re cianes es vi tet A an, ilentendirsrt tha lar Fur rent LEO Ie Teo uo whey : = i, 2 Dogs teen enrages % he a vk oat te > f S naan p Laws ” piso zo Dong A ga cel ee tipi pee ON ve eee oe tar” S ee e ee eee at apa en ae ee ation ast OT a emerge a mer ame ame al na in - ea aaranermners T Pot - ariel ine renters (rare rant aie ee y, Peek pe omer aa ETF AERY rors aa Sennen pend Pe mee 4 Sian eind onder ame tenn eee, ene mpm entero rT oe coe PY ; nearer a eC eae dati 4 ‘anope’ peer ee ee eS —— Pp tee ea HANDBOUND AT THE whe e UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS RECEIVED FACHITY OF FORESTRY MAR Qe 2 UNIVERSHY OF TUnONTO Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from | Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/americantorests 11 natiuoft RECEIVED FACINTY OF FORESTRY MAR 1989 UNIVcRoY OF TORONTO 288 AMERICAN FORESTS CONGRESS) if WA 7¢, XI—No. 1—| !), JANUARY, 1905 $1.00 a Year; 10 cts. a Copy —-_ 510 Twelfth Street Northwest, Washington, i. C.. Field 7"4 Stream Edited by EMERSON HOUGH America’s Illustrated Monthly Magazine of the Rop, Gun, Doc, CANOE, CAMGRA, CRUISE, Ete Subscription Price $1.50 per Year 15cents a opy of all Newsdealers The Mysteries of the Mighty Amazon River EAD thesto y, graphically penned by ex- ploper ALVAH D. JAMES, of the dis- coveries and faets breught to light by “FIELD AND STREAM’S” exploration party in the vast. tropical wilderness drained by the Amazon. From the day when, on the Pacific coast. the ascent of the Andes Mountains began, the thrill of the narrative isupon you, and never releases its hold until the tale ends at the confluence of the great river with the Atlantic, 3,600 miles fromits source. ms Begin your subscription with the superb Christmas Number of 1903, contsining the first installment of this Amazon story. Address the Publichers John P. Burkhard Corporation Dept. F. I. 35 West 21st St., New York DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, WASHING- TON, D&C., January 9, 1905.%[Sealed proposals will be received at the office of the . United States Reclamation Service, 1108 Braly Build- ing, Los Angeles, California, until 2 o'clock P. M., March 15, 1905, for the construction of the Laguna dam and sluice ways, involving the ex- cavation of about 282,000 cubic yards of earth, ex- eavation of about 305,000 cubie yards of solid rock, placing of about 305,000 cubie yards of solid rock in the dam and masonry core walls, building of about 27,150 cubie yards of concrete, laying of about 80,000 square yards of paving, and furnish- ing and driving of about 53,000 linear feet of sheet piling, for the diversion of a part of the Colorado River about ten miles northeast of Yuma, Arizona. - ae So —~_ ae mW p math Ve 4 4 yay a 7 / 4 Z re a $f, a he SiS SEN 7 < \ f/ Vi | \% |} !} / /f Phar J > /f£ AM F Sh 4 LALUJTUL, Vrs iisa, WIUUCLS Bie LILVILeEU Ww De present when bids are opened. E. A. HITCHCOCK Secretary. Printing s Publishing The H. M. Suter Publishing Co. have exceptional facili- ties for turning out books, pamphlets, calendars, Col- lege annuals, &c. jf All Kinds of Illustrations Furnished. To persons desiring prompt publication of books we can guarantee first class printing and careful proof-reading, relieving them of all detail work. CORRESPONDENCE INVITED. Hl. M. Suter Publishing Co., 510 TWELFTH ST., N. W. WASHINGTON, D.C. AMERICAN Horticultural Manuel In Two Parts. Part 1. Comprising the leading Principles and Practices con- nected with the Propagation,Culture,and Improvement of Fruits, Nuts, Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, and plants of the United States and Canada. By J. L. Budd, Pro- fessor Emeritusin Horticulture in the Iowa State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. Assisted by N. E. Hansen, Professor in the South Dakota Agricultural College. I2mo, xxX4I7 pages, 107 figures. Cloth, $1,50. Systematic Pomology Being Part II of American Horticuitural Manuel, giving a Description of the Fruits in Cultivation, largely planted in the varied parts of the United States and Canada, together with those of special promise in local parts. I2mo, xiX4g91 pages. Cloth, $1.50. JOHN WILEY & SONS 43 and 45 East 19th St. New York City In writing adversisers kindly mention FGRESTRY AND IRRIGATION LL LLL Se DO) SCHOOLS & COLLEGES BYS} Harvard University The Lawrence Scientific School Announces the establishment of four-years’ programme of courses in Forestry leading to the degree of S. B. The School offers also profes- sional courses leading to the degree of S. B. in Landscape Architecture, Engineering, Mining, Geology, Biology, Chemistry, etc. Information about require- ments for admission, courses of study, expenses, etc., may be obtained ly addressing J. L. LOVE, Secretary 16 University Hall, Cambridge, Mass. N.S. SHALER, Dean. Accurate estimates of standing timber, valuation surveys and working plans made, and expert advice on any logging, lumbering, or forestal proposition furn- ished by C. A. SCHENCK & CO., Biltmore, N. C. Consulting Forest Engineers. Harvard University THE Lawrence Scientific School offers four-year courses of study leading to the degree of S.B. in Civil, Mechanical, and Electri- cal Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Archi- tecture, Landscape Architecture, Forestry, Chem- istry, Geology, Biology, Anatomy and Hygiene (preparation for medical schools), Science for Teachers, and a course in General Science. For the catalogue and information, address J. L. Love, 16 University Hall, Cambridge, Mass. N. S. SHALER, Dean. California, Alta, Placer County AGASSIZ HALL is a boys’ Preparatory School in the Sierra Ne- vada Mountains. Its boys are encouraged to ride, row, swim, fish, hunt, trap, snowshoe as out-of-school aids toward developing healthy manhood. ts Oa a FO ee THE University of the South Sewanee, Tennessee DEPARTMENTS Academic Medical Theological Pharmaceutical Law Preparatory The University of the South is situated in the center of its woodland domain of 10,000 acres on the summit of the Cumberland Mountains, 2,000 feet above sea level. Open from March to December, the academic year being divided into three terms. Students from other Universities may attend the sum- mer session, July 3 to September 26, in any department. The University domain is being lumbered in a scientific manner under the direction of the Bureau of Forestry, U.S. Department of A gri- culture,and an unusual opportunity isafforded for the preliminary study of forestry. Sewanee presents an exceptionally attractive field for the study of geology, and forest and field botany. For further information address THE VICE-CHANCELLOR Fast through train service to all points from Chicago, Milwaukee and Peoria on the East, to Omaha, Denver, the Black Hills, Salt Lake City and the Pacific Coast on the West, and north- ward to St. Paul, Minneapolis, Duluth, Superior, Ashland, Mar- quette and Sault Ste. Marie. Ghe Best of Everything. , W. B. Kniskern, Pp. T. M. Nw37t Chicago, Il, In writing advertisers kindly mention FoRESTRY AND IRRIGATION. The Proceedings OF THE American Forest Congress held at Washington, D. C., Jan. 2 to 6, will be published in book form about March 1, 1905. This volume will contain the full list of notable addresses and papers delivered at the several sessions of the Congress, a list of the dele- gates who were present, and the text of the resolutions adopted. Altogether this will form the most comprehensive and authorita- tive publication on the subject of forestry that has yet been issued in the United States. The price of the book will be announced in the February number of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. Orders should be filed promptly with H. fl. SUTEBR Secretary American Forestry Association, 510 Twelfth St., N. W., Washington, D.IC. : H. M. SUTER, Editor \ : a aT ea SS ta ee ee ee ee CONTENTS FOR JANUARY, 1905 GROUP OF DELEGATES TO THE AMERICAN FOREST CONGRESS - = - = = = = - Frontispiece THE AMERICAN FOREST CONGRESS (With pen sketches by W. Pain) - - = = = = s a = = a MEETING OF RECLAMATION ENGINEERS (lTllustrated) - REPORT OF THE DIRECTORS OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION - - - - = = CONFERENCE OF FOREST OFFICIALS - - - - LECTURES ON FORESTRY ~ - - - - - - SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN FORESTS - - - - STATE IRRIGATION LAWS - - - - Morris Bien POCONO PROTECTIVE FIRE ASSOCIATION, Thos. L. Hodge GIVING MEN HOMES ON LAND - - Guy E. Mitchell STRENGTH OF TIMBER TREATED WITH PRESERVA- TIVES = - - - - - = = = = < A PORTO RICO FOREST RESERVE - - - = iS FORESTRY AND THE RAILROADS - - - = a COLORADO PRACTICING FORESTRY - - - - - USE OF THE GRAIN DRILL IN IRRIGATION DISTRICTS Herbert M. Thomas - = = = x os is THE SAFE-GUARD OF THE RECLAMALION FUND F. H. Newell - = = = = x He = a e IOWA PARK AND FORESTRY ASSOCIATION - - - THE BELLE FOURCHE PROJECT - - = ie = FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the American Forestry Associa- tion. Subscription price $1.00 a year; single copies 10 cents. Copyright, 1904, by H. M. Suter Publishing Co. Entered at the Post Office at Washington, D. C. as second-class mail matter. Published Monthly at WASHINGTON, D. C. e 4 SHERIDAN iL f\ Fi This Group Includes Only those Delegates who had Arrived by Noon on January Second. President at the White House. o G a > Q S ie} 3 Q o 5) ro) % A= oO He ~ o we g oO Q —s 2) 3 l= ~ & o & Bs] wu wo [ov o A > > Ss] a o G ~ Ge ° n Qa o _ n o SG aS =] ° Ao! o tal is) o Q jon) < > o G ~~ n is} n 2] o i=) oY) =) ° oO ~ 12) o ee ° cy S i] a a 3) & < o G a je} Be n o = w to) & o A ol } [oF 3 [e} Lod o) < Photo by Prince, Washington, D. C. 2 JAINUARY, - 1 905. _ IN@; “3. AMERICAN FOREST CONGRESS Held at Washington, D. C., January 2 to 6—A Lage Attendance of Delegates Representing Im- portant Interests in Every Section of the Country "THE American Forest Congress, held at Washington, D. C., the first week in January, was not only by far the most successful meeting de- voted to forestry that has been held in this country, but it will go down as one of the most striking gatherings that has been given up to any economic subject. Washington is a city that sees many important conventions ev- ery year, and the American Forest Congress in the opinion of men promi- nent in official life was among the most influential gatherings that have taken place at the nation’s capital in a score of years. The purpose of this Congress, as announced in the official call, was “to establish a broader understanding of the forest in its relation to the great industries depending upon it; to ad- vance the conservative use Of forest resources for both the present and the future needs of these industries, and to stiniulate and unite all efforts to per- petuate the forest as a permanent re- source of the nztion.” - That the. tine was ripe for such a gathering is amply testified to by the large and influential crowd of dele- gates who attended. The attendance, which far exceeded the. expectations of the Committee on Arrangements, included practically all persons en- gaged directly in forest work, the lead- ers in state forest associations, and an unusually influential lot of representa- tives from the railroad, lumbering, mining, irrigation, and grazing inter- ests of the country. A better idea of the attendance at, and interest in the Congress can be had when it is stated that at its eight separate sessions the average attendance was 1,000. The large hall was crowded at the opening session, and the interest was so keen throughout the Congress that the at- tendance at the last session was even larger. In addition to a special meeting at which a notable address by the Presi- dent of the United States was the lead- ing feature, the program included half- day sessions devoted particularly to irrigation, the lumbering industry, the grazing industry, railroads in their re- lation to the forest, importance of for- ests to mining, and one devoted to na- tional and state forest policy. At each of these sessions a man prominent in the line of work under discussion acted as presiding officer, while the papers and addresses presented were by men of achievement in their particular lines of work. To President Roosevelt, whose em- phatic stand on forest questions has done so much for the movement, and whose address at this‘ Congress is a further ringing “call to arms,” such a gathering must have been very réas- suring. Likewise to Secretary Wil- son, who has for nearly eight’ years been such a stanch friend of the Gov- ernment’s forest work, and in addition, as President of the American Forestry Association, has given decided impetus to the general forest. movement, the success of this Congress must be espe- cially pleasing. More than all, to Mr. Gifford Pin- chot, Forester of the United States De- partmnt of Agriculture, who has worked with untiring energy to bring about a better understanding in regard to our forests, the meaning of such a gathering, and the many deserved tributes paid to his work during it, must come with special gratification and significance and give him immense 2 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION encouragement for the future of the great work in his charge. tco much to say that forestry takes on a new meaning to the American people from the date of this Congress. As the daily proceedings of the Con- gress have appeared in the newspapers and the full text of its proceedings will be published in book form about March 1, this account is limited to a mere outline of what occurred at the various sessions. The resolutions adopted by the Congress and the lst of delegates attending are given in full. Beginning on Monday, January 2nd, the day set aside on the pro- gram for the registration of delegates and attendance at President Roose- velt's New Year’s reception at the White House, the success of the Con- gress was assured. As early as eight o'clock in the morning, before the doors of the National Rifles’ Armory were open many delegates were seek- ing admission in order to register and receive their delegates’ cards. Dur- ing the day about two hundred and fifty delegates, coming from every sec- tion of the United States, and some from Canada, had called upon Mr. William L. Hall, Secretary of the Con- gress, and presented their credentials. At noon, according to program, the delegates began to assemble at the northeast entrance to the War, State, and Navy building, in order to attend President Roosevelt’s reception in a body. It was here that the photo- graph was taken from which the fron- tispiece of this number of Forestry AND IRRIGATION was made. It shows only those delegates who had arrived up to noon on Monday, January 2. Promptly at 12:45 the delegation, headed by Mr. Gifford Pinchot, took up the position in line reserved for it. Following the White House recep- tion there were no further events scheduled for the delegates, the com- mittee on arrangements having felt that the balance of Monday should be open in order that all could get settled in time for the regular sessions of the Congress beginning Tuesday morning. THE OPENING SESSION. At 10 o'clock, Tuesday morning, It is not. January promptly on the hour, President Wil- son called the Congress to order. In spite of unusually disagreeable weath- er, the large assembly hall was crowd- ed to the doors, more than one thous- and persons being present. As Pres- ident of the Congress and of the Amer- ican Forestry Association, under whose auspices it was being held, Hon. James Wilson delivered the address of welcome. President Wilson’s address was followed by the reading of the re- port of the Directors of the American Forestry Association on the “Progress and Condition of Forestry in the Uni- ted States.” The report was presented by Mr. Edward A. Bowers. Immediately following, the chair appointed a committee on resolutions, consisting of Mr. F. J. Hagenbarth, president of the National Live Stock Association; Mr. N. W. McLeod, president, National Lumber Manufac- turers’ Association; Mr. Gifford Pin- chot, Forester, United States Depart- ment of Agriculture; Mr. T. J. Grier, superintendent, Homestake Mining Company, of South Dakota; Mr. Thomas Cooper, land commissioner, Northern Pacific Railway; Dr. J. T. Rothrock, of the Pennsylvania Reser- vation Commission, and Mr. F. H. Newell, chief engineer, United States Reclamation Service. At this point, President Wilson called on Hon. John Lacey, Member of Congress from Iowa, and chairman of the House Committee on Public Lands, for a short address. Mr. Lacey responded in excellent spirit, stating his high appreciation of the needs of conservative forest management in the United States; and he paid a glowing tribute to the Secretary of Agriculture and to Mr. Pinchot for their excellent work in directing the Government for- est service. He was followed by Mr. Aubrey White, commissioner of Crown lands of Canada, who described in an interesting manner the forest re- sources of Canada, and how his goy- ernment 1s looking out for their pres- ervation. Following Mr. White, Mr. W. S. Harvey, president of the board of trus- tees of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, and representative of the 1905 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 3 SN S \ > SSSs SSyny SSS SS / PRES Toosevel df yf // // gs \ Y 1 Wh) / LSI SS AGAINST Y a f f WH Skin -SECRETARYWILSON, Ty ine me WHE NCE IIE S M.Jusserand. (PY) The French , Ambassador.) dh Sap THE ag : ha 5) ANI ADE LEGA ES "I mie MM, LS \N To {| ( bak WHY WASH eX | i | te. ~ wa \ Wh \ | N ‘Vion cts 4 a \ SS ~S) N GEN. ‘PRES, HOWARD ELLIOTT {E> MANDER SON, NoRTHERN PACIFIC Ry. Ylee~\\\\ FORMER ST Le Ga) US. SENATOR — GS Ie | ey ; Sp WALCOTT, ip y j i ie ram | i \\ Yip: Li 7 i / | _—S> —= — Ss 4 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Pennsylvania State Forestry Associa- tion, was called upon and made an in- teresting talk on the commercial value of forestry, and made numerous sug- gestions regarding general forest pol- icy. General Charles F. Manderson, former United States Senator from Nebraska, and a representative of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- road, was the next speaker, and he made an eloquent appeal for the gen- eral preservation of the forests. Dr. J. T. Rothrock, ex-commissioner of forestry of Pennsylvania, and at pres- ent secretary of its forest reserva- tion committee, was the next to be called upon. He asked that as a mark of respect to the various delegates who had come from every section of the country to attend the Congress, that those who were not members of the American Forestry Association be elected by the directors at the earliest possible hour, as a mark of apprecia- tion—a suggestion which was acted upon favorably at a later session of the Congress. Hon. W. A. Reeder, Member of Congress from Kansas, followed with a short address, and called special at- tention to the dependence of the irri- gation interests on prosperous forests. He also alluded to the glaring land frauds in the West, and suggest- ed that the American Forest Congress: use its efforts to petition the Congress of the United States to repeal the pres- ent vicious laws. The Rev. Dr. Ed- ward Everett Hale was then asked: to speak, and responded in characteristic fashion, putting forth a special plea for the preservation of the White Mountain forests in New Hampshire. Professor Roth followed with an in- teresting talk on forest conditions in Michigan ; he in turn was followed by Dr. C. A. Schenk, director of the Bilt- more Forest School, who spoke, inter- estingly of forest conditions in the Southern Appalachians. The morn- ing session closed with a short address by Mr. E. S. Gosney, president of the Arizona Wool Growers’ Association. SESSION OF TUESDAY AFTERNOON, JAN- UARY 3. This session was devoted particular- January ly to the importance of the public for- est Jands to irrigation. “1 Mra.F. i. Newell, chief engineer of the United States Reclamation Service, was in the chair. The first paper of this session was on “The Close Relation Between Forestry and Irrigation,” by Mr. Guy Elliot Mitchell, secretary of the Na- tional Irrigation Association, who de- scribed in a pointed way the close de- pendence of the success of irrigation on the forest. At this point Mr. New- ell asked United States Senator Clark, of Wyoming, to take the chair. Mr. Newell then spoke on the subject of “Forests and Reservoirs,” outlining in a succinct manner the immense part that is being played by the forests in the reclamation work of which he is the head. Following Mr. Newell, Mr. J. B. Lippincott, supervising engineer of the Reclamation Service, delivered an ex- ceedingly valuable address on “The Relation of Forests to Stream Flow.” Mr. Lippincott was followed by Mr. Morris Bien, in charge of the legal work of the Reclamation Service, who took for his topic the pertinent sub- ject, “Rights of Way in the Forest Re- serves.” “Irrigation Construction and Timber Supplies” was the subject of- fered by Mr. Arthur P. Davis, assist- ant chief engineer of the United States Reclamation Service. Two short im- promptu addreses by Mr. H. M. Wil- son, of the United States Geological Survey, and Professor Toumey, of the Yale Forest School, followed. Mr. Hayes, president of the Appa- lachian Park Association, was then in- troduced and made an appeal for the establishment of a forest reserve in the mountains of the south. He was fol- lowed by Mrs. Lydia Phillips Wil- liams, one of the delegates from Min- nesota, and chairman of the forestry committee of the International Federa- tion of Women’s Clubs. She made an excellent address, showing what a po- tent force the women’s organizations have been in the forest movement. Dr. B. E. Fernow was then called on and responded with a short and valu- able address. ke - * “wens oe a ~ 1905 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 5 ape. AW} KS OF SS) THE AN OF THE Sa) yD») a 1 > HOMESTAKE. ( 2G NAT'L MINING Cok LUMBER t MFRS HA of Uf —oes | \; co BN tt y/ gli ~ \ \ } “ait Why lV) i I i hl) J.E DEFEBAUGH EDITOR of j G AMERICAN LUMBERMANGY 9 a“ ae § i UTAH @% {WOOL GRowER YY ASSN HILLS YZ \H/ C (a7 CANDLAND | oF | i iam, | i \ Mth H / Wi f | we\ I } \ > i \Y L\ SUNY i) | WN | a Gi | < a eet 2 Wik | = : J ws Gorle/ WY ~ SS EMERSON Ss = Ba ! Ff | Ze i WCUAZ\ = Y y Al Pe > BM \ | MGS ak i), ws | UY, - E \\yg ea | ") ” Son oF = “I i} Di ‘ht ' } A FORMER . Ali Vi: Yi" : \\ Uh, ih PRESIDENT AY AL FELLOWS JP Too > EE= > as oy > = = ——\ i 6 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION THE LUMBERING INDUSTRY AND THE FORESTS. This session, which was called to or- der at 10 a. m. on Tuesday, January 4, was devoted entirely to the forego- ing subject. Mr. N. W. McLeod, president of the National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association, was in the chair. After an exceedingly inter- esting talk from Mr. McLeod, he in- troduced Mr. J. E. Defebaugh, Editor of the American Lumberman, who ad- dressed the Congress on the subject of the “Changed Attitude of Lumber- men on Forestry.” He was followed by Mr. M. C. Moore, secretary of the Nation- al Slack Cooperage Manufacturers’ Association, on “The Importance of Forestry to the Woodworking Indus- try.” A paper was then presented by Mr. John L. Kaul, president of the Kaul Lumber Company of Alabama, on the question “Is Forestry Practic- able on Long-leaf Pine Lands?’ Col- onel George P. Emerson, vice-presi- dent of the Northwestern Lumber Company of Washington, addressed the Congress on “Our Pacific Coast Forests, and Lumbering as Differing From Other Forests.” Mr. George K. Smith, secretary of the National Lum- bermen Manufacturers’ Association, then spoke on “The Importance of Lumbering Statistics.” ‘‘Opportuni- ties for Lumbering in the Philippines” was the subject of a talk by Captain George P. Ahern, chief of the Philip- pine Forestry Bureau. Owing to ill- ness, Dr. Albert Shaw, Editor of the Review of Reviews, was unable to be present to deliver his address on ‘The Relation of the Forests to the Publish- ing Business.” The next speaker was Mr. George W. Hotchkiss, secretary of the Illinois Lumber Dealers’ Association, who spoke on “The Lumber Dealers’ In- terest in Forest Preservation.” He was followed by Mr. John A. McCann, editor National Coopers’ Journal, on “Cooperage and Its Relation to For- estry.” THE GRAZING SESSION. Mr. F. J. Hagenbarth, president of the National Live Stock Association, January presided over the meeting on the af- ternoon of January 4, which was call- ed to order at2 p.m. The first speak- er was Mr. W. B. Candland, of the Utah Wool Growers’ Association. Mr. A. F. Potter, grazing expert, of the Bureau of Forestry, then delivered an address on the subject of “Practi- cal Results of the Regulation of Graz- ing on the Forest Reserves,” illustra- ted by examples, and with the subject clearly expounded. “The Protection of Home Builders in the Regulation of Grazing on the Forest Reserves” was the topic discussed by Mr. E. S. Gosney, president of the Arizona Wool Growers’ Association. An in- teresting address was contributed on the subject of “Sheep Grazing in the Reserves, From a Layman’s Stand- point,’ by Prof. L. H. Pammel, of the Iowa State College. General Fitz- hugh Lee was introduced, and extend- ed an invitation to the members. of the Congress to visit the Jamsetown Ex- position in 1907. The open discussion which followed was participated in by Mr. Jackson; Mr. Campbell, secretary of the Canadian Forestry Association ; Mr. G. O. Shields, of New York, pres- ident of the League of American Sportsmen; Mr. Lynn, of Idaho, and Mr. Little, of Oklahoma. RECEPTION BY MR. PINCHOT. On Wednesday evening, January 4, the more serious part of the program was laid aside, and the delegates and their friends attended a delightful re- ception given in their honor by Mr. and Mrs. James W. Pinchot and their son, Mr. Gifford Pinchot, forester of the United States Department of Agri- culture. Mrs. Pinchot, who welcomed the guests, was assisted in receiving by the Secretary of Agriculture and Mr. Gifford Pinchot. The other mem- bers of the receiving party were Mrs. Taft, wife of the Secretary of War; Mrs. Hitchcock, wife of the Secretary of the Interior; Mrs. Chaffee, wife of the Lieutenant-General of the United States Army; Mrs. Walcott, wife of the director of the United States Geo- logical Survey; Mrs. Newell, wife of the chief engineer of the Reclamation Service; Mrs. Hobson, Mrs. J.’ B. 1905 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Tl ~ W AWN). GRAZING Why) x QVESTION ye \ if ANN IN Hi \\y \3 Ne Pees MAY WEI wi fi 4 AN A \. DR. EDWARD H URLS x AAAS Soa Re EN i oe ay HALE THUNDER BOLT \\ Ness SZ YY LIE Al 1 GY WV Uy Wy Zo YY a MAJ OFR FENN ON MINING AND FOREST get i SINESERVES , ~ wall ads) = ; : Y BR Y = Va g Te eS \ va “(| ne : da A Y a 4 se} ‘\N | Il) | | WW ff > oI h f y ae ~~ “i ; 7) i 8 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Henderson, Mrs. Archibald Hopkins, Mrs. Cowles, Mrs. W. P. Eno, Mrs. Spencer, Miss Bigelow, Miss Board- man, and Miss Morgan. The assem- blage was a varied one, including prominent western mining men, lead- ing stockmen, scientists, lumbermen, foresters, public men, diplomats, offi- cers of the Army and Navy, and still others who were just plain citizens. In the decorations the green of the forest was prominent in the halls and spacious library, where refresh- ments were served; every decoration was in keeping, including candy in the shape of logs and log shavings ; minia- ture trees with candy icicles, and many other pleasing and dainty reminders of the forest. It was a remarkable gath- ering of interesting people, even for Washington. RAILROADS AND THE FORESTS. With Mr. Howard Elliott, president of the Northern Pacific Railroad, in the chair, the session of Thursday morning was called to order at I0 o’clock for the discussion of the above topic. General Charles Manderson, general solocitor of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, was intro- duced as the first speaker by Mr. Eli- ott, his topic being “What Information is Most Urgently Needed by Railroads Regarding Timber Resources.” In line with the Bureau of Forestry’s widely exploited experiments in treat- ing railroad ties, the next paper, on “The Work of the Pennsylvania Rail- road in Planting Timber for Cross- ties,” by Mr. J. T. Richards, chief en- gineer, maintenance of way, Pennsyl- vania Railroad system, was particular- ly timely. A number of interesting facts were brought out in President L. FE. Johnson’s address on the question “Ts It Practicable for Railroads to Hold Forest Lands for Future Sup- plies of Timber?” Mr. Johnson is the president of the Norfolk & Western Railroad Company. Considerable in- terest was displayed in Mr. Hermann von Schrenk’s paper on “The Results of the Preservative Treatment of Rail- road ‘Timbers to Prolong Durability,” as he is in charge of the timber-testing plants of the Bureau of Forestry. January During this session Dr. Edward Ev- erett Hale presented a resolution fa- voring the establishment of a naticnal forest reserve in the White Mountains. Mr. Harvey made an announcement that all delegates not already members of the American Forestry Association had been elected at a special meeting of the board of directors, as suggested by Dr. J. T. Rothrock at the opening session on Tuesday. SPECIAL SESSION, THURSDAY AFTER- NOON, JANUARY 5. The interest of the Congress was centered in this session, held at the National Theater, which attracted an audience of more than 2,000 persons, at which President Roosevelt delivered the principal address, on “The Forest in the Life of a Nation.”. The Presi- dent’s address made a deep impression and will be a tremendous influence in the forest movement, as it has been published throughout the country. Secretary Wilson was chairman of the meeting. “The Forest .Policy of France” was discussed in an exceed- ingly interesting manner by Mr. J. J. Jusserand, Ambasador to the United States from France, and Mr. Howard Elliott, president of the Northern Pa- cific Railway, presented an able dis- cussion of “The Dependence of the Business Interests Upon the Forests.” He was followed by Mr. F. EF: Weyer- haueser, of the Weyerhaueser Lum- ber Company. Dr. B. L. Wiggins, vice-chancellor of the University of the South, read an able paper on the “Attitude of Edu- cational Institutions Toward Fores- try.” In it he sketched the beginning of education in forestry in this country and the trend it is likely ‘to take in the future. The closing address of. the meeting was delivered by Hon. John Lamb, Member of Congress from Vir- . ginia, who spoke eloquently of the “Importance of Forests to Agricul- ture.’ FORESTRY AND MINING. Dr. David. T-Day,.of the United States Geological Survey, presided at the morning session on Friday, Janu- ary 6, when discussions were confined 1905 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 3) le Je | oom MR Lippincott C.EMitchell , LPR ME 5 \} . x , \\ CANN (2 Crufonnin hii ; SEG NAT'L Ssreacs ae SH) GUN, aRR\GATION > FM oper _— Wine NUN ¥ PCOOPERAGE x, Ze), Ce Ft ASSN. a f afi a ING NG BB 3 Overton Price SN fells OF a | J : \ DR a ili, YY ROTHROCK ff MAKES A POINT (~ TNo L Kau Sm AIBANMA = Moris BIEN —_ ONS Sines RECLAMATION SERVIC 10 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION to the subject mentioned above. Mr. A. L. Fellows, consulting engineer, United States Reclamation Service, delivered the opening address, on the subject of “The Development of Water Power as Related to Forest Re- serves.” Dr. Day then made a short address. Captain Seth Bullock, su- pervisor of the Black Hills Forest Re- serve, presented a valuable paper on the question “Will the Administration of the Forest Reserves on a Conserva- tive Basis Retard the Development of Mining?” Mr. T. J. Grier, superin- tendent of the Homestake Mining Company of South Dakota, addressed the Congress on “How the Forest Re- serves Help Mining.” Following this, Maj. F. A. Fenn, supervisor forest re- serves in Idaho and Montana, spoke on “Mining in the Forest Reserves.” The closing address of this session was delivered by Mr. George H. Maxwell, executive chairman of the National Ir- rigation Association, on the “Value of Forestry to Commercial Interests.” He aroused much enthusiasm and showed clearly how generally the busi- ness interests are dependent on the forests of the country. FINAL SESSION, JANUARY 6. Owing to the great amount of busi- ness to be accomplished by the Con- gress, the afternoon’s regular program was shortened considerably, two ad- January dresses being omitted, and the extra time given over to discussion of reso- lutions, adoption of same, and miscel- laneous business. Mr. Gifford Pinchot presided at the meeting, and Secretary Wilson was present to make a farewell speech to the delegates. Mr. Charles D. Walcott, director of the United States Geological Survey, presented the “Work of the Geological Survey in Mapping the Reserves” in a graphic manner; sand “Mr: .\Wo A® Richards. commissioner of the General Land Of- fice, outlined the work of his depart- ment in the administration of the re- serves. Mr. Overton W. Price, asso- ciate forester, Bureau of Fcrestry, was then called upon by Mr. Pinchot to describe the work and aims of the Bu- reau of Forestry, after which the en- tire time of the Congress was given over to the considerations of the report of the Committee on Resolutions, and the discussion of miscellaneous sub- jects of general interest. In addition to the various events on the regular program, two informal “smokers” were held at the Shoreham Hotel, one on Tuesday evening, Janu- ary 3, and the other on Thursday even- ing, January 5. They were attended mainly by men actively engaged in forest work and the discussions were of a technical character. RESOLUTIONS Following is the Text of the Resolu- tions Adopted by the Congress: RESOLVED, That we urge upon Congress and upon all legislative bod- ies the necessity at all times of giving full protection to the forests of the country and of preserving them through wise and beneficent laws, so that they may contribute in the most complete manner to the continued prosperity of the country. RESOLVED, That we earnestly commend to all state authorities the enactment and enforcement of laws for the protection of the forests from fire, and for reducing the burden of taxation on lands held for forest re- production in order that persons and corporations may be induced to put in practice the principles of forest conser- vation. RESOLVED, That we are in entire accord with the efforts to repeal the Timber and Stone Act, and we favor the passage of an act as a substitute therefor which shall confer authority upon the proper officer of the United States to sell timber growing on the 1905 public lands when such sale shall be for the public welfare. RESOLVED, That we favor the passage by Congress of an amendment to the law regarding exchange of lands included within a forest reserve so that such exchanges or lieu selec- tions shall be confined to lands of equivalent value or similar condition as regards forest growth. RESOLVED, That the law which prohibits the export of forest reserve timber from the state in which it is grown should be repealed as to the states in which the export of such tim- ber is in the public interest, and in no others. RESOLVED, That we favor the passage of a law which will authorize the sale of all the non-mineral pro- ducts of the forest reserves, the pro- ceeds of such sales to be applied to their management and protection, and the construction of roads and trails within the forest reserves. RESOLVED, That we heartily ap- prove the movement for the unification of all the forest work of the Govern- ment, including the administration of the National Forest Reserves, in the Department of Agriculture, and urge upon Congress the necessity for imme- diate action to that end. RESOLVED, That Congress de- clare forfeited all right of way permits not exercised promptly upon issuance, and secure to all industries engaged in lawful business, and which will exer- cise promptly their permits, the pos- session of necessary rights of way, in the same manner that railroads and ir- rigating companies are secured in their rights of way, and that the various right-of-way acts on forest reserves and other public lands be so amended as to provide for reasonable payment for the use of these valuable rights. RESOLVED, That this Congress urges upon all schools, and especially the rural schools, the necessity for a study of forests and tree-planting in their effect upon the general well-be- ing of the nation, and in particular up- on the wealth and happiness of com- munities through the modification of local climate; and that we urge all FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION it state legislatures to provide laws and financial aid to consolidate the rural schools in units sufficiently large that forestry, agriculture, and home econ- omics may be successfully taught by precept, example, and practical work. RESOLVED, That this Congress recommends the increase of opportu- nities for general forest education in schools and colleges, and for pro- fessional training in post-graduate schools; and approves the movement to extend and systematize industrial education in the interest of a more general distribution of the population on the land. RESOLVED, That the Congress of the United States be asked to appro- priate adequate sums for the promo- tion of forest education and forest ex- periment work in the agricultural col- leges and experiment stations of the United States; Provided, however, such appropriations be made directly to state forestry departments, bureaus, or commissions, where existing, to be used in their respective states as may seem best for forestry educational pur- poses. RESOLVED, That this Congress approves and reaffirms the resolutions of various scientific and commercial bodies during the past few years in fa- vor of the establishment of national forest reserves in the Southern Appa- lachian Mountains and in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and that we earnestly urge the immediate passage of bills for these purposes which are now pending in both houses of Congress. RESOLVED, That we protest against the attempt to reduce the area of the Minnesota National Forest Re- serve and against any step which would enhance the difficulty of the per- petuation of the forests upon it. RESOLVED, That we heartily en- dorse the movement for the purchase of the Calaveras Grove of Big Trees by the National Government and earn- estly recommend the prompt enact- ment of legislation to that end; and, further, we recommend the reconvey- ing by the State of California to the National Government of the Yosemite 12 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Park in order that this may be ade- quately protected and placed upon the same basis as other national parks. RESOLVED, That this Congress urges tree-planting and the preserva- tion of shade trees along public high- ways throughout America. ‘RESOLVED, That we approve the suggestion that a tree be planted at Mount Vernon to commemorate the American Forest Congress, and that funds for this purpose be collected through Forestry and Irrigation. RESOLVED, That as Oklahoma would immeasurably profit by in- creased land valuation resulting from greater crop capacity as the outgrowth of wind reduction ; therefore, the terri- tory should be empowered to offer January school land occupants a_ reasonable realty tax reduction during a ‘stipu- lated growing period of tree wind- breaks ; Provided, that the department of government under which the na- tion’s forestry interests are managed shall outline, control, and perfect, in all particulars, determining how and to which lands the provisions shall ap- ply, except that purchasers at the time of sale have option as to acceptance of these terms. . RESOLVED, That it is the sense of this Congress that the National Home- stead Law should be amended so as to require the planting of at least 5 per cent of the area of a homestead before final title be acquired, and that the tree planting be under the supervision of the Bureau of Forestry. LIST OF 2DEERGATES Following is a complete list of Dele- gates to the American Forest Congress who registered at the Secretary’s of- heer Adams, J. B., Washington, D. C.; rep- resenting Bureau of Forestry. Adams, Miss B. E., Washington, D. C.; Gen. Land Office. Agar, John G., New York city; Soci- ety for Protection of the Adiron- dacks. Agnew, Mrs. Kate L,., Valparaiso, Ind.; State of Indiana. Ahern, Capt. Geo. P., Manila; Fores- try Bureau of Philippines. Aitken, Geo., Woodstock, Vt.; Ver- mont Forestry Association. Akerman, A. K., State Forester, Bos- ton, Mass.; Massachusetts Forestry Association. Allen, E. T., Forest Inspector, Bureau of Forestry, Washington, D. C. Allen, FE. W., Office of Ex. Stations, Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C. Anderson, A. A., New York city; For- est Reserve Service and New York Chamber of Commerce. Anderson, J. W., Gen. Land Office, Washington, D. C. Andrews, Byron, Washington, D. C.; American Forestry Association from South Dakota. Atkinson, A. L. C., Honolulu, Hawaii. Ayres, Philip W., Forester, Society for Protection of New Hampshire For- ests, Concord, N. H. B Baily, Joshua L., Philadelphia, Pa.; American Forestry Association from Pennsylvania. Baird, Dan. W., Nashville, Tenn. ; E.d- itor Southern Lumberman. Baker, J. F., Bureau of Forestry, Washington, D. C.; Salim Valley Telephone Co. Ball, C. R., Washington, D. C.; Iowa Park and Forestry Association. Barber, J. T., Eau Claire, Wis. ; Miss. Val. Lumberman’s Assn. and North- western Hemlock Mfrs. Assn. Barnard, E. C., U. S. Geological Sur- vey, Washington, D. C. Barns, W. E., St. Louis, Mo.; Editor St. Louis Lumberman. Bartlett, J. H., Middleboro, Ky.; State of Kentucky. Becker, G. F., U. S. Geological Sur- vey, Washington, D. C. Beecher, F. R., Retail Lumber Dealers’ Assn., Canadaigua, N. Y. Bell, Dr. Robt., Agricultural Depart- ment, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Canadian Forestry Association. 1905 Bentz, Hon. P. J., Woonsocket, S. D.; State of South Dakota. Bere, 9 Walvenals. Philadelphia; Pa. ; Lehigh Valley R.R. system. Berthrong, I. P., Washington, D. C.; General Land Office. Bidwell, Geo. F., Chicago, IIL. ; go & Northwestern Ry. Co. Bien, Morris, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. Binford, L. M., Saco, Maine; National Assn. of Box and Box Shook Mfrs. of United States. Bitler, F. L., Philadelphia, Pa. ; Penn- sylvania Forestry Association. Blades, Ja Beeb lizabeth City, .N. C.; National Wholesale Lumber Deal- ers’ Association and North Carolina Forestry Association. Blanchard, C. J., U. S. Geological Sur- vey, Washington, D. C. bliss, Geo. El.) Spokane, Wash. ; clamation Service. Blodgett, James H., Washington, D. C.; American Forestry Association. Bogue, Prof. E. E., Michigan Agricul- tural College, Agricultural College Ps Ox Michigan. Bond, Frank, ne ener! Land Office, Washington, re: Borst, Theo. F., Clinton, Mass; Ameri- can Forestry Association from Mas- sachusetts. Brooks, Hon. F. E., Colorado Springs, Colo. ; State of Colorado. Bowers, Edward A., New Haven, Conn. ; Connecticut Forestry Associ- ation and American Forestry Assn. Brooks, A. H., U. 8. Geological Sur- vey, Washington, D. C. Bruce, E. S., Bureau of Forestry, Washington, D. C. Bruce, Grant, Bureau of Forestry, Washington, D. C.; American For- estry Association. Bullock, Capt. Seth, Deadwood, S. D.; South Dakota Forest Reserve Ser- vice. Bunker, Wm. M., Washington, D. C.; Chamber of Commerce of San Fran- cisco. Burkholder, S., Crawfordsville, Ind. ; National Wholesale Lumber Deal- ers’ Association. Burton, P. G., Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Co., Washington, D. C. Chica- Re- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 13 Cc Campbell, R. H., Secretary Canadian Forestry Association, Ottawa, On- tario, Canada: Candland, W. D., Mt. Pleasant, Utah; Utah Wool Growers’ Association. Cary, Austin, Brunswick, Me. ; Ameri- can Forestry Assn. from Maine. Chapman, C. S., Bureau of Forestry, Washington, D. C. Chapman, Herman H., Bureau of For- estry, Washington, D. C.; American Forestry Association. Charlton, R. H., Denver, Colo. ; Reserve Service. Chittenden, A. K., Bureau of Fores- try, Washington, D. C. Chown, C. Y., Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Churchill €4 Ss" Roanoke was; folk & Western Railway. Clark CMC. Washineton= DMCs: We= partment of Agriculture. Clark, Hon. Clarence D., U. S. Senate, Washington, D. C.; State of Wyo- Forest Nor- ming. Clark, Dr. J. F., Department of the In- terior, Ontario, Canada; Ontario Bureau of Forestry. Clark, Dr. Wm. B., State Geologist, Baltimore, Md.; State Geological and Economic Society. Clarke, S. A., Gen. Land Office, Wash- ington; DACs; State-of Oregon: Clement, G. E., Bureau of Forestry, Washington, D. C.; American For- estry Association. Cleveland, J. F., Chicago, Ill. ; & Northwestern Railway. Clothier, Geo. L., Bureau of Forestry, Washington, D. C. Cochran, Geo. G., New York city; Erie Rairoad Co. Cone, Albert B., Chicago, III. ; can Lumberman. Conlin, sRobt! S.; Harrisburg,’ Paz; Pennsylvania Forestry Association and Forestry Commission. Cooke, Chas. B., Richmond, Va.; State of Virginia. Cooper, Thos., St. Paul, Minn. ; North- ern Pacific Railway Co. Chicago Ameri- Cosgriffe, T. A., Cheyenne, Wyo. ; Northern Pacific Railroad. Coville ES Vapi Washington, Drees: American Forestry Association. 14 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Cc Cox, Wim. T:, “St. Anthony #Bark Minn.; Minnesota State Forestry Association. Cratt, O.- R., Washington, (Dane. American Forestry Association from Kansas. Craig, A. R., Mesa, Cal.; Forest Re- serve Service. Crawford, C. G., Washington, D. C.; American Forestry Association. Crenshaw,’ Ro Ci) Prankiont, shaves State of Kentucky. Curtin, Gen. (G. W:, Sutton; We Was: State of West Virginia. Craigs DP VAS) Washington, Daas. Washington Evening Star. Crenshaw, A. P., Chesapeake & Poto- mac ‘Telephone Co., Washington, Dae Croft, A. J., Enosburg, Vt.; Vermont Maple Sugar Makers’ Association. Cutler. J. El; Raleich, | N: (Cs; "State of North Carolina. D Davant, T. S., Roanoke, Va.; Norfoll< & Western Railway Co. Davis, L. G., Saratoga, Wyo.; Wyo- ming Forest Reserve Service. Daw, N. L., Roanoke, Va.; Norfolk & Western Railway Co. Daish;, John“Bs. Washington, Wiis; National Hay Association. Davis, A. P., U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. Deal, J. T., Chairman, North Carolina Pine Association, Norfolk, Va. Deering, Hon. Frank C., Bedford, Me.; State of Maine. Defebaugh, J. E., Chicago, Ill.; Editor American Lumberman. Dezendorf, Mr., General Land Office, Washington, D. C. Dickinson, L. F., Greenfield, Mass.; National Association of Box and Box Shook Mfrs. of United States. Dill, Lewis, Baltimore, Md.; National Wholesale Lumber Dealers’ Assn. Dixon, Hon. J. M., Washington, D. C.; Montana Stock Growers’ Assn. Dock, Miss Mira L., State Forestry Commission, Harrisburg, Pa. Donnelly, J. W., General Land Office, Washington, D. C. DuBois, C. L., General Land Office, Washington, D. C. January Durgin, Jno. C:) Sandy Hull in. Ys Forest, Water Storage and Manu- facturing Association. Drummond, A. T., Toronto, Canada; American Forestry Association. E Eaton, Hon. Geo. H., Calais, Me.; State of Maine. Eberlein, Chas. W., Southern Pacific Railway. Eddy, J. R., Washington, D. C.; Na- tional Geological Park. Edmands, J. Rayner, Boston, Mass. ; Massachusetts Forestry Association. Elliott, Howard T., St. Paul, Minn. ; President Northern Pacific Ry. Co. Elliott, S. B., State Forestry Commis- sion, Harrisburg, Pa. Emerson, Col. Geo. H., Hoquiam, Wash.; Pacific Coast Lumbermen. England, Charles, Washington, D. C.; National Hay Association... F Faull, J. H., University of Toronto, Canada. Fellows, A. L., U. S. Geological Sur- vey, Washington, D. C. Fenn, Maj. F. A., Kalispell, Mont.; Montana Forest Reserve Service. Fernow, Dr. Bernhard E., Ithaca, N. Y.; American Forestry Association from New York and Society for Protection of the Adirondacks. Fimple, J. H., General Land Office, Washington, D. C. Fischer, Fred’ C.,. lryon, INS @5,9Nia- tional Lumber Manufacturers’ Assn. Fisher, Prof.’ Richard T., Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Fisher, Wm. H., Cincinnati, Ohio; State of Ohio. Fitch, C. H., U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. Fletcher, Dr. Jas., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Canadian Forestry Assn. Foley, John, Bureau of Forestry, Washington, D. C. Foster; HH. D.)..Washineton,. DaiC:- American Forestry Association. Foster, N. C., Wisconsin Hardwood Lumbermen’s Assn., Fairchild, Wis. Fowler, Hon. B. A., Phoenix, Ariz. ; Territory of Arizona. Fox, Col. Wm. F., Superintendent of State Forests, Albany, N. Y.; Asso- ciation for Protection of Adiron- dacks. 1905 F Franklin, Blake, General Land Office, Washington, D. C. Freeman, Miss Harriet E., Boston, Mass., American Forestry Associa- tion from Massachusetts and Massa- chusetts Forestry Association. Freeman, Hon. Wm. F., State Fores- ter, Indianapolis, Ind. ; Indiana State Board of Forestry. Fulton, John, State Forestry Commis- sion, Harrisburg, Pa. G Gannett, Dr. Henry, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.; Sierra Club. Gannett, Miss Mary C., Bureau of Forestry, Washington, D. C.; Amer- ican Forestry Association. Gardner, W. A., Chicago, III. ; Chicago & Northwestern Railway. Gardner, Wesley J., Bureau of Fores- try, Washington, D. C. Garrett, Robert, Baltimore, Md.; dele- gate-at-large from Maryland. Garver, L. J., General Land Office, _ Washington, D. C. Gaskill, Alfred, Bureau of Forestry, Washington, D. C. Gennett, Andrew, South Carolina; State of South Carolina. Gibson, Edgar, Clyde Park, Mont. ; State of Montana. Gilbert, Dr. G. K., Sierra Club, San Francisco, Cal. Giltry, “El Washington, D.°C.; State of Oregon. Gillenwaters, E. P., Glascow, Ky.; State of Kentucky. Girtanner, Jules, Linden, N. J.; Amer- ican Forestry Association. Goddard, Hon. Albert J., Tacoma, Wash.; Tacoma Chamber of Com- merce. Gosney, E. S., President Arizona Wool Growers’ Assn., Flagstaff, Ariz. Green, Dr. Samuel B., St. Anthony Park, Minn.; State of Minnesota and Minnesota State Forestry Assn. Green, Prof. W. J., Agricultural Ex- periment Station, Wooster, Ohio; State of Ohio. Grier, T. J., Superintendent Home- stake Mining Co., Lead, S. D. Griffith, E. M., Madison, Wis.; State Forest Service. ; Grimes, E.. P., Maine; State of Maine. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 15 Grinnell, Henry, Bureau of Forestry, Washington, D. C. Griswold, W. T., U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. Grosvenor, Gilbert H., Washington, D. C.; American Forestry Assn. Grunsky, C4, Washineton, Da ©; State of California. Gwinn, J. H., Pendleton, Ore.; Ore- gon Wool Growers’ Association. H Haas, L. G., Baltimore, Md.; Balti- more & Ohio Railroad. Hagenbarth, F. J., National Live Stock Association, Denver, Colo. Haines, A. S., Westtown, Pa.; Penn- sylvania Forestry Association. Hale, Dr. Edward Everett, Washing- ton, D. C.; State of Massachusetts, Massachusetts Forestry Association, Appalachian Mountain Club. Hall, Edward Hagaman, New York city; Association for Protection of the Adirondacks. Hall, Geo. F., Chicago, Ill. ; Chicago- Texassha& Cor Hall, James 8.) Clay, City.) Kye> Beer Stock Manufacturers’ Association. Hall, Wm. L., Bureau of Forestry, Washington, D. C.; Hawaii Fores- try Service. Hansen, Prof. N. E., Agricultural Col- lege, Brookings, S$. D.; State of South Dakota. Happy, H. W., General Land Office, Washington, D. C. Harrison, W. F., Norfolk, Va.; North Carolina Pine Association. Harvey, Wm. §., Philadelphia, Pa.; Pennsylvania Forestry Association. Hawes, Austin F., State Forester, New Haven, Conn. Hawley, R. C., Amherst, Mass. ; Amer- ican Forestry Association from Mas- sachusetts. Hayes, C. W., U. S. Geological Sur- vey, Washington, D. C. Hayes, R. P., Asheville, N. C.; State of North Carolina. Henry, Alfred J., Washington, D. C.; American Forestry Association. Henry, H. D., Athens, Ohio; Union Association of Lumber Dealers. Herndon, ‘I’. H., General Land Office, Washington, D. C. Hightower, Clement, Capitan, N. M.; Territory of New Mexico. 16 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Def Higgins, S. M., Forester, Cleveland Cliffs Iron Co., Negaunee, Mich. Hinshaw, G. W., President Stone Mountain Ry. Co., Winston, N. C. Hobbs, Jno. E., North Brunswick, Me. ; American Forestry Assn. Hodge, Wm. C., Jr., Bureau of For- estry, Washington, DE: Hodson, E. R., Washington, D. C.; Towa Park and Forestry Assn. Holcombe, E. P., General Land Office, Washington, iby Holdredge, G. W., Chicago, Ill.; Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Ry. Co. Holmes, le: State of Connecticut. Holt, W. me Oconto, Wis.; North- western Hemlock Mfrs. Assn. Holter, Norman, Helena, Mont.; State of Montana. Hoovers! bur Carlisle, Pa.> Pennsyl- vania Forestry Association. Hopkins, Dr. ine D., Washington, D. C.; American Forestry Association. Hotchkiss, Geo. W., Chicago, IIL; Lumber Secretaries’ Bureau of In- formation. Hoyt, Colgate, New York city; Mis- souri, Kansas & Texas Ry. system. Hutcheson, David, Congressional Li- brary, Washington, D. C. Hutchinson, James, Randolph, Vt.; Delegate-at-large. I Imes, R. P., Washington, D. C., Amer- ican Forestry Association. Irvin, Hon. Edw. A., Curwensville, Pa.; State of Pennsylvania. Irvine, Wm., Chippewa Falls, Wis.; Missi. Valley Lum. Assn. ivy. ea hos, P., Conway, N. H.; State of New Hampshire. J Jackson, Luis, New York city; Erie Railroad Co. Jastro, H. A., Bakersfield, Cal.; Kern County Cattle Growers’ Association. Jenks, Robt., Cleveland, Ohio; Lum- bering. Jensen, A. W., Ephraim, Utah; Forest Reserve Service. Johnson, L. E., Roanoke, Va., Presi- dent Norfolk & Western Ry. Co. Jones, Hunt, Louisville, Ky.; State of Kentucky. Jones, H. H., Washington, Dac. General Land Office. _ January Jones, William, Tacoma, Chamber of Commerce. Justus, T. W., Baltimore, Md.; Balti- more & Ohio Railroad. K Kalanianaole, Hon. Jonah K., Hono- lulu, Hawaii; Territory of Hawaii. Kaul, Jno. L., Birmingham, Ala.; Southern Lumber Mfg. Assn. Keen, Miss Florence, Philadelphia, Pa.; American Forestry Association. Keller, O. B., New York city; Ameri- can Forestry Association from New Work: Wash. ; Kellogg, J. C., Louisiana; State of Louisiana. Kellogg, R. S., Fay, Kan.; State of Kansas. Kelsey, Frederick W., Orange, N. J.; American Forestry Association. Killen, Wm. H., Milwaukee, Wis.; Wisconsin Central Ry. Co. Kinney, David G., Washington, D. C. ; Bureau of Forestry. Kittredge, G. W., Cincinnati, Ohio; Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Ry. Co. Kneeper, David, Harrisburg, Pa.; Pennsylvania State Forestry Ser- vice. Koch, Elers, Washington, D. C.; American Forestry Association. L Lamb, Hon. John, State of Virginia. Langille, H. D., Santa Barbara, Cal. ; Forest Reserve Service. Langworthy, C. F., Washington, D. C.; American Forestry Association. loge Wm. R., Columbus, Ohio; Ohio State Forestry Society. Leland, “J. -D:,) Washington;e D>; General Land Office. Lewis, W. H., Washington, D. oR General Land Office. Lippincott, J. B., Washington, D. C.; U. S. Geological Survey. Little, Wm. T., Perry, Okla.; Ameri- can Forestry Assn. from Oklahoma. Loring, Hon. C. M., Minneapolis, Minn.; Minnesota Forestry Assn. Luebkert, Otto, Washington, D. C.; American Forestry Association. Richmond, Va.; MI McAllaster, Birdsall, Omaha, Union Pacific Ry. Co. Neb.; 1905 MM MacNaughton, James, New York city ; American Society of Civic Engi- neers, New York Board of Trade and Transportation, and Association for Protection of the Adirondacks. McBee, Silas, New York city; Dele- gate-at-large. McCann, John A., Philadelphia, Pa. ; Editor National Coopers’ Journal. McClure, RoC Silver City; .N...M.; Forest Reserve Service. McCoy, Wilbur, New York city; At- lantic Coast Line Railroad Co. McKeithan, D. T., South Carolina; State of South Carolina. McKinney, J. M., Washington, D. C.; General Land Office. McLeod, N. W., St. Louis, Mo.; Southern Lumber Mfgs. Assn. Macbride, Thos. H., Iowa City, Iowa; State of Iowa. McNeeley, E. J., Tacoma, Wash.; State of Washington. McPhaul, John, Washington, D. C.; General Land Office. McVean, M. J., Washington, D. C.; General Land Office. Macey, J. T., Washington, D. C. ; Gen- eral Land Office. Maffet, Miss Martha A., Wilkesbarre, Pa.; American Forestry Association. Maher, N. D., Roanoke, Va.; Norfolk & Western Railway. Manderson, Gen. Chas. F., Chicago, Ill.; Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Ryo: Macoun,. Prof. J. M., Canadian Geo- logical Survey, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Manning, W. H., Boston, Mass.; American Forestry Association. Marr, S. S., General Land Office, Washington, D. C. Marston, Roy L., Yale Forest School, New Haven, Conn. Mason, S. C., Berea, Ky.; State of Kentucky. Mast, Wm. H., Halsey, Neb.; State of Nebraska. Mather, William G., Cleveland, Ohio ; Cleveland Chamber of Commerce. Mathewson, Dr. Arthur, Woodstock, Conn.; Connecticut Forestry Assn. Mattoon, W. R., Washington, D. C.; American Forestry Association. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION aig, Maxwell, Geo. H., Chicago, Ill.; Na- tional Irrigation Association and State of California. Mead, Elwood, Washington, D. C.; Department of Agriculture. Meekham, H. S., Washington, D. C.; American Forestry Association. Merriam, Dr. C. Hart, Geological Sur- vey, Washington, D. C.; Sierra Club and American Forestry Association. Merrill, H. G.; American Forestry As- sociation. Merry, Capt. J. F., Dubuge, Iowa; IIli- nois Central Railroad Co. Methudy, L., St. Louis, Mo.; National Lumber Exporters’ Association. Miller, Prof. Frank G., Lincoln, Neb. ; University of Nebraska. Miller, L. C., Washington, D. C.; Bu- reau of Forestry. Miller, W. H., Madison, Ind.; Retail Lumber Dealers’ Association. Mitchell, Guy E., Washington, D. C.; American Forestry Association. Moore, M. C., Milwaukee, Wis. ; Edi- tor Packages. Mosle, M. A.; Delegate-at-large. Mulford, Walter, New Haven, Conn. ; State of Connecticut. Murphys J.) V-Washinetony Deer General Land Office. Nw Nelson, Jchn M., Jr.,, Rider, Md.; State of Maryland. Newhall? D2°S2 > Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Ry. Co. Newell, F. H., U. S. Geological Sur- vey, Washington, D. C. Norris, Jos. L., Leesburg, Va.; State of Virginia. ase o Oak, dons) Chas. Hy Bangor, Mier; State of Maine. Olmsted, F. E., Washington, D. C.; Bureau of Forestry. Pr Pack, Charles L., Lakewood, N. J.; Cleveland Chamber of Commerce. Palmer, T. S., Washington, D. C.; American Forestry Association. Pammel, Prof. L. H., Secretary lowa Park and Forestry Association, Ames, Iowa. Parsons, Mrs. Henry, New York city; American Forestry Association. Peavy, Geo. W., Washington, D. C.; American Forestry Association. , 18 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION P Penrose, Dr. Chas. B., Philadelphia, a.; State of Pennsylvania. Perry, E. F., New York city; National Wholesale Lumber Dealers’ Assn. Peters, J. Girvin, Washington, D. C.; American Forestry Association. Peyton, Miss J. S., General Land Of- fice, Washington, D. C. Pinchot, Gifford, Bureau of Forestry, Washington, D. C.; Bureau of For- estry, American Forestry Associa- tion, Sierra Club, South American Foresters, Society American Civil Engineers. Pinchot, James W., New York city; New York Chamber of Commerce. Pollock, G. F., General Land Office, Washington, D. C. Popes J W:, Atlanta; -Ga.; Stavesor Georgia. Potter, A. F., Bureau of Forestry, Washington, D. C. Potter, H. G., General Land Office, Washington, D. C. Price, Overton W., Bureau of Fores- try, Washington, D. C. Purington, Pres. D. B., State Univer- sity, Morgantown, W. Va.; State of West Virginia. Putnam) C.. ‘Hau Claire: Lumbering. Wis. ; R Rane, Prof. F. Wm., Durham, N. H.; New Hampshire College, Boston and Maine Railroad, State of New Hampshire. Reed, Franklin W., Washington, D. C.; Society American Foresters. Richards, J- I. . Philadelphia, «Paz; Pennsylvania Railway Co. Rinewalt, John M., Mt. Carroll, Ill.; Delegate-at-large from Illinois. Ring, Hon. Edgar E., Forest Commis- sioner, Augusta, Me. Ross, D. M., Boise, Idaho; U. S. Geo- logical Survey. Ross, Norman M., Ottawa, Canada; Dominion Forest Service. Roth, Prof. Filibert, Ann Mich.; State of Michigan, sity of Michigan. Rothrock, J. T., Secretary State For- estry Reservation Commission, Har- risburg, Pa. Russell, I. C., Washington, D. C.; Na- tional Geogr iphic Society. Arbor, Univer- January Russell, Jas. S., Boston, Mass.; Mas- sachusetts Forestry Association. Russell, F. B., Beer Stock Mfrs. Asso- ciation, Louisville, Ky. s Satterlee, J. B., General Land Office, Washington, D. C. Savage, H. N., U. S. Geological Sur- vey, Washington, D. C. Scaife, Marvin F., Pittsburg, Pa.; Pennsylvania State Forestry Assn. Schaperkotter, Jas. F., Philadelphia, Pa.; Lehigh Valley Railroad system. Schenck, Dr: C.°A., Biltmoreen Ce Biltmore Forestry School. Schwarz, G. Fred, New York city; American Forestry Association from New York city. Scott, Chas. A., Halsey, Neb.; State of Nebraska. Sebastian, Jon., Chicago, II1.; Island Railway system. see, Mrs. Horace, New York city; American Forestry Association. Seeley, J. Bz Virginia City; Monts; Forest Reserve Service. Shaw, A. C., General Land Office, Washington, D. C. Shaw, Eugene, Wisconsin Hardwood Lumbermen’s Assn., Eau Claire, Wis.; Miss. Valley Lum. Assn. Sheller, D. B., Tacoma, Wash. ; Wash- ington Forest Reserve Service. Sherfesse, W. F., Charleston, S. C.; State of South Carolina. Shepardson, H. L., Baldwinviille, Mass.; National Assn. of Box and Box Shook Méirs. of United States. Sherman, W. F., General Land Office, Washington, iD: C: Sherrard, Thos. H., Bureau of Fores- try, Washington, De C Shields, G. O., Editor and Manager Recreation; League of American Sportsmen, Delegate-at-large. Shoemaker, Samuel M., Stevenson, Md.; State of Maryland. Silcox, Fy EB.) Charleston.sos.©.; orate of South Carolina. Silvester, Pres. R. W., Maryland Agri- cultural College, College Park, Md. ; American Forestry Association from Maryland. Smith, G. O., U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. Smith, H. A., Bureau of Forestry, Washington, D. C. Rock 1905 s Smith, Geo. K., Secretary Southern Lumber Mfg. Assn., St. Louis, Mo. ; Southern. Lumber Manufacturers’ Assn., National Lumber Manufac- turers’ Assn., Western Pine Ship- pers’ Assn. Snyder, J. M., Bay City, Mich. ; Amer- ican Forestry Association. Spring, Preston B., Easton, State of Maryland. Spring, Prof. Samuel N., Orono, Me. ; University of Maine. Start, Edwin A., Boston, Mass.; Mas- sachusetts Forestry Association. Steele, Henry M., Macon, Ga.; Cen- tral Georgia Ry. Co. Sterling, E. A., Bureau of Forestry, Washington, D. C. Sheller, R. H., Tacoma, Wash.; For- est Reserve Service. Stewart, Elihu, Forestry Branch, De- partment of Interior, Ottawa, On- tario; Canadian Forestry Assn. Stewart, Frank, Prescott, Ariz.; Ter- ritory of Arizona. Sirone, ©. 5. General ‘Land ° Office, Washington, D. C. Stout, J. H., Menomonee, Wis.; State of Wisconsin. Strong, Miss L. M., General Land Of- fice, Washington, D. C. Sudworth, Geo. B., Bureau of Fores- try, Washington, D. C. Suter, H. M., Washington, D. C.; Ed- itor Forestry and Irrigation. Md.; 1. Tennille, A. F., Washington, D. C.; The American Lumberman. Thayer, Hon. Samuel R., Minneapolis, Minn.; Minnesota State Forestry Association. Thomas, E. B., Los Angeles, Cal.; Forest Reserve Service. Tompkins, H. J., Washington, D. C.; Bureau of Forestry. Totten, Mrs. S. G., Washington, D. C.; General Land Office. Toumey, Prof. J. W., New Haven, Conn.; Yale Forest School. Tower, G. E., Washington, D. C.; American Forestry Association. Tremaine, Morris, Buffalo, N. Y.; Na- tional Wholesale Lumber Dealers’ Association. s FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 19 w Underwood, Geo. F., New York city; Water Storage and Manufacturing Association. = Von Schrenk, Dr. Hermann, Washing- ton, D. C.; Bureau of Forestry. Van Aiken, C. M., New York city; National Slack Cooperage Assn. Vreeland, Robert, Frankfort, Ky.; State of Kentucky. w Wadsworth, W. A., Genesee, N. Y.; State of New York. Walcott, Dr. Chas. D., Washington, D. C.; U. S. Geological Survey. Walker, F. B., Washington, D. C.; General Land Office. Walsh, Thos. F., Washington, D. C.; Denver Chamber of Commerce. Wantland, C. E., Denver, Colo. ; State of Colorado. Ware, Miss Mary Lee, Boston, Mass. ; Massachusetts Forestry Association. Webster, Jr., N. E., Washington; U. S. Reclamation Service. Weed, W. H., Washington, D. C.; U. S. Geological Survey. Wells, Geo. I; Dritton, Pa.; Ameri- can Forestry Association from . Pennsylvania. Weyerhaeuser, Jr., Fred E., St. Paul, Minn.; Weyerhaeuser Lumber Co. and Miss. Val. Lumberman’s Assn. Wheeler, Mrs. C. H., Boston, Mass. ; American Forestry Association. White, J. B., Kansas City, Mo. ; South- ern Lumber Manufacturers’ Assn. White, J. W., Portsmouth, Va.; Sea- board Air Line Railway. Whittlesey, Geo. P., Washington, D. C.; American Forestry Association. White, Aubrey, ‘Toronto, Canada; Canada. White, H. D., Enid; Okla.; Territory of Oklahoma. White, W. H., Warren City, Mich. ; Hardwood Manufacturers’ Assn. White.) De Brook, ‘Portland, ? three-foot section was cut from one 1905 end of each timber and sawed up into test pieces, which furnished a basis of comparison between (1) the results of tests on these “control” pieces, and (2) the results on test pieces taken from the remaining eight-foot section after the latter had been subjected to the various preliminary processes in the treating cylinder. In testing the effect of preservatives themselves the entire 11-foot timber was subjected to the preliminary sea- soning processes, after which a three- foot section was cut from the end of each timber. The three-foot section thus having been subjected to the pre- liminary seasoning processes formed a basis of comparison with the remain- ing eight-foot section, which was treat- ed with the preservatives. In this way the separate effects of the preliminary processes and the effects of the pre- servatives could be isolated and deter- mined. 3ecause of an apprehension that de- fects of brittleness of treated timbers might not be evidenced by the ordi- nary tests under slowly applied loads, provision was made for both static tests and impact tests. The test pieces were subjected to crossbending strain, compression along the grain under both static and impact conditions, and under shearing parallel to the grain and compression at right angles to the grain under static conditions. The data taken include the moisture condi- tions, specific gravity, and rate of growth. During the treating opera- tions, records were kept of the tem- perature to which the timbers were subjected at all stages, the amount of water lost or gained,and of the amount water lost or gained, and of the amount of preservatives absorbed, as indicated by gross weight and subse- quent chemical analyses of the test pieces. Ordinarily the strength tests were made immediately after treatment in the cylinder. In order, however, to determine what weakness might be in- troduced by changes in the physical condition of the preservatives in the wood through lapse of time, a com- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 35 plete series has been set aside for sub- sequent operations. An additional set of test pieces has been loaded with dif- ferent precentages of the strength, as exhibited under the ordinary tests, and this load allowed to act for long peri- ods of time, the deflections being measured from day to day. While this program is not sufficient- ly advanced to allow the drawing of final conclusions, yet the preliminary results are fairly indicative of what may be expected. It is found that the steaming process weakens the resist- ance of the wood fiber to both static and impact loadings. It may be stated that this diminution of strength is very nearly in direct proportion to the length of time that any given steam pressure is applied. The diminution of strength was found to be 25 per cent. after a pressure of twenty pounds was applied for ten hours to green loblolly pine, and 10 per cent. when a pressure of twenty pounds was applied for four hours. This diminution of strength increased very rapidly when the pressure rose above twenty pounds and amounted to about 25 per cent. when a pressure of fifty pounds was applied for four hours. It will be easily seen that when the conditions of time and pressure are made very severe, the conditions pre- vailing in a pulp mill industry will be approximated. Evidently it is well to avoid when possible the use of these preliminary steaming operations in the wood-preserving industry. With relation to the effect of preser- vatives themselves, the latter is distinct from the preliminary process. It may be said that the treatment with zinc chlorid does not seem to further reduce the strength of timber beyond the ef- fect of the steaming process. This might have been expected when it is considered that the strength of the zine chlorid solution ordinarily used does not exceed 2% per cent. The strength of timber that had been treat- ed with the 2% per cent. solution of zine chlorid after having been steamed four hours at twenty pounds pressure was the same as that of timber which 36 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION had been steamed without the subse- quent application of zinc chlorid. The same statement may be made of timber treated with an 8% per cent. solution of zinc chlorid. quently the crystallization of the zinc chlorid will weaken the wood fiber. This remains to be determined. _ The effect of the creosote appears to be the same as that of an equal amount of water in weakening the fiber. That is to say, the strength of creosoted tim- ber is that of green timber. The dif- ference is that while green timber gains strength upon seasoning, the creosote oil remains in the wood, and, it appears from analysis of a pile thir- ty-five years old, that the oil remains It may be that subse- January in a liquid condition. Consequently, comparison between seasoned timber and creosoted timber will always result to the disadvantage of the latter as far as its strength is concerned. In the case of creosoted wood, it also remains to determine what changes in the wood fiber take place through lapse of time in the presence of creosote oil. It is expected that a bulletin will be issued upon the results of these inves- tigations when the tests are completed. This bulletin will also contain the re- sults of the investigations to determine the best methods of preserving wood so that the maximum impregnation may be obtained with the least expen- diture of oil per cubic foot of timber. TREATING. TELEGRAPH ROLES Two Great Corporations Very Desirous of Dis- covering a Means to Effect a Large Economy FoR the last two years the Bureau of Forestry has been co-opera- ting with the American Telephone and Telegraph Company and recently with the Postal Telegraph-Cable Company also, in an experimental study to in- crease the durability of telegraph and telephone poles. The interest in this matter taken by these corporations promises an important forest economy through the possibility of using much smaller trees than are now cut for poles. This means a new market for these smaller trees and liberating the larger ones for other uses. The length of service of a telegraph or telephone pole is determined in a section of the pole not more than a foot or a foot and a half long. Ina standing pole this section extends about six or eight inches above and be- low the top of the ground. This is the universal point of attack upon the life of the pole, and is called its breaking point. Decay is the arch-enemy of these poles. It sets in at the ground ‘ine and reaches both up and down the pole, but only so far as the conditions exist which promote the growth of wood-destroying fungi. A few inch- es below the ground there is lack of the necessary oxygen and heat, while at about the same. distance above ground the requisite moisture fails. The exact time at which decay begins its work depends upon the climate, the character of the soil, and similar con- ditions. In a hot, moist climate it or- dinarily sets in with great rapidity. But at best, in a very few years after the pole is set the struggle has com- menced. The decay soon girdles the pole and gradually eats into it deeper and deeper until it is so weakened that it breaks under the weight of its equip- ment. The strain upon the pole from wind pressure and the weight of its cross- arms and wires is calculated for the ground line. When the diameter of this ground line is constantly de- creased, the strength of the pole is pro- portionately reduced, and it becomes only a question of time when the pole 1905 must fall. Chestnut and white cedar have been found, among available woods, most successfully to resist de- cay ; but the life of the former is only from twelve to fifteen years, and of the latter ten to twelve years. The co- operative study of the Bureau is for the purpose of extending, if possible, this time. The experiments already made by the Bureau show conclusively that poles can be subjected to a preserva- tive treatment which insures material- ly lengthened service. This treatment consists in impregnating the wood with antiseptics which prevent the growth of the fungi that cause decay. The treatment of telegraph and tele- phone poles, when attempted at all in this country, generally has been ap- plied to the whole pole, requiring the use of air-tight cylinders 100 feet long or more. In these the poles are sub- jected to live steam for some time, when a vacuum is created. Creosote is then run in and pressure applied to force it into the wood. Manifestly this is a laborious process. Yet for telegraph and telephone poles only about one foot of the entire length needs to be made immune from fun- gus. If this foot at the fatal ground line can be preserved from decay, the rest of the pole will take care of itself. Experiments will-now be made in treating the butts of the poles for a distance of about eight feet, thus car- rying the antiseptics just beyond the zone of decay attack. The creosote method will be used and dead oil of coal tar forced through the butt of the pole. The telegraph companies have made little use of preservative treatment. They employ millions of poles on their various lines, and it would be a tre- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 37 mendous economy to add even a few years of service to the life of each pole. But there will be another large saving both to them and to the forests through preservative treatment. To provide a good margin against decay, poles are now much larger than de- manded by the strain upon them. It is expected that decay will quickly eat away a furrow around the pole at the ground line, and the diameter of the pole at that point is gauged to allow for this weakening process. When it is known that decay, in a certain num- ber of years, cuts the diameter from perhaps twelve to eight inches, and that below eight inches the weakened pole falls, the course to be pursued is obvious. Antiseptics prevent, for the time of their effectiveness, the starting of decay, and thus permit at the outset the selection of an eight-inch diameter rather than a twelve-inch. The four inches saved represent a tremendous difference in the size and age of trees used for poles. Both the companies and the owners of forests will be great gainers by this economy, with its shortening of the length of time neces- sary to grow a pole. Another feature of the co-operative work will be treatment of cross-arms. The companies have been treating them, but report too much absorption in some cases and not enough in oth- ers. The Bureau will more carefully grade the different kinds of wood, and treat each class separately. In this way it is expected to secure a more equal absorption and more satisfactory results. These are the main points covered by the contracts, though in ad- dition the Bureau will furnish infor- mation on the supply of pole timber and such general advice as may be suggested by the co-operative work. A PORTO RIC@@GCRES!” RESER Characteristic Tropical Forest and the Uses to Which it Can be Put HAT one of our national forest re- serves is in Porto Rico is a fact of which very few people in the United States are aware. Yet both in the ex- traordinary variety of botanical spe- cies which its forests contain and in the picturesqueness and novelty of its scenery this reserve stands second to none of those in our western states, while it has the unique distinction of being the only tropical forest which this country owns on this side of the globe. The Luquillo reserve was set aside ated by Presidential proclamation in January, 1903. It embraces some 65,- g50 acres of land in the eastern and most mountainous part of the island. Compared with most of the western reserves this is small. But the whole island of Porto Rico is only about three-quarters the size of Connecticut and consequently offers no room for a large reserve. Teh Luquillo reserve was set aside from certain public lands in Porto Rico which were formerly the proper- ty of the Spanish government. It is joined by private holdings and also to some extent by lands the title to which is now vested in the insular govern- ment, which is possessed of all lands not reserved by the federal govern- ment before June 30, 1903. The whole region within which the reserve lies has never been surveyed or accurately mapped, and the boundaries between the private and public holdings are very vague and undefined. In prac- tice the agriculturists to whom the pri- vate lands belong have pushed their clearings as far up the mountain sides as it was profitable for them to go, and have helped themselves more or less to whatever timber they needed from the accessible forest beyond. ‘These dep- redations have not been, on the whole, very serious, owing to the tropical character of the forest and the difficul- ties of transportation, but the exact definition of the line between the re- serve and the adjoining private owners is a pressing need. To secure information concerning present conditions and a basis for rec- ommendations to the insular govern- ment for a future policy, Dr joa: Gifford was sent by the Bureau of Forestry, in the summer of 1903, to make an examination of the reserve. He found that only about 20,000 acres are forest lands unclaimed by private owners, and half of this is in mountain peaks and palm lands, so that there are only 10,000 acres of productive timber. Nevertheless, the whole reserve stands in an important relation to the eco- nomic welfare of the people who live near it, and the benefits of its estab- lishment will be increasingly manifest as time goes on. Even to the natives the region em- braced in the reserve is little known. It is a small wilderness of serrated mountains, tropical forest, and rushing torrential streams, concerning which all sorts of fantastic fables find cur- rency. It covers adaree pare orethe Sierra de Luquillo, a mountain mass . separated from the mountains of the rest of the island by the valley of the Loiza, the largest river in Porto Rico. One of its peaks, El Yunque, is the highest mountain of the island, with an altitude of some 3,300 feet. Upon the eastern slopes of these mountains, which face the sea, the westward- blowing trade winds pour an _ enor- mous precipitation, the heaviest in the island. In 1902 the total was almost 142 inches. This rainfall is well dis- tributed throughout the year. In the highest mountains it is rare for twelve hours to pass without some rain. As 1905 a rule heavy, drenching shows alter- nate with bright sunshine. The result is violent fluctuations in the streams, which often leap into impassable floods and subside again within an hour or two. It is as an agency for the control of these flood waters that the Luquillo re- serve is likely to render the most valu- able service. To some extent the for- est will even supply water for agricul- ture, for immediately to the south and west of the mountains the climatic conditions become very different from those on the always profusely watered eastern slopes. The country is drier, evaporation more active, and the vege- tation correspondingly changes its character. So while parts of the island are drenched with water most of the time, other parts, half a day’s ride dis- tant, are dependent upon irrigation. But generally it is against too much water rather than the want of it that the protection of the forest 1s needed. Even with the mountains forest-cover- ed, floods have caused great destruc- tion. Massive stone bridges have been carried away, roads damaged, farms and pastures ruined, and lives lost. Stripped of their forests, the moun- tains would soon be washed bare of soil and the lowlands swept by floods after every heavy shower. What the value of the reserve will be as a source of timber supply is more or less problematical. Mahogany, if ever present in the forest, as seems probable, has been entirely extermi- nated, and the cigar-box cedar is also practically gone. Valuable woods re- main, but the essentially tropical char- acter of the forest, in which a great number of species contend with one another for possession, makes the problem of management a very diff- cult one. ‘Weed trees” abound, and there is no uniformity of forest growth. Individuals of the same spe- cies occur scattered sparsely and irreg- ularly through the dense forest, and it is an extraordinary fact that within so narrow a range as the island affords certain kinds which in some places FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 39 grow to be large and beautiful timber trees elsewhere exist as shrubs. The best of the forest in the reserve is that found in the fertile gorges, ra- vines, and covers from 500 to 2,000 feet above sea level, where the trees are protected from the constant winds. There are four leading timber trees— the tabanuco, with a wood very like our sycamore; the laurel sabino, which would grade in the market with yel- low poplar; the ausubo, comparable with the black walnut, and the guara- guao, similar to red cedar. All these trees reach a large size, ranging from two to five feet in diameter. The ta- banuco has, in addition, the very valu- able characteristic that it tends to form pure or nearly pure stands. It pro- duces a kind of gum which may prove to be an article ‘of commercial impor- tance. Many climbing vines add to the den- sity of the vegetation. There is alsoa species of grass which grows five feet high and cuts like a razor at the light- est touch. But the most abundant erowth is that of the mountain palms. They are very beautiful, but of little or no value, and to get rid of them will be at once a necessary and most difficult matter if permanent production of sal- able timber is to be secured. They grow forty feet high, and already cov- er fully half of the best part of the re- serve. Yielding as they do an im- mense amount ‘of seed, and growing very thickly, nothing else in the forest can compete with them for possession on anything like equal terms, so that unless they can be artificially held in check they will certainly gain most of the ground left vacant by the removal of trees cut for timber. They are true weed trees of the most aggressive kind. Above two thousand feet altitude the trees are stunted, gnarled, and slow-growing, of many different spe- cies, with moss-covered limbs and roots often bare. They are of no com- mercial value, but are of great impor- tance as a protective forest cover. Doctor Gifford believes that the Lu- quillo reserve should be cared for and 4() FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION developed along two distinct lines. From an economic point of view it should be managed to secure the best returns from the sale of timber and other forest products, consistent with the maximum protection of the water- sheds. It should also be made acces- Jannary sible to the public for its scenic attrac- tions. Roads should be opened and fish and game introduced. At the same time from a scientific standpoint the extraordinary interest of its unde- scribed flora opens a splendid opportu- nity for studies of tropical forest botany FORESTRY AND THE RAILROADS Wooden Tie-Plates are Successfully Being Used Under Advice from the Bureau of Forestry PON the advice of the Bureau of Forestry, the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fé Railroad eight months ago began to experiment with wooden tie- plates. These plates are intended to protect the tie from wear under the rail, Uhey are cut the: width of>the bottom of the rail and as long as the tie is wide—usually six or seven inches —and are kept in place by the weight of rail, in a flat groove in the tie. The results of the experiment are of much interest both to the railroads of the country and to those who have at heart the cause of forest protection. The Santa Fé placed cypress tie- plates one-quarter of an inch thick on several thousand old and much-worn cypress ties laid in its track north of Galveston, Tex. After eight months of constant use the plates are perfectly sound and show practically not a trace of wear. The officials of the road are greatly pleased with the result of this trial. The Bureau of Forestry will now make similar experiments with red gum, red oak, and beech tie-plates, which will be placed in the tracks of the St. Louis and San Francisco, the Burlington, and the Northern Pacific systems. These are all harder woods than cypress, and are therefore less li- able to wear under the rails, but are much more subject to decay. The tie- plates made from these woods will therefore all be heavily creosoted. This will make them about as resist- ant to decay as the untreated cypress, while their much greater hardness will better qualify them to resist the wear of the rails. For a number of years cross-ties have been treated with preservatives, and tie-plates of iron have been used to increase their length of service. Tests are constantly being made by the Bureau of Forestry to improve the character of the preservatives and the methods of their application, and to enlarge the number of woods used for railroad construction purposes. Ex- perimenting with wooden tie-plates is work along the same economical line, in the interest of both the railroads and the forests. The use of a tie-plate prevents wear on the tie and adds years to its service; wooden tie-plates are being successfully substituted for the more expensive iron, and abundant and cheaper woods, through preserva- tive treatment, are becoming available to take the place of scarce and expen- sive woods. When a wooden tie-plate is worn out a new one can be quickly and cheaply inserted in its place. In Eu- rope these plates cost but $2 a thous- and, or $2 for every 500 ties, since two are used upon each tie. Preservative treatment keeps the tie from decaying, the wooden tie-plate keeps it from wearing, and the use of both will re- sult in a huge economy for the rail- roads, which will react favorably upon our forests. COLORADO PRACTICING FORESTRY The State to Create a Separate Department to Con- trol its Forest and Help Build Up its Industries ll WO political platforms in Colorado contain a declaration favoring the creation of a state department of forestry. This, if carried into effect by the legislature, will notably benefit both the state and forestry, since the general welfare of Colorado is peculi- arly dependent upon the rigid care and protection of its forests. Almost one- third of the total area of that state, or 33,500 square miles, is woodland, of which about 20,000 square miles are covered with valuable timber. This is chiefly pine, although cedar, hemlock, spruce, fir, and other species are also found in merchantable size and quan- tity. But the greatest value of the Colorado forests is in their promotion of agriculture through irrigation. AI- ready there are nearly 2,000,000 acres of farm lands under irrigation, but great stretches of country are still to be redeemed. ‘This cannot be done unless the watersheds of the state in the mountains and hills are rigorously kept under forest cover. The grazing and lumber industries, as now conducted, and the ravages of fires are against the forests. The lum- bering and still more the grazing inter- ests of the state are too valuable not to receive careful consideration. Each, and more particularly the latter, must be