trans- Missis- sippi Commercial Congress. After much discussion it was decided that the Na- tional Irrigation Congress should retain its present identity for another year at least. The following resolutions were adop- ted by the congress: ‘The Tenth National Irrigation Con- gress felicitates the entire American people upon the enactment of the na- tional irrigation act of June 17, 1902, one of the most beneficent and wide- reaching measures in the history of our legislation, and rejoices in the fact that its passage was due neither to partisan- ship nor sectionalism, but to the patri- otic and united cooperation of men from all parts of the country, irrespective of political complexion. ‘The grateful acknowledgments of this congress are due to Theodore Roose- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION, 401 velt, President of the United States, for his invaluable assistance in the cause of irrigation. His message to Congress in December, 1901, marked the beginning of a new epoch in the history not only of the arid west, but also in that of the whole region. Without his powerful aid and that of his administration it would not have been possible to secure the passage of that great act which will inaugurate and put into effective motion the national irrigation policy for which we have been striving so long. Great as his administration may be, we believe that none of its achievements will re- dound more to the greatness of our peo- ple and the glory of our country than will the passage of the national irriga- tion act. Wesend him our greeting and give him our assurances of our most sin- cere respect and aduiiration. ‘“ We appreciate the invaluable assist- ance rendered to this glorious consum- mation by, and here express our sense of obligation to, the Secretaries of the Interior and of Agriculture, to the friends of the bill in the Senate and House, and to all who have labored so effectively and unceasingly to secure this inauguration of the policy for the reclamation by the national govern- ment of its arid empire—a policy which will be productive of greater good toa greater number than any governmental achievement of modern times. ‘This congress, having confidence in the fairness, intelligence, ability, and integrity of the administration and in those officials of the Interior Depart- ment to whom is intrusted the execu- tion of the national irrigation act, deem it inexpedient at this time to make spe- cific recommendations regarding the manner of carrying the law into effect, or the policy that shall be pursued in the expenditure of the available funds, and leaves all questions relating to this subject to their discretion and judg- ment. ‘We urge the enactment of adequate national and state laws for the preser- vation of our forests. Forest reserves should be extended wherever necessary for the preservation cf the water sup- plies; more rangers should be appointed for the protection of the reserves from fire; adequate provision should be made 402 for the prompt extinguishment of all fires; burned areas should be reforested, and the national government should, wherever practicable, utilize its troops asa forest patrol, and, with the cooper- ation of the states, rigidly guard against forest destruction. ‘“We cali attention to the recommen- dation of President Roosevelt in his message to Congress, in which he points out the overshadowing importance of a wise administration of the forest re- serves for the perpetuation of the for- ests and their protection as sources of water supply. ‘‘Tn this message the President made the following recommendations: ‘“*At present the protection to the forests reserves rests with the General Land Office, the mapping and descrip- tion of their timber with the United States Geological Survey, and the prep- aration of plans for their conservative use with the Bureau of Forestry, which is also charged with the general ad- vancement of practical forestry in the United States. These various functions should be united in the Bureau of For- estry, to which they properly belong. The present diffusion of responsibility is bad from every standpoint It pre- vents that effective cooperation between the government and the men who util- ize the resources of the reserves, with- out which the interests of both must suffer. The scientific bureaus generally should be put under the Department of Agriculture. The President should have by law the power of transferring lands for use as forest reserves to the Department of Agriculture. Healready has such power in the case of lands needed by the Departments of War and of the Navy.’ ‘“We earnestly urge upon Congress the enactment at its next session of a law which will carry into effect this recommendation of the President in his message. ‘‘We believe that the principles of irrigation and forestry and their relation to our social and economic problems should be taught in all the higher insti- tutions of learning of the country. ‘‘ We urge the legislatures of the sev- eral states to provide for a full repre- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. October, sentation of their irrigation and forestry interests at the exposition to be held in St. Louis, Mo., in 1904, and pledge them our support, believing that such action will not only prove to be of incal- culable educational advantage to the people directly interested, but will dem- onstrate to our own countrymen and to the world that the estimate which we place upon the importance of forestry and irrigation to mankind is not exces- sive. ‘« The Tenth National Irrigation Con- gress has learned with sorrow of the death of Maj. John Wesley Powell and mourns the loss as that of one of the pioneers in explorations and studies of the arid region. In particular we wish to express our profound appreciation of his unremitting efforts for national irri- gation during the early days of the movement. ‘“ We express our appreciation of the successful labors of the president and other officers of this congress, who have worked earnestly and faithfully, and the results speak for the value of their efforts. ‘“GrORGE H. MAXWELL, ‘*Chairman. ‘“D. W. WORKING, SO SCORCLO TS se: The National Irrigation Congress adopted a special resolution of thanks tendered to C. EK. Wantland, of Denver, chairman of the national executive com- mittee, and to Gilbert McClurg, of Col- orado Springs, chairman of the local committee on arrangements, and to the Chamber of Commerce for their efficient and untiring efforts in making the con- gress a success and in looking after the comfort of the delegates. It was decided to hold the eleventh National Irrigation Congress at Ogden, Utah. The election of officers resulted as fol- ~ lows: President, Col. Edwin F. Holmes, Salt Lake, Utah; First Vice-President, Governor L,. Bradford Prince, Santa Fé, N. Mex.; Second Vice-President, Anson J. McCune, Denver, Colo.; Third Vice- President, E: Hi. Libby, -Clarkstany Wash.; Secretary, Col. H. B. Maxson, Reno, Nev. 1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 403 GEORGE HEBARD MAXWELI, EXECUTIVE CHAIRMAN OF THE NATIONAL, IRRIGATION ASSOCIATION. R. MAXWELL, as a native of California, early became familiar with irri- M gation, and on the farm where he gained a living had ample opportunity to learn the advantages of abundant water. Becoming a successful stenographer, he was engaged in taking testimony in irrigation cases and learned thoroughly the technical and engineering side of the question, becoming expert in all of the matters concerning which he was likely to record facts. Later, as a lawyer, Mr. Maxwell made a specialty of the water laws of California, and with his charac- teristic thoroughness went to the very origin and studied the fundamentals of the water question. His practice led him to all parts of California, and in cases ap- pealed to the Supreme Court of the United States he carried a knowledge of cur- rent usages and of the law as interpreted by various tribunals. At the Fifth National Irrigation Congress, held at Phcenix, Arizona, Decem- ber 15-17, 1896, Mr. Maxwell became prominently identified with the national 404 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. October, aspects of irrigation through his strong presentation of the importance of the construction of irrigation works by the federal government. In the early part of the meeting the cause he advocated seemed to be hopelessly outnumbered; but by his clear, logical presentation of the facts and the persistent representation of the importance of the matter, the convention was finally won over to his views. From that time on Mr. Maxwell may be regarded as the central figure and leader in the national irrigation movement. He continued at subsequent irriga- tion congresses to urge appropriations by Congress for the construction of irri- gation works, and believing that this could only be brought about by a more systematic action than that possible through the National Irrigation Congress, he organized The National Irrigation Association, a body composed of substantial business men. With funds assured through the activity of its members, this association, under the direction of Mr. Maxwell, was able to carry on a vigorous and effective campaign of education. ‘Thousands of personal letters were sent out under the general scheme devised by Mr. Maxwell, and the manufacturers of the East, the men having investments in railroads, the cotton planters of the South, the labor unions, and many others interested in the development of the country and the making of more homes, responded liberally to the appeals, not only for money, but in personal presentation of the importance of the matter to their Members of Congress. The result was what might be expected, and it was only a matter of time when Congress must yield to the demands of the business interests of the country. The result of the effective organization and campaign carried on by Mr. Maxwell is seen in the passage of the reclamation law of June 17, 1902. A recent complimentary banquet tendered Mr. Maxwell at Los Angeles, California, at which a number of men prominent in national and state affairs were present, testifies to the high appreciation of his services in this connection. THE MICHIGAN FOREST RESERVE.* By THomas H. SHERRARD, Bureau of Forestry. HE Michigan Forest Reserve in- cludes about 60,000 acres of scat- tered lands in ten townships in the west- ern half of Roscommon county and in two townships in Crawford county. Higgins and Houghton Lakes, around which the reserved lands lie, are the headwaters of the Muskegon River, while the northern end of the reserve extends over into the watershed of the Au Sable River. In the southern half of the reserve, around Houghton Lake, tion is glacial. The soils are chiefly sands and gravels of poor quality, unfit for agriculture. ‘The region is for the most part uninhabited, although at a few points the vicinity supports a scat- tered population. The original forest on these lands comprised magnificent stands of White and Norway Pine. The character of this forest is shown by the accompany- ing illustration (Fig. 1), taken on the lands of the Thayer Lumber Company, the land is low and often swampy over large areas; but the shores of Higgins Lake are higher, and the topography in the northern half is rolling. Low ridges alternate with flat, sandy plains aud swamps. ‘The geological forma- which immediately adjoin the reserve on the west. An exaniination of the reserve during the summer of rg01 by the Bureau of Forestry, in cooperation with the Michi- gan Forestry Commission, included a * Read at the summer meeting of the American Forestry Association, held at Lansing, Mich., August 27 and 28, 1902. 1902. general study of the condition of the existing tree growth throughout the re- serve, made with special reference to the need for protection and the possi- bility for improvement of this growth. In order to get an accurate and de- tailed description of the character of the growth on the cut-over and burned lands characteristic of the reserve,an area equal to one township was selected, which ex- hibited average conditions, and acre strips were run through this area at in- tervals of one-half of a mile. All trees on these strips down to one inch in di- ameter were counted and calipered, and careful note was made of the character of the ground cover and of the soil. In connection with the surveys, a study of the rate of growth of the common spe- cies, White, Norway, and Jack Pine, and White, Scarlet, and Red Oak, was made. It must not be understood that this FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 405 method of study should be extended to cover the entire reserve, as conditions do not require so detailed a study over a large area. But the results illustrate, in concrete form and ona small scale, the lines necessary to be followed in the practical management of the reserve. From the 258 acres surveyed, a divis- ion of the area into types was possible, based on differences in the character of the growth and soil. The names of these types were suggested by the situa- tions, as well as by the character of the growth. A rough estimate of the com- parative representation of the several types distinguished is as follows: Per cen (Olakila ieee eaeth Hots tacos eetcnoee | eee 3 Oaks deer esc eis othe nce es Sele II — 44 lacks Pines DaGLenlSs vac cr.c ape alte eee eee 39 SWAMP eos cede: apse cles a ne Saeed II Hardywoodularidl..-recrcaes ace eee ner 6 FIG. I. VIRGIN FOREST OF WHITE AND NORWAY PINE ADJOINING THE MICHIGAN FOREST RESERVE. 406 A compilation of 100 acres surveyed on Jack Pine plains or pine barren type, gives the following figures for the aver- age number of trees per acre, one inch and over in diameter: Jack Pine: 38, scarlet Oak 8, Norway Pine r. Other species represented, each with an aver- age of less than one tree per acre, are Aspen, Red Oak, White Pine, and White Oak. Jack Pine comprises nearly go per cent of all species. The maximum breast-height diameter of Jack Pine was found to be 13 inches; but three-fourths of the trees are 5 inches and under, and the average diameter of Jack Pine 1 inch and over is but 4.4 inches. A comparison of the volume tables constructed for Jack Pine shows the de- cided difference in the development of the species on different qualities of soil and locality. Two qualities were rec- ognized. Quality 1 includes trees on moist sand and gravel. Quality 2 includes trees on the dry sands of the typical Jack Pine barrens. Volume Table for Jack Pine. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. Quality 1. | Quality 2. Di )iameter, 2 | eee breast | Height : eee | Height | Volume high, in | in feet. a ateet. |) melee ; inches. oe | cords I 1O 9 2 20 7 3 29 “3 24 a 36 03 || 29 or 5 43 OS IP ees 02 2 48 06 37 .04 7 52 08 AOR eee OS Q 56 ole 42 | .07 9 59 Ble 3 | .09 ie 62 -16 44 | crt a 64 ay 45 si ue 65 22 45 16 we 67 +30 46 22 15 68 -34 46 WA 69 .42 46 1S 69 Pe | The soil of the Jack Pine plains is deep, fine sand, coarser and more grav- October, elly where they merge with the oak flat type. It is too loose to afford suf- ficient support for large trees, and wind- fall was very common in the original forest, many trees being blown down before they reached a large size. The openings, where the Indians did not burn them over, came up in dense stands of small Norway and Jack Pine, the place being too dry for successful devel- opment of White Pine. Omitting the figures for the other types, it will be sufficient to give the species in the order of their representa- tion. It was found that the total num- ber of trees per acre one inch and over in diameter on the oak flats was 94; on the oak ridges, 65. Scarlet Oak forms half the growth on the oak flats, while the Red Oak and White Oak together form more than 60 per cent of the growth on the oak ridges. Next in point of numbers on both types are Aspen and Jack Pine. Other species are Norway Pine, Red Maple, White Pine, Pin Cherry, and Birch. With the exception of scattered White and Norway Pines, survivors from the original forests which were too small to cut at the time the pine was lumbered, the trees are young and small. The oaks are almost entirely sprouts. ‘They range from one to twelve inches in di- ameter. The average diameter of the Scarlet and of Red Oak one inch and over in diameter is only two inches, and of White Oak 2.3 inches. Many of the swamps have escaped burning. The total number-of trees one inch and over in diameter on the average acre of swamp land is 241. Four species, Tamarack, Cedar, Spruce, and Balsam, form over 80 per cent of the growth. Theswamps have been culled entirely of White Pine and partially of Cedar. The merchantable timber re- maining consists of a small amount of Cedar, Tamarack, and a very small stand of spruce pulp wood. Hardwood timber was but poorly represented in the original forest on the reserve. ‘The hardwood forests remain- ing near the reserve belong to private owners. ‘They have been culled of their pine timber, and often the Hem- lock and the more valuable hardwoods 1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 407 FIG, 2. GENERAL VIEW SHOWING CHARACTER OF LANDS IN THE MICHIGAN FOREST RESERVE. have been lumbered. It was found that Beech and Hard Maple together formed 80 per cent of the stand in the hardwood forests, and Hemlock 11 per cent. On cut-over hardwood lands, Pin Cherry holds the first place in the second growth for the time being, while the representation of Maple and Beech together is reduced to 28 per cent. Fig. 2 shows the character of the country included in the reserve, and gives a rough idea of the distribution of the types described. It was taken from the top of an oak ridge looking across an oak flat, pine plains, and scattered swamps to an oak ridge and hardwood land on the northern border of the re- serve. The effect of fires may be summarized as follows: the plains (Fig. 3) are more subject to fires than any other type. The deep sandy soil dries out quickly after a rain, and during adrouth, espe- cially before or after the growing season, the accumulation of vegetable material becomes very inflammable. Pine seed- lings germinate easily and in great num- bers on the warm sands, but are largely killed by fire. The Jack Pine, by virtue of its remarkably prolific seeding, its re- sistance to fire, and its ability to grow on the poorest soil, does more under pres- ent conditions to restock the plains than any other species. On sprout land, both on oak flats and oak ridges, the heavy fall of leaves and twigs affords abundant food for fire. The fierce fires which burned in the slashing left by lumbering, killed the oak which grew beneath the pines in the virgin forest. They sprouted freely from the roots, however, only to be killed back again by later fires. With repeated fires the growth becomes thin- ner and thinner and the sprouts more scrubby and stunted. Swamps burn over only in exception- ally dry times, but when fire does pene- trate a swamp it burns in the deep peat and is very destructive. The effect of repeated fires on the ground cover is to eliminate differences due to different soils, and to reduce the cover on all situations to a few plants which resist burning. Characteristic plants are sweet ferns, blueberries, sedges, and dry land grasses, golden- rod, aster, etc. On. the :tidges grass and weeds are shaded out and give way to stunted oak sprouts. Early lumbering left seed trees enough to reseed cut-over lands without the aid of planting, but the trees are rapidly disappearing before wind, fire, and theft. 408 Satisfactory reproduction starts again and again, but is always destroyed by fire. Recent lumbering has left no seed trees at all (Fig. 4). For purposes of comparison and to show what growth has been possible under partial protection from fire, meas- urements were made in some of the few scattered bunches of second-growth pine which have been accidentally sheltered from destructive fires. On seventeen acres of second growth, on moist, loamy sand, the average stand per acre one inch and over in diameter was 349 trees FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. October, (Fig.5). White Pine, 29 percent, aver- age diameter, 7.4 inches; Norway Pine, 28 percent, average diameter, 7.4 inches. Other trees were Red Maple, Beech, White Oak, Scarlet Oak, Birch, Hem- lock, Jack “Pine, and; Aspens) iiere were 652 White Pines per acre under one inch and 117 Norway Pines. The total merchantable scale per acre, of pine five inches and over in diameter, was 31.6 cords; the average age was 70 years. The stumpage value would be about $74 per acre if the timber oc- curred in quantity. - eS E: FIG. 3. SHOWING DESTRUCTION OF JACK PINE BY. FIRE. 409 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 1902. FIG. 4. COMPLETE DESTRUCTIO MBERING. ECENT LU GR FIRE FOLLOWIN N BY FIG. 5. SECOND-GROWTH WHITE AND NORWAY PINE, WITH MIXTURE OF YOUNG ER. HARDWOOD TIMB 410 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. October, SECOND-GROWTH NORWAY PINE POLES AND SEEDLINGS ; RESULT OF ACCIDENTAL PROTECTION FROM FIRE. On eight acres of second-growth Nor- way Pine on dry sand, the average stand per acre of trees one inch and over in diameter was 267 trees: Norway Pine, 77 per cent, average diameter 8 inches; White Pine, 9 per cent, average diame- ter, 10.8 inches. There were only 44 seedlings per acre, as recent fires had burned the ground nearly clean. The total merchantable scale per acre, of pine five inches and over in diameter, was 36.5 cords. Theaverage age was 80 years and the stumpage value would be $78 peracre. These figures give an act- ual measure per acre of the growth pos- sible under the unfavorable conditions now existing. They give no idea of the result which may be expected from sys- tematic forest management. With this brief review of the charac- ter of the forest covering and of the effect of fires upon it, I turn to the question of an organization for the practical man- agement of the Reserve. The success of forest management of these lands depends so entirely upon effective fire protection that the organi- zation should aim first of all to provide a competent fire service. ‘The agents of the Bureau of Forestry were strongly impressed with the feasibility of success- ful fire protection under a right organi- zation of the Forestry Commission’s own agents. Effective protection through the county or town organizations is utterly out of the question. While the organization and training of a fire service is of paramount impor- tance, it can be on simple and inex pen- sive lines. ‘he essential point will be the maintenance, during dangerous sea- sons, of a fire patrol and, as an indis- pensable aid to this patrol, the construc- tion of artificial fire lines to supplement natural fire lines. During the work in the summer of 1go1, localities where fires are par- ticularly liable to start were ascer- 1902. tained; natural fire lines, such as streams, lakes, and swamps which do not burn over, were located and con- nected by a simple system of artificial firelines. This system of fire lines, with other data, such as the location of danger points, lines of patrol, and vantage points for lookouts, were recorded on a fire-service map. The organization recommended is a superintendent (or forester) in charge of the Reserve, with fourassistants, to serve during the summer season. ‘The super- intendent should be empowered to hire extra help during the dangerous sea- sons of the early spring and autumn. The function of the force is not so much to fight fires as to prevent them. The cost of this organization would be about $3,000 a year, or five cents per acre. With consolidation and exten- sion of the Reserve the cost would be re- duced to less than one cent per acre. Under a competent organization com- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 411 plete protection against fire will be ab- solutely assured over considerable areas. Wherever protection is certain, planting would become perfectly feasible. Where planting is necessary these lands could be planted with pine at an average cost per acre of not more than eight dollars. This sum would cover the cost of rais- ing seedlings in seed-beds, transplanting to the nursery, and the final transplant- ing of the three-year-old seedlings at a distance of 6 x 6 feet. Thinning and tending are considered unnecessary. The investment at 3 per cent compound interest would amount to $35 per acre at the end of fifty years. The value of the product at the end of this period, roughly estimated at 4o cords per acre, would be $120, assuming a stumpage price of $3 per cord. This represents a net gain of $95 or $1.98 an acre per annum. ‘This estimate is for White Pine; the figures given are purposely conser- vative. MANAGEMENT OF MICHIGAN HARDWOOD FORESTS.* By WALTER C. WINCHESTER, Manager of the Foster-Winchester Lumber Company. N this paper I will endeavor to put before your association some of the reasons, as they appear to me, why the hardwood timberlands of Michigan are not lumbered so as to make it possible to harvest continuous crops of saw timber. There are two main reasons: First, the profit that can be realized at the present time in cutting the lands clean; second, the excessive taxation on tim- berlands makes it unprofitable to hold them for the time necessary to grow a second crop. Added to these reasons is the indifference to the public welfare by many holders of timberlands. The lumber manufacturer buying tim- ber at the present time naturally cannot be in sympathy with the movement for conservative lumbering under existing tax laws. It is simply a business prop- osition of whether he can make more money by cutting all the timber on the ground at once, and utilizing the small timber for cordwood, charcoal, etc., or whether he can make more money by holding the younger timber for a con- tinuous crop. A big start in the right direction can be made by procuring the enactment of laws that will encourage the cutting of mature timber only. As timber is ad- vancing rapidly in price timber-holders are ready to cooperate in any plan that will insure them a profit in future years. The price of hardwood and hemlock lands in Michigan have advanced very materially during the last ten years. Lands that could have been bought ten years ago at $5 to $7 per acre are now selling at $20 to $25, and even higher. Hemlock bark commands double the price it did three years ago. The lumberman, buying timber at these prices, is compelled to realize everything possible from the wood and by-products in order to make a profit. * Read at the summer meeting of the American Forestry Association. sun The up-to-date hardwood lumber plants are putting in charcoal kilns and chem- ical extractors. An example of how clean cutting is being carried on is shown at our plant at Slocum’s Grove, Muskegon county, where we have char- coal kilns that consume fifty-five cords of wood every twenty-four hours. We utilize the tops and limbs and all timber that will not make sawlogs, taking the limbs down as small as two inches in diameter ; the bark is peeled from all hemlock timber down to six inches. Hemlock timber as small as three or four inches in diameter can be sold at a profit for pulp-wood. All of the small wood, except Basswood and Hemlock, is used in making charcoal. We cut the small Basswood down to four inches in diameter for excelsior and heading bolts; the slabs and edgings from all the hard- wood timber, except Basswood, are used for charcoal. We make lath from the hemlock slabs and edgings, grinding the poorest and fine stuff into fuel for our boilers. Hem- lock slabs and edgings that are not suit- able for lath are manufactured into 16- inch wood for kindling, for which we find a ready market at a fair profit. Ferns, which are abundant, are picked and shipped to floristsin the largecities. Thus it may be seen that if a tract of timber is handled with the idea of clean cutting, it can be worked up so closely that there will be nothing left but brush piles. In cutting a cedar swamp the practi- cal lumberman takes out all the straight timber for telegraph poles, cutting the balance into ties and shingle bolts, as the timber may be best utilized. The small timber is cut into posts. . Slad’ a, eee FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION ts the official organ of the American Forestry Association and The National Irrigation Association. Subscription price $1.00 a year; single copies 10 cents. Copyright, 1902, by H. M. Suter. Entered at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., as second-class mail matter. Published Monthly at ATLANTIC BUILDING Washington, D. (‘ibb @Oova HHS) ‘9 UHAWHOAA GALVOIGHC Ha OL ‘IdAOH ‘NVASSV LV WVvd MIOAMHSHU AIIN AHL Forestry and Irrigation. N@e er: Var VEEL NOVEMBER, 1902. NEWS AND NOTES. Meetings. The twenty-first annual meeting of the Amer- ican Forestry Association will be held in Washington on Wednesday, Decem- ber 10. The election of officers, presen- tation of reports by the board of direct- ors and treasurer, and such other busi- ness as requires to come before the entire Association will be transacted. The second annual meeting of the Iowa Park and Forestry Association will be held at Des Moines, Iowa, December 8 and g. The forty-fifth annual meeting of the Missouri Horticultural Society will be held at Springfield, Mo., December 2-4. * The immense losses caused by forest fires in Oregon and Washing- ton during September, a detailed ac- count of which is printed elsewhere in this number, has aroused lumbermen and property-owners generally in the northwest to the seriousness of the fire question. Later reports show that the losses from these fires was much greater than was at first supposed. The trade press, so often silent in such matters for fear of disturbing business conditions, has taken up the fire ques- tion. Zhe Pacific Lumber Trade Journal for October contains a summary of the losses in the recent fire and calls for ac- tion by the people of Oregon and Wash- ington. This number also contains a number of replies to a circular letter sent out to representative lumbermen by the editor, Mr. Beckman, asking for suggestions for the prevention of fires. The following is an extract from Mr. Beckman’s letter: ‘“Suggestions of proper remedies have been numerous, some taking the To Prevent Forest Fires. position that there should be a patrol of timbered regions during the warm parts of the year, the timber owners to pay all the expenses of such a system, while others believe that the aid of the govern- ment should be sought. ‘The former seems to be possible, but it is quite likely that the government will do nothing ex- cept what will protect its own reserves. It is a question for the people of this state to settle, and that being the case we wish you to help us in starting a movement that may bring invaluable results. ‘“The impression prevails to some extent that the fires are started by ranch- ers, who in burning brush while clear- ing their land are not sufficiently careful to prevent the fires getting beyond their control ; but it must be remembered that some of the worst fires have originated in logging camps, and that all need to be careful. It is a question on which all should get together for the good of the states.’’ The Oregon Timberman has also taken up the matter, and in its October num- ber prints a number of letters on the fire question from prominent lumbermen. The Timberman concludes its leading editorial as follows : ‘“There is neither sense nor justice in attempting to disguise these self- apparent facts, and if the owners of timber lands and the people of Oregon and Washington in general will awaken to a realization of these dangers and pass remedial laws, the lesson learned by the rgo2 fires will not have been too dearly bought.’’ The trade press can do much to arouse the people to action on the fire question ; the example set by 7he Pacific Lumber Trade Journal and The Oregon Timber- 434 man is most commendable. ‘The ques- tion is not how éo extinguish forest fires, but how ¢o prevent them. * Mr. Alfred Gaskill, of the Bureau of Forestry, while traveling in Fin- land, found that the men who live in the woods during cold weather com- monly warm themselves at a unique fireplace, which has several advantages over the ordinary open camp-fire that we use. Itissimplya straight-grained log, twelve or more inches in diameter, split in half, with the two parts sepa- rated about four inches by blocks of wood or stones near theends. A fire of chips and small sticks is built within the cleft, which, gradually eating into the log itself, produces great heat. Mr. Gaskill, who furnished the photo from which the accompanying illustra- tion was made, tried this fireplace in camp last summer and found that it worked admirably in front of a tent on acold, wetday. After the log was well heated by as large a fire as the cleft would hold, a few dry sticks added now and then were enough to keep the fire alive and thoroughly warm the tent. The device requires little fuel, is in- finitely less likely to set the woods on fire than a fire built upon the ground, and will keep going in the rain.- Of course, when the wind is contrary, the dweller must choose between the cold and more smoke than is pleasant. In the open, or where the face of a camp can be shifted, it is like a fire built upon the ground. A Practical Fireplace * In Favor of The following resolution Forestry and passed by the National Irrigation. Association of Agricult- ural Implement and Ve- hicle Manufacturers at their Ninth An- nual Convention at Minneapolis, Minn., in October, shows the attitude of this prominent organization toward theques- tions of forestry and irrigation and The National Irrigation Association : ‘“We reiterate the recommendation of the resolutions passed at our last con- vention at Kansas City, urging every member of this association to be mem- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. November, bers of The National Irrigation Associa- tion, and we further urge that each and all of our members should do whatever is practicable to enlarge the member- ship of The National Irrigation Asso- ciation, and in every way possible aid the work of that association in main- taining an active and correct public sen- timent as to forestry and irrigation, and organizing the friends of the national irrigation movement so that their in- fluence may be united and therefore effectual.’’ * The following extract from a letter from Mr. G. H. Matthes, Grand Junction, Colo, contains some interesting information on the value of irrigated lands in that region : ‘‘Inquiry into the normal size of ranches in this valley brings forth the interesting fact that a 1o-acre lot in or- chard is all that one man can attend to. This statement I have heard repeated on all sides, and it is next to proverbial in this valley. Not only is a ro-acre ranch sufficient to sustain one family ; it is in reality more than sufficient. There are many 5-acre ranches in orchard that sustain single families. From what I can gather, the ideal ranch in this valley consists of ro acres in alfalfa and 10 in orchard. ‘The care of 20 acres so dis- posed of keeps one man hustling. I find that the ranches of the wealthy fruit-growers on ‘‘ Fruit Ridge,’’ people that have made their money in fruit- growing, range from Io acres to 40 acres, the greater number being in the neigh- borhood of 20-acre tracts of the best orchard land, and worth up to $1,000 per acre. A single acre was sold for this price last year on ‘‘ Fruit Ridge,’’ and is said to have netted its owner $1,400 the same season. ‘‘T find that the low duty of water in this valley—that is, one-half inch toan acre, or about 80 acres to a cubic foot— has an intimate relation to the size of the ranches. Where a man has to irri- gate a few acres with a small stream of a certain nominal number of inches, it it not only slow but laborious to get the entire area properly irrigated. As fre- Irrigation in Grand River Valley. 1g02. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 435 A PRACTICAT, quently heard stated, it is difficult to handle a stream of less than ro inches to any advantage. This difficulty has led to ‘‘rotation.’’ For instance, one ranchman will irrigate one day with 1o inches (where ro inches is all he is en- titled to), using 10 inches from his neigh- bor, and the next day his neighbor will do the same thing, and thus even the amount. In other words, the rotation plan, which is generally conceded to be the most economical, is gradually being adopted more as a matter of conveni- ence than for economy’s sake.’’ & Notes About Miles P. Isenberg, of Forest Reserve Hood River, Oregon, Officers. has been appointed su- pervisor of the northern half of the Cascade Reserve in Oregon. S. B. Ormsby, stiperintendent of the forest reserves of Oregon, has left the service. Mr. Ormsby was appointed in 1898, and was one of the first for- est reserve officers to enter the service. FIREPLACE. Mr. Grenville Allen has been ap- pointed supervisor of the Mount Rainier Forest Reserve in Washington. Mr. Allen is a long-time resident of Wash- ington, a graduate of Yale (engineer- ing), and son of Professor Allen, the distinguished chemist. Mr. Allen en- tered the service last spring as a ranger of Class I (assistant and supervisor), and was promoted at the request of Superintendent D. B. Sheller. S. W. Blakesley, supervisor of the Yellowstone Reserve, in Wyoming, has resigned. His place has been taken by W. Hz, Pearce, of Big Piney. Captain Seth Bullock, supervisor of the Black Hills Forest Reserve, is mak- ing every effort to fight the bark beetle pest, which has spread steadily for over ten years, and has now reached a point where it threatens the entire Black Hills forest. Ina circular to owners of pat- ented lands, claims, etc., Mr. Bullock clearly sets forth the necessity of fight- ing this common enemy, gives direc- tions, and offers assistance in distin- 436 guishing and marking the infested tim- ber. C. M. Day has been appointed super- visor of the northern half of the Bitter Root Forest Reserve, in Idaho. x The people of north- western Texas are be- ginning to realize the importance of forest- tree planting. At the request of the Fort Worth and Denver City Railway Company, an agent of the Bureau of Forestry recently made a trip from Fort Worth to Texline with a view of secur- ing the cooperation of farmers along its line in forest-tree planting. Mr. George L. Clothier was detailed by the Bureau of Forestry to cooperate with the rail- road in encouraging planting in that section. As aresult of his work six- teen planting plans have already been made for property-owners there. In- structions regarding planting were given to about twenty-five others who expect to plant extensively in the near future. No section of the United States is more in need of forest trees than north- western Texas, for the high prairies of this region are exposed to the prevalent south winds, which are frequently very hotanddry. ‘The rainfall, which would be ample in a cooler climate, is rapidly dissipated by evaporation ; agriculture is thus exposed to severe injury by cli- matic conditions. The winds in ex- posed situations have the power to take up by means of evaporation more than six feet of water during the year. This great demand for moisture would con- sume one and a half times the rainfall of humid New England. Experiments have shown that the reduction of the velocity of the wind from 25 miles per hour to zero, reduces its power of evapo- ration to one-sixth. In other words, if the average velocity of the wind at the surfaceof the ground for one year should be found to be 25 miles per hour and the evaporation for the same period should be found to be 72 inches. a reduction of the velocity of the wind at the same place to a dead calm would result in a re- duction of the evaporation to 12 inches. The importance of forest belts for Tree Planting in Northwestern Texas. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. November, wind breaks in an arid or semi-arid country can scarcely be overestimated. The great question which concerns the welfare of Texas farmers is the conser- vation of the natural rainfall of the region. ‘The records of the Weather Bureau for the past ten years show an average annual rainfall of 21.55 inches at Amarillo. Large areas in Russia famous for the production of wheat have less than 15 inches annual rainfall, and the celebrated Red River Valley of the North receives only about 20 inches. Western Texas receives sufficient rain- fall for the growth of ordinary agricul- tural crops if all of it could be utilized. The planting of trees will be one of the influences that will very materially as- sist in the much-needed conservation of the moisture. From the information derived by an agent of the Bureau of Forestry it is safe to say that there is quite a list of forest trees that may be grown successfully along the line of the Fort Worth and Denver City Railway. As far west as Clarendon, the Black Walnut and Pecan may be planted with fair prospects of success. ‘The Black Locust will thrive from Fort Worth to Texline, while the Russian Mulberry, Osage Orange, and Red Cedar can be grown from Fort Worth to Amarillo. Where moisture is abundant the Cottonwood can be grown successfully throughout this region. Other good trees for the locality are White Elm, Hackberry, and Honey Locust. & Hartford An interesting piece of Takes up forest work has been Forestry. begun on the water- shed of the city of Hart- ford, Conn., under the direction of Mr. Henry S. Graves. The watershed is owned by the city, and covers an area of over two thousand acres. During the past summer Mr. Graves prepared a de- tailed working plan, which is now being put into execution. The plan includes the necessary thinnings in the forest, which covers about one thousand acres, and the planting of over six hundred acres of open fields and pasture land. A resident forest ranger, Mr. Ll. E. Lo) Hest ‘ae 5 5 8 best D 8 ° zi q dest ie st Z iz! x A > ez! 5 4 > od _ v2) Ww _ QO - lz! _ fe) Z @) 2) Z oO 2 D > Bb io) fe) ” Oy re) vel > Uv fe) D a) vy») Lan! 4 oO wD a es 2) w td | g ‘sSutids opeio[op ‘1apuexely “H “H Aq oJOUd 438 Goodrich, is employed by the water board, who has immediate executive charge of all the work. About fifty acres will be planted the first year, and about one hundred acres of woodland will be thinned for improvement. This is an excellent opportunity to dem- onstrate practical forestry in all its phases. Forest work of the same nature is be- ing conducted by the Bureau of Forestry on the watershed of the city of Woon- socket, R. I., and that of the Metropol- itan Water Board at Clinton, Mass. & The United States Geo- logical Survey, in its investigations of the water resources of the country, has been making recent studies of the water powers and water resources of the central western states. Great interest is being shown in the development of water power upon the streams in these states. Many years ago a number of large powers were developed there, and manufacturing cities of considerable size have since grown up about them. The great power on the Mississippi at Minneapo- lis is one of the best examples, being utilized for flour mills, the generation of electricity, and for various kinds of manufacturing. There yet remain a number of falls which may be utilized on the Wisconsin River, on the Missis- sippi River and its tributaries above St. Paul, on the Forks River in Wisconsin, and on several of the larger streams of Michigan. ‘The value to a community of sucha natural source cannot be over- estimated. Recently the great development at Sault Ste. Marie has been completed and water turned into a canal. Duluth is also looking forward to the utilization of part of the water power upon the St. Louis River, where the plans now completed show a fall of over 700 feet and a power reaching a capacity of 100,000-horse power. This would make Duluth not only a great shipping point, but probably the center of flour-milling and other forms of manufacturing which require large amounts of power. Water Power in the Central West. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. November, The wheat from Minnesota and Dakota would be stopped at Duluth long enough to be ground into flour and then for- warded to the east by way of the Great Lakes. Excepting for the large power at Minneapolis, the market is greater than the supply, and plans are now in con- templation looking to the development of electricity upon the St. Clair River in Minnesota, to be used for electric lighting and electric car service. There are many other points in this region where power is now being wasted, but with the concentration of capital the larger power possibilities are being de- veloped to the great benefit of the northern central states. * Survey of Forest An important work in Reserves. the survey and inves- tigation of the govern- ment forest reserves by the United States. Geological Survey is this season in pro- gress under Mr. Henry Gannett, geog- rapher. It consists in the extension of topographic surveys, including triangu- lation and spirit-leveling of the reserves, for the construction of maps, and also. in the botanic and economic examination of the forests to determine the amount and variety of standing timber, the dam- age done by forest fires, and other ex- isting conditions of the reserves. Work this season has been directed particularly to the reserves in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. In Arizona the examination which was commenced last year and carried over the northern section of the San Francisco Mountains Forest Reserve is. being continued to cover its southern portion. A like examination is being carried on in the Black Mesa Reserve of Arizona. In’. New Mexico the Gila River Re- serve is being examined and surveyed, as is also the Uintah Reserve in Utah. In the last-named state investigations are being extended to the area of the proposed forest reserve in the Wasatch and adjacent ranges, with special refer- ence to the needs of the agriculturist and the protection of the water supply of the streams flowing from the region 1902. for the irrigation of lands in the valley floors. Assistants to the geographer in charge are Messrs. F. G. Plummer, Arthur Dod- well, Theodore F. Rixon, and H. B. Ayres. & Forest Work ‘The Bureau of Forestry in Texas has sent a party of for- esters and student assist- ants to Kirbyville, Texas, to make a working plan for the management of a million and a quarter acres of longleaf pine lands owned by the Kirby Lumber Company. The party will be divided into four camps. One permanent camp will be established at Kirbyville; the three other camps will move from place to place, wherever the work takes them. Each camp will be in charge of an ex- pert forester. The entire work will be directed by Field Assistant Thomas H. Sherrard. Dr. A. D. Hopkins, of the Division of Entomology, U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, will make, in co- Operation with the Bureau of Forestry, a special study of insects found on the Kirby Lumber Company’s timberlands. The present undertaking is begun in response to the request of the Kirby Lumber Company that its timberlands be put under such management that they will yield a steady supply for its lumber mills. The working plan will be the most extensive of any yet made in this country for a lumber company, and the work will require the services of about 40 men for six months. & Wood-Eating It is of interest to note Ants. that ant eggs are a com- mercial product for sale on the market in dried form at all times of the year. These eggs are imported from Africa, where they are found in large quantities in the huge anthills, which are quite common in that country. The ant that lays these eggs is not a true ant, but a termite—a class of in- sects which feed on wood to such extent that they do great damage to buildings in tropical countries. The accompanying illustration shows a termite’s nest on the end of a fence FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 439 TERMITE’S NEST ON A FENCE POST IN CUBA. post in Cuba. These eggs are sold in dry form and are used as food for young pheasants, and are worth about fifty cents a pound. They are scalded until they swell to their natural size, and then mixed with meat scrap and corn meal and fed to young birds of the pheasant type. An Old Cedar. In a letter to Science, Dr. Charles E. Bessey, of the University of Ne- braska, states that in the Garden of the Gods, near Pike’s Peak, Colorado, there are many large specimens of the Brown Cedar, Juniperus monosperma (Engelm. ) Sargent. During a recent visit to that place it occurred to Dr. Bessey that these trees must be very old. He was fortun- ate enough to find the stump of a re- cently cut tree. on which it was easy to distinguish the annual growth-rings. These were counted for a section of the trunk, care being taken to select a por- tion in which the rings were of aver- age thickness, and on this basis the number for the whole stump was calcu- lated. In this way it was found that 440 this particular tree was between eight hundred and one thousand years old. In other words, this tree was a seed- ling some time between the years 900 and 1100 Ae 1D} Bd A Unique So- Theemployés of Thomas ciety. Meehan & Sons, the well-known nurserymen of Dreshertown, Pa., who for some time have been studying botany at the nur- sery office, have formally organized a horticultural society. A constitution and by-laws were drawn up and adopted. The society will be known as the Thomas Meehan Horticultural Society, so named in honor of the late Thomas Meehan. ‘The officers are: Robert B. Cridland, president ; Ernest Hemming, vice-president, and S. Newman Baxter, secretary and treasurer. & For Irrigation Investigations by the in Northern United States Geolog- Wyoming. ical Survey are now in progress in northern Wyoming with a view to extending the use of the available water supply in that portion of the state. Jeremiah Ahern, an engineer of the Geological Survey, is in charge of the work. Particular attention is directed to the eastern slope of the Bighorn Mountains, where im- portant storage problems on the head- waters of the Sulphur, Powder, and Tongue Rivers await solution. These streams, after leaving the mountains, flow through fertile bench and valley lands which, with proper ir- rigation, would be valuable for agri- cultural development. The rainfall of the region is light during the time water is needed for irrigation, but the winter snows on the mountain slopes are un- usually heavy and furnish large quan- tities of water to the streams. The source of supply at present is an ex- tremely unsatisfactory one, forthe warm rains of spring melt the snow rapidly and produce disastrous floods, in which large quantities of water pass through the streams unused. There are, however, a number of lakes in the region favorably situated to be used for storage. One of these FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. November, is Lake de Smet, whose water surface is said to be 30 feet below the lowest part of its rim. In this lake it is pro- posed to store part of the headwaters of the Powder River, thus saving a large body of water for irrigation which is now entirely wasted. Mr. Ahern has been engaged during the present summer in gaging the flow of the streams on the eastern slope of the Bighorn Mountains and investigat- ing the possibilities and probable cost of water storage in the region. * Soil Investiga- The Bureau of Soils of tions. the U. S. Department of Agriculture is doing valuable work, under the direction of its chief, Mr. Milton Whitney, in alkali investigations, and particularly where the alkali problem is complicated by irrigation, where the introduction of water brings the alkaline salts to the surface. In northern Africa, and par- ticularly in Algiers and Egypt, condi- tions exist which are so analogous as to be almost identical with those which affect Arizona, New Mexico, and south- eastern California. To a great extent difficulties which attend the irrigation of alkaline areas have been overcome in Egypt, and it was to investigate Egyptian methods that the Bureau of Soils sent Mr. Thos. Hi Means, in-charge of they Wmnited States Soils Surveys, on an extended tour through southern France, Algeria, portions of the Sahara, and Egypt. He is peculiarly fitted to the task he had in hand, owing to his investigations of the alkali problem and its connection with irrigation in the southwestern part of the United States At the same time, and accompanying Mr. Means, the department sent Mr. Thos. H. Kearny, botanist, of the Bu- reau of Plant Industry, to investigate alkali resistant growths. They sailed from New York July 1, of this year, and Mr. Means has just returned to Wash- ington. He made, in addition to soil investiga- tions, acareful study of irrigation works in all the countries visited. Egypt, he says, is now one of the most prosperous 1902. agricultural countries in the world, with crops superior to any raised elsewhere. This is mainly due to the magnificent and untiring efforts of the English engi- neers in charge of irrigation and similar work. Probably the most important of these irrigation works is the Nile Reservoir Dam at Assudan, at the first cataract of the Nile. This is the largest dam of its kind in the world, being 1% miles long. It impounds the water at the period of high tide and stores it for the period of low water. Itisasluice dam, as shown in the frontispiece of this is- sue, which is made from an official Egyptian government photograph, fur- nished by Mr. Means. An interesting fact concerning its construction is that it is 35 feet lower than its intended height, though the foundations have been made to support the additional masonry should it ever be constructed. This decreases the dam’s capacity just one-half ; the reason exists in the tem- ple of Philz on an island up stream, which would be submerged if the dam were carried to its planned height. As this temple is one of the most interest- ing and best preserved in the country, its complete annual submersion was not One engirieer wanted to be tolerated. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 441 to build the island, temple and all, to the required height, while another sug- gested carrying it away bodily to some other place. As it is, the dam remains one-half as useful as it might be if it were not for the temple. As it stands now, the dam has a capacity of 35,000,- 000,000 cubic feet of water, held at a height of 48 feet above the zero of the Assuan gage. The water impounded will suffice for the irrigation of 300,000 acres of cotton and sugar cane, and will be worth $50,000,000 to the country. The dam, completed to its full height, will cost about $8,750,000, and doubling its present capacity this will mean $125,- 000 for 1,000,000,000 cubic feet of water, or, allowing for evaporation, $150,000 per 1,000,000 cubic feet. On December 8 this dam will be dedi- cated with considerable ceremony, in the presence of the invited representa- tives of many nations. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION will present a full account of the dam and its value in a subsequent issue, the article being one of a series which Mr. Means will write for this magazine on the irrigation works of the countries he visited, with reference to their significance and applicability to similar conditions in the United States. ROW OF HARDY CATALPA TREES ON THE GROUNDS OF MR. GEO. A. ROOT, TOPEKA, KANSAS. TREES EIGHTEEN YEARS OLD, HEIGHT 30 FEET, AND DIAMETER TWO FEET FROM THE GROUND 10 INCHES. PHOTO REPRODUCED THROUGH COURTESY OF MR. GEO. W. TINCHER. 442 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. November, HON. ETHAN ALLEN HITCHCOCK, SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. N February, 1899, Mr. Hitchcock entered upon the duties of Secretary of the Interior, becoming a member of President McKinley’s Cabinet. In this position he has given personal attention to matters of forestry and irrigation, one of the duties of his office being the care and protection of the forest reserves. The passage of the Reclamation Act of June 17, 1902, puts at his disposal the control of the reclamation fund, now amounting to over $8,000,000, Upon him is dependent the inauguration of a new system, which, if wisely administered, means a rapid progress in the development of the arid region and indirectly of the whole United States. Ethan Allen Hitchcock, Secretary of the Interior since February 20, 1899, was born at Mobile, Ala., September 19, 1835. He attended private schools at Nashville, Tenn., and completed his course at a military academy in New Haven, Conn., in 1855. Mr. Hitchcock settled in St. Louis, and engaged in the mercantile business until 1860, when he went to China to enter the commercial house of Olyphant & Co., of which firm he became a partner in 1866. He retired from business in 1872, and spent two years in Europe. He returned to the United States in 1874, and was engaged as president of several manufacturing, mining, and railway companies until 1897, when he became United States Minister to Russia, and in 1898 was appointed an ambassador. 1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 443 HON, CHARLES D, WALCOTT, DIRECTOR OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. k. WALCOTT, as Director of the Geological Survey, has had charge of the mapping of the United States and the study of its resources. Among other duties, there has been entrusted to him the examination of the extent to which the arid lands can be re- claimed : the measurement of streams, the surveys of reservoir sites, and the obtaining of all data leading to the construction of irrigation works. Under the new reclamation law, the Secretary of the Interior has been designated as the responsible officer in charge of this great work, and he in turn has authorized the Director of the Geological Survey to proceed with the work, since in many respects this is a continuation of the investigations carried on through many years. Mr. Walcott’s wide acquaintance with the West and his personal knowledge of the conditions existing there, together with his experience in directing a large organization, render him particularly well fitted for the conduct of this important work. Mr. Walcott was born at New York Mills, N. Y., on March 31, 1850. He was educated at the public schools in Utica, N. Y., and early showed a predilection for nature-study, particu- larly geology. He became an assistant in the New York State Survey in 1876 ; he was appointed an assistant geologist in the U. S. Geological Survey in 1879, the Cambrian rocks and faunas of the United States being his especial subjects of inquiry. He presented his Cambrian re- searches before the International Geological Congress in London in 1888. Since 1894 Mr. Walcott has been Director of the U. S. Geological Survey. He was the Honorable Curator of the Department of Paleontology from 1892 to 1897, and since 1898 ; from January, 1897, to July, 1898, he was at the head of the National Museum, with the title of Acting Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution ; he is also a member of the National Academy of Sciences and various other scientific bodies, and Secretary of the Carnegie Institution of Washington. RECLAMATION OF THE SARID,_ RE GIGI: THE RIGHT FUTURE POLICY OF THE STATE AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS, BING GEORGE HEBARD MAXWELL, EXECUTIVE CHAIRMAN OF THE NATIONAL IRRIGATION ASSOCIATION. HE people of this whole country, and especially the western half of the United States, are thoroughly aroused to the gigantic possibilities of national benefit which would flow from the reclamation and settlement of the arid region under a national irrigation policy. But there are comparatively few who realize that many things must yet be done to accomplish that result. The national irrigation act merely brought us to the threshhold of the problem. It opened the door just far enough to see the vast benefits that lie beyond if we can get the door thrown wide open, so that the people of this generation may enter and enjcy them. Mere appropriations from Congress will not solve the question, no matter how large they may be. We must not only get larger appropriations, but we must put down a foundation of public senti- ment on which to build, which will in- sure an enduring structure. In the first place the commercial and manufacturing interests of the country, who will benefit just in proportion as the whole people benefit, and who have no local or personal selfish interests to subserve, must be permanently organ- ized throughout the whole United States to carry ona great educational propa- ganda to awaken the people toa con- tinuing realization of the vast impor- tance of this problem, and to maintain an active and right public sentiment with reference to every phase of it. THE NATIONAL IRRIGATION ASSOCIA- TION. The National Irrigation Association has now a membership of over two thousand of the leading merchants and manufacturers of the United States. That membership must be increased to not less than twenty thousand. Every commercial and manufacturing associa- tion, local or national, must be affiliated with The National Irrigation Associa- tion; as so many of them are now affli- ated. Hach and all of them must have an authorized representative as a mem- ber of the National Advisory Council of The National Irrigation Association. The educational propaganda which The National Irrigation Association has been carrying on for the last three years, and which has changed the public senti- ment of the east from opposition toa generally favorable sentiment, must be enlarged tenfold and carried into the west as well as into the east. The peo- ple of the west must become familiar with the correct solution of every phase of the irrigation problem. Every citizen interested in irrigation development, from the irrigator to the merchant with whom he deals, must be united to work to a common end along right lines. OBSTACLES TO BE OVERCOME. We have had to contend against wrong theories emanating from the west from the beginning of this move- ment. We have fought our way over them, one at a time, inch by inch and step by step, until we have finally over- come most of them. First, we had to defeat State Cession ; then we had to de- feat the State Leasing Bill ; then we had to defeat the State Engineer’s Bill. All of these turned the control of the rec- lamation of Uncle Sam’s farm over to the state politicians. All of these meas- ures were either advocated or approved at one time or another by Elwood Mead, *Address delivered before the Executive Committee of the Omaha Commercial Club, October 14, 1902. (444) 1902. the irrigation expert in charge of the irrigation investigations of the office of experiment stations of the Department of Agriculture. But the ghost of State Control, like that of Banquo, will not down. Mr. Mead, ever since he has held that office, has used the influence which it gives him to try and induce the adoption in every western state of a code of water laws providing for an administrative system similar to that of Wyoming, where the water is distributed by a corps of state ditch tenders appointed by state officials. Such a system as this is the very thing that should not be created where it does not already exist. It puts the control of the distribution of the waters of a state in the hands of a great political irrigation machine controlled by state politicians, and raises innumerable pos- sibilities of complications between the state and national governments in carry- ing into actual operation the National Irrigation Act. HOME RULE IN IRRIGATION. What is wanted is the exact contrary of this theory of a centralized political state control of irrigation. ‘‘ Home rule in irrigation’’ should be the slogan of the irrigators of the west from thistime on. The individual irrigator should manage the distribution of the water from his own ditch on his own farm. ‘The land-owners under each canal system, large or small, should manage itsown affairs in practically the same way, distributing the water from the canal to the farmers who are entitled to it. Where more than one canal sys- tem takes water from a single stream, they should all be organized together into one association to manage their mutual interests and divide the water among themselves. If public officers are necessary, each drainage basin should be organized sep- arately into an administrative district having power to elect its own water comniissioners and ditch tenders. No such officers should be appointed and put over any irrigated community by any governor or any state board of any FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 445 kind, and no such administrative dis- trict should be organized unless it is done voluntarily by the irrigators them- selves on their own initiative and vote. If this plan be followed, every drain- age basin, every irrigated community, every canalsystem, and the whole body of irrigators on any stream controls its or their own affairs. ‘They can then deal with the national government as a unit to secure the construction by it of either reservoirs or canals ; they can guaran- tee the government the return of its in- vestment ; they can adopt any rules and regulations desired or approved by the Secretary of the Interior, and all this can be done without any necessity for a complicated code of state laws. No man can tell in advance what stat- utes may be needed. If we are let alone, then, as communities are created or plans made for building new systems, either by governmental or private enter- prise, statutes can be enacted when nec- essary to meet the local needs as they arise. ‘The development of the laws of irrigation in every state must be a grad- ual evolution, following rather than pre- ceding the practical experiences of the irrigators themselves. The first task before us is to overcome this movement, which has now attained too much headway, in favor of the adop- tion of these complicated codes of water laws in every state. We do not want them. They would complicate and re- tard beyond calculation the operations under the national irrigation act. WHAT STATES SHOULD DO. There are things that the states ought to do, but those things are not the adop- tion of complicated codes of water laws. The states should establish a few simple fundamental principles by constitutional amendment and judicial decision. It cannot be done by statutory enactment. Every state should adopt a constitu- tional amendment to the effect that the right to the use of water for irrigation vests in the user and becomes appurte- nant to the land irrigated, and that ben- eficial use is the basis, the measure, and the limit of all rights to water. In every state, in addition to this con- 446 stitutional amendment, decisions should be had in the supreme court of the state establishing this to be the law, and also establishing the doctrine that this same rule of beneficial use applies to the rights of a riparian owner as well as to the right of an appropriator. It is the law of our entire arid region, when correctly interpreted, and should be clearly so de- clared by our courts, that a riparian ower cannot prevent by injunction a diversion from the stream above him, unless it interferes with some beneficial use of the water then being made by the riparian owner. It should also be established by our courts clearly and beyond question that the right of a riparian owner to use water to irrigate land to produce crops, as we understand the meaning of the term ir- rigation in the arid region, is not a com- mon-law right, but one growing out of the necessities of this arid country, and that the riparian owner’s right to the use of water for irrigation arises from ne- cessity and is based on and limited by use. It is not perfected until the water has been actually used, and therefore if an appropriator perfects a right by use on the stream below the riparian owner before the riparian owner uses the water, the right of the lower appropriator be- comes a vested right which the upper ri- parian owner must respect, and the ri- parian owner cannot afterward take the water away from the lower prior appro- priator. These are matters which must be ad- judicated by our courts, who have juris- diction to determine not only what the rights of riparian owners now are, but to find what they have been in the past. If these rights are thus limited by judi- cial decision, the decision is not an in- terference with any vested right. Itis merely a determination of what that right is and has been and fixes its limitations. COOPERATIVE CANAL COMPANIES. Every one planning the organization of a canal should be shown that water- right companies have been the grave- yard of millions of dollars invested in them, while cooperative canal com- panies have been almost uniformly suc- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. November, cessful. In organizing irrigation com- panies, promoters should sell stock and not water rights, putting their profit on the price of the stock. Then when the investors have got back their money and their profits, the ownership of the sys- tem goes to the land-owners, who should control and operate it for their common benefit. Not another water-right com- pany should ever be organized, and all now existing should as rapidly as pos- sible be transformed into land-owners’ companies. AN EDUCATIONAL CAMPAIGN. To make all these matters generally known and understood requires a great and persistent educational campaign. It can only be carried on by an organiza- tion like The National Irrigation Associ- ation, having a fixed policy and a per- manent membership and an adequate fund for conducting the campaign by public lectures and the distribution of printed matter and information through the press. This cannot be done by an organization like the National Irriga- tion Congress, which is a mere forum for discussion, having no policy what- ever about anything. The work that has been done in the last three years to convert the east through our- educational campaign has been done by The National Irrigation Association—not by the Irrigation Con- gress—and this association will continue its work. ‘The association now has a national membership which is steadily growing, and it should never in the fu- ture be confused with the Irrigation Con- gress, which is a distinct and separate organization—mierely an annual conven- tion for the discussion of irrigation topics and the passage of resolutions, which may advocate one policy one year and another and different policy the next year. The National Irrigation Association must continue its educational work in the east until eastern public sentiment will favor the appropriation of just as much money as is necessary in every state to build projects which have been surveyed and approved by the Secretary of the Interior. ‘The arid lands should 1902. be reclaimed just as fast as settlers will take the land and pay back to the gov- ernment the cost of the irrigation works built for their reclamation. This and the merit of each project, and nothing else, should be the test of whether any given project should be built. Unless we can establish this broad policy as the policy of the national government, the result will be that at the end of a couple of years the western states will inevita- bly be fighting among themselves for the small sum of $2,000,000 or $3,000,000 a year, which is all that will be available: under the present act. In the next two years there will be about $10,000,000 available for con- struction, because we started witha fund of nearly $6,000,000 when the bill was passed. This fund of $10,000,000 is as much as can be wisely expended during the next two or three years. It will be enough to build a few great reservoirs and main-line canals as object lessons to prove the truth of our claims to the eastern people of what can be accomplished by national irrigation. It is not material where these projects may be located. Our association will back up the Interior Department in any selec- tion they may make. But the people FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 447 of any section of the west who unite their forces can do much to promote the construction of any particular project if it possesses every merit and promise of success. I would utge the organization of a section of The National Irrigation Asso- ciation in every city and town in the west to study and to teach the true principles of this whole irrigation prop- aganda. It is not limited to governmental con- struction. It covers the whole field of private irrigation enterprise ; of the or- ganization of water companies ; of the betterment of our laws of water along right lines; of artesian development and of pumping for irrigation from every underground source. And last, but not least, it takes in the whole field of forestry. The bleak plains of western Nebraska should be dotted with forest groves planted by Uncle Sam. Every farmer should be induced to plant trees, and then to plant moretrees The children in your schools should be taught to love the trees and to preserve those we have, and plant more every year, until the whole State of Nebraska is dotted all over with groves of beautiful trees. iE MESOUITH: A oDibsmk T sil DY. A DESCRIPTION OF THE HABITS AND USES OF A VALUABLE TREE OF THE SOUTHWEST. BING Si, HOLSINEER, GENERAL LAND OFFICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. NE of the most perplexful ques- tions in Arizona is the proper classification of the Mesquite, Prosopis juliflora. The Supreme Court of the Territory in 1897 decided that this hardy pioneer of the desert was not ‘‘ timber,’’ in the meaning of the United States Statutes, and was not entitled to the protection afforded by the public timber laws. Some of the judges went so far as to declare that this tree was not a tree at all, but a recumbent shrub. From this one judge dissented. Not satisfied with this decision, the Commissioner of the General Land Office directed that a test case be prepared, and if necessary an appeal be carried to the United States Supreme Court. However, the terri- torial courts modified the former de- cision, holding that the question as to whether Mesquite was timber was one 448 of fact and not of law, and a proper subject for a jury to pass upon in each particular case. Not only have the doctors of law dis- agreed, but even the professional botan- ists have become bewildered and have attempted to estrange the members of this interesting family into two species, making no concessions for, as I believe, the multiform varieties of growth, due to difference of environment. Professor Wooten has classified this plant as Prosopis juliflora and Prosopis velutina, the latter being an arboreal form of the Mesquite. This classifica- tion may be necessary, but it seems to me there is only one variety, and that the difference mentioned is due entirely to locality, soil, wind, and various other conditions, and not to difference in the organic species. There is unquestionably a tendency among botanists to carry classification too far—so far, in fact, that if a distinc- tion does exist, only a study of the plant by an expert can detect the dis- similarity. These controversies have been enough to discourage a less tenacious and per- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. November, sistent representative of the vegetable kingdom; but the Mesquite has contin- ued to flourish despite drouth, failure of appropriation for irrigation, and in the face of adverse judicial decisions. On the Colorado it has attained a height of 35 feet, 35 feet on the Verde, and in some instances 65 feet on the Santa Cruz River near Tucson, Arizona, with many other instances of similar growth throughout Arizona and New Mexico. It also continues to receive due recog- nition as the principal fuel of the terri- tory, notwithstanding the ban placed upon it, and gives warmth alike to the just and the unjust. Under the most favorable conditions, which are found on the higher well- drained bottom lands, it attains a large size, ranging from 18 to 30 inches in diameter. Under such conditions it ac- cumulates in its wide-spreading branches large quantities of fuel timber, ranging from a few hundred to as many as 1,000 cubic feet. As an economic plant the Mesquite has not received general recognition be- yond fuel and for fencing, although it also enters largely into the construction MATURE MESQUITE TREE ON VERDE RIVER, MARICOPA COUNTY, ARIZONA. 1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 449 SHEEP FEEDING ON MESQUITE BEANS. of native houses. Almost all of the Spanish residents of Arizona and New Mexico have used Mesquite in their buildings. It is also used by the In- dians in the construction of their te- pees, hogans, huts, and lodges, or wher- ever it can be obtained. The wood has a close, hard grain, and a specific gravity greater than oak. It weighs 3,000 pounds to the cord, and one cord is equal to something over one ton of coal. The heart wood has a deep, rich brown color, similar to walnut but brighter. It admits ofa fine polish and would make beautiful veneering. The sap wood is white, with a tinge of yellow when seasoned. As an ornamental or shade tree, the Mesquite has been neglected, possibly be- cause it isa slow grower and also because it is difficult to transplant. Naturally it isa handsome tree. In form it is not unlike a fruit tree, especially the large and prolific growing varieties of the apple. The mesquite groves on the river bottoms often closely resemble the old apple orchards of New York. The branches are strong, yet supple and yielding; the heavy foliage of pinnated, decompound leaves are moved by the slightest breeze. The natives believe that there is something about the mes- quite leaf which coolsthe atmosphere,and they speak of the ‘‘ cool shade’’ of that tree as a distinctive and marked charac- teristic. This hallucination is due to the structure of the leaf. The leaflets are suspended upon a small stem, allowing them to turn with the slightest move- ment oftheatmosphere. The flexibility of the branches, with the form of the leaf described, permits the easy passage of the breeze through the heavy foliage and yet does not destroy the shade; hence ‘“the cool shade of the mesquite tree.’’ The plant is very tenacious when grown from the seed. It sends down long, slender rope-like roots, which penetrate the earth to great depths, in consequence of which it is able to flourish when there is no moisture on the surface. It also has the quality of adapting itself to a wide range of con- ditions of climate and soil. From this fact has originated a popular belief that there are many different varieties of Mesquite. If the seed falls in deep, rich soil, with abundant moisture within 450 10 to 30 feet of the surface, it grows to large size, If the locality is protected from heavy winds the tree grows erect, but with a wide spread of branches. If the locality is swept by strong breezes it takes a wider spread or ar- boreal form, the secondary trunks trail- ing onthe ground. If the prevailing winds are heavy and frequent the stems often grow along on the surface, one tree forming what appears to be a great mesquite thicket. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. November, be said that the sand covers the tree rather than that the tree grows under the sand. But this same form of mes- quite growth is found near Wilcox, Arizona, in the Sulphur Spring and in Aravaipa Valley, where there is no sand-drift, but heavy winds. Here the trunks grow entirely under the ground, where the land is comparatively level, only a slight mound and an abundance of foliage indicating the hiding place of the freakish Mesquite. This character- COPPICE REPRODUCTION, TWO YEARS’ This form of growth is of pronounced type on the Gila River near Buckeye, Arizona. Where the wind reaches the velocity of a gale and sandstorms are common the tree fortifies itself against the relentless blasts by taking refuge beneath the surface, as on the Salton desert in California, where the entire trunk is covered, only the small shoots appearing above the sand. ‘Thus it forms large sand-mounds, which are ex- cavated by the woodman. Some of these mounds, representing a single plant, yield from one-quarter to three cords of wood. In this locality it may GROWTH, PINAL COUNTY, ARIZONA. istic is in part responsible for the origin of the expression, ‘‘ Dig for wood and climb for water,’’ in Arizona. The tree has other values than that of fuel, fencing, and building purposes. It is the manna of the desert, the bread- tree of the southwest. Mesquite beans, doubtless, have formed the staple food product among the American Indians of the arid regions during many ages. It is the nutritious pods more than the beans which are relished and used by the Indians. ‘The pods are ground in a stone mortar or upon flat grinding stones to the uniformity of a meal, the fiber of 1902. the pods and hard seeds being win- nowed. From this meal a palatable mush and cakes or bread is made. The bread will not mould or harden, and will keep for months. In Mexico the na- tives carefully select the pods from trees which bear fruit, having a flavor suited to their taste. What is made from these, either into cakes or gruel, is con- sidered a great delicacy among them and is known as “‘ péchitas.’’ Parched, it forms a substitute for coffee. The notorious ‘‘tiswin,’’ the use of which, by the Indians of the south- west, the government has tried to sup- press during many years, was usually made from mesquite beans. The Apache warrior imbibed freely of this, his favorite beverage, relying upon it to stimulate him to not only deeds of valor, but cruel torture and even mur- der. The beautiful olla basketry so much sought after by eastern tourists and curio hunters are tiswin jugs. Inthese large ollas the pulp of the bean-pods are covered with water and there allowed to ferment and thus is brewed a drink, which is said to contain all of the devilish characteristics of beer, wine, and whisky of more civilized concoction. Every stockman in mesquite coun- tries figures on the bean crop as an im- portant forage. Cattleand horses grow fat on it and his profit or loss depends, in many localities, upon its success or failure. The beans are often gathered and stored, ranchers preferring them to oats or barley. The tree usually produces two crops, the first ripening during July and the second in September. In Mexico there is often a third crop. ‘The leaves also form a valuable forage, and the budding mesquite thickets in April and May fre- quently afford the only sustenance for thousands of emaciated cattle. It is not unfrequently the only safeguard against starvation where summer rains fail and there is no grass. Stock do not thrive upon the leaves alone, but the bean crop may usually be relied upon to prepare them for the market. The bark of the tree contains a high ’ per cent of tannin, but on account of the difficulty of removing the bark and its FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 451 small body it has never been used ex- cept by the natives. A gum forms on the branches which makes a fine mucil- age, and this in a small way is madea commiercial article in Mexico. It is used by the Indians to fasten sinew upon their bows, thus giving them strength and elastic coil. It is also used for mending pottery and various other pur- poses. From the sap an indelible black dye is made, which is used in preparing material for blankets, baskets, and dec- orating pottery. Enough has been said to show that the mesquite tree is a very valuable plant, and that it will bear a closer ac- quaintance. Doubtless experiments will develop new characterisfics and new val- ues, and that it will at no distant date occupy its proper position in the list of economic plants. Pages might be written concerning the value of this tree as a stay against ero- sion. Its long roots sink deep into the earth and bind the loose detritus, soil, and silt in canyons, wash, and valley, where, without such protection, would be only boulder fields. In this respect, unaided by cultivation, it surpasses the willow and cottonwood, its rooting being deeper and stronger. It is a long-lived tree, specimens examined in Mexico and near Tucson, Arizona, showing as high as two hundred annual rings. The life of the tree under ground is from 20 to 40 years, and above, exposed to the weather, 50 to 75 years. Coppice reproduction or regrowth from stumps left in harvesting the wood is comparatively rapid and sure. The second growth is a better class of wood, and matures in from ten to twenty years. Having a large, vigorous root- stalk, coppice is formed from supernu- merary buds, and thrifty, strong shoots are thrownout. As with closely pruned fruit trees, the second growth is much straighter than the original growth, and consequently more valuable. It is this class of wood which is in great de- mand for fence posts. The seasoned wood has an enemy in a common beetle, the larve of which eat their way through the hardest specimens. The work of the beetle may be circumvented by charring the timber soon after felling. 452 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. November, Saccleht P (Bit Be DESTRUCTION BY A PARASITE IMMINENT UNLESS RELIEVED BY THE WOODMAN’S AXE. MESQUITE TREE AS CUT BY MEXICANS. A FAIR PRUNING FOR FUTURE GROWTH. 1902. The distribution of the plant em- braces a territory described by Swartz, extending from ‘‘the southern border of the Indian Territory, northern and western Texas (the eastern limit de- fined by a line from the intersection of latitude 37° with the 1ooth meridian to Dallas; thence south to the Colorado River and southwestward within 20 or 30 miles of the Gulf, which is reached near the mouth of the Rio Grande River ) into northern Mexico. Also from the southern borders of Colorado and Utah, through New Mexico, Arizona, and southern Nevada to southern Califor- nia, the western limit defined by a line FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 453 from Tejon Pass over Los Angeles to San Pedro; in lower California; west- ern South America (Andean region to Chile); Argentina and southern Brazil and Jamaica.’’ The screw-bean or Prosopis pubescens is a variety of the Mesquite. The seed pods or beans are twisted into spiral, cylindrical-like receptacles which hang in clusters. The utility of the tree is similar to that of the Prosopis juliflora, aud the pods are also considered very nutritious. Mexicans call the tree /or- nilla, and it is found in Mexico and from New Mexico to southern Califor- nia. TREE GROWING IN NEBRASKA. A DESCRIPTION OF THE GREATEST UNDERTAKING IN THE TREE PLANTING LINE EVER ATTEMPTED IN THIS COUNTRY. BY DR. CHARLES E. BESSEY, PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA. WAS fortunate enough not long ago to receive an invitation from the officers of the Bureau of Forestry to visit one of the forest reserves in Ne- braska. As is now generally known, two considerable tracts of land in Ne- braska were set aside last spring by President Roosevelt for forest purposes. One of these is in Thomas county and extends from the Dismal River on the south to the middle Loup River on the north. ‘This one contains about 86,000 acres, and is called the ‘‘ Dismal River Forest Reserve.’’ ‘The other reserve is in Cherry county, and extends from the Niobrara River on the north to the Snake River on the south. It contains about 126,000 acres, and bears the name of the ‘‘ Niobrara Forest Reserve. ’’ There are then about 212,000 acres of land in these two reserves—an area equal to about nine townships, or say about half of an ordinary county in eastern Nebraska. On both reserves there are some native trees growing along the rivers, but for the most part the country is a great rolling surface of sand-hills. In tact, it was the purpose of the Bureau of Forestry, as far as pos- sible, to select only sand-hill land for these reserves. Ten or eleven years ago the Bureau of Forestry made an experimental plant- ing in the sand-hills of Holt county, and to-day the pine trees in that plot of ground are from sixteen to eighteen feet high, and growing vigorously. In fact, these Pines have grown faster than similar ones planted at about the same time at Lincoln. The result of this ex- periment has been another of the sur- prises that the sand-hill country is in the habit of making from timetotime. Few people had faith in the ability of the sand-hills to grow pines, but no one who has seen this experiment now doubts that it is possible to make trees of this kind grow well in the hills. One good experiment like this is worth a great deal of theorizing. The Dismal River Reserve is triangu- lar in general outline, its western border 454 running south along section lines from near ‘Thedford to the Dismal River, where the line turns ata right angle and runs east for nearly twenty miles, following the general course of the river. It then zigzags northwest, following the section lines along the middle Loup River to the starting point near Thed- ford. The village of Halsey, about midway on the diagonal side, has been taken as the point near which to begin work. At this place I was met by Mr. Miller, who is in immediate charge of the work. We mounted our horses, and first ford- ing the river rode to the camp, two miles away, at the foot of a bluff. Here there were several tents, a cooking out- fit, teams, wagons, tools, etc., and half adozen men. The latter were young fellows, all college graduates, who have entered the Bureau of Forestry after completing a course of scientifictraining. We soon started out for a preliminary survey of the premises, stopping first at the nursery site. Here the ground has been cleared and plowed and workmen were engaged in putting in the posts for the inclosure. A thicket of trees and shrubs near by receives a good deal of attention, since here in the space of a few rods no less than twenty-four dif- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. November, ferent species of woody plants are grow- ing naturally. This is in itself an indi- cation of the favorable location of the nursery. We then scrambled up the bluff, past indications of a couple of strong springs which are waiting to be opened for the use of the workmen. On the bluff we found that some trees have grown to the very top. Most of them have been cut by settlers, who paid no attention to the fact that they were the property of the government. There is evidence that some of the red cedar trees were nearly two feet in thickness. There are now small Red Cedars on the hillsides, where they make a thrifty growth. On the bottom land close to the river we found a thicket of shrubs _growing as rampantly asin New Eng- land. Here, too, we found a rank growth of ferns. In fact, I do not rec- ollect to have seen a greater mass of ferns anywhere in Nebraska. After dinner in camp we got into a light buggy, behind a span of govern- ment mules, and drove directly into the sand-hills We followed no road or trail. In fact, there were none to fol- low. ‘The surface is very irregular and broken, and the drive was one of the roughest that I have ever taken. We drove for many miles over the hills and A SCENE IN THE SAND-HILLS OF NEBRASKA, SHOWING PRESENT ABSENCE OF TREES. 1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 455 -_ PINE TREES GROWING IN THE NEBRASKA SAND-HILLS. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN 1890. through the valleys. At every point the question was asked whether trees will grow or not. It is noticed that although the hills are of sand alone, there is an abundance of moisture a short distance below the surface. Even in the ‘‘ blowouts,’’ where the bare sand is so dry that it blows constantly, we had to dig not more than three or four inches in order to find sand so moist as to be easily squeezed into ‘‘ forms’’ in the hand. Every grower of plants knows that such soil is moist enough to grow trees. Here and there we found clumps of hackberry trees, and in nearly every valley there are plum or cherry thickets. All over the hills we found innumerable low shrubs of the Sand Cherry, Prairie Willow, and Red Root. After a drive of fifteen miles we came to the river again and rode rapidly to Thedford, for the evening was cold, and, besides, we were very hungry. Next morning we started early and drove southward along the western boundary of the reserve, following the traveled road. Here the surface is more closely sodded and the settlers are mak- ing hay from the rich grasses which cover the surface. We drove into the reserve at a couple of points and found THIS PLANTATION BEGUN BY U. S. SOME OF THE TREES ARE NOW I8 FEET TALL. the sod more open and better adapted for tree planting. The hills here are in distinct ranges with broad valleys between. Wecrossed the hills through passes, and then wound across the un- dulating valley. Here there were thou- sands of cattle and we realized that we were in the region of the great cattle ranges. At noon we reached the Dismal River, which we forded in our search for a con- venient place for our noon camp. We found a spring, at which we satisfied a prodigious thirst, and ate our luncheon, while Uncle Sam’s mules were assimi- lating corn. We climbed the bluffs on the south side of the river and got a view such as is seldom seen in Nebraska. Below us two hundred or more feet is the Dismal River, bordered with veri- table marshes ; westward we looked up the river, bordered for the whole dis- tance with marshes like those nearby ; eastward the picture is of a valley with bordering hills, while through it mean- ders the marshy river; northward are the sand-hills, ridge on ridge, stretching away asfarastheeyecanreach. Thou- sands of cattle could be seen taking their slow course toward the river for water. It was a peaceful sight, but it is strange 456 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. in this, that no human habitations are to be seen. One could easily imagine him- self in a country not yet inhabited by man. Shortly after one o’clock we were again under way. We forded the river again and drove for miles down its beautiful valley. We noted the strong growth of trees on the river bottom and the bordering hillsides. Here again the Red Cedars are to be seen growing vig- orously, and here also the large trees have long since been cut and taken away. We forded again a few miles down the river and noticed that the volume of water had perceptibly in- creased. These rivers of the ‘‘ Loup system’’ are the most remarkable in North America, if not in the whole world. They flow from a sand-hill country which has a dry surface and a limited rainfall. They have few tribu- taries, and in some cases none at all for a great many miles. They never run dry, atid they mever 1ise or have ‘‘freshets.’’ If one gauges a stream like the Middle Loup or the Dismal at some point, and then goes down fifty miles or so, he will find that there is more water in it, even though it has re- ceived no tributaries in that distance. What is the secret of the Loup rivers? They are spring-fed streams. They re- November, ceive practically no surface water. All the rain that falls in the sand-hills is absorbed by the porous soil and allowed to trickle down slowly to the lower and less pervious layers, where it appears in the form of numberless springs. This is the secret of the steady flow of the Loup rivers, of which the Dismal is perhaps the most remarkable. Down the river we went, at last obliged to leave the valley and drive over the bordering lowhills. Wekept along the southern edge of the reserve for its whole distance and at last passed its southeast corner. It was now late in the afternoon, and we were tired and hungry. We drove rapidly now, and by 7 o’clock came to the village of Dun- ning, where we found food and lodging. Here our present study of the Dismal River Forest Reserve ended. I promise myself the pleasure of an- other visit to this reserve within a year or two, after some of the work which has been projected has been done. I would suggest, also, that this reserve should be visited by the many Nebras- kans who are actively interested in the work of tree planting. It is to be the greatest undertaking in the tree plant- ing line that was ever attempted in this country. On this account it is worth visiting, if on no other. NEW_FOREST AND? WAGER AssOCiMm avon IN NEW YORK. TO ENCOURAGE AND PROMOTE PRACTICAL FORESTRY, WATER STORAGE, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES. HE Forestry, Water Storage, and Manufacturing Association of the State of New York is the title of a new organization which was formed as a result of a recent meeting of manufact- urers held in New York. This new association is the outcome of a general feeling among the people and manufact- uring and other industrial concerns hav- ing interests in the Adirondacks, and along power-producing rivers that orig- inate in the Adirondacks, that a great deal for the mutual benefit could be ac- complished by concerted action. The object and purpose of the forma- tion of the new association, according to the articles adopted, are as follows: ‘“To encourage and promote the building and maintaining of water-stor- age reservoirs in the State of New York for the purpose of checking freshets, maintaining a more uniform flow of water in rivers and streams throughout the year and rendering and making them neem a ee eS ae ey F 1902. more useful in the transportation of the products of the forests and mines and the development of the material re- sources of the state, and for other bene- ficial and lawful purposes. ‘To promote and encourage a proper and practical system of forestry and unite in all reasonable and honest efforts therefor. To discourage by education and other proper means the removal of timber from lands in such manner, and to such extent, as will render such lands useless for the further growth of timber, and to encourage under safe and proper limitations the removal of grown timber from alllands in the State of New York. ‘To encourage in such way as may be desirable the rendering of rivers and streams of the State of New York more available and adaptable for use by manu- facturing and business interests. “To encourage the development of our natural resources for the storage of water.”’ It is not intended to confine the mem- bership to industrial concerns, as shown by the following qualifications for mem- bership: ‘‘All persons, associations, part- nerships, and corporations who are sub- scribers hereto and such others as from time to time shall be elected by the exe- cutive committee of the association will be members of this association.’’ The principal office for the association is to be in Albany, N. Y. The organization was perfected, ar- ticles of association adopted, officers elected, and committees appointed as follows : President, William McEchron, a re- tired lumberman ; vice-president, Theo. Basselin, of the Beaver River Lumber Company, Creghan, N. Y.; second vice- president, EK. L. Ashley, an attorney of Glens Falls, N. Y.; secretary, John C. Durgin, manager of the woodlands de- partment of the Union Bag and Paper Company ; treasurer, Jere. T. Finch, a lumberman of Glens Falls, N. Y. Executive Committee—G. F. Under- wood, manager of the woodlands de- partment of the Union Bag and Paper Company >) G. P. H: Gould, ‘of ) the Gould Paper Company, Lyons Falls, Were Geo: €.: Sheriiian, of. the St. Regis Paper Company, Watertown, N. Y., ; George Chahoon, of the J. & FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 457 J. Rogers Company, Ausable Forks, WN. Y¥.3 (Geo. W.. Sisson= of the Rac- quette River Paper Company, Potsdam, N. Y., and L. W. Emerson. Finance Committee— Herbert G. Al- drich, of the Aldrich Paper Company, Natural Dam, N. Y.; O. H. Tappan, a Northern New York lumberman; Loren Allen, of the Allen Brothers Company, Saray mull NW. Y¥.; John H.. Derby, a Sandy Hill lumberman and _ paper- maker; James MacNaughton, of the MacIntyre Iron Company, New York, aud John C. Duncan, of the Duncan Company, Mechanicville, N. Y. Legislative Committee— Frank L,. Bell, an attorney, of Glens Falls, N. Y. ; Patrick Moynehan, representing Wil- liam C. Whitney ; Geo. N. Ostrander, of the Racquette Falls Land Company, Albany, N. Y.; Curtis N. Douglas, a northern New York lumberman, and J. P. Lewis, of the J. P. Lewis Com- pany, Beaver Falls, N. Y. Those who attended the meeting con- trol several hundred thousand acres of timber lands in the Adirondacks, as well as most of the paper mills and lumber industries located upon the rivers which rise in the Adirondacks. While there are already in existence a number of organizations representing interests, commercial and otherwise, in the Adirondacks, and whose objects are in general to promote the interests of both the members and the public at large in the Adirondacks, there is none that represents anywhere near so vast an amount of capital or such varied in- terests as the Forestry, Water Storage, and Manufacturing Association of the State of New York. The consensus of opinion at the meet- ing was that the public at large does not understand that the owners of great in- dustrial properties in the Adirondacks are most vitally interested in carrying out the purposes as set forth by the articles of association adopted. It is felt that as this association is composed more largely of practical men than any other organization it will be able to supplement what has already been accomplished toward improving and preserving the great natural re- sources of the state, both in water and timber lands. FHE BEETLE PEST IN’ PoE BEAGK Hips FOREST RESERVE. AN IMMENSE AMOUNT OF VALUABLE TIMBER DESTROYED— METHODS TO PREVENT FURTHER DESTRUCTION. BY FILIBERT ROTH, CHIEF OF THE DIVISION OF FOREST RESERVES, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. S is well known, the Black Hills forest forms an elevated forest island in the midst of the Great Plains. Its value, therefore, is very great, even if viewed merely from the standpoint of timber supply, and this is materially in- creased by the presence of large and valuable mining interests within the forest itself. At present these mining districts form the principal market for the timber of this reserve ; shipment to other parts of South Dakota(in which state nearly all of the reserve is located ) are too roundabout to permit.of profitable exploitation, and shipment beyond the state is prohibited by law. The reserve has an area of about 1,200,000 acres, and is more hill than mountainland. The forest is com- posed almost entirely of Western Yellow or Bull Pine (Pinzus ponderosa), with patches of spruce in particular localities. Rough estimates place the total amount of standing timber at from 2,500,000,000 tO 4,000,000,000 feet. Prof., MH. S.. Graves, -inhis: reports of 1897, places the total amount of mate- rial at 1,442,000,000 feet of saw timber and 13,150,000 cords of other material, apparently making about 5,000,000,000 feet of timber better than fuel and about 6,000,0co0 cords of fuel material. The present annual consumption is estimated at about 20,000,000 feet of timber, but probably exceeds this amount. However, the excellent re- production and growth of the pine in nearly all parts of the forest would justify even an increase in the exploita- tion and use of the material under ordi- nary or normal conditions. ‘These conditions, however, have been materially disturbed. For about ten years a destructive bark beetle has steadily increased its field of activity, and today the amount of material killed or infested by this insect is believed to be from 10 to 20 per cent of the total Courtesy U. S. Department of Agriculture. PINE TREE FRESHLY ATTACKED BY BEETLES, SHOWING PITCH TUBES. stand, or, according to different esti- mates, about 200,000,000 to 600,000,000 feet = timber, pees a large amount of fuel material. — Owing to the fact that the ania occurs in isolated patches of very varia- (458) 1902. ble extent, it is very difficult to esti- mate exactly the amount covered by this pest, and the above estimates are largely guesswork. Nevertheless the matter is truly serious, and in some dis- tricts, particularly in the Spearfish region, large areas of forest have ceased to be green and offer only shades of red and brown, the trees over extensive tracts having been killed. According FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 459 years, but whether it is now at a stand- still or decreasing in the rapidity of its spread is uncertain. But, whether still increasing or not, there is no doubt that the beetle today is ruining timber at a rate entirely out of proportion to the growth, and, unless its work can be re- stricted, there is danger of the larger part, if not all, of the forest being de- stroyed. Courtesy U. S. Department of Agriculture. THIS ILLUSTRATION SHOWS HOW BARK BEETLES MARK THE SURFACE OF WOOD. to Dr. Hopkins, the beetles attack the trees during the summer, and hibernate generally in the tender larval (grub) state and swarm the following year. The trees thus attacked remain green for some time and do not die until the year after the attack. Once attacked, practically all the trees succumb. Ap- parently the pest has rapidly increased in its destructiveness for a number of Since the large amount of dead tim- ber remains standing and sound for some time, there isa great and constant danger of fire becoming the ally of the beetle, and thus finish whole townships inasweep. At present the dead timber far exceeds in amount the timber in- fested and in various stages of injury, the two kinds comparing probablyfive toone. Thus far no important steps have FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. November, 460 VIEW IN THE BLACK HILLS FOREST RESERVE, SHOWING AVERAGE STAND OF TIMBER. 