carefully and judiciously regulated with two ends in view—their own wel- fare and continuation, and the protec- tion of the forests. As for fire, it is the same deadly enemy in Colorado as in other large forested areas, and re- straining regulations must be enacted and enforced. Forest preservation is a vast econo- mic question intimately interwoven with many other matters of vital state concern, but it is a question with a dis- tinct field of research and demands specialized inquiry, enactment, and ju- risdiction. Hence the necessity for the creation of a state department of for- estry. Through it all local work can most effectively be done, and it also furnishes an agency through which the state may come into closer touch with the National Bureau of Forestry and thus secure advice based on a wide range of investigation. The federal government has put something over 3,000,000 acres of the public land on the watersheds under forest reserve. In addition, agents of the Bureau of Forestry have, within the past two years, made careful stud- ies of both these reserves and other public forests of the state, to the end that the federal forest reserves may accomplish the greatest possible good. But 3,000,000 acres are a small part of the 21,440,000 acres of woodland in Colorado. All the remaining 18,000,- 0oO or more acres are to a greater or less extent important in conserving the irrigation and farming future of the state. It is, therefore, fortunate that Colorado seems likely to handle its for- ests in this practical way, the only way by which the best results can be ac- complished. Such action will increase to twelve the number of states which have crea- ted separate departments of forestry. Yearly and daily the importance of un- derstanding and guarding the forest, which stands in close relations to many and varied industries, is growing. Each state which adds the weight of its official action gives new impetus to the movement which aims to secure the largest usefulness of our forests in the interest of the public welfare. Other states, particularly those whose forests are among their greatest re- sources, could do nothing more practi- cally beneficial to their future than quickly to follow the policy now de- manded by the people of Colorado. USE OF THE GRAIN] DRILL TN Reuss TION DISTRICTS BY HERBERT M. THOMAS F THERE is one agricultural im- plement of the humid east which is eminently adapted to the irrigation farmer, it is the grain drill, and it is perhaps the? Wleast\ sedi otal the ordinary implements of the farm, for over the greater part of the irri- gated west, grain is either broadcasted by machinery or by hand, and harrow- ed into the soil. Irrigated soil has the faculty of bak- ing on the surface, in many districts, and it is a peculiar fact that such soils are the ones in which the grain ts broadcasted and where the first irriga- tion so bakes the surface that the ten- der little plans have a struggle for life. This can largely be avoided by differ- ent methods of procedure. In Utah, where the small farmer is the rule and where the average farm in certain counties is about 25 acres, the grain drill is in use, and there is never heard the statement that the drill is “too slow.” In California, where the grain farms are large, seed is either broad- casted or sowed just behind the plow by a contrivance which resembles in its operation the grain drill. The method of grain land manage- ment, which seems most successful in soils which bake, is something like the the following: The land is irrigated and plowed; if it seems too dry for the seeding of grain, a second irrigation is then given it, and when the amount of moisture is just right, grain is sow- ed with the drill. The seeds are de- posited in a moist soil and the drill leaves the surface in a cultivated con- dition so that the top crust cannot form to choke down the seedlings. Ger- mination results promptly, and the little plants find themselves in the proper depth of soil with the roots in moist, compacted material in capillary contact with the subsoil, while a mel- low surface does not hamper the de- velopment of stem or leaves, and be- fore the soil’s store of moisture is de- pleted the plants are so far developed that the next irrigation does no harm, and the shade produced prevents the baking of the surface of the ground. On the other hand, the customary method is something like the follow- ing: The land is plowed (some- times), harrowed (sometimes), and grain is sowed by a broadcaster; a harrow or drag then goes over the surface, leaving part of the seed for the birds, another part in shallow soil, and none of it in the most favorable condition for the sturdy growth so necessary in a young plant. The ma- jority of the germinating seeds find it necessary to send the rootlets down an inch or two through half-dried soil to find moisture, while the leaves push- ing upward have a like amount of dry material to penetrate before air and sunshine can be reached. Plants strug- eling along under such conditions have a weakness bred in them from the start, and in the growth which fol- lows are not so well enabled to resist the difficulties which may beset them. Farming under irrigation is fast los- ing the extensive character so charac- teristic of American agriculture, and taking on the intensive character which means getting all out of the soil there is in it. The grain drill is one important instrument in this progress. Irrigation is developing many new tools, but there is none so well adapted to the needs of the irrigation farmer as the grain drill. PiteoatkeoU ART) OF THE RECLAMA- TION FUND Fort NEWELL Chief Engineer U. S. Reclamation Service. MANY of the people in the East have only vague ideas as to the practical workings of the Reclamation Law. With not a few the belief seems to be that the Government is engaged upon a purely philanthropic work of constructing large and costly irrigation systems, and after completion gener- ously donates these works to the farm- ers. While Uncle Sam is certainly evincing an exceedingly fatherly in- terest in his children who dwell in the desert, his generosity does not extend quite to this point. The manner in which the return of any funds expended on irrigation is safeguarded will strike most every- one as being similar to the methods ob- served by business institutions which make a practice of loaning money. When the investigation of an irri- gation project is developed to such an extent that there is little doubt of its feasibility, it becomes necessary to pro- vide for an association of water users. This is essential because it would be otherwise impossible to work out sat- isfactorily the various matters in which the interests of the Government and of the individuals are involved. One of the important matters to be adjusted by these water users’ asso- ciations is the protection of the Gov- ernment in its expenditures. The law provides that the water users shall re- turn to the reclamation fund the cost of the construction of the works. There can be no assurance of the re- turn of such moneys unless security of some kind is provided. ‘This interest of the government is _ protected through the water users’ association by a provision in its articles which makes all assessments on water rights, including the charges by the Govern- ment, a len on the land of the share- holder. Furthermore, the water users’ as- sociation as such makes a_ contract with the Secretary of the Interior in which it guarantees the payment of the charges assessed against the lands of its shareholders. This agreement, before being executed on the part of the corporation, is voted upon by the shareholders, and a two-thirds vote is necessary to ratify it. The shareholder and the water us- ers’ association, through their articles of incorporation, make a contract by which the land of the shareholder is pledged for the payment of necessary charges; and in addition to this the association guarantees to the Govern- ment that it will pay these charges and exercise the lien authorized by its ar- ticles in order to secure such payment. The matter is in this way left in the hands of the people themselves, and in case a shareholder should, through sickness or other unavoidable misfor- tune, be unable for a year or two to pay his assessments, the association can advance the money to carry him over his period of misfortune. In cases where the delinquent is not deserving of such consideration, his own neigh- bors, knowing the exact situation, will be in a position to enforce the condi- tions of the articles of the association and sell such part of his land as may be necessary to cover the charges for the water right. These charges are a lien on the land only to the extent of a particular as- sessment from year to year, and in case of a delinquency the entire charge for the water right does not become 44 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION due and chargeable against the land as in the case of an ordinary mort- gage when default is made on a part payment. This is not necessary un- der the conditions of a reclamation project, because the land itself is of such great value that there is no dif- ficulty in obtaining settlers to take up the land which an individual is compelled to relinquish. The whole theory of the water us- ers’ association is to provide for self- government among those who use the water and pay for the irrigation sys- tem. ‘The law provides that they shall ultimately manage and maintain the January system at their own expense, and the policy of the Reclamation Service is to put into their hands an increasingly greater share of the management, in order to gradually educate them up to the point of controlling in the proper manner an enterprise of such great magnitude. The law provides that the ownership of the system and a supervisory control shall always be maintained by the United States, in this manner affording ample assur- ance to each individual that the rights which he has acquired from the United States shall always be fully protected. IOWA PARK AND FOREST ASSOCIATION The Fourth Annual Meeting Successful and Shows Much Interest in the State HE fourth annual meeting of the Iowa Park and Forestry Associ- ation was the most successful that this organization has yet held. The fol- lowing officers were elected for 1905: President, L. H. Pammel, of Ames; vice-president, Wesley Greene, of Dav- enport; secretary, Prof. Thomas H. Macbride, of Iowa City; treasurer, J. C. Monnett, of Iowa City; executive committee, J. S. Trigg, of Des Moines; Hawe, yBaker, -of “Ames, and aC.a7A. Mosier, of Des Moines; legislative committee, C. L. Watrous, of Des Moines; B. Shimek, of lowa City ; Sid- ney Foster, of Des Moines; Bruce Fink, of Grinnell, and Elmer Reeves, of Waverly; committee on ways and means, Wesley Greene, W. A. Burnap, of Clear Lake; Eugene Secor, of For- est City; committee on civic improve- ments, A. T. Erwin, of Ames; Silas Wilson, of Atlantic, and B. Shimek. Dr. Bruce Fink, of Grinnell, deliv- ered an interesting address on the proper methods for tree pruning, pointing out common errors commit- ted and suggesting the best methods to follow. “Forestry in Northwestern Iowa’’ was ably discussed by Ellison Orr, of Waukon. Prof. T. H. Macbride made a plea for the preservation of the old historic landmarks like Camp McClellan and other historic spots in lowa that are dear to the memory of the pioneers. The secretary of the association, Prof. L. H. Pammel, reported on what the college has done in planting, both for park and forestry purposes, dur- ing the last thirty years, giving a list of the hardy trees like the white pine, white spruce, red elm, Austrian pine, elm, Norway spruce, hemlock, hard maple, soft maple, red cedar, and cot- tonwood, giving accounts of their hardiness and adaptibility to different conditions. Professor Shimek, of Iowa City, on “Reforestation in Iowa” said: “Each one of more than half the counties of Iowa contains rough lands, conserva- tively estimated at Io to 50 square miles in total area, which lie chiefly . east-central 1905 along the larger streams. These coun- ties are mostly in the southern and eastern parts of ;the state, but include those also cut by the Des Moines and its larger tributaries, and some of those which lie along the Missouri.” The lands in question are not suitable for cultivation. He advised township and county parks, to take better care of private property, and that our public schools should disseminate informa- tion which is desirable along the line of forestry. In his report on “Civic Improve- ment and Municipal Legislation,” Prof. A. T. Erwin reported that the destruction of trees by telephone com- panies had multiplied. Rural tele- phones and suburban car lines had in- creased, and the question of the pro- tection of trees is more important than ever before. In many cases the road- way is entirely too narrow. A tree with a good clean trunk is highly de- sirable; such a tree is the white elm; it adapts itself more to these unfavor- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 45 able conditions than many others. The Iowa law, if enforced, is regarded as ample to protect the trees. Mr. J. C. Monnett presented a long and valuable paper on the legal phases of tree pro- tection by property owners in various parts of the United States. Papers were also read by Dr. J. E. Cathell, who eloquently pleaded for the beautifying of our cities and for forest reserves to develop the goodness and steatness .of. mam: ~ Dr! uA. Be Storms likewise pleaded for a greater civic pride and enthusiasm in our cities, citing as an illustration the nota- ble work accomplished by the late Col- onel Waring, of New York, and the enthusiastic civic movement in many cities. Professor Ashbaugh made a strong plea for the preservation of cer- tain lakes for forestry and park pur- poses in the state. Doctor Mogridge discussed the subject of school gardens as a tendency to a better knowledge of agricultural and horticultural prob- lems of to-day. THE BELLE FOURCHE PROJECT ah HE principal work of the Reclama- tion Service in South Dakota this year will be on the Belle Fourche project. In this State attention has been given only to reclamation proj- ects west of Missouri River, and espe- cially to those in the vicinity of the Black Hills. Any reclamation of lands on any of the streams of this region must be founded on storage of storm water and spring flow. The Belle Fourche River rises in Wyoming and_ flows northeast, then east, draining the western and northern portions of the Black Hills. This project involves the reclamation of lands lying north- east of the Black Hills, in Butte and Meade counties, South Dakota, by the diversion of the waters of the Belle Fourche and Red Water rivers into a large basin east of the town of Belle Fourche, South Dakota. ‘This basin is to be converted into a storage res- ervoir by the construction of an em- bankment of earth, riprapped with rock, across Owl Creek. The reservoir will be filled by a large feeder canal from the river, 6 1-2 miles long, 40 feet wide on the bot- tom, and capable of carrying 10 feet depth of water. Additional water will be obtained from Crow, Owl, Indian, Horse and Willow creeks, which have a large flood flow during limited pe- riods. From the reservoir, which will have sufficient capacity to impound water for all the lands to be irrigated, the water will be distributed to lands in the valley on both sides of the Belle Fourche River, where 80,000 acres of land may be reclaimed. The land was segregated July 18, 1903. The segre- gation comprises 465,600 acres. A reconnaissance of the project was made from June 22 to 25, 1903, by Mr. 46 FOR R. F. Walter, district engineer, and gaging stations were established on Belle Fourche and Red Water rivers, by which the daily run-off is deter- mined. Surveys were ordered in July, 1903, by Mr. C. H. Fitch, supervising engineer, and a preliminary survey was made of the canal line to Owl Creek reservoir. The north outlet ca- nal from the reservoir was run to Willow Creek, and a high-line canal to Dry Creek No. 2. In all 115 miles of canal line were located before work had to be abandoned for the winter. The two sites known as Dry Creek and Wilson reservoirs were mapped on a scale of 1,000 feet to the inch, with 5-foot contour intervals. A res- ervoir area of 5,700 acres was thus covered. The Survey also took up topographic mapping on a scale of I:45000, with 20-foot contour inter- vals. An area of about 75 square miles was thus mapped. In April, 1904, a reconnaissance survey was made to determine the possibility of obtaining an increased water supply from the Little Missouri River and of storing the water thus obtained. It was found that such a plan was entirely practicable. At present work on the project is well advanced. Preliminary surveys on inlet canal (to feed the storage basins), on north outlet canal, and on the proposed Dry Creek and Wilson reservoir sites were completed in 1903. During the past summer the south side canal, which will water lands on the south side of the Belle River in the vicinity of Vale and Empire, was sur- veyed and mapped on a scale of 200 feet to the inch. The survey of the extension of the north side canal from the point where work was stopped in November, 1903, was resumed and the line was extend- ed to the Elm Creeks. A large body of vacant land is located here which may be brought under the project if the private land owners under the south side canal fail to subscribe for water and the canal is not built. The Owl Creek reservoir site has been surveyed and has been mapped ISTRY AND IRRIGATION January on a scale of 1,000 feet to the inch, with 5-foot contour intervals. This is an extension of the, Dry Creek reser- voir site, obtained by, the change of the location of the dam to a point across Owl Creek just below the mouth of Dry Creek. The capacity is more than double that of the first site contemplated, but the cost is much less than double. The mapping of the Alzada reser- voir site on the scale of 1,000 feet to the inch with 5-foot contour intervals, has also been completed and estimates have been made. The feeder canal for the reservoir from the Little Missouri River has been surveyed, either to be used as a diversion of this stream to the Belle Fourche or.as an indepen- dent project. The irigable lands have been map- ped ona scale of 1,000 feet to the inch, with. 5-foot contour intervals. About 200 square miles have thus been map- ped on both sides of the river above the Willow Creek divide. Detail sheets have been completed of the main diversion dam site, Owl Creek dam site, south side canal di- version dam site, and the Indian and Crow Creek crossings. These sheets are on a scale of 200 feet to the inch, with 2-foot contour intervals. Borings have been made at all dam sites and creek crossings for the pur- pose of obtaining information as to foundations. They have also been made at points from 500 to 1,000 feet apart along the canals for the pur- pose of classifying the material to be moved. The organization of the private land owners has secured subscriptions for about three-fourths of the private land under the whole project, or four-fifths of the private land on the north side. The available water supply has been estimated, and plans for all permanent structures have been drawn. A reconnaissance was made in June, 1904, of the headwaters of the Belle Fourche River for suitable sites for further storage, but no feasible sites were found. |} AMERICAN WOODS by Romeyn B. Hough, B. A. A publication unique in its illustrations, in that they are actual specimens instead of pictures, giving literally ‘‘sermons in trees’’ A VOLUME OF THE “AMERICAN WOODS” DISPLAYED ACH page contains three paper-thin sections of actual wood—tranverse, radial, and tangential—and as these are nearly transparent, they show clearly the structure. They are mounted on strong bristol board, which bears the accurate scientific and popular names of each specimen shown, together with the common name in German, French, and Spanish. a a The pages on which the ¢ Invaluable for specimens of wood are mounted Of great use to ’ : » BOTANISTS ¢ are separate, to facilitate ex- ¢ SCHOOLS ° , eo ale eae ae Q amination and comparison one ¢ Maknome » ‘ FORESTERS $ with another, and in order that LIBRARIES and ? 5 ARCHITECTS ¢ they may be used in direct ‘ PRIVATE ; } BUILDERS 2 connection with the text which ‘ COLLECTIONS SAS ae accompanies each volume. Rep Sat RN ak ek eI Ten parts of this great work have been issued and are ready for delivery; others will follow at the rate of one or two parts per year. Each part contains at least three specimens each of 25 species, with illustrated text. The following are the net prices per part: Green or brown cloth, imitation morocco, $5.00. Half-morocco, $7.50 Address: FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 510 Twelfth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION The American Sportsman's Library Under General Editorship of CASPAR WHITNEY The only Library of Sports Adapted to the American Reaaer Complete in 20 volumes, at $2 net per volume A partial list of Contributors includes Theodore Roosevelt, Dean Sage, Edwyn Sandys, Charles F. Holder, F. S. Van Dyke, L. C. Sanford, James A. Henshall Owen Wister. The volumes are illustrated by such artists as A. B. Frost, Carl Rungius, L. A. Fuertes, Charles L. Bull, Martin Justice, C. F. W. Mielatz, and Tappan Adney. Published in two series of 10 volumes each, all uniform, the whole set isa remarkable epitome of outdoor life, dealt with authoratively, yet in simple and untechnical lan- guage, and in each volume will be found much tointerest and instruct the general reader Of the First Series, those The Big Game now ready are: : : — Fishes of the The Deer Family United States By Theodore Roose- By Charles F. Hol- velt and others. [l- der. Illustrated by lustrated by Carl Chas. F. W. Mielatz Rungius, with maps and others. by Dr. C. Hart Mer- riam. Salmon and Trout By Dean Sage, W.C. Harris, and H. C. Townsend, Illustra- by A. B. Frost and others. Upland Game Birds By Edwyn Sandys aud T.S. Van Dyke. Illustrated by L. A. Fuertes, A.B. Frost, C.L. Bulland others The Water-Fowl Family By L. C. Sanford, L. B. Bishop and T. S. Van Dyke, illustra- ted by A. B. Frost, L. A. Fuertes, and Cc. L. Bull. To be ready in the Fall The Bison, Musk Ox, Sheep and Goat Family By George Bird Grinnell, Owen Winster,and Caspar Whitney. Illustra- ted by Carl Rungius and others. Cougar, Wild Cat, Wolf and Fox With many illustra- tions. The Bear Family By Dr. C. Hart Mer- riam. Illustrated Bass, Pike, Perch, Bove eed and Others oe 3y James A. Hen- Guns, Ammunition hall, M. D. Tllus- d Tackl rated by Martin ane sae s tice and Char es By A, W. Money and F. W. Mielatz. others. Illustrated, SECOND SERIES ~—In Preparation Photography for the Sportsman Naturalist, Baseball, Football, Yachting, Small Boat The Sporting Dog, The American Race Sailing and Canoeing, Rowing, Track Athlet- Horse, The Running Horse, Trotting ics, and Swimming, Lacrosse, Lawn Tennis, and Pacing, Riding and Driving. Boxing, Wrestling, Etc., Skating, Hockey, Ice Yachting, Coasting, Etc. Bay coro Post ty SPECIAL OFF Ek s “a, This exceedingly interesting and valuable series will be offered for Dey a limited period upon very liberal terms. Send $4.00 with coupon 4, *; 6 cut from this migazine and $1 per month for 36 months thereafter, % % Mery. 2 and we will send you free of all charges the volumes now ready, hae Se and the others as they are issued. The books are good to look By “ey, Uy at, being tastefully bound in dark green cloth, with gold Gas Gee, ornaments and ‘ettering and gilt top. See = aoe 3, "0 yA t> % rg Sy fy, Pay The MACMILLAN COMPANY 6 Fa %, 66 FIFTH AVENUE, - - +» NEW YORK Ia writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. | JOHN SHERMAN & CO. Successors to Real Estate Depart- ment FORESTRY AND IRRIGATON imber and Mineral Lands in all parts of the United States for sale > Southern Pine and Cypress Lands a Specialty Ya Ii_you BU Y want to SELL Make known vour wants. We Rk will use everv endeavor Aft tela SNS Ss ES es to meet them oe No charge is made for advertising or services rendered unless sale is made, when the commission agreed upon will be expected. >» Y If reference is desired as to our integrity, etc., inquiry may be made of any Bank or Trust Company in Washington, D. C. “~ 1413 G Street N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C. In writing advertisers kindly mentionZFORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. Foresters and Inspectors Wanted for the Philippine Forestry Bureau The salaries of Foresters, Assistant Foresters Inspectois, and Assistant Inspectors range from $1.200 to $2,400 per year’ Actualand necessary traveling expenses to and from the scene of field work are allowed, and while in the field one dollar gold per day is allowed for subsistence. There are a number of vacancies in the dif- ferent grades, and good men are urgently need- ed for this interesting and important work. The work of the Foresters is, to a large ex- tent, technical; that of the Inspectors more administrative and less technical. Examinations will be held in different parts of the United States about July 1 and Novem- ber I. For detailed information apply to the Bureau of Forestry, Washingtou, D.C., or to the Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department Washington, D. C. Foresters and Inspectors now in the Philip- pine forest service and having from two to three and a half years’ service, find the work very attractive, instructive and healthful. Copies of the Philippine Civil Service Man- ual may be obtained from the Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department, Washington, D.C. The reports. bulletins and other applicst ons of the Philippine Forestry Bureau should be read by all desiring to enter the service. Copies may be obtained by addressin the Forestry Bureau, Manila, P. I. 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In writing ie) | Ae, } \ f ll ADVERTISERS FIND FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION A GOOD MEDIUM LAUGHLIN FOUNTAIN PEN The Best at Any Price Sent on approval to responsible people. A Pocket Companion of never ending usefulness, a source of constant pleasure and comfort. To test the merits of Forestry and Irrigation as an advertising medium | we offer your choice of these popular styles super- ior to the $3.00 grades of other makes for only c Unconditionally Guaranteed Pre-eminently Satisfactory. Try ita week, if not suited, we buy it back, and give you $1.10 for it (the additional ten centsis to pay for your trouble in returning the pen). Weare willing to take chanceson you fia wanting to sell; we know pen [aia values—you will when you § have one of these. Finest quality hard Para rub- ber reservoir holder, 14k. Dia- mond Point Gold Pen, an desired flexibility in fine, med- } ium or stub, and the only per- fect ink feed known to thesci- ence of fountain pen making. Sent postpaid on receipt of $1.00 (Registration, 80 extra.) This great Special Offer is good for just 30 days. One of our Safety Pocket Pen Hold- ers free of charge with each pen. Remember—There is No “just as good’’as the Laughs lin: insist on it; take no chances. e State whether Ladies’ or Gentlemen’s style is desired. Illustrations are full size of complete article. Address LAUGHLIN & CO., 841 Griswold St. Detroit, Mich. iii advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION io SEE LR heres at LEN, JT CERES Vv ¢ as ACOPY OF y ickh’S 1905 Gardena Floral Guide; Mailed FREE on Request JAMES VICK'S SONS. 169 MAIN ST.. bs NY. 50 YEARS’ EXPERIENCE \ TRADE MARKS DESIGNS CoPYRIGHTS &c. Anyone sending a sketch and description may quickly ascertain our opinion free whether an invention is probably patentable. Communica- tions strictly confidential. HANDBOOK on Patents sent free. Oldest agency for securing patents. Patents taken through Munn & Co. receive special notice. without charge, in the | | acrermme ge erro | "Scientific American, 1006; Con- cord Grapes, #2 per i00. We pay the freight. Catalog, English or German, free. GERMAN NURSERIES Boy 1, Ceatrice, Neb. TREES THAT GROW Hardy varieties; yield big crops. Grafted Apple, 414sc; Budded Peach, 34%¢; Black Locust Seed- ings. $l per i Important Philippine Woods een aly NEI 3 Se ap As an F culation of any scientific journa ‘erms a pee CO age pevek Cee ee year; four months, $1. Sold by all newsdealers. pine Forestry Bureau. 42 large colored plates. MUNN & Co. ey ee New York Price, $3.00. Branch Office, 625 F St., Washington, D. C Forestry and Irrigation Book Dept. RIVERIDE FOUNDRYS AND MACHINE WORKS SOLE MANUFACTURERS OF WHITMER Deep Well Pump Head New Design in Pump Construction . . Few Working Parts. Uniform Flow of Water . . Saving of 30 to 40 per cent in Power . . Write for full information WORKS AND OFFICE RIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA ia Sd WHITE PINE Seeds and Seedlings for Forestry Purposes THOMAS MEEHAN & SONS, Inc., Dreshertown, Penn. Nursery Lane Nurserymen and Tree Seedsmen. BLOCH, Photographer Views, Lantern Slides, Bromide Enlarge- ments, Copying, Developing and Printing == | AS Sear) Shlaslau, Si6 Sai WASHINGTON, D.C. RETORTS and APPARATUS Patented in U. S. and Canada TO COLLECT WOOD ALCOHOL ACETIC ACID... .: WOOD OIL... x. TURPENTINE .... FROM THE SMOKE OF WOOD AND MAKING 45 TO 50 BUSHELS OF SUPERIOR CHARCOAL PER CORD OF WOOD PLANNED BY lk A. MATHIEU, Georgetown, S.C. ORCHIDS ORCHIDS We are the largest Orchid Growers in thewmitedi States! sesh cee Our Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of Orchids is now ready and may be had on application. LAGER & HURRELL SUMMIT, N. J. Orchid Growers and Importers. We Sell Direat to the Planter GRAFTED PECANS and all kinds of Nut Trees NEW PLUM, “ Maynard,” the Moneymaker Send for Description OAK LAWN NURSERY HUNTSVILLE, ALA. DID YOU EVER USE PRESS CLIPPINGS? Do you want everything printed in the news- paper, magaz!ne, and trade press of the United States and Canada on any particular subject? Send us your orderdescribing what you want us to clip, enclose $3, and we will send you our service for a month, mailing you daily or weekly all clippings found on your topic. We read and clip about 25,000 publications each month. MANUFACTURERS can learn where there is a Market for their goods and how best to reach it. BUSINESS MEN can obtain reliabletips which lead to business brought in on the follow-up plan. ANYONE can gather all that is printed about matters of immediate interest, the latest and best thoughts from many sources. United States Press Clipping Bureau 147 Fifth Ave., Chicago, U.S. A. Send stamps for our booklet. tre.. PAPER. that this publication is printed . on is furnished by R. P. Andrews & Company (inc.), Washington Sole Agents in the District of Columbia for the West V rginia Pulp and Paper Company, the Largest Manufacturers of Book Paper in the world. IF IN NEED, DROP THEM A LINE In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. National Irrigation Association Chicago, New York, Washington, 1707 Fisher Building. 47 Battery Place. 5 and 6 Glover Building. San! CE iRise THos. F. WalsH, Washington, GEORGE H. MAXwELL, Chicago, President. Executive Chairman. JAMES H. ECKELS, Chicago, CHARLES B. BOOTHE, New York, Treasurer. Chairman Executive Council. Guy E. MITCHELL, Wasiiington, Secretary. The objects of the Association, as set forth in its Constitution, are as follows: 1. The adoption by the Federal Government of a permanent policy for the reclamation and settlement of the public domain, under which all the remaining public lands shall be held and administered as a trust for the benefit of the whole people of the United States, and no grants of the title to any of the public lands shall ever hereafter be made to any but actual settlers and homebuilders on the land. 2. The preservation and development of our national resources by the construction of storage reservoirs by the Federal Government for flood protection, and to save for use in aid of navigation and irrigation the flood waters which now run to waste and cause overflow and destruction. 3. The construction by the Federal Government of storage reservoirs and irrigation works wherever necessary to furnish water for the reclamation and settlement of the arid public lands. . 4. The preservation of the forests and reforestation of denuded forest areas as sources of water supply, the conservation of existing supplies hy approved methods of irrigation and distribution, and the increase of the water resources of the arid region by the investi- gation and development of underground supplies. 5. The adoption of a harmonious system of irrigation laws in all the arid and semi-arid states and territories under which the right tu the use of water for irrigation shall vest in the user and become appurtenant to the land irrigated, and beneficial use be the basis and the measure and limit of the right. 6. The holding of an annual Irrigation Congress, and the dissemination by public meet- ings and through the press of information regarding irrigation, and the reclamation and settle- ment of the arid public domain, and the possibilities of better agriculture through irrigation and intensive farming, and the need for agricultural education and training, and the creation of rural homes as national safeguards, and the encouragement of rural settlement as a remedy | | for the social and political evils threatened by the congestion of population in large cities. TROPICAL FORESTRY AND HORTICULTURE Reports and working plans for estates in Southern Florida, Bahamas, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Porto Rico, and neighboring regions . .. . The Pomelo,'or'Grape Fruit, the Favorite of all Breakfast Fruits, for which the southernmost part of the Peninsula of Florida is famous. For the produc- tion|of this profitable.fruit this region has norival . . . : Tropical’ forestflands bought and sold. Villa sites and grove land for sale in Biscayne Bay region. Write for prospectus. Address JOHN GIFFORD, Princeton, N. J., or Cocoanut Grove, Dade Co., Fla. ORGANIZED APRIL, 1882 INCORPORATED JANUARY, 1897 THE = American Forestry Association OFFICERS FOR 1905 President Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture First Vice-President, JAMES W. PINCHOT, Washington, D. C. Recording Secretary EDWARD A. BOWERS, New Haven, Conn. Corresponding Secretary H. M. SUTER, Washington, D. C. Treasurer, OTTO LUEBKERT, Washington, D. C. Directors JAMES WILSON WILLIAM L. HALL OTTO LUEBKERT HENRY S. GRAVES B. F. FERNOW F. H. NEWELL EDWARD A BOWERS GEORGE K. SMITH WILLIAM S. HARVEY GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY GIFFORD PINCHOT Vice-Presidents Sir H. G. Joly de Lotbiniere, Victoria,B.C. | Charles C. Georgeson, Sitka, Alaska. John L Kane, Birmingham, Ala. B. A. Fowler, Phoenix, Ariz. T. P. Lukens, Pasadena, Cal. W. G. M. Stone, Denver, Col. Austin F. Hawes, New Haven Conn. William M. Canby, Wilmington, Del. John Joy Edson, Washington, D. C. Elihu Stewart, Ottawa, Ont. Chas. H. Herty, Green Cove Springs, Fla. R. B. Reppard, Savannah, Ga. Chas. Deering, Chicago, IIl. W. H. Freeman, Indianapolis, Ind. Hugh P. Baker, Ames, Iowa. J. T. Pence, Boise, Idaho. George W. Tincher, Topeka, Kansas. S. C. Mason, Berea, Ky. Lewis Johnson, New Orleans, La. Edward L. Mellus, Baltimore, Md. John E. Hobbs, North Berwick, Me. Alfred Ackerman, Boston, Mass. Filibert Roth, Ann Arbor, Mich. Samuel B. Green, St. Anthony Park, Minn. William Trelease, St. Louis, Mo. Charles E. Bessey, Lincoln, Neb. Frank W. Rollins, Concord, N. H. John Gifford, Princeton, N. J. William F. Fox, Albany, N. Y. C. A. Schenck, Biltmore, N. C. Wm. R. Lazenby, Columbus, Ohio. S. C.. Bartrum, Roseburg, Oregon. William T. Little, Perry, Okla. George Peabody Wetmore, Newport, R. I. Wm. L. Bray, Austin, Texas. Luke Lea, Nashville, Tenn. George L. Swendsen, Salt Lake City,Utah. George Aitken, Woodstock, Vt. D. O. Nourse, Blacksburg, Va. Thomas L. Burke, Seattle, Wash. A. D. Hopkins, Morgantown, W. Va. E. M. Griffith, Madison, Wis. Jos. M. Carey, Cheyenne, Wyoming. Wm. Little, Montreal, Quebec. Geo. P. Ahern, Manila, P. I. Wm. R. Castle, Hawaii. J. H. McLeary, San Juan, P. R. Annual Dues, $2. Life Membership, with exemption from further dues, $100. Sustaining Membership, $25 a year FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the Association, and sent regularly to all members APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP To Mr. H. M. SUTER, Secretary American Forestry Association Box 356, Washington, D. C. DEAR SIR_ I hereby signify my desire to hecome a member of the American Forestry Association. Two dollars ($2.00) for annual dues enclosed herewith. Very truly yours, Name- P. O. Address- W.E. HOYT, R. E P. A. 335 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Vast Bodies of Timber In WESTERN WASHINGTON Northern Pacific Railway OPPORTUNITIES | Employment | |Investment | P. W. PUMMILL, Dist. Pass. Agt., 711 Chestnut St., Phila. Pa. Send four cents for Lewis and Clark Booklet to A. M. CLELAND General Passenger Agent St. Paul, Minn. For Emigration Pamphlets write to Cc. W. MOTT General Emigration Agent St. Paul, Minn, In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. ow TRANSFER OF THE FOREST RESERVES a Copy 10) cts 00 a Year Ny 1905 > FEBRUARY ei t iy ?. O A F re) ~ bn < = Y 3 510 Twelfth Street Northwest, Field :"4 Stream | Prittting § Edited by EMERSON HOUGH Amer ca’s s Il ustrated Monthly Magazineof the Rop, Gun, Doc, CANOE, CAMERA, CRUISE, Etc eee, Price $1.50 per Year 15cents a copy of all Newsdealers The Mysteries of the Mighty Amazon River EAD the story, graphically penned by ex- plorer ALV AH D. JAMES, of the dis- coveries and facts brought to light by “FIELD AND STREA WM’S” exploration party in the vast tropical wilderness drained by the Amazon. From the day when, on the Pacific coast. the ascent of the \ndes Mountains began, the thrill of the narrative isupon you, and never releases its hold until the tale ends at the confluence of the great river with the Atlantic, 3,600 miles fromits source Regin your subscription with the superb Christmas Number of 1903, containing the first installment of this Amazon story. Address the Publishers John P. Burkhard Corporation Dept Fal: 35 West 21st St., New York INTERIOR, WASHING- 1905. Sealed proposals office of the United DEPARTMENT OF THE TON, D. C., January 9, will be received at the States Reclamation Service, 1108 Braly Build- Sat Los Angeles, California, until 2 o’ecloek PR: , March 15, 1905, for the construction of the 4 aah dam and sluice ways, involving the ex- cavation of about 282,000 cubie yards of earth, ex- eavation of about 305,000 cubic yards of solid rock, placing of about 305,000%cubie yards of solid rock in the cam and masonry core walls, building of about 27,150 cubie yards of conerete, laying of about 80,000 square yards of paving, and furnish- ing and driving of about 53,000 linear feet of sheet piling, for the diversion of a part of the Colorado River about ten miles northeast of Yuma, Arizona. Bids will be received for the entire work. Speci- fications, form of proposal, and particulars may be obtained by application to the Chief Engineer, U. S. Reclamation Service, Washington, D. C.; to J. B. Lippincott, Supervising Engineer, U.S. Re clam- ation Service, 1108 Braiy Building, Los Angeles, California ; or to Homer Hamlin, Engineer, U. S. Reclamation Service, Yuma, Arizona, at whose offices the plans may be inspected. Each bid must be accompanied by a certified cheek for Ten Thousand ($10,000) Dollars, payable to the order of the Secretary of the Interior, as a guaranty that the bidder will, if successful, promptly execute a satisfactory contract and furnish bond in the sum of 20 per cent of the contract price for the faithful performance of the work. The right is reserved to rejeet any or all bids, to accept one part and rejeet the other, and to waive technical defects as the interests of the service may require. Proposals must be marked ‘ Proposals Laguna Dam, Yuma Project, California.”” Bidders are invited to be present when bids are opened. K. A. HITCHCOCK, secretary. | I We EEE In writing Publishing The H. M. Suter Publishing Co. have exceptional facili- ties for turning out books, pamphlets, calendars, Col- lege annuals, &c. All Kinds of Illustrations Furnished. To persons desiring prompt publication of books we can guarantee first class printing and careful proof-reading, relieving them of all detail work. CORRESPONDENCE INVITED. H. M. Suter Publishing Co., 510 TWELFTH ST., N. W. WASHINGTON, D.C. AMERICAN Horticultural Manual In Two Parts. Part 1. Comprising the leading Principles and Practices con- nected with the Propagation,Culture,and Improvement of Fruits, Nuts, Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, and plants of the United States and Canada. By J. L. Budd, Pro- fessor Emeritus in Horticulture in the Iowa State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. Assisted by N. EK. Hansen, Professor in the South Dakota Agricultural College. I2mo, XxX4I7 pages, 107 figures. Cloth, $1,50. Systematic Pomology Being Part II of American Horticuitural Manual, giving a Description of the Fruits in Cultivation, largely planted in the varied parts of the United States and Canada, together with those of special promise in local parts. I2mo, xiX4gI pages. Cloth, $1.50. JOHN WILEY & SONS 43 and 45 Kast 19th St. New York City advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIAGTION ge a es Se eee FT Harvard University The Lawrence Scientific School Announces the establishment of four-years’ programme of courses in Forestry leading to the degree of S. B. The School offers also profes- sional courses leading to the degree of S. B. in Landscape Architecture, Engineering, Mining, Geology, Biology, Chemistry, etc. Information about require- ments for admission, courses of study, expenses, etc., may be obtained y addressing J. L. LOVE, Secretary 16 University Hall, Cambridge, Mass. N.S. SHALER, Dean. Accurate estimates of standing timber, valuation surveys and working plans made, and expert advice on any logging, lumbering, or forestal proposition furn- ished by C. A. SCHENCK & CO., Biltmore, N. C. Consulting Forest Engineers. Harvard University THE Lawrence Scientific School offers aoe ya courses of study leading to the degree of S.B. in Civil, Mechanical, and Electri- eal Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Archi- tecture, Landscape Architecture, Forestry, Chem- istry, Geology, Biology, Anatomy and Hygiene (preparation for medical schools), Science for Teachers, and a course in General Science. For the catalogue and information, address J. L. Love, 16 University Hall, Cambridge, Mass. N. S. SHALER, Dean. California, Alta, Placer County AGASSIZ HALL is a boys’ Preparatory School in the Sierra Ne- vada Mountains. Its boys are encouraged to ride, row, swim, fish, hunt, trap, suowshoe as out-of-school aids toward developing healthy manhood. ) = AYP TRE pe te pe 0 Se ne ae XO! SCHOOLS & COLLEGES EXO), —e ee ee THE University of the South Sewanee, Tennessee DEPARTMENTS Academic Medical Theological Pharmaceutical Law Preparatory The University of the South is situated in the center of its woodland domain of 10,000 acres on the summit of the Cumberland Mountains, 2,000 feet above sea level. Open from March to December, the academic year being divided into three terms. Students from other Universities may attend the sum- mer session, July 3 to September 26, in any department. The University domain is being lumbered in a scientific manner under the direction of the Bureau of Forestry, U.S. Department of A gri- culture,and an unusual opportunity isafforded for the preliminary study of forestry. Sewanee presents an exceptionally attractive field for the study of geology, and forest and field botany. For further information address THE VICE-CHANCELLOR Fast through train service to all points from Chicago, Milwaukee and Peoria on the East, to Omaha, Denver, the Black Hills. Salt Lake City and the Pacifie Coast on the W est, and north- ward to St. Paul, Minneapolis, Duluth, Superior, Ashi: und, Mar- quette and Sault Ste. Mz rie, Ghe Best of Everything. W. B. Kniskern, Pot. M. Chicago, IL, Nw371 In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION, oe STB ose: American Forestry Association President—HON. JAMES WILSON, SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. The American Forestry Association was organized in 1882, and incorporated in January, 1897. It now has nearly three thousand members, residents of every State in the Union, Canada, and foreign countries. It has at all times been active in promoting measures tending toward the proper utilization of the forests and their protection from destruc- tion by fires and wasteful use. The objects of this Association are to promote : 1. A business-like and conservative use and treatment of the forest resources of this country ; 2. The advancement of legislation tending to this end, both in the States and the Congress of the United States, the inauguration of forest administration by the Federal Government and by the States ; and the extension of sound forestry by all proper methods ; 3. The diffusion of knowledge regarding the conserva- tion, Management, and renewal of forests, the proper utilization of their products, methods of reforestation of waste lands, and the planting of trees. The Association desires and needs as members all who are interested in promoting the objects for which it is organ- ized—all who realize the importance of using the natural resources of the country in such a manner as not to exhaust them, or to work ruin to other interests. In particular it appeals to owners of wood-lands, to lumbermen and forest- ers, as well as to engineers, professional, and business men who have to do with wood and its manifold uses, and to persons concerned in the conservation of water supplies for irrigation or other purposes. The American Forestry Association holds annual and special meetings at different places in the country for the discussion and exchange of ideas, and to stimulate interest in its objects. Forestry and Irrigation, the magazine of author- ity in its special field, is the official organ of the Association, and is sent free to every member monthly. Its list of con- tributors includes practically all persons prominent in forest work in the United States, making it alone worth the cost of annual membership in the Association. The annual dues are, for regular members, $2.00, for sustaining members, $25.00; life membership is $100, with no further dues. Any person contributing $1,000 to the funds of the Association shall be a Patron. H. M. Suter, Secretary. Address: P. O. Box 356, Washington, D. C. ssueiteihiidd Py ORGANIZED APRIL, 1882 INCORPORATED JANUARY, 1897 THE—— American Forestry Association OFFICERS FOR 1905 President Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture First Vice-President, JAMES W. PINCHOT, Washington, D. C. Recording Secretary EDWARD A. BOWERS, New Haven, Conn. Corresponding Secretary H.M. SUTER, Washington, D. C. Treasurer, OTTO LUEBKERT, Washington, D. C. Directors JAMES WILSON WILLIAM L. HALL OTTO LUEBKERT HENRY S. GRAVES B. E. FERNOW F. H. NEWELL EDWARD A BOWERS GEORGE K. SMITH WILLIAM S.HARVEY GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY GIFFORD PINCHOT Vice-Presidents Sir H. G. Joly de Lotbiniere, Victoria, B.C. Charles C. Georgeson, Sitka, Alaska. John L. Kaul, Birmingham, Ala. B. A. Fowler, Phenix, Ariz. T. P. Lukens, Pasadena, Cal. W. G. M. Stone, Denver, Col. Austin F. Hawes, New Haven Conn. William M. Canby, Wilmington, Del. John Joy Edson, Washington, D. C. Elihu Stewart, Ottawa, Ont. Chas. H. Herty, Green Cove Springs, Fla. R. B. Reppard, Savannah, Ga. Chas. Deering, Chicago, III. W. H. Freeman, Indianapolis, Ind. Hugh P. Baker, Ames, Iowa. J. T. Pence, Boise, Idaho. George W. Tincher, Topeka, Kansas. S. C. Mason, Berea, Ky. Lewis Johnson, New Orleans, La. Edward L. Mellus, Baltimore, Md. John E. Hobbs, North Berwick, Me. Alfred Ackerman, Boston, Mass. Filibert Roth, Ann Arbor, Mich. Samuel B. Green, St. Anthony Park, Minn. William Trelease, St. Louis, Mo. Charles E. Bessey, Lincoln, Neb. Frank W. Rollins, Concord, N. H. John Gifford, Princeton, N. J. William F. Fox, Albany, N. Y. C. A. Schenck, Biltmore, N. C. Wm. R. Lazenby, Columbus, Ohio. S. C. Bartrum, Roseburg, Oregon. William T. Little, Perry, Okla. J. T. Rothrock, West Chester, Pa. George Peabody Wetmore, Newport, R. I. Wm. L. Bray, Austin, Texas. Luke Lea, Nashville, Tenn. George L. Swendsen, Salt Lake City, Utah. George Aitken, Woodstock, Vt. D. O. Nourse, Blacksburg, Va. Thomas L. Burke, Seattle, Wash. A. D. Hopkins, Morgantown, W. Va. E. M. Griffith, Madison, Wis. Jos. M. Carey, Cheyenne, Wyoming. Wm. Little, Montreal, Quebec. Geo. P. Ahern, Manila, P. I. Wm. R. Castle, Hawaii. J. H. McLeary, San Juan, P. R. Annual Dues, $2. Life Membership, with exemption from further dues, $100. Sustaining Membership. $25 a year FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the Association, and sent regularly to all members APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP To Mr. H. M. SUTER, Secretary American Forestry Association Box 356, Washington, D. C. DEAR SIR: I hereby signify my desire to become a member of the American Forestry Association. Two dollars ($2.00) for annual dues enclosed herewith. Very truly yours, Name P. O. Address The Proceedings OF THE American [I orest Congress held at Washington, D. C., Jan. 2 to 6, will be published in book form March 15, 1905. This volume will contain the full list of notable addresses and papers delivered at the several sessions of the Congress, a list of the dele- gates who were present, and the text of the resolutions adopted. Altogether this will form the most comprehensive and authorita- tive publication on the subject of forestry that has yet been issued in the United States. The price of the book will be $1.25 PosTPaID. Orders should be accompanied by remittance, and may be sent to iH. Ti-SUTER, Secretary American Forestry Association, 510 Twelfth St., N. W., Washington, D. C. oF H. M. SUTER, Editor Cer NS RE See CONTENTS FOR FEBRUARY, 1905 VIRGIN FOREST SCENE IN OREGON - Frontispiece NEWS AND NOTES: ( Illustrated) Transfer of the Reserves - 49 Blueberry Culture and Forest Proceedings of the Forest Fires - = a i Beene es airy 7 - 49 Irrigation for the East - 2 TnSpect Arid) Wes _ 7 49 — Reclamation Service Notes Working for Porto Ricos Roresteiaoe z 5 ay Underground Waters: Shey Bareee Reseevesnn 1004 BE) ans s Peak Polytechnic Society New Experiments in Turpen- Canadian Forest Journal 5 tining - - - - 50 Ferest Reserves for New Jersey MORRIS BIEN (with portrait) = = = FS = = = FOREST RESERVE MANAGEMENT TRANSFERRED - INFLUENCE OF TREE PLANTING UPON THE DUTY OF WATER IN IRRIGATION (with diagrams) - FF. H. King THE NEW IRRIGATION ( Poe) - - Charles Hallock TEACHING ELEMENTARY FORESTRY (J/lusiraied) — - s Susan B. Sipe THE RECLAMATION SERVICE ( Illustrated) = - u LUMBERING IN FOREST RESERVES - - - - - UNIQUE STEAM LOG HAULER (//lusiraied), Eugene S, Bruce FORESTRY IN CALIFORNIA - - - - - - - APPARATUS FOR DISTILLATION OF WOOD, J. A. Mathieu WOOD AS FUEL - - - - - - Te: S..Gold USES OF INFERIOR WOODS - - ~ - - - = RECENT PUBLICATIONS RAE NEA eh 5 fat oo FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the American Forestry Associa- tion. Subscription price $1.00 a year; single copies 10 cents. Copyright, 1904, by H. M. Suter Publishing Co. Entered at the Post Office at Washington, D. C. as second-class mail matter. he — Published Monthly at WASHINGTON, D.C. JO way A Sram - SHERIDAN ) Oregon. Forest Scene in irgin Vv NEWS AND NOTES At last the transfer of the forest reserves from the Department of the Interior to the Department of Agriculture is an accomplished fact. The bill for this purpose passed Con- gress the last week in January, and was signed by President Roosevelt on February Ist. From now on the ad- ministration of the reserves, as out- lined in an article elsewhere in this number of ForESTRY AND IRRIGATION, will be directly under the control of the Bureau of Forestry. This transfer of the administration of the forest reserves has come after many vexatious delays. For four years the friends of forestry have stood to- gether to bring about this result. The American Forestry Association was a potent factor in the creation of the re- serves, and the first laws for their ad- ministration, and it has likewise been a powerful ally in the move for the consolidation of all forest work. With the active management of the reserves in the hands of Mr. Gifford Pinchot, who has fought so tenaciously during the past four years to bring about the transfer, we may look for a sensible, business-like handling of the public forest lands. ‘Chis victory in securing the transfer of the forest reserves in the face of much selfish opposition is one of great consequence, and reflects the greatest credit on the movement headed by Mr. Pinchot. It should en- courage all friends of conservative for- est management to keep hard at work for the numerous projects of like na- ture which should be carried through at an early date. Transfer of the Reserves. Proceedings The complete proceed- eee ines of the American Congress. Forest Congress, held at Washington January 2d to 6th, will be published in book form, March t5th.The volume will contain in the neighborhood of 400 pages, and will be neatly bound in cloth. It will con- tain the full text of all addresses and papers delivered at the Congress, the resolutions passed, and list of the dele- gates who attended. Altogether it will make the most comprehensive and au- thoritative volume on forestry that has yet been issued in the United States. The publication of the proceedings will be handled for the Association by the H. M. Suter Publishing Company, of Washington, who are the publishers of this magazine. The price of the volume will be $1.25, postpaid. Per- sons desiring copies of the proceedings should send in their orders at once, accompanied by check or money order for the amount. The Senateand House Committees on Irriga- gation have arranged for a trip through the entire arid West next June and July, starting at Omaha and going first to Nevada, where, on June 17th, the third anniversary of the approval of the reclamation act, they will witness the formal comple- tion of the Truckee irrigation project. This will be the first project to be completed under the reclamation act. The members of the committee will then go to New Mexico and Arizona, taking in various projects in both ter- ritories. They will make a personal inspection from Yuma of the Colorado river valley, including the Imperial country, in order to become familiar with what has proved to be a per- plexing problem in irrigation develop- ment. The committees will then make a tour of Southern California, inspect- ing irrigation plants and will be en- tertained at Los Angeles, going thence to San Francisco. Meetings will be held for the purpose of gather- ing information regarding the big Sac- ramento valley project, which is de- clared by officials of the reclamation service to be the largest project in the United States. Visits will be made to various places in the Sacramento val- ley, and thence to Oregon, Washing- To Inspect Arid West. 50 - FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION \ ton, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming and Colorado. ‘The Senators on the Irri- gation Committee who are expected to make this trip are: Warren, Hans- brough, Ankeny, Fulton, Bailey, Pat- terson, Gorman, and Newlands. ‘The members of the House Committee are: Mondell, Reeder, Tyrrell, Dwight, Marshall, Cooper, Williamson, Under- wood, Hitchcock, and Van Duser. Working for Porto Rico’s Forests. Effortsare being made by the citizens of Port- to Rico to secure leg- islation looking to the preservation of the forests of that territory. The es- tablishment of the Luquillo Forest Reserve in Porto Rico has brought to public attention the vast benefits that come from proper forest conservation and protection, and has impelled some of Porto Rico’s most prominent citi- zens to lend their aid to the forest movement, and endeavor to secure legislation during the present session of the Porto Rico Legislature. Porto Rico possesses the only distinctly tropical forest that is a part of the United States in this hemisphere, and legislation looking to an administra- tion of its forest wealth on the princi- ples of practical forestry should have the support of all public-minded citi- zens. In 1004 seven new Forest Reserves - ? oR MS eh oan torest reserves were 4 created—Baker City, in Oregon ; Cave Hills and Slim Buttes, in South Dakota ; Grantsville and Salt Lake, in Utah, and Warner Mountains and Modoe, in California. Additions were made to the Fish Lake (Utah), the South Platte (Colorado), and the Big Horn (Wyoming) reserves. These reserves cover in the aggregate 893,- 120),acres;- A. total area ‘of 210241 acres were added to existing reserves, but 923,782 acres, which examination had shown to be better suited for ag- riculture than for foresty were re- stored to the public domain, so that the net increase in the area of the reserves was but 149,035 acres. February New Experi- The old system of ments in Tur- — Hoxing Southern pine pentining. trees for the produc- tion of turpentine and rosin has very greatly reduced the pine timber wealth of the Southern States. Three years ago the Bureau of Forestry deter- mined that something should be done to eliminate so destructive a method of procuring naval stores. Its three years’ experiments towards this end, just completed, have demonstrated that a new system of turpentining, which requires the use of earthen cups and metal gutters, not only greatly conserves the life of the timber tapped, but gives an increased yield of rosin, and therefore a greater profit than is possible by boxing. The box method and the new cup and gutter system of turpentining are fully described and illustrated in Bulletin No. 40, issued by the Bureau of Forestry. While the new system is not yet in use by all turpentine operators, its application is extending as rapidly as the necessary equipment can be se- cured. At present there is but one company supplying the kind of cups and gutter iron required. It is hoped, since the demand for this material is very great, that in the near future the supply will be sufficiently increased to enable turpentine operators to procure the needed equipment. While, in the work just completed, the Bureau of Forestry has performed an important service to the turpentine industry, it feels, nevertheless, that a still more conservative method of tur- pentining can be found, particularly one which, consistent with a maximum yield of turpentine, shall inflict the smallest possible injury upon the trees. With this in view the Bureau has be- gun an entirely new line of field ex- periments, in order to determine to what extent the wound now made in tapping the trees can be lessened. Through the generosity and cordial cooperation of the Hillman Suthern Land Company, of Jacksonville, Fla., a stand of about 40,000 pine trees in Clay county, Florida, together with 11905 jother facilities, have, without cost to ithe Government, been_ placed at the disposal of the Bureau for experimen- ital purposes. | The principal experiments now set on foot, comprise the practical work- jing of a number of different turpentine crops. One set of trees will be used to determine, within practical limits, ithe best width of face to be cut on itrees of different diameters. Another set of trees will demon- strate, with approximate exactness, the rate in height, per streak, at which jweekly chippings should proceed, in jorder to stimulate a full flow of rosin. It is believed that the weekly chipping now practiced cuts away in height, at one time, too much of the living wood ; iin other words, the face of the tree is increased too rapidly upwards. At present this upward chipping amounts Ito about 18 inches every year, and it is thought that this can be reduced at least one-half or two-thirds. Such ja saving in face height will permit a jconsiderable increase in the number of Icrop years, which, in turn, should give ja much increased total yield of rosin Jas well as reduce the demand upon the jarea of pine forests. ‘There will also }be an economy for operators in hav- jing to move their equipment from one set of trees to another less frequently \than is the case at present. Still another set of trees will be jdevoted to finding out how deep to- jward the center of the tree each streak should be chipped. Under the present practice, it is believed that an unneces- jsarily deep cut is made, thereby great- jly reducing the vitality of the tree and consequently its capacity to produce rosin continuously. |Blueberry Culeiee lia }ture and Forest erazing sections throughout the West an old and well known jcustom is that of burning the dry grass |jto improve the next year’s pasture. |Formerly the fires were allowed to | spread and burn themselves out at will, jand the practice resulted in great for- lest destruction. Happily for the for- jests, the burning is now more carefully FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 5 done when it is done at all, and on the whole the custom is falling into dis- use.. In Maine a practice of burning exists which is local to that State, is novel in character, and has nothing to do with grazing. The burning is to assist blueberry culture by causing the bushes to sprout vigorously and clear- ing the ground of other growth. About 1870 a factory for canning blueberries was located in Maine, and as it prospered it was followed by others. In 1885 and again in 1899 similar factories and canning compa- nies were established, ail to-day blueberry raising and canning is an important industry in that State. To supply the increasing demand_ blue- berry bush areas have been constantly enlarged, until now “blueberry bar- rens” cover some 2,600 acres in Han- cock and Washington counties. A century ago these “blueberry barrens” were for the most part cov- ered by a dense forest, chiefly of white pine and spruce. The forest was thinned by lumbering the pine, and the increased amount of light per- mitted new kinds of undergrowth to get a foothold. Fire, as almost in- variably happens, followed the lumber- ing, the rest of the original stand was destroyed, and the undergrowth was still further altered, a great variety of valueless underbrush and weeds talk- ing possession of the ground, together Ww ith a stand of birch, popple, red ma- ple, and other hardwood seedlings. As the fires continued to occur this hard- wood growth changed to a very scrub- by character and was finally entirely eliminated, and the ground became a true barren, covered with a growth of blueberry bushes, sweet fern, brake, bunchberry, goldenrod, and sheep lau- rel. With the ground in such condi- tion its best use is for blueberry cul- Ue The blueberry owner divides his land into three portions; each year he picks the berries from one portion, burns another portion, and allows the third to rest. The first year after the land is burned over the blueberry FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION February 52 1905 bushes sprout and grow a few inches. The second year they yield a full crop of berries. The third season the crop is small and of little value, and the bushes reach a condition in which they can be burned most effectively. Under this system of blueberry cul- ture the land does not “run out” with constant use for the same crop. Where .the burning has been properly done the same tracts have grown blueber- ries continuously for 50 years without showing any decrease in the yield. But.if the land is burned over at the wrong time of the year, or the roots of the bushes are badly injured by fire, many years are required to restoré the productive capacity of the tract. . The best time for burning is when the melting snow leaves the ground wet and the tops of bushes dry. After May toth burning is very injurious, unless the spring is exceptionally late. The canning companies own most of the blueberry lands in Maine, ex- cept some small 25 or 30-acre private holdings. Pickers from company lands get 3 cents a quart, while private owners receive about 6 to 8 cents a quart for their berries. The picking season lasts six weeks. A rapid pick- er makes from $4 to $8 a day; if he has a large family to help him it is not unusual for him to make $600 or $800 in the six weeks. This makes the in- dustry very popular among the pickers, and increases the danger that forest fires will be set or permitted to burn through good timber in order to in- crease the extent of blueberry barrens. In addition to the 2,600 acres of present barrens, there are in Hancock county over 5,000 acres which have been reduced almost to a barren con- dition. Here, if necessary, this in- dustry could be profitably extended. But when lumbering and fires have not materially depleted the forests, the land should be continued under forest cover, and the stand improved. ‘The opportunity is ample for a proper ex- tension of blueberry culture without invading valuable forest lands, which should be protected from fire. The FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 53 wisest policy is to utilize the present blueberry barren areas to the fullest extent, and not to encroach further upon the forests, except as the growth of the industry makes it profitable to take old cut-over lands for this pur- pose. The interest of East- ern agriculturists in the practice of irriga- tion is growing steadily. A recent editorial of the New York Swn is per- tinent and deserves the attention of farmers and economists alike. The editorial in question is quoted in full: “The irrigation of our arid regions has commanded much attention, bit the system may profitably be extended far beyond them, though the unier- standing of its value is comparatively new to this part of the Union. A few truck and other farmers in New York and neighboring States have tried it for years, and they have found that irrigation in the East is profitable. A gradually widening circle of agricul- turists has been brought over to this view. It isa little strange perhaps that our farmers generally did not take more rapidly to the idea, for they are only just beginning to repeat the ex- perience of farmers in France, Swit- zerland and Italy, where some of the irrigated districts have a larger annual rainfall than the Mississippi Valley. “During the past year the Depart- ment of Agriculture has been making investigations in our humid regions, particularly in the eastern part of the country. Its report, just published, deals almost exclusively with the ir- rigation of market garden crops. It was found that many of the market gardeners of Long Island, New Jersey and Massachusetts are beginning to discover that it is very profitable to irrigate their crops. In nearly every season there are periods of little rain during which the growth of vegeta- bles is seriously checked. The proper application of water at these times pre- vents the diminution of the crops that would otherwise occur. “At other seasons when the rainfall Irrigation for the East. 54 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is considerably below the normal, irri- gation is an insurance against serious damage. These facts have now be- come so well established that the meth- od is steadily extending among our market gardeners. “Mr. Bach, of Flushing, in Long Island, who has thirty acres of garden truck under irrigation, estimates that the value of his crops was increased $5,000 last year by artificial watering. Mr. Rawson, of Arlington, Mass., says that the value of his market gar- den crops is often increased 50 per cent. by irrigation and nearly always as much as 25 per cent. The testi- mony is general that the size and quality of strawberries, onions, cauli- flower and other small fruits and vege- tables are much improved by irriga- tion. “With the higher prices for crops and more intensive cultivation that are coming with increased density of population there is no doubt that irri- gation will take its place as an impor- tant agency in the agriculture and hor- ticulture of the eastern half of the United States.” Mr. W. G. Swendsen has been appointed engineering aidein the United States Reclamation Service. Mr. Swendsen graduated from the Agricultural Colege of Utah with the degree’of B: S..in C. EK. in ro04,sand during school and vacation months was engaged in various capacities as levelman and assistant engineer in the establishment of water works systems and the construction of pipe lines and canals, as well as reconnaissance work. He assisted the resident hydrographer in gaging streams and general repair work, and from April to December, 1904, was employed in the Reclama- tion Service on Strawberry Valley and Utah Lake reconnaissance work as transitman and levelman. He is now connected with the work in Utah. The alumni of the Massachusetts In- stitute of Technology continues to be drawn upon heavily for engineers by the Reclamation Service at W ashing- Reclamation Service Notes. February ton. Among the recent additions to the personnel of the Government en- gineers are the following graduates of this institution: T. F. J. Maguire, a native of Massachusetts, as electrical engineer, with headquarters at Den- ver, Colo.; Howard Scott Morse, who for two years served as assistant in civil engineering of the institute, as assistant engineer in the Reclamation Service. Ernest F. Tabor, who was appoint- ed assistant engineer in the United States Reclamation Service last year, has been promoted to engineer. Mr. Tabor attended the University of California, and since 1887 has been engaged in various capacities on en- gineering work in that State, chief amoung which are Superintendent for Escondido Irrigation District ; location and construction of city water works for Elsinore, California; on river gag- ings, irrigation, mining and land sur- veys. He is at present engaged on reclamation work in Utah. Horace W. Sheley, who since 1903 has been engaged in the work of the Reclamation Service, has been ap- pointed engineering aide. Mr. Sheley attended i gsarensier College, Mo., and later the University of Utah, g erad- uating with A. B. degree. He has assisted mining engineers and experts, and been engaged in bridge work as supervisor of construction of concrete and reinforced concrete piers and arches. Since entering the Reclama- tion Service Mr. Sheley has been em- ployed as draftsman and topographer and in charge of plane table work. He is now connected with the work in Utah. Daniel Grant Martin has been ap- pointed engineer in the United States Reclamation Service, and placed in charge of work on the Minidoka pro- ject, Idaho. Mr. Martin attended the Kansas Normal College, and since 1891 has been engaged as engineer in various capacities on canal construc- tion, in the State of Idaho. 1905 PS -Geport has’ - just Daderesound been submitted to the Waters. Chief Engineer of the United Reclamation Service by Chas. S. Slichter, engineer in charge of in- vestigation on the movement of un- derground waters, upon the under- flow of the Rio Grande near El] Paso, Texas, and Las Cruces, New Mexico. Above the city of El Paso the Rio Grande passes through a narrow pass, or gorge, which the river has cut out of limestone rock. The river-bed is frequently dry at this point, and it be- came important to the growing com- munity of El Paso and adjacent set- tled portions of the Rio Grande valley to know how much water was passing underground through the gorge of the river. The distance to bed rock at the gorge is about 90 feet, measured from the. bed of the river. To this depth the channel which the river cut through the rock is filled with sand and gravel, through which the so- called “underflow” of the river moves. This term is now used to describe the ground water that is slowly moving downstream in the sands and gravels which lie beneath the bed of a river. In some river valleys the underflow constitutes a second and unseen river of considerable importance. In many cases the quantity of water that passes downstream in the gravels is very small, and consequently, of little value. A few years ago Mr. Slichter in- vented and perfected for the United States Geological Survey a practical method of measuring the rate at which these underflow water move. ‘This method has been put in use in many parts of the country, with much suc- cess, by means of which a great amount of valuable information has been collected concerning a matter about which engineers were formerly very much in the dark. The measure- ments are made by means of electrical instruments, the principles made use of in the method being quite simple. Small wells of two-inch pipe are first driven into the sand, one well being several feet downstream from the well FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 55 first driven. Each well contains a few feet of perforated strainer at the bot- tom, and both wells are driven to the same depth. These small wells are very quickly driven and after use are pulled up and used again. After the wells are put in place, electrical con- nection is made from a battery to the wells, one pole of the battery being connected to the upstream well and the other pole of the battery being connected to the downstream well. The electrical current will then flow from the battery to the casing of one well through the water in the sand or grav- el to the casing of the other well, and thence back to the battery. This cur- rent is at first very weak, and by put- ting a suitable instrument in circuit the strength of the current is automat- ically recorded on a chart or piece of paper that is moved by clockwork. When everything is in readiness, a strong solution of sal ammoniac is placed in the upstream well, which mixes with the groundwater around the strainer at the bottom of the well, and passes downstream with the mov- inggroundwater. This chemical when placed in water renders the water a good conductor of electricity, so that as the solution passes with the ground- water from the upstream to the down- stream well, the electrical current con- tinually increases and is recorded by the instrument. When the salt water finally reaches the downstream well and enters it through the perforated screen. A very simple device per- mits the current to still further in- crease, which shows on the record chart of the instrument the exact time at which the salt water arrived at the downstream well, and, hence, the time required for the underground water to move the distance between the up- stream and the downstream well. By means of these instruments, the rate of movement of the underflow at gorge of the Rio Grande was inves- tig ated. It was found by this means that the groundwater moved only 3 feet in 24 hours. ‘The amount of un- derflow passing through the gorge was uv February = Je Y AND IRRIGATIO) DD r rl Sr > ae FOR! | as sea-water. | 1905 | therefore very small. Unfortunately, | the quality of the water at a depth of | 35 feet below the surface was found _ to be very salty, and the water contin- | ually increased in saltiness until at | 50 to 60 feet it was about as strong For this reason the un- | derflow at this point is of little or no j value. | A large number of tests of pumping | plants in the valley of the Rio Grande | were made, and the cost of irrigation by use of well water was carefully | determined. The average cost of wa- | ter from the pumping plants was about five dolars for each acre of water one foot deep. ‘Test wells were drilled near Las Cruces, New Mexico, by means of which a determination was made of how much water could be safely drawn from the water-bearing sands and pravels of the valley. with- out overdrawing upon the available supply. Pike’s Peak Polytechnic Society. This Society is com- posed of Civil Engi- neers and Surveyors, Mining Engineers, Mechanical En- gineers, Electrical Engineers, Archi- tects, Irrigation and Forestry Engi- neers, Geologists, Assayers, Chemists and others who are studying cr prac- ticing along technical lines. Its object is the promotion of inter- course, observation and records in technical subjects, by means of period- ical meetings, reading of papers, dis- cussion, special investigation into mat- ters of public and technical interest, the publication of such parts of the proceedings as should be deemed ex- pedient, providing the convenience of a library and reading room for its members and the colletcion of books and periodicals on technical subjects. It is also the intention to secure the services of prominent specialists in various technical branches represent- ed by the Society, to lecture before the members of the Society and invited guests. he regular meetings are held on the second Saturday of each month in the Society’s rooms in Coburn Library FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 57 on the Colorado College campus. The annual dues for resident members are five dollars and for non-resideit mem- bers, three dollars. There are at pres- ent eighty members in good standing. The following officers will serve for the year 1905: President, William Strieby ; vice-presidents, B. H. Bryant, L. E. Curtis, W. F. Douglas; record- ing secretary, E. A. Sawyer; corre- sponding secretary, W. D. Waltman; treasurer, Ira A. Miller. On December 1, 1904, Professor W. G. M. Stone, president of the Colo- rado Forestry Association, delivered an illustrated lecture on the “General Subject of Forestry.” January 14, 1905, a general discussion on “Under- ground Waters” was led by Mr. E. C. van Diest, E. M. and Professor J. H. Kerr. On Glanuary 426; 710055.) Ma: Clyde Leavitt, Government Forester, delivered an interesting lecture on the “Forestry Movement.” A memorial is being prepared for presentation to the Colorado Legislature, urging the passage of the new forestry bill now before that body. Any questions in regard to the So- ciety or to technical matters in general in Colorado, will be cheerfully ans- wered by the recording secretary or the corresponding secretary. Realizing the want of a distinctive medium representing the Can- adian Forestry Association, and to en- list public support, that Association has undertaken the publication of “The Canadian Forestry Journal,” with Mr. R. H. Campbell as managing editor, and an editorial advisory committee including Dr. William Saunders, Prof. John Macoun and Mr. E. Stewart. The initial number of the magazine is pleasing in appearance, and contains several very interesting articles, to- gether with a number of half-tone il- lustrations. Friends of the general forest movement will undoubtedly wel- come this new publication. It is an- other evidence of the activity of the Canadian Forestry Association, and a move that should not only bring Canadian For- estry Journal. 58 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION added strength to the organization, but create much new interest in Cana- adian forestry. In his inaugural ad- dress, delivered .on January. 