1902. been taken to combat this beetle pest. Generally the cutting of timber is being restricted as far as practicable to beetle- infested tracts and almost entirely to timber completely killed. Since the dead timber, however, furnishes no breeding ground for the beetle, this restriction is beneficial only in so far as it affects the danger from fire, and does practically nothing to restrict the de- structive insects. To remedy this mat- ter it has been strongly recommended by Dr. Hopkins and Dr. von Schrenk, FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 461 sion and removal of the infested timber will sufficiently reduce the number of insects so that their natural enemies will be able to take care of the rest. In ac- cordance with these recommendations, the Department of the Interior has de- cided to allow the sales of the infested material together with the killed timber. Certain restrictive measures have also been removed, so that sales may be effected more expeditiously and the consumption of this material thereby encouraged. Unfortunately the pres- REPRODUCTION OF PINE IN THE BLACK HILLS FOREST RESERVE. of the Department of Agriculture, as well as by Capt. Seth Bullock, super- visor of the Black Hills Reserve, that not only the beetle-killed, but also the beetle-infested (green living trees at- tacked by the beetles) should be in- cluded in timber sales and removed as rapidly as possible. According to these authorities, it appears that the removal of the bark during the winter season will effectually destroy the insects hiber- nating in the larval state, and it is be- lieved, therefore, that the rapid conver- ent market is very limited, and the cut- ting and peeling of this timber beyond what may be sold would require an un- usually large outlay of money. ‘To enable a rapid disposition of this ma- terial it is necessary that Congress modify the present law in so far as it pertains to the shipment of reserve tim- ber. In view of the extraordinary cir- cumstances, it is hoped that the bill in- troduced for this purpose during the last session of Congress will meet with more favor during the coming session. REGEN Tero RnS i FIRES IN OREGON AND WASHINGTON. DESCRIPTIONS OF RECENT DISASTROUS FIRES, WITH ESTIMATES OF THE LOSS OF PROPERTY. BY WILLIAM T. COX, BUREAU OF FORESTRY. URING the month of September severe fires occurred in nearly every county west of the Cascades in Oregon and Washington, but the area wherein the loss of life was greatest and the destruction of timber most com- plete is that portion of Washington ex- tending from Kalama River, Cowlitz county, south through Clarke and Skamania counties almost to the Co- lumbia and east to the valley of Wind River. In Oregon the area chiefly de- vastated extends from the Columbia River southward, closely following the western lines of the Bull Run and Cas- cade Forest Reserves, through Multno- mah and Clackamas counties, to Molalla River. Some portions of these extensive areas were quite thickly settled, but the greater portion consisted of rock- strewn mountain slopes, worn into gulches and canyons by numberless clear, swift streams, and covered with a virgin forest of Douglas Spruce. Roughly speaking, the Columbia River bisects the fire-swept region west of the Cascades. On the south side fire came down almost to the river bank. On the north side one range of hills in- tervenes between the burned timber and the river. I. THE OREGON FIRES. I will first call attention to the Clack- amas and Bridal Veil fires, by which I mean that series of fires which from September roth to 13th, inclusive, de- vastated Multnomah and Clackamas counties and left practically a continu- ous belt of charred and ruined forest from the Columbia to the Molalla River. ‘The timber of this region is of unusual value, owing to the nearness of good markets. Hiring a saddle horse in Portland, I went south to Oregon City, thence up the Clackamas River, traversing the worst burned districts in the vicinity of Springwater, Viola, and Dodge; then following the belt of burned country north to vicinity of Bridal Veil. Pro- gress was necessarily slow through this. section, as roads and trails were blocked by fallen timber, much of which was still burning. Bridges were burned out and streams difficult to ford. The area burned over, while not so. great as was at first reported, is very extensive. Fully 170,000 acres in Multnomah and Clackamas counties. are blackened by fires. Of this area about 50,000 acres were either cut-over lands, lands that had been cleared by settlers or burned over by previous fires, and had little merchantable tim- ber upon them. In the Oregon fires but two people met death. These were two boys. named Hamilton, who perished in the flames near Bridal Veil. Several other people are probably fatally burned and many received injury. As near as can be ascertained, eighty- six families were left homeless as a re- sult of these fires. Two hundred other settlers suffered a partial loss of prop- erty. The following list of farm prop- erty destroyed has been prepared after personally examining a great deal of the burned country and carefully compar- ing what I believe to be the more trust- worthy estimates for portions not visited:. (462) 1902. Farm buildings and furnishings $115,000 Stock. Se at ct Rbe tend Setter, Aone 30,000 ayant ds Orally 5540. Serene sm Aaeveres oie 45,000 Fences.. ape 2 Sf ginger eats 20,000 Farm machinery and vehicles 15,000 Orchards SAS Shoe eo ha on Be go,000 Total . SEP ee etdebT ote eis $315,000 School-houses and churches........ 35,000 Waconeroadybndcese ener. a 7,000 Mio Calley nether emnannee cr stNay tas. chate $357,000 SAWMILLS AND MANUFACTURED FOREST PRODUCTS DESTROYED. Saw-mills... ote oN fens tM $70,000 Sawed lumber and shingles........ 16,000 Logs (on skid and at mills).. : 18,000 Railroad ties (on skid and in road-bed Chi GO). TeeravTGlIN as. ae ke : 8,000 Telegraph and telephone poles (on SiG) Pe Rn ee. Actes eee Peel oo ue 4,000 Cordwood (ready for market) .... 33,000 AO tell tpn cote Pe erence cre tapes $149,000 | Oregon ©. jth, —> 1 Ue & CL ! H ?° FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 463 In the dense smoke hundreds of grouse, quail, and Mongolian pheasants were surrounded by fire and roasted to death. Hundreds more had their wings scorched, and now upon the blackened forest floor fall an easy prey to prowl- ing vermin. Large and small mammals fared no better. Carcasses of deer, bear, cougar, and lynx have been found, and thousands of dead squirrels. It has been stated previously that fires burned over 170,000 acres in these two counties, but that cut-over lands, farm clearings,and old burns constitute 50,000 acres. It is safe to assume that the re- mainder, or 120,000 acres, contained 17,700 feet, B. M., per acre, or what has been considered the average for western Oregon. This is a very conservative estimate, for some districts along the on WY 4s “=. Y “y) 7) Ny > WN = Wy < oo — Pt eS = Syne SG ei ae Sida 4 . > =e Axes iin gS UW Ce Ee In we Fas ; ee NN MN RY ait 40 = = Se > DEY =\\s My ey NZ fi Sule ae a Sy > Y aie = Is % Seige sls Be ame Sa = Z > “= & \V Val, as, =— Ayn: SS My SN, oksS - —- ¢ aoe 6 cee © cue ¢ ee © oe © °° ae «aww é come MAP OF MULTNOMAH AND CLACKAMAS COUNTIES, OREGON ; DOTTED SECTIONS SHOW BURNED AREAS. 464 Clackamas would have yielded 8,000,000 to 10,000,000 feet to the quarter section, Or 50,000 to 60,000 feet per acre. Com- puting 120,000 acres at 17,700 feet per acre, we have 2,124,000,000 feet as the amount of standing timber killed by recent fires in Multnomah and Clacka- mas counties. The value of the standing Douglas Spruce, considering it to have been worth ¢1.00 per thousand, was $2,124,000. Much of thisisa total loss, though a great deal will be utilized. Were the district less convenient to transportation, the loss would be much more severe. As it is, logging roads will be hastily built into the heavier timbered portions, and by rushing operations perhaps two-thirds of the Douglas Spruce will be saved. The following list shows the losses in Clackamas and Multnomah counties: Green and dry ‘‘ Cedar’’ (Giant Ar- borvitzs) sete meee eee $75,000 Aertimiben week cco ee ee eae : 100,000 Downatittber.cc: tie eee I00,000 Elemlockag aster 50,000 Value of Douglas Spruce killed. . 2,124,000 Dotales skin one css epee $2,449,000 The forest as such is practically de- stroyed. Upon thousands of acres not a living tree remains to seed the burned areas. Inafew places enough Douglas Spruce remains to bring about repro- duction, but Cedar, or more properly Giant Arborvitee, and Hemlock, being less resistant to fire, were invariably killed. Upon the steeper hillsides and mountain slopes even the soil has been se- verely damaged. Particularly does this apply to northeastern slopes, where the force of the wind was greatest. RECAPITULATION OF LOSSES. Farm property, exclusive of timber $315,000 School-houses and churches....... 35,000 Bridges tts caccusk ccc. Sse 7,000 Saw-mills and manufactured forest PLOGUCLSH..cik: Goto vole ekocemees 149,000 AM UDELs,cciaieegh w ancichauterrs eee ee 2,449,000 Total . $2,955,000 While there is some government land and much that is owned by the state in the burned region, these heavy losses fall chiefly upon small private owners. Large companies had not yet begun FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. November, buying up the claims. Outside of a few old settled neighborhoods, many homesteads have been taken and numer- ous timber claims higher up the slopes. ‘The past season has been one partic- ularly favorable to forest fires. Not only was the summer very dry, but the two preceding summers were wet in May and June, thus interfering with the burning of slashings and allowing an unusual amount of debris to accumulate. In the early part of September the wind blew from the east most of the time. An east wind, after it gets west of the Cascades, is ready to absorb al- most any quantity of moisture, so that the forest was soon in the condition of tinder. When on September totha stiff breeze began to blow from the northeast it found a number of ground fires waiting to be fanned into something more seri- ous. In sections 25 and 26, township 36., range 5 E., Clackamas county, a fire had been burning since the first of Au- gust. Evidence points to its starting from unextinguished camp- fires of huckleberry-pickers. Another fire had been burning in the southwestern part of township 4 S., range 5 K., in the vicinity of Dodge. This fire originated very close to the line of the Cascade Forest Reserve, and is believed to have been started by hunters, though their names cannot be ascertained. It was on August 14th that this fire was first observed by the people of Dodge. On the 20th it burned all around Myers & Sons’ sawmill at that place and required fight- ing for two days and nights. It was believed to have been extinguished, but no one watched it, and it proved to be only smoldering. On September 12th, peculiar as it may seem, it swept back over the same area, this time traveling as a fierce crown fire and sparing noth- ing. The mill, together with other buildings and considerable sawed lum- ber and logs, was consumed, and the fire swept on down Springwater Ridge and southwest to the Molalla. A few sections on the reserve appear to have been burned over by this fire. On September gth a spark from an O. R. & N. locomotive set fire to the 1902. ‘MOOINAH NUYAISHM AGNV ‘AVCHD ‘MI GHU SI VWHAWIL AHL ! ISHUOA NOOHUO NV NI ANOS FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 465 466 dry grass and ferns just east of Bridal Veil, Multnomah county, and the fire soon spread into the heavy timber. An effort to check it was made by section men. Later a larger force was em- ployed and the fire was thought to be under control. It did not make much headway until the high wind of the 11th and 12th turned it into a wall of flame that swept off southward to join other fires, the origin of which I have been unable to learn. Had timely measures been taken, I feel satisfied that all of these fires could have been extinguished before becoming serious, and had there been rangers in these localities it is doubtful if any fires would have occurred, barring, of course, such accidental ones as that set by the locomotive. Commendable work has been done by the government rangers in the forest re- serves, and the absence of serious fires in them should serve as an object lesson to the states of Oregon and Washington. The checking of the fires was brought about by the winds going down and changing to the west, which soon broughtrain. Heavy rains fell through- out the burned region on September 26 and 27, eliminating all further danger. OTHER FIRES IN NORTHWESTERN OREGON. Tillamook Countv.—F¥or a time there was great danger from the fire near Till- amook. Fire started from burning of slashings and burned three days be- fore becoming serious. Land belonged to government and lumber companies. Companies owning timber here paid men $4.00 per day to assist in fighting the fire,—a sufficient commentary on the value of the timber. Damage, $150,000. Benton County.—Fires near Corvallis. Damage, $180,000. Lane County.—Fires burned for two months in the vicinity of Cedar Flat; also along Mill Creek, on the McKenzie, and between Mapleton and Florence. Origin unknown. Damage, $220,000. Marion County.—Fire on Santiam River ruined a large amount of fine Douglas Spruce belonging to N. P. Ry. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. November, and W. V. &. C. Mil. Road Co. unknown. Damage, $200,000. Clatsop County.—September 14, fire on Nehalem River destroyed a large amount of valuable Cedar and some Douglas Spruce. Indian berry-pickers blamed for leaving camp fire unextin- guished. Damage, $55,000. Origin Total losses in northwestern Ore- gon, exclusive of Multnomah and Clackamas counties. ee whO5 5, 000: Loss in Multnomah and Clackamas. 2,955,000 Total for northwestern Ore- POM a ceraeiae « $3,910,000 II. THE WASHINGTON FIRES. In general what has been said of the Oregon fires applies also to the fires in Washington. ‘The area recently burned over in Washington is much more ex- tensive than the burned district in Ore- gon, and the timber more valuable, but it is also much less convenient to ready means of transportation. With the object of ascertaining the extent of damage in different localities, I hired a saddle horse in Vancouver and proceeded east to the head of La Camas Creek. From there I made my way northward as best I could, crossing the North Fork of Lewis River, and found the northern limit of the burn at the headwaters of Kalama River, near Mt. St. Helens. I visited the scene of great- est devastation on the North Fork— Speleyah Creek—where so many lives were lost. While I was at La Camas Creek flames were still busy on many logs and fire was working into the butts and roots of large trees. AREA OF BURNED REGION. It is difficult to obtain reliable infor- mation concerning remote districts in the mountains of Skamania and Cow- litz counties, but the accompanying map shows the area of the burned region in Clarke county with a fair degree of accuracy and approximate areas in the other two counties. I do not vouch for the accuracy of the boundary lines of the burned districts, for of course I have not visited every township in this extensive region. Part WAHKIAKUM ¢CG, : S 4 Vancouver. fi yy dps © = 1902. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 467 ESE Valles. Cr O7. ee eee sos — tle 5 ] >= Cans 2s z | qu River si Sea TTS | ~ : : Saari | > | s ry, iy | ae wT ea = kOOW L ITZ Ae rt | | > A \ N we Ys ZN ‘nue | ' a Ss = S/S ws : : AEN rien ee ¢ = | 8 N W~_#, alll, el ny KR | $ 2) lien ; SS is 1a 5 FRE ms = | OE Mr. Anams. Ig _% ui) | : = i : Bea oY | 3 My, Ka eS a Qe Ke = “y, Vi 2 ye —P >= wee Eas .e Lis j te 20°" z ! : Oo ly $3 2 2 Mig 4 | OSs PIEKNNG = =e li = eI S\ OM oe, 1OSSi= clstelelelecteleilteieie = $50,000 PUSATTMIDE TA crc cass cach cdssto eho oe aie ey oi ae 130,000: $180,300 470 Lewis County.—September 12-14 fire raged along Chehalis River, in western part of Lewis county. Land owned by private parties, N. P. Ry., and the State. Origin of fire unknown. Loss in tim- ber, $300,000. Another fire of same dates, supposed to have originated from spark of loco- motive, burned along track of North- ern Pacific Railway near Centralis. Loss of timber, $100,000. In the eastern part of the county, near Cinnabar, a fire burned from Sep- tember g-11. Owners of the timber burned are chiefly timber-claim settlers and Northern Pacific Railway. Loss, $320,000. Cowlitz and Wahkiakum Counties. (Loss listed for Wahkiakum county). A fire September 11th and 12th killed an immense quantity of valuable Douglas Spruce and some Cedar and Hemlock. The greater part of the land which was burned over is owned by large lumber companies of Portland, and mills were in operation. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. November, LOSSES. Camps, flume, and skid road....... $13,000 Cordwoodhen =e eee S00 ROUSE; Ss Ra ecko cee Rene oe 1,500 Damage to timbers gales carte ee 300,000 $315,300 SUMMARY OF LOSSES, SOUTHWESTERN WASH- INGTON. Chehalisicounityeneee eee eee $1,341,0C0 LACUS COMME ys. oo oeece ear 100,000 Waliseykisrn @OwiNDy ..ch0ccc00cc%c 495,300 IFENRAIS COWIE, oo 20 cos bcgnce 320,000 $2,256,300 Cowlitz, Clarke, and Skamania COUNLIES Jose se plea a eee 6,600,800 Total for southwestern Wash- ATP EO Mae rele ear oe $8,857, 100 SUMMARY OF LOSSES IN OREGON AND WASH- INGTON. Total loss to property by recent fires in northwestern Oregon.. $3,910,000 Total loss to property by recent forest fires in southwestern Was lingto nies. were ee eer 8,857, 100 Total for both states....... $12,767,100 « Ward, Cemetery, and Park. We propa- -\; gate from our Tested Bearing Orchards in sz the Red River Fruit Belt. Elbertas and 3y fine apples specialties. Thirty years’ ex- sz perience. Catalogue free. z JOHN S. KERR, yj Sherman, Texas. J.H. H. Boyd, Gage, Tenn. DEALER IN Tree and Shrub Seeds Tree Seedlings in Large and Small Lots Catalpas, Russian Mulberry, Black Locust, and many other indefinite ornamental varieties Would like to correspond with any one who could supply good fresh tree and shrub seeds this fall. Money Rolls to Agents that sell nursery stock from the famous GREELEY, COLORADO, NURSERIES whose stock is better adapted to all localities than any others. Agents wanted in every county. Write at once for terms and terri- tory, giving reference. Prices Cut 30 | 50 Per Cent. We now have the finestand most complete line of nursery stock ever grown in Arkansas. If you, Mr. Planter, are interested in fine fruit ata small outlay of cash, then send for our catalogue. It tells you all about the fine things we have. Write to-day to— YARBROUGH BROS., Stephens, Ark. 2 === ADVERTISEMENTS IN ») _ FORESTRY ..and.. IRRIGATION J J Are read only by substantial ¥ people. You can increase your ai business by getting in touch a with the readers of this maga- 2 zine aes Q _ Advertising rates on Peolicagon . Allantic Building \ EAA EAE AEA IRA IE AEA LE SEA AEA A RALEA 2 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Washington, D. C. | In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION SE EAE RO IEICE IE IO IES SFO IO TAO IO IO DEUS, LOA BOAO E: Me iC SR-ABE BOS RES, YEA ER whe = yee yes es aes wees IC Forestry "4 Irrigation H. M. SUTER, Editor and Publisher CONTENTS FOR DECEMBER, 1902 INTERIOR VIEW OF EUCALYPT GROVE .. Frontispiece NEWS AND NOLES tts =), fe. oo Re eee American Forestry Association—An Important Meeting—lowa Park and Forest Association—Disposal of Public Lands—Forest Fires— Water Rights on Public Domain—California Water and Forest Association. GIFFORD PINCHOT (wth portrait) . : ‘ : . 489 THE PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE . : ; ; : : . 490 THE NILE RESERVOIR DAM AT ASSUAN (J//lustrated) Thomas H. Means 4g! THE FUTURE OF OUR PUBLIC FOREST LANDS : ; Filibert Roth 498 THE VISION OF IRRIGATION (foem)_ . Minna C. Smith 500 FOREST CONDITIONS IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA (Lllustrated) . : 5 ; , Royal S. Kellogg 501 HUMANITARIAN ASPECT OF MODERN IRRIGATION Thomas F. Walsh 505 THE OSAGE ORANGE (//lustrated) . : William L. Hall 510 THE EUCALYPTS (J/llustrated) . : : 511 REPORTS BY SECRETARIES WILSON AND ‘HITCHCOCK 515 THE HARDY CATALPA (J//lustrated) : é P : Sens TS RECENT PUBLICATIONS . ; 3 ‘ ; i , capes FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the American Forestry Association and The National Irrigation Association. Subscription price $1.00 a year ,; single copies 10 cents. Copyright, 1902, by H. M. Suter. Entered at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., as second-class mail matter. Published Monthly at ATLANTIC BUILDING ‘Washineton, Bas See are i; 4 n Ay =F af > 2 a) H c Ay Pal -y A GOOD SPECIMEN OF BULL PINE, 48 INCHES IN DIAMETER, SANTA CATALINE MOUN- TAINS, ALTITUDE 7,600. Chihuahua Pine (Pinus chihuahuana), Mexican Pifion (nus cembroides), Doug- las Spruce ( Pseudot sugataxifolia), White Fir (4bies concolor), and Alligator Juni- per (Juniperus pachyphlea) ; while on the high table-lands and slopes of the Graham Mountains all of these species (501) December, FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 502 Pi ee ALTITUDE AINS, ARIZONA ; at MOUN AHUA CHIRIC SUMMIT OF ON Ly, PINE FOREST OF BUI OPEN 9,000 FEET. THE SANTA CATALINA MOUNTAINS ; ALTITUDE 9,000 FEET. IN v7 2) BULL PINE REPRODUCTION OF 1902. are entirely replaced by a dense for- est of Engelmann Spruce (Picea Engel- manni)and Alpine Fir (4 dies /asiocarpa). The best development of the pine is always on northerly exposures; but the distribution is much more gen- eral in some regions than in others. The greatest amount of timber is in the Chiricahua Mountains, where the 50,000 acres of forest are estimated to average 5,000 feet, b. m., tothe acre. On small areas in various places in these moun- tains the stand is much more dense. Mr. B. B. Riggs, who has a saw-mill at an elevation of 8,000 feet in Barfoot Park, estimates that in the immediate vicinity of the mill 400 acres of forest will yield 10,000 feet to the acre, which seems to be a safe estimate. On one acre of mixed Bull Pine and Douglas Spruce, where the latter species predominates, 20 trees have been felled which average 36 inches across the stump and at least 1,000 board feet per tree. There are yet standing on this acre 35 trees averaging 25 inches in diameter, and 40 or 50 under 4 inches which were not measured. This is the best sample acre examined. The rate of growth of the Bull Pine in southern Arizona is very rapid and practically the same in the various re- gions. The following ring counts were made on stumps at the Riggs Mill : FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. No. of stump. Height | Diam- | Annual stump. eter. | rings. Inches. \ Inches. | Tigtotronerets eh 30 Se 167 2 Beets An oe oe 30 Beh | Fis) Bie stetstie: nae 28 BOR |. 16O Pieter mere erties ky 27 25 135 esis a Leadon eve rasets Baar |inet3 ©. 