17 tle ate Governor of New Jersey expresses his strong advocacy in the plan to estab- lish State forest reservations in New Jersey, on the waste lands of that State. Governor Stokes says: “Every year the Government is spending thou- sands upon thousands of dollars in Forest Reserves for New Jersey. February cessity for the river and harbor ap- propriations.” We are glad to note the apprecia- tion of forestry by the chief executive of New Jersey. His plan for the re- generation of New Jersey is founded on sound, common-sense principles, and the revenue which the State should derive from forest products— a point which Governor Stokes illus- trates with statistics showing the in- come of the State forests abroad—is a convincing argument. There are thousands of acres of land in New The Celebrated Military Road which Crosses the Island of Porto Rico. deepening the channels of our streams that are again promptly filled with soil carried by the rainfall from the tree- less plains along the river banks. The same money expended in developing the forests along the streams and around the sources of their supply, would check the rush of water, save the soil that is now carried and de- posited in the river channels, and re- duce to a considerable extent the ne- Jersey, part of it mere brush land, part of it abandoned and waste, all of it unsightly, and all capable of grow- ing trees, that would beautify the landscape, afford attractive driveways, furnish places of recreation for the well and health resorts for the sick, and be a source of income to the com- monwealth. Much of this land can be purchased for $1 an acre, and in some cases can be obtained for taxes. : | | | ; MR. MORRIS BIEN Supervising Engineer, U.S. Reclamation Service. One of the most effective members of the United States Reclamation Service is Morris Bien, supervising engineer. He is particularly well fitted for work in connection with the many intricate problems of national irrigation, owing to his having been educated both for engineering and the practice of the law. In addition, his work with the Reclamation Service was begun after nearly twenty-five years of experience in the government service, fifteen of whieh were in topographic work for the Geological Survey, and ne arly ten years in legal work in the General Land Office. Morris Bien was born in New York, April 17, 1859, ‘and graduated in civil engineering at the University of California in 1879, immediately securing employment with the United States Geological Survey in topographic work, which he continued until 1893. In 1895 he graduated in law at Columbian University, and in | 1896 received the degree of Master of Laws from the National University. From 1893 until 1902 Mr. Bien was engaged in legal and right-of-way work relating to irrigation, railroads, etc., in the General Lind Office. In July, 1902, after the passage of the National Reclama- tion Law, he was transferred to the Uuited States Ge Slagtenl Survey, where he has since given his ‘attention to legal and land matters with the Reclamation Service. Mr. Bien isa clear headed, practical man, who combines in a large degree those elements that have made the Geological Survey such a highly successful organization. Fitted by temperament and | experience for reclamation w ork, he is rendering fe country excellent service. FOREST RESERVE MANAGEMENT = | TRANSFERRED Control of the Reserves Passes from the Department of the Interior to the Department of Agriculture ON February 1 President Roosevelt signed the bill shortly before passed by Congress having for its pur- pose the transfer of the administration of the federal forest reserves from the Department of the Interior to the De- partment of Agriculture. From now on the reserve work will be directly in charge of the Bureau of Forestry. Since the creation of the first of our national forest reserves in I891 the management has remained in the Gen- eral Land Office of the Department of the Interior. The methods and or- ganization of this bureau were not well adapted to the new problems which arose. The men assigned to the new division were able and faithful, but lacked the special education and ex- perience needed in forest work. Fur- thermore, Congress held the purse strings tightly and thus hampered the possible development of better ideas. Nevertheless, the new division strug- gled determinedly with the puzzling questions that arose, and with the ad- vice and assistance of the Bureau of Forestry and the U. S. Geological Survey, decided matters that were be- yond the range of its own information. In I9o1 several trained men were detailed from the Bureau of Forestry of the Department of Agriculture to the reserve division of the Department of the Interior. It was hoped that in this way some plan could be devised for establishing practical forestry at once. A year of hard work proved conclusively that the intricate machi- nery devised for the adjustment of land titles was not suited for the prompt settlement of local questions in forest reserves two thousand miles from the seat of authority. President Roosevelt, the Secretary of the In- terior, the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Commissioner of the General Land Office urged upon Congress the importance of making the transfer of the reserve management. The Presi- dent said in his last message: “As I have repeatedly recommend- ed, all of the forest work of the Gov- ernment should be concentrated in the Department of Agriculture, where the larger part of the work is already done, where practically all of the train- ed foresters of the Government are employed, where chiefly, in Washing- ton, there is comprehensive first-hand knowledge of the problems of the re- serves, acquired on the ground, where all problems relating to growth from the soil are already gathered, and where all the sciences auxiliary to for- estry are at hand for prompt and effective cooperation.” On February 1 the President signed a bill which immediately transfers the pending business of the reserves, in- cluding timber sales, applications for the free use of timber, permits for grazing livestock, etc., to the Depart- ment of Agriculture, and all matters relating to such business will hereafter be referred to and administered by that department. All officers of the forest reserve ser- vice, including superintendents, super- — visors, and rangers stationed on the forest reserves throughout the West— — a force numbering about 450 men—are - transferred to the Department of © Agriculture. The employees in this — branch of the service were recently classified under the civil service act, and hereafter all applicants for posi- — tions in the forest service will be re-~ quired to pass examination. The rules and regulations relating — to the free use and sale of timber and — to the grazing of livestock will be re-~ 1905 vised at an early date and such changes made in administrative authority and methods as will facilitate the prompt transaction of business upon the forest reserves. Until such revision is made, the present rules and regulations will remain in force, except those relating to the receipt and transmittal of mon- eys, in which case special fiscal agents of the Department of Agriculture will perform the duties rendered by the receiver of the local land offices in accordance with existing laws and regulations. The vital importance of forest re- serves to the great industries of the western states will be largely increased in the near future by the continued steady advance in settlement and de- velopment. The permanence of the resources of the reserves is therefore indispensable to the continued pros- perity of the country, and the policy of the Department of Agriculture for their protection and use will be guided by this fact, always bearing in mind that the conservative use of these re- sources m no way conflicts with their permanent value. All of the resources of the reserves, including the water, timber, and forage needed for the present and continued prosperity of the agricultural, mining, lumbering, and livestock interests, will FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 61 be used in a businesslike way and with as little restriction as will insure a per- manent supply of these resources. The policy of the department in the regulation of grazing will be as liberal as compatible with the objects of the reserves. Every effort will be made to assist the stockmen to a satisfactory distribution of stock on the ranges, for the purpose of securing greater har- mony, reducing the waste of forage, and securing a more judicious and profitable utilization of the range. In the local management of each re- serve all questions will be decided with a view to meeting the needs and de- mands of the people of that particular locality. The dominant industry of each district, whether it be agricultu- ral, mining, lumbering, or grazing, will be fully recognized, and granted such privileges as will be consistent with the proper care of the reserves, and cause as little injury as possible to minor industries. The interests of the permanent settler will always be care- fully guarded and every precaution taken to protect him against interests of a more temporary nature, since upon the successful establishment of homes depends the best and most per- manent use of all of the resources of the forest reserves. INFLUENCE OF TREE PLANTING UPON THE DUTY OF WATER IN IRRIGATION Bi Fei. KING Professor, University of Wisconsin |X the effort to discover and establish underlying principles of agricul- tural science and to direct agricultu- ral practice along lines which shall be in harmony with them, thus leading more directly and certainly to higher economic returns, we stand greatly in need of an increasing body of accu- rately determined fundamental facts; and it is very much to be hoped that it will be more and more recognized that the development of these fields falls properly within the purpose of Government aid and work. An ade- quate discussion of the broad prob- lem of how to secure the maximum 62 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION duty of water in agriculture is not at present possible on account of lack of a sufficient body of well established facts ; and this is especially true of that phase of the problem relating to the influence of tree planting upon the duty of water. The body of accu- rately determined facts regarding the influence of wind-breaks of any type upon the wind movement close to the surface, and especially upon the rate of evaporation from foliage, soil, and water surfaces, is extremely small, and yet such knowledge is necessary to a proper treatment of the subject. Some general facts and tendencies have been ascertained which are help- ful for a preliminary consideration of this subject. INFLUENCE OF WIND-BREAKS UPON VEGETATION. There is no doubt but that under certain critical conditions wind-breaks do exert a very measurable influence upon vegetation. In the spring of 1894 (Bulletin 42, Wis. Agri. Exp. Stations) during May and June, an opportunity was afforded to make a somewhat critical study of this sub- ject under field conditions. There is in Wisconsin an area of some ten thousand square miles of light sandy soil or sandy loam, and upon the lighter and more sandy portions of these soils crops are occasionally very seriously damaged by the drying effect of the wind; and the fertility of the soil is much reduced by the drifting which occurs at such times. At the time in question, there had been a heavy fall of rain on the 5th and 6th of May, but on the 7th it was clear and cold with a strong wind blowing from the northwest. During this and the. following days, notwithstanding the rain, the soils on many fields about Plainfield and Almond, Wis., had been badly drifted. On the morning of the Sth the drifting had gone so far, on many fields, that at both places, the loose sand with which oats had been covered, whether with seeder or with drill, had been driven from the fields to such an extent as to leave the ker- February nels entirely exposed and the plants lying flat upon the ground hanging by the roots and whipping in the wind. On the fields where the whipping had not been so severe and where oats stood 3 inches high, the oats had been cured like hay close to the ground, and even the leaves of dock sorrel were blackened and so dry as to crum- ble in. the hand. Very many of the blades of oats, through wilting, had broken over close to the ground, pre- senting an appearance which suggest- ed to the farmers that they had been cut by the sand. It was at once evi- dent, to the most casual observer of the fields at this time, that wherever a field lay to the leeward of any sort of shelter the destructive effects of the wind were either not apparent or else they had not been nearly so severe. About three weeks after the first serious injuries had occurred a care- ful study was made of many fields and the results are recorded in detail ang the bulletin to which reference has been made. Some of the observations made at this time are cited here in il- lustration of the decisive evidence re- garding the influence of wind-breaks upon vegetation. A north and south road 2 rods wide fenced with wire, along which are scattering trees 10 to 18 feet high, together with a scanty growth of hazel, had a field of oats lying to the east which was greatly damaged ; but a strip 2 rods wide, next. to the road, appeared wholly unin- jured. A field of oats lying to the east of a field of timothy, in which there was a strong growth of dock sorrel, had a strip of oats 200 feet wide next to the grass where the stand was good, while on the eastern half, 30 rods wide, the plants were entirely de- stroyed. Another oat field having grass on the north and west sides, and bordered by a rail fence, showed a strip of uninjured grain 100 feet wide next to the two fences and fully 200 feet wide in the northwest corner of the field in the lee of the two fences. In another oat field fully five-eights of it had been so thoroughly destroyed by the wind that it was harrowed and = 1905 fitted for potatoes, but a strip along the rail fence on the south side, 150 feet wide, had been allowed to remain on account of the better stand, and on this area, as was usual generally, the number of plants increased as the fence was approached. ‘To the west of this same field there was another of timothy, and adjacent to this there was a strip of oats 200 feet wide where the stand of plants was markedly bet- ter than farther away; and the same VERY Pook PASTURE a Se aL eS FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 63 injured and the clover had been en- tirely killed out. In figs. 2: and 3 the condition of crops which were observed on other fields, and the surroundings which produced these differences, are also shown. In fig. 2 the southeastern field is 80 rods long and 30 rods wide. Here it will be seen the oats were good along the road in the lee of the two fences, 40 per cent. gone further away, and ee NMG ce iwi vols) whee We! iw wie wow. (a PASTURE WITH Low fo: SCATTERING SHRUBS, FR: MOSTLY BLACK OAK a ele .e') aiimuee: SEEN wieve.s) wuwiwyurEy. ee ee ee aly seu vv yen}) eo Fig. 1. weeve Showing protected areas of oats and clover in the lee of woods and pasture. fact was observed in an adjacent field lying to the east of a closely fed pas- ture free from trees and shrubs. In another field 120 rods long from north to south and 80 rods wide, seeded to oats and clover, the effect of the sur- roundings upon the crops is indicated in fig. 1, where it will be seen that at a certain distance from the conditions which have influenced the tempera- ture, humidity, and velocity of the wind, the oats had been very much entirely destroyed on the eastern half. Further north the field of oats adja- cent to the field of grass and with woods to the north and in the distance to the west, had a good stand of plants, being seriously injured only at the south, where the wind came through between the two pieces of woods along the course indicated by the arrow. Similarly, in fig. 3, the influence of shelters are clearly and_ sharply brought about by the condition of the 64 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION crops observed and there recorded. The southern field in this figure was 60 rods from east to west and 30 rods wide. It will be seen that the half of the field stretching out into the February. three instances, to have exerted very marked effects upon the stand of grain and in one of these fields, on one por- tion of the protecting corn stubble, there was a strong growth of dock Fig. 2. Showing three fields and surroundings where oats had been entirely killed, together with areas protected from the wind. path of the free wind coming through the gap between the two pieces of. woods, as indicated by the arrow, has lost all of the crop, while the stand increased toward the woods on the west and was good at a distance of 10 to 20 rods from them. The piece of oats lying on the south side of the scantily wooded pasture was in excellent condition, and al- though only 15 rods wide, a very ap- preciable difference could be seen in QPEN FIELDS Fig. 3. sorrel. To the leeward of this part of the field the oats had been much less injured, suggesting that the ef- fect of the humidity of the air passing across this may have been enough al- tered to render the wind current ap- preciably less destructive. Observa- tions like these appear to place be- yond doubt that, under certain condi- tions, at least, wind-breaks do exert a very measurable effect upon the vege- tation of cultivated fields. \ROODED PASTURE TREES SCATTERING 8 — 2 FEET HGH— CORTS:EXCELLENT: | {6Q00: CATCH OF :CLOUER! Showing protection afforded to grain by woods and direction of destructive winds. the stand of clover, to which the field had been seeded, on the margin most distant from the pasture. Even fields of corn stubble having fields of oats to their leeward were observed, in On three other oat fields which had been seeded to clover and which were bordered on the west with fields of grass, the number of clover plants upon unit areas which had survived 1905 the effect of the wind was determined at different distances from and to the leeward of the fields of grass. The counts were made in series along east and west lines at right angles to the margins of the grass fields, and the results are given in the following ta- ble. TABLE SHOWING THE DECREASE IN THE NUMBER OF Younc Criover Prants Per Unit AREA WITH INCREASE OF DISTANCE TO THE JEEWARD OF THE Marcin oF Grass [LAND. Distance No. of No. of No. of No. of from margin Plants. Plants. Plants. Plants. of grass. Series 1. Series 2. Series 3. Total. Feet. Field No. 1. 50 187 209 18 574 200 120 139 131 390 400 88 75 68 eR Field No. 2. 100 77 73 99 249 200 55 109 113 2h, 400 43 78 72 193 600 67 66 56 189 800 54 54 30 138 1000 27 1 10 48 Field No. 3. 50 377 382 371 1130 406 166 209 225 600 700 203 180 160 543 FORESTRY AND IRRKIGATION 65 described, others were made to meas- ure the rate of evaporation at different distances to the leeward of woods, using a form of Piche evaporometer rendered more sensitive by increasing the diameter of the evaporating sur- face to 5.9 inches, thus giving an effec- tive area of 27.06 sq. in., deducting the area of the water reservoir, the latter being, graduated to..1,c. c. , [he vime strument as placed in the field is rep- resented in fig. 4. Fig. 4.—Showing the form of Piche evaporometer as placed in the field. With a series of 6 of these instru- ments set up in a line at right angles to the margin of a black oak grove having a mean height of 12 to 15 feet, the rate of evaporation which occurred simultaneously between 11:30 and 12:30 A. M. was measured, with the results given in the next table. Fig. 4. These three sets of data appear to leave little room to doubt that, in some manner, the grass fields to the wind- ward of the fields seeded to clover did exert an influence which materially affected the stand of clover on them. In what manner this effect may have resulted will be referred to later. INFLUENCE OF WOODS UPON THE RATE OF EVAPORATION TO THE LEEWARD. At the time of the observations just Showing the form of Piche evaporometer, as placed in the field. EvAporRAtion ONE Foor ABovE THE SURFACE AT DIFFERENT DISTANCES TO THE LEEWARD OF A GrovE oF BLAcK Oak IN A FIELD OF SANDY Sor, RECENTLY PLANTED TO CorRN. Distance from Woods. Evaporation in One Hour. Feet. GEG 20 11.0 40 Tn 60 Dire 3 80 Enid 100 11.9 120 12.9 These results show that until a dis- tance greater than 100 feet is reached but little difference in the rate of evap- 66 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION oration was found. At 120 feet the evaporation was I7 per cent. greater than at 20 feet. Three of the instru- ments were next set up at 20, 40 and 60 feet, and at 280, 300, and 320 feet from the same grove and in the same field. During one hour the amounts of evaporation were as given in the next .table. EVAPORATION AT ONE Foot ABOVE THE SURFACE AT 20, 40, 60, AND AT 280, 300, AND 320 FEET TO THE LEEWARD OF A BLacK OAK GROVE IN A FIELD OF SANDY Soi, RECENTLY PLANTED TO CORN. Distance Evapora- Distance Evapora- from tion from : tion Woods. inOneHour. Woods. inOne Hour. Feet. (Ge Feet. Ca 20 11.5 280 14.5 40 11.6 300 14.2 60 11.9 320 14./ Avrg. 40 11.66 300 14.4 From this table it is seen that the rate of evaporation was 23.4 per cent. greater at 300 feet than at 4o feet, basing the computation upon the aver- ages. In another locality the evaporome- ters were set up at distances ranging from 20 to 500 feet to the leeward of a piece of black oak woods where they had an average height ranging between 15 and 25 feet and were thicker on the ground. The results secured during an hour of sunshine in the middle of the day are given in the table which follows: EVAPORATION ONE Foot ABOVE THE SURFACE OF GROUND IN A FIELD OF Oats at DIFFERENT DISTANCES TO THE LEEWARD OF A BLACK Oak Grove OF TREES 15 TO 25 FT. HIGH. Distance from Woods. Evaporation in One Hour. Feet. ENGs 20 TAT 100 14.3 200 Tied 300 18.5 500 18.3 In this series the evaporation ap- pears to have become constant at about 300 feet from the woods and was some 66 per cent. greater than at 20 feet distant. The effect of a scanty hedgerow was also measured. This was com- ' posed of a strip of blue grass 16 feet wide in which there were scattered black and burr oak from 6 to 8, and occasionally 12, feet high. The hedge February had open gaps in it and the nearest -evaporometer was set up in the lee of a clump of 6 trees spanning a length of 40 feet, there being a gap of nearly equal length on either side. To the windward of this hedge there was a naked field 80 rods wide re- cently plowed and being planted to potatoes, and the instruments hung above the field of oats where the plants were about 4 inches high. The next table gives the results obtained. Evaporation OnE Foot ABOVE THE SURFACE OF A FIELD OF Oats AT DIFFERENT DISTANCES TO THE LEEWARD OF A SCANTY HEpDGEROW. Distance from Hedgerow. Evaporation in One Hour. Feet. (ONE: 20 10.3 150 T2556 300 13.4 In this case the evaporation at 300 feet from the hedgerow was 30 per cent. greater than at 20 feet, and 7.2 per cent. greater than at 150 feet, and the results make it clear that even scanty hedgerows exert a measurable influence upon the rate of evapora- tion at considerable distances to the leeward. INFLUENCE OF A CLOVER FIELD UPON THE RATE OF EVAPORATION TO THE LEEWARD. Adjacent to the naked field behind the hedgerow just considered, there was a field of clover 360 feet wide along the margin of the oats and ex- tending 780 feet back from it, across which the wind passed in its course from the morth. At the same time the last observations were made a sim- ilar series was taken to the leeward of the clover, the results being those given in the following table: EVAPORATION OnE Foot ABOVE THE SURFACE OF AN Oat Fretp At DIFFERENT DISTANCES TO THE LEEWARD OF A FIELD OF CLOVER. Distance from Evaporation in Clover Field. One Hour. Feet. Cae 20 9.3 150 TNT 300 13.0 These results indicate that at 300 feet to the leeward of the clover the rate of evaporation exceeded that at 20 feet 39 per cent andithat ate15¢ 1905 feet 7.4 per cent. Comparing the evaporation from the two adjacent areas where, as stated, the evaporo- rometers were similarly and simulta- neously exposed, it is seen that the air coming across the long stretch of naked ground and then passing through the hedgerow, caused meas- urably more evaporation than did the current which had traversed the field of clover; and these results appear to be in complete accord with the obser- vations cited regarding the stands of grain and clover to the leeward of woods, hedgerows, grass fields and shelters of other kinds. INFLUENCE OF WOODS AND’ GRASS FIELDS UPON THE -HUMIDITY OF THE AIR TO THE LEEWARD OF THEM. At the same time that the several sets of observations were taken and at the same places, others were also made with wet and dry bulb thermom- eters of the Henry J. Green, make, reading to tenth of a degree Gy athe rec oe obtained are given in the fol- lowing table, each a aliie being a mean of to readings, which were made in regular rotation, passing from station to station of each series during the in- tervals of exposure of the evaporome- ERS. RevativE Humipity of Arr THREE FEET ABOVE THE SURFACE AT DIFFERENT DISTANCES TO THE LEEWARD OF Woops, HEDGEROWS, CLOVER FreELD AND NAKED SOIL. Distance Mean Mean Mcan to the Dry Bulb Wet Bulb _ Relative Leeward. Readings. Readings. Humidity. Feet. Degree F. Degree F. Per cent. Grove No. 1. 30 65-32 49.46 27.0 300 63.80 47.35 24.0 Grove No. 2. 20 75.04 58.35 34.6 100 7303 56.39 33-0 ‘200 72.03 55-83 34.2 300 71.47 Riss 32.8 400 73-63 55-03 29.6 500 73-31 55-94 30.8 On Leeward Margin of Clover Field. Oo 52.48 43-97 48.0 On Leeward 1 Margin of Naked Field. i) 53-24 43-57 44.0 These four series of observations, although too limited to serve as the basis at general conclusions, are, in a FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 67 general way, quite in accord with the records of evaporation which have been cited, and also in harmony with the very pronounced observed protec- tion afforded to oats and clover to the leeward of the various shelter condi- tions which have been cited. To my own mind, however, the surprise lies in finding such profound differences in crop conditions associated with the ob- served ‘differences in meteorological and surface conditions. It should be borne in mind, however, in considering these relations, that the meteorological observations were not made at the time the destructive work was going on; hence what differences then existed are not known. The relations which have ve observed and pointed out are ‘early vital to the reclamation prob- fie of the arid and semi-arid West, and merit full investigation, especially from the standpoint of field conditions. The very marked influence which has been observed upon the stand of both oats and clover under the condi- tions cited is undoubtedly, in large measure, due to the character of the soil and to the stage of growth of the crops, the wind coming at a time when the root system of the plants was yet scantily developed and very close to the surface ; but the measurable differ- ences in the stand of clover, at such long distances from the conditions which have evidently produced them, leaves little reason to doubt that crops are sensitive to such differences of temperature, humidity, and velocity of the air near the surface as must result from the conditions whose types have been here considered. There can be no doubt that rows of trees along ca- nals and about reservoirs must, very materially reduce the loss of water through evaporation from their sur- faces, and such observations as have een cited make it hopeful that their influence upon the loss of moisture from adjacent fields and their effects upon crops themselves may be of much greater importance, especially in plains regions; but only fuller investigations can make certain the true relations. 70 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION was obtained. The time between plant- ing and harvesting averaged 120 days, and during this time the mean total evaporation amounted to 24.15 inches, or a rate of 20.13 inches per 100 days and a total of 43.08 computed to 214 days. On these evaporometers the mean yield of dry matter per acre was 13,881 pounds, 10,000 being a large field yield. ‘This observed mean rate of evaporation is, therefore, likely to be some higher than for ordinary field yields under the same climatic condi- tions, and the indications are that the evaporation from the field surface un- der crop may not be quite as large as has been found from the continuously wet soil surface. It may appear im- possible that such a relation as this can exist, but the probability of it being true is made clearer when it is under- stood how great is the reduction in the rate of evaporation from soil surfaces when a thin layer at the top is allowed to become dry, and especially if it is loose and in the condition of an earth mulch. The surface of the soil in the plant evaporometers was maintained in the condition of a good earth mulch three inches deep, and the effectiveness of earth mulches is clearly brought out by the results given in the follow- ing table, where the mean amount of evaporation from firm and mulched surfaces of six soil types are given: EVAPORATION FROM SIx Sor, Types DurinG 28 Days WitH SuRFACES FIRM AND UNDER THREE- INCH EARTH MuLCHES, COMPUTED TO 214 Days—SEVEN MonvruHsS. \qeeer Surface Surface Differ- Soil Types. Firm. Under Three- ence. inch Mulch. Inches. Inches. Inches. Seiavel Willeso oo seers 14.37 Te5 i, 12.80 Selma Silt Loam... 22.13 5.92 16.21 IR.GCOSOMP we yerey- teneleielen 25.64 Ufoats 18.53 Norfolk Sandy Soil. 31.87 5-89 25.98 Goldsboro Compact andy oama: 40.96 6.73 34.12 Norfolk Fine Sandy B é NOGA React tedeteueicicrte 49.79 8.70 41.09 These observations were made at Goldsboro, N. C., in June and July, and they show that there is a very great protection against evaporation afforded by three-inch earth mulches; also, that there is a large variation in the loss of water from different soil February types under like conditions through surface evaporation. As the data of this table were obtained during a com- paratively dry period, and when the temperature was high, the rates and differences are perhaps as large as are likely to occur, on the average, in the irrigated districts of the West, under such conditions. In another series of observations made under what must have been con- ditions closely similar to those of arid climates, columns of capillarily satu- rated soil 10 feet long were maintained under a continuous draught and with- out moistening the surface, during 314 days where the temperature ranged be- tween 60° and go° F. The loss of water which occurred was only deter- mined percentagely, but from the weights of the soils per cubic foot the total evaporation, computed to 214 days, must have been very close to the amounts in the next table: EVAPORATION FROM TEN FEET IN DEPTH oF Two Sor, Types UnpER Artp ConpiTions ConrTINU- ousLy Durinc 314 Days—AmMmountTs CoMPUTED TO 214 Days. Surface Surface Differ- Soil Types. Firm. Under Three- ence. inch Mulch. Inches. Inches. Inches. Sandyis Woambniccea esos 2.49 36 Heavy Clay Loam.. 6.55 4.65 1.90 From these observations, and those given in the last table, it is clear that whenever the surface of a field is pro- tected by a layer of dry soil, whether this is firm or loose, the evaporation will be relatively small; but less from the loose than from the firm surface. It is probable that the losses of water by evaporation from fields in the irri- gated districts of the western United States ranges all the way between 1.57 inches and 50 inches from April I to October 31. If this is the “case, the maximum conservation of soil mois- ture, through wind-breaks, is likely to be found to lie somewhere between 40 per cent of 1.57 inches and of 50 inch- es, or between .63 inches and 20 inches for the period April 1 to October 31. The wind-breaks themselves, of course, transpire not inconsiderable 1905 amounts of water; but when they are planted about reservoirs and along ca- nals, laterals and head ditches, they may draw largely upon water that would otherwise be lost through per- colation or seepage; moreover, the land which such wind-breaks would occupy is often, in part at least, neces- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION (fa sarily waste land unless used in this manner. But if it shall be found prac- ticable to make the wind-breaks by using fruit or nut-bearing trees so that an annual income will be realized from them, even though it must be small, the promise of a good investment along this line becomes much better. THE NEW IRRIGATION (An Apostrophe to E] Dorado) Oh! golden land of Ophir! Oh, pleasure ground of gain! Where earth’s remotest loafer Seeks Paradise in vain! Where coin is current tender, And greenbacks are a drug, And money pays the lender A profit mighty snug! Whose roseate buds of Sharon Develop into bloom Amid vast deserts barren And prehistoric gloom, While shares of gold and silver, Like waves upon the sea, Take up-and-downward motion To be or not to be. I fain would sing thy praises In all-praiseworthy song; But better homely phrases Than flavored words of wrong. For nowhere in the nation This pleasure ground of gain, Effects of irrigation So long and fast remain. Just ask the jolly rounder Who wets his whistle down: Go ask the truth expounder Or men of great renown. Oh! wondrous land of Ophir! And yet so scarce of rain! The tramp will have to go far To find thy like again. CHARLES HALLOCK. TEACHING ELEMENTARY FORESTRY Washington Schools Giving Instruction in Forestry ina Way that Should Become Observed Throughout the Country SUSAN B. SIPE Instructor in Botany, Normal School, Washington, D.C. AMONG the resolutions adopted by the American Forest Congress, held in Washington recently, was the following: That all schools, especially rural, should study forests and tree planting in their effect upon the gen- eral well-being of the nation, and in the rural teacher the best lines of de- velopment for the rural child. In all branches of manual training, house- hold economics, and school garden work this has been strongly _ illus- trated. We now find the city schools encouraging and working out plans — Normal students stratifying seeds in sand to carry them through the winter. The seeds are collected in the city parks. particular upon the wealth and happi- ness of communities through the mod- ification of local climate. Strange as it may seem, educational movements that most affect the rural schools originate in city schools. We find the city teacher demonstrating to as a forerunner of the larger work that will be done in the future in the for the study of elementary forestry rural school. ‘The beginnings of this work may be seen in Cleveland, Ro- chester, Joliet, Ill., and in the Normal School of the District of Columbia. 1905 On the same principle that there must be trained foresters for the broad subject of forestry, so the teachers of the elementary schools must have in- struction sufficient to arouse their in- terest in tree planting, in tree culture, and tree protection, if only in connec- tion with the shade trees of cities, that the children assigned to their care may be taught the same. In connection with its course in botany, the Normal School at Washington is giving its FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 73 regardedas living things having strug- gles for existence. Attention is like- wise called to the interdependence of tree life, birds, man, and insect life, the insect enemies and ,their preven- tion. Tree protection, in so far as it touches the city child’s life, are in- cluded in this course. Permission is granted the students to collect tree seeds in the parks during the fall season. These are stratified in sand to carry them through the Normal students laying off a seed bed. student-teachers such instruction, Con- siderable attention is given to the iden- tification of the city’s trees and those of the surrounding country. There is a woeful lack of knowledge on the part of the young of the names of the commonest trees. To remedy this much outdoor work is done in the parks and suburbs. Attention is given to the winter identiffcation as well as the summer one. The physiological side of the sub- ject is considered, so that trees will be winter for spring planting. Only such seeds are collected as will pro- duce trees suitable for school ground planting later, as it is the purpose of the Normal School to supply trees to the city schools in a few years. Through the co-operation of the Bu- reau of Plant Industry the school is allowed the use of land in the experi- ment garden conducted by the Bureau on the Potomac Flats. The students, who are all young ladies, do all of the work, marking the rows, preparing the 74 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION February Weeding the seed bed in July. About five hundred seedling oaks, walnuts, and Kentucky coffee-trees ready for transplanting in spring. The trees will be distributed to city schools.. 1905 land by means of a hand plow, plant- ing, and weeding the seed bed during the summer. About five hundred seedling oaks, walnuts and Kentucky eeilee trees date feady..to be ‘trans= planted to nursery rows this coming spring. Bulletin 29 of the Bureau of Forestry is the text-book followed in this work. Lectures are given on tur- pentine orcharding, the wood pulp in- dustry, lumbering in various parts of our country, destructive lumbering, forest reserves, forest schools and the work of the Bureau of Forestry, il- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 75 all the changes that take place. This work is repeated in the second grade and again in the third. Correlation of this work with the geography of any grade is accom- plished whenever possible. The story of a pine board, life in a lumber camp, past and present methods of obtaining turpentine, the relation of forests to water supply, are familiar facts to a sixth grade boy in Washington. © The Forest Congress did well to suggest this instruction in the elemen- tary schools. When the day comes, Portion of class at work planting seed. lustrated by slides loaned by the Bu- reau. The effect of this is felt in the city schools. The graduates of the Nor- mal School are appointed to teach in the first grade. Among the first les- sons they give to the little ones is one on the trees immediately in front of their respective school buildings, fol- lowed by others in the neighborhood. The children watch these trees throughout the school year, noting as it must come, that the training of the public schools will fit a boy for the vital problems of living, the train- ing of the future forester will begin with his first years in school. The popular knowledge thus spread by the graded schools among the masses will rapidly accomplish the purpose of the Congress. This, too, establishes the place, and a very valuable place, of woman in forestry—that of the teacher. THE RECLAMATION SERVICE Progress of Leading Projects---Land Withdrawals---Letting of Contracts Shoshone Project in Wyoming. @* the main thoroughfare leading into the Yellowstone National Park from the east, in a region of wild and wonderful topography, the Gov- ernment engineers are engaged upon an irrigation project which is destined to convert a vast area of desert into fertile and productive farms. The main area of land to be irrigated is located in the northern portion of the so-called Big Horn basin, on the north side of Shoshone River, seventy-five miles east of the Yellowstone Park. Field investigations and surveys were begun on this project in May, 1903, and have been carried on since by Mr. Jeremiah Ahern, district engi- neer. The reclaimable area is approx- imately 200,000 acres, located on both sides of the Shoshone River below the canyon. The land is of general good quality and, as shown by large areas already under cultivation in the imme- diate vicinity, will be highly produc- tive when irrigated. ‘The Shoshone River, which furnishes the water sup- ply, has a drainage area of 1,250 square miles extending into the moun- tains to an elevation of over 12,000 feet. Measurements and gagings of the river have been maintained since 1892, and show a mean annual run-off of about 1,000,000 acre-feet, with maximum floods reaching up to 15,000 cubic feet per second or more in the early summer, and running down to 250 cubic feet per second or less dur- ing the winter. The great variation between the maximum and minimum flow necessitates impounding the flood run-off to secure a regulated supply for the irrigation of large areas. An excellent storage reservoir site has been found on the main stream at some distance above the land to be irrigated, the dam site being in a gran- ite canyon. Just below the junction of its two main forks the Shoshone River enters a very narrow canyon, four miles in length, one mile of which is in solid granite walls rising nearly perpendicular several hundred feet. At the point selected for the dam the canyon is 65 feet wide at the bottom, and at an elevation of 240 feet, the height of the proposed dam, 180 feet wide. The reservoir created by the dam will have a storage capacity of 580,000 acre-feet. -Owing to the per- pendicular canyon walls, it will be nec- essary to design a tunnel to provide for the discharge of a wasteway for excess floods to pass the dam. This tunnel will be constructed from the surface of the proposed reservoir through the solid granite of the moun- tain, and will discharge the water into the river several hundred feet below the dam. ‘The capacity of the tunnel will be 25,000 cubic feet per second, ample to carry the largest floods of the stream. The outlet works will have a capacity of 2,500 cubic feet per second, the discharge being through a tunnel excavated in the solid granite walls of the mountain at an elevation of 60 feet above the stream bed. The tunnel will be 14 feet square, discharging under pressure, and will be controlled by a series of gates at the intake end. As originally designed, 150,000 acres on the north side are to be supplied through a simple high line conduit having a total length of about 75 miles, decreasing in carrying capacity as dis- tributory canals are taken out. The first three and a half miles of the main canal will be through the canyon and mostly in tunnel, the re- maining distance by canal, which at the head will be 60 feet wide on the bottom with water eight feet in depth. Diamond drill borings were begun at the dam site in August, 1903, to deter- mine bed rock conditions, depth, etc. a =e S—- aw = oR 1905 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 77 = PS I a OE AE SI Nee The preliminary investigations seem to indicate that bed rock would be found close to the surface, but the diamond drillers discovered an alto- gether different condition. From the very first large boulders and heavy gravels were encountered, and the drills penetrated to a depth of 88 feet before bed rock was reached. ‘This unexpected depth to foundation will This inclosure can then be heated so that the work may be carried on dur- ing the winter season. In order to handle the water which will be en- countered by excavating the founda- tion for the dam, an unusually large construction power plant will be re- quired. xceptionally good local conditions for such power development exists North Platte River, looking downstream from just above dam site at Pathfinder Reservoir, Wyoming. increase the expected time to finish the storage dam by at least two years, since the loose material at the bottom of the canyon will all have to be exca- vated in order that the masonry work of the dam can be erected on bed rock throughout. As the canyon is exceed- ingly narrow, it will be feasible to in- close the entire area to be covered by the dam, and including the dam itself. here by using the water in the stream and natural channel through the can- yon, or by the use of a steam plant, the fuel for which recently has been found within ten miles of the work. The reclamation of 150,000 acres of land through the construction of this work will add a population of approx- imately 50,000 inhabitants to what is now a very sparsely settled commu- nity. 78 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION The Pathfinder Project. The investigations on the Pathfinder project began in April, 1903, and have been pushed energetically ever since. The preliminary work has reached a point where contracts have been let for a portion of the work and actual con- struction will be started in a few weeks. The Pathfinder project contemplates the storage of the flood and surplus waters of the North Platte-River in an immense reservoir, which will be made by constructing a high dam in a nar- row canyon of the stream. The annu- al discharge of the river is approxi- mately one and a half million acre feet, and the reservoir will be capable of holding back all the surplus and flood waters of the entire year. It is proposed to hold back the floods until the irrigation season, when the water will be permitted to flow down the channel of the stream for a number of miles, and thence be diverted by a low diversion dam into canals, which will carry it upon the lands to be reclaimed. This reservoir will serve a double purpose; it will eliminate for all time the destructive annual floods of the stream, and will furnish an abundant and perpetual water supply for a vast area of land now desert and worth- less. The canal system required for this project will be the longest in the United States, the main canal having a total length of 140 miles, and supply- ing lands in two states, Wyoming and Nebraska. The reclaimable area has not been finally ascertained, but the present surveys indicate a total of 300,000 acres that can be easily sup- plied. As in case of all government pro- jects, complications of prior rights and private ownership have been encoun- tered, some of these interests being exceedingly powerful and disposed to obstruct the progress of the work. The citizens of both states almost _ without exception are urging the Gov- ernment to proceed, and it is believed in view of the attitude of the public that these complications will be re- moved in a short time. ‘The lands to February be reclaimed are of great fertility and adapted to a wide variety of products. Above the canal line and extending for many miles in both states is a vast range furnishing free grazing for thousands of cattle. Diamond Drill Work. One of the most essential details connected with the preliminary inves- tigations of a large Government irri- gation project is the work of the diamond drillers. As soon as the reconnaissance surveys indicate a feas- ible project the diamond drill outfit is sent out to discover the availability of the dam site. In all cases where dams are to be built it is absolutely impos- sible to determine the number of yards of excavation to bed rock until careful examinations have been made with the diamond drill. The final plans of a project, estimates of cost, the kinds of structure—in fact, nearly all the im- portant features connected with the work—are dependent upon the results of the borings. It frequently happens when the borings are completed that all the preliminary plans must be al- tered. Occasionally the whole project is abandoned. The high structures which the Gov- ernment is erecting must rest upon solid foundations. Melting snows or cloudbursts on the mountains em- braced in watersheds covering thous- ands of square miles rush down steep slopes and converge in the narrow channels of these pent-up rivers. The floods beat with almost resistless force against the impounding dams_ that block the way. They must be con- structed as firm and as enduring as the everlasting mountains from which they are being hewn. Hs The eye of man alone cannot safely determine the location of the immov- able rock upon which these great structures must be builded. Surface indications offer no safe guide; but the diamond drill, penetrating the gravels, boulders, shales, and shattered forma- tions, finds at last the permanent base. An example of the fallibility of super- ficial investigations of dam sites was 1905 shown recently during the preliminary reconnaissance of the Shoshone pro- ject in Wyoming. At the point select- ed for a dam the river had cut through a deep and narrow granite canyon and apparently flowed over rock of the same formation. All indications were that bed rock would be found at a depth of ten feet maximum. On put- ting a drill at work, however, it was FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION (3) it. The borings did show, however, that there was 30 feet of gravel and boulders underlaid with soft material —quick sand—which would not per- mit the building of a heavy structure. On the Colorado River a desirable site was discovered, so far as the sur- face conditions indicated, where a point rock stood ten feet above the water surface. Two hundred feet North Platte River, looking upstream from Dam site at Pathfinder Reservoir, Wyoming. shown that bed rock was 88 feet below the bed of the river. What looked to be a thin layer of gravel proved to be 88 feet of gravel and slabs that had fallen from the canyon walls, some of these being 30 feet in thickness. At one diversion site on the North Platte River, where conditions seemed favorable for bed rock at 25 feet, bor- ings to a depth of go feet failed to find away borings 120 feet below river bot- tom failed to find solid foundation. In a great many cases a few hundred dollars expended in borings have re- sulted in changing the location of dam sites, and, of course, have saved many thousands of dollars. The same conditions hold good in the examination of reservoirs, where natural depressions are used to store 80 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION water. Here it is necessary to deter- mine whether the bottom is imperme- able or whether it has a subterranean outlet which would let the water out after it had been stored. Uncompahgre Bids Rejected. The bids received by the Depart- ment of the Interior in response to advertisement of November 28, 1904, for the construction of a frame build- ing at Montrose, Colorado, for the use of the Reclamation Service, have been rejected by the Secretary of the In- terior. ‘The bids were as follows: Hansen & Nissen, Denver, Colo., $7,969.00; E. B. Johnson, Denver, Colo; -$6,782100; J. H. -Antrobus: Montrose, Colo., $6,223.20; M. A. Masters, Montrose, Colo., $6,043.26; H. A. Meredith, Montrose, Colo., $5,- 690.00. In view of the fact that the lowest bid was in excess of the amount set aside or believed to be necessary for the construction of the building, the Secretary has ordered that new plans and specifications be prepared and new proposals advertised for. Contracts Awarded In Arizona. The Secretary of the Interior has awarded contracts for furnishing 50,- ooo barrels of fuel oil, and hauling same and miscellaneous freight from Mesa to Roosevelt, Arizona, in con- nection with the Salt River project, in that territory. The contracts were awarded to the lowest bidders, as follows: C. R. Eager & Co, of los Angeles, Cal iiortur- nishing and delivering oil at Roose- Well, -Atiz.,-at $3.08. per barkeleWVolt Sachs, of Tempe, Ariz., for hauling miscellaneous freight from Mesa to Roosevelt, Ariz., at $13.60 per ton. The Secretary fixed the amount of bond to be supplied under the oil con- tract at $15,000, and under the hauling contract at $5,000. Notes on Oregon Reclamation Work. Tand owners under the Malheur project in eastern Oregon are becom- ing each day more desirous of early action by the Government on this February work. The Water Users’ Association has worked out a form a agreement to arbitrate the value of present ditch- es and water rights, but much yet remains to be done to insure early construction. Field work under the direction of Engineer J.T. Whistler was completed during November, and the force is now busily engaged in making draw- ings and computations. Work with diamond drill at diversion dam site was completed December 24. Work on the Carty reservoir site, in connection with the Umatilla project, was completed during November. It is estimated that over 200,000 acre feet can be stored at a cost which will prob- ably not exceed $10 par acre foot. A preliminary canal line was sur- veyed from this new reservoir site to John Day River, and levels carried some distance up the river. The river runs in a more or less abrupt canyon from 500 to 1,000 feet deep. In the lower part of its course the canyon is not so precipitous, and it is possible a project may be evolved at a cost of from $30 to $40 per acre irrigated. The feed canal line will be 75 to 100 miles long, but with the water supply from this source all the land which falls below the canal can be easily watered. While under this scheme there will be from 25 to 50 miles of heavy rock work, it is desirable if pos- sible to utilize this source of water supply, that the waters of Umatilla River may be left for lands to the east and north of the stream at some later period when they have become more valuable. Several gaging stations were estab- lished in the State of Oregon during the month of December for the pur- pose of securing data as to stream flow in connection with projects investi- gated last season in the interior of the state. Land Withdrawals. Pending further investigation, the Secretary of the Interior has tempo- rarily withdrawn from any form of disposition whatever the following de- SPIO HP MEE PSTN 1905 scribed lands in the State of North Dakota for irrigation works in connec- tion with the Buford-Trenton project: Fourth principal meridian—T. 150 nee L Foo: WV. oec. 21—N. E,.4 N. Ba. Pending further investigation, the Secretary of the Interior has with- drawn from any form of disposition whatever the public lands‘ in the State of Montana in connection with the Madison River project, as follows: Montana principal meridian.—T. ‘San De pall segs Ic An So ONE Os 2 13, 1G e e 20924,, 25, 30; 30: ie 2S, RoI oe mallesecsar aie. 1-3, 2 ess 36 FORESTRY AND IRRIG ATION 81 Toni Si Reger raliteces: . 6, 7) 18, 19, 30, 31 2 S.; Rega, call secs son7auns. nos 30. Lit, S.; Raza) a, allisecssom 2a EDepl 3. 2A. 2s glee Non Rely, wall secs. 2haroneo a ae BN Ce eey Baek ey aly ors Nis: ae EB allsees: 30:and ain TY I N., Rett W.: walliseesi ty 2 220% LE 2, 13) bApwihe. LOnie2Om2 weer 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 30. T 2 N.,. Roa. =2allllsecsirs 2 125.12, 145 15522022 22 2c 26 e235) ao meMEBERING IN- FOREST RESERVES Millions of Feet of Lumber are Annually Cut with Regard to the Future of the Forests EDERAL, forest reserves are now fixed facts. It is a serious thing to withdraw from settlement, as the Government has done, some 63,000,000 acres of land. But when the charac- ter of this land is understood, and the purposes the reservations will accom- plish are known, it will be generally recognized that the area permanently reserved will serve the public best under fsrest cover. Its topography and soil unfit it for agriculture, but it is admirably suited to tree growth. Wisely administered, it will continu- ously furnish an immense timber out- put, while its influence in conserving the water supply for vast dependent agricultural areas will prove of ines- timable value. Without the establishment of re- serves, proper control of the public forests is impossible. The present free use of timber is being greatly abused, and there is practically no management of these vast resources and no income from them, unless the timber and land are both sold outright and together. After the establish- ment of a reserve settlers within its boundaries and those living in its neighborhood are allowed, within defi- nite and reasonable restrictions, free use of timber actually necessary for their domestic needs. The great change for the better, however, is that the reserve laws provide for the sale of timber in small or large quantities to persons both in and outside the re- serve. Thus the forests can be made self-supporting, and through funds created in this way they can be pro- tected from fire and be made more productive and useful. But in making these sales the fu- ture of the forest is more considered than the money return from the tim- ber cut. Hence the sales are strictly guarded by bonded contracts between the individuals and the Government. The contracts specify the amount of timber bought and the price to be paid, limit the area and time of cutting, prescribe simple and practical regula- tions to guard against fire, and cover all essential relations between the con- tracting parties pending the comple- 82 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION tion of the contract. No trees can be cut except those previously marked by a Government official. Under such contracts millions of board feet of lumber are annually being cut from the reserves, to the improvement of their condition. It is not the Government’s purpose to maintain the reserve forests un- touched, but to use and develop them. Proper lumbering is as necessary to a productive forest as protection. Ma- ture or ripe trees should be cut not only for the same reason that wheat or corn is, to save and utilize the pro- duct, but also to promote reproduction. Agricultural crops require sowing or planting each year, but forests, prop- erly thinned by cutting, reproduce themselves and furnish a continuous crop. That this work may be effect- ively accomplished there must be pro- tection from fires and proper condi- tions for tree growth must be main- tained. Important among these con- ditions is the demand of trees for room and sunlight. The young growth must be neither crowded nor shaded out. Thus, for the best results in reproduc- tion the mature trees should be cut, and the dead and diseased timber should be disposed of as rapidly as possible. February Lumbering, however, as heretofore conducted, has had little concern for the effect of its operations on the for- est. The immediate purpose was lim- ited to getting out the valuable timber quickly, and little or no attention was given the damage to young growth, necessarily resulting from reckless tree cutting. Reserve management will stop reckless lumbering. The future welfare of the public forests depends on wise regulation of lumbering un- der such expert control as only the trained forester can exercise. This control must prevent injury to young growth from tree felling, must pro- vide for thinning the forest so as best to assist reproduction, must where necessary resort to tree planting to rebuild the forest, and, most import- ant of all, must prevent or quickly suppress all fires. None of these ends can be successfully attained while the forests remain public lands under no apparent control. Putting them under reserve is reclaiming them from an unguarded and unproductive state. It is the first step in putting them to their best use, through which lumber- ing and all industries depending on them will most permanently and largely thrive. UNIQUE STEAM LOG HAULER Now in Use on Former Chippewa Indian Reservation, Minnesota BY EUGENE, S3BRUGE Lumberman, Bureau of Forestry k Hk accompanying illustrations will give the interested reader a clear.idea of a steam log hauler used by some of the progressive lumbermen of the Northwest for facilitating the long-distance hauling of logs. It is used in localities where the distance which the timber must be transported in order to reach desired streams or railroads is so great as to prohibit its being hauled by teams profitably. The construction of this steam log hauler involves an adaptation of the general principles of the ordinary ee Caf 1905 geared locomotive, suitable wheels es- pecially constructed for the purpose, taking the place, on the axle, of the main driving wheels. These wheels are covered with an endless chain or sectional metal belt which is forced to revolve by the revolution of the driving sprocket wheels. The greater portion of the weight of the boiler and locomotive rests on the revolving sections of the metal belt, which are armed with teeth or calks, these be- ing set into the sections transversely. The calks are driven into the ice road by the weight of the machine, thus giving the hauler its traction or fric- tion power for starting and keep the heavily loaded sleds in motion. The front end of the hauling engine rests on the center beam of a movable sled, which is so constructed that it will run forward or backward, and may Steam log hauler in use on the former Chippewa Indian Reservation in Minnesota. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 83 be turned in any desired direction by the man piloting the hauler, with a lever purchase wheel similar to the guiding wheel on an automobile or an ordinary brake wheel on a car. The hauler is not confined to for- ward motion alone, but can be re- versed as quickly as any locomotive of this type, and may be guided by the runnered sled into any desired po- sition. © “Vhameait isa practical sme. cess has already been demonstrated. The rate of speed which can be main- tained with a load of trailers (cou- pled log sleds) is from five to seven miles an hour. It is confidently ex- pected that this hauler will be able to handle ten pairs of loaded log sleds on each trip when the roads are in good condition, each pair of sleds car- rying 10,000 feet of logs B. M. (log scale). 84 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION The hauler shown in the illustra- tion was constructed for the North- land Pine Company for use on their own operations, and is at the present time being used by them to haul the logs and timber from three of their lumber camps on the former Chippewa Indian Reservation, in Minnesota, to Pine River, a tributary of the Missis- sippi. This is an eight-mile trip each way, on which it is expected to make four round trips each day of twenty- four hours. One of the advantages claimed for this machine is that it does not get tired nor have to stop to rest, a change of the operating crew being all that is necessary to keep “the bull of the woods” moving night and day. An- other advantage is that on the re- turn trip to the woods with the empty sleds, when its load is the lighest, the February hauler pulls its sprinkling tanks loaded with water for icing the log road, also its rut cutter for clearing out and deepening the rut in which the sleds run, thus practically keeping its track or roadbed in condition for constant use, without any additional help, other than the regular crew working with the hauler. It will be readily under- stood by the experienced lumberman that this steam hauling device econo- mizes largely in the cost of team hire, which is one of the heaviest expenses of a lumber camp, especially where the haul is long. Besides it gives the operator a chance to use his teams in skidding and in hauling the loaded trailers from the short branch roads out to the main log road, over which the steam hauler passes on its regular trips to and from the landings. FORESTRY IN CALIFORNIA A State which Appreciates the Value of its Forests and is Taking Active Measures to Protect Them CALIFORNIA has over 28,000,000 acres, or over one-fifth of its to- tal area, under forest cover. Much of this land is finely timbered, and, with forest management, will be increasing- Iy valuable for the wood which it can supply. But in California the forests have another use, which, as is well un- derstood in that State, is even more important than the production of tim- ber—to conserve the water supply. The wonderful agricultural develop- ment which irrigation has made pos- sible is perhaps the largest fact in California’s recent economical history. Because of the need of water and the fear of floods public sentiment in fa- vor of forest protection in California has always been well in advance of that in other States, as was conspicu- ously illustrated after President Cleve- land, in 1897, proclaimed the thirteen Federal Reserves created at the close of his administration. Everywhere else in the West the opposition aroused was so strong that the proclamation was soon afterward temporarily sus- pended; but a special exception was made in the case of California, where public opinion was from the first strongly in favor of the reserves. Something less than one-third of the entire wooded area of the State is now embraced in the Federal forest reserves. That the remaining 20,- 000,000 acres of its forests may be made to serve the public interest in the fullest possible measure, the State has solicited and secured the coopera- tion of the Bureau of Forestry in working out a proper forest policy for it. Members of the Bureau have, since July, 1903, examined over 21,- 000,000 acres of forest and brush lands, and by the end of the year the entire State will have been covered. 1905 The different types of land—as tim- berland, chaparral, pasture and agri- cultural land, barrens, cut-over land, and burned land—will be mapped and the stand of timber in each location will be roughly estimated. Forest re- serves may be increased in number or size, if land most suitable for that purpose is found. But the subject of paramount im- portance is the prevention and control of fires. A good opportunity for ex- periment along this line was afforded the Bureau by codperation with the private owner of an 80,000-acre tract, who had previously introduced a crude fire-protection system. A comprehen- sive plan was outlined and its execu- tion begun. ‘There has not been time for a thorough trial, but its installa- tion has had an excellent effect. The patrolling of the tract has been greatly improved, and the neighbors now vol- untarily report all fires, whether on. or off the tract. There has not been a serious fire on that tract this season. This splendid showing is an impres- sive object lesson. It proves the effi- ciency of intelligent care and of fight- ing fires at the start. The present fire laws of the State are incomplete and inadequate. One result of the work of the Bureau will be the recommen- dation of a fire law which, if adopted, will be the best ever passed by any State. The y ost encouraging fact in forest management is the growing determi- nation of large timberland owners to employ private foresters to handle their holdings. This will ensure a method of lumbering less wasteful than that at present practiced, and, more important by far, it will be the means of better protecting the forests and making them yield a continuous crop. Such expert control will be es- pecially valuable in solving the prob- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 85 lem of the best way to get rid of the slash, which, until burned, is a constant menace to the forests. Extensive ex- periments in. slash burning have al- ready been carried on by the Bureau with satisfactory results. The Bureau agents are also study- ing the habits and rate of growth of sugar and yellow pine to determine the practicability of lumbering so as to secure a second crop. The field work on these studies is now about complete. A report on what growth and returns may be expected from plantations of different species of gum is nearly ready for transmittal. The study of chaparral has led to fruitful practical conclusions. It shows in California the same remarkable ability to encroach upon and spread over open country that it exhibits in Texas and elsewhere in the semiarid portions of the southwest. It makes a satisfactory watershed cover, and al- most constantly replaces a forest de- stroyed by fire. Its composition varies with aspect and elevation and with damage by fire. The natural reproduction of forest trees has been thoroughly investigated by the Bureau, together with the ex- tent of the forest in the past, the ef- fect of fire upon forest reproduction, the contest between chaparral and forest on burned areas, and the rate of growth of young forest trees. Every State which has large valuable forests or a climate which demands extensive irrigation for farming purposes should, in its own interest, adopt a definite and enlightened forest policy. Work similar to that nearing comple- tion in California should be in pro- gress in at least a dozen other States of the Union right now, if vast timber resources are not to be further ruin- ously depleted and farming interests are to be properly safeguarded. Melee sas Hin a os APPARATUS FOR @ DIST ibEAsaeN OF -W OOD Description of How Turpentine, Wood Alcohol, Wood Oil, and Acetic Acid May be Collected at Low Cost BY J. A. MATHIEU Chemist-Engiueer, and Patentee of Retorts THs apparatus (No. 769177, Pat- ented Sept. 6, 1904,) is composed of a vertical clay or cast-iron retort built above a fireplace, the flues going all around the retort. The rosin and turpentine escape by outlets and pipes at lower part of retort. An outlet near the top is connected with a condenser, and a cover made of clay is adjusted in top of retort. There is also a cool- ing cover of general cylindrical shape and ‘of about the size of they retort: It is preferably made of sheet metal. It is open at the bottom, but closed at the top, with the exception of a central aperture, to the upper side of which is fitted a lid. Other parts are a crane for handling the basket, cooling cover, and retort cover, and a shallow water bath made of iron or wood. Sticks of wood four feet in length or less are transferred from the car into the basket, which has a capacity of one cord. The basket is raised by the crane and brought over the empty retort and lowered. A cover is put on top and the rosin and turpentine run out by the outlet at bottom. The wood vapor is carried by means of the upper pipe to the condenser. The gas which is not condensed is brought back through an iron pipe and burned in the fireplace underneath the retort; this gas gives intense heat. After sixteen hours the wood is transformed into charcoal; the cover is raised up, and a cooler adjusted on fiestop Of retort. A’ rod) ypassine: through the top of the aperture goes down and catches the knob of basket and raises it up inside the cooler. So far as is necessary it goes over the other retorts and they are carried by an overhead track and lowered down into the shallow bath. The small aperture is covered and a stream of water is run on top of the cooler and cools down the charcoal in three or four hours. The cooler is taken off; the basket of charcoal is hanged and carried to the charcoal shed and dumped on a platform. Af- terwards the basket is taken to the yard to be filled up again with wood. The turpentine and rosin are distil- lated and purified. The products which are going to the condenser are allowed to settle the liquid part that contains the wood alcohol, which is purified by distillation. The products settled on the bottom are separated by distillation and give turpentine, wood oil, light wood oil, heavy wood oil, and what is left is pitch. All these products are in good demand and can be sold very readily. The advantages of this patent retort, as compared with the ordinary char- coal kiln, are: A plant can be put upon one-tenth of the ground needed by charcoal kilns. Less length of pipe will be needed for this retort. The retort being placed in a verti- cal position, the heat is applied more regularly and does not require so much fuel. A smaller quantity of brick will be needed, and the repairs to brickwork 1905 and retort will be considerably less. Sixty per cent of the labor needed for a kiln may be saved, for the wood is handled by workmen from wagon or car to the basket, and afterward all work is mechanical as far as putting the charcoal in the car, and in case the charcoal is used in blast furnace, the contents of the basket can be dumped right in the blast furnace. The gas not condensed is used in the fireplace to heat the retort, and if the wood is dry there will be nearly enough gas to keep the operation go- ing without more solid fuel. The hot gas, after having heated the retort, is conducted underneath the boiler to make steam. The hot water coming from the con- denser is used to feed the boiler. This retort I guarantee will make sixty bushels of charcoal per cord of seasoned hard wood. The charcoal will be free of water, and consequently reduce more ore in a blast furnace, and will be more regu- lar for the use for the manufacture of mining powder. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 87 The amount of wood saved will pay for the plant in less than one year. The vertical position of the retort will allow the turpentine and rosin to run down from the wood without distilla- tion and consequently will be superior and more easily purified. The vertical position of retort will allow the wood vapor, alcohol, and acetic acid to escape to the condenser without being decomposed; thus the quantity obtained will be greater. The retort made of the fire clay or cast iron will stand a great deal longer and require less repairs. This system of retort can be utilized for the distillation of wood, peat, lig- nite and bones, garbage, and extrac- tion of quick-silver, by making some slight changes. The working of the system of retort is very simple and does not require the services of a chemist to superintend the work; an intelligent man can do. perfectly as well after he receives the necessary instructions. WOOD AS FUEL BY is GOED AVING watched for more than three-quarters of a century the burning qualities of wood in an open fire, I have become somewhat familiar with the peculiarities of many spe- cies. Snapping first attracts our atten- tion. Some woods burn quietly, oth- ers always snap—some only occa- sionally. I do not know what causes snapping. It may be the production of an explosive gas, the result of heat or combustion, or the liberation of an explosive vapor from resinous pro- ducts in the wood, but neither of these theories explain all cases and condi- tions. I will first name some species that I have never known to snap and give some of their burning qualities. Apple is always a quiet burner and when dry burns freely. It leaves an abundant and beautiful white ash which tradition says was used in cook- ing in place of pearlash not many gen- erations ago. Pear, quince, and shad bush burn in a similar manner, but less freely. Cherry of all varieties, peach and plum make fair fuel, but are inferior to apple. I have never known them to snap, except one tree of black cherry. It is reported that the peach is planted in the vicinity of Buenos 88 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Ayres for use as fuel, as the fastest growing tree. Burch of all varieties burns quietly. Black birch is the best, and will burn well green. All species of birch should be cut and split while green, that the wood may season properly. Locust burns quietly, but slowly, resisting the fire and melting away with little blaze, as does also the mulberry. White ash and black ash burn quietly, but the former is the best fuel, especially for burning green. The wood choppers of charcoalwood have their own fuel free, persumably from the dead wood, which is not suitable for charcoal, but make free with any nice white ash or hickory standing near their cabins. In the days of the old ovens, white ash was the favorite wood for heating them, as it split readily and burned freely with an abundant blaze. Elm, willow, and alder are rather soft, spongy woods, that burn quietly, but are not very lasting, nor do they produce very much heat. Hornbeam and blue birch I have never known to snap, and are free burning” hard woods. Soft maple never snaps, and when dry makes a very pleasant, still, free-burning wood. The _ tulip-tree or white-wood, is too valuable for lumber to be consigned to the wood- pile, yet the refuse is easily worked up, and is a free-burner, making a quiet fire. Spruce, hemlock, fir, cedar, tama- rack, and larch always snap; if well seasoned and put in a close stove with a good draft, as soon as the fire is lighted, they give the sound of a pack of exploding fire-crackers, and a sen- sation of warmth before the cold iron is heated through. All kinds of pine are liable to snap, but the sparks from all these soft woods will die before they scorch the rug, or singe the floor. Chestnut and butternut are lively snappers, and when dry burn freely, and, being easily worked up, make sat- isfactory fuel for close stoves. Hick- ory, the best of all woods for fuel, and keeping fire in buried coals, ordina- rily burns quietly, but sometimes it throws live coals viciously across the February room. Hard maple, beech, and white oak sometimes throw out hard coals from the heart wood. When well seasoned they are little inferior to hickory in free and enduring burning qualities. The other oaks rarely, if ever snap, but do not burn as freely as the white oak, nor make as firm coals. ‘The common poplar, though a soft and spongy wood, will snap, and when made into charcoal has the rep- utation of holding fire in the inside of the large pieces, unseen on the out- side, and later starting fire in the coal bank or wagon. Woods to burn green are: White ash, hickory, black birch, hard maple, and white oak. They are more en- during than when dry and kindle al- most as readily. ‘lo get the best value of wood, it should be cut and split when green and soon housed in a shed or well ventilated wood house, where it will dry without molding. White pine allowed to lie with the bark on the logs, or without splitting, will be devoured by worms during the first summer. They make such a noise in their work that they can be readily heard. All wood that is left without work- ing up, suffers from worm and in- cipient decay, mostly in the sap wood. Live wood makes better fuel than when it has died from fire, or other causes. When the butt cut is sound, it will make better charcoal, more weight than the higher cuts, and has relatively the same value as fuel. In old timber, the butt has sometimes lost its life and substance, and is inferior to the rest of the trunk.: In most trees, but especially the evergreens, the knots have more fuel value than the straight grained wood. In the hickory and paper birch, the outer bark has high fuel value, prized for kindlings, otherwise the bark and sap would have less value than the heart. Slab wood as usually treated in the slab pile makes poor fuel, but worked up fresh and dried under cover, the bark still adhering, it makes a lively fire. Wood grown in the open will give 1905 more heat than the same variety grown in the forest, and up to full maturity wood improves as a heat pro- ducer, but later it diminishes as it does in strength and elasticity. The in- crease of pitch or turpentine in old trees gives them a fuel value far above fiat or the -soit pine or immature growth. A few observations on heat may appropriately follow: The most vi- talizing heat is that of the sun in its direct rays; next is the radiant heat from burning wood or coal. The shepherd and the poultryman know that the direct rays of the sun have a vivifying effect upon the young lamb or chicken, surpassing that derived from any other source, excepting per- haps that from the body of the mother. The heat radiated from a close stove or steam, or hot water pipes may warm the body, but it seems to lack something that is conveyed by the sun’s rays. An open fire is company, with its brisk flame, and lively crackle de- manding frequent attention, ungrudg- ing bestowed by any one who accepts its : companionship. ‘Tt whiles away the idle hour between daylight and dark, called ‘“‘candle-lighting’” in the old times, when the blazing hearth bore the backlog and fore stick with high piled lighter wood; with an ample bed of red-hot ashes and coals, fit to re- ceive chestnuts or potatoes, to season them wiule you wait with the peculiar flavor that those embers alone bestow. The open fire is always drawing the family together with an unconscious force that no radiator or furnace pos- sesses. It gives a silent lesson in good behavior, though often enforced in words, “Don’t go before the fire,” “Don’t stand before the fire’ (that is, before some other person). ‘This is a lesson in unselfishness that is the foundation of all good manners. An old friend standing with me before a blazing fire, recently Saidy) An open fire is ‘better than a minister in a fam- ily any time.” One of the great pleasures of the open fire is in watching the decaying FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 89 embers as the white ash encircles the buring stick, or the decaying coal, still retaining its size and form to the last. There is a great difference in wood in this respect, and on familiar ac- quaintance it becomes companionship, so that it is hard to conceive of lone- someness in the presence of a lively fire, with a store of wood to replenish it. The weight of opinion is largely in favor of dry wood, and in most va- rieties this is true, yet there are some hard facts in favor of some kinds of green wood, or conditions of the fire, that cannot be disputed. Men who run engines for sawing lumber use the green slabs for fuel, and as soon as the fire is well started, do not hesitate to feed in the green slabs covered with snow and _ ice, claiming that such make the hottest fire. In the olfen times, with their big fire places, green hickory brush was highly prized for fuel; piled high in the old fire place, it made a roaring fire, stronger and more durable than dry brush. So green hickory wood has the preference to-day in many cases. Is there not a highly inflam- mable volatile oil in the hickory bark while green, which is lost in drying? So with the black birch. What boy would expect to find in the dry birch bark that delicate aroma and flavor which he finds in the green bark? That volatile oil is all gone then, and the farmer says birch burns the best. Where else do we find the odor of woods and fields, the odor of spring in more sublimated form than when the bursting buds of the birch unite with the fragrance of the wild grape in a perfume unsurpassed by the odors of Araby? Now the old farmer who has watched on his hearthstone the burn- ing of different kinds of woods, as well as the collier who annually burns his thousands of bushels of charcoal, have some notions about these thing's that do not exactly harmonize with the claims of the scientist in his labora- tory, and it belongs to the latter to 90 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION investigate and explain the apparent discrepancies that exist. The old farmer, as he covers up the half burnt brands with the burning embers or reinforces the bed with a stick of hard wood, almost as sure of fire in the morning as he is of sunrise, is an ex- perimenter in a practical way, and his conclusions are worthy of considera- tion. ‘lhe housemother, too, some- times takes up this job, if the husband lacks in force and ingenuity, and be- comes a trie vestal to keep the fire February alive on the family altar. Such a one was the good wife who, when the old curmudgeon tested her temper by bringing all crooked and knotted wood for the kitchen fire; as deftly arranged it about her pots and kettles and the flames wrapped around them, she called his attention to how nicely they fitted their purpose, and pleased her. She was a true philosopher, upon whose hearthstone the fire would never smoke, grow dim, or expire. USES OF INFERIOR WOODS The Bureau of Forestry. Demonstrates the Value of Woods Now Generally Considered Inferior HEN there was an abundant sup- ply of the best quality of tim- ber it was the habit of lumbermen to neglect all but the best species. For instance, in Indiana and Ohio the white oak trees were cut and the red oaks were left. In the South only a few years ago the gum, which is now of considerable commercial import- ance, was left to rot in the woods. On the Pacific coast the western hemlock was not considered worth transporting from the forest to the mill. In conse- quence the supply of high class tim- bers has been seriously depleted, and the character of the forest has been changed by the reproduction of the inferior species which were left in possession; while the lumberman has had to extend his operations over a large area in order to secure the neces- sary amount of timber. If these in- ferior species can be cut and marketed at a profit, it will be possible in the future to lumber with far less detri- ment to the forest, and at the same time the available supply of timber will be greatly increased. The current unfavorable opinions concerning so-called inferior species are largely matters of tradi- tion, which investigation proves was these unwarranted. Indeed, in some cases, lumber such as gum and sap pine is exported from this country and held in high esteem abroad. Our engi- neers.and architects, as’ a rule. con- sider sapwood weaker and much less fit for structural use than heartwood. Of course in the matter of durability of unpreserved timber under severe conditions of exposure, there is no question but that heartwood is very much to be preferred to sapwood. But for use indoors sapwood timbers are abundantly strong. Carriage man- ufacturers know that the strongest and most resilient wood for spokes, shafts, etc., 1s rapid grown sapling hickory. It has lately been discovered that fast grown second growth red oak, so far as strength is concerned, is fully equal to white oak. Much work remains to be done to bring out the facts under- lying the practicability of a more ex- tensive use of inferior timbers, and to disseminate information as to the rela- tive advantages of first and second growth timbers and the value of such woods as western hemlock and lob- lolly pine, which are of increasing im- portance in the national supply of structural timber. The timber tests which the Bureau of Forestry is mak- ing are bringing the facts concerning 1905 these matters before the users of tim- ber. The introduction of western hem- lock to the market as a building ma- terial has met with many obstacles. The hemlock of the East is far inferior -to the Western species as a building wood, and the prejudice existing against the Eastern species is unjustly extended to that of the West. The latter is a hard, straight, and even- grained wood, nearly white in color. It does not split readily, and is light and tough. These characteristics pe- culiarly fit it for manufacture into boxes. It is also a superior wood for all inside finishing, as it takes a high polish and has excellent wearing quali- ties. It can be rapidly kiln dried at high temperature without injury. Me- chanical tests havé shown it to pos- sess about 70 per cent. of the strength of red fir and to be suited for all except the heaviest structural demands. Large quantities of this timber are now sold under other names than its own. There is no just cause for the prejudice which necessitates this deception, and Western hemlock should be handled under its right name. — Another tree which has been dis- criminated against is the loblolly pine. This is a tree of a wide range of dis- tribution, and Bureau tests have shown that, under proper conditions of growth, it can furnish wood of great structural merit. It, too, is sold under fictitious names, when it should be sold on its -nerits. The principal ob- jection to it is that it is usually sap- wood and decays rapidly when ex- posed. But it is of open grain and FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION sil can be very successfully treated with preservatives, which should entirely eliminate this objection. Many of the so-called inferior timbers can be more thoroughly and successfully treated with preservatives than can the more solid timbers. Happily, this is in a marked degree the case with the abun- dant loblolly pine, and this tree is cer- tain to come into general and appre- ciated use. Another phase of this work is in connection with the packing box in- dustry. Very few people appreciate the amount of lumber that goes into the manufacture of packing boxes. Formerly the size of boxes for differ- ent purposes, was based on the strength of white pine, which used to be the standard material employed. With the scarcity of white pine and its increased price, gum, cottonwood, loblolly pine, and other woods have come into use for boxes. In many cases these woods are much heavier than white pine, so that there is an added expense for freight because of the extra weight of the boxes. It be- comes, then, an important matter to ascertain to what extent the thickness of boxboards commonly used can be reduced without lessening the strength of the box below the necessary re- quirement. The Bureau of Forestry, in co-operation with the North Caro- lina Pine Association, is about to take up this problem, and by actual experi- ment with boxes of different sizes and of various kinds of lumber to deter- mine the extent to which the prevail- ing thicknesses of boards can be di- minished. TIMBER CUTTING IN MINNESOTA The Work of Logging the Pine Trees in the Minnesota National Forest Reserve W HEN completely established the Minnesota National Forest Re- serve will contain about 225,000 acres. Of this area 105,000 acres have al- ready been selected ‘by the Govern- ment. Under the terms of the Morris law 95 per cent. of the pine timber thereon must be cut. This pine has been sold and the work of cutting was actively prosecuted last year. Nine logging camps were established, and the cutting began early in August. Two camps, which worked under a system of summer railroad logging, shut down for the season in Novem- ber. ‘The other seven camps, in which winter logging is being done, are still running. The most interesting of the several operations, from a forester’s stand- point, was on sections 15, 16, 17, and 21 of township 145, R. 30. Section 16 was estimated to have the heaviest stand of timber in the former Indian Reservation. ‘The very dense growth made it especially difficult to carry out with the best results the law re- quiring 5 per cent. of the timber to be left standing for reseeding or re- foresting the land. When trees grow so close together that, after felling, the ground is almost completely hid- den by their trunks, it is no easy mat- ter to select single trees or small groups of trees so situated that their neighbors can be felled without injur- ing them. This was, however, suc- cessfully done. The first work undertaken in the four sections mentioned, after locating Pure Stand of Sapling Norway Pine in the Minnesota National Forest Reserve. 1905 the two summer camps, was opening up and grading the roadbeds for the logging railroads. These roadbeds were cut through the heaviest stands of timber, and it is noteworthy that they required the cutting down of a strip of forest considerably narrower than a wagon road would have in- volved. From 785 acres of these four sections there were cut between Au- gust 8 and November 19 some 16,311,- 785 board feet of white and Norway FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 93 injury to the 5 per cent. of seed trees reserved. The area covered by the fires by which the brush and debris were destroyed was only about 7 per cent. of the cut-over land. The contractors running the seven winter camps are also doing their cut- ting, hauling, and brush burning un- der the inspection of the Bureau of Forestry. Each of these camps oper- ated over a larger area this season than did the twoicamps already men- Reproduction of Norway Pine on an Old Burnt-Over District in the Minnesota National Forest Reserve. pine. From all except 100 acres of this area the brush and debris smaller than 8 inches in diameter were cleared and built into compact piles as the logging progressed. ‘These piles were burned between October 28 and De- cember 23. The brush and debris on the remaining 100 acres were piled and will be burned at a suitable time in the spring. So carefully was the burning done that even in and around section 16. it was completed without tioned. The timber purchasers have until July, 1908, to finish the cutting and removal of the timber from the sections already sold. Although the regulations for conservative lumber- ing were new to the lumbermen, they have been applied effectively. Not only have the relations between the Bureau officials in charge of the work and the loggers been entirely friend- ly, but a radical change in the atti- tude of the lumber interests of this 94 ‘FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION region towards forestry has taken place, as the result of a better under- standing of its methods and its pur- poses. et An important result of the past sea- son’s work was the practical demon- stration that it is most effective and most economical ‘to pile and burn brush and debris, so far as practica- ble, as fast as the logging proceeds. When the burning can not be imme- diately done, the brush should be kept cleaned up and compactly piled close behind the logging. It can then be burned at a time when there is no danger of the fire spreading or getting beyond control. In Minnesota, 1904 was a good seed yeat for both white and Norway pine. February Moreover, in many places, in addition to the 5 per cent. of seed trees re- served, there remains after the cutting and brush burning a good stand of young pine too small to be cut, which will now take on more rapid growth. Thus reforestation may be said to have already begun. The second and final selection of lands to constitute the Minnesota Na- tional Forest Reserve will be made as soon as all Indian allotments have been completed, the flowage lines of the War Department’s reservoirs in this locality have been definitely fixed, and the question of the status of the — lands selected as swamp lands, which’ inure to the State of Minnesota under the Federal law, has been definitely settled. RECENT PUBLICATIONS English Estate Forestry. By A. C. Forses. Pp. 332. Illustrated. (Edwin Arnold, London.) Longmans, Green & Co., Ameri- can agents, New York. This handsome volume is from the pen of a well-known English forester. He de- scribes the beginnings of English forestry, its present condition and its future pros- pects. There are highly instructive chap- ters on the most profitable English timber trees and their silvicultural treatment; also on planting and regeneration, thinning and pruning. Landscape forestry naturally comes in for careful discussion, and a sug- gestive chapter on park timber and ave- nues adds much value to the volume. A number of excellent photogravures heighten the beauty of a well-printed book. It is a book that, although describing English es- tate forestry, should be of considerable value to Americans in these days of rising interest in country life and homes. Musk Ox, Bison, Sheep, and Goat. By CaspAR Wuitney and others. American Sportsman’s Librarv. Llustrated. Price $2. The Macmillan Company, New York. This is the latest volume in the excellent series of sporting books being issued under the general title of the American Sports- man’s Library, with the able editorship of Mr. Caspar Whitney. Mr. Whitney, along with George Bird Grinnell and Owen Wister, have written the various chapters that go to make up the volume. It records in an accurate and interesting manner the characteristics, range, habits, etc., of these rapidly disappearing animals. These names are sufficient guarantee of the book’s ac- ~ curacy, and should give it a place in the library of all: sportsmen. With the Trees. Illustrated. Price $1.00. Taylor Co., New York. Miss Going, author of “With the Wild Flowers” and “Field, Forest and Wayside,” in her latest book, “With the Trees,” has produced a pleasing and instructive untech- nical volume for the general reader. With its bright, entertaining style and its many apropos illustrations, it should do much to stimulate a greater love for and interest in our forests. The Baker and Mineral Resources of the United States ; Cal- endar Year 1903. By Davin T. Day, Chief of Division of Mining and Mineral Re- sources, U. S. Geological Survey. Pp. 1204. Washington. Government Print- ing Office, 1904. Besides mining and mineral statistical matter for the calendar year 1903, there is contained in this volume considerable de- scriptive and technical matter, obtained while the statistical canvass was in progress. The report should be very valuable to the miner and geologist, and the tabulated mat- ter is of interest to the layman. This is the twentieth annual report published by the Mining Division. ewe By Maup Gorne._ Pp. 335qm) 1905 Twenty-first Annual Report of the Agricul- tural Experiment Station of the University of Wisconsin. For the year ending June 30, 1904. Pp. 392. Llustrated with nu- merous half tones. Madison, Democrat Printing Co., 1904. To the annual report of the director of the Agricultural Station is appended near- ly a score of articles dealing with various phases of agriculture, and designed to pro- mulgate among Wisconsin farmers general- ly the principles of practical agriculture as founded on scientific facts. With the de- velopment of agriculture that has come dur- ing the last quarter of a century, its prac- tice is gradually assuming a semi-scientific character, and the publication of such a volume as this, with its many valuable ar- ticles, gives the up-to-date farmer the facts and figures in a convincing manner. Report on the Condition of Treated Timbers Laid in Texas, February, 1902. Bulletin No. 51, Bureau of Forestry. By Herman VON ScHRENK. Pp. 45. Illustrated with 6 half tones. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1904. This is a report on the present condition of railroad tie timbers, variously treated with certain preservatives which were laid on the Beaumont division of the Gulf, Colo- rado and Sante Fe Railway, and which have been in use during a period approximating eighteen months. Each tie was numbered and a record kept of the particular preser- vative process used, duration of same and locality of treating plant, and thirteen kinds of wood were made use of. The report gives general deductions in the form of reading matter, and specifies in tabulated form the result to each particular tie laid. Report Upon the Administration of the Public Works Department in Egypt for 1903. By Srp Winiiam Garstin, G. C. M. G. Pp. 430 Illustrated with numerous maps and diagrams. Cairo; National Print- ing Department, 1904. Of most interest to American readers are those portions of this volume which are devoted to irrigation, although the entire publication has many interesting reports and articles which would attract the gen- eral reader. The figures given illustrating the increase in value of land in Middle Egypt, ascribed to the influence of the Asyut Barrage, the Aswan Dam and other irri- gation works along the Nile, are convincing- ly eloquent of the splendid services rendered Egypt by the Public Works Ministry. Federal and State Forest Laws. Bulletin No..57, Bureau of Forestry. Compiled by GEorGE W. Wooprurr, A.B., LL.B. Pp. 259. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1904. As the title indicates, this volume is a compilation of the various Federal and State statutes bearing on forestry, and Mr. Woodruff has arranged them by States, in alphabetical order, under the heads of Con- stitutional Provisions ; Administration and FORESTRY, AND IRRIGATION 95 Use; Trespass on Private Lands and Tres- pass on Public Lands; Forest Fires in Gen- eral and Those Caused by Railroads; Boun- ties, Rebates and Exemptions; Investiga- tion, Education and Public Observance. There is also included an appendix, with a table with information concerning pres- ent forest reserves, timber reservations, na- tional parks, etc. The Bulletin is especially intended to help the Federal and State of- ficials who deal with forest questions, as well as the layman who wishes informa- tion concerning forest legislation. It is one of the most helpful publications that the Bureau of Forestry has yet issued. Methods Used for Controlling and Reclaim- ing Sand-dunes. Bulletin No. 57. Bureau of Plant Industry. By A. S. Hrrcwcocr. Pp. 36. Illustrated with 9 half-tone plates and 9 text figures. Washington, Govern- ment Printing Office, 1904. On the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, on the shores of the Great Lakes, and at num- erous places inland, there are areas of sandy land, for the most part originally covered by vegetation, but now denuded of plant- growth through the too-prevalent Ameri- can idea of utilizing everything in sight, without thought for the future. Sand-dunes have in many places proved a_ positive menace, and Mr. Hitchcock gives an out- line of the methods followed in the Nether- lands, Denmark, Germany and France. Cost of Pumping for Irrigation. Bulletin No. 49, University of Arizona Experiment Station. By SHermMan M. Woopwarp. Pp. 12. Tucson, November 28, 1904. A very interesting little pamphlet, which describes in a simple manner the construc- tion of home irrigation systems, and details cost of the same. Irrigation in the United States: 1902. Bulle- tin No. 16, Bureau of the Census. Pp. 92. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1904. This volume contains very valuable statistical matter regarding irrigation in this country, which is amplified upon and made more interesting by historical and descriptive reading matter on the subject. How Plant Life is Distributed in Canada and Why. By A. T. Drummonp. Reprint. EpelGe In this little phamphlet Mr. Dummond discusses in an interesting and popular way the causes which influence distribution of plant growth in Canada and summarizes briefly the general aspects of vegetation in the various groups readily distinguish- able, noted as the Canadian, Forest, Mari- time, Eastern Coast, Erie, St. Lawrence, Boreal, Ontario,’ Prairie, Western Plains, Rocky Mountain, British Columbia, South- ern British Columbia, Cascade, Arctic, and European. In estimating the age of Cana- dian flora, Mr. Dummond says there are certain species which have existed since the early Eoncee Era. AMERICAN WOODS By Romeyn B. Hough, B.A. A publication unique in its illustrations, in that they are actual specimens instead of pictures, giving literally ‘‘sermons in trees’”’ creer ce A VOLUME OF THE “AMERICAN WOODS” DISPLAYED ACH page contains three paper-thin sections of actual wood—tranverse, radial, and tangential—and as these are nearly transparent, they show clearly the structure. They are mounted on strong bristol board, which bears the accurate scientific and popular names of each specimen shown, together with the common name in German, French, and Spanish. ( os Soren The pages on which the > Invaluable for » specimens of wood are mounted? Of great use to BOTANISTS ® are separate, to facilitate ex- ~@ SCHOOLS Q , WOODWORKERS » amination and comparison one ~ COLLEGES 5 =e aera ‘ with another, and in order that j SaaS ene aed | ARCHITECTS ( they may be vsed in direct § pRIVATE BUILDERS > connection with the text which ~ COLLECTIONS 2 Teas accompanies each volume. Ten parts of this great work have been issued and are ready for delivery; others will follow at the rate of one or two parts per year. Each part contains at least three specimens each of 25 species, with illustrated text. hos The following are the net prices per part: Green or brown cloth, imitation morocco, $5.00. Half-morocco, $7.50 Address: FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 510 Twelfth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Let us be your Book Buvers In our plan of serving the readers of FORESTRY AND IRRI- GATION we have found so many who have taken advantage of our former offer to furnish books on forestry and irrigation subjects that we are broadening the scope of our book department so as to furnish any book a reader may want. @ These books are furnished at publishers’ list prices and will be sent post- postpaid on receipt of price. We save you postage & express charges oe FORESTRY | Flora of the Northern U. S. and Canada, Britton and Brown (3 vols.).....-....... $9.00 Owe WawinS INase, JS BIGEIGE IL WX OSNGIEG A als eae OMICS ORO) Micokiee omen ob aaeicosioge 2.00 NortneAnmlenicanshorests and) Morestry, Ermest Brunckens): 25 ys ssc so oe 2.00 Tae AGhio nce Ge Sjoerd, (Graver Gl eine. Ps oy odcae eco ce 4a bas omnia solnaT cosa. cc 1.00 Horestubreesaitid horest. eceneny, G. HKrederick Schwarz... 32: oases ase s see. 1.50 WiestoAuncilcann© ONe-DEALeTSy enor ILM OM) sarc cis 0 \.cfci aie araiche Mey. «isis yieheesigeuet sere 1°00 Howat Ownellnchienirees alan Grrl CrlO ny merersciescsicitracc aie so op cslee letodtia esd cleastale ae aner sae .50 Flora of the Southern States, A. W. Chapman..... Re eS Sa ron Sema 4.00 ierecsOMmtne NOrenernuWmited States, hcAn Apeat... 2: ees elas: oie gene ride ne 1.00 Omir Name PAVSESs Olin, Whitt. os osico'd goo aclmee ono Boned oe: Gb nbo bones. GubeoSo Er 7s irecsoteNewaLuglancdes Dames BrOoOkS YiGe4 . 5.020418 « cle oe cies « sievetenloieue epee oe cls ee 1.50 Studies of Trees in “"Vinter, Annie Oakes Huntingdon ..... .................-+-- 2.25 iguatsayl oir 1Byojaahy. Zs) Eithys 55550050 osadgdcasseooosUOomUME oo ueGodoDbogeaGE aco ONS 1,62 Practical stomscay, Ne ges ou sono onec ome oURennmdona pd eordoceogboe> un coG- 1°50 rons IMlayartrener, Ente aONy” Goons cabpaebooes oe ppMOoUneonoren To oem Ooood cece poo onc 1.50 Nae Wyliniiie Iii, (Cpanverral IPOs 25 6 oles cs doch UO Ome oe lee odooc Ug onc to oar 1.00 American Woods, Romeyn B. Hough (in ten parts), per part.................... 5.00 Pineal assay, Olu Giwiormsl Goo Js oops aah oneoenameeueoee ob oolcboceoceToodo 1.20 AA Kee BO Ci oraswoy, 1MbloSas INGOs, bosgaseadioee none ssc oeusoaocdsaoocceouce 1.25 AimoncaGreenwlnecs. tliat llen ROeETSs4 5.2.5... 6.5652 + =e see ee eee ee leie 3.00 HM cCOnomicsofshonesthy Beck) MEKWOWeri- a= cee. sa ccnee © 2 oie = deciles eleyae-nis so erer 1.50 Eiinciple Speciesios Wood, Charles’ H. Snow... 0.0.2.0. 02. ce eee) eet e ee cece. 3.50 Eninciplesior American) Morestry, S-.O2 Green. 2... 2.02.2 2-22. eee see 1.50 The Profession of Forestry. Gifford Pinchot ..... Ns tie Aaa. ois. oly Aaa 525 maportant Philippine Woods, Geo. P. Ahern... 2... 2... 0222502 eee see wae ones 3.00 IRRIGATION imeationinthe United States, F.H. Newell..:..-.... 0. soe. eee ee ee eee $2.00 Ikrigation Kngineering, Herbert M. Wilson .. --..-.-.... 6.2. e eee erence eee 4.00 imicatienand Drainage, F. H. King: 2... 66d eee ee ne eine eee es ee 1.50 Irrigation for Farm and Garden, Stewart..........-- Eee om Sb or Soeur ne 1.00 Mentcatidmeatie Marin, WilCOxX. 2... 2.0. swe cns cote e ene ce teen e cleo etn eens cea ces 2 00 Practical Farm Drainage, Charles G. Elliott............0. 0c cee eee ee reece scenes T.00 If readers desire books not on the above list let us know what they are and we will send them at regular retail price, postpaid Address PoOnnoar RY AND IRRIGATION 510 TWELFTH STREET, N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C. In writiug advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION PRESS CLIPPINGS Are Every Day Being Made a SOURCE OF GREAT PROFIT IN THE BUSINESS WORLD They supply the manufacturer and business man with valuable information as to new markets and outlets for their products and goods. They supply anyone interested in any matter with all fhe information from all parts of the country, pretaining to their subject. The International Press Clipping Bureau which is the largest Press Clipping Bureau in the world will send you daily, everything printed in every newspaper, magazine or trade journal in the countrp, on any particular subject : : : : This bureau reads and clips 55,000 papers and other periodicals each month, and can furnish anyone everything printed in the country on business, financial, political, social, theatrical, scientific, sporting, agricultural, mining, or, in fact, any subject what- ever that is mentioned in the columns of any newspaper or publication. Write and state the subject you want clippings on and we will quote you a SPECIAL BARGAIN RATE for a trial month, that you may understand the great advantages to be derived from press clippings. Address, INTERNATIONAL PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU, 112-114 Dearborn Street, - - - - - - - - - CHICAGO: U. S. A SU NSae CAE © RENGr and all the great West described in Susset Magazine ina way that delightsevery reader. Not alone are the || Scenic, Social, and Literary sides of the V est shown, | | | but the great industrial side —the side on which open the doors of Opportunity—is set forth with compelling interest. You will find MEAT in Szwmset, as well as plenty of sauce in the way of stirring Western stories. Every number illustrated with beautiful halftones. By the copy, 10cents; bythe year, $1 00. All newsdealers handle it. Published monthly at 4 Montgomery St , San Francisco. MAGAZINE [In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. The American Sportsman's Library Under General Editorship of CASPAR WHITNEY The only Library of Sports Adapted to the American Reaaer Complete in 20 volumes, at $2 net per volume A partial list of Contributors includes Theodore Roosevelt, Dean Sage, Edwyn Sandys, Charles F. Holder, F. S. Van Dyke, L. C. Sanford, James A. Henshall Owen Wister. The volumes are illustrated by such artists as A. B. Frost, Carl Rungius, L. A. Fuertes, Charles L. Bull, Martin Justice, C. F. W. Mielatz, and Tappan Adney. 7S Published in two series of 10 volumes each, al] uniform, the whole set is a remarkable epitome of outdoor life, dealt with authoratively, yet in simple and untechnical lan- guage, and in each volume will be found much to interest and instruct the general reader Of the First Series, those The Big Game now ready are : : ears Se oe Cee eRe ye | ee Fishes of the The Deer Family United States By Theodore Roose- By Charles F. Hol- velt and others. Il- der. Illustrated by lustrated by Carl Chas. F. W. Mielatz Rungius, with maps and others. by Dr. C. Hart Mer- riam. Salmon and Trout By Dean Sage. W.C. Harris; and Hi. Cc: ‘Townsend, Illustra- by A. B. Frost and others. Upland Game Birds By Edwyn Sandys and T.S. Van Dyke. Illustrated by L. A. Fuertes, A.B. Frost, C.L. Bulland others The Water-Fowl Family By L. C. Sanford, L. B. Bishop and T. S. Van Dyke, illustra- ted by A. B. Frost, L. A. Fuertes, and To be ready in the Fall The Bison, Musk Ox, Sheep and Goat Family By George Bird Grinnell, Owen Winster,and Caspar Whitney. Illustra- ted by Carl Rungius and others. Cougar, Wild Cat, Wolf and Fox With many illustra- tions. The Bear Family By Dr. C. Hart Mer- peu Bull. riam. Tilustrated Bass, Pike, Perch, by Cael Rungiusand and Others Cals Bini By James A. Hen- Guns, Ammunition hall, M. D. Illus- rated by Martin and Tackle Stara C har es By A. _W.Moneyand F. W. Mielatz. others. Illustrated, SECOND SERIES—In Preparation Baseball, Football, Yachting, Small Boat Sailing and Canoeing, Rowing, Track Athlet- ics, and Swimming, Lacrosse, Lawn Tennis, Boxing, Wrestling, Etc., Skating, Hockey, Ice Yachting, Coasting, Etc. Eh aso LNCS SPE Gul AiO: For. Bak This exceedingly interesting and valuable series will be offered for a limited period upon very liberal terms. Send $4.00 with coupon cut from this magazine and $1 per month for 36 months thereafter, and we will send you free of all charges the volumes now ready, and the others as they are issued. The books are good to look at, being tastefully bound in dark green cloth, with gold ornaments and ‘ettering and gilt top. ; ; s The MACMILLAN COMPANY 66 FIFTH AVENUE, - - » NEW YORK Photography for the Sportsman Naturalist, The Sporting Dog, The American Race Horse, The Running Horse, Trotting and Pacing, Riding and Driving. In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION, JOHN SHERMAN & CO. Successors to Real Estate Depart- ment FORESTRY AND IRRIGATON imber and Mineral Lands in all parts of the United States for sale “ Southern Pine and Cypress Lands a Specialty ow If_you BUY * want to SELL Make known your wants. We pede REA aL Me fiat BD ote will use everv endeavor to meet them > Y No charge is made for advertising or services rendered unless sale is made, when the commission agreed upon will be expected. >» If reference is desired as to our integrity, etc., inquiry may bemade of any Bank or Trust Company in Washington, D. C. In writing advertisers kindly mention” FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. Oss ° 50 YEARS’ EXPERIENCE ACOPY OF y icKS 1905 Gardenen Floral Guide| Mailed FREE on Request JAMES VIC KS SONS. 169 MAIN ST., ROCHESTERNY. TrRaveE Marks DESIGNS CoPYRIGHTS &C. | 1000; Con- cord Grapes, TREES THAT GROW Hardy varieties; yield ere $2 per 100. We nit { big oe Grafted SS & pay the freight. Anyone sending a sketch and description may; Apple, 444c; Budded = Se Catalog. English quickly ascertain our opinion free whether an Peach, 314¢; Black VW or German, free. invention is probably patentable. Communica- tions strictly confidential. HANDBOOK on Patents) sent free. Oldest agency for securing patents. | Patents taken through Munn & Co. receive special notice. without charge, in the Scientific Aimerican, A handsomely illustrated weekly. Largest cir- culation of any scientific journal. Terms, $3 a year: four months, $1. Sold by all newsdealers. MUNN & Co,3818r22e=. New York Branch Office, 625 F St., Washington, D. C. PS” GERMAN NURSERIES aw RS Boy 1, Beatrice, Neb. Foresters and Botanists will find profit and pleasure in Important Philippine Woods The standard reference book for PhiJippine forests. By Capt. G.P. AHERN, Chief of Philip_ pine Forestry Bureau. 42 large colored plates, Price, $3.00. Forestry and Irrigation Book Dept. Locust Seed- ings, $1 per —— ST THE PROCEEDINGS —OF THE— WILL BE ISSUED IN BOOK FORM MARCH 155, PrRIcE, $1.25 PosTpaipD TO ANY ADDRESS. Orders, accompanied by remittance, should be sent to H. M. SUTER PUBLISHING CO. BOX 356 Washington, D. C. Foresters and Inspectors Wanted for the Phil- . ippine Forestry Bureau. ADVERTISERS ; : FIND The salaries of Foresters, Assistant Foresters ; Inspectors, and Assistant Inspectors range from $1,200 to $2,400 per year’ Actualand necessary traveling expenses to and from the scene of field work are allowed, and while in the field A GOOD MEDIUM one dollar gold per day isallowed for subsistence. A list of existing vacancies may be obtained oe from the Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Dept., Washington, D. C. The work of the Foresters is, to a large ex- tent, technical; that of the Inspectors more FOUNTAIN administrative and less technical. All appli- cants for the position of forester and inspector will be required to pass the Forest Assistant The Best at Any Price Sent on approval to examination. responsible people. Date of examinations will be held in differ- ent parts of the United States at same time as for the position of Forest Assistant in the U.S. Bureau of Forestry. Foresters and Inspectors now in the Philip- pine forest service and having from two to three and a half years’ service, find the work very attractive, instructive and healthful. Copies of the Philippine Civil Service Man- ual may be obtained from the Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department, Washington, D. C. The reports. bulletins and other applicat ons of the Philippine Forestry Bureau should be read by all desiring to enter the service. Copies may be obtained by addressing the Forestry Bureau, Manila, P. I. A Pocket Companion ot never ending usefulness, a source of constant pleasure and comfort. To test the merits of Forestry and Irrigation as an advertising medium we offer your choice of these popular styles super- ior to the $3.00 grades of other makes for Ps | c Unconditionally Guaranteed Pre-eminently Satisfactory. Try ita week, if not suited, we buy it back, and give you $1.10 for it (the additional ten centsis to pay for your trouble in returning the pen). Weare willing to take chances on you wanting to sell; we know pen jf values—you will when you } have one of these. Finest quality hard Pararub- ber reservoir holder, 14k. Dia- mond Point Gold Pen, an desired flexibility in fine, med- ium or stub, and the only per- fect ink feed known to thesci- U ND ER O UR 3 F RM ence of fountain pen making. iQ yes! |i Sent postpaid on receipt of $1.00 M! (Registration, 80 extra.) \ FE] 1 | : LOYMEN ' : 4 This great Special Offer is} % : ; ieee ' 4 A good for just30days. Oneof | ty ‘ q | our Safety Pocket Pen Hold- : Cc le | [ R LA @ | F mM ers free of charge with each : . D ‘ uy SS MIME Lh en. a < Remember—There is No “just as good’’ as the Laugh= lin: insist on it; take no chances. z State whether Ladies’ or Gentlemen’s style is desired. Illustrations are full size of complete article. Address LAUGHLIN & CO., 841 Griswold St. Detroit, Mich. Don’t go hunting without #4 Marble’s Waterproof Matchbox 3 and 4 Marble’s Safety Pocket Axe OPN IAHO OWT Oe ih Ss re Phe ¢ ombination makes camp fire and comfort osil fq | ossible in any weather. Not pretty toys but { | m@ uecessary additions to every hunter’s kit. They y t are life savers in forest or on plain. Match- os box puaranteed watertight 5) cents. Axe Lard niade from best razor steel, with Lard rubber grip $2.50. Axe weichs 20 07, Catalogue of extra quality ~~ & sportsmen’s goods, for the ask- =f Guarp \ ing. Marble Safety Axe Co., CLOSED et Seas LRA We qualify you to hold a responsible position paying at least $20 A WEEK in any of the following professions: ILLUSTRATING, BOOKKEEPING, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ADVERTISING, PROOFREADING, SHOWCARD WRITING, STENOGRAPHY, JOURNALISM, TEACHING, BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE, ENGLISH BRANCHES. Ambitious men and women should make application at once for our EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT and free book “Struggles with the World."’ Mention profession you wish to follow. WRITE TO-DAY for full particulars, Correspondence Institute of America, Box 569 Scranton, Pa. w. re) [In writing advertisers kindly;mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION paid nbculliaeenuieneeenebeas pe NA TE DE LE TE AO i 0 EEE WHITE PINE Seeds and Seedlings for Forestry Purposes THOMAS MEEHAN & SONS, Inc., Dreshertown, Penn. Nursery Lane Nurserymen and Tree Seedsmen. BLOCKR, Photographer Views, Lantern Slides, Bromide Enlarge- ments, Copying, Developing and Printing 215 SIXTH STREET, S.E. ee De DEG: RETORTS and APPARATUS Patented in U. S. and Canada TO COLLECT WOOD ALCOHOL ACETIC ACID.... WOOD OFL:.....: LURPENTINE .. 2. FROM THE SMOKE OF WOOD AND MAKING 45 TO 50 BUSHELS OF SUPERIOR CHARCOAL PER CORD OF WOOD PLANNED BY 1 A MATHIEU, Georgetown, $.C. PAPER. R. P. Andrews & Company (inc.), iE | ORCHIDS ORCHIDS We are the largest Orchid Grow ers in the United States Our Illustrated and Deseriaive Catalogue of Orchids is now ready ana may be had on application. Orchid Growers LAGER & HURRELL and Importers. SUMMIT, N. J e Sell Direat to the Planter GRAFTED PECANS and all kinds of Nut Trees NEW PLUM, “ Maynard,” the Moneymaker Send for Description OAK LAWN NURSERY HUNTSVILLE, ALA. Press Clippings MATERIAL, Construction News CONTRACTORS, MEN, BUILDERS, MANUFACT- URERS, in fact, ANWBODY interested in Construction News of all kinds, obtain from our daily reports QUICK, RELIABLE INFORMATION. Our special corre- spondents all over the country enable us to give our patrons the news in advance of their com- petitors and before it has become common property. Let us know what you want and we will send you samples and quote you prices. PRESS CLIPPINGS oun any subject from all the leading current newspapers, maga- zines, tradeand technical journals of the United States and Canada. PUBLIC SPEAK- ERS, WRITERS, STUDENTS, CLUB WOMEN can secure reliable data for speeches, essays, debates, etc. Special facil- ities for serving ‘Trade and Class Journals, Railroads and large industrial corporations. WE READ, through our staff of skilled readers, a more comprehensive list of publica- tions than any other Burean WE AIM to give prompt and intelligent service at the low- est price consistent with good work. Write us about it. Send stamp for booklet. United States Press Clipping Bureau 147 Fifth Ave., Chicago, U.S.A. that this publication is printed . on is furnished by Washington Sole Agents in the District of Columbia for the West Vrginia Pulp and Paper Company, the Largest Manufacturers of Book Paper in the world. IF IN NEED, DROP THEM A LINE In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. National Irrigation Association Chicago, New York, Washington, 1707 Fisher Building. 47 Battery Place. 5 and 6 Glover Building. ©.F Eee EeeSs. A THos. F. WaLsH, Washington, GEORGE H. MAXWELL, Chicago, President, 5; _ Executive Chairman. JAMES H. EcCKELS, Chicago, CHARLES B. BOOTHE, New York, Treasurer. Chairman Executive Counctl. Guy E. MITCHEL!, Wasiiington, Secretary. The objects of the Association, as set, forth in its Constitution, are as follows: and settlement of the public domain, under which all the remaining public lands shall be held and administered as a trust for the benefit of the whole people of the United States, and no grants of the title to any of the public lands shall ever hereafter be made to any but actual settlers and homebuilders on the land. 2. The preservation and development of our national resources by the construction of storage reservoirs by the Federal Government for flood protection, and to save for use in aid of navigation and irrigation the flood waters which now run to waste and cause overflow and destruction. 3. The construction by the Federal Government of storage reservoirs and irrigation works wherever necessary to furnish water for the reclamation and settlement of the arid | I. The adoption by the Federal Government of a permanent policy for the reclamation public lands. 4. The preservation of the forests and reforestation of denuded forest areas as sources of water supply, the conservation of existing supplies hy approved methods of irrigation and distribution, and the increase of the water resources of the arid region by the investi- gation and development of underground supplies. : 5. The adoption of a harmonious system of irrigation laws in all the arid and semi-arid states and territories under which the right tu the use of water for irrigation shall vest in the user and become appurtenant to the land irrigated, and beneficial use be the basis and the measure and limit of the right 6. The holding of an annual Irrigation Congress, and the dissemination by public meet- ings and through the press of information regarding irrigation, and the reclamation and settle- ment of the arid public domain, and the possibilities of better agriculture through irrigation and intensive farming, and the need for agricultural education and training, and the creation of rural homes as national safeguards, and the encouragement of rural settlement as a remedy | for the social and political evils threatened by the congestion of population in large cities. i ROPIGAL FORESTRY AND HORTIGULTUR Reports and working plans for estates in Southern Florida, Bahamas, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Porto Rico, and neighboring regions . .. . The Pomelo,'or'Grape Fruit, the Favorite of all Breakfast Fruits, for which the southernmost part of the Peninsula of Florida is famous. For the produc- tion jof this profitable fruit this region has norival . . . «© +. « « . ‘Tropical forest lands bought and sold. Villa sites and grove land ‘for sale in Biscayne Bay region. Write for prospectus.g Address JOHN GIFFORD, Princeton, N. J., or Cocoanut Grove, Dade Co., Fla. W. E. HOYT, R. E. P. A. 335 Broadway, New York, N. Y. One=Way Colonist Tickets VIA NORTHERN PACIFIC| On Sale at all R.R. Ticket Offices MARCH 1 TOMAY is q TO MONTANA IDAHO OREGON WASHINGTON P. W. PUMMILL, Dist. Pass. Agt., 711 Chestnut St., Phila. Pa. Regarding Ratcs and Train Service write to For Tnformation and Maps write to A. M. CLELAND Cc. W. MOTT General Passenger Agent General Emigration Agent St. Paul, Minn. St. Paul, Minn, In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. tak 5 ea ECOND REPORT OF PUBLIC LANDS COMMISSION GeRiewa oS ‘Tae S 10 cts. a Copy . b) $1.00 a Year MARCH, 1905 KA i Washington, D.C. +) Yn Oo Ss G Y ww e) Za Y oO oO 5 Y G oS ) 3 fH (=) re wife) FPicld @ Stream Edited by EMERSON HOUGH America’s Illustrated Monthly Magazineof the Rop, Gun, Doc, CANOE, CAMERA, CRUISE, Etc Subscription Price $1.50 per Year 15cents a copy of all Newsdealers The Mysteries of the Mighty Amazon River EAD the story, graphically penned by ex- plorer ALVAH D. JAMES, of the dis- coveries and facts brought to light by “RPIELD AND STREAM’S” exploration party in the vast tropical wilderness drained by the Amazon. From the day when, on the Pacific coast, the ascent of the Andes Mountains began, the thrill of the narrative is upon you, and never releases its hold until the tale ends at the confluence of the great river with the Atlantic, 3,600 miles fromits source. Begin your subscription with the superb Christmas Number of 1903, containing the first installment of this Amazon story. Address the Publishers John P. Burkhard Corporation Deptesale 35 West 21st St., New York Nature Be&ks Now is the time to Read them Spring soon here and every normal man and woman wishes to get in touch with the newly-wakened life out of doors. See our list on a fol- lowing page. Whatever isn’t there we can procure for you at lowest rates. Forestry and Irrigation BOOK DEPARTMENT Printing § Publishing The H. M. Suter Publishing Co. have exceptional facili- ties for turning out books, pamphlets, calendars, Col- lege annuals, &c. All Kinds of Illustrations Furnished. To persons desiring prompt publication of books we can guarantee first class printing and careful proof-reading, relieving them of all detail work. CORRESPONDENCE INVITED. Hl. M. Suter Publishing Co., 510) TWELELER St Nw WASHINGTON, D. C. GREEN Principles of American Forestry 12mo, xiii X 334 pages, 73 figures, in- cluding many half-tones. Cloth, $1.50 WILSON Trrigation Engineering Fourth edition, enlarged and rewritten. kr9o Small 8vo, xxiii X 573 pages, 41 full page plates, mostly half-tones, and 142 figures. Cloth, $4.00 SNOW Che Principal Species of Wood: Their Characteristic Properties Large 8vo, xi X 203 pages, figures in the text, 39 full page half-tones. Cloth, 33.50 ELLIOTS Practical Farm Drainage 12mo, 100 pages, 25 figures. Cloth, $1.00 ELLIOT Engineering for Land Drainage 12mo, vii X 232 pages, 41 figures, 6 full page half-tones. Cloth, $1.50 JOHN WILEY & SONS 43 and 45 East 19th St. New York City XS) SCHOOLS & flarvard ean Th Lawrence Scientific School Announces the establishment of four-years’ programme of courses in Forestry leading to the degree of S. B. The School offers also profes- sional courses leading to the degree of S. B. in Landscape Architecture, Engineering, Mining, Geology, Biology, Chemistry, etc. Information about require- ments for admission, courses of study, expenses, etc., may be obtained ! y addressing Jv. L. LOVE, Secretary 16 University Hall, Cambridge, Mass. N.S. SHALER, Dean. Accurate estimates of standing timber, valuation surveys and working plans made, and expert advice on any logging, lumbering, or forestal proposition furn- ished by C. A. SCHENCK .. CO., Biltmore, N. C. Consulting Forest Engineers. Harvard University THE Lawrence Scientific School offers four-year courses of study leading to the degree of S.B. in Civil, Mechanical, and. Electri- cal Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Archi- tecture, Landscape Architecture, Forestry, Chem- istry, Geology, Biology, Anatomy and Hygiene (preparation for medical schools), Science for Teachers, and a course in General Science. For the catalogue and information, address J. L. Love 16 University Hall, Cambridge, Mass. N. S. SHALER, Dean. California, Alta, Placer County AGASSIZ HALL is a boys’ Preparatory School in the Sierra Ne vada Mountains. Its boys are encouraged to ride, row, swim, fish, hunt, trap, snowshoe as out-of-school aids toward developing healthy manhood, COLLEGES BS! A SO ee te si S| THE University of the South Sewanee, Tennessee DEPARTMENTS Academic Medical Theological Pharmaceutical Law Preparatory The University of the South is situated in the center of its woodland domain of 10,000 acres on the summit of the Cumberland Mountains, 2,000 feet above sea level. Open from March to December, the academic year being divided into three terms. Students from other Universities may attend the sum- mer session, July 3 to September 26, in any department. The University domain is being lumbered in a scientific manner under the direction of the Bureau of Forestry, U.S. Department of Agri- culture,and an unusual opportunity isafforded for the preliminary study of forestry. Sewanee presents an exceptionally attractive field for the study of geology, and forest and field botany. For further information address THE VICE-CHANCELLOR Fast through train service to all points from Chicago, Milwaukee and Peoria on the East, to Omaha, Denver, the A Black Hills, Salt Lake City and the Pacific Coast on the West, and north- ward to St. Paul, Minneapolis, Duluth, Superior, Ashland, Mar- quette and Sault Ste. Marie. Ghe Best of Everything. W. B. Kniskern, P.T.M Chicago, Ill, In writing advertisers kindly mention FoRESTRY AND IRRIGATION. ai opel aA EWES (obo American Forestry Association President—HON. JAMES WILSON, SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. The American Forestry Association was organized in 1882, and incorporated in January, 1897. “It now has nearly three thousand members, residents of every State in the Union, Canada, and foreign countries. It has at all times been active in promoting measures tending toward the proper utilization of the forests and their protection from destruc- tion by fires and wasteful use. The objects of this Association are to promote : 1. A business-like and conservative use and treatment of the forest resources of this country ; 2. The advancement of legislation tending to this end, both in the States and the Congress of the United States, the inauguration of forest administration by the Federal Government and by the States ; and the extension of sound forestry by all proper methods ; 3. The diffusion of knowledge regarding the conserva- tion, management, and renewal of forests, the proper utilization of their products, methods of reforestation of waste lands, and the planting of trees. The Association desires and needs as members all who are interested in promoting the objects for which it is organ- ized—all who realize the importance of using the natural resources of the country in such a manner as not to exhaust them, or to work ruin to other interests. In particular it appeals to owners of wood-lands, to lumbermen and forest- ers, as well as to engineers, professional, and business men who have to do with wood and its manifold uses, and to persons concerned in the conservation of water supplies for irrigation or other purposes. The American Forestry Association holds annual and special meetings at different places in the country for the discussion and exchange of ideas, and to stimulate interest in its objects. Forestry and Irrigation, the magazine of author- ity in its special field, is the official organ of the Association, and is sent free to every member monthly. Its list of con- tributors includes practically all persons prominent in forest work in the United States, making it alone worth the cost of annual membership in the Association. The annual dues are, for regular members, $2.00, for sustaining members, $25.00; life membership is $100, with no further dues. Any person contributing $1,000 to the funds of the Association shall be a Patron. H. M. Suter, Secretary. Address: P. O. Box 356, Washington, D. C. ORGANIZED APRIL, 1882 INCORPORATED JANUARY, 1897 i American Forestry Association OFFICERS FOR 1905 President Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture First Vice-President, JAMES W. PINCHOT, Washington, D. C. Recording Secretary Corresponding Secretary EDWARD A. BOWERS, New Haven, Conn. H. M. SUTER, Washington, D. C. Treasurer, OTTO LUEBKERT, Washington, D. C. Directors JAMES WILSON HENRY S. GRAVES EDWARD A BOWERS WILLIAM L. HALL B. E. FERNOW GEORGE K. SMITH OTTO LUEBKERT F. H. NEWELL WILLIAM S.HARVEY GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY GIFFORD PINCHOT Vice-Presidents Sir H. G. Joly de Lotbiniere, Victoria, B.C. | William Trelease, St. Louis, Mo. Charles C. Georgeson, Sitka, Alaska. Charles E. Bessey, Lincoln, Neb. John L. Kaul, Birmingham, Ala. | Frank W. Rollins, Concord, N. H. B. A. Fowler, Pheenix, Ariz. | John Gifford, Princeton, N. J. T. P. Lukens, Pasadena, Cal. | William F. Fox, Albany, N. Y. W. G. M. Stone, Denver, Col. C. A. Schenck, Biltmore, N. C. Austin F. Hawes, New Haven Conn. | Wm. R. Lazenby, Columbus, Ohio. Henry M. Canby, Wilmington, Del. | S.C. Bartrum, Roseburg, Oregon. John Joy Edson, Washington, D. C. | William T. Little, Perry, Okla. Elihu Stewart, Ottawa, Ont. | J. T. Rothrock, West Chester, Pa. Chas. H. Herty, Green Cove Springs, Fla. | George Peabody Wetmore, Newport, R. I. R. B. Reppard, Savannah, Ga. George H. Whiting, Yankton, S. D. J. T. Pence, Boise, Idaho. Wm. L. Bray, Austin, Texas. Chas. Deering, Chicago, III. Luke Lea, Nashville, Tenn. W. H. Freeman, Indianapolis, Ind. | George L. Swendsen, Salt Lake City,Utah. Hugh P. Baker, Ames, Iowa. George Aitken, Woodstock, Vt. George W. Tincher, Topeka, Kansas. D. O. Nourse, Blacksburg, Va. S. C. Mason, Berea, Ky. | Thomas L. Burke, Seattle, Wash. A. D. Hopkins, Morgantown, W. Va. E. M. Griffith, Madison, Wis. Jos. M. Carey, Cheyenne, Wyoming. Lewis Johnsor, New Orleans, La. John E. Hobt_, North Berwick, Me. Edward L. Mellus, Baltimore, Md. Wm. Little, Montreal, Quebec. Alfred Ackerman, Boston, Mass. Geo. P. Ahern, Manila, P. I. Filibert Roth, Ann Arbor, Mich. Wm. R. Castle, Hawaii. Samuel B. Green, St. Anthony Park, Minn. J. H. McLeary, San Juan, P. R. Annual Dues, $2. Life Membership, with exemption from further dues, $100. Sustaining Membership, $25 a year FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the Association, and sent regularly to all members APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP To Mr. H. M. SUTER, Secretary American Forestry Association Box 356, Washington, D. C. DEAR SIR: I hereby signify my desire to become a member of the American Forestry Association. Two dollars ($2.00) for annual dues enclosed herewith. Very truly yours, Name— Eee BS &: P. O. Address- For Sale by FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION, 510 Twelfth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. IMPORTANT BOOKS ON FORESTRY PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF FORESTRY | Economics of Forestry, The. By 1835 13 | FERNOW. This volume treats of torests and forestry from the standpoint of political economy, and is designed to furnish a trustworthy basis for formu- lating public policy. Price, $1.50 First Book of Forestry, A. By FILIBERT Ror. An outline of the general principles of forestry, written in simple, non-technical language, designed particularly for the beginner. Price, $1.25 Practical Forestry, for Beginners in Forestry, Agricultural Students and Woodland Owners. By JOHN GIFFORD. A good general description of the principles of | forestry with enough technical information to pre- pare the beginner for more intricate problems. Price, $1.28 Forest Planting. By H. NicHoLas JARCHOW: An illustrated treatise on methods and means of restoring denuded woodland, with full instructions. Price, $1.50 Forestry. (Schwappach.) An English transla- tion of ‘‘ Forstwissenschaft.”’ Price, 50c. Hedges, Windbreaks, Shelters and Live Fences. By E. P. PowELL. A treatise on the planting, growth and management of hedges with information ‘concerning windbreaks and shelters. Price, 50. North American Forests and Forest- ry. By ERNEST BRUNCKEN. This volume, ex posi- tory in its character, is written in a style intended for the general reader, to whom it should convey a good idea of our forests and tenets of forestry. Price, $2.00 Practical Forestry. By ANDREW S. FULLER. A treatise on the propagation, planting and cultiva- tion, with descriptions and the botanical and popu- lar names of all the indigenous trees of the United States, and notes on a large number of the most valuable exotic species. Price, $1.50 Principles of American Forestry. By SAMUEL B.GREEN. Prepared especially for students | in elementary forestry and for the general reader who wishes to secure a general idea of forestry in North America. Price, $1.50 Profession of Forestry, The. By Gir- FORD PrINcHoT. A pamphlet containing an address on that subject by Mr. Gifford Pinchot; also an ad- dress by Mr. Overton W. Price on ‘‘ Study in Europe for American Forest Students,’’ and a list of refer- ence publications for students. Price, 25¢c. Tree Planting on Streets and High- ways. By Wm. Ff. Fox. A comprehensive treatise on tree planting pleasingly presented and copiously illustrated in half-tones and color plates. Price, $1.50 FOREIGN IMPORTATIONS English Estate Forestry. By A.C. FORBEs. An authoritative volume on English forest methods from the pen of a well known forester, that should prove of considerable interest to American readers. Price, $3.60 Fortwissenschaft. (Schwappach.) Price, 40c. Manual of Forestry. (Schlich.) Five vol- umes, complete, or separately as follows (price, com- plete, $17.20) ; Vol.l. “Utility of Trees and Fund- amental Principles of Silvicul- ture.”’ Price, $2.40 Vol. JL ** Formation and Tending of Woods.”’ Price, $3.20 Vol. lll. ‘*‘ Forest Management.” Price, $3.20 Vol.iV. ‘Forest Protection.” Price, $3.60 Vol. V. ‘Forest Utilization.” Price, $4.80 This is perhaps the most authoritative work that has been issued on the technica: side of forestry, translated from the German. DENDROLOGY, BOTANY, AND IDENTIFICA- TION OF SPECIES American Woods. By RomMEyN B. HouGH. A new departure in the publication of an authorita- tive work illustrated with actual wood sections of the various species described. Three are given of each, viz., radial, transverse, and tangential. Is- sued in ten parts, per part Price, $5.00 Among Green Trees. By JULIA ELLEN Rocers. This book supplies the demand for a nature book on trees which is more than mere sys- tematic studies. The book treats of general prin- ciples, ete., and gives tree history and life accurate- ly. Price, $3.00 Familiar Trees and Their Leaves. By F. SCHUYLER MATHEWS. This little volume con- tains a large amount of interesting information concerning the better-known trees of the eastern United States. The botanical name and habitat of each tree is given, along with a record of the pre- cise character and color of its foliage. Price, $1.75 Flora of the Northern United States and Canada. By Britton and BROWNE. A complete and accurate key to the flora of the region covered. 3 vols, Price, $12.00 Flora of the Southern States. (Chap- man.) This is an excellent key to the flora of the south, complete and accurate in its scope. Price, $4.00 Forest Trees and Forest Scenery. By G. FREDERICK SCHWARZ. By a painstaking analysis of the zesthetic elements of forest scenery and its concomitants, Mr. Schwarz has presented the sub- ject ina new way, that all readers may find some new beauties and economies in the habits of trees and the conformation of forests. Price, $1.50 Getting Acquainted with the Trees. By J. Horace MCFARLAND. A handsome volume, copiously illustrated, and with facts accurately pre- sented in an entertaining way. Pricé, $1.75 Mandbook of Plants. (Henderson. ) Price, $3.00 How Plants Grow. By Asa GRAy. An understanding of the way in which a tree grows is of prime importance to the forester, and the matter here presented is accurate and authoritative. Price, 80¢e. How to Tell The Trees. By J.G. LEMMon. A pocket dictionary of the trees designed particu- larly for the identification of western species, and written in an entertaining manner. Price, 50¢. Manual of Botany. By Asa Gray. A key to the flora of the northeastern states, and the most authoritative publication of its nature. Price, $1.62; field edition, $2.00 Our Native Trees. By Harriet L. KEELER. A popular key to the trees of the northeastern United States, presented in manner giving easy access to the text. The book is accurate, and as far as possible is written in a style which would make it interesting to the beginner. Price, $2.00 Our Northern Shrubs. By Hargier L. KEELER. This volume is planned on the same lines as the foregoing, and describes the shrubs which are native to the region extending from the Atlantie Ocean to the Mississippi River and from Canada to the northern boundaries of our Southern states. The arrangement is by families and each member is given a popular and scientifie descrip- tion. Price, $2.00 Principal Species of Wood; Their Characteristic Properties. By CHARLES HENRY SNOW. No attempt is made to give exhaus- tive descriptions of species. but the author presents a mass of information designed for the use and in- struction of woodworkers, ete., in a popular style. A host of coneise information is brought under each head. and the work isa valuable one. Price, $3.50. These books sent prepaid upon receipt of price indicated, by FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION, 510 Twelfth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Important Books on Forestry and Irrigation for sale by FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 510 Twelfth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. Studies of Trees in Winter. By ANNE OAKES HUNTINGTON A description of the decidu- ous trees of northeastern America with keys for their identification in winter, written in a bright, entertaining style, and containing a mass of valu- able information. Price, $2.25 Trees of New England. By L. L. DAME and HENRY Brooks. This book is a small volume which can be easily put in the pocket and carried in the woods. and at the same time is the best guide to the identification of our New England trees of any of the smaller books yet published. Price, $1.50 Trees of Northeastern America. (NEW- HALL.) A good general check list of the more im- portant trees of the northeastern United States. Price, $1.75 Trees and Shrubs. By C.S.SArGENT. The most thorough and authoritative publication yet issued, and a standard work. The matter is issued in parts, of which there are three already published. Price, per part, $5.00 Trees, Shrubs and Wines of the Northeastern United States. By H.E. PARKHURST. In this book the author describes the trees, shrubs, and vines of the northeastern United States in a popular way, the book being designed especially for persons who have never studied bot- any. ‘To these it will appeal as a valuable guide to a familiarity with the salient characteristics of trees, shrubs and vines. West American Cone Bearers. By J.G. LEMMON. Written in a simple style, this book, with its conveniently small size, is a ready guide to the conifers of the Western coast. Price, $1.00 DESCRIPTION OF PARTICULAR SPECIES AND LOCALITIES Adirondack Spruce, The. By GIFFORD PincHot. A study of the habits of an important lumber tree; its rate of wood accretion per tree per acre, with conclusions drawn from this study as to Price, $1.50 | the financial possibility of practical forestry i ; C sibility stry in dealing with the species. Price, $1.00 Mountains of California, The. By JoHn Murr. No other person is so well fitted to write of the mountains of California as John Muir, and the volume presented here describes not only the moun- tains themselves but the trees that clothe them and the wild life which they harbor. Price, 31.75 White Pine, The. By Girrorp PincHor The study of an important timber tree; its habits. rate of wood accretion per tree per acre, with con- clusions drawn as to the financial possibility of practical forestry in dealing with the species. ~ Price, $1.00 Our National Parks. By JoHN Murr. If you want to learn about the glaciers, mountain peaks, canyons and great waterfalls of the West: of the habits of animals from the squirrel to the moose; plant life from the big trees to the wild flowers —in fact be brought face with nature’s works, this is the book. Price, $1.75 IMPORTATIONS Beautiful Rare Trees and Plants. By the EARL OF ANNESLEY. A description of some of the rarer English trees, shrubs and vines, illustrated copiously. Price, $12.00 Forests of Upper India and Their Inhabitants. By THoMAs W. WEBBER. This volume is an account of the author’s life in India during the period shortly after 1857. It contains a vivid description of the country, its people, cus- toms, ete.. with some description of its forests and timber wealth. Price, $5.00 Important Philippine Woods. By Cap- tain GEORGE P. AHERN. This is the only authori- tative compilation of the more important woods of the Philippines, with copious illustrations, part of which are in color. Captain Ahern is the head of the Forestry Bureau of the Philippines. Price, $3.00 BOOKS ON IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE Irrigation in the United States. By F. H. NEWELL. The most authoritative and complete work on the subject which has yet been published, by the head of the Government’s irrigation work. Price, $2 00 Irrigation for Farm, Garden and Orchard. By Henry Stewart. This work is offered to those American farmers and other culti- vators of the soil who, from painful experience, can readily appreciate the losses which result from the seareity of water at critical periods. Price, $1.00 Irrigation and Drainage. By F.H. KING. | | | | While most of the existing books on these subjects | haye been written from engineering or legal stand- points, this one presents in a broad yet specific way the fundamental principles which underlie the methods of culture by irrigation and drainage. Price, $1.50 Farm Drainage. By JupGE FrREeNcH. The principles, process, and effects of draining land with stones, wood, ditch-plows, open ditches, and espec- ially with tiles; including tables of rainfall, evap- oration, filtration, excavation, capacity of pipes, cost and number to the acre. Land Draining. By Manty Mites. A hand- book for farmers on the principles and practise of draining, giving the results of his extended experi- ence in laying tile drains. Price, $1.00 Practical Farm Drainage— Why, When, and How to Tile Drain. By C. G. Elliott. The book is aclear exposition of the methods of tile draining, with a discussion of the effects, and much valuable related matter. Price, $1.00 Land of Little Rain, The. By Mrs. Mary AUSTIN. A nature book of the highest type. The volume is made up of a series of sketches of the human, animal, and plant life found in the region of the Mohave desert, Death Valley, and the Sierras, much of which the average person is likely to con- sider almost devoid of living things. Price, $2.00 Price, $1.00 | IRRIGATION ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUC- TIVE WORK Design and Construction of Dams. By EDWARD WEGMANN. This volume includes an authoritative discussion of the constructive work involved and the principal forms of construction. Masonry, rock-fill and timber dams are discussed extensively. Price, $5.00 Improvement of Rivers. By B. F. THomMAs and D. A. WaTT. This volume isa treatise on the methods employed for improving streams for open navigation and for navigation by means of locks and dams. Price, $6.50 Irrigation Engineering. By HERBERT M, WILson. This is the fourth edition of Mr. Wilson’s popular work, and the revision and enlargement which it has undergone, places it at the forefront of text books on the subject for American students. 39 Price, $4.00 Engineering for Land Drainage. By C. G. ELLIOTT. A manual for laying out and con- structing drains for the improvement of agricul- tural lands. Price, $1.50 Reservoirs for Irrigation, Water- power, and Domestic Water-sup- Ply. By JAmMeEs DIx SCHUYLER. An account of various types of dams and the methodsand plans of their construction, together with a discussion of the available water-supply for irrigation in various sec- tions of arid America, distribution, application, and use of water; the rainfall, runoff, and evaporation from reservoirs, and effect of silt, ete. Price, $5.00 Water Supply Engineering. By A. PRESCOTT FOLWELL. A treatise on the designing, construction and maintenance of water-supply sys- tems, both city and irrigation. Price, $4.00 Water Power. By JoserpH P. FRIZELL. An outline of the development and application of the energy of flowing water. Price, $5.00 These books sent prepaid upon receipt of price indicated, by FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 510 Twelfth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. The Proceedings OF THE American Forest Congress held at Washington, D. C., Jan. 2 to 6, will be published in book form April 15, 1905. This volume will contain the full list of notable addresses and papers delivered at the several sessions of the Congress, alist of the dele- gates who were present, and the text of the resolutions adopted. Altogether this will form the most comprehensive and authorita- tive publication on the subject of forestry that has yet been issued in the United States. The price of the book will be $1.25 PosTPAID. Orders should be accompanied by remittance, and may be sent to H. TT SUTTER, Secretary American Forestry Association, 510 Twelfth St., N. W., Washington, D. C. /] Forestry and Irrigation CA H. M. SUTER, Editor = Se eT eR Sa Ge aR le CONTENTS FOR MARCH, 1905 VIEW OF GRAND RIVER CANYON, COLO. - Frontispiece NEWS ANDINOTES: (Iilustrated )§ National Forest Legislation 99 Yale Summer School - - Congress and Public Lands 99 Forestry at University of Neb- Defeat of Square Mile Home- raska - = = = = steads - - - - 100 Reclamation Service Notes - Supporting the Reclamation Forest Reserve Personals’ - Service - - - - 101 Early Experiment in Forestry A Lightning Change - - 101 North Dakota Irrigation Code Forestry in Illinois - - 101 Western Tree Planting - - Forest Law tor California - 101 FORESTRY IN INDIANA (Illustrated) ~ Semuel J. Record THE KREMMLING RESERVOIR (Tilustrated), A. L. Fellows VAST HIDDEN WEALTH IN THE SEMI-ARID REGION Guy E. Mitchell CREATION OF FOREST RESERVES A BENEFIT TO MINERS - -, - - - ~ - John D. Leland YELLCW PINE IN THE SOUTHWEST (JI/ustrated) - SECOND REPORT OF PUBLIC LANDS COMMISSION A GREAr HARDWOOD FOREST (Jilustrated) - = = 136 RECLAMATION SERVICE NOTES - - - - - 141 WHAT DO WE PLANT? -_— (from the poems of Henry Abbey) 143 RECENT PUBLICATIONS - - = - - - - - 144 ForRESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the American Forestry Associa- tion. Subscription price $1.00 a year; single copies 10 cents. Copyright, 1904, by H. M. Suter Publishing Co. Entered at the Post Office at Washington, D. C. as second-class mail matter. Published Monthly at WASHINGTON, D. C. Forestry and Irrigation. MARCH, 1905. NO! 2 NEWS AND NOTES In spite of a short ses- sion and a calendar crowded with impor- tant measures requiring prompt con- sideration, Congress found time to enact some important forest !egisla- tion at the session recently closed. The most important of the several meas- ures passed and a decided forward step in forest matters was the bill which transferred the administration of the national forest reserves from the De- partment of the Interior to the De- partment of Agriculture, notice of which was made in the February num- ber of Forestry AND [rRIGATION. In this connection it is well to state that beginning July Ist, the Bureau of Forestry will be know as the ‘‘Forest Service.” The change of name being provided for in the agricultural appro- priation bill. A matter of great importance was the repeal of the lieu selection law, which n>w makes it impossible for persons holuing lands within forest reserves to exchange them for equal areas elswhere in the public domain as heretofore. In the agricultural appropriation bill a provision of much importance to va- rious communities in the West pro- vides that: “The Secretary of Agri- culture may, in his discretion, permit timber and other forest products to be cut and removed from the forest re- serves, except in the Black Hills For- est Reserve, in South Dakota, and the forest reserves in Idaho, to be export- ed from the State, Territory, or Dis- trict of Alaska, in which said reserves are respectively situated.’’ This makes it possible for lumbering to be en- gaged in and will greatly help the prosperity of the regions surrounding the reserves. A new departure in National Forest Legislation. creating forest reserves is contained in a provision in the Indian Appropri- ation bill, which provides that the President may set aside by proclama- tion, stich part ashe’ sees fit of the Uintah Indian Reservation in Utah as a national forest reserve. Heretofore the President has been empowered to set aside forest reserves only from lands actually a part of the public do- main. The general deficiency appro- priation bill includes a deficiency item of $50,000 for the care of forest re- serves. A separate act authorizes the Secretary of the Interior to use earth, stone, and timber on the public lands and forest reserves, in the construc- tion of works under the National Re- clamation Act. Still another bill ex- cludes from the Yosemite National Park certain lands, and attaches the same to the Sierra Forest Reserve. A further act gives all persons employed in the forest reserve and national park services in the United States, author- ity to make arrests for the violation of regulations of the forest reserves and national parks. Oa OLE eae A OLIGO LLL LOL FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 101 two and a half hours, at the same time it serves to illustrate one of the numer- ous ways of turning trees into usable form with wonderful rapidity. The Illinois Federated Women’s Clubs—a federation of 268 clubs with a membership of over 25,000— has taken up with serious earnestness the practical question of scientific for- estry in Illinois, and with that end in view has prepared and had introduced in the Illinois Assembly three forestry bills. One of these proposed laws pro- vides for a chair of forestry in the State University of Illinois, another for the organization and maintenance of a State forestry commission, ap- pointed by the Governor from selec- tions made by the Farmers’ Institute, the Illinois Nurserymen’s Association, the State Agricultural Society, the State Horticultural Society, and the chair of Forestry of the State Univer- sity. The third bill provides for the purchase of a pine tract in Ogle county. Forestry in Illinois. The legislature of Cal- ifornia has passed the act introduced by Sen- ator Anderson to provide for “the regulation of fires on, and the protec- tion and management of, public and private forest lands in the State of California, creating a State Board of Forestry * * * and creating a forestry fund and appropriating the moneys in said fund, and defining and providing for the punishment of certain offenses for violations of the provisions of this act, and making an appropriation therefor.””. The State Board of For- estry is to consist of the Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney-General, and State Forester, which latter posi- tion has been created, with a salary of $2,400. ‘The supervision and care of the State forest reserves and parks is in charge of the board, and the State Forester is empowered to lend his as- sistance in any cooperative work of the State with counties, towns, corpo- rations, and individuals, and directed Forest Law for California. Zi S —_ a < (a) — x a4 —_ A Zi < be oar = TM ea ‘aay js) os Coby wozDvbt44y7 Pup Wty feay~mos ) MI ronRsaiiT AMNABID Due ISATNM HUT ane Seem fare m nn 4 ; to prepare and distribute abstracts of the forest laws, and appoint fire war- dens for as many districts as he may see fit to divide the State. Penalties are prescribed for the violation of the provisions of the act, and the district attorneys directed to prosecute vigor- ously all such violations. The penalty for wilfully, maliciously and negli- gently setting forest fires is put at not less than $50, or more than $1,000. An appliance to prevent the escape of sparks is required on all engines and boilers operating in or near forests, brush, or grass land, and the State For- ester is directed to see that country roads in various counties are cleared of inflammable material. An appro- /priation of $17,600 was made for car- rying out the provisions of this act, and a section provides that the moneys received as penalties of violations shall ‘be paid into the treasury as a State ‘forestry fund. | Formal announcement has been made of the fifth annual session of the Yale Summer School of Forestry, which will open July 5, 1905, and close August 17th. The course is designed for students who are considering for- estry as a profession, for young men -about to enter th: lumber business, for teachers of Lotany and nature study, for forest rangers, for wood- land owners, and for all other persons | desiring to spend a summer out of | doors and to obtain a general know!l- tedge of forestry. The course is of | great assistance to those who after- wards enter an advanced forest school. | Full information can be had -by ad- dressing Professor Henry S. Graves, | New Haven, Conn. Yale Summer School. | Forestryat Uni- The Department of versityofNeb- Forestry in the Uni- raska, ; versity of Nebraska | reports good progress for the present year. Plans were recently completed whereby forestry is given a permanent place in the curriculum of the School of Agriculture, and a course of several | lectures on farm forestry is being giv- 1905 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 103 en there this semester. In all, some sixty students have been brought un- der instruction in forestry this year. Of this number about twenty are pre- paring for the profession. Two men expect to graduate from the forestry course in june. So far as time would permit, the department has been represented in the farmers’ institute work in the State, and as a result the number of applications for assistance in forest planting and in managing woodlots is increasing. A plan for planting jack pine in the sand hills was recent- ly prepared, and fifteen copies were mailed to applicants in February. At the beginning of the school year, the students of the department or- ganized the University of Nebraska Forest Club. This organization meets every two weeks. Mr ‘Charles Fi’ Pants of Philadelphia, has received an appoint- ment as engineer in the U. S. Recla- mation Service, and has been assigned to duty in connection with the Ft. Buford project, South Dakota. Mr. Paul graduated from the Massachu- setts Institute of Technology with the degree of C. k., and was engaged for several years with the State Board of Health, and the Metropolitan Water 30ard, of Boston. Since 1900 he has been engaged on construction work in connection with filters and reservoirs in Philadelphia. Mr. James L,. Lytel, irrigation en- gineer, who has been engaged for the past nine months at Montrose, Colo., in connection with the Uncompahgre Valley project, has received a perma- nent appointment under the Reclama- tion, Sémvice: Mr. John L. Mann, of New Hamp- shire, has received an appointment as assistant engineer in the Reclamation Service. He has been assigned to duty under the Belle Fourche project, in South Dakota. The following assignments have been made by Director Walcott, of the U. S. Geological Survey, in connection Reclamation Service Notes. 104 with the work of the Reclamation Service in Montana: Irwin B. Hosig, of Madison, Wis- consin, hydrographic aid; Charles E. Chipman, Ambridge, Penn., and John C. Cleghorn, Onawa, Iowa, engineer- ing aids. These men are appointed from the Civil Service list and will report to S. B. Robbins, engineer in charge of Sun River project, at Great Falls. In continuance of an investigation of the irrigation project which is being made in the vicinity of Holbrook, Ari- zona, the chief engineer has ordered the establishment of gaging stations on the Little Colorado River above the mouth of the Puerco, in the vi- cinity of Woodruff, and below the mouth of the Puerco in the vicinity of Holbrook, and also of Clear Creek and Chevlons Fork, which are tribu- taries of the Little Colorado. On March si) Mir? eae A. Anderson, former- ly Special Forest Su- perintendent of the Yellowstone For- est Reserve, was made Special Forest Inspector of that reserve. Forest Inspector S. A. Barrett is temporarily in charge of the western division of the Santa Barbara Forest Reserve, in California. Forest Ranger J. R. Bell has been placed in charge of the San Jacinto and Trabuco Canyon Reserves, in Cal- ifornia, taking the place of former Forest Supervisor Bartlett, who has resigned. Forest Ranger S. N. 1. Ellis has been placed in charge of the Stanis- laus and Lake Tahoe Forest Reserves, in California, taking the place of For- est Supervisor Grant I. Taggart. Forest Ranger L. F. Kneipp has been placed in charge of the Pecos River Forest Reserve, taking the place of former Forest Supervisor T. B. Hanna, deceased. The office of Forest Superintendent for the Northern Division of the Sier- ra Forest Reserve, in California, for- merly held by Forest Superintendent Forest Reserve Personals. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION | March C.. S27 Newhall, March I, 1905. # The office of Forest Superintendent for the Southern California Forest Reserves, formerly held by Colonel B. F. Allen, was abolished on February I, 1O@s: Early Experi- ment in Forestry. was abolished on An interesting exam- ple of the profit in conservative forest management in this country is fur- nished by Dr. S. B. Caldwell, of Pa- ducah, Ky., who has dealt in timber- | lands in the southwestern part of the State for fifty-eight years. “In 1847,” says Dr. Caldwell, “I sold timber from a tract of land at $1 an acre, the puraay chaser having the privilege of remov- | ing what he wanted and leaving what he did not want. He took the choice trees, but left a considerable amount standing. In 1870 I sold the timber from the same tract and got for it $2 a tree. The purchaser removed an average of three trees per acre. am 1884 I sold the timber from the same tract for the third time, and got for it as much as I had received at the second sale.” Dr. Caldweld’s experience in the woods taught him long ago the wis- dom of conservative forest manage- ment. Thirty years ago, when he came into possession of a tract of about 700 acres near Paducah, he sold a quantity of the timber for wagon stock. At that time forestry in this country was virtually unknown. Dr. Caldwell, however, was sufficiently foresighted to allow no trees to be cut except those which he selected. He went about in the woods and picked out trees whose tops and general ap- pearance showed they had passed their period of greatest vigor, and trees which interfered with promising young growth. His forest has been culled a number of times in the past thirty years, but so wisely has the cutting been done that to-day the land will average from 10,000 to 15,000 board feet per acre. This was an ex- periment in forestry which has amply — justified itself, and shows how a | ath 1905 shrewd and far-sighted man may, even without technical advice, secure good returns from his woodland without impairing its productive value and while putting himself in position to profit by the steady rise which is tak- ing place in timber values. The legislature of North Dakota recent- ly passed a compre- hensive irrigation code which follows closely the provisions of the suggested State irrigation code drawn up last summer by Mr. Morris Bien, of the U. S. Reclamation Service. This is the first effective legislation on the subject in North Dakota, and will put irrigation investigations there upon a well established and permanent basis, so that it is now possible to secure the exclusive services of a competent man as State engineer. The first State en- gineer, Professor E. F. Chandler, who began that work last season and has been carrying it on in addition to his work as resident hydrographer for the U. S. Geological Survey and to his regular duties in the State Univer- sity, now transfers the office to Mr. A. L. Fellows, of Denver, Colo., who has been for the past two years district engineer for Colorado of the U. S. Re- clamation Service, and who under the new law is now ppointed by Gover- nor Sarles as State engineer of North Dakota. North Dakota Irrigation Code. ihewwagents of the Bureau of Forestry detailed to investigate planted groves and natural timber in the eastern half of the two Dakotas and the western third of Minnesota have completed their field work. The results of their investigations will be embodied in a report which will be published as soon as the data collected can be tabulated and definite conclu- sions drawn. Throughout the region investigated a good deal of tree planting has been done to meet the requirements of the Timber Culture Act or for protective purposes. Local benefits have been Western Tree Planting. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 105 gained by this planting, and a study of the results gives a good basis for sug- gestions looking towards still better results in the future. The species most generally tried are those which grow naturally in the river bottoms of the region, together with some which have been introduced from Europe. They are cottonwood, boxelder, green ash, silver maple, white willow, and white elm. ‘These trees have some ad- mirable qualities, but are in some re- spects unsuited to the region. The ideal tree for planting on the prairie is one which is able to resist extremes of drought and temperature, is free from insect enemies, makes a rapid growth, and is at the same time valuable for both protective and com- mercial uses. Some of the conifers or evergreens have these characteris- tics in a high degree, and enough planting of certain species of pine, spruce, and larch has been done to prove their superiority. For future planting in this section the Bureau will probably recommend the substitution to a large extent of cone-bearing trees for some of the species which have been in common use. In the past the timber value of trees was a secondary consideration. ‘Trees were planted for their protective value and for ornament. But by a proper choice of trees a direct profit can also be reaped. A species which meets commercial requirements will, in most cases, answer all other demands. This additional commercial benefit in tree planting the Bureau will emphasize in its forthcoming report. The region examined is prairie land, very fertile, and for the most part de- voted to profitable farming. But the hot, dry winds from the southwest are very injurious in summer, while the crops are maturing; in the long winters the piercing cold winds from the northwest are a menace to live- stock as well as a source of great dis- comfort. Hence windbreaks along the south, west, and north sides of farms, buildings, and inclosures contribute largely to the welfare of farm life. It 106 is of the first importance that the kinds of trees composing these windbreaks should be those which will most quick- ly reach the size demanded to furnish efficient protection, and at the same time permanently hold their ground and perform their office. In addition, FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March they should yield good commercial returns. The careful consideration which the Bureau has given to this side of the question should make its recommendations of great value to the farmers of the extensive region stud- ied. Fish Lake Reservoir Site, Washington. FORESTRY IN INDIANA BY SAMUEL J. RECORD Forest Assistant, Bureau of Forestry NDIANA, though in area one of the smallest of the Western States, ranks among the foremost in wealth, resources, and advancement. Consist- ent with its progress in other lines is its present active interest in forestry— an endeavor to make amends for past extravagance and neglect. The study of its problems and experiments to- ward their solution should prove both interesting and instructive. Topographically, the State may be considered a plane, with its lowest levels in the southwestern portions, where it has an elevation of about 300 feet above sea level. The highest re- gion is found in the central and east- ern part where the general elevation is between 900 and 1,300 feet above sea level. From this region the land slopes in every direction. ‘The entire northern portion of the State is cov- ered deeply with glacial drift, and therefore, differs materially in the character of its soil from other re- gions. f The drainage is through the St. Joseph to Lake Michigan, through the Kankakee to the Mississippi, through the Maumee to Lake Erie, and through the Wabash to the Ohio. By far the greater portion of the State is drained through the Wabash and Kan- kakee, while only the northeastern counties enter the lake drainage. Along these streams are rich valleys, once thickly covered with the most valuable timber in the world. Fully 28,000 square miles covered with splended oak, walnut, ash, tulip, cherry, maple, elm, hickory, beech and sycamore was once our heritage. No- where in America did there exist a more magnificent hardwood forest than that which clothed four-fifths of Indiana’s area. Invaluable as such timber would be to-day, it was then a hindrance and obstruction. It was a foe to progress and a terror to the early settler. The tide of emigration was on westward from New York, Virginia, and the Carolinas, and In- diana was passed by thousands seeking the prairies of the Western States. Indiana’s development began with the destruction of its magnificent for- ests. At first there was no market for the timber and the best was cut into rails, hewed into sills, or used for firewood. Regular logging bees were held and tree after tree was felled, their massive trunks rolled together and burned. ‘The coming of the rail- roads introduced improved saw-miils and transported their products to ready markets, while up to this time the forests had been removed mostly in the interests of agriculture, the de- sire for revenue now entered as a new stimulus to forest destruction. A full appreciation of the conditions con- fronting the early pioneer reveals how naturally this policy of forest de- struction was inaugurated. And now it is hardly to be expected that a people who have for three or four generations been so actively engaged in destroying the forest which obstructed their pro- gress should busy themselves with the planting of tracts with a view of es- tablishing other forests. The descend- ants have inherited the spirit of their fathers and have continued their work of clearing and destroying and wast- ing without due regard for changed conditions or thought for the future. We are wont to condole this de- struction and point with pride to our excellent farms, among the richest in the world, with their herds of cattle and stock of all kinds. But do we realize that there are in Indiana 13,- 108 000,000 acres—more than half the State !—of broken waste land suitable for tree growth but worthless for agri- culture? That the total acreage of good timber comprises less than two per cent. of the total area of the State? And that fully 85 per cent) of the lumber used in our manufactories is brought in from other States? Some of the disastrous effects of this immoderate deforestation are al- ready being experienced. One of the most noticeable results has been the FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION ests many of the industries dependent upon them have disappeared. This represents a distinct loss to the State. Moreover, the injurious effects upon climate and health, and the pro- ductiveness of the fields, though not matters of common notice, are none the less actual, and will tend to in- crease. While these alone might be sufficient reasons to warrant State action, they will not serve to arouse private interest to the point of accom- plishment. The tendency is to drift View of the William Binford woods, the largest timber being oak and yellow poplar. This is all virgin timber land. disappearance of many springs, the consequent failure of domestic water supply and the variation in volume regularity of streams. Rivers which once were navigable for good sized boats are so no longer, and the irregu- larity of their flow has rendered them useless for water power. Deforesta- tion has not been wholly responsible, however, for cultivation of open fields and the extensive underdraining of level areas has contributed very ma- terially to these results. With the passing of Indiana’s for- idly along because it requires less effort to adapt one’s self to changing conditions than to try to prevent the change. Sentiment alone, unaided and unorganized, will avail little, but its existence is absolutely essential to the success of any forestry movement. Such sentiment born of existing condi- tions and fostered by the public press, by civic organizations, and by private individuals now seeks expression in the form of a rational forest policy for the State. Of the three ways in which the State March | eer, 1905 can regulate forest matters, that is (1) by education and persuasion; (2) by restrictive measures or indirect con- trol, and (3) by direct ownership and management, only the first seems ap- plicable to conditions in Indiana. It is a splendid agricultural region where practically every acre of land is owned by actual farmers. No great rivers take their rise within our borders, al- though some quite important smaller rivers are fed from streams within the State. Great bodies of forest are un- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 109 annual farm crops. With a little well- directed effort the farmer can employ such areas in the growing of timber for posts, fuel, and lumber. When rightly managed these waste lands be- come a profitable source of revenue and materially increase the value of he farm. When the farmer has once realized this fact and acted accordingly the whole forest question has been solved, and, best of all, the solution has been effected by the parties most di- rectly concerned. For it is the farmer Small white ash grove southwest of Crawfordsville, containing four or five acres ot young ash trees in excellent condition. necessary and could not be established without including valuable agricultural land. Although the total amount of waste and non-agricultural land is enormous, it exists in relatively small areas well distributed over the entire State. On nearly every farm there are portions suitable for tree cultiva- tion. The broken lands along the Ohio and its tributaries, banks of Streams, sides of ravines, steep hill- sides, stony areas, knolls and ridges, offer places where forest trees would be more profitable than cultivation in who 1s chiefly responsible for the pres- ent condition of our forests and upon him falls the burden of their restora- tion. Fortunately, he will be the first to derive benefit from his labor. The adoption of restrictive measures or indirect control of private property by the State or Government would meet with riuch opposition. The policy of our Government is that of non-interference, and should not be changed except in cases of urgent ne- cessity. There still remains the most impor- 110 tant province of the State—that of stimulating proper action by education and persuasive means. ‘This could be accomplished, (1) by creating a fa- vorable sentiment among the people; (2) by demonstrating the practica- bility of forestry; (3) by aiding and directing the farmer’s efforts. The existence of a public sentiment favorable to forestry has been pre- viously remarked, but it remains for FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March more valuable for other purposes ; and upon the ability of the forester: (1) to assure adequate protection to the forest at small expense; (2) to pro- duce a merchantable product within a reasonable time. From these it is evident that the best conditions for the practice of economic forest man- agement are found in just such locali- ties as we are now considering. Here tree growth is rapid, the market is Young Walnut (Juglans nigra) on the farm of J. N. Beach, near Linden. nuts were scattered thickly in a potato patch and cultivated in and then allowed to care for themselves. planted in 1882. the State to further stimulate and di- rect it. It should not prove difficult to demonstrate the practicability of forestry in a region so favorable to it as Indiana. Ideal application of forestry principles to the management of supply forests depends upon the existence of: (1) favorable conditions for forest growth; (2) a ready market for both the better and inferior kinds of material produced; (3) soils not The wal- The trees are straight and well formed, about thirty feet high, and three to six inches in diameter. walnut grove serves as an excellent wind break for the house. This farm is in a prairie region and the The grove was unexcelled, transportation facilities are of the best and desirable land is available. ‘The problem appears sim- ple enough. How is it being solved? The first attempt at forest legisla- tion was in 1899, when the General Assembly of Indiana enacted a forest reservation law, whereby upon any tracts of land a portion, not to exceed one-eighth of the total area, could be | selected as a permanent forest reser- 4 1905 vation and would be appraised for tax- ation at one dollar per acre. ‘The land to be thus exempted must contain at least one hundred and seventy trees per acre, either naturally or artificially propagated, and must not be pastured until the trees have attained a diameter of four inches. The act makes further attempt at specifications which are in themselves devoid of tangible princi- ple. The law has in it much that is FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 111 effort in the creating of a forest policy. The exemption act of 1899 was given a better trial, but has not proved suc- cessful. Of the many exemptions made, fully 99 per cent. were found upon examination to have failed to meet the requirements of the law and were rejected. From this it can be inferred either that there exists a dearth of eligible woodlands or that the owners of such were either igno- View ot a ravine near Crawfordsville, showing the work of trees in holding the soil from washing. The steep slopes and shallow soil are capable of growing good timber. good, but the results of its operation demonstrated the difficult of accom- plishing much without provision for education. No attempt was made to direct the owner in his efforts to bring his depleted forests to the standard where exemption could be secured and consequently the total acreage was not increased, The following year a State Board of Forestry was created and estab- lished which materially increased the public interest in forest matters and marked the beginning of organized rant of the law or did not regard the financial consideration a sufficient in- ducement. In many instances the county auditors and assesors have used their influence against the law’s exe- cution. The Board is now urging that the act be repealed. The next important step was the en- actment of a law approved March 3, 1903, entitled “An act to provide for the purchase of land by the State Board of Forestry for the purpose of a State forest reservation, laboratory of forestry demonstration, and State 112 nurseries, and to provide for the man- agement and location of the same.” The purchase of two thousand acres of iand at a cost not to exceed eight dollars per acre, was authorized and the sum of one dollar and fifty cents annually thereafter was to be allowed to defray the expenses of management and labor. ‘The land was purchased in Clarke county, twenty miles north of Jeffersonville, and measures were at once taken to carry out the provis- ions of the law. Various experiments are to be conducted to demonstrate methods of silviculture, tree planting, and forest management. Most im- portant of all is the establishment of a State nursery wherein seedlings will be raised for free distribution to the farmers of the State. Since there are no forest tree nurseries in Indiana this action of the State will not interfere with any private enterprise. This distribution of plant material, though not a new idea, has never been undertaken by any other State. For- merly the chief of the Division of For- THE KREMMLING RESERVOIR SITE Situated in Colorado--Largest Yet Discovered; Great Reclamation and Power Possibilities BY A. L. FELLOWS District Engineer, United States Reclamation Service | MMENSE reservoir sites are being discovered in many parts of the arid west. The largest of all thus far known is that generally designated as the Kremmling site, situated in Grand County, which is near the center of the northern half of the state and com- prises the greater portion of the upper drainage basin of Grand River, with the exception of that contained in Summit County drained by Blue Riv- er, an important tributary of the Grand. The two counties together comprise an area of about 2,790 square FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March estry was enjoined to make such dis- tribution, and did so long enough to be convinced “that the size of the country and the number of people with equal rights to this bounty, as well as the practical difficulties in handling such plant material, which must neces- sarily vary in kind according to local- ity, forbid the practice, or, at least, do not promise adequate results, ex- cept possibly in planting a few shade trees: « The method, however, has proved satisfactory in European countries where the State not only distributes material free or at cost of production, but also supervises the planting of it. the distribution, however, is made not to private owners, but to associations and communities. In this country the success of the undertaking depends upon the enthusiastic codperation of the land owners and requires that the distribution of plant material be done systematically and intelligently with judicious supervision. miles, covering and surrounding a great mountain park generally known as Middle Park. ‘This vast area is, to all practical intents and purposes, a great basin, the altitude of the mea- dows along the river bottom being about 7,100 feet above sea level. The sides are composed of great moun- tain ranges, among which are the Park or Gore Range on the west and south- west, and the Continental Divide of the Rocky Mountains on the north, east and south, the peaks ascending to elevations of 14,000 feet or more. 1905 ‘ Many of the most interesting fea- tures of the state of Colorado are con- tained within this basin. Mountain lakes of deepest blue surrounded by spruce and pine forests of a rich green and abounding in game; great rivers clear as crystal along their upper FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 113 es at the bottom of the park, they flow sluggishly, turning and twisting like great serpents until they meet and combine in a mighty torrent which has forced its way through the Gore Range, which forms the western boun- dary of the park. No. 1. Kremmling Reservoir Site, from point about 500 feet high nearly over dam site. No. 2. Showing view from point ““B”’ looking up Blue River over the village of Kremmling. courses, flowmg from the high moun- tain peaks in which are the springs that form their sources, hurrying along almost with the speed of a rail- Way train, but lower down in more level country becoming less and less turbulent until, along the lower reach- It is evident that in days long since past there was a great lake covering the lower part of this basin, and that an outlet has been gradually eroded through solid granite, deposits of sedi- ment filling the bottom of the basin at the same time until the bottom of 114 the outlet is now on the same level as the meadows which now constitute the bottom of the old lake bed. So level is this tract that during the spring rise of the Grand River and its tributaries, the waters are backed up from the gorge, forming a great lake miles in length and in places from one to two miles in width. Great interests depend upon the feasibility of the plans for the con- struction of this reservoir. There are hundreds of thousands of acres of the richest land along the Colorado River in California and Arizona, for which No. 3. a good and sufficient water supply should be provided. Thorough inves- tigations have been made with refer- ence to storage of water along the Colorado, but no feasible plan has been found there. The only possibility re- maining consists in the storage of wa- ter upon the upper tributaries of the Colorado, and, of all reservoir sites thus far discovered, the Kremmling site seems to be much the best. The lands covering the reservoir and dam site have been withdrawn from all entry, under the terms of the Act of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION View looking down from point “‘B’’ toward Gore Canyon, three miles away. .evaporation and seepage. . If the en- March June 17, 1902, until such time as full investigations shall have been made and the questions arising in connec- tion therewith be definitely settled. The importance of this reservoir site may be partially understood from the following figures: It has been estimated that a dam 200 feet in height, with a top length of 371 feet, would cover a surface area of approximately 15,000 acres, and that its storage capacity would be nearly 1,500,000 acre-feet, the cost per acre-foot being about 75 cents; and that the discharge of Grand River is sufficient to fill this reservoir each year. Assuming, however, that only one- half of this amount could be stored and used for irrigation purposes, the discharge from the reservoir would be approximately 5,000 cubic feet per sec- ond for a period of more than 7o days, making all necessary allowances for tire capacity of the reservoir were to be utilized in storing water for irri- — gation, there would be available 10,000 — second-feet for more than 70 days. 1905 The accompanying map shows the 181- foot contour line of the reser- voir. It will be seen that even at this level a very short dam would throw water back over 12 miles, while the width of the reservoir from arm to arm would also be approximately 12 miles. If the dam were to be made 250 feet in height, as might be done without difficulty, provided the amount of water available warranted the out- lay, the storage capacity might easily reach 2,000,000 acre-feet and the cor- responding length and width be 15 miles. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 115 and bottom, and from which the next two photographs shown herewith were taken. Point “C’ shows the approx- imate location of the 181-foot con- tour line at Red Mountain, about 7 miles from point “A” and approxi- mately half way up the reservoir site. Photograph No. 2, taken from the point designated above as “B,” shows a view looking up Blue River, up which the 181-foot contour goes for about 6 miles. With a dam 200 feet in height, the village of Kremmling, shown in the photograph, would be some 80 feet under water, and it, in A faint idea of the reservoir site may be obtained from the accom- panying photographs: Photograph No. 1, taken near the site of the dam, and at a point approx- imately 500 feet about it, designated as “A,” shows the valley of the ‘Grand at a moderately high water stage. Point “B” indicates the location of the bluff, about 3 miles from point “A,” along which the 181-foot contour line runs, about half way between its top Showing Dam Site. turn, is about 80 feet above the mea- dows along the river. Photograph No. 3, taken from point “B” as designated above, looking down toward Gore Canyon, 3 miles distant, gives some idea of the im- mensity of the canyon. The point des- ignated as “A,” from which photo- graph No. I was taken, is approxi- mately 500 feet above the bottom of the canyon. A dam 200 feet in height would be so low in the canyon that 116 FORESTRY-~ AN D: IRRIGATION its top would not be visible from the point at which the photograph is tak- en, nor from any other point in the basin until the visitor was within a few hundred feet of the dam. It may be seen that, so far as physical conditions are concerned, a dam 1,000 feet high could be built as readily as one 200 feet. Photograph No. 4 is a view of the dam site. The white lines drawn up- on the walls show the top of the pro- posed dam 200 feet in height, the dis- tance between these points being 371 feet. The material is solid granite, and the amount of masonry required to block the canyon so as to store the enormous amount of water referred to above is astonishingly small. It will be seen that, in addition to the irrigation possibilities, the oppor- tunities for the development of power, both during the construction and after the completion of the dam, are very great. It has been estimated that by the constant use of about one-half of the available supply, more than 30,000 horsepower should be delivered to con- sumers. If this estimate is correct, it would mean an almost inconceiv- able impetus to the mining industry of Colorado, as there are hundreds of mines that cannot be developed at the present time on account of the high cost of power, either steam or electric. It would mean cheaper lighting and power also for the large cities, and the results would be a great benefit to) the ‘entire state: March The fact .of greatest importance; however, is that the irrigated areas along the Grand and Colorado rivers might be greatly extended by means of the storage of the flood waters during flood stages, in this reservoir. It is well known that without regula- tion the flood waters flow off so rap- idly that they cannot be utilized to the best advantage in any of the western streams. This regulation is contem- plated through the construction of a dam sufficiently high to store all of the surplus waters. As the forests are removed, the dis- charge of the mountain streams be- comes more and more torrential and less capable of control, threatening bridges, railway embankments, head- gates of irrigation canals, farms and even towns and cities. The equaliza- tion of the flow by means of such a reservoir as is contemplated, would do away with these dangers, and, on the other hand, would guarantee the most satisfactory and economical use of water. Numerous other advantages of min- or importance might be cited, among which are the scenic attractions pre- sented by a lake from 12 to 15 miles in length, set among such grand sur- roundings as are found in Middle Park, and the ice crop that could be taken from a great lake of the altitude that this one would have. It is hoped that it will be practicable to develop, to its fullest possibility, this wonder- ful natural reservoir site. i | My) AS VANNWAL ae erp ee ee a er re painter ae ve ik © nm caapmcise | - western flocks and herds. VAST HIDDEN WEALTH IN THE SEMI-ARID REGION BY Cy ELEIOnT- MITCHELL Secretary, The National Irrigation Association AGREAT inland conquest is being waged by the Department of Agriculture which is completely over- turning the time-honored theory that the vast areas in the West which can- not be irrigated can never be made to produce anything but a scant natu- ral growth of grass. The engineer and the ditch builder will bring under cultivation many millions of highly productive acres, but the water supply of the West is limited, and there will remain perhaps half a billion acres of the arid region for which there is no water. The aggressive work of Sec- retary Wilson’s department, however, promises fair to make a very large pro- portion of this land, heretofore sup- posed to be entirely unfit for agricul- ture, into farms through scientific methods of soil culture and the intro- duction of exceedingly drought-resist- ing plants. “There are no bad acres,” said Sec- retary Wilson. “We have no useless American acres. We will make them all productive. We have agricultural explorers in every far corner of the world, and they are finding crops which have become so acclimated to dry conditions similar to our own in the West that we will in time have plants thriving upon all our so-called desert lands. We will cover this arid area with plants of various sorts which will yield hundreds of millions of tons of additional forage and grain for Our farm- ers will grow this upon land now con- sidered practically worthless.” The machinery of Mr. Wilson’s de- partment is certainly far-reaching, its explorers are traversing every distant land in the interests of the American farmer, and especially from the vast high, dry lands of Central Asia, known as the Cradle of the World, where ag- riculture reaches back from history in- to dim tradition, have come some of the most remarkable of desert plants, requiring but a minimum of moisture to produce luxuriant yields. The ac- tivities of Secretary Wilson’s depart- ment bode ill for the continuance of any great stretches of our once limit- less great desert. AS GOOD FARMING LAND AS ILLINOIS. A student of desert reclamation through the agency of drouth plants, is Frederick V. Coville, the Chief Bota- nist of the Department, who is person- ally very familiar with the West. “There are millions and millions of acres,” said Mr. Coville, “in the strict- ly arid region, now considered worth- less for agriculture, which are as cer- tain to be settled in small farms as were the lands of Illinois. This ap- plies particularly to the great plateaus in the northern Rocky Mountain region. I do not hesitate to predict that the transformation of these barren-looking lands into farms through the introduc- tion of desert plants will be as exten- sive a work as the enormous reclama- tion through irrigation.” A case in point, as suggested by Mr. Coville, is indicated in a recent State report of Wyoming, which shows as a result of experiments near Cheyenne on a vast plateau 6,000 feet above the sea that profitable crops can be grown on lands which heretofore have been universally regarded as suitable for nothing but the sparse grazing of cat- tle and sheep. ‘The area of this class of land in the Northwest is almost im- measurable. 118 INTRODUCING NEW PLANTS. David G. Fairchild, an agricultural explorer and in charge of the work of introduction of new seeds and plants, says that the greatest surprises will be in the utilization of what are now considered desert lands, for the grow- ing of special arid land crops requir- ing but a fraction of the moisture nec- essary for the growth of ordinary plants such as corn and wheat. “We are ‘finding new plants,” he said, “from the far table lands of Turkestan and the steppes of Russia and Siberia, which grow luxuriantly under such conditions of aridity that the crops of the Mississippi Valley farms would wither and die as though scorched by aySIEOECO? ¢ MACARONI WHEAT. Macaroni wheat affords a good in- stance of a crop which is capable of revolutionizing the values of tens of millions of acres of arid land “The macaroni wheat belt,’ said Mark A. Carleton, cereal specialist of the Bureau of Plant Industry, “ex- tends, on an average, the width of the United States, and from the 98th to well beyond the 102d meridian, with a general yielding capacity for half this vast area of 30 bushels per acre and of the other half of 15 bushels.” A MILLION SQUARE MILES. “It is a matter of millions of acres, then, for this crop?” “Millions! I should say so. The macaroni wheat country would include a very large fraction of a million square miles. Our people are but be- ginning to realize dimly the utterly vast agricultural wealth which lies lat- ent in this enormous area. The De- partment of Agriculture is pushing this desert reclamation with great vig- or. No year goes by but that finds some one or two or three entirely new varieties or species of plants of won- derful drouth resistance. Macaroni ‘wheat will grow with ten inches of rainfall and yield 15 bushels to the acre where ordinary wheat is an ab- solute failure. This is two bushels more than the average wheat yield for FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March the United States. There are many other crops with as great possibilities and which thrive on but slight mois- ture, including splendid forage plants. I might mention kafir corn, the sor- ghums, millets, brome grass, as well as new kinds of oats and barleys of wonderful drouth resisting powers, the emmer or speltz, and a long line of others. Weare constantly finding new grains and forage plants in the Cau- casus, in Algeria, Turkestan and other dry countries which will bring under cultivation amazing areas of the Great American Desert, now looked upon as absolutely unfit for agriculture. It is a somewhat singular thing that no men are so skeptical of the reality of these facts as the residents of this region, but our experiments have already proven what I have said to be actual facts, not theories.” A SPLENDID FORAGE CROP. Dr. Harvey Wiley, the Agricultural Chief Chemist, says that the sorghums form a very fine stock feed and that their cultivation, along with the mil- lets and other of the desert crops, where corn is an entire failure, insures a vast future development for that great section. SCIENTIFIC CULTIVATION. Improved methods of culture and tillage in connection with the planting of these hardy drouth crops will change the face of nature throughout entire States. By what is known as the Campbell System of Soil Culture, the lands of Western Kansas, Nebras- ka, Colorado, and, in fact, wherever there is a deep loam but where the rainfall is only 14 or 15 inches, can be made to produce heavy crops of grains, while forage plants and or- chards and vegetables can be very suc- cessfully grown. By sub-surface pack- — ing of the soil and continual surface cultivation all of the meager rainfall is conserved in the soil for plant use. Professor Campbell states, and has demonstrated, that by this method “dry farming” can be carried “to the foot of the Rockies,’ while the semi- 1905 arid farm lands to the east can be made to produce double crops. All in all, if but a portion of the re- markable work which the Department of Agriculture is carrying on bears the fruit which the men working upon it FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 119 predict, the country will see, in the next decade or two, a development of the one-time supposed useless and fear- ful Great American Desert which will be a source of increasing astonishment tothe conservative agricultural student. EREATION OF FORES] RESERVES A BENEFIT TO MINERS BY JOHN D. LELAND Bureau of Forestry Act of June 3, 1878 (20 Stat., 88), provides: “That all citizens of the United States, and other persons, bona fide residents of the State of Colorado, or Nevada, or either of the Territories of New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Wy- oming, Dakota, Idaho or Montana, and all other mineral districts in the United States, shall be and are hereby authorized and permitted to fell and remove, for building, agricultural, mining, or other domestic purposes, any timber or other trees growing or being on the public lands, said lands being mineral, and not subject to en- try under existing laws of the United States, except for mineral entry, in either of said” * * * “districts of which such citizens or persons may be at the time bona fide residents, subject to such rules and regulations as the Sec- retary of the Interior may prescribe for the protection of the timber and the undergrowth growing upon such lands, and for other purposes.” Miners on public lands outside of forest reservations are, therefore, re- stricted to the use of timber on mineral lands in the mineral district where the mine is located. ‘There is no provis- ion of law whereby they can purchase timber at a nominal price. The public lands falling within the provisions of said act are subject to speculative cut- ting; and are open to gross frauds, not only against the United States but against the legitimate miner. There is no protection from the danger of fires, or from the danger of the ex- haustion of the supply of suitable tim- ber for mining purposes, because both the miner and the speculator cut the choicest timber and leave the tops and lops and other rubbish to invite de- structive fires. The Act of June 4, 1897 (30 Stat., 34-360), under which the forest re- serves are administered, provides that: “Any mineral lands in any forest reservation which have been or which may be shown to be such, and subject to entry under the existing mining laws of the United States and the rules and regulations applying thereto, shall continue to be subject to such location and entry, notwithstanding any provision herein contained.” It also provides that: “The Secretary of the Interior may permit, under regulations to be pre- scribed by him, the use of timber and stone found upon such reservations, free of charge, by bona fide settlers, miners, residents, and prospectors for minerals, for firewood, fencing, build- ings, mining, prospecting, and other domestic purposes, such timber to be used within the State or Territory, respectively, where such reservation may be located.” The said Act further provides: 120 “Nor shall anything herein prohibit any person from entering upon such forest reservations for all proper and lawful purposes, including that of prospecting, locating, and developing the mineral resources thereof: Provid- ed, That such persons comply with the rules and regulations covering such forest reservations.” This law, therefore, places the min- eral lands within forest reservations on the same footing with mineral lands outside of forest reservations, and in addition provides the free use of timber and stone. By the rules and regulations pre- scribed by the Secretary of the Inte- rior (see circular of December 12, I901I ) companies and corporations are held not to come within the meaning of the act; and they are, therefore, not entitled to the free use of timber and stone; but a company or corporation may use the timber on its own claim, or on any one of its group of claims, in development work. The said act of June 4, 1897, however, provides for the sale of certain timber within forest reservations, so that mining compa- nies and corporations are provided with material at their very doors at a minimum of cost, and in a legitimate business-like way. The utility of this sale provision of the law, and its great advantage to mining companies within forest reser- vations is forcibly illustrated in the Black Hills Forest Reserve in South Dakota, where the Homestake Mining FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March Company alone has used under pur- chase millions upon millions of feet of timber from the reserve. Where would this company get an adequate supply of timber except for the forest reserve and the timber sale provision of the act under which the reserve is administered by the Interior Depart- ment? The cost of this timber to the company is practically nominal; the advantage to the reserve is the sys- tematic method of cutting required and in handling the tops and lops. My understanding is that the mining com- panies in the Black Hills Reserve would consider it a calamity to have the reserve abolished, and that they have a full appreciation of the advan- tage to their industry of reserved over non-reserved lands. In the Prescott Forest Reserve, in Arizona, where considerable mining is done, the mine owners are at pres- ent face to face with the adverse con- ditions brought about by the unsys- tematic methods and destructive forces obtaining before the reserve was cre- ated, and now find it difficult to obtain a sufficient quantity of timber for their uses. It should be evident to those who give the subject careful consideration, that a well protected supply of material right at hand at normal cost is more advantageous to the mine owner than an uncertain, unprotected supply to be obtained, if at all, from the speculator, or by questionable means. YELLOW PINE IN THE SOUTER W Esai The Bureau of Forestry has Been Studying This Im- portant Tree in Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico OMMERCIALLY, the most im- portant tree of Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado is the western yellow pine. It is known locally as Black Jack, and in the lum- ber trade is frequently called white pine. The tree furnishes material for all kinds of local construction; the towns of Durango, Albuquerque, and Flagstaff are monuments to its exceed- ing usefulness and value. The quan- tity of western yellow pine lumber shipped to other parts of the country at present is small, but it is rapidly in- 1905 FORESTRY creasing. Owing to the distance from the eastern markets, shipments are largely in the form of highly finished material, such as doors and moulding. These enter into successful competi- tion in the Chicago market with simi- lar products made of white pine, which the better grades of western yellow pine much resemble. In the Southwest this species is found scattered over the slopes of the Rocky Mountains at altitudes between 6,000 and 9,000 feet. There are three ND IRRIGATION 121 product of these mills is consumed in Colorado. The Denver and Rio Grande Railroad affords the principal means of transportation, and is one of the largest users of the timber for ties, bridges, and general construction work. The second region is in west central New Mexico, in the Zuni Mountains. This timber area is smaller than the former—only fifty miles in length by eighteen miles wide. The stand of pine is more uniform than that of the Open Forest of Western Yellow Pine on Summit of Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona; altitude 9,000 feet regions, however, where it extends over large areas in practically pure stands. The first of these is in extreme southwestern Colorado and northwest- er New Mexico. Here a belt of western yellow pine forest, twenty-five miles wide, runs northwest and south- east for one hundred miles. “There are Six important mills operating in this territory, supported mainly by Denver trade and capital. A great part of the Colorado forest, however, and over a large part of the area it is of better development. The Colorado timber is estimated to yield from 3,000 to 4,000 board feet per acre; the Zuni timber will average from 4,000 to 6,000 board feet per acre. Stands of from 10,000 to 25,000 feet per acre occur quite fre- quently in the Zuni Mountains, but are rare in Colorado. Lumbering has just commenced in the Zuni Mountains, and only one mill of consequence is 122 working at present. The logs are hauled by rail over one hundred miles to the mill. The output will be largely finished material, which will be con- sumed locally, or shipped to nearby states and into Mexico. The third and largest region occu- pies a strip from twenty to fifty miles wide and over 300 miles long, extend- ing from central Arizona southeast into New Mexico. The greater part of this tract is included within Federal forest reserves. The timber is practi- cally continuous over the whole sec- tion, and is pure yellow pine, if can- yons, mountain tops, and some dry slopes, where spruce, fir, and juniper occur, are excepted. This is the lar- gest area of pure pine forest in the Southwest. Owing to the varied to- pography and to local conditions, the stand of timber is not uniform, but . A good specimen of Western Yellow Pine, 48 inches in diameter, Santa Catalina Moun- tains; altitude 7,600. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION at its best it approaches or equals that . of the Zuni Mountains. There are two large mills in Arizona cutting the pine from private iands within the boundaries of the forest re- serve. Like the mill operating in the Zuni Mountains, they are band mills having dry kilns and planers, and are equipped to turn out a product in no way inferior to that of eastern mills. The better grades of lumber are manu- factured into doors, siding and mould- ing, and the lower grades into boxes for vegetables and fruit, or sold locally for building material. Fire, overgrazing, and drought are the principal evils with which the pine forests of the Southwest have to con- tend. Fires have been universal, though of late they usually have been confined to restricted areas. One fire rarely does serious damage to mature timber, but many of the old trees now standing are more or less injured by repeated burnings, and where condi- tions have been favorable, as in dense stands with much undergrowth and litter, mature timber has occasionally been killed outright. The greatest fire loss has been through the destruction of young pines from a few inches in height to trees under six inches in di- ameter. Overgrazing is a serious hindrance to tree reproduction. It is an evil of comparatively recent development, and its effects are most frequently seen in the forest of the lower elevations, where there is less moisture than is found further up in the mountains. Large bands of sheep passing and re-_ passing over restricted areas destroy young pine seedlings in great number by trampling them, and, “during years of drought, when the growth of for- age is scant, the sheep. are forced by hunger to eat many plants they would otherwise neglect. Under these cits cumstances young pines are stripped of their buds and foliage, and are either killed or badly stunted in growth. Drought is perhaps the principal factor in determining the distribution of this pine on the lower elevations. Ordinarily yellow pine produces seed March | % pa 4 he a 1905 plentifully every second or third year, but in this section drought often inter- feres with the development of the seed or prevents their germination. If a good seed year meets a moist season excellent reproduction results, but if drought continues for several years, seeds are not produced, or very many of the seedlings die. Yellow pine is, however, a hardy tree, and if the seed- lings obtain a year’s growth a good number may live through succeeding droughts. The study which has brought out these facts reveals conditions and pos- sibilities of great importance to Colo- rado, Arizona, and New Mexico. The forests of this region are a valuable source of lumber for home use and for the maintenance of important indus- tries. The timber is good, the forests are easily logged, and industries other than farming and grazing are needed for a rounded development of the re- gion. Without these forests the rail- roads also would be forced to haul their construction supplies long dis- tances. Most of the land in the forest- ed area is too high to be irrigated, but if the tree growth is fostered the land which it occupies may become an im- portant factor in the conservation of water for the development of agricul- ture in adjacent regions. The rainfall in this section is largely the product of brief, heavy thunderstorms, or it comes as snow during the winter. Gentle, continuous rains are rare. This condi- tion emphasizes the need for a forest cover on all the slopes, for when the hills are bared by injudicious lumber- ing, fire, or overgrazing, the storm waters rush rapidly to the bottom, bearing great quantities of soil and tock, or the snow melts with undesir- able rapidity under the direct rays of the sun. For successful reproduction of pine on lumbered areas, fire and overgraz- ing —the two controllable agencies most destructive at the seedling stage —must be controlled. On the moist slopes and high elevations seed bear- ing and reproduction are relatively abundant, forage plants are plentiful, FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 123 Black Jack type of the Western Yellow Pine. and water holes and streams are nu- merous, hence there is little danger to seedlings from trampling or browsing, as is evidenced by the very excellent reproduction often found in places which have been .sheep grazed for years. Here fires are the greatest dan- ger, as there is more grass and litter to feed them than at lower levels and on dry slopes. A very careful fire patrol of such territory, keeping close watch on sheep herders and campers during the periods when the forest is free from snow, will insure good reproduc- tion of pine over these moist areas. On the lower and drier slopes over- erazing is the most destructive agent working against reproduction. Good seed years are less frequent, the quan- 124 tity of seed is smaller, and the condi- tions for germination are often very poor, so that reproduction is meager as compared to other areas. Owing to the scant growth of grass and the light isolated litter due to the open condi- tion of the forest here, fires are infre- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March Trampling and browsing of seedlings are the determining factors of repro- duction on these areas. By regulating the number of sheep to be pastured on any given area, limiting the length of the grazing season, keeping the bands of sheep moving, and not allowing Excellent reproduction on a Range which has been grazed by sheep and cattle for twenty-five years. quent and very restricted in extent, and the grazing further reduces the ability of fire to spread by reducing the amount of inflammable material. Scant forage and isolated watering places cause a closer working of local- ities adjacent to such watering places. them to be held on small tracts near water holes chosen as handy camping places by the herders, the greater part of the danger from overgrazing can be avoided or reduced to a minimum, and a fair reproduction can be secured in these least favorable localities. Bristow Adams EPeOND REPORT OF PUBLIC LANDS COMMISSION A Document Touching a Vital National Problem that Deserves the Most Careful Reading by all Citizens 1. This report is based on a broad general view of the public-land situa- tion, not on specific cases. 2. The present laws are not suited to meet the conditions of the remain- ing public domain. 3. The agricultural possibilities of the remaining public domain are un- known. Provision should be made to ascertain them, and, pending such as- certainment, to hold under Govern- ment control and in trust for such use the lands likely to be developed by actual settlers. 4. The right to exchange lands in forest reserves for lands outside should be withdrawn. Provision should be made for the purchase of needed pri- vate lands inside forest reserves, or for the exchange of such lands for specified tracts of like area and value outside the reserves. 5. The former recommendation for the repeal of the timber and stone act is renewed and emphasized. 6. The sale of timber from unre- served public lands should be author- ized. 7. The commutation clause of the homestead act is found on examination to work badly. Three years’ actual residence should be required before commutation. 8. The desert-land law is found to lead to land monopoly in many cases. The area of a desert entry should be teduced to not exceeding 160 acres. Actual residence for not less than two years should be required, with the actual production of a valuable crop On one-fourth the area and proof of an adequate water supply. 9. After thorough investigation of the grazing problem your Commission 1S opposed to the immediate application of any rigid system to all grazing lands, but recommends the following flexible plan: (a) Authority should be given to the President to set aside grazing dis- tricts by proclamation. (b) Authority should be given the Secretary of Agriculture to classify and appraise the grazing value of lands in these districts ; to appoint such officers as the care of each district may require; to charge and collect a moderate fee for grazing permits, and to make and apply appropriate regula- tions to each district, with the special object of bringing about the largest permanent occupation of the country by actual settlers and home seekers. 10. The fundamental fact that char- acterizes the situation under the pres- ent public-land law is this, that the number of patents issued is increasing out of all proportion to the number of new homes. SECOND PARTIAL REPORT OF THE PUBLIC LANDS COMMISSION. Sir: This Commission, appointed October 22, 1903, to report upon the condition, operation, and effect of the present land laws, and to recommend such changes as are needed to effect the largest practicable disposition of the public lands to actual settlers who will build permanent homes upon them, and to secure in permanence the fullest and most effective use of the resources of the public lands, submit- ted to you a partial report dated March 7, 1904, which was printed as Senate Document No. 188, Fifty- eighth Congress, second session. In this report reference was made to the magnitude of the problems and to the fact that it was not then practicable to reach definite conclusions on a num- 126 ber of the more intricate questions. Since the time of making this first report many meetings of the Commis- sion have been held and special topics have been assigned to experts for their detailed investigation. "The members of the Commission have individually and collectively studied many of the subjects assigned to it. During the year 1904 each member spent much time upon the public lands, making personal inquiries into existing condi- tions and discussing public-land ques- tions with public men and citizens gen- erally. The Commission now respectfully submits to you a further partial report. There is in preparation an appendix containing special reports prepared for the Commission, upon which, in part, the conclusions here presented are based. ‘he Commission desires to express to you its high appreciation of the valuable assistance and support it has received from officers of the General Land Office, the United States Geological Survey (especially the Re- clamation Service), and the bureaus of Plant Industry and Forestry of the United States Department of Agricul- ture. PROBLEMS PRESENTED. The total area of the public lands of the United States, exclusive of Alaska, was 1,441,436,160 acres, of which 473,836,402 acres still remained on June 30, 1904. The latter figure, of nearly half a billion acres, while but a third of the original area, is still enormous. Even to see typical exam- ples of these lands in each of the States or larger political divisions would re- quire months of arduous travel. To obtain a full comprehension of all the physical conditions would require years of research. This fact is em- phasized because it appears in the gen- eral discussion of public-land ques- tions by hundreds or thousands of in- dividuals that as a rule each man sees only certain phases of a group of prob- lems and from his own viewpoint brings argument to bear for or against any one conclusion. Specific cases are FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March cited to show that certain land laws should be repealed or revised, or should be allowed to remain, and in- stances are given of the beneficial re- sults of such action. A correct decision must be based not upon individual cases but upon the broadest attainable knowledge of pre- vailing tendencies and results. In a hundred cases it may be possible to find 10 excellent illustrations of the beneficial workings of a law, and yet the remaining 90 cases show without doubt that the law on the whole is not good. It is only when large groups of facts are comprehended and ana- lyzed that the real conditions appear. ANTIQUATED LAND LAWS. In our preceding report reference was made to the fact that the present land laws do not fit the conditions of the remaining public lands. Most of these laws and the departmental prac- tices which have grown up under them were framed to suit the lands of the humid region. It is evident that the decisions often contemplate conditions such as prevail in the Mississippi Val- ley and Middle West. Judging cases by arbitrary rules of evidence and con- sidering only such facts as may be pre- sented under these rules, there is much elementary and essential knowledge of which cognizance cannot be taken. The changes we recommend in the land laws are required not only be- cause some of the present laws are wholly unsuited to existing conditions, but also in part because some of these laws as originally drawn contemplated certain conditions or practices which have been gradually modified by va- rious rulings or decisions. In short, — the precedents established and which now have practically the force of law have so completely modified the ap- parent object of the original statute that the statute and the prevailing conditions appear to be wholly un- connected. The effect of laws passed to promote settlement is now not in- frequently to prevent or retard it. LAND CLASSIFICATIONS. The agricultural possibilities of the — 1905 remaining public lands are as yet al- most unknown. Lands which a gen- eration or even a decade ago were sup- posed to be valueless are now produc- ing large crops, either with or without irrigation. This has been brought about in part by the introduction of new grains and other plants and new methods of farming and in part by denser population and improved sys- tems of transportation. It is obvious that the first essential for putting the remaining public lands to their best use is to ascertain what that best use is by a preliminary study and classifi- cation of them, and to determine their probable future development by agri- _ culture. Until it can be definitely ascertained that any given area of the public lands is and in all probability forever will remain unsuited to agricultural devel- opment, the title to that land should remain in the General Government in trust for the future settler. For example: The passage of the reclamation act (June 17, 1902) made certain the disposition to actual set- tlers of large areas of land which up to that time had been considered as valueless. Other areas, which are too high and barren to have notable value even for grazing, are now known to have importance in the future develop- ment of the country through their ca- pacity to produce forest growth. The making of wells will give an added value to vast tracts of range lands for which the water supply is now scanty. In short, because of possible develop- ment, through irrigation, through the introduction of new plants and new methods of farming, through forest preservation, and grazing control, the remaining public lands have an impor- tance hitherto but dimly foreseen. In view of these facts it is of the first importance to save the remaining public domain for actual home build- ers to the utmost limit of future pos- ture by any disposition of the public lands under which home making will not keep step with disposal. To that end your Commission recommends FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 127 (see p. 12) a method of range control under which present resources may be used to the full without endangering future settlement. After the agricultural possibilities of the public lands have been ascer- tained with reasonable certainty, pro- vision should be made for dividing them into areas sufficiently large to support a family, and no larger, and to permit settlement on such areas. It is obvious that any attempt to accom- plish this end without a careful classi- fication of the public lands must nec- essarily fail. Attempts of this kind are being made from time to time, and legislation of this character is now pending, modeled on the Nebraska 640-acre homestead law, which was passed as an experiment to meet a cer- tain restricted local condition. This act (33 Stat., 547) permits the entry of 640-acre homesteads in the sand- hill region of that State. Whether in practice the operation of this law will result in putting any considerable num- ber of settlers on the land is not yet determined. Your Commission is of opinion, af- ter careful consideration, that general provisions of this kind should not be extended until after thorough study of the public lands has been made in each particular case, because to do so con- troverts the fundamental principle of saving the public lands for the home maker. Each locality should be dealt with on its own merits. Even if it should ultimately appear that this law has worked beneficially in Nebraska it would be no means follow that such a law might be safely applied to other regions different in topography, soil, and climate. No arbitrary rule should be followed, but in each case the area of the homestead should be determined by the acreage which may be necessary to support a family upon the land, either agriculture, or by grazing if ag- riculture is impracticable. Until such acreage is determined for each locality, any new general law providing a meth- od of obtaining title to the public lands would, in the opinion of your Commis- sion, be decidedly unsafe. 128 LIEU LANDS. Careful study has been given by your Commission to the subject of forest-reserve lieu-land _ selections. These selections have given rise to great scandal, and have led to the acquisition by speculators of much valuable timber and agricultural land and its consolidation into large hold- ings. Furthermore, the money loss to the Government and the people from the selection of valuable lands in lieu of worthless areas has been very great. There has been no commensurate re- turn in the way of increased settle- ment and business activity. Public opinion concerning lieu-land selections, by railroads in particular, has reached an acute stage. The situation is in urgent need of a remedy, and your Commission recommends the repeal of the laws providing for lieu-land selec- tions. A partial remedy by Executive action has already been applied by carefully locating the boundaries of new forest reserves, and thus limiting lieu-land selections to comparatively insignificant areas. The last annual message to Congress declares definitely that— The making of forest reserves with- in railroad and wagon-road land-grant limits will hereafter, as for the past three years, be so managed as to pre- vent the issue, under the act of June 4, 1897, of base for exchange or lieu selection (usually called scrip). In all cases where forest reserves within areas covered by land grants appear to be essential to the prosperity of set- tlers, miners, or others the Govern- ment lands within such proposed forest reserves will, as in the recent past, be withdrawn from sale or entry pending the completion of such negotiations with the owners of the land grants as will prevent the creation of so-called scrip. There are now lands in private own- ership within existing forest reserves, and similar lands must to a limited extent be included in new reserves. Therefore, a method is required by FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March which the Government may obtain control of non-agricultural holdings within the boundaries of these re- serves. Your Commission recom- mends the following flexible plan: Upon the recommendation of the Sec- retary of Agriculture, when the public interest so demands, the Secretary of the Interior should be authorized, in | his discretion, to accept the relinquish- ment to the United States of any tract of land within a forest reserve covered by an unperfected bona fide claim law- fully initiated or by a patent, and to grant to the owner in lieu thereof a tract of unappropriated, vacant, sur- veyed, non-mineral public land in the same State or Territory and of ap- proximately equal area and value as determined by an examination, report, and specific description by public sur- veys of both tracts, to be made on the ground by officials of the Government. When exchange under these conditions cannot be effected, lands privately owned within forest reserves should be paid for in cases where the public interest requires that such lands should pass into public ownership. The Sec- retary of the Interior should be author- ized to take.the necessary proceedings as rapidly as the necessary funds are provided. TIMBER AND STONE ACT. The recommendations made for the repeal of the timber and stone act in the previous report are renewed and emphasized. Additional facts showing the destructive effect of this law have strengthened the belief of your Com- mission that on the whole its operation is decidedly harmful. This law has been made the vehicle for innumerable frauds, and the Government has lost and is still losing yearly vast sums of money through the sale of valuable timber lands to speculators, and hence indirectly to large corporations, at a price far below their actual value. From the passage of the act, June 3, 1878, to June 30, 1904, 55,372 claims for 7,596,078 acres of timber land were patented under its provisions, and on last date 7,644, claims for 1,108,380 1905 acres were pending. Many transfers of land patented under this law are made immediately upon completion of title, often on the same day, to indi- viduals and companies. In this way a monopoly of the timber supplies of the public-land States is being created by systematic collusion. Under the existing rules and practices of the courts it is difficult to prove this col- lusion, except in cases of open fraud, and it is therefore practically impossi- ble to secure conviction. Further- more, under bona fide compliance with the actual provisions of the law the effect is almost equally bad. The law itself is seriously defective. It has been urged in behalf of this act that it enables poor men to enjoy the bounty of the Government by ob- taining tracts of timber which they can afterwards sell with advantage. A careful study seems to show, on the contrary, that the original entrymen rarely realize more than ordinary wages for the time spent in making the entry and completing the transfer. The corporations which ultimately se- cure title usually absorb by far the greater part of the profit. In addition to the direct loss to the Government from the sale of the lands far below their real value, timber lands which should have been preserved for the use of the people are withdrawn from such use, and the development of the country is retarded until the corporations which own the timber see fit to cut it. The bona fide settler who comes into a country, the timber re- sources of which have thus been ab- sorbed, may be very seriously ham- pered by his inability to secure timber except from a foreign corporation. All of the timber land has often passed beyond his reach, and the development of his farm may be retarded and his expenses greatly increased because he can no longer obtain the necessary lied of fuel, rails, posts, and lum- er. As in the case of other laws, in- stances of the beneficial operation of this act may be cited, but when it is considered from the point of view of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 129 the general interest of the public it be- comes obvious that this law should be repealed. SALE OF TIMBER ON THE PUBLIC LANDS. Necessity for the enactment of a law authorizing the sale of timber on non- reserve public land is becoming more evident, and the recommendations made in the preceding report of this Commission are reiterated. For the best use of the public lands it is abso- lutely essential to hold public timber for sale when needed and in quantities necessitated by the continuous growth of prevailing industries. Provision should also be made for a limited free- use right by miners and actual settlers. COMMUTATION CLAUSE OF THE HOME- STEAD ACT. In the preceding report a statement was made that our investigations re- specting the operations of the commu- tation clause of the homestead law were still in progress. We were not at that time prepared to recommend its repeal. Investigations carried on dur- ing the past year have convinced us that prompt action should: be taken in this direction and that, in the interest of settlement, the commutation clause should be greatly modified. A careful examination of the dis- tricts where the commutation clause is put to the most use shows that there has been a rapid increase of the use of this expedient for passing public lands into the hands of corporations or large landowners. ‘The object of the home- stead law was primarily to give to each citizen, the head of a family, an amount of land up to 160 acres, agri- cultural in character, so that homes would be created in the wilderness. The commutation clause, added at a later date, was undoubtedly intended to assist the honest settler, but like many other well-intended acts its orig- inal intent has been gradually per- verted until now it is apparent that a great part of all commuted homesteads remain uninhabited. In other words, under the commutation clause the number of patents furnishes no index to the number of new homes. 130 To prove this statement it is only necessary to drive through a country where the commutation clause has been largely applied. Field after field is passed without a sign of permanent habitation or improvement other than fences. The homestead shanties of the commuters may be seen in various degrees of dilapidation, but they show no evidence of genuine occupation. They have never been in any sense homes. Investigations have been carried on where the commuted homesteads are notable in number. The records of some of the counties examined show that 90 per cent. of the commuted homesteads were transferred within three months after acquisition of title, and evidence was obtained to show that two-thirds of the commuters im- mediately left the State. In many in- stances foreigners, particularly citizens of Canada, came into this country, de- clared their intention of becoming citi- zens, took up homesteads, commuted, sold them, and returned to their native land. The reasons given for adhering to the ,commutation clause are diverse and many of them are cogent when applied to individual cases. It is said, for example, that the commuter de- sires to raise money for use in improv- ing his place. This is often true, but in the majority of cases the records show that the commuter immediately leaves the vicinity. The frequency of loans is traceable in many places. di- rectly to the activity of agents of loan companies, who are often United States commissioners also, eager first to induce settlement and then to make these loans on account of the double commission received. Later they se- cure the business which accrues to them through the foreclosure and transfer of the property. The true working of the commutation clause does not appear until after foreclosure upon the maturity of the loans. One significant fact brought out by the investigation is that a large portion of the commuters are women, who never establish a permanent residence FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March 4 and who are employed temporarily in the towns as school-teachers or in do- mestic service, or who are living with their parents. The great majority of these commuters sell immediately upon receiving title, the business being transacted through some agent who represents his client in all dealings and _ prepares all papers. he commutation clause, if it is to be retained to cover special cases, should be effective only after not less than three years’ actual—not construc- tive—living at home on the land. Un- der present practice, the commutation — period being fourteen months, six months of this time is generally taken to establish residence, so that only eight months remain. This time is usually arranged to include the sum- mer, so that the shack built need not — be habitable in severe winter weather, and the residence on the land may con- sist merely in a summer outing. Ob- viously it is essential that residence should be far more strictly defined. It | is probable that lax interpretation and enforcement of the provisions of the law regarding residence is responsible — for more fraud under the homestead — act than all other causes combined. It may be urged’ that the frauds which have taken place under the oper- ations of the commutation clause are | due largely to lax administration. The | fact is that the precedents established by decisions rendered on special cases | have so far weakened the powers of administration that additional legisla-_ tion is necessary. ; A DESERT LAND LAW. In the preceding report the opinion | was expressed that the desert-land law should, for the present, at least, be } allowed to stand, with a few changes in detail. It was believed that, with the experience of the past for guid- | ance, it would be possible to enforce | this law so that its essential provisions | could be complied with. More careful | analysis, however, of the operations | of this act and of the practices which have grown up has led your Commis- sion strongly to the conclusion that use and benefit and 1905 that this law should be modified in essential particulars. Your Commission recommended last year the repeal of the assignment clause. ‘This provision has been made the convenient vehicle for evading the spirit of the law and for facilitating the acquisition of lands in large hold- ings. The law limits the amount which one person or association of persons may hold, by assignment or otherwise, prior to patent, to 320 acres of such arid or desert lands. The most common form of attempted evas- ion of this requirement is for two or three individuals to form themselves into a corporation, each individual member of the corporation securing, by entry or assignment, 320 acres of such lands and the corporation as such 320 acres. These same _ individuals then form another corporation under an entirely different name and procure an assignment of another 320 acres, and this process is continued indefi- nitely. The General Land Office has within the past year endeavored to put a stop to this practice by holding that a cor- poration or association of persons is not qualified to receive a desert-land entry by assignment where its individ- ual members, either singly or in the aggregate, are holding 320 acres of such arid or desert lands. This rul- ing, if enforced, will tend to lessen the evils resulting from large holdings prior to patent, but it is not deemed possible to secure adequate control of this question unless the law prohibits assignments of desert-land entries. By _ tepealing that provision of the law and Tequiring the claimant to show that he has made the entry for his own moe (for thie benefit of army other person or cor- poration and that he has made no agreement by which the title shall inure to any other person or cor- poration, the evils incident to large holdings of such lands under the sanc- tion of law will be materially lessened. It is a striking fact that these large holdings of desert land are not re- claimed and devoted to their best use. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 151 Three hundred and twenty acres of irrigable land is entirely too much for for economical handling by one per- son. On the other hand, inspection shows that in the same locality and under the same climatic conditions the homestead entries, where not com- muted, are reclaimed and utilized. The desert-land act as it stands upon the statute books appears to have many features which commend it, but, as before stated, the practices govern- ing it have largely nullified its good features, and the resulting evils can- not be fully overcome without legisla- tion. The area of the desert entry should be cut down from 320 acres to not ex- ceeding 160 acres, and discretion should be given to the Secretary of the Interior to cut it down still further where it is apparent that intensive cul- tivation is practicable. A farm of 320 acres, if irrigated, is entirely too large for a single family, and its possession simply prevents other settlers from coming into the country. Further- more, it makes land monopoly easy and induces speculation. Actual living at home on the land for not less than two vears should be required before patent. Your Com- mission cannot understand why any settler should be given both a home- stead anda desert entry, either of which without the other should suffice, under the law, to furnish him a home. The desert-land law should be a means of settlement, and actual bona fide resi- dence should be rigidly required. The actual production of a valuable crop should be required on not less than one-fourth of the area of the en- try. At present, as a rule, the greater part of the desert entries are never actually watered. Hundreds of desert entries were examined by mmbers of the Commission in the last year, and the great majority of them were found to be uninhabited, unirrigated, unculti- vated, and with no improvements other than a fence. This applies both to desert entries upon which final proof is now being offered and to 132 other entries to which title has been given. It is a fact that a very small propor- tion of the land disposed of under the terms of the law has actually been re- claimed and irrigated, and scrutiny of many hundreds of desert entries now passing to final proof shows that in the majority of cases these lands are not . actually utilized, but are being held for speculative purposes. Owing to sev- eral causes, among which are the lax- ity of some of the State laws govern- ing appropriation of water for irriga- tion purposes, and the insufficiency of the water supply, considerable difficul- ty has been encountered in administer- ing that provision of the desert-land laws which requires a claimant to have a permanent water right based on prior appropriation. Very often the waters of a stream are exhausted by other appropriators before the time when the claimant goes through the form of posting notices, recording his claim, and complying with other essen- tials of the State law. Notwithstand- ing this, he furnishes the testimony of two witnesses that the water thus ap- propriated has been used in reclaiming his land, and that the supply is ade- quate for that purpose. While this showing, on its face, indicates a, com- pliance with law, the fact remains that the water supply, if any at all, is not sufficient to permanently reclaim the land. The ownership of stock in a pro- jected irrigation ditch which does not exist in fact, or the ownership of a pump temporarily installed, has often been accepted, in connection with such testimony, as proof of the possession of water. Many alleged irrigation ditches or reservoirs are familiar to members of the Commission which are utterly inadequate to irrigate a square rod, and upon the strength of such works patent has frequently issued to 320 acres of land. Frauds committed through conven- tional forms of perjury and through lack of proper verification of the facts as to the reclamation of the land justi- fy the taking of immediate and radical FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March steps in the revision of the law. The law should absolutely require an actual adequate water supply, and the limits as to quantity should be defined. In short, the law should render im- possible the continuance of the prac- tices by which desert lands without water, without cultivation, and with- out crops are passed into the posses- sion of claimants. GRAZING LANDS. The great bulk of the vacant public lands throughout the West are un- suitable for cultivation under the pres- ent known conditions of agriculture, and so located that they cannot be reclaimed by irrigation. They are, and probably always must be, of chief value for grazing. There are, it is es- timated, more than 300,000,000 acres of public grazing land, an area ap- proximately equal to one-fifth the ex- tent of the United States proper. The exact limits cannot be set, for with seasonal changes large areas of land which afford good grazing one year are almost desert in another. There are also vast tracts of wooded or tim- bered land in which grazing has much importance, and until a further classi- fication of the public lands is made it will be impossible to give with exact- ness the total acreage. The extent is so vast and the commercial interests involved so great as to demand in the highest degree the wise and conserva- tive handling of these vast resources. It is a matter of first importance to know whether these grazing lands are being used in the best way possible for the continued development of the country or whether they are being abused under a system which is detri- mental to such development and by which the only present value of the land is being rapidly destroved. At present the vacant public lands are theoretically open commons, free to all citizens; but as a matter of fact a large proportion have been parceled out by more or less definite compacts or agreements among the various in- terests. These tacit agreements are continually being violated. The sheep- 1905 men and cattlemen are in frequent collision because of incursions upon each other’s domain. Land which for years has been regarded as exclusively cattle range may be infringed upon by large bands of sheep, forced by drought to migrate. Violence and homicide frequently follow, after which new adjustments are made and matters quiet down for a time. There are localities where the people are utilizing to their own satisfaction the open range, and their demand is to be let alone, so that they may parcel out among themselves the use of the lands; but an agreement made to-day may be broken to-morrow by chang- ing conditions of shifting interests. The general lack of control in the use of public grazing lands has re- sulted, naturally and inevitably, in overgrazing and the ruin of millions of acres of otherwise valuable grazing territory. Lands useful for grazing are losing their only capacity for pro- ductiveness, as, of course, they must when no legal control is exercised. It is not yet too late to restore the value of many of the open ranges. Lands apparently denuded of vegeta- tion have improved in condition and productiveness upon coming under any system of control which affords a means of preventing overstocking and of applying intelligent management to the land. On some large tracts the valuable forage plants have been ut- terly extirpated, and it is impracticable even to reseed them. On other tracts it will be possible by careful manage- ment for the remaining native plants to recover their vigor and to distri- bute seeds, which will eventually re- store much of the former herbage. Prompt and effective action must be taken, however, if the value of very much of the remaining public domain is not to be totally lost. The conclusions as to grazing reached by your Commission were based: First. Upon the results of long ac- quaintance with grazing problems in the public-land States on the part of each member of your Commission. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 133 Second. Upon the results of careful examinations made for the Commis- sion of the grazing systems of the State of Texas, the State of Wyoming, the Union and Northern Pacific rail- roads, and of the Indian Office in the case of permits to stockmen for the use of Indian lands suitable for grazing, and of the grazing conditions throughout the West. A map has been prepared showing the general lo- cation and area of the summer, winter, and year-long ranges, and the sections which are largely dependent upon a temporary water supply for their utili- zation in grazing, and those where there has been extensive development by wells and windmills. We believe that this map will be found exceed- ingly valuable and interesting in the consideration of all grazing problems, and it is therefore submitted in the appendix. Third. Upon the results of a meet- ing called to confer with the Commis- sion by the National Live Stock Association in Denver early in August, 1904, which was attended by the Sec- retary of Agriculture and by represen- tative stockmen from all the grazing- land States and ‘Territories. The opinion of the stockmen present was almost unanimous in favor of some action on the part of the Government which would give the range user some right of control by which the range can be kept from destruction by over- crowding and the controversies over range rights can be satisfactorily elim- inated, the only question being as to the most satisfactory method by which such right may be obtained. Fourth. Upon 1,400 answers re- ceived to a circular letter addressed to stockmen throughout the West. These answers show that under the present system the pasturing value of the ranges has deteriorated and the carry- ing capacity of the lands has greatly diminished ; that the present condition of affairs is unsatisfactory; that the adoption of a new system of manage- ment would insure a better and more permanent use of the grazing lands; that a certain improvement in range 134 conditions has already been brought about by range control on the forest reserves, and that the great bulk of the western stockmen are definitely in favor of Government control of the open range. Fifth. “Upon “tacts presented “at many public meetings held through- out the West and upon innumerable suggestions which have been received and considered. Your Commission concurs in the opinion of the stockmen that some form of Government control is neces- sary at once, but is opposed to the immediate application of any definite plan to all of the grazing lands alike, regardless of local conditions or actual grazing value. The following plan is intended to bring about the gradual application to each locality of a form of control specifically suited to that locality, whether it may be applicable to any other locality or not. Your Commission recommends that suitable authority be given to the President to set aside, by proclamation, certain grazing districts or reserves. ‘To the Secretary of Agriculture, in whose Department is found the special ac- quaintance with range conditions and live-stock questions which is absolute- ly necessary for the wise solution of these problems, authority should be given to classify and appraise the grazing value of these lands, to ap- point such officers as the care of each grazing district may require, to charge and collect a moderate fee for grazing permits, and to make and apply defi- nite and appropriate regulations to each grazing district. These regula- tions should be framed and applied with special reference to bringing about the largest permanent occupa- tion of the country by actual settlers and home seekers. All land covered by any permit so given should continue to be subject to entry under reason- able regulations notwithstanding such permit. MINING LAWS. Your Commission has not yet found it possible to take up the extremely important subject of the revision of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March the mining laws with the thorough- ness which it deserves. From the evi- dence already submitted it is obvious that important changes are necessary, both in the United States and Alaska. | The Commission hopes to treat this matter more at length in a subsequent report. RIGHTS OF WAY. Year after year the question of rights of way across the public lands and reservations has been called to the attention of the Congress in the re- ports of the Secretary of the Interior and the Commissioner of the General Land Office. The laws on this subject are numerous and apparently often in- congruous. Rights of way are granted contingent upon the execution of work within a definite time, but decisions and practices are now in force under which it has become almost impossi- ble to divest the public lands of the incubus of these rights, granted con- ditionally in the first place, but still in — existence, although the conditions were | not fulfilled. Rights such as these are very nu- — merous. ‘They lie dormant until actual development has begun to take place, either under the reclamation act or — otherwise; then they appear in enor- — mous numbers to the very serious hindrance of new enterprises. Your Commission is engaged on a study of this subject and will report hereafter upon it. AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN FOREST RE- © SERVES. Attention is called again to the rec- | ommendation of your Commission in its previous report that entry of agricultural lands included in _ for- est reserves be permitted under ~ surveys by metes and bounds, and special emphasis is directed to the rec- — ommendation, which is here renewed, — that in such cases actual residence at — home on the land be rigidly required and that no commutation be allowed. — a ees LARGE AND SMALL HOLDINGS. Detailed study of the practical op- eration of the present land laws, par-_ ticularly of the desert-land act and 1905 the commutation clause of the home- stead act, shows that their tendency far too often is to bring about land monopoly rather than to multiply small holdings by actual settlers. The land laws, decisions, and practices have become so complicated that the settler is at a marked disadvantage in comparison with the shrewd business man who aims to acquire large proper- ties. Not infrequently their effect is to put a premium on perjury and dis- honest methods in the acquisition of land. It is apparent, in consequence, that in very many localities, and per- haps in general, a larger proportion of the public land is passing into the hands of speculators and corporations than into those of actual settlers who are making homes. This is not due to the character of the land. In all parts of the United States known to your Commission where such large holdings are being acquired the genuine homesteader is prospering alongside of them under precisely the same conditions. Wher- ever the laws have been so enforced as to give the settler a reasonable chance, he has settled, prospered, built up the country, and brought about more complete development and larger prosperity than where land monoply flourishes. . Nearly everywhere the large landowner has succeeded in mo- nopolizing the best tracts, whether of timber or agricultural land. There has been some outcry against this con- dition. Yet the lack of greater protest is significant. It is to be explained by the energy, shrewdness, and influence of the men to whom the continuation of the present condition is desirable. Your Commission has had inquiries made as to how a number of estates, selected haphazard, have been ac- quired. Almost without exception col- lusion or evasion of the letter and Spirit of the land laws was involved. It is not necessarily to be inferred that the present owners of these estates were dishonest, but the fact remains that their holdings were acquired or consolidated by practices which can- not be defended. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 135 The disastrous effect of this system upon the well-being of the nation as a whole requires little comment. Under the present conditions, speaking broad- ly, the large estate usually remains in a low condition of cultivation, whereas under actual settlement by individual home makers the same land would have supported many families in com- fort and would have yielded far great- er returns. Agriculture is a pursuit of which it may be asserted absolutely that it rarely reaches its best develop- ment under any concentrated form of ownership. There exists and is spreading in the West a tenant or hired-labor system which not only represents a relatively low industrial development, but whose further extension carries with it a most serious threat. Politically, so- cialy, and economically this system is indefensible. Had the land laws been effective and effectually enforced its growth would have been impossible. It is often asserted in defense of large holdings that, through the op- eration of enlightened selfishness, the land so held will eventually be put to its best use. Whatever theoretical con- siderations may support this statement, in practice it is almost universally untrue. Hired labor on the farm can- not compete with the man who owns and works his land, and if it could the owners of large tracts rarely have the capital to develop them effectively. Although there is a tendency to sub- divide large holdings in the long run, yet the desire for such holdings is so strong and the belief in their rapid in- crease in value so controlling and so widespread that the speculative motive governs, and men go to extremes be- fore they will subdivide lands which they themselves are not able to utilize. The fundamental fact that charac- terizes the present situation is this: ‘hat the number of patents issued is increasing out of all proportion to the number of new homes. Respectfully submitted. W. A. RICHARDS. F. H. NEWELL. GiFFORD PINCHOT. A GREAT HARDWOOD FOREST The Eight Principal Species of the Southern Appala- chians Have Been Studied by the Bureau of Forestry THE greatest area of hardwood for- est and the largest supply of hardwoods in the United States are in the region comprising the Southern Appalachian Mountains and the coun- try lying between them and the Missis- sippi River. For the last two or three years the Bureau of Forestry has been carefully studying this region, which is rich in commercial species, especial- ly yellow poplar, white, red, black, and chestnut oak, chestnut, white pine, and hemlock. A study was first made of the proportion of each of these species in the various types of forest, their merchantable yield, and their rate of growth. Last summer, eleven agents of the bureau were assigned to an in- vestigation of the market conditions governing the logging and use of each of these species, and twelve more to a study of the important characteristics of each tree and the possibilities of each under management. The data obtained in this and previous studies are now being formulated for publica- tion. Several bulletins will be issued, one of a general character discussing the conditions of the region as a whole, the others dealing with the several species particularly. The field study covered more than 400 counties, and included all of Ten- nesee, Kentucky, and West Virginia, the extreme western part of Maryland, the western portions of Virginia and the two Carolinas, and the northern parts of Georgia and Alabama. The bureau agents first visited the lumber centers of each county to interview the mill men and lumber dealers. Infor- mation was sought especially on these points: The remaining stands of tim- ber and their quality; the annual cut and the uses to which it is put; land and stumpage values, the cost of log- ging and milling, and the prices of the finished product; the methods of log- ging employed, the specifications for timber in common use, and how these specifications are changing; and the principal markets for lumber. The object of this preliminary work was to gain a thorough understanding of the market and business conditions pre- vailing in the hardwood regions. Such knowledge was necessary before the men could go into the woods and work out intelligently the best and most practical methods of handling the for- ests. The study of the general forest con- ditions and the characteristics of each of the important species followed. This study included inquiry into the re- quirements of each species as to light, soil, and moisture, its seeding and re- productive capacity, its form and de- velopment in different types of forest, and the ways in which the various species affect each other in the compe- tition for place and light; also the present methods of cutting, waste in logging, and the effects of logging upon the forest. To determine the chances of natural reproduction un- der existing logging methods, second growth and culled lands in all stages were carefully studied. The effects of fire and grazing upon the forest were also considered. Until the voluminous data thus obtained have been tabulated and compared absolute figures and conclusions cannot be announced, but sufficient progress has been made to warrant some general statements of conclusions. For market value and amount of standing timber yellow poplar and white oak are the two most important trees of the region. These species were formerly found throughout al- most the entire region in merchantable quantities, but they have been cut so extensively where there are transpor- tation facilities that it is now usually 137 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 1905 A Hardwood Forest Showing Good Specimens of the Tulip Tree,”or Yellow Poplar, (Liriodendron tulipifei a) e 138 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March Typical Forest-covered Mountain Side. 1905 necessary to go back a long distance into the woods to find first-class stands of either of them. Poplar attains magnificent size in the coves of the mountain districts and in the rich river bottoms of central Tennessee and Ken- tucky, but its best development is reached in the higher mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina. White oak reaches its best development in the river valleys of Tennessee and Ken- tucky. White poplar always forms a small proportion of the timber of the area; it very often forms a large pro- portion of the merchantable timber. White oak is present in very much greater numbers than poplar over the region as a whole, and occasionally forms over 50 per cent of the stand. Lumbering has had a serious effect on the reproduction of both poplar and white oak. When the white oak is cut, as a general rule it is partially replaced by inferior species, as the red and black oaks. Thus in many cases where the virgin stand tontained over 50 per cent of white oak, the second crop con- tains less than 10 per cent. Often when poplar has been lumbered, only the best trees have been cut, and as these were comparatively few in num- ber and occurred at irregular intervals the forest has not been opened up enough to let in sufficient light to allow young poplars to start growing. addition, poplar seedlings are very easily injured by fire; even slight ground fires kill them. Fires have been very common throughout the re- gion, and thus successful reproduction of poplar has often been greatly hin- dered. Hemlock occurs over a small por- tion of the region, and white pine over a still smaller part ; both confine them- selves to the mountainous sections. As a rule hemlock has not been considered merchantable, because it is generally impossible to log and sell it in northern markets in competition with hemlock from Michigan and Pennsylvania. The little remaining white pine is lumbered in a few localities on a large scale, and the supply will soon be exhausted. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION ila 139 Chestnut is very abundant. It forms a large proportion of the stand in the mountain districts, but decreases in quantity westward, until it practically disappears in western Tennessee and Kentucky. Mature chestnut is dam- aged more severely by fire than any of the other species of the region. A considerable part of its mature timber is defective for this reason. Much of the timber is also wormy. In the past but little chestnut has been cut for lumber, but the output is now increas- ing. A new use for chestnut, which has developed very rapidly in the last few years, is for making tannin ex- tract. For this purpose all grades and sizes of chestnut above about five inch- es in diameter are used. There are a number of factories making the ex- tract,one of which consumes 150 cords of this wood daily. This industry makes possible the utilization of the limbs and tops and the defective chest- nut which otherwise would be wasted, and materially assists in conservative management by making this timber more valuable and cleaner logging practicable. Chestnut oak is abundant in the mountains, its stand decreasing west- ward. It is confined chiefly to the ridges, and in most sections is short- bodied and of little value for sawlogs. It is usually expensive to lumber be- cause of its inaccessibility. The chief value of chestnut oak in this region has been for tanbark, for which, in some places, it has been largely cut. Red and black oak are most abun- dant in the western lowland part of the region, where they often form over 70 per cent of the stand. In addition to their use in large amounts for lumber and slack cooperage, they are also now extensively cut along the navigable rivers for railroad ties, for which pur- pose preservative treatment has recent- ly made them available. These oaks form but a relatively small part of the forests in the eastern mountainous dis- tricts, where in the past almost none of them have been cut, owing to their low market value. But now lumber- 140 men who are operating in the moun- tains take these oaks along with the poplars and white oaks. There are a number of large perma- nent mills, but over the region as a whole most of the lumbering is still done by portable mills. These move through the timber, and the cutting is This cleaner than it formerly was. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Mareh turing plants depend upon it for mill supplies. The most important of these industries are those using hardwoods for slack and tight cooperage, for lum- ber, furniture, finishing, railroad ties, tannin extract, and wagon stock. In addition to furnishing wood for all these and other purposes, the forest of this region has a vital function to per- View of a deforested hillside, showing effect of erosion, Southern Appala- chian Region. heavier cutting, on account of the re- quirements of the two most important species, poplar and white oak, for light, is usually a good thing for the future crop, especially for poplar re- production. The demands upon this hardwood forest are enormous and varied. Great industries employing large manufac- 4 = —— 4d TR i ak = | Mm form in protecting a watershed upon which a number of states depend for a constant supply of water. It is doubt- ful whether the Bureau of Forestry has ever undertaken a more important study, and its forthcoming bulletins should prove very valuable to many commercial interests as well as to for- estry in general. ih Cara RECLAMATION SERVICE NEWS Public and Private Enterprise--Sun River District--Surveys "THE relation between public and private enterprise has been the subject of some controversy since the passage of the Reclamation Act. It was assumed by many that the recla- mation engineers would confine their operations to developments which of- fered no attractions to private enter- prise, such as the construction of stor- age reservoirs on over-appropriated streams, or the building of canals to divert the water from unused streams into rivers where scarcity existed. In other words, that the Reclamation Service should be confined to opera- tions which would tend to the general amelioration of conditions existing in the arid regions, without coming into commercial relations with the land or people benefited by its action. While this would be vastly more satisfactory to those charged with the execution of the Reclamation Act, it would not carry out the provisions of the law that the amounts expended should be repaid by the lands benefited. This provision of the Reclamation Act makes it the first duty of its executives to select for its operations feasible projects, in which the owners of the land can afford to repay to the Recla- mation Fund the actual amounts ex- pended in their reclamation. The fact that the funds used under the Reclamation Act are relieved from interest charges makes many projects feasible which could not be profitably carried out by private enterprise, but this is more than offset by the peren- nial hopefulness of the private pro- moter. Every possibility of irriga- tion development in the arid region has been exploited at some time by somebody, and if it should be held that the Reclamation Service should not interfere with private enterprise, ‘it must either cease its operations or confine them to projects so utterly in North Dakota chimerical that there would be no hu- man possibility of the return of the money expended. While it should be the policy of the service to codperate with and assist all legitimate private irrigation develop- ment, it should not allow a false sense of fairness to deprive any community of the opportunity to effect its devel- opment along the broadest possible lines, and it would be anything but fair to such a community to decide that an attempt to irrigate its lands had created a mortgage upon them, and that they must be left to be ex- ploited for private profit, regardless of the wishes of those most vitally interested. It is the rule that where- ever the Reclamation Service has started its investigations, it has found some part of its project overlapping lands which are being exploited by private enterprise. In such cases if there is a reasonable probability that the enterprise will be carried out, its lands should not be included, unless their exclusion would cripple the pro- ject, and in this case some equitable arrangement should be made with the interests involved. SUN RIVER DISTRICT, MONTANA. Extensive plans have been formu- lated by the U. S. Reclamation Ser- vice for work during the coming sea- son in the Teton and Sun River Dis- trict, Montana. ‘They involve recon- naissance and detailed surveys of res- ervoir sites and irrigable lands, the running of canal lines and examina- tion of new territory. This work is under the immediate direction of En- gineer S. B. Robbins. It is hoped to complete the necessary study of this section, so that definite plans as to the feasibility of reclamation may be de- cided upon this year. As soon as the season permits, a field 142 party will be engaged upon the loca- tion of main canal lines between Sun and Teton rivers, another will make preliminary surveys on the south side of Sun river, completing work in the vicinity of the canyon and thence working across the divide into Mis- souri Valley, near Ulm and Cascade, and a third party will make a detailed survey of the proposed dam and reser- voir sites in the mountain on the forks of the North Fork and Sun River, later engaging in the survey of irri- gable lands. A fourth party will make a recon- naissance of the country lying between the Teton and Marias drainage. The withdrawal of lands in connection with the Sun River project in this section has resulted in holding up a small pro- ject which was undertaken by private enterprise. This plan includes the storage of the flood waters of Teton River in what is known as the old Wilson reservoir No. 29, the summer flow being entirely utilized by irriga- tors along the stream. It is believed that about 30,000 acres can be easily and cheaply supplied. A thorough in- vestigation will be made of all the ir- rigation possibilities between Teton and Marias headwaters in this vicin- ity, that the best development of the country by the available water supply may be decided upon. As a result of the preliminary sur- veys made in 1904 it is estimated that Over 200,000 acres of bench land be- tween Sun and Teton Rivers are ca- pable of reclamation, a large percen- tage being vacant land. It is also be- lieved to be practicable to irrigate 100,- 000 acres lying south of Sun River and between that stream and the Mis- souri, if water can be had in sufficient volume. SURVEYS IN NORTH DAKOTA. The plans of the Reclamation Ser- vice for the season 1905 in North Dakota contemplate very careful sur- veys of the valley of the Missouri, with a view to presenting definite plans for a number of irrigation projects to the settlers residing in the valley. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Marcel Last year the preliminary surveys were made of the Buford-Trenton and Nesson projects, and the plans for the former have been approved. This sea- son it is expected to make a complete topographic survey of the Buford- Trenton project, to lay out the canal lines, to make surveys and complete plans for the power plant and all other necessary works, including dams in the various coulees and surveys of any reservoirs which these coulees may of-~ fer. A drill party will make borings at the site of the power house, and at sites which are selected to supply coal for this project. If it appears that the Government’s plans will have the approval of the set- tlers, it is possible that the work can be pushed far enough this season to completely construct the main canal at least, and to erect and equip the power plant. Early in the spring a careful study will be made of the run-off of various coulees in order to determine how much water they will supply for the system. As the work is now planned, at least two topographic par- ties will be needed continuously, and at the beginning of the season it is expected to add other parties and later use them on the different projects which are being developed in this sec- tion. A reconnaissance and preliminary survey of the Williston project will be made this year, and if the data devel- oped are favorable it may be possible to do some of the permanent topo- graphic work. On the Nesson project the work will be similar to that on the Buford-Tren- ton. The coulees must be studied and a topographic map of the district made. Plans and borings will be re- quired for the power plant location, and plans for any reservoir and dam sites which the coulees may offer. The local coal conditions must also be in- vestigated, and the canal line run. It is doubtful if construction can be be- gun on this project this season. On the Cherry Creek project work will probably be confined to recon- naissance and preliminary surveys, a ae 1905 portion of the work being done by the engineers in charge of the Nesson pro- ject. The North Dakota work, as plan- ned, will require the permanent as- signment of three assistant engineers and three aids, and later an additional assistant engineer and an additional aid, a draftsman and a computer. The future work of the Government, of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 145 course, depends very largely upon the sentiment of the land owners in the several districts wherein irrigation works are likely to be developed. The preliminary investigations will be made as rapidly as possible, in order that the service may present to the people for their approval a definite plan of reclamation for North Dakota arid lands. WHAT DO WE PLANT >* What do we plant when we plant the bee? We plant the ship, which will cross the sea. ¥ We plant the mast to carry the sails; We plant the planks to withstand the gales— The keel, the keelson, and beam and knee; We plant the ship when we plant the tree: iz What do we plant when we plant the EGeE # We plant the house for you and me. We plant the rafters, the shingles, the floors, We plant the studding, the laths, the doors, The beam and siding, all parts that be; We plant the house when we plant the PGEe: What do we plant when we plant the tree? A thousand things that we daily see; We plant the spire that out-towers the crag, We plant the staff for our country’s flag, We plant the shade, from the hot sun nee), We plant all these when we plant the tree. *Rrom the poems of Henry Abbey, D. Appleton & Company, New York. RECENT PUBLICATIONS Some of the Principal Insect Enemies of Con- iferous Forests in the United States. Re- print from Yearbook, U. S. Department of Agriculture, for 1902. By. A. D. Hop- KINS. Pp. 13, illustrated. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1902. Dr. Hopkins states as a noteworthy fact that the most important enemies of conif- erous forests in this country are restricted to a few species of a single genus of beetles. The methods of preventing destructive inva- sions, with descriptions of results of the insects’ work, illustrated with numerous plates, together with a description of the insects themselves, forms the basis of the text Insect Injuries to Hardwood Forest Trees. Reprint from Yearbook, U. S$. Department of) Agriculture; ytor) T9034) ByaeAy Db: Hopkins. Pp. 14, illustrated. Washing- ton, Government Printing Office, 1903. Discussion of the insects injurious to hardwood trees is grouped under two heads —those injuries which result in the death of the tree, and those which do not materially affect the vitality of the tree, while render- ing its wood commercially inferior. The means of distinguishing the insects and combating their work are given, and in general the pamphlet forms a companion work to the one reviewed immediately above, covering the damage done by insects to the two great classes of forest trees. Transactions of the English Arboricultural Society. Vol. VI—Part I. Compiled by Joun Davinson, Secretary and Treasurer. Pp. 128, illustrated. Carlisle, G. and T. Coward, 1905. This volume includes the minutes of the twenty-third annual meeting of the English Arboricultural Society, a report of the annu- al excursion, and five contributed articles on forest subjects, together with statements of the work and aims of the Society, and mat- ters of general interest to its members. Perhaps the most interesting portion of the Transactions to American forest students and foresters is the account of the Forestry Exhibition at the Royal Show in 1904, con- tributed by North Wind, Esq. Mr. Robert Anderson, F. S. I., contributes an interest- ing article on “The Production of Conif- erous Timber.” The volume is a valuable one, and illustrates by its reports of the society’s, flourishing condition the sincere inberest generally shown forestry in Eng- and. Foreign Trade in Farm and Forest Products, 1904. Circular No. 16, Bureau of Statis- tics, Department of Agriculture. Pp. 10. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1905. Here is a mass of valuable statistical mat- ter relating to farm and forest products, tabulated conveniently for reference. With the exception of a brief introductory expla- nation, the entire pamphlet consists of sta- tistical matter. Annual Reports of the Department of Agri- culture for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1904. Pp. 560. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1904. A general, brief, summing-up of the work of each of the Bureaus, Divisions, and Sec- tions of the Department of Agriculture is included, with a report of the Secretary in the first portion of this volume; and a de- tailed report from each of the Bureau and Division chiefs comprises the second part. Mr. Gifford Pinchot, Forester, outlines the work of the Bureau of Forestry during the past year and speaks of its progress in efficiency, compactness, and simplicity of its Organization, and appends a chapter on, the present and future work of the Bureau during 1905. Catalogue of Insect Enemies of Forests and Forest Products at the Louisiana Pur- chase Exposition, St. Louis, 1904. Bulletin No. 48, U. S. Department of Agriculture. By A. D. Hopkins. Pp. 53, illustrated. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1904. Dr. Hopkins estimates that an average annual loss of $100,000,000 is occasioned to the forests of this country through the det- rimental or destructive work of insects. At the Louisiana Purchase Exposition there were exhibited 789 specimens of such in- sects, 623 specimens of their work, and 18 photographs, illustrating extent of damage done. The Bulletin presented here is in the nature of a catalogue of the exhibit, with explanatory notes, and numerous half-tones and line drawings amplify upon the text. Injury to Vegetation by Smelter Fumes. Bul- letin No. 89, Bureau of Chemistry, U. S. Department of Agriculture. By J. Haywoop. Pp. 23, illustrated. Washing- ton, Government Printing Office, 1905. The investigation described in this Bulle- tin was undertaken at the request of the United States Department of Justice in con- sequence of a suit brought by the United States against the Mountain Copper Com- pany, near Redding, Calif. The general conclusion drawn by the author is that such fumes are injurious to vegetation, and he suggests that they be condensed, and sul- phuric acid formed, for which there should be a ready market. Foresters and Inspectors Wanted for the Philippine Forestry Bureau. The salaries of Foresters, Assistant Foresters Inspectors, and Assistant Inspectors range from $1,200 to $2,400 per year’ Actualand necessary traveling expenses to and from the scene of field work are allowed, and while in the field one dollar gold per day isallowed for subsistence. A list of existing vacancies may be obtained from the Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Dept., | Washington, D.C. The work of the Foresters is, to a large ex- tent, technical; that of the Inspectors more administrative and less technical. All appli- cants for the position of forester and inspector will be required to pass the Forest Assistant examination. Date of examinations will be held in differ- ent parts of the United States at same time as for the position of Forest Assistant in the U.S. Bureau of Forestry. The reports. bulletins and other applicat ons of the Philippine Forestry Bureau should be read by all desiring to enter the service. Copies may be obtained by addressing the Forestry Bureau, Manila, P. I. At Liking for the Open Road Goes with a Taste for Apples and Schubert’s Music mee OPEN ROAD A SAUNTERER’S CHRONICLE Epitep By CHARLES WISNER BARRELL (Sometime of Vagabondia) Is a de luxe pocket magazine of outdoor philosophy and _ fiction If you ever long for a whiff of unbreathed literary ozone, send Fifty Cents without delay for a year’s subscription to The Open Road GRANT AWVENUE New Jersey 137 Jersey City UNDER OUR EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT We qualify you to hold a responsible position paying at least $20 A WEEK in any of the following professions: ILLUSTRATING, BOOKKEEPING, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ADVERTISING, PROOFREADING, SHOWCARD WRITING, STENOGRAPHY, JOURNALISM, TEACHING, BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE, ENGLISH BRANCHES. — Ambitious men and women should make application at once for our EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT and free book “Struggles with the World.’? Mention profession you wish to follow. WRITE TO-DAY for full particulars. Correspondence Institute of America, Box 569 Scranton, Pa. In writing advertisers:kindly,mention FORESTRY ADVERTISERS FIND FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION A GOOD MEDIUM LAUGHLIN FOUNTAIN PEN The Best at Any Price Sent on approval to responsible people. A Pocket Companion of never ending usefulness, a source of constant pleasure and comfort. To test the merits of Forestry and Irrigation as an advertising medium we offer your choice of these popular styles super- ior to the $3.00 grades of other makes for only c Unconditionally Guaranteed Pre-eminently Satisfactory. Try ita week, if not suited, we buy it back, and give you $1.10 for it (the additional ten centsis to pay for your trouble in returning the pen). Weare wanting to sell; we know pen have one of these. Finest quality hard Para rub- mond Point Gold Pen, an desired Berl in fine, med- ium or stub, and the only per- fect ink feed known to thesci- ence of fountain pen making. Sent postpaid on receipt of $1.00 (Registration, So extra.) This great Special Offer is good for just 30 days. One of our Safety Pocket Pen Hold- ers free of charge with each pen. Remember—There is No ‘Just as good’’as the Laughs lin: insist on it; take no 7 chances. State whether Ladies’ or Gentlemen’s style is desired. Mlustrations, are full size of complete article. Address LAUGHLIN & CO., 841 Griswold St Detroit, Mich. AND IRRIGATION willing to take chances on you } values—you will when you § ber reservoir holder, 14k. Dia- | se i ih il \ iH ! AMERICAN WOODS By Romeyn B. Hough, B. A. A publication unique in its illustrations, in that they are actual specimens instead of pictures, giving literally ‘‘sermons in trees”’ ee. re iam os } A VOLUME OF THE “AMERICAN WOODS” DISPLAYED ACH page contains three paper-thin sections of actual wood—tranverse, radial, and tangential—and as these are nearly transparent, they show clearly the structure. They are mounted on strong bristol board, which bears the accurate scientific and popular names of each specimen shown, together with the common name in German, French, and Spanish. Atha si Wield Seek The pages on which) the | ¢ 08>) 0% Invaluable for > specimens of wood are mounted Of great use to BOTANISTS > are separate, to facilitate ex- ~ SCHOOLS WOODWORKERS > amination and comparison one ~ COLLEGES ) ORTORE ES. with another, and in order that wee awa ARCHITECTS ( they may be vsed in direct ‘ PRIVATE : BUILDERS { connection with the text which § COLLECTIONS ? accompanies each volume. ENED EE on E= Ten parts of this great work have been issued and are ready for delivery; others will follow at the rate of one or two parts per year. Each part contains at least three specimens each of 25 species, with illustrated text. The following are the net prices per part: Green or brown cloth, imitation morocco, $5.00. Half-morocco, $7.50 Address: FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 510 Twelfth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Let us be pour Book Buyers In our plan of serving the readers of FORESTRY AND IRRI- GATION we have found so many who have taken advantage of our former offer to furnish books on forestry and irrigation subjects that we are broadening the scope of our book department so as to furnish any book a reader may want. @ These books are furnished at publishers’ list prices and will be sent post- postpaid on receipt of price. We save you postage & express charges oe FORESTRY Flora of the Northern U. S. and Canada, Britton and Brown (3 vols.)............. $9.00 Wie Nabiviewhreess blarnletelea IMCCler 4. jose.) Sai secs is nie ar, 2 daca ole Geta wye dar essteuls ovens 2.00 North American Horestsand Forestry, Brnest Bruncken.................-.-..-n-. 2.00 RrewNdinondacksSpnicemGiitord PinChOtw weer... c)e ce caer cl esste iets spe seleiele sie gies 1.00 Horestbrees and Horest scenery, G, Frederick Schwartz. . 22)... ........25----90-8 1.50 Wer Amenican (Comes ezny ifa Cio Hishinvernl G55 oem oe eee oder e ooo ooo o5 sob ooUC I'00 Eowatomhe lathe skreessajen Gay ema Os hers Ortaca lates oo eis ae FSIS Suits ene eters tee .50 Hioiuomcne SOuULeTiySrateswAq Wi. Chapimany acess... 26 pecs oes ans see se =o 4.00 ihreesoutne Norther Umited States) HA. Apgar. (30... j-ceene ees se eee ee 1.00 ‘Oner Waigiemeall Reyes, Olas) Wittig gdp osbeudeeeess Bebe boEoeds GbdouoocD-Geneuododd 1.75 recom Ne wert nelanGd a DalmlexaBrOOkKS! creer «alae ssie «tie cit ieee sis ele ae 1.50 Studies of Trees in ‘Winter, Annie Oakes Huntingdon ..... ..............-+-00-- Does wigsoall oF IoreNNay, AVE) CXthy Go ca seeegouoe ode) GUbeoG OdUpd oGUuOUuGOUNsooccuCuOd: 1,62 Practical erasaay, Jewlllsescoccs oGogmoonon o> aoeen emoosd lp eaa ode suDaGoc FDO EC oo cor 1°50 Forest Blaming, |eniony 6604005 0geebedocs soe5 eno suo OCR Ib cmos Sess Ss sauo0eoD TC 1.50 Nae Wlaiie ine, (Giiigial iinGiele, Aooeaeds soon ha aeeeoodomos son boo oo ns oDoodc dcr 1.00 American Woods, Romeyn B. Hough (in ten parts), per part.................--: 5.00 Seem BIOMOTESLIy MOMMUGATLOLG <5). 6. a. cow wesw ec see holes tage tacmescccce seas 1.20 Peuicce Book of Forestry, Filibert Roth... 7... 60.00. sce cece eee eee e ence 1.25 Among Green Drees! Julia Hllen Rogers...>.........:.-..-.-------- toni meee 3.00 Beanomics of Forestry, B. BE. Fernow... . 2.0.56. cc.0 cect eect ee teece ese see ass 1.50 Eeigciple species of Wood, Charles H. Snow... .. 0.2... 10sec eee se eee e ees ee es 3-50 Principles of American Forestry, S. O. Greet ...... 2.2... 26 -e ee cent tenet eee: 1.50 die Protession of Forestry, Gifford Pinchot ........-....-..-.--: ssseeeesecess 125 Important Philippine Woods, Geo. P. Ahern............2. 6-2 eet e cece eee ene eee 3.00 IRRIGATION Pericationanthe United States, Fr. H. Newell.......-5. 0 -- ee sees eee cee e ees: $2.00 Irrigation Engineering, Herbert M. Wilson .. .......-...---.. cent eee eee eee 4.00 Pmcatonmuaa Drainage, K, H. King....- 2.2.2 ede ee eee te eet eee anes 1.50 miieation for Farm and Garden, Stewart.........--. 26 cee cette neces cece ees 1.00 Meteabimeatitemarm, WilCOX. 2. 0... eee ee ee cette ee enter ene enensvenmns 2 00 Practical Farm Drainage, Charles G. Elliott..... Fun Be nooo Souocdg Cabee eo Uae I,00 If readers desire books not on the above list let us know what they are and we will send them at regular retail price, postpaid Address HORBSIRY AND IRRIGATION 51I0o TWELFTH STREET, N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C. In writiug advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION PRESS CLIPPINGS Are Every Day Being Madea SOURCE OF GREAT PROFIT IN THE BUSINESS WORLD They supply the manufacturer and business man with valuable information as to new markets and outlets for their products and goods. They supply anyone interested in any matter with all fhe information from all parts of the country, pretaining to their subject. The International Press Clipping Bureau which is the largest Press Clipping Bureau in the world will send you daily, everything printed in every newspaper, magazine or trade journal i in the countrp, on any particular subject This bureau reads and clips 55,000 papers and other periodicals each eeu and can furnish anyone everything printed i in the country on business, financial, political, social, theatrical, scientific, sporting, agricultural, mining, or, in fact, any subject what- ever that is mentioned in the columns of any newspaper or publication. Write and state the subject you want clippings on and we will quote you a SPECIAL BARGAIN RATE for a trial month, that you may understand the great advantages to be derived from press clippings. “Address, INTERNATIONAL PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU, 112-114 Dearborn Street, - = - CHICAGO, A | | aa, | CALIF @kyniwe | and all the great West described in Suzset Magazine | ina way that delights every reader. Not alone are the | Scenic, Social, and Literary sides of the West shown, | but the great industrial side—the side on which open the doors of Opportunity—is set forth with compelling interest. You will find MEAT in Szzsez, as well as plenty of sauce in the way of stirring Western stories. Every number illustrated with beautiful halftones. By the copy, 10 cents; bythe year, $1 00. All newsdealers handle it. Published monthly at 4 Montgomery St , San Francisco. MAGAZINE In writing advertisers kindly mention FoRESTRY AND IRRIGATION. The American Sportsman's Library Under General Editorship of CASPAR WHITNEY The only Library of Sports Aaaptea to the American Reaaer Complete in 20 volumes, at $2 net per volume A partial list of Contributors includes Theodore Roosevelt, Dean Sage, Edwyn Sandys, Charles F. Holder, F. S. Van Dyke, L. C. Sanford, James A. Henshall Owen Wister. The volumes are illustrated by such artists as A. B. Frost, Carl Rungius, L. A. Fuertes, Charles L. Bull, Martin Justice, C. F. W. Mielatz, and Tappan Adney. Published in two series of 10 volumes each, all uniform, the whole set is a remarkable epitome of outdoor life, dealt with authoratively, yet in simple and untechnical lan- guage, and in each volume will be found much to interest and instruct the general reader Of the First Series, those now ready are: The Deer Family By ‘Theodore Roose- veltand others. [l- lustrated by Carl Rungius, with maps by Dr. C. Hart Mer- riam. Salmon and Trout By Dean Sage, W.C. Harris, and H. C. Townsend, I1lustra- by A. B. Frost and others. Upland Game Birds By Edwyn Sandys and T.S. Van Dyke. Illustrated by L. A. Fuertes, A.B. Frost, C.L. Bulland others The Water-Fowl Family By L. C. Sanford, L. B. Bishopand T. S. Van Dyke, illustra- ted by A. B. Frost, L. A. Fuertes, and Cc. L. Bull. Bass, Pike, Perch, and Others By James A. Hen- Hall, M. D. Tilus- tated by Martin fem add Char es F. W. Mielatz. SECOND SERIES —In Preparation Photography for the Sportsman Naturalist, The Sporting Dog, The American Race Horse, The Running Horse, Trotting and Pacing, Riding and Driving. a limited period upon very liberal terms. Send cut from this magazine and $1 per month for 36 ornaments and !ettering and gilt top. 66 FIFTH AVENUE, - - + The Big Game Fishes of the United States By Charles F. Hol- der. Illustrated by Chas. F.. W. Mielatz and others. To be ready in the Fall The Bison, Musk Ox, Sheep and Goat Family By George Bird Grinnell, Owen Winster,and Caspar Whitney. Illustra- ted by Carl Rungius and others. Cougar, Wild Cat, Wolf and Fox With many illustra- tions. The Bear Family By Dr. C. Hart Mer- riam. Iilustrated by Carl Rungius and Cry. Balt. Guns, Ammunition and Tackle By A. W. Money and others. Illustrated, Baseball, Football, Yachting, Small Boat Sailing and Canoeing, Rowing, Track Athlet- ics, and Swimming, Lacrosse, Lawn Tennis, Boxing, Wrestling, Etc., Skating, Hockey, Ice Yachting, Coasting, Etc. - : SebvE Criv Ark ©: RB ER This exceedingly interesting and valuable series will be offered for . . oe . ee $4.00 with coupon months thereafter, and we will send you free of all charges the volumes now ready, and the others as they are issued. The books are good to look at, being tastefully bound in dark green cloth, with gold The MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. READ Irrigation in the United States By Swarr HAYES NEWELL Chief Engineer U.S. Reclamation Survey Price -ainoe postpaid to any address. Address: FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Washington, D. C. 1006; Con- cord Grapes, 82 per 100. We ay the freight. § English or Ger ‘man, free. GERMAN NURSERIES Boy #1, Beatrice, Neb. TREES THAT GROW Hardy varieties; yield big crops. Grafted Locust Gece ings, $l per Foresters and Botanists will find profit and pleasure in Important Philippine Woods The standard reference book for Philippine forests. By Capt. G. P. AHERN, Chief of Philip- pine Forestry Bureau. 42 large colored plates. Price, $3.00. Forestry and Irrigation Book Dept. ie) 50 YEARS’ EXPERIENCE TRADE MarRKs DESIGNS CopyRIGHTs &c. Anyone sending a sketch and desce aan may quickly ascertain our opinion free whether an invention is probably patentable. Communica- tions strictly confidential. HANDBOOK on Patents sent free. Oldest agency for securing patents. Patents taken through Munn & Co. receive special notice. without charge, in the Scientific American, A handsomely illustrated weekly. Largest cir- culation of any scientific journal. Terms, $3 a year; four months, $1. Sold by all newsdealers. MUNN & €o,2%12roa0=, New York Branch Office, 625 F St., Washington, D. THE PROCEEDINGS OF THES merican Forest Congress WILL BE ISSUED IN BOOK FORM APRIL 15, PRICE, $1.25 PosTpPaip TO ANY ADDRESS. Orders, accompanied by remittance, should be sent to H. M. SUTER PUBLISHING CO. BOX 356 Washington, D. C. In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION: WHITE PINE Seeds and Seedlings for Forestry Purposes THOMAS MEEHAN & SONS, Inc., Dreshertown, Penn. Nursery Lane Nurserymen and Tree Seedsmen. OLIV OV VLG VILL POPPI IIGIL IG FNIL ING INGII NG INGI NG ENGING A RAISE by natural stream fall. IRRIGATING WATER One foot raises thirty feet. Raise any quantity for irrigation, stock, railroad tanks, town supply, ete., with RIFE HYDRAULIC RAMS No attention ever required, and it’s always going, insuring constant sup- ply. Runs for years without expense. Raise any height and carry any distance. Sold on 30 days free trial. Write for free book. Rife Engine Co., 126 Liberty St., New York. COQLMIVIIIQIASLOVPQPOVGLW{MPIPPIVPLOGPOPLI IPP PIV VP OA Oe’d BLOCK, Photographer Views, Lantern Slides, Bromide Enlarge- ments, Copying, Developing and Printing 215 SIXTH STREET, S.E. WASHINGTON, D.C. ORCHIDS ORCHIDS Weare the largest Orchid Growers iipne United States sf. i: Our Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of Orchids is now ready and may be had on application. Orchid Growers LAGER & HURRELL and Importers. SUMMIT, N. J We Sell Direat to the Planter GRAFTED PECANS and all kinds of Nut Trees NEW PLUM, “ Maynard,” the Moneymaker Send for Description OAK LAWN NURSERY HUNTSVILLE, ALA. me.. PAPER. Construction News Press Clippings CONTRACTORS, MATERIAL, MEN, BUILDERS, MANUFACT- URERS, in fact, ANYBODY interested in Construction News of all kinds, obtain from our daily reports QUICK, RELIABLE INFORMATION. Our special corre- spondents allover the country enable us to give our patrons the news in advance of their com- petitors and before it has become common property. Let us know what you want and we will send you samples and quote you prices. PRESS CLIPPINGS on any subject from all the leading current newspapers, maga- zines, tradeand technical journals of the United States and Canada. PUBLIC SPEAK- ERS, WRITERS, STUDENTS, CLUB WOMEN cau secure reliable data for speeches, essays, debates, etc. Special facil- ities for serving Trade and Class Journals, Railroads and large industrial corporations. WE READ, through our staff of skilled readers, a more comprehensive list of publica- tions than any other Burean WE AIM to give prompt and intelligent service at the low- est price consistent with good work. Write us about it. Send stamp for booklet. United States Press Clipping Bureau 147 Fifth Ave., Chicago, U.S. A. that this publication is printed . on is furnished by R. P. Andrews & Company (tnc.), Washington Sole Agents in the District of Columbia for the West Vrginia Pulp and Paper Company, the Largest Manufacturers of Book Paper in the world. IF IN NEED, DROP THEM A LINE In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. r ‘ National Irrigation Association Chicago, New York, Washington, 1707 Fisher Building. 17 Battery Place. 5 and 6 Glover Building, OF Fle ahese THos. F. WaxsH, Washington, GEORGE H. MAXWELL, Chicago, President, Executive Chairman. JAMES H. EcKELS, Chicago, CHARLES B. BOOTHE, New York, Treasurer. Chairman Executive Counctl. Guy E. MircHELL, Washington, Secretary. The objects of the Association, as set forth in its Constitution, are as follows: 1. The adoption by the Federal Government of a permanent policy for the reclamation and settlement of the public domain, under which all the remaining public lands shall be held and administered as a trust for the benefit of the whole people of the United States, and no grants of the title to any of the public lands shall ever hereafter be made to any but actual settlers and homebuilders on the land. 2. The preservation and development of our national resources by the construction of storage reservoirs by the Federal Government for flood protection, and to save for use in aid of navigation and irrigation the flood waters which now run to waste and cause overflow and destruction. 3. The construction by the Federal Government of storage reservoirs and irrigation works wherever necessary to furnish water for the reclamation and settlement of the arid public lands. 4. The preservation of the forests and reforestation of denuded forest areas as sources of water supply, the conservation of existing supplies by approved methods of irrigation and distribution, and the increase of the water resources of the arid region by the investi- gation and development of underground supplies. 5. The adoption of a harmonious system of irrigation laws in all the arid and semi-arid states and territories under which the right tu the use of water for irrigation shall vest in the user and become appurtenant to the land irrigated, and beneficial use be the basis and the | measure and limit of the right. 6. The holding of an annual Irrigation Congress, and the dissemination by public meet- ings and through the press of information regarding irrigation, and the reclamation and settle- ment of the arid public domain, and the possibilities of better agriculture through irrigation and intensive farming, and the need for agricultural education and training, and the creation of rural homes as national safeguards, and the encouragement of rural settlement as a remedy for the social and political evils threatened by the congestion of population in large cities. a ee ee ~ TROPICAL FORESTRY AND HORTICULTURE Reports and working plans for estates in Southern Florida, Bahamas, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Porto Rico, and neighboring regions . .. . The>Pomelo, or Grape Fruit, the Favorite of all Breakfast Fruits, for which the southernmost part of the Peninsula of Florida is famous. For the produc- tion of this profitable fruit this region hasnorival . . . . .. . . Tropical forest lands bought and sold. Villa sites and grove land for sale in Biscayne Bay region. Write for prospectus. Address JOHN GIFFORD, Princeton, N. J., or Cocoanut Grove, Dade Co., Fla. RNIA.IN| JANUARY: sas W. E. HOYT, G. E. P. A. 335 Broadway, New York, N. Y. VNSEND. apeta. Sst. Louis q HOMESEEKERS TICKETS| One Fare Plus $2.00 | via NORTHERN PACIFIC RY. | MONTANA ON SALE AT ALL RAILROAD TICKET OFFICES First and Third Tuesdays in March, April May and June P. W. PUMMILL, Dist. Pass. Agt., 711 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. A. M. CLELAND, General Passenger Agent, St. Paul, Minn. In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. 1 APPOINTMENTS TO FOREST SERVICE WILL BE MADE I—No. 4 APRIL, 1905 $1.00 a Year; 10 cts. a Copy Field aus Sine ain Edited by EMERSON HOUGH America’s Illustrated Monthly Magazineof the Rop, GuN, Doc, CANOE, CAMERA, CRUISE, Etc Subscription Price $1.50 per Year 15cents a copy of all Newsdealers The Mysteries of the Mighty Amazon River EAD the stor ys plorer ALV coveries and facts brought to light by “RPIELD AND STREAM’S” exploration party in the vast tropical wilderness drained by the Amazon. From the day when, on the Pacific coast. the ascent of the Andes Mountains began, the thrill of the narrative isupon you, and never releases its hold until the tale ends at the confluence of the great river with the Atlantic, 3,600 miles fromits source. graphically penned by ex- VAH D. JAMES, of the dis- Begin your subscription with the superb Christmas Number of 1903, containing the first installment of this Amazon story. Address the Publishers John P. Burkhard Corporation Dept. F. I. 35 West 21st St., New York Nature BeE&ks Now is the time to Read them Spring is here and every normal man and woman wishes to get in touch with the newlv-wakened life out of doors. See our list on a fol- lowing page. Whatever isn’t there we can procure for you at lowest rates. Forestry and Irrigation BOOK DEPARTMENT Tn arritinag adwa enesdn co rneeee oli atea at timer! aecelecae ae Printing § Publishing The H. M. Suter Publishing Co. have exceptional facili- ties for turning out books, pamphlets, calendars, Col- lege annuals, &c. All Kinds of Illustrations Furnished. To persons desiring prompt publication of books we can guarantee first class printing and careful proof-reading, relieving them of all detail work. CORRESPONDENCE INVITEDS H. M. Siler Publishing Co., 510 TWELFTH ST., N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C. GREEN Principles of American Forestry Sil TO OcII PNG cluding many half-tones. WILSON Trrigation Engineering Fourth edition, enlarged and rewritten. Small 8vo, xxiii X 573 pages, 41 full page plates, mostly half-tones, and 142 figures. Cloth, “$4. 00 4 pages, 73 figures, in- Cloth, $1.50 SNOW Che Principal Species of Wood: Their Characteristic Properties Large 8vo, xi X 203 pages, figures in the text, 39 full page halt-tones. C loth, ELLIOTT Practical Farm Drainage 12mo, 100 pages, 25 figures. Cloth, $1.00 ELLIOTT Engineering for Land Drainage 12mo, vii X 232 pages, 41 figures, 6 full page hs alf-tones. Cloth, $1.50 JOHN WILEY & SONS 43 and 45 East 19th St. New York City $3.50 | | | | 1 | b | ; | | | ; i y i ee ae ee ee aon SCHOOLS & BP I 2 A RR SAT i SS SS ee Proceedings of the American Forest Congress Ready for Distribution on JUNE Ist Price, $1.25 a Copy Address, H. M. Suter Publishing Co. Box 356 WASHINGTON, D. C. Accurate estimates of standing timber, valuation surveys and working plans made, and expert advice on any logging, lumbering, or forestal proposition furn- ished by C. A. SCHENCK & CO., Biltmore, N. C. Consulting Forest Engineers. ADVERTISERS FIND “Forestry and Irrigation” A GOOD MEDIUM California, Alta, Placer County AGASSIZ HALL is a boys’ Preparatory School in the Sierra Ne vada Mountains. Its boys are encouraged to ride, row, swim, fish, hunt, trap, snowshoe as out-of-school aids toward developing healthy manhood CG COLLEGES EXO! THE University of the South Sewanee, Tennessee DEPARTMENTS Academic Medical Theological Pharmaceutical Law Preparatory The University of the South is situated in the center of its woodland domain of 10,000 acres on the summit of the Cumberland Mountains, 2,000 feet above sea level. Open from March to December, the academic year being divided into three terms. Students from other Universities may attend the sum- mer session, July 3 to September 26, in any department. The University domain is being lumbered in a scientific manner under the direction of the Bureau of Forestry, U.S. Department of Agri- culture,and an unusualopportunity isafforded for the preliminary study of forestry. Sewanee presents an exceptionally attractive field for the study of geology, and forest and field botany. For further information address THE VICE-CHANCELLOR Fast through train service to all points from Chicago, Milwaukee and Peoria on the East, to Omaha, Denver, the Black Hills, Salt Lake City and the Pacific Coast on the West, and north- ward to St. Paul, Minneapolis, Duluth, Superior, Ashland, Mar- quette and Sault Ste. Marie. Ghe Best of Everything. W. B. Kniskern, P. T. M. Chicago, Ill, In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. — anaes ASS os 2 Eee ee American Forestry Association President—HON. JAMES WILSON, SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. The American Forestry Association was organized in 1882, and incorporated in January, 1897. It now has nearly three thousand members, residents of every State in the Union, Canada, and foreign countries. It has at all times been active in promoting measures tending toward the proper utilization of the forests and their protection from destruc- tion by fires and wasteful use. The objects of this Association are to promote: 1. A business-like and conservative use and treatment of the forest resources of this country ; 2. The advancement of legislation tending to this end, both in the States and the Congress of the United States, the inauguration of forest administration by the Federal Government and by the States; and the extension of sound forestry by all proper methods ; 3. The diffusion of knowledge regarding the conserva- tion, Management, and renewal of forests, the proper utilization of their products, methods of reforestation of waste lands, and the planting of trees. The Association desires and needs as members all who are interested in promoting the objects for which it is organ- ized—all who realize the importance of using the natural resources of the country in such a manner as not to exhaust them; or to work ruin to other interests. In particular it appeals to owners of wood-lands, to lumbermen and forest- ers, as well as to engineers, professional, and business men who have to do with wood and its manifold uses, and to persons concerned in the conservation of water supplies for irrigation or other purposes. The American Forestry Association holds annual and special meetings at different places in the country for the discussion and exchange of ideas, and to stimulate interest in its objects. Lorestry and Irrigation, the magazine of author- ity in its special field, is the official organ of the Association, and is sent free to every member monthly. Its list of con- tributors includes practically all persons prominent in forest work in the United States, making it alone worth the cost of annual membership in the Association. The annual dues are, for regular members, $2.00, for sustaining members, $25.00; life membership is $100, with no further dues. Any person contributing $1,000 to the funds of the Association shall be a Patron. H. M. Suter, Secretary. Address: P. O. Box 356, Washington, D. C. ORGANIZED APRIL, 1882 INCORPORATED JANUARY, 1897 — THE American Forestry Association OFFICERS FOR 1905 President Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture First Vice-President, JAMES W. PINCHOT, Washington, D. C. Recording Secretary Corresponding Secretary EDWARD A. BOWERS, New Haven, Conn. H. M. SUTER, Washington, D. C. Treasurer, OTTO LUEBKERT, Washington, D. C. Directors JAMES WILSON HENRY S. GRAVES EDWARD A BWOERS WILLIAM L. HALL B. E. FERNOW GEORGE K. SMITH OTTO LUEBKERT F. H. NEWELL WILLIAM S.HARVEY GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY GIFFORD PINCHOT Vice-Presidents Sir H. G. Joly de Lotbiniere, Victoria,B.C. | William Trelease, St. Louis, Mo. Charles C. Georgeson, Sitka, Alaska. | Charles E. Bessey, Lincoln, Neb. John L. Kaul, Birmingham, Ala. |. Frank W. Rollins, Concord, N. H. B. A. Fowler, Phcenix, Ariz. | John Gifford, Princeton, N. J. T. P. Lukens, Pasadena, Cal. William F. Fox, Albany, N. Y. W. G. M. Stone, Denver, Col. | C. A. Schenck, Biltmore, N. C. Austin F. Hawes, New Haven Conn. Wm. R. Lazenby, Columbus, Ohio. Henry M. Canby, Wilmington, Del. S. C. Bartrum, Roseburg, Oregon. John Joy Edson, Washington, D. C. | William T. Little, Perry, Okla. Elihu Stewart, Ottawa, Ont. | J. T. Rothrock, West Chester, Pa. Chas. H. Herty, Green Cove Springs, Fla. | George Peabody Wetmore, Newport, R. I. R. B. Reppard, Savannah, Ga. | George H. Whiting, Yankton, S. D. J. T. Pence, Boise, Idaho. | Wn. L. Bray, Austin, Texas. Chas. Deering, Chicago, Il. Luke Lea, Nashville, Tenn. W. H. Freeman, Indianapolis, Ind. | George L. Swendsen, Salt Lake City,Utah. Hugh P. Baker, Ames, Iowa. George Aitken, Woodstock, Vt. George W. Tincher, Topeka, Kansas. | Bie noe cee bey i S. C. Mason, Berea, Ky. | Oilas 3) Ure’, cattle, VV asi. Lewis Johnson, New Orleans, La. = i ao Morgantown, W. Va. . | . M. Griffith, Madison, Wis. John E. Hobbs, North Berwick, Me. Jos. M. Carey, Cheyenne, Wyoming. Edward L. Mellus, Baltimore, Md. Wm. Little, Montreal, Quebec. Alfred Akerman, Boston, Mass. Geo. P. Ahern, Manila, P. I. Filibert Roth, Ann Arbor, Mich. Wn. R. Castle, Hawaii. Samuel B. Green, St. Anthony Park, Minn. J. H. McLeary, San Juan, P. R. Annual Dues, $2. Life Membership, with exemption from further dues, $100. Sustaining Membership, $25 a year FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the Association, and sent regularly to all members APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP To Mr. H. M. SUTER, Secretary American Forestry Association Box 356, Washington, D. C. DEAR SiR: I hereby signify my desire to become a member of the American Forestry Association. Two dollars ($2.00) for annual dues enclosed herewith. Very truly yours, Name— P. O. Address— For Sale by FORESTRY A ND IRRIGATION, 510 Twelfth Street, N. W., Washington, D. U. IMPORTANT BOOKS ON FORESTRY PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF FORESTRY | Economics of Forestry, The. By Be E: FERNOW. This volume treats of forests and forestry from the standpoint of political economy, and is designed to furnish a trustworthy basis for formu. | lating public policy. Price, $1.50 First Book of Forestry, A. By FILIBERT | RotH. An outline of the general principles of | forestry, written in simple, non-technical language, designed particularly for the beginner. Price, $1.25 Practical Forestry, for Beginners in Forestry, Agricultural Students and | Woodland Owners. By JoHN GIFFORD. | A good general description of the principles of | forestry with enough technical information to pre- | pare the beginner for more intricate problems. — Price, $1.28 | Forest Planting. By H. NicHoLas JARCHOW: | An illustrated treatise on methods and means of | restoring denuded woodland, with full instructions. Price, $1.50 | An English transla- Forestry. (Schwappach.) f tion of ‘‘ Forstwissenschaft.”’ Price, 50¢. Hedges, Windbreaks, Shelters and Live Fences. By E. P. POWELL. A treatise | on the planting, growth and management of hedges with information concerning windbreaks and shelters. Price, 50c. North American Forests and Forest- ry. By ERNEST BRUNCKEN. This volume, exposi- tory in its character, is written ina style intended for the general reader, to whom it should convey a | good idea of our forests and tenets of forestry. Price. $2.00 | Practical Forestry. By ANDREW S. FULLER. A treatise on the propagation, planting and cultiva- tion, with descriptions and the botanical and popu- lar names of all the indigenous trees of the United States, and notes on a large number of the most valuable exotic species. Price, $1.50 Principles of American Forestry. By | SAMUEL B.GREEN. Prepared especially for students in elementary forestry and for the general reader who wishes to secure a general idea of forestry in | North America. Price, $1 50 Profession of Forestry, The. By Gir- FORD PINcHOT. A pamphlet containing an address on that subject by Mr. Gifford Pinchot ; also an ad- dress by Mr. Overton W. Price on ‘‘ Study in Europe for American Forest Students,’ and a list of refer- ence publications for students. Price, 25c. Tree Planting on Streets and High- | ways. By Wm. F. Fox. Acomprehensive treatise | on tree planting pleasingly presented and copiously illustrated in half-tones and color plates. Price, $1.50 FOREIGN IMPORTATIONS | English Estate Forestry. By A.C. FORBEs. An authoritative volume on English forest methods from the pen of a well known forester, that should | | prove of considerable interest to American readers. Price, $3.60 | Fortwissenschaft. (Schwappach.) Price, 40c- Manual of Forestry. (Schlich.) Five vol” | umes, complete, or separately as follows (price, com- plete, $17.20) : Vol.l. ‘*Utility of Trees and Fund- amental Principles of Silvicul- ture.”’ Price, $2.40 Vol. Jl. ** Formation and Tending of Woods.’’ Price, $3.20 Vol. lll. ** Rorest Management.’’ Price, $3.20 Vol. lV. **Korest Protection.” Price, $3.60 Vol. V. ‘Forest Utilization.” Price, $4.80 This is perhaps the most authoritative work that has been issued on the technicai side of forestry, translated from the German. | Manual of Botany. DENDROLOGY, BOTANY, AND IDENTIFICA- TION OF SPECIES American Woods. By ROMEYN B. HouGuH. A new departure in the publication of an authorita- tive work illustrated with actual wood sections of the various species described. Three are given of each, viz., radial, transverse, and tangential. Is- sued in ten parts, per part Price, $5.00 Among Green Trees. By JuLIA ELLEN RoGErRs. This book supplies the demand for a nature book on trees which is more than mere sys- tematic studies. The book treats of general prin- ciples, ete., and gives tree history and life accurate- ly. Price, $3.00 Familiar Trees and Their Leaves. By F. SCHUYLER MATHEWS. This little volume con- tains a large amount of interesting information concerning the better-known trees of the eastern United States. The botanical name and habitat of each tree is given, along with a record of the pre- cise character and color of its foliage. Price, $1.75 Flora of the Northern United States and Canada. By BriTtron and BROWNE. A complete and accurate key to the flora of the region covered. 3 vols, Price, $12.00 Flora of the Southern States. (Chap- man.) This isan excellent key to the flora of the south, complete and accurate in its scope. Price, $4.00 Forest Trees and Forest Scenery. By G. FREDERICK SCHWARZ. By a painstaking analysis of the esthetic elements of forest scenery and its econcomitants, Mr. Schwarz has presented the sub- ject in anew way, that all readers may find some new beauties and economies in the habits of trees and the conformation of forests. Price, $1.50 Getting Acquainted with the Trees. By J Horace MCFARLAND. A handsome volume, copiously illustrated, and with facts accurately pre- sented in an entertaining way. Pricé, $1.75 HMandbook of Plants. (Henderson. ) Price, $3.00 How Plants Grow. By ASA GRAy. An understanding of the way in which a tree grows is of prime importance to the forester, and the matter here presented is accurate and authoritative. Price, 80c. How to Tell The Trees. By J.G. LEMMON. A pocket dictionary of the trees designed particu- larly for the identification of western species, and written in an entertaining manner. Price, 50¢. By Asa GRAy. A key to the flora of the northeastern states, and the most authoritative publication of its nature Price, $1.62; field edition, $2.00 Our Native Trees. By Harriet L. KEELER. A popular key to the trees of the northeastern United States, presented in manner giving easy access to the text. The book is accurate, and as far as possible is written in a style which would make it interesting to the beginner. Price, $2.00 Our Northern Shrubs. By Harrier L. KEELER. ‘This volume is planned on the same lines as the foregoing, and describes the shrubs which are native .o the region extending from the Atlantie Ocean to the Mississippi River and from Canada to the northern boundaries of our Southern states. The arrangement is by families and each member is given a popular and scientific deserip- tion. Price, $2.00 Principal Species of Wood; Their Characteristic Properties. By CHARLES HENRY SNow. No attempt is made to give exhaus- tive descriptions of species, but the author presents a mass of information designed for the use and in- struction of woodworkers, ete., in a popular style. ‘A host of concise information is brought under each head, and the work isa valuable one. Price, $3.50. These books sent prepaid upon recevpt of price indicated, by FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION; 510 Twelfth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. ‘Irrigation for Farm, Important Books on Forestry and Irrigation for sale by FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 510 Twelfth Street, Asif W., Washington, D. CO. Studies of Trees in Winter. OAKES HUNTINGTON ous trees of northeastern America with keys for their identification in winter, written in a bright, entertaining style, and containing a mass of valu- able information. Price, $2.25 Trees of New England. By L. L. DAME and HENRY Brooks. This book .is a small yolume which canbe easily put in the pocket and carried in the woods, and at the same time is the best guide to the identifleation of our New England trees of By ANNE any of the smaller books yet published. Price, $1.50 | Trees of Northeastern America. (NEW- HALL.) A good general check list of the more im- portant trees of the northeastern United States. Price, $1.75 Trees and Shrubs. By C.S.Sarcent. The A description of the decidu- | most thorough and authoritative publication yet | jssued, and a standard work. The matter is issued in parts, of which there are three already published. TR To Save Washington’s Forests 161 boretum - - - 149 “fight toaF inish - - - 151 Maine’s New Forest Law - 149 Vermont Forest Legislation 1538 Oregon Has a Forest Law - 149 New Jersey Forest Legislation 153 New York’s Forest Policy 150 Appointments and Transfers in Reclamation Service - APPOINTMENTS TO THE FOREST SERVICE - - - - FOREST CONDITIONS IN NOR TEE RN NEW HAMPSHIRE (Illustrated) - - - - - - - - THE SANDALWOOD TREE IN HAWAII - - C. S. Judd FORESTRY IN NEW YORK STATE - J. Y. McClintock ECONOMIC. METHODS IN REFORESTING. WHITE PINE FORESTS ( J//ustrated ) - - - - F. William Rane PURCHASE OF FORESTRY LANDS BY ‘STATES AN_ IN- VESTMENT~ - - - - : General C. C. Andrews BEST USE. OF -WASHINGTON’S STATE SCHOOL LANDS - - - . - - - - Frank H. Lamb THEREGILA RIVER FOREST RESERVE - - - - = RAILROAD TIES OF LOBLOLLY PINE ~- - - - - - LIGNITE OF NORTH DAKOTA AS ages? D TO IRRIGA- aT @IN | Ve- - - - - - THE RECLAMATION SERVICE Gunna) - RECENT PUBLICATIONS = = = z = FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the American Forestry Associa- tion. Subscription price $1.00 a year; single copies 10 cents. Copyright, 1904, by H. M. Suter Publishing Co. Entered at the Post Office at Washington, D. C. as second- class mail matte r. Published Monthly at WASHINGTON, D. C. SHER! OAH ‘sodo[g 19ddq oy} uo dur4nd Ie2[D ‘a1ysdurey MON ‘puog junoyy pram vane ¥ * : * Forestry and Irrigation. N@r 4. work relating to stream gaging in 1879, and was advanced to Chief As- Vou XI APRIL, 1905 NEWS AND NOTES Through unavoidable Sea. circumstances in pre- paring the proceed- ings of the American Forest Congress for publication in book form, the is- suance of the finished volume has been delayed beyond the time originally counted on. The entire matter is now in the hands of the printer, and the volume will appear by June 1, and perhaps several days in advance of that date. As announced in the daily papers, Mr. Carl Ewald Grunsky, fo-- merly a member of the Panama Canal Commission, was recently appointed consulting engineer and adviser to the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey, at a salary of $10,000 a year. Mr. Grunsky was born in San Joaquin county, California, on April 4, 1855. He attended the public schools of Stockton, being the only male member of the first class graduated from the Stockton High School in 1870. After teaching school for a year as principal of South School, in Stocix- ton, he determined to acquire a pro- fessional education in Germany. Ac- cordingly he spent nearly six years in Stuttgart, Wiirtemberg, as a student in the “Real-Schule” and in the Poly- technic Institute, from which he was graduated as civil engineer at the head of his class in 1877. His first professional employment Was as topographer with a river sur- veying party of the State Engineering Department of California, in 1878. He Was made assistant State Engineer in charge of computations and office New Consulting Engineer sistant in 1882, continuing as such till 1887. From 1887 to 1899 he was in pri- vate practice at Sacramento and in San Francisco, also serving during 1889 and 1890 as a member of the Ex- amining Commission on Rivers and Harbors for California. In 1892-93 he was one of the engineers selected to design a sewer system for San Fran- cisco, and served on the Sewerage Board of that city. In 1893-94 he again served the State of California as a consulting engineer to the Com- missioner of Public Works, dealing with drainage and river rectification problems. A Board of Public Works was cre- ated by a new charter for San Fran- cisco, in January, 1900. ‘This board, indersthe presidency oreColsiG.) Be Mendell, appointed Mr. Grunsky City Engineer of that city, which position he held until appointed one of the Isth- mian Canal Commissioners. As City Engineer of San Francisco he made plans for a municipal electric light plant, a municipal gas works, a munic- ipal telephone system, water works for a supply of water from the Sierra Ne- vada Mountains, estimated to cost about $40,000,000 ; a city railway sys- tem and various public improvements, including a system of main sewers ($7,250,000), public buildings and parks for which bonds have been voted aggregating about $17,000,000. In private practice, Mr. Grunsky has been engineer for several irriga- tion and drainage districts and con- 148 sulting engineer for a number of cities on sewerage and water supply systems. In 1897 he contributed several water supply papers to the U. $. Geological Survey’s publications, and in 1899 and 1900 was one of the experts reporting to the United States Department of Agriculture upon irrigation and use of water from rivers in California. In carrying on the work of the Reclama- tion Service, it was found that the various railroad compa- nies recognized the value to them of the railroadtraffic to be built up as a re- sult of the development of the country by the Government irrigation systems. The companies were willing to assist in every way possible, and accordingly, contracts were made between various western companies and the Secretary of the Interior to provide for conces- sion of rates for freight carried in con- nection with the construction perform- ed by the Reclamation Service. These concessions of rates were made in pursuance of section 22 of the Interstate Commerce Act, which permits railroad companies to carry free or at reduced rates any material for the United States. These contracts provide that con- tractors’ plant to be used in connection with these projects is to be carried at certain reduced rates, and the question has arisen whether such arrangements are lawful. This question was carefully consid- ered by the Department. when these contracts were before the Secretary of the Interior for execution, and it was held that the method adopted by the Reclamation Service to obtain the benefit of these rates brought these concessions within the law, because all bidders on the construction work were notified of the reduced rates and each of them necessarily figured upon re- duced rates to be given by the railroad companies in preparing their bids for the work. In this manner, the bids were all made on the basis of the low freight Railroad Rates for Reclamation Service. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April rate and were necessarily less by an amount equivalent to the concessions of rates made by the railroad compa- nies. The question has been much dis- cussed in the press recently, and the Interior Department has submitted the entire matter of the legality of these contracts to the Attorney-General. The amounts involved are very large, as the plant and material used in the construction of these projects are very bulky and the freight amounts toalarge sum. It is estimated that on the Truckee-Carson project, in Ne- vada, the freights paid already amount to over $100,000, and this is about one-tenth of the amount expended by the Government upon the construction. The concessions in rates given by the railroad companies vary according In some — cases the reduction is as much as 50 ~ Considering that thefe are now under construction, or soon to be _ undertaken, twelve different irrigation systems, it is evident that the saving on these freights will in a few years ; 3 + to the nature of the material. PEL Cenk: be sufficient to enable the Reclamation Service to construct an additional mil- lion-dollar project solely from the sav- — ings on this account. It is to be hoped, therefore, that the — views of the Interior Department to ; the effect that the entire benefit of — these concessions is obtained by the United States, will be found correct — by the Attorney-General, as it will mean a very considerable increase in~ the amount of construction which can — be undertaken by the Government un-_ der the Reclamation Act. = State foresters arey wanted both in In- diana and California. State Foresters Wanted In the first-named State his duties will — be to take charge of the State forest reserve and to further the cause of forestry in the State by codperation with private owners, by studies, and | by lectures. ‘The salary is fixed at_ $1,500 in the beginning. In Califor-_ nia, a forester is wanted to execute, under the supervision of the State — . va icine Renae Ree ; ERY 2 pe at Ret OS TE E AH hes hela ee SDE Oke Coe pil Ma athe i a a eae eae s S& z Pros a ee .- beech, 1905 Board of Forestry, all matters pertain- ing to forestry within the jurisdiction of the State, as provided in the act of March 20, 1905. The salary offered is $2,400 a year. Application for either of these positions should be made to the Forester, U. S. Depart- The Agricultural College, aie Port Collins, will starteanarboretum on the college farm at that place this spring. It is proposed later to include shrubs in the arbore- tum, but this year only trees will be selected, and the varieties include near- ly every kind and species growing in fae latitude of Cincinnati. It is a rather unusual fact that no hickory, ironwood, gum or sassafras, and only isolated specimens of the American oak are found in Colorado, and the specimens of these kinds of trees included in the arboretum will be M@reefirst in that State as far as is known. The college is preparing for an extended experiment with black lo- cust and catalpa speciosa. It plans to secure the cooperation of about 20 farmers over the State, who will as- sist in the matter; the college to fur- nish the stock and direct the planting, and the farmers the land and labor. The contemplated plans call for plan- tations each comprising one-half an acre, planted to the two varieties, each half, and containing 600 trees. The catalpa has been tried to a certain ex- tent in Colorado and found wanting, but it is claimed that its failure to ful- fil expectations is due to the fact that nearly all varieties found in the State are hybrids, or of the tender variety, it being a difficult matter to find a pure catalpa speciosa. Aside from the value this experi- ment by the Colorado State College will undoubtedly have in increasing the forested area of the State, its ar- boretum should establish what trees are best adapted to Colorado—those which will thrive under such climatic and soil conditions as are most preva- lent. Colorado College Starts Arboretum FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION ment of Agriculture,Washington, [). C. Colorado State 149 An act comprising in general the provisions oftheold Maine forest law, but with the modifications recom- mended by the Bureau of Forestry after a study of the control and pre- vention of forest fires in Maine, was approved on March 8. The Forest Commissioner is directed to establish forest districts and appoint for each a chief fire warden and deputy fire war- dens to carry out the provisions of the act. Specific outline of the duties of each is given and the former are al- lowed $2.50 per day compensation for actual work, with fees for prosecutions of violators of the laws, and the latter receive $2.00 per day actually em- ployed. Expense incurred under the provisions of this act is to be paid for from the funds appropriated to and for the use of the Forest Commission. Wnder thes title. An Act providing for the protection of the for- ests and timber of the State of Oregon, and for protection from forest fires, and the destruction of timber by fire, and providing for the appointment of fire rangers and their duties,” etc., the Oregon legislature passed a compre- hensive measure looking for the pro- tection of its forests. Tn the act is de- fined a “close season,” from June I to October 1,.in which period of time penalty 1s imposed for any person operating a locomotive, engine, etc., without a spark-arrester in or near woodland. Also during that same time, no fires shall be set in or near woods or in the vicinity of grain lands, without permit, and the maximum fine is fixed at $1,000. Punishment is provided for careless campers, hunt- ers, woodsmen, lumbermen, etc., who use fire in wooded areas unless certain precautions are taken. Fire notices are to be posted, and a penalty is im- posed for their defacement or destruc- tion. Section 9 provides that “Any person who shall detect anyone violat- ing any of the provisions of this act, and shall furnish information leading to the arrest and conviction of such Maine’s New Forest Law Oregon Has a Forest Law 150 person, shall receive one-half of the fine paid by such person so convicted. SEER In a message to the State legislature, trans- mitted on March g, Governor Higgins outlined his policy in regard to the administration of the State forest lands. The gist of his recommendations are as follows: (1) That the proposed constitution- al amendment permitting the removal of burnt timber be not submitted to the people. (2) That the forest laws be so amended as to insure the prevention of trespass, to compel the prosecution of malicious trespassers, both civilly and criminally, to the full extent of the law, and the seizure by the State of all timber cut or removed by trespassers from State Jands, and to prevent the condonation of trespassers. (3) That provision be made for the submission to the people of a consti- tutional amendment permitting a more scientific delimitation of the forest re- serve, so as to permit the sale of lands other than wild forest lands now in- cluded in the preserve, and the pur- chase with the proceeds thereof of other forest lands. Should these provisions be ratified by the legislature, it means a whole change in the policy of New York in regard to her forest lands. The policy at present in force absolutely prevents, on State lands, the practice of scientific forestry, since it provides that all for- est preserves should forever be kept as “wild forest lands.” As a result of these recommenda- tions, Senator Allds introduced a bill for the reorganization of the State plan for the protection of the forests. The bill places the care of the forests in the Forestry Department of the Forest, Fish and Game Commission, and gives the Commissioner sole au- New York’s Forest Policy thority to bring action for trespass, thus doing away with the divided re- sponsibility now existing. Governor Higgins’ message is a strong plea for recognition of the importance of for- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April estry, and his recommendations are well brought out and strongly empha- sized, North Dakota Encourages Tree Planting An Act passed by the North Dakota State Legislature, and ap- proved by the Governor February 28, allows an annual deduction of $3 in taxes for each acre planted in any kind of trees, set not more than 8 feet apart, in real estate holdings of 80, 120, or 320 acres. Where persons plant trees suitable for hedge in rows along pub- lic highways, or upon their own prem- ises, at the rate of more than two trees to each rod, they will receive or have deducted from their taxes annually a bounty of $2 for every eighty rods of each row in length. This applies only in periods of less than five years for each particular row. Persons wishing to secure the benefit of this measure are required to file with the county au- ditor or clerk in their county a diagram or plat of the trees planted, and must make oath, together with two free- holders residing in the near vicinity, that the trees have been properly plant- ed and cultivated, and that the dia- gram submitted is correct. Railroads planting trees within two hundred feet of their track or trees planted on land held under the Timber Culture Act cf the United States are not included in the act. Section 4 of the act directs the duty of each assessor to the act, and outlines their method of proced- ure in allowing the claim. To better protect. the forests of New Hamp- shire from forest fires, the legislature of that State has re- cently passed a new fire law. Fire wardens are created, and their duties outlined. Among the most important of these is the requirement that, upon direction of the Forestry Commission, they shall patrol forested areas, and post warning notices and extracts of the forest fire law. The warden is vested with the right to arrest, without warrant, all violators of the measure. “Reasonable compensation” is allowed for services of persons, or prop- New Hampshire Forest Fire Law 1905 ene, used by the fire warden, mage is made an Offense pun- ishable by fine to ignore the warden’s call for assistance, either personally, or in their use of wagons, tools, ete. The chief of the fire department in such towns as have such an organized department is designated as fire war- den for that town, and where no such department exists, the Forestry Com- mission will appoint one of the Board of Selectmen to that position. Their compensation is to be paid for by the towns themselves, and at the regular salary they are ordinarily paid as members of the fire “eine or as selectmen. same posted, and will prepare, or e prepared, bulletins and circulars ating of forest fires, their preven- 1, best methods of controlling and extinguishing, care of forest lands, st methods of lumbering, and in gen- ral diffuse a practical knowledge of eStrv | Vermont's For- Legislation he second act exempts from taxa- all waste or uncultivated land n the State which shall be planted 1 timber or forest trees under reg- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 153 ulations issued by the State Forestry Commissioner, and in accordance with his directions. The Commissioner is directed to prepare such regulations in regard to the number of trees per acre, species to be planted, time of the year when such planting shall be done, etc., and must keep a record and make re- port of such exemptions. The first act is not quite as com- plete and comprehensive as might be desired, but the second is a most ox- cellent move, and by offering to own- ers of uncultivated or waste lands an inducement to plant trees will un- doubtedly have the effect of reforest- ing for the future much of the worth- less land of the State, with a crop that is constantly increasing in value. A bill was introduced in the New Jersey leg- islature by Mr. Alex- ander R. Fordyce, jr., and later passed by that body, providing for the ap- pointment of five commissioners for the examination into the advisability of creating State forest reserves, and to recommend methods of their ac- quirement and administration by the State, and suggesting protective leg- islation. This commission is to make a complete printed report to the next legislature. A second act, introduced also by Mr. Fordyce, on February 7, and which re- cently passed both houses and was signed by the Governor, thereby be- coming a law, is even more indicative of the fact that the people of New Jer- sey are just now realizing what for- estry means, and the beneficent results which State action will bring. The act creates a “State Board of Forest Park Commissioners,” of which tlie Governor and State Geologist are ex- officio members, and to which is con- fided the reforestation of denuded lands, prevention of forest fires, ad- ministration and care of the State for- ests on the principles of practical for- estry, cooperation with private owners of woodland, and encouragement in the preservation and growing of tim- ber for commercial and manufacturing New Jersey For- est Legislation 152 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April for its trunk had attained the unusual size of nearly a foot in thickness. This size is also evidence that it was win- ning the victory, as is further attested by the fact that it had partly killed the several centuries old, and beside it in early days a grapevine started its ex- istence. Little by little it extended its octopus-like branches up and finaily In course of time it over the oak. Photo by Romeyn B, Hough. ] Illustration of a Finish Fight Between a Live Oak and a Grape-Vine in a North Carolina Forest. tree. But one of its massive folds nearly enveloped it, appropriating to near the base had become involved itself the life-giving sunlight for which the live oak was also striving. How long the struggle must have continued is shown by the great size of the vine, in the crotch of the tree which grad- ually closed in upon it, constricting it, as though with monstrous jaws, until 1905 it has nearly killed the vine. It is only a question of a little more time when its destruction will have been complete and the tree will again revel in its full measure of coveted sunlight. In a bill entitled “An Act relating to - the preservation of the forests,” and another “to encourage planting and perpetuating forests,” Vermont has two new measures, passed at the latest session of its leg- islature, which should help a great deal to encourage the practice of for- estry within its boundaries. The first act provides for the selection of a For- estry Commissioner by the Governor from the Board of Agriculture, and constitutes the first selectman in each town as a forest fire warden in his own town, with compensation during the time he is employed at the same rate he is paid for his other official duties. He is authorized to employ help in fighting forest fires at the rate of fifteen cents an hour and may de- mand the assistance of all townspeople in extinguishing the same, there being a penalty provided for persons refus- ing to do this. Should a town require more than five per cent. of the amount on its grand list for the extinguish- ment of fires in one year, the balance is to be paid for out of the State treas- _ury. Penalty is fixed for persons who leave camp fires unextinguished, and parties kindling fires for brush-burn- ing, etc., are warned to exercise care in starting and controlling them. ‘the Forestry Commissioner is to prepare forest fire warnings and no- _ tices and extracts of the law and have the same posted, and will prepare, or have prepared, bulletins and circulars treating of forest fires, their preven- tion, best methods of controlling and extinguishing, care of forest lands, best methods of lumbering, and in gen- eral diffuse a practical knowledge of forestry. _ The second act exempts from taxa- jtion all waste or uncultivated land within the State which shall be planted with timber or forest trees under reg- Vermont’s For- est Legislation FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 153 ulations issued by the State Forestry Commissioner, and in accordance with his directions. ‘The Commissioner is directed to prepare such regulations in regard to the number of trees per acre, species to be planted, time of the year when such planting shall be done, etc., and must keep a record and make re- port of such exemptions. The first act is not quite as com- plete and comprehensive as might be desired, but the second is a most #x- cellent move, and by offering to own- ers of uncultivated or waste lands an inducement to plant trees will un- doubtedly have the effect of reforest- ing for the future much of the worth- less land of the State, with a crop that is constantly increasing in value. A bill was introduced in the New Jersey leg- islature by Mr. Alex- ander R. Fordyce, jr., and later passed by that body, providing for the ap- pointment of five commissioners for the examination into the advisability of creating State forest reserves, and to recommend methods of their ac- quirement and administration by the State, and suggesting protective leg- islation. ‘This commission is to make a complete printed report to the next legislature. A second act, introduced also by Mr. Fordyce, on February 7, and which re- cently passed both houses and was signed by the Governor, thereby be- coming a law, is even more indicative of the fact that the people of New Jer- sey are just now realizing what for- estry means, and the beneficent results which State action will bring. The act creates a “State Board of Forest Park Commissioners,’ of which the Governor and State Geologist are e.- officio members, and to which is con- fided the reforestation of denuded lands, prevention of forest fires, ad- ministration and care of the State for- ests on the principles of practical for- estry, cooperation with private owners of woodland, and encouragement in the preservation and growing of tim- ber for commercial and manufacturing New Jersey For- est Legislation 154 purposes, and the general conservation of forest tracts around the headwaters and.on the watersheds of all water courses. The board is to publish pop- ular bulletins on the subject of fores- try, for distribution, and make reports and recommendations. ‘The State res- ervations may be acquired by decd, gift, or devise, or condemnation pro- ceedings, and the board has power tc acquire a fee simple estate to lands to be taken as reservations. The act further provides for the ap- pointment by the commissioners of fire wardens, and make it a misde- meanor to set fires on or near State forest reservations, or cut timber thereon, except when empowered bv the board. Provision is made for the board to cut and sell State timber when it appears advantageous. The three appointed members of the board serve without compensation, but with expenses paid by the State when in pursuance of their duties. A secre- tary of the board is created, with a sal- ary to be fixed, who attests expenses and certifies amounts to be expended from the State moneys for the pur- chase of reservations. The passage of this act marks a new epoch in forestry in New Jersey, a re- sult of a liberal campaign of education that has led to understanding and ay:- preciation, and a single law covering inso thoroughly comprehensive a muaa- ner the whole subject has seldom been enacted by a State legislature. Mr. John T. Keenan, of Colorado, has been appointed Assistant Engineer in the Reclamation Service. Mr. Keenan will engage in work on the Uncompahgre Valley project at Montrose, under the direction of I. W. McConnell. Supervising Engineer B. M. Hall, who has had general charge of the in- vestigations in the Rio Grande Valley in New Mexico and Texas, has been appointed Supervising Engineer for the Territory of Oklahoma, and will direct the operations of a number of field parties engaged upon surveys in Appointments, Transfers; Re- clam’on Service FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April that territory. Mr. Hall will also con- tinue in charge of work on the Rio Grande. Mr. Willis T. Turner, topographer, has been assigned to duty in Montana, and ordered to report to Mr. S. B. Robbins, who has charge of the Sun River project in that State. Mr. Tire ner has been in the employ of the Geo- logical Survey since 1894, in various capacities on surveying. He was as- signed to the Réclamation Service in 1903. Mr. John C. Cleghorn, of Iowa, has received an appointment as Engineer- ing Aid and ordered to report to S. B. Robbins, Great Falls, Montana, where he will be engaged in work on the Sun River project. Mr. Frederick H. Tillinghast, As- sistant Engineer, has been assigned to duty in Washington. Mr. Tillinghast made a special study of hydraulics and sanitary engineering in the Massachn- setts Institute of Technology, and graduated from Brown University with the degree of C. E. He has held various positions as assistant super- vising engineer on construction work for railways and power companies, and in 1902 was appointed to the posi- tion of assistant engineer in the Recla- mation Service. Mr. Clifford M. King, of Ithaca, New York, has received an appoint- ment as engineering aid and has been assigned to duty in Idaho. Mr. King is a graduate of the College of Civil Engineering, Cornell University, and has been engaged in construction work on concrete roadbed and railroads, and last season had charge of the location of canal lines for the Deschutes Irri- gation and Power Company, in Ore- gon. Mr. Thomas H. Humphreys has been promoted from the position of Assistant Engineer to that of Engi- neer. He has been assigned to work at Klamath Falls under Supervising Engineer J. B. Lippincott. Mr. Hum- phreys is a native of Idaho and grad- | uated from the Utah Agricultural Col lege. APPOINTMENTS TO THE FOREST SEY ICE Method to be Followed in Selecting Men for Government Forest Work ON December 17, 1904, the Presi- dent signed the following order: “In the exercise of the power vest- ed in the President by section 1753 of the Revised Statutes and acts amenda- tory thereof: “AT IS ORDERED, That all per- sons employed in the field and in the District of Columbia in the ‘protection and administration of forestry re- serves in or under the General Land Office of the Interior Department’ be classified and the civil service act and rules applied thereto, and that no per- son be hereafter appointed, employed, promoted, or transferred in said ser- vice until he pass an examination in conformity therewith, unless specific- ally exempted thereunder. This order shall apply to all officers and em- ployees, except persons employed merely as laborers, and persons whose appointments are confirmed by the Senate.” This order classified the whole for- est reserve service, and placed it under the civil service law. On February 1, 1905, by Act of Congress, this service was transferred from the Department of the Interior to the Department of Agriculture, without modification of the above order except in the further restriction entailed by the following section of the act: @oecs3. Ahat forest supervisors and rangers shall be selected, when practicable, from qualified citizens of the States or Territories in which the said reserves, respectively, are sit- uated.” By order of the Secretary of Agri- culture, dated February 1, 1905, the whole forest reserve service was placed in the Forest Service, under the direction and control of the Fores- tens POSITIONS IN THE CLASSIFIED FOREST SERVICE. PRESENT ORGANIZATION. The field force of the Forest Service now contains the grades of Forest In- spector, Forest Supervisor, Forest Assistant and Forest Ranger. The position of Forest Inspector is filled only by the promotion of ex- perienced men already in the classi- fied forest service. Forest Inspectors are assigned to inspection upon forest reserves, or in other branches of the forest work. Forest Supervisors are appointed by promotion from Forest Rangers or Forest Assistants and by competi- tive ex:mination only when no Forest Rangers or Forest Assistants in the State concerned are qualified and available for promotion to Forest Supervisor. They are assigned to the charge of one or more reserves, and now receive from $1,000 to $2,000 a year. Forest Assistants are appointed only by competitive examination and may be assigned to reserve duty or to work in other branches of the forest service. They receive from $900 to $1,400 a year. Forest Rangers are appointed only by competitive examination and are assigned to police and patrol duty upon forest reserves and to conduct the business of the reserve under the direction of the Forest Super- visor. Forest Rangers now receive from $720 to $1,080 a year, or $60 to $90 a month. PROPOSED ORGANIZATION. The reorganization of the forest service will take place as the neces- 156 sary funds, and as men of the required . training and experience, become avail- able. ‘The position of Deputy Forest Supervisor will be added, the position of ranger will contain the grades of Forest Ranger, Deputy Forest Rang- er, and Assistant Forest Ranger, and salaries will be fixed as shown below: Forest Supervisor, $1,800 to $2,- 500 a year ; Deputy Forest Supervisor, $1,500 to $1,700 a year; Forest Rang- er, $1,200 to $1,400 a year; Deputy Forest Ranger, $1,000 to $1,100 a year; Assistant Forest Ranger, $800 to $900 a year. EXAMINATIONS. In accordance with the law requir- ing selection of Forest Rangers and Forest Supervisors, when practicable, from the states in which they are to be employed, regular examinations for these positions are held as required in each State and Territory in which forest reserves are situated. These examinations are along practical lines and include tests in the actual per- formance of field work. Only legal residents between the ages of twenty- one and forty are eligible for Forest Ranger or Forest Supervisor. Ap- plicants are examined as to fitness for positions in the state or territory of which they are legal residents. Only when examinations fail to se- cure thoroughly qualified men are va- cancies filled by the examination of applicants from other states. The restriction as to residence is not imposed upon applicants for the Forest Assistant examination, for which the age limit is twenty years or over. Information as to the times and places at which examinations will be held, and the steps necessary to se- cure admission, may be obtained only from the U. $. Civil Service Com- mission, Washington, D. C. GENERAL QUALIFICATIONS AND DUTIES. FOREST SUPERVISORS. For the purpose of encouraging good men to enter the service and to do good work, as well as to utilize FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April their experience, appointments to the position of Forest Supervisor are made by the promotion of competent Forest Rangers or Forest Assistants, when the latter can be found in the States or Territories in which the va- cancies exist. Should there be no thoroughly satisfactory resident, For- est Rangers or Forest Assistants, ex- aminations of other applicants are held. . The qualifications for the position of Forest Supervisor include all those required of Forest Rangers, as here- after outlined, with superior busi- ness and administrative ability. Ap- plicants should not only be familiar with every detail of the work of the rangers and with the conditions of the forest region involved, but able to handle men, to deal with all classes of persons who do business with the forest reserve management, and to conduct the transactions, records and correspondence of the office. Knowl- edge of technical forestry is desirable but not essential. Candidates for the position of Forest Supervisor are re- quired to furnish the most convinc- ing proof of their moral and busi- ness responsibility. While certain general qualifica- tions are insisted upon in every case, special fitness for employment in a specified region is always considered. In many heavily forested regions knowledge of timber and lumbering is more important than familiarity with the live stock business, while the opposite is true in several interior re- serves where grazing problems are numerous and little, if any, timber is sold. Forest Supervisors must give their entire time to the service. They have full charge of their reserves, plan and direct all work, have entire dis- position of rangers and other assis- tants, and are responsible for the effi- iency of the local service. Under in- structions from the Forester, Super- visors deal with the public in all busi- ness connected with the sale of timber, the control of grazing, the issuing of 1905 permits, and the application of other regulations for the use and occupancy of forest reserves. They keep the re- cords and accounts, and conduct the correspondence and _ general office business of their reserves, and make reports to the Forester on all matters under their jurisdiction. FOREST ASSISTANTS. The position of Forest Assistant requires technical qualifications of high order, and entails an examination which no man may reasonably expect to pass unless he has been thoroughly trained in scientific forestry, dendrol- ogy, and lumbering. Forest Assis- tants may be assigned to any part of the United States and must be com- petent to handle technical lines of work, such as the preparation of working plans and planting plans, the investigation of the silvical char- acteristics and the uses of commercial trees, the study of problems in wood preservation, and to conduct many other investigations requiring a train- ed forester. FOREST RANGERS. To be eligible as Forest Ranger of any grade, the applicant must be, first of all, thoroughly sound and able- bodied, capable of enduring hard- ships and of performing severe labor under trying conditions. Invalids seeking light out-of-door employment need not apply. No one may expect to pass the examination who is not already able to take care of himself and his horses in regions remote from settlement and supplies. He must be able to build trails and cabins, and pack in provisions without assistance. He must know something of survey- ing, estimating and_ scaling timber, lumbering, and the live stock business. On some reserves the Forest Ranger must be a specialist in one or more of these lines of work. Thorough familiarity with the region in which he seeks employment, including its geography and its forest and indus- trial conditions, is usually demanded, although lack of this may be supplied FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION . 157 by experience in other similar regions. The examination of applicants is along the practical lines indicated above, and actual demonstration, by perfomance, is required. Experience, not book education, is sought, al- though ability to make simple maps and write intelligent reports upon ordinary reserve business is essential. Although initial appointment as Forest Ranger is usually to the low- est grade, in case of merit service therein may be only for a short pro- bationary period. Increase of salary above the maximum for a Forest Ranger can be secured only through promotion to the position of Deputy Forest Supervisor or Forest Super- visor when a vacancy occurs. It is the policy to fill such vacancies by promotions of Forest Rangers or For- est Assistants, when competent men can be found, rather than by appoint- ment of men without forest reserve experience although otherwise well fitted. Where boats, saddle horses, or pack horses are necessary in the perform- ance of their duty, rangers are re- quired to own and maintain them. The entire time of rangers must be given to the service. Engage- ment in any other occupation or em- ployment is not permitted. Forest Rangers execute work of the forest reserve under the direction of the Forest Supervisor. Their duties in- clude patrol to prevent fire and tres- pass, estimating, surveying and mark- ing timber, and the supervision of cuttings. They issue minor permits, build cabins and trails, enforce graz- ing restrictions, investigate claims, and arrest for violation of reserve laws. , FOREST GUARDS EMPLOYED DURING FIRE SEASON. In addition to the permanent classi- fied force which comprise the For- est Service, temporary assistants are employed during the season of serious danger from fires. These are known as Forest Guards, and may be employ- ed or dismissed by the Forest Super- 158 visor at any time. ‘They are paid at the rate of $50 to $60 a month, and serve only as long as they are abso- lutely required’; in no case over six months in any one year. No examination is required of ap- plicants for employment as Forest Guard. They are hired by the Forest Supervisor when fire patrol or other special work requires addition to the regular reserve force, and he is res- ponsible for their satisfactory service. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April Applications must be made to him direct. He will require sobriety, in- dustry, physical ability, and effective- ness, and will give preference to local residents of whose fitness he is fully satisfied. He may direct their work himself or place them under the super- vision of a ranger. The position of Forest Guard should not be confused with the existing erade of third-class ranger, which now carries the same salary. FOREST CONDITIONS IN NORTHERN NEW HAMPSHIRE Results of an Examination in the White Mountain Region oe that part of New Hampshire which lies north of Squam Lake and east of the lowlying agricultural lands along the Connecticut river is almost entirely forest covered, and for the most part will always be most valuable under forest growth. It con- tains 32 per cent of the total area of the State, or nearly 2,000,000 acres. In the winter of 1903 the State legislature appropriated $5,000 for an examination and study of this region by the Bureau of Forestry. A full report on this work has been prepared, and will soon be published by the Bu- reau. It includes a description and estimates of the forest, by drainage basins, an account of the characteris- tics of all important timber trees, a careful discussion of forest fires and their effects, and a study of the lum- ber, paper pulp, and other State in- dustries dependent upon the forest. The region studied constitutes two classes, which differ considerably both in general character and in forest growth. The southern of these is the White Mountain region, which con- tains approximately 812,000 acres. It is very rough and rugged, with num- erous broken mountain ranges inter- sected by deep, narrow valleys, with steep slopes, rapid streams, and all the conditions which invite soil ero- sion and permanent denudation of forest growth on the higher slopes, if careful lumbering is not practiced and fire is not kept out. In the ex- treme southern part of this region second-growth white pine forms a val- uable part of the forest on the lower lands, but spruce is in general the lead- ing commercial species. Before lum- bering began spruce was much more common than now, and the effect of present methods is still further to de- crease its representation and to sub- stitute for it the hardwoods, which are usually of much lower commercial value. The region north of the White Mountains is characterized by hills or low mountains and wide valleys, and contains many lakes. Here the spruce and balsam form a greater proportion of the forest growth than in the White Mountain region. While the greater part of this area has been cut over the lumbering has not been so inten- sive as in the White Mountains, but has consisted chiefly in culling out the best spruce, pulp wood of small di- 1905 FORESTRY AND TRRIG ATION 159 Scrubby Balsam at an Elevation of 4,800 Feet on Mount Madison, New Hampshire. Dense Stand of Balsam on a Spruce Bog, Logged Fifteen Years Ago. 160 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April Virgin Spruce with Dense Balsam Reproduction on Mount Jackson, New Hampshire. eer aman oe El a IE a - ew, Second Growth Spruce and Balsam, Near Pittsburg, New Hampshire. 1905 mensions not having been so exten- sively cut. As a consequence there is a great deal of small spruce and bal- sam on cut-over land. The region is admirably suited for continued tim- ber production, and owing to its in- accessibility forest fires are not severe. Until 1896 the greater part of the Mountain region was owned by the State. Since then the State has sold large and small tracts at nominal prices, until today all the forest land is in private ownership most of it held by large lumber and pulp com- panies. ‘These companies are making formidable inroads upon the forests. Seven companies own nearly all the timber land, and three of them cut annually about 75,000,000 board feet, mostly from virgin forests. ‘To this must be added the tremendous losses by fires. In 1903 nearly 85,000 acres were burned over, with a loss of over $200,000, not including the very great damage to the young growth and to the productive capacity of the forest. It is a hopeful sign, that two of these companies have adopted the policy of conservative lumbering. Of the total area examined, ap- proximately 2,000,000 acres, 989,592 are covered with softwoods, 34,752 with pine, 455,112 with hardwoods, and 244,036 acres are agricultural lands: the remainder is made up of burned, waste and barren land, and lakes and streams. The virgin mer- chantable forests comprise but 200,000 acres, while there are 1,363,711 acres of cut-over or culled land, and 120,495 acres of barren and waste land. The present stand of softwoods is com- puted to be 4,764,000,000 board feet and the annual cut is 249,639,000 feet. In 1900 the wooded area of the en- tire State was 3,228,000 acres and the cut for lumber amounted to 570,357,- 000 board feet. This is equivalent to 177 board feet per acre of wooded FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION | 161 area, and is more intensive lumbering than in any of the big timber States, Wisconsin being next with 175 board feet per acre. In relative importance in New Hampshire the lumber industry stands third, the paper industry fifth. From July 1, 1902 to June 30, 1903 the total amount of wood cut in the northern 562,000 board feet, of which 82.5 per cent., or 225,747,000 board feet was spruce. In the same year the paper and pulp mills used _ 1o9,- o4i~ cords. of . native | spruce. and 87.859 cords of Canadian The pulp companies are each year im- porting spruce in order to save their home forests as much as possible, and, by cutting them conservatively, to se- cure a continuous crop through nat- ural reproduction. Lumber com- panies have not been so conservative; in many cases clean cutting has been the custom. The Bureau of Forestry recommends that all large lumber and pulp companies secure in their own interest as well as that of the region, the services of trained foresters to regulate the cutting. The paramount forest menace, in New Hampshire as elsewhere, is fire rather than lumbering. But for the seemingly invariable rule that fire al- ways follows lumbering, the cutting could and doubtless would be more conservatively done. The lumberman naturally argues: Why leave stand- ing seed trees, or even trees of smaller diameter, only to be destroyed by fire? Thus while he is cutting he takes everything that he can sell, and leaves the young growth to take its un- equal chance against fire. Let the State throw around the forests but a tithe of the fire protection furnished the business enterprises of its cities, and lumbering will immediately res- pond with methods adjusted to the better business risk. spruce. . 162 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April North Sugar Loaf Mountain, New Hampshire. Once Heavily Timbered, But Now Practically Barren, as a Result of Clean Cutting and Fire. Young Conifers Killed by a Severe Ground Fire. 1905 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION First Connecticut Lake, New Hampshire. Effect of Constant Flooding for Storage. Barren Upper Slopes of the Presidential Range. New Hampshire. jor) THE SANDALWOOD TREE IN HAWAII BY C. S. JUDD | F any tree has ever been grossly maltreated it is the sandalwood tree in Hawaii. Of no especial value at first to the natives of the islands it grew naturally and abundantly in splendid mountain groves, but today only a few survivors are found in isolated parts of the country. ‘The same avarice and human lack of fore- sight which swept away the American buffalo by the thousands has also been active in almost completely extirpat- ing this tree in the Hawaiian Islands. Of the three species of the sandal- wood and about four varieties which grow in the islands, those most com- cercially important were the Santalum freycinetianum and Santalum pyrul- arium. ‘These were straight, hand- some trees attaining an average height of twenty-five feet and a thickness of one foot at the base. Another variety is reported to attain the height of eighty feet with a trunk three feet in diameter, while still other varieties were mere bushes growing along the rocky shore or in the inaccessible high- lands. The wood of each species was compact, fine-grained, and of a yel- lowish color. 7On account of its re- markable fragrance it was called by the natives laaw ala (odoriferous wood), while the name of the tree itself is iliahi (fire bark). In China it was purchased by the picul of 133% pounds, the price varying from eight to ten dollars for the picul. Today genuine sandalwood is worth in China from $60 to $190 a ton. In that coun- try there was a great demand for the wood where it was and is still used for ornamental carving, framework for fans, for perfumes and as incense in Buddhist temples. It is especially valuable for cabinet work for insects are repelled by the spicy odor of the wood. some way the presence of the tree was _ The traffic in sandalwood marked : the first commercial period in the his- tory of the Hawaiian Islands. Ing suddenly discovered by early voy- | agers who knew its value and it seems to have been American ships that in- stituted the trade, for in 1792 twomm men were left from a Boston brig on _ the island of Kauai to contract for several cargoes of sandalwood for the China trade. The chiefs sent their — serfs into the forests to fell the treesiamm clean the wood and bring it down by shiploads to the sea. At first all om ; return for large cargoes of this wood y the chiefs received, in less value, r trinkets, guns, ammunition, liquor, |) 4, boats, silks and other Chinese goods, — | Great quantities of the costly goods ] stowed away in medial and inse- cure store-houses, were allowed to de-— cay. In their greed for gain the chiefs, who had complete control over the common people, oppressed them sore- ly, compelling them to remain for months at a time in the mountains felling trees and bringing them down ~ on their backs to the royal store- houses situated on the shore. - | About the year 1810 Kamehameha ~ I, king of Hawadii, is said to have re= | ceived annually $400,000 for sandal- | wood and during the closing years — of his reign and until 1825, the trade — in this valuable wood was at its height. | In 1829 the wood was becoming | scarce and in 1835, the annual export — hac fallen off to $30,000. In the years — from 1836 to 1841, it amounted to only ! $65,000, and soon after the trade in | sandalwood seems to have come toa | complete stop. a The cause of this rapid decrease and final termination was due to the un- i 1905 relenting chiefs who were guilty of the almost complete extinction of this val- uable asset to the island forests. So harshly did they drive on the serfs in the gathering of the crop that these oppressed people destroyed also the young trees, in order that they and their sons might be relieved from toil, so heavy in the years to come. Short- ly after, 1840, the chiefs suddenly re- alized their blunder and the taboo which they then put on the trees has saved for us a few species in the deep woods. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION ~ 165 In India to-day a similar species, the Santalum Album, is successfully cul- tivated, under government control, and the supply of the wood is kept up by large plantations. The trees attain their maturity in twenty to thirty years, the trunk then being one foot in diameter. It is to be hoped that on the new forest reserves of Hawaii attempts will be made to res- tore the groves of this valuable tree and we may yet live to hear that the trade in sandalwood, grown in the Hawaiian Islands, has been revived. PORE olRY IN NEW YORK STATE BY J. Y. McCLINTOCK | W HILE there are many persons who are scattered throughout the country convinced of the wisdom of establishing public forests, there are few in any one community know- ing enough about the subject to form 'an intelligent opinion; and yet any | action by the authorities in that dir- ection must be sustained by public |opinion. Therefore I desire to pre- sent some points in connection with |the problem in New York State, and ask for an expression of opinion by this convention, knowing that it will |have great weight with our citizens. The people of New York have long been convinced that its forests should be preserved and that its hills and mountains which have been denuded should be reclothed with woods. Each |political party favors it and there has \been no adverse criticism of the -ex- |penditure made during a few years for the purpose of beginning the _twork. | The State is practically out of debt, and is being run without appreciable _jdirect taxation. There are few places Where intelligent forest operations _ |will be beneficial to so large a number fpf people, or to so large an aggre- _ oa gation of invested wealth. It is im- possible to explain why in the inter- est of the people the great Empire State, after making a good start in the direction of purchasing the forest lands, should suddenly stop, while that which it already owns is being neglected, and that which it will be necessary to buy, is continually ad- vancing in price or being ruined by burning, after every growing tree has been removed by the wood alcohol and charcoal manufacturers, follow- ing after the lumbermen, tanners, and pulp men. The subject has been treated in such a way, that the public are led to believe, that either the friends of forestry are not convinced by their own arguments, or that the depart- ment is not able to handle so large a business. The State began to buy forest land, and _ secured _ several hundreds of thousands of acres, at prices which seemed reasonable to all men conversant with the subject, and yet the appropriations were cut off and the work stopped. The State assisted in establishing a school of forestry the importance of which can- not be overestimated; and at the first 166 little puff of adverse criticism of its methods the appropriations were with- drawn and the school was closed. The present State holdings of land are so scattered and intersperced with private holdings, that it is obviously impossible, at any reasonable cost, to apply intelligent forestry methods to them, or protect them from lumber thieves and forest fires. It is probable that the land now owned by the state in the Adiron- dacks, about 1,250,000 acres, has a frontage of fully 10,000 miles upon private lots ranging in size from 40 acres to 90,000, whereas, if it was con- solidated, the length of boundary might be reduced to 200 miles. When one remembers that but a very small part of this long line is plainly mark- ed, and on one side of it is State woods or brush, and on the other side of it hundreds, if not thousands of men are cutting timber and wood and burn- ing brush, it does not seem strange that the department is unable, with the appropriations available, to pro- Lectit. The difficulty is also immensely in- creased by the provision of the Con- stitution prohibiting the cutting or re- moval of any trees from the State lands. When this was put into the Constitution the public did not have confidence in the forest officials, and the condition reminds us of the nat- ural and divine law, that the sins of the fathers shall be visited upon the children, even unto the third and fourth generation. It is earnestly hoped that before many years the New York State forestry department will be organized on such a basis as to command the confidence of the community, to the extent of per- mitting the removal of this provision of the Constitution. The time has come when the forest problem of New York State should be taken up boldly, and solved on the broadest scale. Every community and every citizen has a vital inter- CSE in 16; The protection of the sources of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April water supply to our cities, the in- crease of the value of our beautiful streams and rivers for navigation, development of power, and propaga- tion of fish, the establishment of the most enjoyable health and pleasure resorts, within reach of the common people, and the permanent mainte- nance of countless industries, minis- tering to the need and comfort of all, depent upon the proper solving of this problem. The forest work should be spread over the entire State, so as to bring it in contact with the — whose largest number of citizens, opinions and votes must sustain it. There are sixty-one counties, in all of which, excepting five or six, there should be a State forest. would cover the larger part of the county, while in others it might not All lands nota fitted for agriculture or profitable exceed I,000 acres. grazing, whether in the Adirondacks or the Catskills, or the foot hills of the Alleghanies, or on the shore of | Long Island, should be under proper forest managment. The watersheds where the water In some it — supplies for the great cities are col-_ lected, should, as far as possible, be covered with forests. While Phil- adelphia is expending huge sums for filtering its water supply after it has been contaminated, and other cities are forced to do the same, it appeals to our common sense that where it is possible, it would be better to col- lect the water from forest clad slopes rather than from highly cultivated farming land. For this reason the most attractive source for the ad- ditional water supply to New York is the Catskill region, where a great forest can be most advantageously established and maintained. The city of Rochester which takes its supply from Hemlock Lake in Livingston and Ontario counties has+ — expended hundreds of thousands of dollars in purchasing a strip of land all around the lake and has begun to : set out forest tree seedlings to start : It has Sa a forest on its big plantation. 1905 miso Started). a protecting forest around its secondary reservoir in Monroe county. It will be found ad- visable to protect with more or less forest, Skaneatles Lake, supplying Syracuse; Conesus Lake, supplying Geneseo and Avon, and other lakes supplying cities. Even in the rich agricultural coun- ties, there will always be a local de- mand for wood and timber, and there are waste areas, and exhausted tracts, which could well be put into forests, for the purpose of supplying the lo- cal demands, and do away with the necessity of wood lots on each farm which are run usually in a wasteful manner and occupy too valuable land. These small forests would afford the most attractive recreation areas for the neighboring localities, and after two or three generations they could be turned back to agricultural use, when new soil will have been formed. The plan followed in New York has been to confine the State forests to an area of about three and one-quarter million acres in the Adi- rondacks and a few hundred thous- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 167 and in the Catskills. This should be enlarged so as to make the limit to be striven for, include all of the un- improved or forest land in the State. This would comprise more than 10,000,000 acres of which about 6,000,000 would be in one great body, lying in thirteen counties, covering the Adirondacks, including Lake George, the west shore of Lake Champlain, Lyon Mountain, and ex- cepting the lower Black river valley proper, include the great forest in top of Tug Hill, between the Black and Mohawk rivers. Another great forest would com- prise about 1,500,000 acres lying in five counties and covering the Cat- skills and Helderbergs, and still an- other would comprise about 1,250,- 000 acres lying along the southern boundary of the state in seven coun- Hess In addition to these there might be 1,250,000 acres distributed amongst thirty counties, in forests ranging in sizes from 2,000 acres in the rich county of Wayne to possibly 300,000 acres in Suffolk including the sandy shores of Long Island. ECONOMIC METHODS IN RESTOCKING hire PINE, FORESTS BY F. WILLIAM RANE Professor of Horticulture and Forestry, New Hampshire College ‘T HE white pine probably has play- ed as important a part in lum- bering interests as any tree that is indigenous to the country. As the primeval forests of this valuable tim- ber are rapidly disappearing and hence, prices proportionately rising, the natural consequences are that problems of economy, not only in the use of the present supply but meth- ods of renewal toward growing sim- ilar crops for the future are dawn- ing. When anything reaches the stage that money valuations become stranded and of recognized import- ance we then have a basis for build- ing financial structures. The great- est trouble in the past as regards for- estry and its economic importance has been the problem of definite values. Today even pine box boards have a standard value of about $14 per thousand feet board measure in New England. Square edged boards of 168 fair quality did not bring more than this amount not many years since. When the writer began the study of economic forestry as adapted to New England a few years since it was quite a perplexing problem. No- where could be found definite data or experienced foresters that could give the sort of information desired. Every- Digging White Pine Seedlings. thing that has been published until very recently has been of a general nature and evidently not backed by results from actual forest work car- ried on in America. Even when re- questing assistance from the Bureau of Forestry in carrying on experi- ments in restocking waste lands as late as 1901, information was re- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April ceived that such an undertaking was mot practical. Inthe’ face! (of ‘this discouragement and at private ex- pense such work was, however, be- gun and has met with pronounced success. In 1900 the writer endeavored to find out where seeds and seedlings could be purchased in quantity and at minimum cost. ‘Two dollars a pound) for pine seed was found a good aver- age price, and three dollars a thous- and for four to six inch seedlings was the lowest quotation secured, plus packing and freight charges. No- where in New England could seed- lings be obtained at this time and for a few hundred thousand lots the or- - eS—S.CC.CTSCSS—‘“<—~; CT rr ————— —~ 1905 der went to Illinois. Think of its be- ing necessary to send hundreds of miles to get pine seedlings, to the prairies of the West where they grow only in nurseries and hence artificial- ly, when this tree is indigenous and propagates itself, it allowed to do so, in New England. One of our Amer- ican foresters advocated purchasing pine seedlings direct from Germany as the most feasible plan at the time. The amount of seed recommended by best authorities was five pounds per acre. The purchase of seedlings from Illinois proved as successful as ‘anything that could approach an eco- nomic standard at the time. The idea of sowing ten dollars worth of seed on an acre of land that has a valua- tion ranging from fifty cents to five dollars was not considered practical. The transporation of seedlings from so far west has its drawbacks not only from the standpoint of extra expense but the risks in shipment, which are many. After much study of forestry con- ditions and experimentation toward doing something that will be of actual economic benefit, especially in New England, I am convinced that results will be followed generally only where simple, well defined, tested practices have proven to be successful. Upon careful examination the writ- er has found in different sections where the white pine is native, young natural seedlings in large numbers, and it is to emphasize the importance of utilizing these resources already at hand and to point out results from experiments in utilizing them that this paper has offered. Seedlings of varying ages can be easily transplanted and be made to live if care is exercised and they are handled early in the season. ‘Those we have found to be the most eco- nomical to use have been from two to four years of age. Data upon dig- ging and transplanting these native seedlings at the New Hampshire Col- lege has been recorded at various times, but the best and most reliable FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 169 information to offer is the cost of digging and transplanting 22,000 seedlings the past spring. Many of the students at the New Hampshire College help defray their expenses while attending the institution and it was these boys who did the work under the supervision of one of their own number, Mr. Wesley P. Flint, who is specializing in forestry. The work of digging was begun on April 18th and the seedlings were dug in various localities about Durham. The best method for digging was found to be by the use of the nurseryman’s hoe, a two tined hoe resembling in some respects the potato digger. By the use of this tool one man can loosen about as many as two men can pull or pick up. One quick man can follow fairly well. These seedlings need a little care in lifting, however, after being loosened by the hoe. Where they have grown in sod ground as is often the case in the meadow at the edge of the woods one man can loosen as many as three men can pick up as they should be handled. It sometimes happens, however, where seedlings are growing in fine, deep, rich leaf mould, if gathered at the right season, they will come up as rap- idly as one can pick them, so easily _ do they free their roots from the soil. A man can hold about twenty- five trees in his hand easily and when this number has been pulled they may be put in small piles or baskets, pro- tecting the roots from the sun. Aver- aging all conditions which varied from sod to those grown in leaf mould, each man averaged from 175 to 250 trees per hour. It is a safe estimate to say that seedlings of three years of age can be dug for about 75 cents per thousand. Packing: Where the trees are not to be shipped of course this item of expense is not reckoned. Where they are to be shipped, however, the best method we could devise was to use the ordinary Boston market bushel box. As shown in the accompanying photograph, they can be placed flat- Se a Se eel nee — < ores ~~ Troe oo a = : = — +: — - J 555 Ses a SS | a oe PURCHASE OF FORESTRY LANDS BY STATES AN INVESTMENT BY GENERAL C. C. ANDREWS HILE most of the forest in Eu- rope is owned by individuals,, nearly allof the European states sepa- rately own and manage considerable forest land, though not of course inone body. Amidst, though not a part of, these forests, are occasional farms, villages, and many people. The for- ests are generally traversed by good roads. Prussia owns 6,000,000 acres of state forest, from which it derives an annual net revenue of $9,000,000. France owns 2,100,000 acres of state forest, from which it derives a net annual revenue of $1.91 per acre. Why should the state own forest? Because on light soil, unfit for agri- culture, it takes on an average about eighty years for pine forest to grow to merchantable size, and individuals will not engage in the business on a large scale. In 1897 the Forest Commission of Wisconsin employed Dr. Filibert Roth, an. able. forest expert, to ex- amine the northern part of that state with a view to inaugurating a forest policy. In an area of 18,000,000 acres, which had produced pine tim- ber, he found 6,000,000 acres which he reported, “Not at all suited to farming, or only doubtfully so, and which should by all means be left to forest: * The area of land in Minnesota which has yielded pine is, in the ag- gregate, 18,000,000 acres, and it may be assumed there are at least within this area as many as 3,000,000 acres of rocky, hilly, or sandy land that is unfit for agriculture and which should be used for forestry. It may be ask- ed if the state does not now own enough land? The State of Minne- sota now owns about 2,500,000 acres of land, given by Congress, which by law it must sell, and for not less than | $5.00 an acre, for school and state | institution funds. Besides, the great- | er part of these lands are suitable for | agriculture. They cannot possibly | be taken for forestry. | Saxony has 432,000 acres of state. forest, the annual growth in which averages 225 feet board measure per} acres, so that 97,000,000 feet board _ measure can be cut yearly for rev-| enue without impairment of the cap- ital. At the same rate of growth the, 3,000,000 acres in Minnesota should, in eighty years, when it becomes a normal forest, begin to yield 675,000) feet board measure annually, and which, at $5.00 per 1,000 feet, they present rate (the value will probably i be double then), will be worth, stand- ing in the woods, $3,375,000 as va revenue. ' In Germany, each 100 acres of for- est gives steady employment to onell workman, who lives in or near it forest with his family. He has skill and training, and, to be contented, must have good wages. In the same proportion, our 3,000,000 acres of Minnesota state forest would give steady employment to 30,000 work-_ men, who would represent an orderly population in the forest of 120,000. Among other indirect benefits, the for-_ est would promote water supply in streams, beautify landscape, fertilize soil, ameliorate climate, afford covert for game. One of the richest pine timber re- gions of the northwest was the Sagi- naw and Huron Shore district o Michigan. In 1893 there was cut ir that district 858,000,000 feet of pine but the supply of pine timber had sc 1905 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 173 diminished during the next ten years that in 1903 only 52,000,000 feet were cut. The remaining original pine tim- ber in Minnesota will be cut within the next fifteen years. There is some new growth coming on, and, while pine will always be cut in Minnesota, the great logging industry which now employs 15,000 men every winter will suffer a great decline. The population of the United States increases 18 per cent every ten years, and the population of Minnesota in- creases more rapidly. The demand for forest products will increase. The Commissioner of Statistics estimates that there are in this state 12,000,000 acres of arable land not yet under cultivation. Cheap lumber will be an important factor in developing this land. In 1897 the State of New York owned about 1,000,000 acres of for- est in the Adirondacks, since which time it has purchased, through its Forest Commission, mostly in the Adirondacks, but partly in the Cat- skills, 437,000 acres more, for which it paid $1,697,448, being an average of from $2.56 to $4.26 per acre. Jan- uary I, 1903, it held 1,436,686 acres of “forest preserve.” There remain 1,200,000 acres of forest land in the Adirondacks, which it is expected the state will acquire for $2,000,000. The Forestry Commission of Penn- sylvania has purchased 700,000 acres of forest land at an average price of 2,75 per acre, and is continuing the work. The purchase of land for for- estry in both these states is properly regarded as an investment, and not as an expenditure. The legislature of Minnesota, of 1903, authorized the Minnesota State Forestry Board to purchase land with- in the state, adapted for forestry, at not exceeding $2.50 per acre, and pre- ferably at the source of rivers, and to maintain forest thereon according to forestry principles, but appropri- ated no money for the purpose. It would be wise policy for the present legislature to make a suitable appro- priation to commence this work. BEST USE OF WASHINGTON’S STATE SCHOOL LANDS BY FRANK H. LAMB THE man who squanders his own : money suffers for his acts—he 1s rated a fool. The manager who allows the assets of a corporation to become dissipated 1s soon discharged from the service of the company. He is a business failure. The trustee of the legacy of a widow and minors who does not properly hus- band the properties entrusted to his care incurs the censure of the court and the everlasting anathemas of the wife and children. The men who are not true to any great trust imposed upon them for a specific purpose, wrong and injure not only the grantor and grantee of the trust, but if it be a public trust, injures the public, not for the present only but for all time. The people of the United States through its representatives—Congress —granted to the people of Washing- ton for all time for the support of the schools of the state certain tracts of the public domain. At the time of that grant the State of Washington con- tained less than 350,000 inhabitants. 174 Farm values were only about 25 per cent of what they are to-day. The value of stumpage or standing timber was practically nothing ; it was a nuis- ance, an impediment to settlement of the land by farmers. These lands were granted to the state as a trust, the revenues from which were to be used for the support of the various institutions endowed. The legislature of the state is the trustee of that trust. It is a trust granted by the people of the United States to the people of Washington for the use of the school children of the state for all time to come. Can it be supposed that Congress ceded these lands to the state expect- ing it to act as a broker or agent to immediately realize upon them by sale? Did the people of the United States suppose that Washington would sell these lands, as were the 64,080 acres of the original territorial grant to the state university, at $1.50 per acre? Did Congress expect or intend that the State of Washington would sell the birthright granted to the school children of the state for a “mess of pottage,” or was it the intention of Congress to make this grant to the new state, believing the people of the state would have a proper regard for the welfare of the school children and see that these lands were properly protected and managed and the re- sources husbanded so that the greatest possible annual return might be placed in the various funds? Suppose the trustees of that mag- nificent institution, Girard College, had, upon the acceptance of their trust, disposed of the real estate holding of Stephen Girard, located in the city of Philadelphia, and many of which were apparently without any great value, for what they could have secured—do you think that the original endowment of $1,000,000 would have grown to the enormous capital of $30,000,000, the revenues of which that institution now disposes annually to orphan children? Suppose these trustees had not taken any steps to build up these properties, FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April to develop their latent resources—had allowed fire to destroy them—would Girard College be the second richest institution of learning in the world to-day? The Legislature of the State of Washington is as much a trustee of the common schools as is the trustee of any other institution or the guard- ian of the person and property of the lone widow or helpless orphan chil- dren. Is it then not right that it should devote as much time, attention and conscientious business ability to the care and management of these lands as would any other trustee or business man? SCHOOL LANDS GRANTED AND NOT DIS= POSED OF. The area of these grants and the acreage, not disposed of by sale, lease or contract, is as follows: Original Area not Name of Grant. Grant. Disposed of. Pet. Acres. Acres. Normal Schools..... 100,000 68,428.29 .68 Agricultural College. 90,000 60,671.91 .67 Scientific School..... 100,000 85,275.15 .85 Chart. Educat., Penal and Reform Insts.. 100,000 88,923.08 .88 University, original.. 46,080 587.29 .012 University Sub. grant 100,000 64,860.40 .65 ADItOl si bkata sucess 132,000 113,948.51 .86 Common Schools, Secs. 16 and 36, estmd... 2,250,000 1,353,958.00 .61 Total Semersmemciite 2,918,080 1,836,653.63 .625 There has been received from sales and leases of state lands in the past twelve years a total of $5,140,254.82. This has been derived from deeded sales of .027 per cent of the state’s lands, or 78,837.89 acres at an average of $16.68 per acre; from sales by con- tract of .023 per cent of all lands or 68,368.47 acres at an average of $19.83 per acre; and from lease of a total of 30 per cent of all state lands, or 888,- 651.38 acres, at an average annual rental of 14 cents per acre. THE STATE TIMBER LANDS. It is safe to presume that, of the state lands, those lying east of the Cascade Mountains include but little merchantable timber, while those west | of that divide were selected mainly for the value of their timber. 1905 The area of school lands originally granted, in each county west of the Cascade Mountains, is as follows: Acres Acres County. Common School Granted Totals. Lands. ands. Whatcom... .. 27,631.00 T5223 29,143.23 BEAGLE s undoubtedly bring the district to the front, but there is httle prospect of that in the near future, as the terri- tory is practically unproductive agri- culturally and the only freight avail- able would be the ore from Cooney district. Logging operations have been car- tied on in a desultory manner for some years in different parts of the reserve.. Wherever the yellow pine has been logged clean, the young growth on the lower lands is inevi- tably yellow pine, which is growing very rapidly in places. The young growth throughout the alpine and mountainous regions is white fir, red fir, limber pine, spruce, and balsam, and the proportion of reproduction is in the order named. At the lower altitudes the second-growth timber is FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 179 very limited. However close their proximity to streams, the different species of cottonwood, walnut, ash, alder, box elder, and sycamore repro- duce themselves to a limited extent only, mostly in shady places along deep, rugged canyons. All of these varieties are indigenous to the soil, and grow freely wherever there is sufficient moisture. The depth of humus is slight, the lowlands being entirely de- void of it. -The litter and the under- brush ‘among the alpine timber are very heavy. This reserve has suffered very little from fires. If the- totally * barren -area? is “net taken into consideration, the Gila River Forest Reserve is a well-timber- ed region. The total area examined is about 3,640 square miles. Of this, 2,- 593 square miles, or 711% per cent., are covered with merchantable timber of extra quality; 2 square miles have been burned; 90 square miles, or 2% per cent., have been logged; and 955 square miles, or 26% per cent., are naturally timberless. The timber of the reserve amounts to a total of 5,867,169,750 feet B. M., giving an average stand of 3,532 feet B. M. per acre over the entire timbered belt. Yel- low pine constitutes 57.75 per cent. and red fir 28.37 per cent. of the mer- chantable species in the reserve. RAILROAD TIES OF LOBLOLLY PINE The Bureau of Forestry Finds Out How to Economize in Their Production A&ooDd example of what is being done along the most practical lines by the Bureau of Forestry is furnished by the results of a study of loblolly pine in east Texas which it has recently made. Vast quantities of loblolly pine exist in the Southern States, some of which is sold on the market as shortleaf yellow pine. The wood of loblolly pine is inferior to that of longleaf and of shortleaf pine, part- ly because of the rapidity with which it decays when exposed to the weather or in contact with the soil, but for many purposes it answers just as well as the more valuable species. It is certain to increase greatly in commer- cial value and its use is now extending rapidly. As the longleaf and shortleaf pines become scarcer and higher in 180 price loblolly is sure to replace them to a great extent; this study of its uses is therefore very timely. One of the chief purposes for which loblolly is now used in the Gulf States is for railroad ties. The wood is not durable and the tie in its natural state is short-lived, but by preservative treatment it can be made to resist de- cay for a number of years. The dis- covery that treated loblolly pine is an excellent substitute for longleaf for railroad ties is greatly to the benefit of the railroads since it enables them to use a less expensive tie. It also benefits the country at large by cutting off one of the heavy demands made upon the longleaf forests and thereby setting free a corresponding amount of that material for the general mar- ket. In making loblolly pine ties there are many wastes and the drain upon the existing forests is greater than it need be. The recent study was therefore made for the purpose of showing the rate of growth of the trees, and how ties could be produced more economically. Loblolly pine is found in commercial quantities in ten counties of east Texas, where it covers an area of near- ly 2,880,000 acres, and is hewn into cross-ties on a larger scale than in any other State. The magnitude of this industry results from an abundant sup- ply of loblolly pine of sizes suited for pole ties. It is estimated that from 75 to 80 per cent. of the present lob- lolly stand in Texas is timber of tie size, the remainder being large enough for lumber. The preponderance of comparatively young and small timber is due principally to severe storms in 1865 and 1873 which overthrew the old pine on many thousands of acres and established new stands of young trees. Loblolly is adapted to a wider range of soils than any other pine in east Texas. This, with its frequent and prolific seeding, its rapid rate of growth, and its immunity from hogs which eat the roots of the young long+ FORESTRY. AND IRRIGATION April leaf pine, enable loblolly pine to re- produce readily on denuded land. In many situations it competes success- fully with longleaf pine and comes up under hardwoods if the stand is not too dense, and rapidly outgrows them. The conditions in east Texas are most favorable to this species; it is sure to increase in commercial importance and may become the principal source of timber supply of the region. Three counties in east Texas— Orange, Jasper, and Newton—furnish annually from 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 hewn loblolly pine ties. The trees cut for ties vary in size from I1 to 17 inches in diameter, measured breast- high. The hewers prefer diameters of 12, 13, and 14 inches as the smaller the tree, above tie specifications, the less the labor in squaring it. The largest number taken are 13 inches in diameter. This practice is very waste- ful, for the average tree I1 inches in diameter is about 35 years old and is growing rapidly. The average yearly increase in value between II and 13 inches is over 7 per cent., and from 13 t0.14 inches 5:5 pér cent.” Aten the latter size is reached growths falls off so fast that for the next inch of growth the increase averages only 2.5 per cent., and at 16 inches the value for hewn ties ceases to increase. These facts point out the rule which the owner should follow in selling trees for ties. Those 11, 12, and 13 inches in diameter are growing so rapidly both in size and value that to cut them consumes the capital that is bringing him the best rate of interest. The tie maker should be confined to 14, 15, and 16-inch diameters. Trees above 16 inches should be preserved until they can be profitably felled for lumber. The adoption of this rule will be best for the owner and for the produc- tive future of the forest as well. It will however necessitate a complete change in the method of getting out ties as they will have to be sawed in- stead of hewed. But this too would be a gain for both owner and forest, 1905 since hewing is a very wasteful method of tie production. Under it many of the larger trees are cut with unneces- sarily high stumps in order to save labor in hewing down the butts. In many other cases the trees are not used as far up into the tops as they might be. Further, the hewing pro- cess itself is very wasteful and leaves in the woods a quantity of litter in the shape of slabs and chips in which fire is often started and the forest seriously damaged. If hewing is continued it would be unwise to restrict the cutting to 14, 15, and 16-inch trees for that would involve increased waste, but the value of the smaller sizes demands this re- striction, and sawing should take the place of hewing. When the larger logs are sawed several boards can be obtained from the wood now wasted in slabs and chips as the hewing pro- gresses. There is still another form of waste resulting from hewing. In grading ties the railroads are very strict about accepting none under specification sizes, but they do not object to some excess in size. This, and the fact that less labor is required to produce large ties, has induced hewers to make many ties larger than they need be. This FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 181 is a small matter in the case of each tie, but as they are cut by the million the excess represents in the total a very large waste of wood. It means also an unnecessarily great consump- tion of creosote or other material used in the preservative treatment, since the total bulk of wood which must be treated is greater. It is estimated that from 48 to 70 per cent. of the timber cut for pole ties goes into chips, slabs, and excess over the maximum dimensions required. Adding all causes of waste it is found that the percentage of timber actually used in hewn ties is no more than 25 to 30 per cent. of the total volume of the trees felled. Loblolly pine grows so rapidly that two crops of pole ties can be produced in less time than is required to grow one crop of longleaf pine ties, and from each of the two crops there will be a larger average yield of ties. This tremendous advantage of loblolly pine is increased by the marked ability of the tree to reproduce itself. Condi- tions in east Texas are almost ideal for the maintenance of forests of this tree, and the opportunity to earn good returns by their conservative manage- ment is equalled in few parts of the country. LIGNITE OF NORTH DAKOTA AS AP- PLIED TO IRRIGATION NDER the direction of Mr. N. H. Darton, of the United States Ge- ological Survey, who is making a gen- eral investigation of the underground- water ‘resources of western United States, Mr. F. A. Wilder has recently examined the lignite deposits of North Dakota and studied their relation to irrigation. The areas most favorably situated for irrigation in North Dakota are the broad terraces along the Missouri and its tributaries. These streams are deeply intrenched, and it does not seem possible by means now available to raise water from them a vertical distance of 150 to 400 feet over the bluffs that rather sharply bound the broad valleys. The fertile terraces in the valleys of the streams range from 15 to 100 feet in elvation above water level. As there is an abundance of lignite along these streams, it has seemed desirable to consider the possibility of irrigating the 250,000 acres included in the ter- races by pumping water directly from the rivers, using lignite as a fuel. To 182 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION this end the lignite area has been studied and the lignite beds investi- gated. Practical tests have been made to ascertain, at least in a rough way, the cost of irrigating river flats which are less than 100 feet above the streams. The Missouri and its tribu- taries in North Dakota have been fol- lowed, and the extent and elevation of the river flats and the amount and quality of the lignite near them have been noted. If only a small fraction of the west- ern part of the State is under irriga- tion the productiveness of the whole region will be greatly increased. With a few acres which can be watered at will, and abundant range of cattle in the broken or rolling land back of the valley, ten: families, by . combining farming with cattle raising, will pros- per where one finds a living now. These conditions will lay a sure foun- dation for the dairying industry, which should be one of the foremost of the State. The only workable beds of lignite east of the center of the State are in the Turtle Mountains and at the south- ern bend of the Sheyenne River, about 25 miles southeast of Valley City. The region in which discoveries of lignite might reasonably be expected may be roughly bounded on the east by a line beginning at the northern boundary of the State, 30 miles east of the Min- neapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Ma- rie Railway, and extending southeast to Harvey, thence south . through Steele to the southern boundary. On the north, south, and west the lignite continues beyond the boundaries of the April State. This region is of very great extent, having an area equal to half that of the State of Ohio. The extent and thickness of these lignite beds are discussed in detail by Mr. Wilder. The lignite output of the State amounted in 1902 to 315,800 short tons, valued at $428,270. Judged by ordinary standards the lignite is very inferior. Its fuel value has been determined analytically, and the results of the chemical, calorime- tric, and practical evaporative tests by which it has been examined are described by Mr. Wilder. The sub- ject of pumping water by means of power plants supplied with lignite fuel is discussed by Mr. Charles S$. Ma- gowan. Mr. Wilder says in conclusion that opportunities to reclaim arid lands ap-: pear to exist in the larger flats on Missouri River. In choosing a_ flat where reclamation by pumping may be tried under most favorable condi- tions, a number of factors must be kept in mind. Nearness to a railroad and a market are as essential as an abundance of cheap fuel and good land. An active interest on the part of the resident owners is necessary. Some of the lignites from partially developed but extensive deposits in North Dakota and Texas, when tested in the gas producer and gas engine, have shown unexpectedly high power- producing qualities, such as promise large future developments in_ those and other States. Some of the Amert- can coals, and the “slack” produced in mining these coals, can be briquetted on a commercial basis. THE RECLAMATION SERVICE News of the Government Irrigation Work--Pro- gress of Old Projects and Plans for New Ones Want Sun River Project Compieted. The Director of the Geological Sur- vey has received a memorial bearing the signature of 226 citizens of Great Falls and Cascade County, Montana, calling attention to the importance of early action by the Department on the Sun River project. The memorial, in part, is as follows: “Realizing full well the benefit that the State of Montana will derive from the execution of the provisions of the National Irrigation Act, and knowing as we do the great interest you have taken in carrying out the provisions of this law, we desire to say that the people of Great Falls and of Cascade County, Montana, heartily endorse your actions and work and write this letter to express to you our apprecia- tion of the great work you are doing in Montana and especially in connec- tion with the Sun River irrigation pro- ject. “As you know, the land to be re- claimed by this project is a broad prai- rie extending from the Teton River on the north to the Sun River on the South, a distance of thirty miles, and from the Rocky Mountains on the West to the Missouri. River on the East, a distance of seventy miles. This land, although extremely rich in all the elements of fertility, without water is only fit for grazing, but when irri- gated its productiveness cannot be sur- passed anywhere in the United States. The preliminary survey of this project has been made and we are reliably in- formed that the engineers of the Re- clamation Service ‘estimate that not less than three hundred thousand acres of cultivable land lying between the Teton and Sun 2 Gate (much the greater portion of which is still Gov- ernment property, a fact that cannot be advanced in favor of any other pro- ject in this State) can be reclaimed with the waters of the Sun River. “Such being the case, from which it is apparent at a glance that at least twice as many people can be supplied with homes thereunder than is possi- ble to be accommodated under any of said other projects, with a like expen- diture of money, the only logical de- duction that can be made therefrom is that the Sun River project, on good sound business principles, if on none other, should be the first constructed in Montana under the National Irriga- tion Act. And even now, there are thousands of people anxiously watch- ing and waiting for the Government to reclaim the land above described in order that they may build for them- selves homes upon what is now prac- tically a desert waste, but which will, under the magic touch of irrigation, yield rich rewards to the industrious husbandman, and this Sun River pro- ject presents a splendid opportunity for the Government to show to the people what can be done by the Recla- mation Service in the way of making homes for settlers. “The purpose of this letter is to ex- press to you our great anxiety for a very early completion of this Sun River project and to say to you that we, as citizens, are ready and-willing to assist you in your-great efforts, and also the engineers, 1n any way possi- ble, to further this project. We will at' the proper time, if you so desire, take it upon ourselves to solicit and obtain contracts for water from the prospective settlers. The Great Falls Commercial Club, the members of which have hereunto subscribed their names, hereby agrees to assist in every way possible this great work, and we respectfully ask that you will use your influence to the end that the Sun River project shall be the first undertaken by the Government in this State.” 184 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Pumping for Irrigation. The large percentage oi irrigable land throughout the West lying at heights too great to be ee by gravity systems, presents a problem which can be solved only by the use of pumping plants, and the engineers of the Reclamation Service have been making investigations and working up estimates on several projects to deter- mine the feasibility of their use in April descend suddenly to a lower level, making the additional cost for the power little more than the expense of erecting the necessary buildings, water wheels and generators. In many sec- tions water power may be developed in the mountains or at falls, and trans- mitted electrically to lands some dis- tance away where the water: is to be pumped and used. The high rates charged for power Site of Proposed Dam, Gunnison Canyon, Colorado. connection with the Government irri- gation works. The most important and variable factor to be considered is the cost of power and of operating the plant. In many cases water power may be developed as an incident of the con- struction of dams for storage and di- version, or 1n canals of the country where the nature requires the water to by commercial electrical companies have not been found prohibitive in many sections of the West where the value of the crops to be irrigated is relatively high, or where the water to Be pumped is only to augment the main supply during dry periods. In the case of national irrigation works minimum costs may be expected from the fact that no interest is charged by | 1905 the Government on the money ad- vanced for installing the plant, and the item of profits involved in commercial enterprises will also be eliminated. In many sections of the West, how- ever, water power possibilities are not present, and it becomes necessary to locate a cheap fuel supply for the pro- duction of steam power. Coal and oil are found in many parts of the arid re- gion, and aften may be delivered at FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 185 rieties of coals from all parts of the United States. The results of various commercial tests indicate that under similar conditions one pound of the bituminous coal of Pennsylvania or West Virginia will evaporate about 10 pounds of water into steam; one pound of Illinois or Missouri coal will evapo- rate about 7 pounds of water into steam; and one pound of western lig- nite, about five pounds. Typical View of Gunnison Canyon, Colorado. the pumping plants at very low cost. Western coals are, as a rule, poorer steam producers than coals from the Eastern or Middle States. Tests to determine the relative evaporative powers are now being made by the United States Geological Survey at tS. Louis, and the data obtained will be reliable and important for comparing the steam producing qualities of va- Many grades of coal besides lig- nite are, however, found in different sections of the West, Colorado alone producing coals ranging all the wav from lignite to anthracite. On account of the extreme variations in the kinds of western coals it is just as important to know the steam producing power of the coal to be used as its cost per ton, in order to estimate closely the 186 probable cost of the fuel for a given pumping plant. Crude oil burned under steam boil- ers is an ideal fuel when its cost is not too high, and the small gas engine in its many forms and types is one of the best means of obtaining power for irrigation in units up to as high as 30- -horse power. The possibilities of utilizing in an economical way any kind of fuel available for pump en- gines are deemed worthy of considera- tion by the engineers of the Reclama- tion Service. Estimates of probable costs of pow- er and pumping plants necessitate a knowledge of all the factors peculiar to each project; for instance, the duty of water, materials for construction which can be secured locally, the char- acter of the water to be pumped and of the ground on which the plant is to be built, the type of plant peculiarly suited to the various conditions, etc. On projects where oil, coal or other fuel furnishes the power for pumping, it has been suggested that each water user be required to pay for the amount of water actually delivered to him, since the operating expenses will de- pend so largely upon the quantity of water pumped. This would tend to foster economy in the use of water and the annual expenses of the water- user could be adjusted from year to year to correspond with the varying quantities used, depending upon whether the season is wet or dry. A minimum annual payment per share would cover the fixed charges for keeping up the plant. Want Nevada Underground Waters Investigated. Governor Sparks, of Nevada, has transmitted an assembly memorial and joint resolution through the Secretary of the Interior to the Director of the Geological Survey, relative to Federal aid in the development of artesian and subterranean sources of water supply in Nevada. The memorial recites that there are several million acres of land within the State of Nevada, at present lying FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April idle, uninhabited, and of no assessable value, the general government esti- mating this area at 20,000,000 acres of — agricultural lands and 30,000,000 acres. of grazing lands, with only asmall por- tion of the same under cultivation or occupied for grazing purposes, owing to the absence of water. A supply of water for irrigating purposes would render these lands very attractive, and situated as they are in a favorable cli- mate, with soil susceptible of the high- est cultivation, would greatly in- crease the population of the State and become a source of revenue to the Government. The memorialists believe that an abundance of water can be obtained to reclaim large tracts of the arid lands. within the confines of the State, but owing to the fact that the title of these lands rests in the general Govern- ment, private capital cannot be secured to undertake the work. It is therefore asked that the sum of $500,000 be ex-. pended under such rules and regula- tions as the Secretary of the Interior — may adopt in order to inaugurate: measures for the development of a system of artesian and subterranean. water supplies within the State. The department recognizes that to: no State in the great arid West is the subject of water supply and its conser- vation of greater import than to Ne- vada. With the gradual narrowing of the unoccupied lands of the public do- main, the reclamation of even a small percentage of the millions of acres of land of inexhaustible fertility located in this State, becomes a question of paramount importance to the nation. It is further recognized that with a: guaranteed and sufficient supply of water no other State, with the excep- tion of California, could equal Nevada in the variety of agricultural products: or the certainty of generous harvests. The water system of a State is an’ object of interesting study, and it is promised that Nevada will be the field’ for a very thorough and comprehen- sive investigation on the part of the | experts of the Geological Survey. The 1905 State Legislature, by wise laws, has put itself in close cooperation with the Reclamation Service, thereby assuring the fullest exploitation of its resources by that bureau. In the matter of an investigation of underground sources of supply, the Director of the Survey will initiate an investigation early this spring which will be continued until complete data on this subject have been obtained. At the present time the department has very little knowledge of any areas in the State where there is sufficient un- derground water to be pumped to the surface to reclaim public lands. As- surance is given, however, that during the coming season a thorough investi- gation will be made with a view to as- certaining whether there are such wa- ters, and the conditions under which they can be obtained. Underground Tests on Los Angeles River. A paper that will contribute mate- rially to our knowledge of the impor- tant subject of underground waters and their use in arid regions has re- cently been published by the United States Geological Survey. It is a rec- ord by Mr. Homer Hamlin of under- ground tests made in the drainage basin of Los Angeles River and il- lustrates the conditions under which ground water usually occurs in arid regions and the fluctuations in the water level due to rainfall and other causes. The method used in testing is of special interest. It is a method invented by Prof. Charles S. Slichter, of the Reclamation Service, U. S. Geo- logical Survey, and fully described in an earlier Survey publication entitled “The Motions of Underground Wa- ters.” As the method has, up to the present time, been used by few inves- tigators, the details of these tests are particularly important. It was in September, 1902, that Mr. Hamlin was placed in charge of exper- iments to determine, if possible, the amount of underflow passing through the narrows of Los Angeles River at Huron street, Los Angeles, California. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 187 Velocity measurements were begun under direction of Professor Slichter with the apparatus invented by him. As the work progressed and tests were made at greater depths it was found necessary to modify this apparatus to suit local conditions. The various de- vices used in the tests, the arrangement of the instruments, the methods of testing found most satisfactory, the re- sults obtained at each of the testing stations, and the amount of underflow supposed to pass the Huron street sec- tion are fully described by Mr. Hamlin in his report. Mr. Hamlin concludes his report with a summary of suggestions based on experience gained during the work at Huron street and in the San Fer- nando Valley. They are as folows: (1) The location of the section where it is proposed to test the under- flow should be carefully studied. It should be, if possible, in a straight stretch of the valley, and at some dis- tance, either up or down, from large tributary streams. (2) The ferm and slope of the water table should be ascertained and the line of test stations should be placed most advanfageously. (3) In order to secure accurate re- sults, the testing stations should be close together along the line of the section. (4) The well screens should be short, and the ground should be tested at intervals of 2 to 4 feet in depth, down to bed rock when possible. (5) If possible, the porosity of the pervious beds should be determined. (6) In making deep tests some form of drive pipe and screen, such as is described in this report, should be used. (7) Recording ampere meter anil switch clocks should be used. The discharge from a given section will undoubtedly be far less than is ex- pected, the popular tendency being to greatly overestimate the amount of underflow. Even if the results ob- tained by this method of testing are not so accurate as desired, they are, 188 nevertheless, of great value, as they enable investigators to compute, ap- proximately, what could only be rough- ly estimated before. The Underground Waters of Wash- ington. A brief but very satisfactory ac- count of the water resources of the State of Washington as represented by municipal supplies, deep wells, and springs has been prepared by Mr. Henry Landes, of the United States Geological Survey, under the direc- tion of Mr. N. H. Darton, geologist in charge of the western section of hydrology. The counties of the State are taken up in alphabetic order and a general statement is made concerning the loca- tion, rainfall, and most striking topo- graphic and geologic features of each county. This is followed by data con- cerning the municipal systems, deep wells, and springs in the county. In- formation regarding the municipal water supplies is complete to the pres- ent time, as blanks were sent to clerks or other officials of cities and towns and practically all were filled out and returned. The blanks for the deep wells were not returned as*generally as was desired, but almost every section of the State where such wells occur is represented, and those described may be taken as types of their kind in each county. Springs occur so very gen- erally throughout the State that prob- ably only a small fraction of them is represented in the blanks filled out and returned. The value of the report is greatly enhanced by a map of Washington, on which is shown the mean total pre- cipitation, and 16 pages of tables of deep wells, municipal water supplies, and representative springs. This pa- per, which is entitled “Preliminary Report on the Underground Waters of Washington,” is listed as Water- Supply and Irrigation Paper No. I11. To Protect Government Employes. pan ° : 1 lhe registrars and receivers of the U. S. Land Offices in Arizona, Cali- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION fornia, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Mon- tana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming were recently instructed by the Commissioner of the General Land Office to notify all persons who have heretofore entered, or who may here- after enter, any of the lands which have been segregated under the provis- ions of.the Reclamation Act of June 17, 1902, that the leasing of such lands or portions thereof to other persons who have been and are conducting the business of selling alcoholic liquors on said lands, principally to the employes engaged on the Government works, that such leasing either by themselves or others will be deemed sufficient cause for the cancellation of the en-— tries embracing the lands so used or occupied. The officers of the land offices are further directed to give the widest pos- sible publicity to the fact that such use of any lands withdrawn under this — act, whether such lands have been en- tered or are unoccupied, will be pre- vented by proper actions in ejectment, by injunction, or otherwise. These instructions have been called forth by the deplorable conditions ex- isting in Nevada, where the Govern- ment work employs several thousand man. Homesteaders have leased a portion of their lands to persons en- gaged in the liquor business, and mur- der and robbery have been rampant in consequence. ‘The Commissioner’s decision is likely to correct these con- ditions, and will undoubtedly prevent their occurrence in other sections wherein the Government is about to engage upon similar works. Private Lands Under Government Reclamation Projects. The Reclamation Act was intended, primarily, to provide for the irriga- tion of lands belonging to the United States. It was plain, however, to Con- gress that scarcely any project would be found in which there was not a | considerable amount of private land. April x | ra) 1905 The experience of the Reclamation Service has shown that in the most in- accessible localities in the West, more or less private land is encountered in the development of the projects. The majority of the projects which have been under consideration, and among them some which are practically new discoveries, involve in the area to be irrigated a considerable amount of pri- _ vate land. The proper manner of dealing with these private lands has been a difficult question to solve, having in view the interests of the United States on the one hand and of the private land-own- ers on the other. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 189 gress has provided that no right to the use of water shall be sold for more than 160 acres of land in private own- ership to any one person, and, further, that the land-owner must be a resident on the land or in the neighborhood, and that no such water right shall per- manently attach until all payments therefor have been made. This involves a limitation upon the use of private lands while the right to the use of water is being paid for. In view, however, of the fact that the water right furnished by the Govern- ment enhances the value of the land in a proportion far greater than the act- ual payments required by the Govern- Ball’s Head Reservoir, Colorado River, California and Arizona. The means adopted for the organi- zation of water users associations in- 'volve a specific recognition of prior vested water rights, and those who are in position to claim such rights are left undisturbed as to such claims, the re- quirements of the Government simply Calling for their proper share of the cost of construction of the necessary irrigation works. In order to protect these projects of the Government from a monopoly of land-owners or water-users, Con- ment, the private land owner cannot properly complain of these restrictions which will be placed upon him during the period of ten years while he is paying for the water right. When the Government says: “I will charge you $20 an acre in ten annual installments of $2 each, without inter- est or profit, to furnish water to your land, which is now worth less than $10 an acre, on condition that you will live on it or in the neighborhood during ten years,” the land-owner cannot 190 complain if he accepts the offer know- ing that, as a result, his land will have a ready sale at $100 per acre or more. Rapid Work on Minidoka Projcct. Work on the Minidoka project, Idaho, is being pushed vigorously and rapid progress is being made. The Sec- cretary of the Interior advertised for bids for the construction of about 21 miles of main canals and 102 miles of branches and laterals on April 12th. This work will involve the excavation of about 3,500,000 cubic yards of Canyon Above earth, 45,000 cubic vards of loose rock, and 170,000 cubic yards of solid rock, and the erection of structures involvy- ing 2,000 cubic yards of masonry, 58.- 000 pounds of steel, 68,000 pounds of cast iron, and 140,000 feet B. M., of lumber. Specifications, forms of proposal and plans are now on inspection at the office of the Chief Engineer of the Re- clamation Service, Washington, D. C., and at the office of District Engi- neer D. W. Ross, Boise, Idaho. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION The Mindoka dam, spillway, and forebay canal now being rapidly pushed to completion, involve the ex- cavation of 205,300 cubic yards of ma- terial. The dam is of the rock fill type, and will be 650 feet long on top, 50 feet high, and requires the placing of 110,000 cubic yards of rock, 101,000 cubic yards of earth, 1,200 square yards of rip rap, and 1,000 cubic yards concrete core wall. In the spillways there will be 3,000 cubic yards of con- crete, 8,000 cubic yards of rock em- bankments, 6,500 cubic yards concerte Reservoir Site, Salt River, Arizona, Looking Downstream. in canal, 3,000 pounds of steel in the same, and 57,500 pounds of steel gates and guides for power and irrigation canals. At the dam site the river flows through a low ridge of lava rock, the channel being in a solid formation of lava and only 570 feet in width. At low stage the river is from one to two feet in depth over about 400 feet of its bed, most of the water flowing at that time in a channel about 75 feet wide on top and 30 feet deep at the deepest April _ 4 2S arasrssh —_ => “Peon weosrols uy oe ps«ewdyS x § - 1[-2D Peewee Coeeseer 1905 *punoisalOy UI SpreysIO pure (SHIDO Yoo, 913317) ‘opesojog ‘yurlog prayiey FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 192 place. ‘The maximum flood discharge is about 50,000 second feet. The con- struction plant now on the ground con- sists of an air compressor for driving rock drills, cableways for transporting and placing the material in the dam, a dredge for excavating the gravel and earth to be used for back-filling, a railroad half a mile long for hauling this material to the dam, and a high trestle built across the river from which the major portion of the back- filling will be done. There are two cableways placed parallel to each other and having spans of 1,100 feet. They are suspended from towers, the tops of which are about 1,000 feet above the river. These cables are arranged so that the rock which will be exca- vated from the upper section of the canal can be transported readily and dumped into the dam. ‘The steel skips or boxes in which the material is load- ed when convenient on the cableways, have a capacity each of more than 3 cubic yards, or a weight when loaded with rocks of about 5 tons. ‘These skips are dumped by the tower man, who drops the material into the water from a height of from 40 to 60 feet, thus forming very compact embank- ments which, when the back filling is FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April added, will be practically water tight. The construction plant is now in full operation, and the embankments con- | - stituting the first section of the coffer- dam will soon be ready for the con- struction of the core walls. The con- tract provides for the completion of — the dam and spillways by November 17, 1905, and the construction of the dam will provide splendid facilities for the development of power. The minimum discharge of the river at this point which will be available for this purpose, is 2,100 second feet. This can easily be increased to 3,000 second feet by storage on the headwaters of the stream. This water can be passed through walls under a head of about 50 feet, which will provide for the de- velopment of more than 17,000 horse power. It is proposed to use the major portion of this power for pumping wa- ter to lands situated above the gravity system of canals which will be con- structed during the coming season. From 50,000 to 75,000 acres can be reclaimed at a reasonable cost by pumping. Bids are also asked for the construc- tion and completion of a pole line and telephone system about 18 miles in length in connection with this project. RECENT PUBLICATIONS The Prickly Pear and Other Cactias Food For Stock. Bulletin No. 74, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S$. Department of Agriculture. By Davin GrirritHs. Pp. 46, with five half-tone plates and several line drawings. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1905. An investigation of the forage value of different species of cactus was undertaken by the Bureau of Animal Industry, in re- sponse to numerous letters requesting such information. ‘The investigation revealed the fact that certain cacti have long been in use as forage, and the Bulletin noted here con- ains descriptions of the varieties most suit- ed, and methods of preparing the same. A large part of the investigation is still under way in regard to the chemical composition of the most useful forms, methods of plant- ing, yield, varieties, methods of preparation, and feeding, etc., but this preliminary Bulle- tin contains some very valuable information for the stockman. In view of the recent “spineless cactus” achieved by Luther Bur- bank, it. is interesting to note that the Agrostologist says that “if it were not for the spines on this class of plants they would probably have been exterminated long ago, and there is some doubt whether there would be any use for spineless forms.” The Luquillo Forest Reserve, Porto Rico. Buletin No. 54, Bureau of Forestry, U.S. Department of Agriculture. By Dr Joun Grrrorp. Pp. 52, illustrated. Wash- ington, Government Printing Office, 1905. The Bulletin noted here embodies the in- vestigations made by Dr. Gifford recently on a special trip undertaken for the purpose of determining the general conditions, forest wealth, accessibility, and industrial condi- tions of the Luquillo Forest Reserve, which was set aside by proclamation of President Roosevelt on January 17, 1903. sei Foresters and Inspectors Wanted for the = Philippine Forestry Bureau. - Lo ——= oman The salaries of Foresters, Assistant Foresters Inspecto1s, and Assistant Inspectors range from $1,200 to $2,400 per year’ Actualand necessary traveling expenses to and from the scene of field work are allowed, and while in the field one dollar gold per day is allowed for subsistence. A list of existing vacancies may be obtained from the Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Dept., Washington, D. C. The work of the Foresters is, to a large ex- tent, technical; that of the Inspectors more administrative and less technical. All appli- cants for the position of forester and inspector will be required to pass the Forest Assistant examination. Date of examinations will be held in differ- ent parts of the United States at same time as for the position of Forest Assistant in the U.S. Bureau of Forestry. The reports, bulletins and other applicat ons of the Philippine Forestry Bureau should be read by all desiring to enter the service. Copies may be obtained by addressing the Forestry Bureau, Manila, P. I. A Liking for the Open Road Goes with a Taste for Apples and Schubert’s Music man OPEN KOAD A SAUNTERER’S CHRONICLE Epirep py CHARLES WISNER BARRELL (Sometime of Vagabondia) Is a de Iuxe pocket magazine of outdoor philosophy and fiction If you ever long for a whiff of unbreathed literary ozone, send Fifty Cents without Celay for a year’s subscription to The Open Road 137 GRANT AWENUE Jersey City New Jersey UNDER OUR EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT - We qualify you to hold a responsible position paying at least $20 A WEEK in any of the following professions: ILLUSTRATING, BOOKKEEPING, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ADVERTISING, PROOFREADING, SHOWCARD WRITING, STENOGRAPHY, JOURNALISM, TEACHING, BUSINESS CORRESPONDENCE, ENGLISH BRANCHES. Ambitious men and women should make application at once for our EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT and free book “Struggles with the World.’’ Mention profession you wish to follow. WRITE TO-DAY for full particulars. Correspondence Institute of America, Box 569 Scranton, Pa. Iniwriting advertisers kindly mention LAUGHLIN | s ood for just 30 days. One of Fhe ait Safety Pocket Pen Hold- ADVERTISERS FIND FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION A GOOD MEDIUM FOUNTAIN PEN The Best at Any Price Sent on approval to responsible people. A Pocket Companion of never ending usefulness, a source of constant pleasure and comfort. To test the merits of Forestry and Irrigation as an advertising medium we offer your choice of | these popular styles super- ior to the $3.00 grades of other makes for | on c Unconditionally Guaranteed Pre-eminently Satisfactory. Try ita week, if not suited, we buy it back, and give you $1.10 for it (the additional ten centsis to pay for your trouble in returning the pen). Weare willing to take chanceson you # wanting to sell; we know pen values—you will when you | have one of these. | Finest quality hard Pararub- § ber reservoir holder, 14k. Dia- mond Point Gold Pen, an desired Jee in fine,med- } ium or stub, and the only per- fect ink feed known to thesci- ence of fountain pen making. Sent postpaid on receipt of $1.00 (Registration, 80 extra.) AMM lll cg i —— NN 0 N This great Special Offer is ers free of charge with each en. < Remember—There {s No “just as good” as the Laughs lin: insist on it; take no chances. : State whether Ladies’ or Gentlemen's style is desired. Illustrations are full size of complete article. Address LAUGHLIN & CO., 841 Griswold St. Detroit, Mich. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION AMERICAN WOODS By Romeyn B. Hough, B. A. A publication unique in its illustrations, in that they are actual specimens instead of pictures, giving literally ‘‘sermons in trees”’ rll i os A VOLUME OF THE “AMERICAN WOODS” DISPLAYED ee page contains three paper-thin sections of actual wood—tranverse, radial, and tangential—and as these are nearly transparent, they show clearly the structure. They are mounted on strong tbristol board, which bears the accurate scientific and popular names of each specimen shown, together with the common name in German, French, and Spanish. LLL LI EEO ) The pages on which the 5 Invaluable for Q specimens of wood are mounted Of great use to , Q eee BOTANISTS are separate, to facilitate ex- : SCHOOLS WOODWORKERS } amination and comparison one > COLLEGES = sppaeertatra with another, and in order that ee aad ARCHITECTS ( they may be vsed in direct PRIVATE BUILDERS 2 connection with the text which ! COLLECTIONS RA accompanies each volume. : Ten parts of this great work have been issued and are ready for delivery; others will follow at the rate of one or two parts per year. Each part contains at least three specimens each of 25 species, with illustrated text. The following are the net prices per part: Green or brown cloth, imitation morocco, $5.00. Half-morocco, $7.50 Address; FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 510 Twelfth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION ollege Poster's In the colors of the college they represent; size 14 x 22 menes: | Phey are to the. athletic world what the Gibson and Christy pictures are to the social world. Price 25 Cents; or any Five for $1 Post paid, on receipt of price. Write for catalogue containing minature sketches like the above. H. M. Suter Publishing Co. B09 (2th STREET, N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C. PRESS CLIPPINGS Alre Every Day Being Made a SOURCE OF GREAT PROFIT IN THE BUSINESS WORLD They supply the manufacturer and business man with valuable information as to new markets and outlets for their products and goods. They supply anyone interested in any matter with all fhe information from all parts of the country, pretaining to their subject. The International Press Clipping Bureau which is the largest Press Clipping Bureau in the world will send you daily, everything printed in every newspaper, magazine or trade journal in the countrp, on any particular subject : This bureau reads and clips 55,000 papers and other periodicals each Tague and can furnish anyone everything printed i in the country on business, financial, political, social, theatrical, scientific, sporting, agricultural, mining, or, in fact, any subject what- ever that is mentioned in the columns of any newspaper or publication. Write and state the subject you want clippings on and we will quote youa SPECIAL BARGAIN RATE for a trial month, that you may understand the great advantages to be derived from press clippings. Address, INTERNATIONAL PRESS CLIPPING BUREAU, 112-114 Dearborn Street, - - - - CHICAGO. U. S. A | CALIF OR Na and all the great West described in Sumzset Magazine | ina way that delights every reader. Not alone are the Scenic, Social, and Literary sides of the West shown, but the great industrial side—the side on which open the doors of Opportunity—is set forth with compelling interest. You will find MEAT in Szmsef, as well as plenty of sauce in the way of stirring Western stories. Every number illustrated with beautiful halftones. By the copy, 10 cents; bythe year, $1 00. All newsdealers handle it. Published monthly at 4 Montgomery St , San Francisco. MAGAZIN In writing advertisers kindly mention FoRESTRY AND IRRIGATION. and Others]~ The American Sportsman's Library Under General Editorship of CASPAR WHITNEY The only Library of Sports Aaaptea to the American Reaaer Complete in 20 volumes, at $2 net per volume A partial list of Contributors includes Theodore Roosevelt, Dean Sage, Edwyn Sandys, Charles F. Holder, F. 8. Van Dyke, L. C. Sanford, James A. Henshall Owen Wister. The volumes are illustrated by such artists as A. B. Frost, Carl Rungius, L. A. Fuertes, Charles L. Bull, Martin Justice, C. F. W. Mielatz, and Tappan Adney. Published in two series of 10 volumes each, all uniform, the whole set is a remarkable epitome of outdoor life, dealt with authoratively, yet in simple and untechnical lan- guage, and in each volume will be found much to interest and instruct the general reader Of the First Series, those The Big Game now ready are : “== _ > — Fishes of the The Deer Family ee A ee United States By Theodore Roose- By Charles F. Hol- velt and others. [1- lustrated by Carl Rungius, with maps by Dr. C. Hart Mer- riam. Salmon and Trout By Dean Sage, W.C. Harris, and H. C. Townsend, Illustra- by A. B. Frost and others. Upland Game Birds By Edwyn Sandys and T.S. Van Dyke. Illustrated by L. A. Fuertes, A.B. Frost, C.L. Bulland others The Water-Fowl Family By L. C. Sanford, L. B. Bishop and T. S. Van Dyke, illustra- ted by A. B. Frost, . Ll. A. Fuertes, and Cc. L. Bull. Bass, Pike,>Perch, der. Illustrated by Chas. F. W. Mielatz and others. To be ready in the Fall The Bison, Musk Ox, Sheep and Goat Family By George Bird Grinnell, Owen Winster,and Caspar Whitney. Illustra- ted by Carl Rungius and others. Cougar, Wild Cat, Wolf and Fox With many illustra- tions. The Bear Family By Dr. C. Hart Mer- riam, Iilustrated by Carl Rungiusand Calan: By James A. Hen- Guns, Ammunition hall, M. 3 . llus- rated by Martin - and Tackle stice a4 ik Cha res 3y A, W.Money and FEF. W. Mielatz. others. Illustrated, SECOND SERIES—In Preparation Photography for the Sportsman Naturalist, Baseball, Football, Yachting, Small Boat The Sporting Dog, The American Race Sailing and Canoeing, Rowing, Track Athlet- Horse, The Running Horse, Trotting i¢S, and Swimming, Lacrosse, Lawn Tennis, wad Pacing, Riding and Driving. Boxing, Wrestling, Etc., Skating, oo Ice Yachting, Coasting, Etc. Ke ° . SPE -@*b Arie Or Fy PER *o, “uy This exceedingly interesting and valuable series will be offered for Moy, a limited period upon very liberal terms. Send $4.00 with coupon 4% “4 & cut from this magazine and $1 per month for 36 months thereafter, % % 5 and we will send you free of all charges the volumes now ready, °6 7% and the others as they are issued. The books are good to look % “ey Ug 4 at, being tastefully bound in dark green cloth, with gold %, Tie 8 ornaments and lettering and gilt top. ag aioe tr 3,0 YZ, %, “Py. co The MACMILLAN COMPANY *e 66 FIFTH AVENUE, » » - NEW YORK In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. READ Irrigation in the United States By PRE ere HAYES NEWELL Chief Engineer U.S. Reclamation Survey Price, $20 ae postpaid to any address. Address: FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Washington, D. C. 1000; Con- cord Grapes, 2 per100. We pay the freight. Catalog. English or German, free. GERMAN NURSERIES #1, Beatrice, Neb. TREES THAT GROW Hardy varieties; yield big crops. Grafted Apple, 446c; Budded Peach, 3c; Black Locust Seed- ings, $1 per Foresters and Botanists will find profit and pleasure in Important Philippine Goods The standard reference book for Philippine forests. By Capt. G. P. AHERN, Chief of Philip- pine Forestry Bureau. 42 large colored plates. Price, $3.00. Forestry and Irrigation Book Dept. be secured ...... UNION PACIFIC KNOWN AS “The Overland Route”’ Is the most direct line to all principal points west. and offers a more diversified route to select from than any other Trans-Continental line. | Every Business Interest is to be found along its Line FOR THE MINER The great mountains of the West wait but the opening .o become the source of large fortunes.... FOR THE FARMER Thousands of acres of rich agricultural lauds are yet open for settlement.... FOR THE STOCK-RAISER Immense ar as of excellent eruaing: lands van pet ©; © 1m, 0.0! vie) 10) 8) 8) O°. FOR THE BUSINESS MAN The growing cities and towns of the West are daily offering unequalled opportunities for investment of capital and location of industries which are unsurpased by older sections of the United States .......c2eccerceeee 5 Inquire of E. LL. LOMAX,G. P.& T. A., Omaha, Nebr. 50 YEARS’ EXPERIENCE TrRaveE MarRKs DESIGNS CoPYRIGHTS &C. Anyone sending a sketch and aeseepuen may quickly ascertain our opinion free whether an invention is probably patentable. Communica- tions strictly confidential. HANDBOOK on Patents sent free. Oldest agency for securing patents. Patents taken through Munn & Co. receive special notice, without charge, in the Scientific American, A handsomely illustrated weekly. Largest cir- culation of any scientific journal. Terms, $3 a year; four months, $l. Sold byall newsdealers. MUNN & Co,2618:oxdvay, New York Branch Office, 625 F St., Washington, D. In writing advertisers kindly mention FoRESTRY AND IRRIGATION. WHITE PINE Seeds and Seedlings for Forestry Purposes THOMAS MEEHAN & SONS, Inc., Dreshertown, Penn. Nursery Lane Nurserymen and Tree Seedsmen. ODIO OVO VIOLIN PNIINIUINIINGINIING RAISE IRRIGATING WATER by natural stream fall. One foot raises thirty feet. Raise any quantity for irrigation, stock, railroad tanks, town supply, ete., with RIFE HYDRAULIC RAMS No attention ever required, and it’s always going, insuring constant sup- ply. Runs for years without expense. Raise any height and carry any distance. Sold on 30 days free trial. Write for free book. L Rife Engine Co., 126 Liberty St., New York. CORNING VIP ISI GIP PSL IG NGI PAGING SS BLO CR, Construction News Press Clippings CONTRACTORS, MATERIAL, MEN, BUILDERS, MANUFACT- Photographer URERS, in fact, ANYBODY interested in Construction News of all kinds, obtain from Views, Lantern Slides, Bromide Enlarge- our daily reports QUICK, RELIABLE ments, Copying, Developing and Printing INFORMATION. Our special corre- . spondents allover the country enable us to give | 215 SIXTH STREET, S.E. our patrons the newsin advance of their com- | WASHI NGTON, D.C. petitors and before it has become common property. Let us know what you want and we will send | ORCHIDS ORCHIDS you samples and quote you prices. Weare the largest Orchid Grow ers Se AEN GS oni aae sae / in the United States : : : from all the leading current newspapers, maga- . Our Illustrated and Wecccintine zines, tradeand technical journals of the United | Catalogue of Orchids is now ready States and Canada. PUBLIC SPEAK- ; and may be had on application. ERS, WRITERS, STUDENTS, Orchid Growers LAGER & HURRELL CLUB WOMEN can secure reliable data and Importers. : < SUMMIT, N. J. for speeches, essays, debates, etc. Special facil- ities for ‘serving ‘Trade and Class Journals, Railroads and large industrial corporations. | Read ‘Irrigation in the United WE READ, through our staff of skilled ! States,’”’ by Frederick Hayes readers, a more comprehensive HED ULI | N tions than any other Bureau to Newell, Chief Engineer U. & give prompt and intelligent service at the low- Reclamation Survey. Price, $2 est price consistent with good work. Write us | postpaid to any address. Address about it. Send stamp for booklet. ** Forestry ano igation,”’ ‘ash- : shies Ne iaeton, ie as — e oe United States Press Clipping Bureau | . . . . 147 Fifth Ave., Chicago, U.S. A. BOPAPER... Sizing to R. P. Andrews & Company (tnc.), Washington West Vrginia Pulp and Paper Company, the Largest Manufacturers of Book Paper in the world. IF IN NEED, DROP THEM A LINE In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. | Sole Agents in the District of Columbia for the | A Chicago, New York, Washington, 1707 Fisher Building. 17 Battery Place, 5 and 6 Glover Building, © FF ee Ee irese THos. F. WatsH, Washington, GEORGE H. MAXWELL, Chicago, President. Executive Chairman. JAMES H. ECKELS, Chicago, CHARLES B. BOOTHE, New York, Treasurer. Chairman Executive Council. Guy E. MITCHELL, Washington, Secretary. ~~ The objects of the Association, as set forth in its Constitution, are as follows: 1. The adoption by the Federal Government of a permanent policy for the reclamation and settlement of the public domain, under which all the remaining public lands shall be held and administered as a trust for the benefit of the whole people of the United States, and no grants of the title to any of the public lands shall ever hereafter be made to any but actual settlers and homebuilders on the land. 2. The preservation and development of our national resources by the construction of storage reservoirs by the Federal Government for flood protection, and to save for use in aid of navigation and irrigation the flood waters which now run to waste and cause overflow and destruction. 3. The construction by the Federal Government of storage reservoirs and irrigation works wherever necessary to furnish water for the reclamation and settlement of the arid public lands. 4. The preservation of the forests and reforestatiou of denuded forest areas as sources of water supply, the conservation of existing supplies hy approved methods of irrigation and distribution, and the increase of the water resources of the arid region by the investi- gation and development of underground supplies. 5. The adoption of a harmonious system of irrigation laws in all the arid and semi-arid states and territories under which the right to the use of water for irrigation shall vest in the | user and become appurtenant to the land irrigated, and beneficial use be the basis and the | measure and limit of the right. 6. The holding of an annual Irrigation Congress, and the dissemination by public meet- |— ings and through the press of information regarding irrigation, and the reclamation and settle- ment of the arid public domain, and the possibilities of better agriculture through irrigation and intensive farming, and the need for agricultural education and training, and the creation | of rural homes as national safeguards, and the encouragement of rural settlement as a remedy for the social and political evils threatened by the congestion of population in large cities. @ £ ‘ e TROPICAL FORESTRY AND HORTICULTURE Reports and working plans for estates in Southern Florida, Bahamas, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Porto Rico, and neighboring regions . .. . The Pomelo, or Grape Fruit, the Favorite of all Breakfast Fruits, for which the southernmost part of the Peninsula of Florida is famous. For the produc- tion of this profitable fruit this region hasnorival . . . . . . «. . Tropical forest lands bought and sold. Villa sites and grove land for sale in Biscayne Bay region. Write for prospectus. Address JOHN GIFFORD, Princeton, N. J., or Cocoanut Grove, Dade Co., Fla. W. E. HOYT, G. E. P. A. 335 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Qthe > Try the Land of Sure Crops The Great Northwest offers rich soil, a pleasant climate, superior home markets, and opportunities for the ambitious. Irrigation lands of great productiveness. Ask about the Yakima, Palouse peter A a and Clearwater Valleys. See the country this year. VERY LOW RATES WEST Colonist Excursion fares to all points on the Northern Pacific Railway West of Billings, Mont., to and Including the Great Puget Sound Country. Volt, General Emigration Agent, St. Paul. Rates and information from P. W. Pummiil, . Agt., 711 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Penn., or write direct to A. M. Cleland, General {gent, N. P. Ry., St. Paul. In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. iy I oe ne ee eo rare eee ore sere ere reas NEW SPECIES OF JUNIPER, By George B. Sudworth -No.5 _ MAY, 1905 $1.00 a Year; 10 cts. a Copy 510 Twelfth Street Northwest, Washington, D. C. 6 == Field 2"? Stream Edited by EMERSON HOUGH America’s Iliustrated Monthly Magazineof the Rop, Gun, Doc, CANOE, CAMERA, CRUISE, Ete Subscription Price $1.50 per Year 15cents a copy of all Newsdealers The Mysteries of the Mighty Amazon Raver EAD the story, graphically penned by ex- R plorer ALVAH D. JAMES, of the dis- coveries and facts brought to light by “PIELD AND STREAWM’S” exploration party in the vast tropical wilderness drained by the Amazon. From the day when, on the Pacific coast. the ascent of the \ndes Mountains began, the thrill of the narrative is upon you, and never releases its hold until the tale ends at the confluence of the great river with the Atlantic, 3,600 miles fromits source. Begin your subscription with the superb Christmas Number of 1903, containing the first installment of this Amazon story. Address the Publishers John P. Burkhard Corporation Dept. F. I. 35 West 21st St., New York Nature BE&KsS Now is the time to Read them Spring is here and every normal man and woman wishes to get in touch with the newlv-wakened life out of doors. See our list on a fol- lowing page. Whatever isn’t there we can procure for you at lowest rates. Forestry and Irrigation BOOK DEPARTMENT Printing § Publishing The H. M. Suter Publishing Co. have exceptional facili- ties for turning out books, pamphlets, calendars, Col- lege annuals, &c. All Kinds of Illustrations Furnished. To persons desiring prompt publication of books we can guarantee first class printing and careful proof-reading, relieving them of all detail work. CORRESPONDENCE INVITED: H. M. Suter Publishing Co., 510. TWELFTH ST., N. wy WASHINGTON, D. C. GREEN Principles of American Forestry 12mo, xiii X 334 pages, 73 figures, in- eluding many half-tones. Cloth, $1.50 WILSON Trrigation Engineering Fourth edition, enlarged and rewritten, Small 8vo, xxiii X 573 pages, 41 full page plates, mostly half-tones, and 142 figures. Cloth, $4.00 SNOW The Principal Species of Wood: Cheir Characteristic Properties Large 8vo, xi X 203 pages, figures in the text, 39 luli page half-tones. Cloth, $3.40 — ELLIOL Practical Farm Drainage 12mo, 100 pages, 25 figures. Cloth, $1.00 BLEIOm: Engineering for Land Drainage 12mo, vii X 232 pages, 41 figures, 6 full page half-tones. Cloth, $1.40 JOHN WILEY & SONS 43 and 45 East 19th St New York City In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION eT IBXS! SCHOOLS & COLLEGES BRST EE a | | Te a Harvard University The Lawrence Scientific School offers four year courses of study leading to the degree of 8. B. in Civil, Mechani- cal, and Electrical Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Architecture, Landscape Architecture, Forestry Chemistry, Geology, Biology, Anatomy and Hygiene (preparation for medical Schools), Science for Teachers, and a course in General Science. For the cat- alogue and information, address J. L. Lover, 16 University Hall, Cambridge, Mass. N. S. SHALER, Dean. Accurate estimates of standing timber, valuation surveys and working plans made, and expert advice on any logging, lumbering, or forestal proposition furn- ished by C. A. SCHENCK & CO., Biltmore, N. C. Consulting Forest Engineers. Michigan Agricultural College offers a full four-year course in FORESTRY Course in successful operation since 1902. For information address E. E. BOGUE, Professor Agricultural College Michigan. California, Alta, Placer County AGASSIZ HALL is a boys’ Preparatory School in the Sierra Ne- vada Mountains. Its boys are encouraged to ride, row, swim, fish, hunt, trap, snowshoe as out-of-school aids toward developing healthy manhood OR ee Oe St Oh oe THE University of the South Sewanee, Tennessee DEPARTMENTS Academic Medical Theological Pharmaceutical Law Preparatory The University of the South is situated in the center of its woodland domain of 10,000 acres on the summit of the Cumberland Mountains, 2,000 feet above sea level. Open from March to December, the academic year being divided into three terms. Students from other Universities may attend the sum- mer session, July 3 to September 26, in any department. The University domain is being lumbered in a scientific manner under the direction of the Bureau of Forestry, U.S. Department of Agri- culture,and an unusual opportunity isafforded for the preliminary study of forestry. Sewanee presents an exceptionally attractive field for the study of geology, and forest and field botany. For further information address THE VICE-CHANCELLOR Fast through train service to all points from Chicago, Milwaukee and Peoria on the East, to Omaha, Denver, the Black Hills, Salt Lake City and the Pacific Coast on the West, and north- ward to St. Paul, Minneapolis, Duluth, Superior, ‘Ashland, Mar- quette and Sault Ste. Marie. Ghe Best of Everything. W. B. Kniskern, Po Tame Chicago, Ill, In writing advertisers kindly mention ForRESTRY AND IRRIGATION. pptinee bi | eae American Forestry Association President—HON. JAMES WILSON, SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. The American Forestry Association was organized in 1882, and incorporated in January, 1897. It now has nearly three thousand members, residents of every State in the Union, Canada, and foreign countries. It has at all times been active in promoting measures tending toward the proper utilization of the forests and their protection from destruc- tion by fires and wasteful use. The objects of this Association are to promote: 1. o clocks ps ima umes s)s1905- for the construction of outlet and con- trolling works and bridge at Lake Tahoe, Tahoe City, California, involv- ing about 90,000 cubic yards of earth work, 500 cubic yards of concrete, cre These proposals are for a pro- tion of the Truckee-Carson project. BIDS FOR LAGUNA DAM. The Secretary of the Interior has approved the revised draft of adver- tisement, proposal and _ specifications for the Laguna dam and sluiceways in connection with the Yuma project, California. Owing to the informality of a num- ber of bids submitted for this project early this spring, the Secretary of the Interior rejected all bids and ordered a readavertisement. The specifications call for the exca- vation of about 282,000 cubic yards of earth, about 305,000 cubic yards of solid rock, the placing of about 305,000 cubic vards of solid rock the dam and masonry core walls, the building of 27, 150 cubic yards of concrete, laying 80,000 square vards of paving, and furnishing and denies about 53,000 linear feet of sheet pil- ing. The bids will be opened at 2 o'clock, 216 Monday, June 15, at the office of the United States Reclamation Service, 1108 Braly Building, Los Angeles, California. BISMARCK PUMPING PROJECT. Chief Engineer Newell has directed that preliminary surveys in connection with the Bismarck, North Dakota, pumping project be pushed to comple- tion this season, in order that the land owners in that section whose property: will come under this project may have a clear understanding of all plans of. the Reclamation Service, and a full knowledge of the cost of the water rights. At the present time the sentiment of the people apparently is not generally favorable to the project. Conditions resemble those which prevailed in sec- tions of Oklahoma, where land owners declared that any discussion of irriga- tion was certain to injure property values, and that irrigation was not es- sential anyway. A great light has dawned on Oklahoma since that time, and the people are now enthusiastic- ally cooperating with the government in its efforts to establish irrigation works in the territory. The past few years in North Dakota have been years of ample rainfall, and the farmers are prone to forget the periods of drouth, which, at intervals, prevail there to the destruction of crops, and certain losses to the agri- culturists. It is hoped that when the completed plans are presented there will come a change of sentiment, and North Dagota will evince a readiness to cooperate with the Reclamation Service. If no such change occurs the amount set aside for the construc- tion will be applied to works else- where, and the Bismarck project will be held in abeyance for several years. WITHDRAWAL OF MONTANA LANDS. The Secretary of Interior has tem- porarily withdrawn from any form of disposition whatever the following public lands in the State of Montana, under the first form of withdrawal au- thorized by the Reclamation Act of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION May June 17, 1902, in connection with the Ft. Buford project. Montana princi- pal meridian, northwest %4 Sec. 6, T. TOU N eRe s8 skinner NORTH PLATTE PROJECT. The Reclamation Service is pushing — work on the North Platte project with the utmost dispatch. Secretary Hitch-— has authorized the advertis- ~ ing of bids for the construction of the | Pathfinder dam and auxiliary works at — a point about 50 miles’ southwest of Casper, Wyoming. q ~The bids will be opened at the office cock of the Reclamation Service, Chamber of Commerce Building, Denver,Colo., — at 2 o'clock, Thursday, June 15, 1905. CONTRACT LET FOR ROOSEVELT DAM. » The Secretary of the Interior has executed a contract on behalf of the — United States Government with John — M. O’Rourke and Co., Galveston, and — has approved the bids of the contrac- — tors for the construction of the Roose- | velt dam in the Salt River projecty™ The contractors’ bid is $1,- — 147,000, and the contract provides that a sufficient force and plant shall be at Arizona. work within 90 days to complete the dam to a level of 150 feet above datum : in the period of two years. MAIL SERVICE IN MONTANA. The attention of the Director of the a Geological Survey has been called to — the very poor mail. service between Glendive and Mondak, by the engi- ~ neers engaged upon the Fort Buford — At the present time mail leaves Glendive, Montana, Mondays) project. Wednesdays and Fridays and goes as" far as Ridgelawn, 65 miles, returning © to Glendive the following day. The mail is taken from Ridgelawn the next morning after it arrives from Glendive and goes on to Mondak. With the initiation of the construc- _ tion work on this project it will be — absolutely necessary that daily mail be — run from Glendive to Mondak and ~ return, a distance of 80 miles, and it is probable that a request will be made — for a rural free delivery route. 1905 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 217 Yuma Dam Site, Colorado River, Left Abutment, Arizona. The headquarters of the Govern- ment men and all camps are located ‘near the stage line, but are distant from postoffices, and the present sys- tem of mail delivery causes trouble- some delays and many mistakes. LANDS FOR CLEAR TAKE PROJECT. The Secretary of the Interior has formally approved, subject to the fu- ture determination to construct the project, the purchase of 15,000 acres of land belonging to the Jesse D. Carr Land and Live Stock Company, at Clear Lake, Cal. . The purchase price is $187,500, and includes with it the riparian rights of the company in the Clear Lake reservoir site and along Tule Lake, besides the canals now constructed on the lands of the com- Yuma Dam Site, Colorado River, Right Abutment, California. 218 pany. ‘These lands and rights consti- tute an essential item and a valuable concession in the Klamath Falls pro- JeCe. ARTESIAN WATER FOR LOCOMOTIVES. Congressman Martin, of Deadwood, South ‘Dakota, states that the Chicago Northwestern Railroad Company has under consideration the advisability of sinking an artesian well at Buffalo Gap, in Meade county, South Dakota, for the purpose of obtaining a supply of water for use in locomotive en- gines. The engineers of the company have fears that if an artesian well should be obtained the water would not be suitable for engine use. Mr. Martin has requested the Geological Survey to furnish any information available on this subject. The Director of the Geological Sur- vey states that there are some grounds for the fears of the Northwestern Railway Company that artesian wa- ters from the Dakota sandstone at Buffalo Gap might be too much min- eralized for engine use. The waters from this source are variable in char- acter, but it is believed that the chances are very fair that the waters at Buffalo Gap will be satisfactory, and it is thought that the prospects are suff- ciently favorable to merit a trial. COOPERATIVE WORK IN NEBRASKA. The U. S. Geological Survey and the State Engineer of Nebraska have formulated a plan for cooperation in the collection of hydrographic data in that State. The Hydrographic Branch of the Survey, through the district of- fice at Denver, will maintain a total of ten river stations. The State En- gineer will arrange to make all neces- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION May sary gagings at the various stations to insure a complete and satisfactory rat- ing curve of each, covering the range of | gage heights for the year. The ser- vices of the State Engineer’s assistant or assistants making these stream gag- ings will be paid by the United States Geological Survey. All records of gage heights and stream gagings are to be transmitted by the observer directly to the Denver office on the regulation cards. Copies of the same are to be furnished to the State Engineer at the end of each sea- son or year, or at any other time on request. The travelling or field expenses in- curred by the assistants of the State Engineer in securing these data are to be paid by the State Engineer’s office. The Geological Survey will issue in- structions concerning the method and proper manner in which all field data are to be collected, and will furnish a reasonable number of current meters which are to be used in the work. This codperation will insure a decid- ed extension of the work, the impor- tance of which is recognized by both the agricultural and manufacturing interests. PURCHASING IRRIGATION DITCHES. The Secretary of the Interior has approved provisionally the purchase of two canals, the Adams ditch and the Ankeny canal, in the vicinity of Kla- math Falls, both of which are to be used in connection with the Klamath irrigation project in Oregon. The Government had previously se- cured options on these irrigation sys- tems, and the action of the Secretary provides for their purchase as soon as the final plans of the engineers for the construction of the large project have been accepted. THE PRODUCTION OF MAPLE SUGAR The Bureau of Forestry Seeks to Develop and Extend the Industry HE Bureau of Forestry has been studying the maple sugar indus- try with the view of securing a larger use of the maple forests. Since 1850 the area of maple sugar farming has greatly changed and shrunk. In early days maple sugar was commonly made, even in many parts of the South, be- cause cane sugar was virtually unob- tainable. No longer is there even a limited production in South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louis- jana, and Arkansas. ‘This is because cane sugar can now be bought every- where at a low price, and is preferred to maple sugar for sweetening. In Indiana, Michigan, and Illinois the maple trees have been extensively cut for lumber, thus reducing the oppor- tunity for tree tapping. In those States also the markets are glutted with imi- tations, which removes the incentive to extending the industry. In other States, as in western Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio, New York, and in New England, the maple sugar indus- try has held its own or been increased. The best sap flow is secured in the cooler northern States, yet good re- sults can be expected in most of Penn- sylvania and West Virginia, in west- ern Maryland, all of Indiana and Ken- tucky, eastern Tennessee, and western North Carolina. At present the larg- _ est producers of sugar maple products are Ohio, Vermont, and New York. The sugar and black maples yield the most and the best sap, although some other species of maple may be worked to advantage when neither of these is available. The maple is a hardy and vigorous tree and readily reproduces itself, so there need be no fear of failure of sap supply. For sap production the all important consideration is for the tree to have a full and heavy crown. Yet it should also grow under forest con- ditions which maintain a ground cover of litter and humus. As a result of the study recently made definite directions for the man- agement and improvement of existing groves, and for the establishment of new ones in suitable localities and under different conditions, have been prepared and will soon be published. Many valuable data regarding the profit in making maple sugar were also collected. .From these it appears that a farmer can easily clear about $3 an acre from a sugar grove. The expenses in this estimate are placed at a maximum; all the labor and haul- ing are charged in at matket gates: though as a matter of fact the sugar season falls at a time when the farmer has little other employment for himself or his horses. In actual practice, for the farmer who can do most of his own work, the profit should be con- siderably larger. And the land thus utilized will yield little or nothing under any other use. The old method of collecting the sap by making a diagonal cut in the tree was abandoned long ago because it injured the tree so that it could be worked for but a few years. The ap- proved practice now is to bore a hole one inch deep and three-eighths of an inch in diameter into the sunny side of trees over 12 inches m diameter, and to make but one hole in each tree, ex- cept possibly where the trees are espe- cially large and productive. Vast im- provements have also been made in appliances for handling the sap and boiling it down to sugar and syrup. Maple trees now furnish but a small per cent. of the commercial maple syrup and sugar. While the demand for both these commodities has con- stantly increased, the output from ma- 220 ple trees has decreased during the last twenty years. The trade has been supplied only by radically adulterating the pure goods, or by manufacturing a product entirely from foreign mate- rials. It is conservatively estimated that seven-eighths of what is sold as maple syrup and sugar is a spurious article. Most of the fabrications are entirely harmless, but they are not the real thing. Those fortunate enough to have eaten the genuine article will always demand it, and _ conditions should be such that they may get it, if they are willing to pay the price. The fault does not lie with the pro- ducers, those who tap the trees and reduce the sap to syrup and sugar, but with the middlemen who buy the su- gar and mix and adulterate it most profitably for themselvés. The extent of this adulteration 1s illustrated by the fact that while the amount of the raw product has decreased, the whole quantity has largely increased and its market price has been reduced. Of late years the price has fallen in direct relation to the decrease in the price of cane sugar. The most common substitutes used in the adulteration of maple sugar and syrup are other sugars and glucose. Much of the so-called maple syrup on the market is nothing but a combi- nation of sweets with a little maple molasses added to give the maple fla- vor. There is also a maple syrup which contains no maple at all, but the flavor is obtained by adding to the FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION May compound an extract of hickory bark. This extensive adulteration forces the producers of pure maple syrup to com- pete with cheap imitations. The price of their raw product is kept down, and — the forests of maple are not as profita- ble to their owners ,as they otherwise might be. The consumer is entitled to pure goods, and the producer is entitled to have his syrup and sugar bought and used for what it is. The remedy is in the hands of the producers, and they can effect a change for the better in two ways. They can associate them- selves in State and large local compa- nies, and, by selling direct to consum- ers, cut out the middlemen; and they can also put their produce on the mar- ket in the form not of sugar but of syrup, which is most in demand. The public will not object to paying a lit- tle higher price for guaranteed pure goods. The cost of making and hand- ling syrup might be a little more than that of sugar, but the net returns would be larger, the public better served, and the maple sugar industry profitably extended. The association plan has been adopted in Vermont with excellent results. Annual meet- ings are held, through whose influence improved methods of production have been adopted, a central market estab- lished, and a -registered trade-mark created which is a guarantee of abso- lute purity. In this way a trade of good proportions has been built up. RE-CONQUEST OF NEVADA BY GUY, ELLIOTT MITGHELE Secretary, The National Irrigation Association AS Nevada always been an arid and desert region? Its geologi- cal records, -as’ indelibly carved in sandstone and granite,. showing the shore lines of ancient lakes, proclaim that it has not, but that at one time a vast body of water, as great in area as Lake Erie, covered a portion of the State. To-day, however, the aridity of the country is unquestioned and the 1905 350,000 acres, to part of which Uncle Sam is about to apply water. will prac- tically double its irrigated area and its agricultural population. Nevada’s ancient inland sea is known as Lake La Hontan; it was one of the several great pre-historic lakes distributed over the Great Basin of the arid region, among them Lake Bonneville of which the Great Salt Lake was the deepest portion. Its area was nine times greater than the Great Salt, or almost as large as Lake Michi- gan and much deeper. The contracted remains of Lake La Hontan, in Nevada, are found in Pyr- amid Lake and a number of other small enclosed lake which were the deepest portions of the ancient lake. Since these large pre-historic lakes were land-locked and did not over- flow, it follows that the rainfall which fed them was much heavier than it is to-day. Should conditions revert, many of the important points situated in the . Great Basin would be hopelessly flood- ed, such for instance as the Mormon Temple, which would stand in 850 feet of water, while 700 miles of railroad would be submerged. These pre-historic lakes are said to be of very recent origin—that is, re- cent by the geologists’ count—perhaps 30,000 or 40,000 years old. Fossils have been found showing the presence of primitive man along their ancient shores and embankments, which in many instances, are as perfect in con- tour and as distinct as if the waters had receded only a few years since. ‘Tnese lakes included such arid and fear-inspiring localities of to-day as the Black Rock Desert, Skull Valley, Death Valley, and a score of other places where the bleached bones of man and animal attest to an awful lack of water. __ This first irrigation work of the na- tional government, which is to be cele- brated by the turning of the water into the gigantic ditches next month, is the argest project which has been defi- nitely outlined and approved under the FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 221 irrigation act—known as the Truckee- Carson project. When completed it will involve the expenditure of ap- proximately $9,000,000 and will re- claim 350,000 acres of desert land. That portion of the system now com- pleted consists of a canal 31 miles long to take water from the Truckee River and convey it to the Carson River, where a large storage reservoir is pro- jected. Just below this reservoir site, the waters of the two streams will be led out upon the plains by two canals, with a combined capacity of 1,900 cu- bic feet per second. Some 50,000 acres are to be irrigated this spring, for which 200 miles of small distri- buting ditches have been dug. The Secretary of the Interior has set aside $2,740,000 of the Reclama- tion Fund for the initial work, and by ’ the time this has been expended about 100,000 acres will be under canals, and the settlers will be returning in annual payments the original invest- ment. The money thus received will be used as a revolving fund for the completion of this project. The land has been divided into farm units of 80 acres, and the cost of reclamation will be $26 per acres. Work is being com- menced this spring on regulating gates at the outlet of Lake Tahoe, located in California, but whose waters will be used to reclaim the fertile Nevada soil. Future plans involve the draining of Carson Sink, 25,000 acres in extent, which overflows in years of heavy rainfall, and the reclamation of lands in the upper ‘Truckee and Carson val- leys. As these large areas are grad- ually brought under irrigation a greater water supply will be required and nine additional reservoirs will be constructed, with a combined storage capacity of over a million and a quar- ter acre-feet (an acre-foot equals one acre, one foot deep). The soil under this project is very fertile, and deciduous fruits such as apples, pears, peaches, grapes, all the berries and vegetables produce luxu- riantly. Wheat, oats, potatoes and al- falfa are the staple crops. The lands 299 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION are tributary to the Southern Pacific, the Nevada, California and Oregon, and the Virginia and Truckee Rail- roads, and the recent enormous activ- ity in gold and silver mining in Ne- vada insures a nearby and profitable market. At the same time the supply of food products will greatly reduce the cost of living and further stimu- late mining development. The fact that a very large portion of the lands included in this project belong to the government and have been withdrawn from speculative en- May land owners, while the opportunity for settlement and increased population has never been extensive. Nevada’s land history is one which can be stud- ied with profit by those who are searching for light on the question of proper administration of the public do- main. With exception of the influx of immigration due to mining excite- ment, the population is as a standstill and must continue to remain so until farm lands are thrown open to settle- ment in small tracts through govern- ment irrigation. Cement Lined Canal, Nevada Government Irrigation Works. try under the desert and other land laws, is a matter for congratulation. Nevada’s past history has been one of land monopoly, in fact it has been said that the State was long since stolen by land robbers. In area Nevada is three times the size of Indiana, but her population is scarcely sufficient for a single small county. The popu- lar vote of last year was but little over 12,000. The bulk of the inhabitable lands are in the hands of a few great When the State was admitted to the Union, in place of receiving the usual donation of alternate school sections— 16 and 32 in each township—it secured a flat grant from the government of two million acres of public land to be located wherever its law-makers saw fit. The State legislature passed as much as desired of this great and val- uable resource into private ownership of stockmen, at as low a figure as 25 cents an acre. These lands have been i ee 1905 located up and down the sides of every river and stream and around every spring and water hole in the State, so that while Nevada has to-day some 60,000,000 acres of public land, there is not a quarter section of it upon which a homesteader could make a liv- ing. The land granted to the State for school purposes—disposed of by the State for a mess of pottage—con- trols the lands fo the State. The government’s irrigation plan, when worked out, will immediately FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 223 double Navada’s population; it will provide a new life-blood of settlement and citizenship for a region of unsur- passed agriculture. This great reclamation scheme for the rebuilding of Nevada is being car- ried into operation by Engineer L. H. Taylor, under the supervision of Fred- erick H. Newell, Chief Engineer of the Reclamation Service. It will af- ford the first practical example of the operations of the new national irri- gation law. PROGRESS OF THE SALT RIVER BRO ECT Work Going Forward Rapidly on this Great Reclamation Scheme HE town of Roosevelt, Arizona, humming as it is with the activi- ties of it 3,000 inhabitants, 15 doomed. Its lease on life is only three years long. In 1908, when the engineers of the Reclamation Service shall have completed the highest dam in the world, Roosevelt will lie 172 feet below the surface of the water in the reclamation reservoir. Wor has been in progress there for about a year, but men are laboring now, night and day, in three shifts of eight hourse each, in order that no more than three additional years may be consumed in the task. Then Roose- velt will be no more. Shut in by mountains as the valley of Salt River is at this point, there is no place else where the men who are constructing the dam for the Salt River reclamation project might build them a city except in the very valley that is destined to be submerged. The town or camp of Roosevelt is situated partly on the flat along Salt River and partly on the hillside above the high water mark of the reservoir. In the lower part of the camp are located the temporary power plant, the commis- sary, the corral, the hospital, and the dwelling tents of employees of the Reclamation Service of the United States Geological Survey and of con- tractors working for the Government. In that portion of the camp known as ‘“Roosevelt-on-the-Hill” are the ce- ment mill, an office building, dining hall and kitchen, numerous tent houses, and several frame structures erected for the use of the engineer- ing force and their families. Three mail and passenger stage lines connect Roosevelt with the out- side world. The Globe line, which is about 42 miles long, provides a daily stage service from Globe, which has Southern Pacific Railroad connec- tions. By means of the Mesa line, passengers and mail can be be brought to the dam in one day from Phoenix, which is the center of the territory. The route, which is about 60 miles long, runs through the most pictur- esque part of Arizona. Capitalists are even now considering the advisability of putting on an automobile line from Proenix to the dam, of constructing a trolley line between the two points, and of erecting a tourist hotel in the mountains not far from the dam site. A third stage line, also in daily oper- ation, is the one between Payson and Roosevelt. It is about 63 miles long. The contract for the Roosevelt dam has been recently given to J. M. O’Rourke & Co., of Galveston, Texas, and the most serious work of the proj- ect will soon be under way. During the past year, however, a vast deal of important preliminary work has been accomplished by the inhabitants of Roosevelt. A temporary power plant, FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION ! between Phoenix and Roosevelt. A _ road to the timber in the Sierra Ancha | Mountains has also opened up a new country. Altogether, it has been nec-_ essary to construct about 80 miles of — road. Much of this work has been done under most unfavorable circum- stances. From February until the end of March there was almost continuous rain and snow. Never in the history of Arizona has snow been deeper than it was last winter, and the chances for high water during the entire summer Salt River Canyon, Arizona, Looking Downstream from Point About Half Mile Above Dam Site. a cement mill, an ice plant, a lighting plant, and a saw mill have all been completed. The power canal, which will furnish water power for the gen- eration of electricity to operate all the work, will be done in a few months. A telephone line connecting the head- works of the power canal, about 18 miles above Roosevelt, with the Ari- zona dam, which is about 30 miles from Phoenix, has also been installed. In the face of great engineering dif- ficulties, a wagon road has been built are, unfortunately, almost certain. During the greater part of March the road to Globe was impassable and the Gila Valley, Globe, and Northern Rail- | way was out of commission. The | Southern Pacific bridgeacrossthe Gila at Maricopa was rebuilt half a dozen times during that month. It 1s appar- ent therefore that materials for con= struction work were not hauled into camp very rapidly during part of the | past winter. ; It might be said of the unwelcome 1905 rains, however that -they rather improved the power canal by consol- idating the banks. The grading work for this canal-was done by Sherer & Co., of Los Angeles, and the tunnel work by John Tuttle, of San Fran- cisco. Water will be diverted from the river to the power canal about a quarter of a mile below the confluence of Pinal Creek and Salt River. The canal is 19 miles long and its construc- tion has involved the excavation of about 600,000 cubic yards of material FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 225 The cement mill, which has been ready to run since the middle of Feb- ruary, is now in operation. ‘The fuel used in burning cement in the kilns is crude petroleum from the California oil fields. The beginnig of manufac- turing cement was delayed through the fact that only one tank of oil reached the mill during March. That had been two weeks on the road, weighed about 2,500 pounds and required six horses to haul it. The other oil tank got stuck in the mud View in Sierra Ancha, Salt River Watershed. and the driving of nearly 9,000 feet of tunnel. Until power can be obtained from the power canal, a temporary steam plant has been built for the purpose of furnishing power to the machine and wood shops and for running the cement mill. It has also run the hoist for the material, which has to be ele- vated 300 feet to the cement mill, and has furnished light and power for drilling operations in the tunnels at the dam. between Globe and Roosevelt and had to be abandoned. About 400 tons of machinery and 60 tons of structural iron have gone into the construction of the cement plant. The ball mills weigh about 12 tons each; the tube mills, when ready for grinding, weigh about 20 tons, the crusher 15 tons, and the rotary kilns for murning the cement are 70 feet long and weigh 49 tone _ each: Attached to the mill is a well-equipped laboratory under the charge of two 226 chemists, who will devote all their time to standardizing the cement ma- terials and testing the products of the mill. It is expected that about 200,- 000 barrels of cement will be required in the construction of the Roosevelt dam, the power canal, and the various Tonto improvements. The cement used in the preliminary work costs $5.35 a barrel delivered at the point where it was used. Bids were, later received for furnishing cement at $4.81 a barrel. It will cost. the Gev- ernment $1.60 a barrel to make the cement on the ground. If the cost of the plant, $120,000, be added to the cost of the 200,000 barrels of cement required, the total cost of the Govern- ment cement will still be only $2.20 a barrel. This means a saving of $2.61 a barrel, or a saving of $522,- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION May ooo on the entire work. After the dam and canal have been completed, the cement plant will still be capable of further use, and considerable sal- vage may doubless be realized. Two new gaging stations were es- tablished on Little Colorado River and its tributaries during March. A party has been surveying a possible power canal on Verde River, the pow- er to be used to supplement that ob- tained from the dam when it is des- irable to store water in the reservior. It is proposed to do considerable re- connaissance work in the northern end of the Territory, at the headwaters of San Pedro River and on San Carlos and San Francisco Rivers. Mr. Louis C. Hill is the supervising engineer in charge of thework on the Salt River project. RECLAIMING THE ARID LANDS OF THE NORTH WES BY THOMAS COOPER Land Commissioner, Northern Pacific Railway. N° single feature of the develop- ment of the Great Northwest— the states of North Dakota, Montana, Washington and Oregon—is more sig- nificant of future greatness than the work done during the last decade in bringing the semi-arid land under cul- tivation and in developing methods by which great areas are made immense- ly productive. Irrigated lands produce never-fail- ing crops. The land and the water, primary elements in crop production, are known quantities and can be de- pended upon. Adjacent to the princi- pal areas of the Northwest in which irrigation development is now in pro- gress are splendid home markets wait- ing to take all that the land will pro- duce. The land to be brought under cultiva- tion through the work of the United States Reclamation Service, the or- ganization through which the Federal Government is carrying out the largest scheme of irrigation development and irrigating works yet attempted, will be thrown open to settlement as fast as the water is supplied, under terms which, from the standpoint of the set- tler, will be very reasonable. Land irrigated by the United States government will be subject to entry under the Homestead act, as modified by the Reclamation act. The cost of irrigation works and the expense of furnishing water to a given district will be apportioned pro rata to the acreage benefited and the cost per acre, thus obtained, is what the settler pays for the land and the water rights, in ten annual payments without interest. 1905 The cost per acre varies with the cost of the project, the term used by the government engineers to designate irrigations plans and work in a given district. On projects so far under- taken the cost runs from $15 to $30 an acre. The Reclamation Service care- fully considers the character of the land, its proximity to markets and transportation facilities before under- taking any improvements, in order to make sure that there will be left an ample margin of value above the cost of the work when completed. The purchase money received by the government goes back again into the reclamation fund to be used over and over again in building other canals and in supplying water to new districts. The irrigation projects along the lines of the Northern Pacific Railway on which work will probably be inau- gurated during the present year by the government Reclamation Service are the Lower Yellowstone Canal, which will irrigate 40,000 acres in Montana and 20,000 acres in North Dakota, and several others of importance. The Yellowstone canal will take water from the Yellowstone River at a point about thirteen miles below Glendive, Mont. An association of the land own- ers under the canal has been formed as required by the Reclamation Ser- vice and is called the Lower Yellow- stone Water Users’ Association. It is expected that all of the necessary preliminary work will be completed within sixty days, after which con- tracts for the construction of the canal will be awarded. On the Crow Reservation several canals are contemplated by the Recla- mation Service, one of which, known as the Huntley Project, will irrigate 30,000 acres and will be put under contract within a few weeks, it is ex- pected. The lands irrigated by this canal are in the vicinity of Huntley Station, on the line of the Northern Pacific, a short distance east of Bil- lings, Mont. It is expected that at least two other good irrigation pro- jects will be developed on the Crow FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 227 Reservation, as surveys already made indicate that they are feasible and that their cost will be low. In Washington the Reclamation Service is endeavoring to remove the obstacle in the way of the Washtucna Coulee Project, which is to irrigate 100,000 acres of land in the vicinity of Pasco. This is one of the largest pro- jects so far undertaken by the govern- ment and involves the construction of a large dam across the mouth of Washtucna Coulee, for the purpose of creating a reservoir in which to store the waters of the Palouse River. The principle obstacle lies in the fact that the coulee is now occupied by the tracks of the Oregon Railway & Navi- gation Company, a branch line con- necting with the Northern Pacific at Cannell. This branch must be moved to higher land if the government en- gineers go forward with their plans. It is understood that good progress is being made in the negotiations be- tween the Reclamation Service and the Oregon Railway & Navigation Com- pany for the removal of the branch. In all likelihood the work of construct- ing this irrigation project will be com- menced this year. Surveys have been made for a large number of other projects along the lines of the Northern Pacific Railway, some of which have been found im- practicable under present conditions and others possible. Among the lat- ter are two projects for pumping from the Missouri River in North Dakota, one in the vicinity of Fort Buford and the other in the vicinity of Bismark. The engineers are working out the de- tails of these two projects. In addition to the projects of the Reclamation Service there are a num- ber of irrigation canals under con- struction by private capital at different Northern Pacific points. At Forsyth, Mont., the canal of the Rosebud Land & Improvement Company, irrigating 12,000 acres, will be completed and in operation this year. The Billings Land & Irrigation Company will also complete a large canal, irrigating 40,- AND IRRIGATION FORESTRY ‘uo SUIYSeEAA ‘SIOATY eIQUINJOD pue MOY JO uonounf. ‘UO SUIYSe AA ‘3G INOAIesSay oyeT useIDH 1905 000 acres, near Billings, Mont. This company is now placing its lands upon the market. The construction of a large sugar beet factory is now as- sured and a large irrigated area has been proven to be splendidly adapted to the growing of sugar beets. On the table lands immediately east of Spokane several canals have been and are now being constructed, utiliz- ing the numerous lakes in that district for storage purposes. Under these FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 229 States Department of Agriculture and the State Experiment Station of Mon- tana for conducting a number of ex- periments in dry-land farming this year in eastern Montana. These ex- periments will be started within a short time, and it is confidently ex- pected that the results will show that millions of acres of Montana lands heretofore assumed to be valuable for grazing only, are adapted to agricul- ture. This is predicated upon the fact = Grand Canyon, North Platte River, Looking Downstream at Site of Proposed Dam, Pathfinder Reservoir, Wyoming. canals irrigated lands can be _ pur- chased at very reasonable terms. There is still a large area of irri- gated land under the constructed ca- nals in the famous Yakima Valley in Washington. An extension of the Sunnyside canal, now one of the larg- est in the United States, is contem- Plated this year. This will water 200,- 000 acres additional. The Northern Pacific Railway has made arrangements with the United that the minimum rainfall in eastern Montana is about fourteen inches, that the soil is generally good, and that this method of farming is being pro- fitably conducted in eastern Washing- ton, California, western Kansas, Ne- braska and Colorado in districts where the annual raintall is from nine to ten inches. It is also known that in that portion of North Dakota west of the Missouri River where the rainfall is from fourteen to sixteen inches the 230 farmers are doing well and although last year was unusually dry, there was a very large increase in the products shipped from the different stations in North Dakota and west of the Mis- souri. This country is being rapidly settled up by a good class of settlers attracted by the large areas of unoc- cupied government lands and the low prices at which lands are being sold by the land companies operating there. It is a constant source of surprise to all who are familiar with the con- ditions that the settlement of north- ern Minnesota does not proceed more rapidly. There are millions of acres of excellent lands in northern Minne- sota where the timber has been cut off which are waiting for settlers and which are obtainable at very low FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION May prices. There appears to have been no systematic effort towards securing immigration in Minnesota, and the re- sult is that settlers have gone and are going farther north into Canada, try- ing to make homes on lands not nearly as well adapted to their purposes as those they are passing by in Minne- sota. An excellent move to cure this condition of affairs would be the es- tablishment of a State Immigration Bureau. The ownership of northern Minnesota lands is so diverse that it would be difficult 1f not impossible to secure unity of action by the land owners, and as every settler adds to the wealth of the State it is entirely proper that the work of securing them should be borne by the State as a whole. IRRIGATION IN TEXAS TEXAS has at present about 300,000 acres of irrigated land, of which 75,000 acres are planted in ordinary crops and 225,000 acres in rice. For years stock raising has been the only industry of the arid and semi-arid portions of the State, but the homesteaders of the last decade have cut up the great ranches into small farms and created a demand for water with which to make their crops grow. Cotton fields are pushing their way now into west- ern Texas. The rice fields are con- fined for the most part to the coast country, but the belt of irrigated land where general farm products flourish extends from FE] Paso to the Guada- lupe, and from the Rio Grande to the Red River on the north. Irrigation is, however, no new thing in Texas. It must not be forgotten that the Lone Star State is a com- monwealth with the romantic history that befits a border State. Long be- fore it became a republic the Indians were irrigating land along the Rio Grande. Afterward the Franciscan friars who came with the early Span- ish conquerors carried on irrigation for the cultivation of their fields in the southwestern part of what is now the State of Texas. In the northern and central parts of the State irrigation has been carried on to a limited extent for many years. For some time irrigation develop- ment in the Pecos and Rio Grande valleys has been retarded by the lack of water supply which the heavy de- mand on those rivers in New Mexico and Colorado occasions. There are many places, however, in the trans- Pecos country, where impounding dams might be constructed across narrow canyons or gorges to form res- ervoirs for the storage of flood waters. In the Pecos Valley and along the Concho in Tom Green County water for irrigation is taken from flowing streams. Big springs supply irriga- tion systems in the trans-Pecos country and along the San Felipe and San Antonio rivers. Some of the best re- sults in the State are produced by ir- rigation from artesian wells near San Antonio and in the Rio Grande coun- try from Corpus Christi to Browns- —— ann ae 1905 ville. About 200 good artesian wells have been sunk in this neighborhood in the last five years. Water from artesian wells is in high repute in this local for irrigation purposes. Gravity systems, pumping plants, and artesian wells are all utilized by farmers who live in the valleys of the Colorado and San Antonio rivers, the most important of the Gulf streams. Agriculturists realize more fully each year the advantage to be derived in years of deficient rainfall from a sys- tem of irrigation. Many of the truck farms in southern Texas are supplied from surface wells, the water of which is pumped into small reservoirs of from 3,000 to 5,000 cubic feet capacity. Over 500 such wells are in use at present. It is esti- mated that 75 per cent. of the irriga- tion in Texas during 1904 was accom- plished by means of pumping plants, and 70 per cent of the area supplied by pumps was cultivated in rice. The use of impounding reservoirs has not entered very largely into the irrigation economy of the State, but as the demand for water grows, atten- tion is turned to this source of supply, and the storage reservoir at Wichita Falls will soon be duplicated at scores of other points in Texas. San Saba Valley, above the town of San Saba, is one of the most fertile sections in mone St LEGISLATION FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 231 the world, and definite plans have been made for the construction of a dam across the canyon about 18 miles above the twon to form an immense storage reservoir from which water can be conducted to the valley below. This canyon is about 50 miles in length, and by means of a series of dams and canals it is believed that about 40,000 acres above and below the town of San Saba can be brought under ditch. Irrigators along this stream from the head of the canyon to the springs already take practically the entire normal flow of the stream, making any system in the lower San Saba depedent largely on storage water. The Llano River in Kimble County supports at present many small irriga- tion plants, but large systems could be constructed in the vicinity of Junc- tion City to utilize the flow of the South Llano. The headwaters of the Nueces and Frio are torrential in character and impounding reservoirs can be con- structed in the canyons northwest of Uvalde, from which the water could be carried to the valleys above and below the Southern Pacific Railroad. Devils River also offers opportunities for impounding waters and carries a substantial and reliable discharge. It would water lands in the vicinity of Del Rio. HIST Wate 8 Neri Wil F OREST legislation in Washing- ton for the session of 1905 was a result of the efforts of an association of timbermen formed for the purpose of securing some legislation favorable to the timber industry relating princi- pally to right-of-ways. A forest fire bill was introduced during the closing days of the session, and passed prac- tically as introduced, with the excep- tion of the cutting down of the appro- priation. Like many other new states in the West, Washington finds that its re- quirements in the way of appropria- tions exceed, very often, its ability to raise the necessary money; and as a result at the close of a session there are always a large number of inter- ests which are unable to get proper consideration, owing to the state of the treasury. Two years ago, or during the ses- sion of 1903, “a forest fire law” was 232 passed, which provided that county commissioners should be e.-officio fire wardens; and provided for a closed season, to be designated by the county commissioners, during which slashing fires could be kindled only permits is- sued by them. No special fund was was provided for the work, excepting that the land commissioner was au- thorized to prepare “fire notices” and distribute them through his office. Ex- penditure on this account, for the two years, was $40. The law was better than nothing at all and succeeded in keeping down fires to a considerable extent; but in some counties the coun- ty commissioners did not see fit to do anything in the matter, and hence the law was a “dead letter.” Better re- sults were secured during the first year, while the memory of the great fire of 1902 was fresh in the minds of everyone. In 1904, only a few of the counties did anything toward keeping down forest fires. The law passed in the session of 1905, was introduced as Senate Bill No. 246, by Senator Rands. The bill provides for the appointment, by the governor, of a “Board of Forest Com- missioners,” consisting of the State Land Commissioner and four electors. The term of office shall be for four years from the date of appointment. The board of forest commissioners shall supervise all matters of State forest protection ; and have full power to appoint all employes of the forest service, ‘including fire wardens and deputy fire wardens; and shall make all rules and regulations, for the pre- vention, control and suppression of forest fires. They shall gather infor- mation regarding the timberland owned by the State, through the in- vestigation of the fire officials; report upon damage done by forest fires and illegal cutting and trespassing upon State timberlands. The fire warden and forester shall receive. a salary of $1,500 per year; and shall act as secretary of the Board of Forest Commissioners. He shall have direct charge and supervision of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION May the forest fire service of the State, sub- ject to the rules of the board of forest commissioners. His duties include the posting of notices, the appointment of deputy fire wardens, subject to con- firmation by the Forest Commission ; auditing of all bills for salary and ex- penses incurred in suppression of fires, presenting a statement thereof to each county for the payment of their pro- portion of the expense. And a con- siderable amount of scientific work covered by the following provisions: “Tt shall be his duty to institute in- quiry into the extent, kind, value and condition of the timberlands of the State. The amount, in acres, and the kind of timber that is cut and removed each year. The extent to which tim- berland is being destroyed by fire. And also examine into the protection, quan- tity, and quality of timber. And he shall make a written report to the State Board of Forest Commissioners upon all such facts, together: with de- tailed information as to the work of the forest fire service of the State.” In each of the timbered counties of the State there shall be appointed dur- ing the period, from June 1 to Octo- ber 1, a deputy fire warden, who shall receive a compensation of $4 per day. Deputy fire wardens shall represent the authority of the Commission, and the State fire warden in their respec- tive districts and shall have authority to employ or impress help for the sup- pression or control of forest fire. They shall be under the direction of the State fire warden, who shall have pow- er to mass them at any point requiring especial protection. A fine of $25 for refusing to render assistance, is provided for, when called upon by a forest ranger, and any one needlessly destroying a warn- ing notice shall be liable to a fine not exceeding $100 or to imprisonment not exceeding thirty days. Provision 1s made for the appoint- ment of forest rangers and timber cruisers, in the employ of private cor- porations and individuals, as forest rangers; but without any compensa- 1905 tion for their services. Such officers appointed under this provision shall have power to make arrests, without warrants, of any person violating the act. The closed season, for burning or slashing, wood and brush land, is fixed from June I to October 1 of every year. And in order to make a burn- ing it is necessary to obtain first a per- mit in writing from a deputy warden of that county. Any person burning without this permission © shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and fined in any sum not exceeding $100, or be imprisoned not exceeding thirty days. If in the judgment of the dep- uty fire warden it is deemed necessary he can designate a deputy who shall have full charge of all burning under any permit, with full power of revoca- tion in case he considers the burning dangerous. The penalty provided for the wilful or negligent setting or start- ing of fires is not over $500 for any negligent fire; for a malicious fire the maximum fine is $1,000 or imprison- ment for one month to one year, or both imprisonment and fine; and also shall be liable for all damages in civil action. Any person, during the closed sea- son, who shall leave a fire dangerously near or on any forest land, or cause any fire to be set, shall be liable to a fine not exceeding from $10 to $100 or imprisonment not exceeding two months. It is provided that all locomotives, logging or farm engines or boilers shall be equipped with spark arresters for the months from June to October inclusive; and a fine of from $10 to $50 per day is provided for in case of neglect to operate said locomotives Or engines as provided. A section is included taken from the California law, making country prosecuting at- torneys liable to presecution, who fe not diligently prosecute allged case of violation under this law. The original bill called for an appro- Priation of $25,000; this was reduced in the Senate to $7,500, with $2,500 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 233 in another fund, and with a provision that the amount expended in any country for fire suppression or pro- tection, shall be payable, one-third by the country in which it is located and two-thirds by the state. This will make a total of about $6, 500 annually for fire protection in the State of Washington. A very inadequate sum when the immensity of the forestry resources are considered. The tim- bermen of the state are taking steps toward supplementing this amount. In this way it is hoped to raise at least $15,000 per year for the fire protection work, The Governor has already appointed as Forest Commissioners, Hon. Joseph Irving, of Snoqualmie, and Frank H. Lamb, of Hoquiam. The other ap- pointments will be announced later; the law not taking effect until June, 1905. W ashington has made the best start of any state of the Pacific north- west in fire protection, but Oregon and Idaho are closely following in its steps. OREGON. In its session of 1903, the Oregon legislature passed, with only. six dis- senting votes, a Forest Fire Law, modeled largely upon the old Wash- ington law; and which made the Superior Judge, of each county, a “Fire Warden.” This was vetoed by Governor Chamberlain on the ground that the state, since it had parted title to all its timber or state lands, was not interested in the protection of the property of a private corporation or individual. In his message to the legislature of 1905, the Governor again reiterated his position and stated that he would veto any measure appropriating money for the protection of private pro- perty ; therefore, a law was devised, to obviate these objections, which was passed by the Legislature in its clos- ing days. The.county court of each county is authorized and empowered to appoint fire rangers in their respec- tive counties; said fire rangers to be paid by the timber owners so apply- 234 ing for their appointment, and in no case to be paid by the county clerk, and shall hold office for the period of one year from the date of their ap- pointment, unless sooner removed. The county judge shall have all the powers and duties of the county court during time said court is not in ses- sion. And the county clerk shall keep a record of all fire rangers qual- ified within his jurisdiction. It shall be his further duty to issue written or printed permits, during the permit sea- son, to any person wanting to set out fires. Such permits to be issued from June 1, to August 1; and shall fix the time’ of ‘Setting ‘outs of fire "at arday named; and not more than ten days from the date of the permit. The pro- vision for setting fires at a certain time of day was lost in the committee. Upon the granting of a permit, the clerk shall notify a fire ranger in the vicinity of the proposed fire, who shall watch the burning of said fire. The fire ranger shall have complete power and authority to arrest, without war- rant, persons who violate the provi- sions of the act. And from June I to October 1, of each year, it shall be unlawful for any person to operate a spark emitting locomotive, logging, farm or stationary engine located in a timber district, without a reasonably safe spark arrester. The law also provides fines, for the setting out either negligently or maliciously of forest fires, similar to the Washing- ton law. The Oregon act attempts to ac- complish, without expense to the state, the work that is as much a duty of the state, as is the duty of a municipality to protect the private property therein from destruction by fire. IDAHO. In Idaho a forest fire bill was in- troduced, by Senator Page, almost identical with the Washington Fire Law of 1903. But this although pass- ed in the Senate did not carry in the House. And the result was a compro- mise upon House Bill No. 131, which united several acts relatings to pub- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION May lic lands. The portion of this act re- lating to forest protection, provides that all camping parties, either for business or pleasure, must take out a permit to camp. And grants to probate judges, justices of the peace, game wardens and deputy wardens of the State, the power of issuing these permits upon the payment of fifty cents as a fee. It further provides for the printing and distributing by the State Auditor, of books contain- ing these licenses. The State Land Commissioner, his assistants, land ap- praisers and collectors, game wardens and ex officio deputies and all police officers of the State are charged with the enforcement of the forest protec- tion as relates to forest fires; and shall have power to arrest violators of the provision of the act and deliver them to a constable. Section 13, Provides that the right- of-way of any railroad in the state shall be kept clear of any inflamma- tory material, and every locomotive used in a forest area, shall be equipped with a sufficient spark arrester. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of the act the State Board of Land Commissioners are au- thorized to employ, not exceeding six persons, at any one time, at a sum not exceedings $5 per day, and who shall be empowered to arrest any vio- lator of the provisions of the act. Pen- alties are provided for the negligent or malicious setting of fires and allow- ing them to spread. Prosecuting at- torneys are directed to prosecute in the name of the State all cases aris- ing under the act. So far as Washington is concerned it is felt that the forest work is under test and it is the desire of all connect- ed with the service that good results may be accomplished. There has just been inaugurated in Seattle, a State Forestry Association, which intends to take up the scienti- fic part of the work and hopes to pro- vide for the publcation of the results gathered by the Forest Commission and the fire service. PLANTING RED PINE HE red, or Norway pine (Pinus resinosad), as it is sometimes called was first described in 1755 by Duha- mel. It usually attains an average height of 70 to 90 feet and a diameter three feet from the ground of 15 to 24 imches. - Ihe stem is straight, scarcely tapering, covered by a red- dish-brown bark, which in old trees readily separates on the surface into thin, flat, loose scales, giving the trunk a conspicuous appearance. ‘The branches are coarse, extending hori- zontally or slightly declined, forming a broad based or conical head. The leaves in twos protruding from close, elongated, persistent, conspicuous sheaths, are slender, flexible, dark green, and lustrous, 5 to 6 inches long. The cones are Gennes near the extrem- ity of the shoots at right angles to the stem, maturing the second year, and I to 3 inches long; in shape ovate to oblong conical; when opened broadly oval or roundish; scales not hooked or pointed, thickened at the apex. RANGE. The natural range of the red pine is from Nova Scotia and New Bruns- wick westward to Manitoba, and Southward to the Great Lake region. It extends somewhat further north than the white pine, being found on the height of land well north of Lake Winnipeg, but not so far north as the jack pine. In the east it extends through northern New England and New York, southward to eastern Mas- sachusetts and the movntains of Penn- sylvania. It does not, however, ex- tend as far south as the white pine. It is found most abundantly and grows to its largest size in the northern por- tion of the Lake States, often forming pure forests many acres in extent. One peculiarity of this tree is that it prefers to grow in groves unmixed with other trees, although some white pines are occasionally mixed with the red. It is also found frequently grow- ing in groves of mature jack pine, havi ing come in under its eal shade, and nen once bevond the critical pe- riod it rivals the jack pine and may finally eepce it. The red pine is adapted for planting in the natural pine regions of New Kngland, the St. Lawrence Valley, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. SILVICAL QUALITIES. The red pine type is found on loamy, sandy plains and on the ridges of sandy and gravelly loam. In regions where the hardwood, white pine, red pine and the jack pine types are pres- ent they become more xerophytic in character in the order named. It is frequently found, however, growing to the very edge of the swamps where their root system can reach the water level. The red pine is a light-demand- ing species, bearing less shade than white pine but more than jack pine. The seedlings in order to grow must have plenty of light. The young stand in the natural forest, as a rule, forms rather heavy shade, but the mature forest is decidedly open. In fully stocked stands under 100 years old there is not enough light admitted to permit a dense undergrowth, but soon after 115 years brush growth appears and gradually extends throughout the stand. This intolerance of shade is a disadvantage in competing with other species, but as soon as the tree gets started its rapid growth enables it to keep its crown free to the light. The rapidity of growth of red pine, in its earlier stage of development, is an important feature. The rate of growth in height will vary, for seedlings, ac- cording to the amount of light they receive. Under partial shade the growth is extremely slow. If the seed- lings are in dense clumps they will grow faster than when scattered. Dur- ing the first fifteen years after natural seeding on sandy soil, the red pine grew .97 feet per year, while the jack 236 pine grew 1.32 feet. On the other hand, the individual red pine has a faster height and diameter growth than white pine. The following re- sults were shown by measurements taken in New England on plantations: rae No. of = Ave’ge | Ave’ge Species Trees | “8 | Height) Diam’r Years | ft inches White pine......... 40,578 30 26:6))|) erosio IREGUPINEH eicets tertile 4,548 30} 35.4] 5.88 White piue.....:...| 1,758 27 | *43.5 | 5.18 Jeeiol jones Goo cod 19 27 *48.0 6.60 *Better growth due to richer soil. It may be stated that during the first 50 years the jack pine grows fastest, the red pine second, and the white pine last. White and red pine live to about equal age, 280 to 310 years, while the jack pine rarely exceeds 90 years of age. The following figures on the rela- tive yield of red and white pine were secured in northern Minnesota: | | | 5 || } oo |Ave’ge| Ave’ge| No: of | 17) Species | age Height Diam’r, Trees | wor me | | =| | | Years it inches | bd. ft. Red pine... 119 93 | 13.3 285 | 49,065 White pine. 120 87 15.0 165 3.465 Difference | in favor of | 5 Red pine.. We 2 | 120 | 14,415 On the whole, the white pine is no match’) for ‘the ced pimevasy etageds growth is concerned. The red pine may be said to have no serious enemies, it is peculiarly free from the attacks of fungi, and resists fire toa marked degree. When young, however, it is sometimes injured by a white grub which feeds on the tender roots. There is apparently no cli- mate too cold either for the young seedlings or for the mature trees. ECONOMIC USES. The red pine is usually cut into di- mension stuff and sells for 15 to 20 per cent. less in the open market than does the virgin white pine. It is FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION May stronger than white pine, is hard, and takes a high polish. In Canada the timber is put to a greater variety of uses and is of more importance than in the United States, forming one of their chief export timbers. The qual- ity of the timber may be graded be- tween the longleaf and the western yellow pine. ' METHODS OF PROPAGATION. The red pine as a rule is propagated from seed. The seeds, produced in comparatively scanty crops, are shed with the ripening of the cones. They fall the same year that they mature and are followed by the cones which are not persistent. There seems to be some question as to just the length of time between seed crops. How- ever, the most authentic reports state that the seed is borne at intervals of 2 to 4 years. The seed is difficult to obtain, both on account of the low production and the ravages of squir- rels. Squirrels are especially destruc- tive of the seeds. The cones are free from resinous sap and are not armed with sharp hooks or points. The trees begin bearing seed at a much later age than the jack pine, producing seed somewhat larger than jack but small- er than white pine. The red pine cannot compete with the jack pine in naturally reforesting burned-over areas. Many of the jack pine cones do not open ordinarly until the tree is scorched or killed by fire. A crop of cones is produced every year on the jack pine, and a large surplus is thus provided against this contin- gency. The seeds, shed from the open cones in the ashes of a fire, have the first and best chance for soil space, while the red pine, although it may be abundant in the vicinity, often shows not a single seedling. One pound. of red pine seed contains about 40,000 seeds, of which about 80 per cent. will germinate under favorable circum- stances. ‘The amount of seed to sow under average conditions is given be- low: a 1905 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 237 Ounces per Average number of seedlings per | | \ Running Foot Square Foot ees | Running | Square Manner of Sowing. | Foot | Foot First Second First Second | | Year Year Year | Year ——— | | — - — —— = — Co TCLs eae | 1-8-1-28, | | 16-22 8-10 | | SCE GKODSS Sneigne se eR Oe mane noe CeCe te Ider) | 80-20 | 35-45 The young seedlings at once pro- duce a strong tap root. But the wind- firm character of healthy, mature red pine is not due to an especially strong taproot, butrathertoanumber of stout laterals. A thrifty, forest-grown tree suddenly isolated will often bend or break off rather than pull up by the roots; yet even a small crown at the top of a long stem will exert a power- ful overturning force during a wind storm. PLANTING. The seeds should be sown early in the spring in a well prepared seed- bed, after the manner of white pine. The seedlings, however, do not de- mand the degree of shade which is essential to the growth of the white pine. Robert Douglas’ Sons state that there is less danger from damping off of the seedlings than with other pines. The great risk usually surrounding the planting of seed directly on the final site of the mature tree makes it advisable to raise the seedlings in the nursery beds. The best stock to plant is seedlings 2 years old, 1-year trans- plants. On poor soil it is believed that the best results may be secured by planting red pine 5 feet apart each way; on richer soil it is best to space them wider. The greater cheapness of wide planting it, of course, a con- sideration if the desired results may be as amply attained. For forest plan- tations it is best planted pure, but might be profitably planted alternat- ing with sugar maple. The red pine has been more exten- sively planted in landscape work than in forest plantations. Where pictur- esque and natural landscapes are want- ed there is no eastern pine that can take its place; it is the sturdiest, bold- est eastern conifer. CULTIVATION AND CARE. When planted on cut-over lands, care should be taken that it is not choked out by the more rapid-growing species, such as jack pine, poplar, and birch. It needs no cultivation. ‘The only protection necessary is from fire and grazing. EXAMPLES. In comparison with other conifers, such as the white pine, jack pine, larch, and spruce, the red pine has been very sparingly planted in forest plantations ; but has doubtless been more used in landscape work than any one of the above-named species. Mr. Isaac Adams, of Moultonboro, N. H., planted the red pine in mixture with the white pine. He found that the red pine overtopped the white pine, showing an average growth of 34.9 feet, while the white pine showed 27.5 feet. The red pine was planted in the spring of 1891, in Holt county, Ne- braska, alternating in furrows with jack pine, Scotch, Austrian, and west- ern yellow pine. The seedlings were 8 inches high when planted. The number of red pine planted was 315; the number living October 15, 1891, was 54, or 14.4 per cent. of those planted. These seedlings were all in good condition. By accident some red pine seed found its way to the seedbeds of the Dismal River Reserve, in Nebraska, with the jack pine seed that was plant- ed in the spring of 1903. The stray plants were not noticed until the spring 238 of 1904. All the jack pine seedlings were winter-killed, while some 40 to 50 plants of red pine came through the winter without injury, and during the summer of 1904 made a growth rang- ing from 6 to 14 inches in height at FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION May the close of the season. From this example, the vigor of these plants would indicate that the red pine may be a good tree for planting on the sand hills of Nebraska and the adjacent regions. RELATION OF THE LAW TO UNDER: GROUND WATERS yAX REPORT of great practical val- ue called “Reclamation of the Law to Underground Waters,” by Mr. Douglas Wilson Johnson, has just been published by the United States Geological Survey.. It is the first comprehensive paper prepared in this country on the relation of the law to underground waters, and was complied to meet a considerable de- mand for information on this sw)- ject. It is especially pertinent at this time, when active efforts are being made in several States to enact laws governing the use of underground waters which shall take account of the recent advances in the science of hy- drology and the present knowledge of the occurrence and movements of such waters. The report is in no sense, however, a legal treatise, but rather the result of an endeavor to collect and arrange such legal decisions as will serve to shown the relation of the law to problems which are essentially geological in character. Mr. Johnson divides his discussion into two parts. In the first part he assembles the common-law rules con- cerning underground waters; in the second he rehearses the legislative acts affecting underground ‘waters. He divides undergrounds waters into two classes, those flowing in defined and known channels, and those pass- ing through the ground below the surface, either without definite chan- nels or in courses which are known, and he arranges all the laws relating to underground waters as above. This report brings into. striking relief the fact that there is a great lack of agreement among authorities on questions pertaining to under- ground waters. This is because there is so much that 1s uncertain and indef- inite in the behavior of waters hidden beneath the surface. A second and very important reason for the unsati- factory condition of the law relating to underground waters 1s found in the fact that the state of our knowledge regarding such waters is now, thanks to the progress of geological science, in advance of the general ruling of the courts on some of the questions involved. Where a decision is con- trolled by opinions rendered in foriner cases, and not made with due regard to the present knowledge respecting subterranean conditions, it does not seem that a just settlement of the con- troversy can be reached. There probably must always be cases in which the subterranean con- ditions are indefinite or unknown, but the number of such cases will decrease with advance in geologic knowledge. Tne lack of agreement among legal authorities on many of the questions at issue is rather more fortunate thin unfortunate in .one respect at least since it bears witness to the uncertain position of the law on the points involved and opens the way moce readily for new knowledge concerning the problems, and a wiser interpreta- tion of the law. a DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, WASHINGTON, D. C., April 27, 1905. United States Geological Survey, Reclamation Service. Sealed proposals will be received at the office of the Supervising Engineer, United States Reclamation Service, Chamber of Commerce Building, Denver, Colo., until 2 o’clock, p. m., Thursday, June 15, 1905,and thereafter opened, for the construction of the Pathfinder dam and auxiliary works, at a point about 50 miles southwest of Casper, Wyo., to im- pound the flow of North Platte River. Plans, specifications and forms of proposal may be ob- tained by application to the Chief Engineer of the Reclamation Service, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C., or to the Supervising Engineer of the Reclamation Service, at Denver, Colo. Each bid must be accompanied by a certified check for $5,000, payable to the order of the Secre- tary of the Interior, as a guaranty that the bidder will, if successful, promptly execute a satisfactory contractand furnish bond in the sum of $50,000 for the faithful performance of the work. Each bid must also be accompanied by the guarantee of responsible sureties to furnishbond as required, if bid be accepted. The right is reserved to reject any or all bids, to accept one part and reject the other, and to waive technical defects, as the in- terests of the service may require. Bidders are invited to be present when bidsareopened. Pro- posals must be marked ‘ Proposals for Pathfinder dam, Wyoming.”’ E. A. HITCHCOCK, Secretary. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, United States Geological Survey, Reclamation Service, Wash- ington, D. C. April 29, 1905. Sealed proposals will be received at the office of the Engineer, United States Reclamation Service, Hazen, Ne- vada, until 2 o’clock p. m., June 15, and there- after opened, for the construction of outlet and controlling works and bridge at Lake Tahoe, Tahoe City, California, involving about 90,000 cubic yards of earthwork, 500 cubic yards of con- crete, ete. Plans specificationsand forms of pro- posal may be inspected at the offices of the Re- clamation Service in Washington D. C., and Hazen, Nevada. Each bid must be accompanied by a certified check for $500, payable to the order of the Secretary of the Interior, as a guarantee that the bidder will, if successful, promptly ex- ecute a satisfactory contract, and furnish bond in the sum of $5,000 for the faithful performance of the work. The rightis reserved to reject any or all bids, to accept one part and reject the other, and to waive technical defects, asthe interests of the service may require. Proposals must be marked ‘ Proposals for Lake Tahoe outlet works, Truckee-Carson project.” E. A. HITCHCOCK, Secretary. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, United States Geological Survey, Reclamation Service , Wash- ington, D.C., April 29. 1905. Sealed proposals will be received at the office of the Engineer, U. S* Re- clamation Service, Billings, Mont., until 2 o’clock p. m., June 28, 1905, and thereafter opened, for the construction of about 30 miles of canal, involving about 700,000 cubie yards of earthwork, some rock work and three tunnels, the same being a portion of asystem for the diversion of about 400 cubic feet of water per second from the Yellowstone River at a point about ten miles east of Billings, and its conveyance to irrigable lands along the south side of said river. Specifications, forms of proposal. and plans may be obtained at the office of the Chief Engineer, U.S. Reclamation Service, Washington, D. C., or from R, S.8tockton, En- gineer, Billings. Mont. Each bid must be accom- panied by a certified check for $1,000, payable to the order of the Secretary of the Interior, as a guaranty that the bidder will, if successful, promptly execute a satisfactory contract and furnish bond asrequired. It must also be accom- panied by the guaranty of responsible sureties to furnish bond as required, if the bid be ac- cepted. The right is reserved to reject anv or all bids, to accept one part and reject the other, and to waive technical defects, as the interests of the service may require. Bidders are invited to be present. Proposals must be marked ‘“ Proposals for the construction of canal, Huntley project, Montana.”’ E. A. HITCHCOCK, Secretary. DEPARMMENT OE THE INTERIOR, United States Geological Survey, Reclamation Service, Wash- ington, D. C.. April 27, 1905. Sealed proposals will be received until 2 o’clock p. m., June 1, 1905, and thereafter opened, at the office of the En- gineer, U. S. Reclamation Service, Glendive, Mont,, for installing, in connection with the Fort Buford reclamation project, a telephone system having four telephone stations and about 70 miles of pole line, beginning opposite Glendive, Mont., on the west side of the Yellowstone River, ex- tending northward down the Yellowstone Valley, generally following the county road and ending at the junction of the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers at a point nearly opposite Buford, N. Dak., on the Great Northern Railroad. Specifications, form of proposal and particulars may be obtained by applying to the Chief Engineer of the Reclam- ation Service, Washington, D. C., or to F. E. Wey- mouth, Engineer, Glendive, Mont. Each bid must be accompanied by a certified check for $1,000, payable to the order of the Secretary of the Interior, as a guaranty that the bidder will, if successful, promptly execute a satisfactory con- tract and furnish bond in the sum of 20 per cent of the contract price for the faithful performance of the work. Each bid must also be accompanied by the guaranty of responsible sureties to furnish bond, as required, if the contract is awarded to the bidder, The right is reserved to reject any and all bids and to waive technical defects if the interest of the Government requires it. Bidders are invited to be present at the opening of the proposals. Proposals must be marked ‘“ Propos- als for Telephone System, Fort Buford Project, Montana and North Dakota.” E. A. HITCHCOCK, Secretary. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D. C., May 1, 1905. Sealed proposals will be received at the office of the United States Reclamation Service, 1108 Braly Building, Los Angeles, Cal., until 20’clock p, m., Monday June 5, 1905, for the construction of the Laguna Dam and Sluiceways, involving the exca- vation of about 282,000 cubie yards of earth exea- vation of about 305,000 cubie yards of solid rock, placing of about 305,000 cubic yards of solid rock in the dam and masonry core walls, building of about 27,150 cubic yards of concrete, laying of about 80,000 square yards of paving, and furnish-— ing and driving of about 53,000 linear feet of sheet-piling, for the diversion ofa part of the Col- orado River about 10 miles northeast of Yuma, Ariz, Bids will be received for the entire work or any integral part thereof. Specifications, form of pro- posal, and particulars may be obtained by appli- cation to the Chief Engineer, U. 8. Reclamation Service, Washington, D. C.,; to J. B. Lippincott, Supervising Engineer, U. S. Reclamation Service, 1108 Braly Building, Los Angeles, Cal., or to Homer Hamlin, Engineer, U. 8. Reclamation Service, Yuma, Ariz., at whose offices the plans may be inspected. Each bid must be accom- panied by a certifled check for $10,000, payable to the order of the Secretary of the Interior, as a guaranty that the bidder will, if successful, promptly execute a satisfactory contract and furn- ish bond in the sum of 20 per cent of the contract price for the faithful performanee of the work. The right is reserved to reject any or all bids, to accept one part and reject the other, and to waive technical defcets, as the interests of the service may require. Proposals must be marked ‘ Pro- posals Laguna Dam, Yuma Project, California,’’ Bidders are invited to be present when bids are opened. E. A’ HITCHCOCK, Secretary. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. United States Geological Survey, Reclamation Service, Wash- ington, D. C., April 29, 1905. Sealed proposals will be received at the office of the Engineer, United States Reclamation Service, Billings, Mon- tana, until2o0’clock p. m., June 28, 1905, and thereafter opened, for the construction of pulap- ing station, concrete culverts, siphons, drops, etc., and furnishing two steel highway bridges, four steel sluice gates with stands, and 120,000 pounds steel bars for reenforcing concrete. Totalamount of concrete about 1,600 cubic yards. Above work to be done along line of canal east from Huntley, Montana, in connection with the Huntley project. Specifications, form of proposal, and plans may be obtained at the office of the Chief Engineer of the Reclamation Service, Washington, D. C., or from R.S. Stockton, Engineer, Billings, Montana. Each bid must be accompanied by a. certified check for $1,000, payable to the order of the Sec- retary of the Interior, as a guatanty that the bid- der will, if successful, promptly execute a satis- factory contract and furnish bond in the sum of $10.000 for the faithful performance of the work. Tt must also be accompanied by the guaranty of responsible sureties to furnish bond as required if the bid be accepted. The right is reserved to re- ject any or all bids, to accept one part and reject the other, and to waive technical defects, as the interests of the service may require. Bidders are invited to be present. Proposals nust be marked ‘Proposal for building structures and furnishing material, Huntley project, Montana.”’ E. A. HITCHCOCK. Secretary. A Liking for the Open Road Goes with a Taste for Apples and Schubert’s Music Litt OPEN hoe A SAUNTERER’S CHRONICLE Epirep sy CHARLES WISNER BARRELL (Sometime of Vagabondia) Is a de luxe pocket magazine of outdoor philosophy and _ fiction _Ipyou ever long for a whiff of’ unbreathed literary ozone, send Fifty Cents without delay for a year’s subscription to The Open Road 137 GRANT AVENUE jersey City New Jersey READ Irrigation in the United States By FREDERICK HAYES NEWELL Chief Engineer U.S. Reclamation Survey Price, $200, postpaid to any address. Address: FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Washington, D. C. Foresters and Botanists will find profit and pleasure in Important Philippine Goods The standard reference book for PhiJippine forests. By Capt. G. P. AHERN, Chief of Philip- pine Forestry Bureau. 42 large colored plates. Price, $3.00, Forestry and Irrigation Book Dept, ‘‘Land Scrip.”’ Safe, quick, economical method of acquiring Government land. Hugo L. Seabersg, Raton, N. Mex. igi eS 5 He LAUGHLIN FOUNTAIN PEN The Best at Any Price Sent on approval to responsible people. A Pecket Companion of mever ending usefulness, a source of constant pleasure and comfort. To test the merits of Forestry and Irrigation as an advertising medium we offer your choice of these popular styles super- ior to the $3.00 c Unconditionally Guaranteed Pre-eminently Satisfactory. Try ita week, if not suited, we buy it back, and give you $1.10 for it (the additional ten centsis to pay for your trouble fn returning