145 hi Si eee Belay sor 30 25 120 gM pea 37, PMR Sere 30 21, Vik Pico 1S ee oa A ee 33 20M 20 pe ae Pet 32 oa | a7 Os 0 Spel te as Ey ae Me) | 118 AV GLAS Ck: seise 30.3 26.2 | 134.8 This gives 5.1 rings per inch of diam- eter. The average growth for the first 30 years is about % inch in diameter per year. The maximum diameter at- tained is 48 to 50 inches, breast high. 3°35 The best tree seen had a length of 132 feet, and of this 84 feet was clear log. It was 42 inches across the stump, had 220 rings, and scaled 4,000 board feet. While the Bull Pine is the principal source of local lumber supply, the qual- ity is poor. It is knotty, rather brash, and often contains rotten streaks. There are many blind knots. On the first cut only one or two may be seen, while on the last there are often ten or fifteen. The lumber, however, is in much de- mand for mining and other purposes, as it can be delivered for $25 per 1,000 feet at places where lumber shipped in costs $60. Here, as elsewhere, saw-mill men speak of two types of Bull Pine, and maintain stoutly that they are distinct species. The large, mature tree with characteristic plates of yellow bark is called ‘‘ Yellow Pine,’’ while the green, sappy tree with dark, ridgy bark is re- tered. to,ds Black acker aaa an stead of making new species it would seem better to classify the Arizona Pine as a form of Bull Pine. It grows with the latter, has bark of either the ‘‘ Black Jack’’ or ‘* Yellow Pine’’ type, its cones are commonly indistinguishable, and it is cut by mill men without discrimina- tion. ‘The needles of the Arizona Pine grow in bundles of five, according to the botanies, but there are many of four and some of six. On the other hand, the needles of the Bull Pine are far from being restricted to bundles of three. In a lot of 110 bundles on one twig were found 41 bundles of three needles each, 51 of four each, 14 of five each, and one of six. A lot of 183 bundles from an- other tree contained 114 bundles of three needles each, 64 of four each, and five of five. The Rock Pine (Pinus ponderosa scop- ulorum) was not noted in southern Ari- zona, but grows farther north in the territory. The reproduction of the Bull Pine is at present insufficient and unsatisfactory as a general thing. The best reproduc- tion is in the Huachuca Mountains, where it compares quite favorably with that of the Pine Ridge country of Ne- braska. On small areas are found 504 stands at the rate of 5,000 to 10,000 trees per acre, averaging five feet high, and reforestation is going on well when the course of nature is not disturbed. The reproduction in the Santa Catalina Mountains is fair, while in many places in the Chiricahuas and Grahams it is almost wholly lacking. In striking contrast in these two re- gions is the young growth of Engelmann FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. December, sheep are rare and few cattle frequent the higher mountains. As the trees are not seeding this year, no tests of vitality were made. ‘The possibility of forest extension hinges largely upon the ability of the forester to promote natural repro- duction ; and here is a profitable field for study. Very little illegal cutting is being done at present. The Huachuca Moun- SPECIMEN OF ARIZONA PINE IN SANTA CATALINA MOUNTAINS ; ALTITUDE 6,000 FEET. Spruce, which is abundant and thriving. The failure of the pine to reproduce well is probably due to acombination of sev- eral causes, which can be fully deter- mined only by careful observation for a series of years. Apparently seed years are not frequent. ‘The seasons are ex- tremely variable, and have been very dry for a number of years past. Little damage has been done by stock, since tains contain many more mining claims. than the other regions mentioned, and are also within freighting distance of other large camps; consequently all the- good timber was cut out years ago. The water for the town of Tombstone: is furnished by reservoirs in two canyons. in these mountains and is piped 25 miles. The supply is barely sufficient now, and its maintenance, of course, depends upon, 1902. forest conditions. The cutting in the famous ‘‘ Copper Queen’’ case, which was decided recently in favor of the com- pany, took place in the Chiricahua Moun- tains 7 to 12 yearsago, and the cut-over area is completely skinned. Much of the available timber has been cut in the Graham Mountains, but more can be reached by road-building. The forest in the Santa Catalinas is nearly intact, because there are no good roads. Repeated fires have swept over the Grahams and Huachucas, but they are less frequent now than in the days of Apache warfare, though still much too common. Insect pests are not danger- ous, and only one tree was seen which seemed to have been killed outright by bark-borers. A parasite (Phoradendron juniperum) is sometimes found growing upon the Bull Pine, but is not serious. In some localities a species of Arcen- thobium abounds, and the pine is quite badly infested with it. The recent establishment of forest reserves in all of these regions except the Huachucas is an excellent move. While a conservative management of these reserves will not permit enough timber cutting to fully supply local needs, the timber that can be taken out will keep down to a reasonable figure the price of that which is brought in from other sources. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 505. BLACK JACK TYPE OF THE BULL PINE. ie Vion DARIAN ASPECT OF .NATIONAL PRG Al FON: EXTRACT FROM AN ADDRESS DELIVERED BEFORE THE DELEGATES TO THE TENTH NATIONAL IRRIGATION CON- GRESS, AT COLORADO SPRINGS, COLO., OCTOBER 6-9, Igo2. BY THOMAS F- WALSH, PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL IRRIGATION ASSOCIATION. HE inauguration of the national irrigation policy means a great deal to all our western states. It will add immensely to their wealth and population, and greatly broaden the basis of their prosperity. It means even more to the nationasa whole. It opens the way to a new era of internal development and domestic expansion as great as any similar period of the past. 506 It is equivalent to the addition of a new empire as important as that drained by the Mississippi River and its tributaries. But these are not the considerations which are uppermost in my mind as I contemplate the results to flow from this new policy. It is what may be called the humanitarian aspect of national irri- gation which quickens my pulse and makes me desire to dedicate myself anew to the work in which we are engaged. The inauguration of national irriga- tion means that every family in the United States who wants a home upon the soil may have one. It means that the door is open to permit the man who is not needed where he is to go to the place where he is needed. It means the restoration of those automatic social conditions which in past generations relieved the pressure of population upon the old centers, and constantly extended the frontiers of civilization toward the north, south, and the west. When we read the history of the people of the United States in McMaster’s pages, for instance, we are surprised to find at how early a date there was se- rious unrest because of the crowding of population and consequent depression of industry. Immediately after the close of the Revolution there was marked evi- dence of land hunger, and a fierce de- mand for more territory with which to feed the appetite for homes. It was then that the Ohio Valley received its first influx of settlers from the eastern states. So it was again after the close of the civil war, when the prairie states to the west of the Mississippi sprang into sudden existence, and when the tide of immigration fowed out upon the plains until it came within sight of the Rocky Mountains. Westand upon the threshold of another great colonization movement made possible by the glorious fact of national irrigation. It is not, however, to broad move- ments of population that I especially desire to direct your attention. I am thinking rather of the family unit—of the father and mother and little chil- dren now confined within the narrow limitations of city life. I am thinking of how their horizon is to be broadened, and how their daily lives are to be en- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. December, riched, by the transition from paved streets and crowded tenements out un- der the blue sky and into the sweet, pure air. Itis notthe dream of empire, which may come to a great nation with the conquest of a territory wherein a hundred million will some time dwell, which appeals to my imaginatoin ; but it is the dream of home and independence which will come to many a struggling family with the announcement that one more fair valley of arid America has been thrown open to settlement at the actual cost of reclamation. | I picture to my mind the ambitious young man and woman just starting life and disheart- ened at the conditions offered them by the harsh competition of the town. I see the couple of middle age, with their children about them, wondering how they are to make provision for old age. I see the men of talent and ambition, some of them broadly trained in the trades and professions, who are yet un- able to prosper in the midst of our changing economic conditions. ‘These and many other classes I see living in hired houses and working at small wages for others more favored in ability or for- tune. I know the pressure of poverty upon them, and the haunting fear of future want. Such people, and many of our best stock and breeding, are found all over the land, but especially in great cities, where the very forces which have created our present prosperity as a na- tion have also operated to make a certain fringe of half employed and semi-pros- perous. And then I see national irriga- tion, like a good fairy, wave its magic wand, and lo! a new star of hope arises in the sky of our common humanity ; a new vista opens before thousands of families ; opportunity comes with beckoning finger. It points the way to anew Land of Promise. Hope chases anxiety from a thousand faces, and a new enthusiasm for home and independ- ence drives apprehension from a thou- sand hearts. This is to me the inspiring and up- lifting aspect of national irrigation. True, we are to have millions of people living where few lived. We are to see a vast increase innational wealth. But all this is merely incidental to the hu- 1902. man aspect of the matter, which is the making of homes for the homeless and the giving of social and industrial in- dependence to those now dependent upon the enterprise of others. Let us take care of the family and the nation will take care of itself. OF RURAL LIFE FOR PEOPLE. ATTRACTIONS Let us look a little closer into this wonderful social process which is to be brought about by the new national pol- icy. I think perhaps the time has come when something should be said about the attractions of rural life for the masses of our people. We have heard a great deal about the allurements of the towns and the manner in which they draw to them the cream of our young men and women. Living in the country has become unpopular. No body but old folks and foreigners can endure such an existence. Everybody else looks for a situation in the big city—and the bigger the better. It is undeniably true that the tide has been setting away from the soil, and that both here and abroad the cities have been rolling up to portentous proportions. Are there any signs of a reaction? I think ‘there are. In the first: place, country life is becoming fashionable again. The abandoned farms of New England have been largely bought up to be converted into the country estates of well-to-do city people. These city people are extending their vacations a little more each year. Itis now almost customary for them to spend about six months on the farm. Simultaneously with this development we see a new lit- erature springing up in response to it. There is no end of new books about birds, and flowers, and domestic ani- mals. ‘There are new periodicals which have quickly acquired large circulation because they deal attractively with this subject. Now to my mind this new phase of our social life has a very deep signifi- cance. I hope and believe that it is not a mere fad or passing fashion. In my opinion, it is a manifestation of one of the strongest traits of human nature; FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 597 and that is man’s inherent and inerad- icable love for the soil. This is our natural taste, while the fascinations of town life are artificial. They do not satisfy our deeper feelings. Some one has said: ‘‘ Religion is that fine sense of soul that brings the individual! into touch with Universal Purpose.’’ Ihave walked the streets of the finest cities in the world, but pavements and hotels and business blocks never touched that spring in my beitfg which gave birth to a sentiment. Onthe other hand, I have climbed the rugged and _ picturesque sides of our great mountain ranges. I have stood upon the summits of some lofty peaks and beheld the beautiful panorama of snow-clad ranges, their mighty forms lifting far above the abodes of men and extending for miles in every direction. I have gazed at the sky and I have listened to the birds and to the roar of the mountain streams; and there, indeed, I have felt ‘‘ that fine sense of soul which brings one into touch with Universal Purpose.’’ With- out attempting to elaborate the idea, I undertake to say that there is some- thing in the heart of the dullest man who ever lived that responds to the beauties of nature. I firmly believe it is this instinct which is sending the well-to-do from the cities to the coun- try, and which in the next few years will make the reclaimed areas of the arid west sought after by the very best elements of our middle class population. BLAINE’S FAMOUS DEFINITION OF POVERTY. James G. Blaine, in his eulogy of Gar- field, referred to the fact that our sec- ond martyred President was popularly supposed to have been reared in direst poverty. ‘The orator then went on to draw a contrast between the poverty of city life and the ‘‘clean, sweet poverty of the country.’’ He showed that in the one case evil influences predominate, while in the other there is every inspi- ration to nobleendeavor. This is abso- lutely true. It constitutes one of the very strongest arguments in favor of nationalirrigation. In how many biog- raphies of successful men—of men who 508 have risen in politics, in business, in the professions, and in the arts—do we read the same familiar story of inspiration drawn from the strenuous experiences of a poor family reared in the country. Now, the influences of rural life, to which Blaine referred in speaking of Garfield’s boyhood, are going to be far more wholesome and far more inspiring in our mountain valleys and in this twentieth century than they were in the western reserve of Ohio in the first half of the nineteenth century. I cannot impress this point too strongly on your minds. ‘The man who rears his sons and daughters in the rural life of our irrigation empire will give them a better chance to become useful men and women than boys and girls will have when raised in the city—a better chance, even, than young people enjoyed in the brave old days of which we read in the biog- raphies of our great men. Let me show you what I mean. The irrigated farm is necessarily a small farm. It must be so, because it is expensive to build and maintain res- ervoirs and canals. Not only so, but irrigation so largely increases the pro- ductive capacity so as “to make 20 acres practically equal to 100 acres de- pending upon rainfall. The small farm means plenty of neighbors, and that in turn means social advantages which were not within reach of country people in the boyhood days of Garfield, Lin- coln, and others of their generation. The boys and girls of arid America will have the intellectual stimulus which goes with neighborhood association. Thus they gain one of the chief advan- tages for which so many people are rushing into the towns. But this is only half of theiradvantage. The other half is the industrial independence and the glorious contact with nature which come with life on the irrigated farm. The boys and girls who grow up in the great city learn from the beginning their dependence upon others. ‘They must work for others as a means of livelihood, as their fathers are doing. They must live in houses which other men own. Why, mother cannot have a new sink in the kitchen without first petitioning the landlord and convincing FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. December, that august personage that the expend- iture is really demanded in the interests of economy or comfort. RURAL RESIDENTS WORK FOR THEM- SELVES. How different it is with that family when they acquire their part of the na- tional heritage—a little irrigated farm in Colorado, in Idaho, in California, or any other of our beautiful western states. The soil which they press is their own soil. The roof that shelters them is their roof. Now father works for himself and for his babies. When mother needs a new sink in the kitchen there is nobody to ask except the man who loves her. ‘This is freedom. What does it mean to the nation to have mil- lions of people gradually pass from the servitude of the town to the sovereignty of the country? It means the enlist- ment of a new army for the defense of the Republic in every hour of need. Give a man a home upon the soil and you have made him a patriot who will de- fend your institutions at the ballot-box and on the battlefield. I wish to impress clearly upon your minds that it is the humanitarian aspect of national irrigation which will move our countrymen and induce them to enter upon this policy on the grandest scale. Open the doors of the west and you need not worry about the future. Let the people have easy access to the land and most of our other troubles will settle themselves. The property-owner is a conservative man, who loves his family and his country. ‘Then let the property-owner be as numerous as pos- sible. GROWING PREVALENCE OF GREAT PHI- LANTHROPIES. There never has been a time in the history of the world when private be- nevolence was so common or so generous asitistoday. Philanthropists are pour- ing out their means to build colleges, hospitals, and libraries. This is a wor- thy work, which we cannot too highly commend ; but I want to avail myself of this opportunity to say that there is 1902. no field where benevolence could accom- plish so much as in assisting the recla- mation and settlement of our great arid region. First, the propaganda which this Congress has carried on for many years might well be endowed with a fund which would enable us to increase the scope and efficiency of our work a hundredfold. Then we must doubtless devise a means by which the poorest families may be helped to get homes on the soil. Government land at actual cost does not wholly solve the problem. There are railroad fares to be met, homes to be built, lands to be improved, and mouths to be fed before the land comes into bearing. ‘Thus the problem of col- onization is by no means wholly solved by putting the water on the land. For- eign governments have dealt with this matter on humanitarian lines. Over eighty years ago, when the streets of Holland were filled with idle veterans returned from the Napoleonic wars, a wise Dutch general planned a series of labor colonies which absorbed all those who were willing to work. Those who did not care to work were chastised until they changed their minds or left the country. New Zealand has a plan by which the government acts as an em- ployment agency, puts men at work in building public utilities, and finally de- posits them on the land. I believe we shall soon be called upon to deal with this phase of our social question. Without attempting to suggest any def- inite plan, I merely throw out the hint that here is a fertile field for private benevolence. I do not see how a man could have a nobler monument than a colony of happy families, or even one family, enjoying the security and inde- pendence of life on the irrigated farm. WHAT IRRIGATION HAS DONE FOR UTAH. If you ask me for an example of what might be accomplished in this line FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 309 I point you to the irrigated valleys of Utah. These were settled by compara- tively poor men, many of whom were assisted by a powerful organization. They live on small farms. They enjoy economic independence by the simple method of producing the variety of things which they consume. ‘They live chiefly in villages, and so have social advantages not usually within reach of farming communities. Itisan amazing statement, but the United States census vouches for its veracity, that of their twenty thousand farms nineteen thou- sand are wholly free of incumbrance. I love to think of those green oases among the Utah mountains. If dark hours shall ever come to the Republic, the dwellers in those lovely villages will know nothing of it except by mere hearsay. They will continue to live on the fat of the land as long as water runs down hill. Working for themselves, owning their homes, and living in the midst of congenial neighbors, what have they to fear? Nowthink of arid America, with its hundred million acres of irrigable land, as densely populated as those Utah valleys; think of the people who com- bine the social advantages of town life with the industrial independence of the country; think of them with their daily newspapers, their telegraphs and telephones, and their rapid means of transportation for products and peo- ple; and then realize that under the plans we propose the humblest citizen of this great Republic can pass at will from the discouraging conditions of town life—if for him they happen to be discouraging—to the inspiring and hopeful opportunities of this new prom- ised land. It is when I think of the matter in this way that my enthusiasm is kindled until mind and heart are ablaze. I thank God that I have lived to see the great policy of national irrigation actu- ally inaugurated. THE OSAGEV ORANGE: NOTES ON A TREE OF INCREASING ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. IBY WILRwn 1 en CHIEF OF DIVISION OF FOREST EXTENSION, BUREAU OF FORESTRY. HE natural range ot the Osage Orange (Zoxylon pomiferum) 1s southern Arkansas, southeastern Indian Territory, eastern Texas, and northern Louisiana It has been widely intro- duced elsewhere by cultivation. Its range for economic planting is in the south central states, from the northern boundaries of Kansas, Missouri, and Illinois south. The Osage Orange will grow on very sterile soil, but not thiiitily, It prefers adeep, rich, clay loam, retentive of moisture. The Osage Orange has been exten- sively used as a hedge plant in Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, and other prairie states, but it is frequently winter-killed near the northern limit of its cultiva- tion. ‘The wood is heavy, hard, elastic, and strong, and durable in contact with the soil. It is prized highly for use in cabinet-making and in the construction of carriages and machinery. It isa valu- able post timber, and also makes excel- lent fuel. The growth of the Osage Orange for the first few years is very rapid. It never makes a large tree, and matures in from 30 to 100 years. Thetree when standing alone has a tendency to branch profusely. It is this habit which renders it of such great value as a hedge plant. If crowded, it can be made to grow into a form which adapts it for posts. The Osage Orange reproduces from suckers from the roots and from seeds, which are borne in great abun- dance by the pistillate individuals. The ripe fruit containing the seed is a fleshy, globular, yellow mass with a roughened surface somewhat resembling an orange. The fruit should be collected in the fall as soon as ripe, and should be stored in sand in a cool, dry place. In the early spring the fruit should be soaked in cold -or Hardy Catalpa. water for several weeks until the tissues become somewhat macerated or decayed, allowing the seeds to be extracted. The seeds should be stratified as soon as re- moved from the fruits or else planted. A good method of planting the seeds is in the bottom of a furrow made by a lister or a plow. They should be cov- ered about an inch and a half deep. The seeds may be planted where the trees are intended tostand, or they may be planted in a nursery and the trees transplanted to their final site at the end of one year. Common as the Osage Orange is as a hedge plant, its use as a timber tree has been infrequent. Solid blocks of it are scarcely ever seen, though it grows very successfully in this way, either when planted alone or with some taller-grow- ing tree, as the Black Walnut, Locust, At Manhattan, Kansas, the Agricultural College has a very successful block of it in mixture with Green Ash. Probably the largest single plantation of Osage Orange in the United States is a 10-acre block ad- joining the large catalpa plantation of the Kansas City, Ft. Scott and Memphis Railroad at Farlington, Kansas. The trees in this block were planted in’ 1878; -at a distance of 4 tcet apart each way. In 1900, when a party from the Bureau of Forestry made a study of the catalpa plantation, it also made some measurements of the Osage Orange. No thinning had been done, and the dense growth was penetrated with extreme difficulty. The trees had made a perfectly thrifty growth, how- ever, and measurements disclosed the fact that the stand contained 2,640 first-class and 2,772 second-class fence posts per acre, worth respectively 12% and 7 cents each, showing an acreage (§10) 1902. es a ~ < fl = ch (4 a A Oo A 2 (o) 100) wn D rs) a =) Q Q Laon Oo D j=) u 4 a 4 3) S eal Lal a ©) isa 5 y fQ 1902. Forestry under the title of ‘‘ Eucalypts Cultivated in the United States.’’ * Although of foreign origin, the Eu- calypts seem specially fitted to the dry country of Arizona, New Mexico, south- ern California, and western Texas, where their value would be hard to overesti- mate. ‘Their drought-resisting powers enable them to flourish where no large American tree will grow. They yield oil, gum, nectar for honey bees, furnish shade for the ranch-house, windbreaks for field crops, and firewood for locali- ties where fuel is scare; but their chief value lies in the possibilities they hold for the reforestation of the bare, dry mountain sides of the desert country and for the protection of irrigating streams. They are specially adapted for such purposes by reason of their rapidity of growth in arid soil. The Eucalypts are now grown in Ameriac, especially in the southwestern United States, more extensively than any other exotic forest tree. No native American species can equal the extraordinary development of this exotic from remote Australia. On the ranch of Elwood Cooper, near Santa Barbara, California, there are Kucalypts 25 years old as great in girth as oaks of 300 years ; and time and again the spe- cies known as Blue Gum has, when cut to the ground, sent up sprouts from the stump which in eight years have reached a height of one hundred feet ; nor does this rapidity of growth shorten the life of the tree, for the Eucalypts, in their Australian home, reach a great age and rival in size the giant Redwoods and the Big Trees of California. The author of the bulletin on ‘‘ Euca- lypts Cultivated in the United States,’’ Prof. Alfred J. McClatchie, of the Ari- zona Experiment Station at Phoenix, has devoted ten years to the study of this genus. Besides his observations of its growth in the southwest, he has had the benefit of a correspondence concern- ing it with botanists of this country and of Australia, Algiers, and France. * Eucalypts Cultivated in the United States. By Alfred James McClatchie, M. A., Agricul- turist and Horticulturist of the Arizona Ex- periment Station. Bulletin 35, Bureau of For- estry. Pp. 106, plates XCI. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 913 The bulletin, while being devoted es- pecially to the Eucalypts as they grow in this country, also contains short descriptions of their habits in their na- tive home and of their remarkable trav- els into all the great dry regions of the globe. Detailed descriptions are given of the best methods of propagating and caring for Eucalypts, which includes directions for germinating the seed, transferring the plants to forest soil, and setting them in the field. The bulletin con- tains, in addition, careful, detailed, de- scriptions, illustrated by photographs, of the principal Eucalypts cultivated in the United States. Professor McClatchie has discussed the Eucalypts mainly from the stand- point of their usefulness, only incident- ally treating them as ornamentals. No attempt is made to present an exhaustive botanical treatise of the Eucalypts. The botanical features introduced are intended to be subservient to the in- terests and purposes of the forester. Only the large arborea] species are discussed—that is, species attaining a height of over 40 to 50 feet and a diam- eter of over1 foot. Many of thespecies consisting of smaller trees are very in- teresting to the botanist and gardener, but they are of comparatively little in- terest to the forester. The purpose of this bulletin is to give information concerning the character- istics of the Eucalypts, their climatic requirements, and their uses; to give directions and suggestions as to their propagation and culture ; and to furnish a means of identifying seedlings and mature trees, so that as the Eucalypts growing throughout the southwest be- come identified, such trees may become sources of seed for propagation. This Australian group of trees now serves very many useful purposes in the south- west, and gives promise of great future usefulness in the semi-arid portions of our continent. It is believed that when the merits of these trees are fully un- derstood, and information concerning their climatic requirements and their propagation is readily available, they will be planted more extensively and with increasing intelligence and dis- 514 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. December, VIEW IN A GROVE OF 20-YEAR-OLD BLUE GUM; TREES 24 TO 28 INCHES IN DIAMETER. EUCALYPTS AS FOREST COVER FOR PARKS, EAST LAKE PARK, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA. 1902. crimination. The covering of the now untillable, treeless portions of the semi- tropic section of America with such trees as Eucalypts, which will yield fuel, timber, and other useful products, and also furnish protection from the sun, from winds, and from floods, or otherwise ameliorate existing climatic conditions, is certainly an achievement greatly to be desired. Ee ORS. BY FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. SECRETARIES S15 The illustrations, ninety-one in num- ber, are from photographs made by the writer during the past six years. They add unusual value to the bulletin, giv- ing an excellent idea of the bark, flowers, and seeds of the several species, as well as general views of groves and plantations. Several of the illustrations are reprinted here through the courtesy of the Bureau of Forestry. WILSON: AND EEPECHCOGK. ANNUAL REVIEWS BY THE SECRETARIES OF AGRICUL- TURE AND INTERIOR WHICH SHOW GREAT PROGRESS IN FORESTRY, IRRIGATION, AND RELATED QUESTIONS. I—FROM THE REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. GROWTH OF WORK IN FORESTRY. NTEREST in forestry and a percep- tion of its possibilities as a great national resource have developed so swiftly in the United States that the discrepancy between the capacity for government service of this branch of the department and its opportunities was never so greatasnow. During the past year the Bureau of Forestry has notably increased its store of knowledge on which all forestry depends, and has made large gains in introducing prac- tical management of forests of both pub- lic and private ownership. Its field- work has engaged 162 men, and has been carried on in 42 states and terri- tories. Thirty-seven applications were re- ceived during the year, asking advice for the management of 200,000 acres. The total area now under management, in accordance with the working plans or the areal, 1s 372,403 acres. . A working plan is in preparation for a tract in southeastern Texas comprising an area of one and one-fourth million acres, the largest private holding of tim- ber land in the United States. By the request of the Secretary of the Interior, the Bureau of Forestry has be- come his official adviser in matters of forest policy for the national forest re- serves, covering over 60,000,000 acres. Extensive studies were made of com- mercial trees during the year, and studies of the forest and its industrial relations were made in Michigan, Kentucky, Ohio, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, South Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, California, and Iowa. Among the ques- tions involved were the present and fu- ture timber supply, forest fires, relation of the forests to stream flow, irrigation, and grazing. ‘The Bureau has discov- ered a less injurious method of turpen- tine orcharding than that hitherto em- ployed. In cooperation with the Bureau of Chemistry and in response to urgent de- mands, the series of tests to determine the strength of the principal merchant- able timbers, discontinued in 1896, have been taken up. In tree-planting the Bureau has sought to enlist the interest of the private land- owner. Upto theclose of the last fiscal year 262 applications for assistance had been received, nearly 200,000 acres ex- 516 amined, and 224 plans made. Not only does the example set by each plantation affect the neighborhood, but in many cases it has led to a public agitation of the question of tree-planting, and ex- tensive planting on other land has fre- quently followed. The Secretary enters an earnest plea for the establishment of the Appalachian Forest Reserve. He states that the water power, at an aggregate annual value of twenty million dollars, is being gradually destroyed through increasing irregularity in the flow; that the soils washed down from the mountain slopes are rendering annually less navigable the Ohio, Tennessee, and Mississippi and other rivers. ‘Theseare the results of the deforestation of these mountain slopes. He states that the rate of land erosion on these slopes from which the forest cover has been removed is as great now in a single year as during ten cen- turies when covered with primeval forests. SOILS SURVEYS. Valuable work has been done by the Bureau of Soils. The methods devised for the analyses of soilsin the field have been so perfected that the amounts of nitrates, phosphates, sulphates, and the like can be determined to within four or five pounds per acre, one foot deep. An investigation was begun during the year as to the possibility of reclaim- ing soils in the arid regions injured by seepage water and the accumulation of alkali. Important work on this line is being carried out on a tract of 4o acres near Salt Lake City. Arrange- ments are being made to carry on simi- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. December, lar work at Fresno, Cal., and it is pro- posed to extend it to the tropical area in Montana and possibly in Arizona, to demonstrate that these unfavorable con- ditions can becontrolled. and located in the immediate vicinity of Salt Lake City, he believes, can be increased in value by at least three millions of dol- lars, exclusive of the cost of reclama- tion, should it prove successful. IRRIGATION. The distribution and use of western rivers requires legislation on the irriga- tion industry, which, in turn, renders it necessary that there should be a better understanding of the subject than now exists. The department is securing information as to the quantity of water used, where it is used, how much water is required in the matter of crops, how it can be distributed with the least loss, and applied to the best advantage. Much has been done to educate farmers and ditch managers as to the direction in which improvement in the method of practice must come. They have made plans, have shown the need of better work in constructing and maintaining canals, and have shown that the loss of water through leakage in transit is far greater than is generally supposed. Through the courtesy of government officials in Egypt the representative of the department was enabled to become fully acquainted with the administration of laws governing the use of the Nile. Allowing for differences in conditions, the lesson of one of the oldest irrigated countries in the world cannot fail to be of interest and value to one of the youngest. IL—FROM THE REPORT) OF toe SECRET aR Obani INTERIOR. On the day following the passage of the law for the reclamation of arid lands at the last session of Congress plans were submitted by the Director of the Geological Survey for putting it into effect ; andthese being approved by the Secretary, survey parties were at once put in the field to obtain all of the facts concerning the feasibility of various projects. Great care is being exercised in se- lecting projects which will be of the greatest benefit to the country ; which will settle upon the land the greatest number of people, and which will re- turn to the Treasury the cost of the 1902. undertaking, keeping intact the fund for new works. Noconsideration of ex- pediency or sentiment can be tolerated, but only those making the working a success from a business standpoint. SALE OF PUBLIC LANDS. The report shows that there were dis- posed of during the fiscal year public lands aggregating 19,488,535 acres, an increase of 3,925,739 acres as com- pared with the aggregate disposals for the preceding fiscal year. Total cash receipts during the fiscal year, from various sources, including disposal of public land, $5,880,088.65, aggregate $6,261,927.18, an increase of $1, 289,766.39. The total area of the public lands is approximately 1,809,539,840 acres, of which 893,955,476 acres are undis- posed of. GRAZING INTERESTS’ MENACE. The avowed policy of the government to preserve the public domain for homes for actual settlers has no more implac- able and relentless foe than the class that seeks to occupy the public lands for grazing purposes by maintaining unlawful fences thereon. The fight between this class and the government has been going on for years, and resulted in the passage of the act of February 25, 1885, which provides for the institution of civil proceedings for the removal of such fences and criminal prosecution of the trespassers, and au- thorizes the President, if necessary, to call on the civil and military authorities to remove such unlawful inclosures ; but, notwithstanding the passage of ‘said act and the efforts of this depart- ment to enforce it, the abuse has con- tinued, and the beneficiaries thereof have grown so bold and arrogant that they practically defy the efforts of the department and the government to exe- ‘cute the law. There is now pending before Congress a bill entitled ‘‘A bill to provide for the leasing, for grazing purposes, of the vacant public domain, and reserving all tights of homestead and mineral entry, FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 517 the rentals to be a special fund for irri- gation.’’ Should that bill become a law, the public domain in the sixteen states and territories mentioned therein, ag- gregating an area of 525,000,000 acres, practically all of the vacant public do- main west of the Mississippi, would be subject to lease at two cents per acre for ten years, with the privilege of re- newal for ten years more. It is need- less to say that such a bill, if enacted into law, would place the last acre of desirable public land out of the reach of the homeseeker and defeat the pur- pose of the government to preserve the public domain for homes for actual set- tlers. It would also defeat the operations of the reclamation act and make possible the formation of a land monopoly never contemplated by the public-land system, but which, on the contrary, it is one of the purposes of that system to prevent. MINERAL LOCATION PRETENSE. Another method resorted to by un- scrupulous speculators to obtain timber upon the unreserved timber lands, and to which the attention of the department has been called by its special agents, is the location of so-called mining claims under placer mining laws. Quite a number of such claims have been lo- cated in fine bodies of timber in a num- ber of western states. So far as the records of the Land Department show, the lands are unappropriated public lands, and there is nothing to call the department’s attention to them, and it would never know of these locations unless reported by a special agent or if the locator should apply for a patent. Assuming the land to be really mineral, so long as the locator does the annual assessment-work required by law he will be entitled to the main possession of the tract embraced in his mineral location. If it be made for purposes of speculation only and for purposes of acquiring tim- ber within the limits of the location, the only way by which the government can reach him will be by careful investiga- tion of the character of the land upon which the location is made, and if, after such investigation, it be determined that 518 the land isnot mineral in character, and that the location is made for speculative purposes, to arrest the locator as soon as he begins to cut timber. The only de- fense he can make will be to show that the land is mineral in character, and that he is cutting timber to develop his claim as allowed by law. Should he fail in that, he will have to pay the penalty. THE FOREST RESERVES. New forest reservations have been established during the year, the forestry service extended, a better and more thorough system of patrolling the reser- vations has been perfected, and the work of reforestation on the various reservations has been entered upon with satisfactory results. There are now fifty-four forest reserves, embracing FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION: December, 60,175,765 acres. During the last fiscal year four existing reserves have been enlarged, four have been reduced, and fifteen additional have been established. The adequate protection of the forest reserves and the extension thereof to other public timber lands as occasion arises must necessarily go hand in hand with the operations looking toward the reclamation of the arid lands of the west. Timber on the unreserved public lands cannot now be properly protected; existing laws relating thereto, and especially the act of June 3, 1878, known as ‘‘ The timber and stone act,’’ if not repealed or radically amended, will re- sult ultimately in the complete destruc- tion of the timber on the unappropriated and unreserved public lands. The sit- uation demands the passage of remedial legislation. TEE EER DY Alaa ae INTERESTING STUDY OF A VALUABLE TIMBER TREE. RATE OF GROWTH—COST OF PLANTING—PROFIT IN RAISING CATALPA—IMPORTANT CULTURAL CG HE Hardy Catalpa,’’ a bulletin just published, is a valuable addition to the series of studies of American commercial trees which the Bureau of Forestry has undertaken. The value of this publication will be greatest in the middle west, where the Catalpa has been planted for many years with varying success, and where even now it is imperfectly understood. The farmer of the prairie states who desires to put a part of his lands into Catalpa, either for profit in selling posts and ties, or to supply his farm with timber, will find in the bulletin valuable information clearly and simply given. The bulletin isin two parts. Wm. L. Hall, Superintendent of Tree Planting, discusses ‘‘ The Hardy Catalpa in Com- mercial Plantations,’’ while Dr. Herman von Schrenk, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, writes of ‘‘The Diseases of the Hardy Catalpa.’’ Mr. Hall gives the results of careful studies of the Munger, Farlington, Hunnewell, and Yaggy plantations, allin Kansas. The POINTS. most important facts developed by him are as follows: It is much cheaper for the planter to: grow his trees from seed than to buy them from a nursery, if a large number are to be planted. In the ~ Munger plantation the cost of trees grown on the farm was 50 cents per thousand, while those from a nursery, with freight, cost about $4 per thousand. The cost: of establishing the Yaggy plantation with home-grown trees, including cut- ting back and two years’ tillage, was. $11.70 per acre; the cost of establish- ing the Farlington forest by contract, including the same amount of tillage, but no cutting back, was $30 per acre. Some idea of the profits in growing Catalpa for the market may be gained from the results achieved on the four plantations described in this bulletin. On the Munger plantation the present value is equal to a net annual acreage return of $15.01 from the time of plant- ing, thirteen years ago. The Farling- ton Forest and the Hunnewell planta- 1902. tion respectively show a net annual re- turn of $12.65 and $14.78 per acre from the time of planting. The Yaggy plantation shows a net return of $7.25 to $21.55 per acre, depending on the fertility of the soil in various parts of the plantation. From these figures it will be seen that the growing of Catalpa brings fully as great returns as are to be real- ized from any agricultural crop in the same region. AE = Ge, Ear a”, : 2 ANE ae ae th ie en a Dee + . —— a" GRue~--.~ : ae pee es! a ren a Sn Pe rams ~ ate ei t ! f f —— + = fe NPL LED Ogee Whevttie nae Leace ae ay ry A 20-YEAR-OLD FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. = Sey Fn a RP ee 4 oh, ae ~ ie ti S eis a : aed < Stan Ke mae ‘ ; x FER ay Boe x m 2 5 as : i; 3 f- a ok: : “ 7 Zz = 519 Hardy Catalpa makes its best growth on very rich, deepsoil. Inthe Farling- ton forest the returns on the best soil are almost five times as great as on the poorest. Grown in pure stand, the Catalpa should be protected from the wind by shelter belts of tallertrees. A thin belt of Cottonwood on the windward side of a plantation will protect the edge trees and allow them to make much taller and straighter growth ; even an Osage Fs é hr & . SSR cree et eee © ret ae =, OTE EO a wa ee, an / ah ‘ re ~ Se Ste. 2% ‘Ke . tees yet 7 SE ss 2 a rem HF ~ SS ed Vere i pugcne Pi ad ae pre s Le ® = eee | Laan eh SI Tene: = fee EE elite PLANTATION OF HARDY CATALPA IN SOUTHERN IOWA. 520 Orange hedge, though not growing so tall, will generally protect them. The proper spacing used in planting is from 4 by 4 to 4 by 6feet.. The Catalpa planter whosets his trees thinly upon the ground will find them growing with spreading tops in spite of his most care- ful efforts to prevent it. The most im- portant advantage of close planting for FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. December, The development of large side branches unfits the Catalpa for practical use. While the stand may become so dense as finally to shade them out, they cling with such persistence to the growing trunk that it cannot east then ott New wood is deposited around the dead branches, but does not unite with them. The holes thus formed lead straight SECTION SHOWING THE PROPORTION, OF HEARTWOOD, SAPWOOD, AND BARK ON A 20-YEAR-OLD CATALPA TREE (REDUCED FROM 914 INCHES). the Catalpa is that it kills the lateral branches while young. If the lateral branches die before becoming more than one-half inch in diameter, they are eas- ily pushed off by the tree and do no damage ; but if they reach a larger size than this, as they are sure to do in thin planting, they cling to the tree for years, even after they die. i into the heart of the tree, and the angle of the branches is just right to conduct water and germs of decay into the trunk. When the branch is finally released, it leaves a great hole leading to the decayed heart of the tree. The tree thus ruined sooner or later breaks down—a com- plete loss. Cutting back the young trees after a 1g02. two or three seasons, so as to develop a single sprout from the stump, greatly hastens height-growth and prevents low side branches. With close planting and cutting back two years afterward, thinning will be- come necessary within eight or ten years from the time of planting. Some of the trees will be large enough for fence posts, and if the work is judiciously done good returns may be secured from this first cutting. When the first growth is bushy and undesirable a better growth can usually be secured by cutting the stand clean and-reproducing it by sprouts. A clean-cut stand should be protected by occasional strips of timber left uncut for the protection of the succeeding crop of sprouts. This is especially necessary on the prairies where heavy winds pre- vail, for the young sprouts are very ten- der and easily broken off during the first year or two of their growth. The pro- tective strips are best run east and west, as the most damaging winds are from the south. The best growth of Catalpa is not ob- tained in pure plantations. This state- ment iscontrary to general practice and belief, for almost all Catalpa planta- tions throughout the country are pure FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. Ge planted. The advantage of a suitable associate tree is that by shading the ground it will keep out weeds and grasses and kill off the lateral branches of the Catalpa, thus giving the tree a straight, clean bole to the height of 18. to 20 feet. The best trees for planting with Catalpa in the middle west are Osage Orange and Russian Mulberry. Growers need not hesitate to force the growth of their Catalpas, as the wood is apparently just as good when grown fastasslow. The rate of growth makes. no difference in the sale of the product. Only shape and size count. Dr. von Schrenk finds that Catalpa wood, if cut from the living tree, is one of the most durable timbers known. No fungus has yet been found that will grow in the dead wood. ‘The wood of living trees is attacked by two fungi, one causing a soft rot, the other a brown rot. Dr. von Schrenk discusses these two diseases and recommends methods of preventing them. The bulletin is handsomely printed, and the many excellent half-tone plates add much value to the text. The ac- companying illustrations are taken from the bulletin, and are reprinted here through the courtesy of the Bureau of Forestry. REGEN PUBRICATIONS.: The Woodsman’s Handbook, PartI. By HENRY SoLON GRAVES. Bulletin 36, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Pp. 148. “Tie Woodsman’s Handbook,’’ the first volume of which has just been issued by the Bureau of Forestry, will be of great value to lumbermen and foresters alike. Its author, Mr. Henry S. Graves, director of the Yale For- est School, has endeavored to collect all the rules in use in this country and Canada for finding the contents of standing timber and of logs 12, 16, and 20 feet in length, of diameters from 6 to 60 inches. He has compared them in a series of tables and described their origin and mode of use. The Scribner, Doyle, and New Hampshire rules are printed in full; the rest appear in part in the comparison tables. Descriptions are given of the methods of est1- mating standing timber in use by timber cruisers in different parts of the country, and of the method adopted by the Bureau of For- estry. The Handbook contains also an out- line for a forest working plan and descriptions of instruments of use to the woodsman. The second volume of the Handbook, which is to be published soon, will coutain detailed directions for the study of age and growth of trees, including diameter, height, and volume growth. A most valuable feature will be a compilation of the tables of growth, yield tables, and volume tables for all the trees that have been systematically studied in this coun- try. The defects, strength, durability, and fuel value of timber, the amount of tannin in bark, specifications and weights of logs, and weights of lumber will be discussed. In addi- tion, the second volume will contain compound interest tables, tables for converting metric to English measnre, and areas of circles. The Handbook is of a size convenient for carrying in the pocket, and is attractively bound in green leatherette. It may be ob- tained only through the Senate, the House of Representatives, or the Department of Agri- culture. 522 Annual Report of the Commissioner of the Gen- eral Land Office. For the fiscal year end- ing June 30, 1902. Describing the work of the Division of Forest Reserves. De- partment of the Interior. Pp. 120. The report of the General Land Office on the work of the Division of Forest Reserves is of unusual interest this year as showing that al- ready appreciable benefit has resulted from the reorganization of that division in November last, by placing it under the charge of a trained forester, with several forest experts, having both technical and practical experience to assist in developing the work. The forest working force has been re-ar- ranged, placing the forest supervisors in direct charge of their respective reserves, making the duties of the forest superintendents those of local inspectors, and grading the ranger force into three classes, under the titles of assistant supervisors, rangers, and guards. The present arrangement avoids consider- able friction, and leads to greater dispatch in disposing of business. Much benefit is shown to have resulted from the first effort at inaugurating an established system of timber sales in one of the reserves, namely, the Black Hills Forest Reserve in South Dakota, where the revenue derived from furnishing timber supplies to meet local demands has been double the expense con- nected with the work. Such a result empha- sizes the advisability of extending the system to all of our forested lands. Special stress is laid upon the need for the immediate withdrawal of all public lands which are of more value for forest uses than for other purposes. Thisis recommended not only with a view to preserving the timber supply, but in the interest of irrigation. It is pointed out that the recent passage by Congress of the bill in- augurating an irrigation policy may, in its effect, be regarded as amounting, indirectly, to legislation broadening our national forest work. ‘To insure effective operation of that law it is necessary that the forest growth upon all watersheds throughout the public domain, in the states and territories affected, should be preserved as an integral part of the work of water conservation. The establishment of reserves for this pur- pose marks a third phase of the work already reached in the development of our forest sys- tem ; the work, as now in hand, extending to the care of existing forests, reforestation of denuded areas, and afforesting treeless regions. It is shown that during the year five of the existing forest reserves were enlarged, the areas of four were reduced, and fifteen additional reserves were established. Extensive tempo- rary withdrawals of lands were made in a num- ber of other cases, in which the advisability of establishing reserves is still under considera- tion. The most gratifying showing in the report is probably the efficiency of the work of the forest force, evidenced in the large number of fires reported as having been discovered FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. December, 1902. and extinguished, the decrease in the area burned over, and the reduction in the expense incurred in fighting fires. While forest fires have been unusually destructive to both life and property in a number of states during the past season, owing to unprecedented drouth, the forest reserves in the same regions have been kept comparatively free from serious fires. As a result, the people in those com- munities have become convinced that govern- ment control of the forests means protection from fires. This fact has led to numbers of petitions being submitted from various quar- ters urging the establishment of forest re- serves. Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils (1901). Third Report, by MILTON WHITNEY, Chief of the Bureau of Soils, U. S. Depart- meut of Agriculture. Pp. 647. Illustrated and accompanied bya portfolioof Maps. Published by the Department. This report is of particular interest on ac- count of its record of the relation of the alkali and irrigation problems, and its genera! rec- ommendations on soil reclamation by the use of irrigation and drainage. In the reports of the soil investigations of the tobacco lands of the Eastern and Southern States general plant investigations have been made to supplement the soil surveys, with advice as to soil man- agement, growths, etc. Probably the most spectacular and successful experiment ever attempted by the Department of Agriculture was undertaken and carried through by the Tobacco Investigations Division of this Bureau under Mr. M. lL. Floyd, who has left the em- ploy of the Government to take charge of the shade-grown tobacco industry in Connecticut for a private corporation. But to those interested in irrigation and soil reclamation the most important part of the report is that devoted to the western soil sur- veys and particularly to those of California. Here the questions of sub and surface irriga- tion and drainage are fully gone into and the recommendations made should be of the utmost value to farmers in that region and to those who contemplate taking up irrigated lands. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION will pub- lish later full résumés of the field operations of value to the magazine’s readers. Canadian Forestry Association. Report of the Third Annual Meeting. Pp. 128. +Illus- trated by 17 half-tones from drawings and photographs. Ottawa: Government Print- ing Bureau. In addition to the record of the meeting of the association which was held last March at Ottawa, this report contains many interesting papers, those of a popular nature being on the Canadian forest fires of 1901, the planting of trees on the great treeless prairies of Manitoba, Assiniboia, and Alberta provinces, and the zesthetic and economic value of tree planting about residences in those regions. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. PUBLISHER’S NOTES. A recent number of Printers Junk, the au- thority on advertising matters, had the follow- ing to say about this magazine: ‘‘ Of the six monthlies devoted to forestry and irrigation but one gets credit for issuing regularly so many as 3,000 copies. It is FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION.”’ ‘ In the last issue of the American Newspaper Directory. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION was credited with an average monthly circula- tion of 5,650 copies for a year ending August I, 1902. During the succeeding months the cir- culation has been growing rapidly and 8,000 copies were printed this month to meet the de- mand. At the present rate of increase the cir- culation will be 10,000 copies a month before the end of 1903. ° Advertisers who wish to reach substantial people will do well to consider the foregoing statements. We note with regret that the December issue of Meehan’s Monthly is to be the last of this valuable publication. This magazine has for almost twelve years past been a leader in pre- senting valuable matter concerning the higher branches of horticulture and general garden- ing. Meehan’s Monthly has undoubtedly cre- ated in many sections of the country a love for the beauties of nature. It has done much to bring about a desire for the improvement of gardens and grounds in suburban and country homes, and its suspension is a distinct loss to the field in which it labored. A number of new advertisements appear in this issue of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION, to which we respectfully call the attention of our readers. This magazine is becoming a more valuable advertising medium with each number, and this fact is being appreciated more and more by firms who are anxious to bring their business to the notice of substantial people. It is our desire to increase the advertising patronage of this magazine as rapidly as possi- ble, but no advertisements of a questionable nature will be accepted. The Marble Axe Co., of Gladstone, Mich., whose advertisement appears in this issue, are the manufacturers of numerous implements of convenience for campers, hunters, and lumber- men. Readers of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION who need such implements should write for their catalogue. The publisher of FORESTRY AND IRRIGA- TION will be glad to get the names of persons interested in the subjects to which this maga- zine is devoted. No doubt many of our readers know such persons, and if they will kindly send us their names we will take pleasure in mailing them sample copies of this magazine. LAUGHLI f our Safety Pocket Pen Hold- FOUNTAIN PEN The Best at Any Price Sent on approval to responsible people. A Pocket Companion of never ending usefulness, a source of constant pleasure and comfort. To test the merits of Forestry and Irrigation as an advertising inedium we offer your choice of these popular styles super- ior to the $3.00 {m Pre-eminently Satisfactory. Try ita week, if not suited, we buy it back, and give you centsis to pay for your trouble in returning the pen). Weare willing to take chances on you have one of these. mond Point Gold Pen, any ium or stub, aad the only per- fect ink feed known to thesci- ence of fountain pen making. Sent postpaid on receipt of $1.00 (Registration, 8¢ extri.) This great Special Offer is good for just 30 days. One of ers free of charge with each en sd Remember—There is No ‘Just as good’’as the Laughs lin:* insist on it; take no chances. ; State whether Ladies’ or Gentlemen’s style is desired. Illustrations are full size of complete article. Address LAUGHLIN MFG. Co., 841 Griswold St., Detroit. Mich. grades of other makes for | \N ° Unconditionally Guaranteed [i $1.10 for it (the additional ten fill wanting to sell; we know pen Fil values—you will when you § Finest quality hard Para rub- § ber reservoir holder, 4k. Dia- § desired flexibility in fine, med- } Insurance Company of New York ip ag peo ISSUES ALL MODERN FORMS OF oa POLICIES 4s, Ea o 2, Ss ry mr JBL seh Ne Z Ad las (ioe Me cece ! fit “ae i £ 1} POO MOO Daa we e AN fase | EEE] = ee p ay |2~ leerclecee ge gf es SH aed ic e Be CNQaricK “yore pO ED 3 ta tty 1A carl ( Dia Bi, nen} Si pe yi ee Manager for Central Eastern Department 715 Fourteenth St. N.W. . Washington 6. Marble’s Safety Pocket Axe WILL INTEREST YOU Send for circular describing it to- gether with numerous conveniences for campers and hunters. MARBLE SAFETY AXE CO. GLADSTONE, MICH., U. S. A. —_ 4 4 4 4 SS YESwocoeoss A a DSN ~4~-—=<— SS Sess SSS SOS DLOQXaspsrS = ae i —A~—~> 2 SDs SS Des S aaa: as = = = = aS a | TREES... and. . SEEDS ATTENTION! | FOR { FORESTRY PURPOSES Our nurseries are known the % world over as headquarters for Forest Tree Seeds and Seedlings and nearly every Foreign Goy- ernment is supplied by us. We have a large acreage of orie and two year seedlings especially grown for Forestry purposes New ‘‘ Forestry ’’ catalogue with prices of seeds and seedlings ready now. THOMAS MEEHAN & SONS weeNurserymen and Tree Seedsmet...... Dreshertown, Montgom’y Co., Pa. ORCHIDS ORCHIDS We are the largest Orchid i abe: in the United States He eae: Our illustrated and descriptive Catalogue of Orchids is now ready and cae be had on application Orchid Growers and Importers... LAGER & HURRELL SUMMIT, N. J. Fi Ee be eye E. J. MORTON, Tarleton, Tenn., Shipver of all kinds of Collected Seedlings. All sizes of Trees, trom 6 inches to 8 feet. Below competition for first-class trees: Catalpa Speciosa, 214 to 4 ft., $5 per M; Linden, 6 to 12 in. $1.35 per M; Sugar Maple, 1 to 3 ft. $2.5 50 per M: American Linden, | to 2 ft., $3.50 per M; Butter- nut, 1 to 21% ft., $3.50 per M; Red Cedar, 5 to 12 in., $2.75 per M; Hazel Nut;1 to 3 ft., $3.50 per M; White Birch, 1 to 3 ft., $3.50 per M; Tulip Poplar, 1 to 3 ft., $3.50 per M; Magnolia Acuminata, 1 to 3 ft., $3.75 per M. In 5,000 lots:—Hemlock, Spruce, 20 in., $3. Lots above 5,000, any assortment, speci: al prices quoted. 500 each of Sugar Maple, Tulip, Magnolia, and Dogwood, 4 to 6 ft., $4 per 100. Write for estimates on your spec ial needs. GOLD IN A NUTSHELL New Book . . Alf about Nuts Price, Ten Cents American Plant & Seed Company Nashville, Tennessee and Pine, 6 to Fatmers and Tree Planters te We wish to call attention to our very large stock of Apple, Plum, and Cherry Trees. Our Plums are all grown on American stock, which makes them absolutely hardy for northern planting. We are also large growers of grapes and other small fruits. Those who anticipate planting the coming spring will find it to their interest to send and get our new descriptive catalogue and special prices. Re- member that we are headquarters for evergreens transplanted. J. WRAGG & SONS CO., Waukee, Iowa. We Grow Them Good, Well Rooted Fruit Trees Apple, Peach, Plum, Pear, Cherry * ™ all other nursery THEM direct to planters, 50 per cent agents’ com- our PLANTERS’ PRICE And a general assortment of stock. WE SELL and you save 25 to mission. Send for LIST and Catalogue. BROCK NURSERY CO., Brock, Nebr. Law as = In eee advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 2 ——— BIE xu gig, ok ea ae Es ee VV VY SEN OME Oe a Va IE REE OE OE IE OILS OS TOOL OTS OTOL I SINUS, OES OOS RIE yes = oO COMMERCIAL NURSERIES and ORCHARDS J.H. H. Boyd, Gage, Tenn. The Best of Everything for the Orchard, DEALER IN c Yard, Cemetery, and Park. We propa- gate from our Tested Bearing Orchards in Tree and Shrub Seeds € the Red River Fruit Belt. Elbertas and ree Seedlings in Tarepand Smallivote fine apples specialties. Thirty years’ ex- Catalpas, Russian Mulberry, perience. Catalogue free. Black Locust, and many other JOHN Ss KERR indefinite ornamental varieties . id Would like to correspond with any one who Sherman, Texas. could sauedy, good fresh tree and shrub seeds MILLIONS... Of Forest Tree Seedlings grown each Money Rolls to Agents BEBE VE-A WE-A BREA, season. . . Also Apple and Pear Seed- that sell nursery stock from the famous : Ss lings and a complete General pre : KG B))} Stock. . . Write for our Catalogue By oH ; . = ee GREELEY, COLORADO, NURSERIES ¢ -\r a ° Fal Gage County Nurseries whose stoek is better adapted to all localities BY Box No. 601 Beatrice, Neb. than any others. Agents wanted in every sy a county. Write at once for terms and terri- ¢ Wia Led -\ MAGAZINE READERS | ————- : Before you renew your Prices Cut 50) Per Cent. { 2 subscriptions for your A “a magazines send for the K- » Fa : > ‘ - lete line = s catalogue issued b ae We now have the finest and mo-t complete e 3 a 8 ) of nursery stock ever grown in Arkansas. If (@ you, Mr. Lae are interested. in fine fruit ata by = Kenyon’s Subscription Agency | smsi ousiay or cash. snen send foroureatalogne, (¢ It tells you. all Abeitic die: fae pies we have. Ra Write to-day to— By dS See their full-page adver- C A ee uit in this jssue. .. YARBROUGH BROS., Stephens, Ark, S « f )) S 2 Magazine Readers’ Guide s D) xX %€ Will save you one-half the cost of your reading matter. We do not ask you to become is 2 our agent. We give agents’ clubbing rates to all subscr ibers on two or more periodicals. vers 5» We have room here for but a few combinations. ee hai C jj Forestry and Irrigation, Suce ess, and Review Of REVIEWS. .......cccscerseeceeeeeceeer ce ees cette eettsteseasenaeeneeesceeaes $3 25 2 Py = e “« Everybody’s Magazine Sede eresnianaabeccactony naaog base wiSsasnee dos 2 05 oS § by a +s cl [Gentiny eee oe ce abbas chess heseme sees ete: “B25 »)) SS # et Fyaal Sto Verann bilo Wet Td (OAT ao neoan cea eercedesen ae noceeuckdobeeoro dosa59 0) goncancanbeoasomepasco+ 3 50 y a ro Ey erybody’ s Magazine, AMG COSMOPOLITAN... ...0..0...c0scnescenn-cncsessnntanienaenssecesenes 205 (€ nf Zs rs Goto cel Uo HSIN odd telcbeercrraceeacnp oc ctns capeeacaceco Pecan ora 3 25 Be as e gS sf sé CP AIVOCTCAULOM bacancenscce-csecors ess eremmanacasentncates conse renas 200s: Cosmopolité in, Leslie’s Monthly, ANA EverybOdy’S MaAgazine........cccccscccsesseessseecrescensssccesocserssceescestecces 2 00 («¢ Woman’s Home Companion, adeWesliers MOomtiilyentscce esse tereeeestt cae: camera ere 200 3 i Everybody’ s Magazine, and Conary Se stacsdamese eve satecusee sina ce caule Oe mate stents ai Satan els ape eT Ream acai e 4 75 « Century, Leslie’s Weekly, and Electrical Age... Bar a RO CEEE naa aC CCL CESIOERE hdzsdee g) SOLO ) 20 Ever ybody’ s Mag: wine, anid Siccesnaect ee ee oe ee tee eae a CA a) Carers “ CMV ior LAUER GIA ees occas Re eo ce, spe coe ccc ce 600 He Success; amd Review ofgReviews....csceccs. <«sesses caessacease= = as euetersest sacisepencee. ccocsi\cooSusnesenatennenneresetasess 600 3 Of Seribner sand WOrldO=DAVr.es.s.cccttesc otter saeco ent acetates necen sapere a aetane neseneparpmipee een eaters 8 00 iG St. Nicholas, National Magazine, Recreation, Everybody’s Magazine, and Book NeWS........:c::0cesse 4 70 By oe Arena, Birds and Nature, E verybody’s Magazine, 4nd SUCCESS ........:.::ssesesseceerseeseceesereees 5 00s es WMO Hd. Wo- Lianne WOU ths acc. xn ctecs Se ee eRe ecg esa a nage aun a 450 A C onkey’ s Music and Home Journal, C osmopolitan, and Every body’s Magazine........ccccseseeeessseeeeeeeeeees 1 40 “a ae re Success, and Ey erybody’ s Magazine Rene nanteeeee 1 40 « ne Be cE Household, and Everybody’s Magazine 1 40 3 2 ee a “ = Gleanings, and Everybody’s Magazine 1 40 «C : Make out a list of what papers you want and let us submit prices. = oe We will be pleased to name you a very low rate. Magazine Readers’ Guide will be * 2} mailed free. We also have several tons of nice, clean sample copies of Illustrated, Story, 3 m8 Agricultural, Literary, etc.—in fact, all sorts, classes, and kinds of papers and magazines, KG ww We will sent these, postpaid, oue pound, Io cents ; Gres pounds, 25 cents. fe 055 “ Address, MAGAZINE READERS’ GUIDE Fe 2) a... ae Skaneateles, N. Y. < aR i DAA WEF, BE AS BLAS ERAS RLS Ned a NO SES Nb Ss YE Bhd Sx DBE Som Wh ER NBA SR. NOE Se NN SO ND BNE SS UNE IES OE EN, BBE FE BY PEAR YEAS In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION LAMA AAAI SIE IE A. NR ERE AEA IEA IEA IE AIEEE AE NEE AEN Magazine Readers ( ¢ MAGAZINE READERS < SHOULD CONSULT i as KS Fa” Our 96-page fect Catalogue..... x BEFORE PLACING THEIR SUBSCRIPTIONS es FOR THE COMING YEAR Opes 02 PHS EY stroteatentontente Wecan save you 10% to 50% on your List. £ Our Catalogue is free for the askin g, * Weare the Oldest Agency in existence. { Have better bargains this season than ever before. BY stesferterteteoe = Reference: Any Publisher in the United States BY « x Seslesheefesiente ESTABLISHED IN 1869 KENYON’'S SUBSCRIPTION AGENCY « 612 Medinah Bldg., CHICAGO, ILL. ay (Div. F. I.] FE DSE DD be aad MEALS ASML HSL SIS HS SBSH SH SHSM SBE SSE EM SH SEAS In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 3 re Sie =“ Rie 7) Ar Sw ‘ see, D YS SER = ey bse = GRAND CLUBBING OFFERS. Our 52 page Catalog for 1903 is now ready to mail. It. contains clubbing prices and combination offers covering over 2,000 different periodicals. The pages are the same size as those in this magazine, and it is well worth your while to send us a two-cent stamp for postage and receive by return miail the best clubbing offers that have ever been put out to the public. We have room here to give you but a very few of them. These clubbing offers may be either new or renewal subscriptions to the same or different ad- dresses, but must be for one year in all cases. For convenience in forming clubs, we will make three classes as follows: Class A. Gleaningsitsentmeountierscsscases Jetesesteatoeee ee LEOO) Littles Chrowiclexvrorsctcccc aN s $1.50 Woman’s Home Companion.......cccccseeeeee ceeee 1.00 Pilectricall Ag Gycc ci iivcsecstvelsetectesseenerene eased 1.00 ELOUSCN OLE rserse tees tee tse so esed 1.00 ane POUlti ye cesecanedeudeareneiensee- cop Useete ee sanees - 1.00 National Ct ae 1.00 American amclenses. soe ae enna eee 1.00 Leslie’s Monthly.. 1.00 Ohio Karmier-..-.-s- ws sacs) 2 LeO0 ET rete gdeeee Otros vacturcviecseccotieeanageeavere ee 28 are) Michiga meialrnre rn ccsaedeceteee teres ater eee 1.00 Campbell’s Illustrated Journal..... se) a0) Practica SMAantien nesest---aneasetencancsekteecaese seca 1.00 RIEGCECATOMN Le) ee nascent 1.00 Buffalo Weekly Horse Gazette.... Siar E8o! Ledger Monthly........... 1.00 Farm Journal, five years............sssce cseneenes 1,00 FRUIT Sieeetee ee tent ceo. 1.00 Bern: Bulletin aii cecncceeces tarot cncenersceteeeeeens 1.00 WOUTI PES Mia SaZIMe ena -cereasoaoeettee ast eeinscoco Ltfo%) Vick’s Magazine, three VGA tS ameereres cites 88) Mar Mine kc. e Nose bene: soasedense saan teueeens 1.00 AGS WEItSR eect rt 1. cease ee oes eee 1.00 Class B. GreatRowmd World irtecccrsc-serccecsctersseesecionees | WiotldsnWOrkl. 2. no.t.stacseccssctseccnstecicetteasanetens $3.00 Merain ed INUTSe ness seeeee A | Popular: Science N@WScss-.a:0...0sen02scaveen, «ocseeer 2.00 Public Opinion (new) FA Whe HATrena ssc iisecwdeeewwsesnses vive) 2300 Art Interchange Lelie seve tieatpietcndasteae Set itacs Oememusceeeites | New England Magazine... deies 3.00 Lippincott’ Sacha taey alloneead Qisees beta eecegtaawest seseeporaae Toilettes:......,. ee es 2.00 Current Literature... 30 | Chautauquan... 2.00 World Bod ayevencus-scttecsse Seeve serene aranesneanect | Country Life 3.00 Class C. BowltryeKeep eiiitas tosses teesie cs cnedeoce tree scenes aa $0.50 | ConkeystHome | Joutnalics: cc ese-ees-secesees eee $0.50 Good HiealttirG lanier -tic.cccse sensor eno ee eee “50e=m Gommlencial POWwltnyeencccses ne esencresteemiatedeeacees .50 Woman’s Work............. see 50) | WIG! si Maga Zin e ioscccs:ciccscases soasduesuntacneaes ten .50 Good Witeratunre ns... -eecest sce cceees seen ees S35 eeu WAGICS) AV OL1 Gi des Seis seresins no cade uanvasnie cewens Oa +40 ( Success; and one magazine in Class A.. siceges shines Success, Everybody’s alas arin. and one of Class Av... 2.00 | Success, and any two in Class A.. canieenootianse ENG 2.00 ° e ) Success, one in Class A, and one in Class B.. ne BsO0) We will give yOu , Success, one in Class A, and two in Class B..... oo) 450 | Everybody’s, and one magazine in Class A. Te 25 ES Vely MOUS ttt) tL MjO Ole Class) Al ssi seereuansssiivensenesisecescaenees 2.00 Everybody’s, one in Class A, and one in Class B.............08+ 3 00 Everybody’s, one in Class A, and two in Class B...............+ 4.50 Any one in Class C may be added to any of the above combinations by adding..........cceeseeceeennrennneees $0.2 es Special Offers. Success; (Review of Reviews, and WOrestry anc elighl oa tlatiee senses ea eete see een cnac eet eee ears aoe cle $3.30 Everybody’s 3) Magazine. the Arena, and !Gosmopolitat meses eteae te crore a seee? ce teeeem ete eeerceaterecescom 2050 Forestry and Irrigation and a new subscription to Special Crops, a 75c. monthly magazine, devoted to ginseng culture, may both be added to any combination above by adding $1.00, w hich is the price of Forestry and Irrigation alone. Pen-and-ink prices quoted on any combinatlon you desire. Prizes tothe amount of $330.00 offered to agents. Youth’s Companion the balance of this year free, together with a splendid art calendar, and all of 1903, may be added to any combination by adding $1.75. Address— Cc. M. GOODSPEED. Box 804. ait SKANEATELES,N. Y. In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. o PILI LOLOL LLL LL EL LOE LO EL ED OD OE IO ane ~~ Ss ‘ . ~ 2 ana a 8 . . Z ws N a4 OD EEL LLY SOs - ) 3 BA-HA-NI| (| 2 : vase TRY the 20th century specific for Constipation, Biliousness, To the West The North-Western Line is the only double track railway from Chicago to the Missouri River. The double track is now completed between Chicago and Council Bluffs. Four fast trains Sick Headache, Liver Troubles, > ° each way daily between Chicago and Omaha, ) Indigestion, and all three trains daily to the Pacific Coast and two } ) to Denver. Q é ° . c Fs de ) Stomach Ailments. A double track railway across the western prairies means a great deal ( of history-making, empire-building, ( Your money back if eae y nae ) not relieved. merican energy. ( ‘ : The story of the western country and of the K ‘ Pioneer Line that has ae peat eae eat ( ‘ i ess is interestinyly told in a booklet é ign DOseS st dag ar hice willie sent on receipt of a two-cent stamp ( j to pay postage. aonb ita ea oF W. B. KNISKERN, PASS’R TRAFFIC MANAGER, « CHICAGO. ( STEPHENSON CHEMICAL CO., Q Greenesbursg, Pa. FARMING in COLORADO, UTAH ... and NEW MEXICO ... The farmer.who contemplates changing his location should look well iuto the sub- ject of irrigation. Before making a trip of investigation there is no better way to secure advance information than by writ- ing to those most interested in the settle- ment of unoccupied lands. Several pub- lications, giving valuable information in regard to the agricultural, horticultural, and live stock interests of this great west- ern section have been prepared by the Denver & Rio Grande and the Rio Grande Western, which should be in the hands ot all who desire to become acquainted with the merits of the various localities. Write RT So emma YP Pr ea earamranmreenLs LOL VYweovrwey S. K. HOOPER, G. P. & T. A. - ++ DENVER, COLORADO ... COLDS OD BPA PDA PP PAD PAP PPA A ~_—A ) ) ) \ ) ) ) ) v ) ) ) )) ) ) ») « )) ) ) y ) ) ) In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. ORGANIZED APRIL, 1882. INCORPORATED JANUARY, 1897. i alg We Ss American Forestry Association OFFICERS FOR 1902. President. Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. First Vice-President, Corresponding Secretary. Dr. B. E. FERNOW, Ithaca, N. Y. F. H. NEWELL, Washington, D. C, Recording Secretary, GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY, Washington, D. C. Treasurer, OTTO J. J. LUEBKERT, Washington, D. C. Directors. JAMES WILSON. HENRY S. GRAVES. EDWARD A. BOWERS. FREDERICK V. COVILLE. B. E. FERNOW. HENRY GANNETT. ARNOLD HAGUE. F. H. NEWELL. THOMAS F. WALSH. GIFFORD PINCHOT. GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY. Vice-Presidents. Sir H. G. JoLy DE LOTBINIERE, Victoria, B. C. JOHN GIFFORD, Princeton, N. J. CHARLES C. GEORGESON, Sitka, Alaska. EDWARD F. HoBart, Santa Fe, N. M. D. M. RrorDAN, Flagstaff, Ariz. W. A. WADSworRTH, Geneseo, N. Y. THOMAS MCRAE, Prescott, Ark. J. A. HOLMES, Raleigh, N. C Wo. R. DUDLEY, Stanford University, Cal. W. W. BARRErtT, Church’s Ferry, N. D. HENRY MICHELSEN, Denver, Col, Wo. R. LAZENBY, Columbus, Ohio. ARTHUR T. HADLEY, New Haven, Conn. A. C. ScoTtT, Stillwater, Okla. Wm. M. CansBy, Wilmington, Del. J. T. RoTHROCK, West Chester, Pa. A. V. CLUBBS, Pensacola, Fla. | H. G. RUSSELL, E. Greenwich, R. I. R. B. REPPARD, Savannah, Ga. THOMAS T. WRIGHT, Nashville, Tenn. CHAS. DEERING, Chicago, IIl. | Wo. L. BRAY, Austin, Texas. JAMES TROOP, Lafayette, Ind. C. A. WHITING, Salt Lake, Utah. THOMAS H. MACBRIDE, Iowa City, Iowa. | FRANK W. ROLLINS, Concord, N. H. D. C. Burson, Kansas. | REDFIELD PROCTOR, Proctor, Vt. JOHN R. Procter, Frankfort, Ky. D. O. NourSE, Blacksburg, Va. LEWIS JOHNSON, New Orleans, La. | ADDISON G. FOSTER, ‘tacoma, Wash. EDWARD L. MELLUS, Baltimore, Md. A. D. HOPKINS, Morgantown, W. Va. N. E. HANSEN, Brookings, S. D. | THOMAS F. WALSH, Washington, D. C. JOHN K. Hogss, North Berwick, Me. ELIHU STEWART, Ottawa, Ont. N. S. SHALER, Cambridge, Mass. Wo. LITTLE, Montreal, Quebec. CHARLES W. GARFIELD, Lansing, Mich. | GEo. P. AHERN, Manila, P. I. SAMUEL B, GREEN, St. Anthony Park, Minn. Wo. R. CASTLE, Hawaii. WILLIAM TRELEASE, St. Louis, Mo. J. H. McLEaRyY, San Juan, P. R. | CHARLES E. BESSEY, Lincoln, Neb. | Annual Dues, $2.00. Life Membership, with exemption from further dues, $100.00. Sustaining Membership, $25.00 a year. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the Association, and is sent regularly to all members. To the Assistant Secretary, AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D. C. DEAR SiR: I hereby signify my desire to become a member of the American Forestry Association. Very truly yours, a a Pah StF SST AY 4 »? a. ie. pg = * & SD Americen forests p | AD55 — co SD American forests 1 AUTHOR * A55 eS CE TED ta wr. 8 TITLE ae eae : DATE ISSUED TO PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET LE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY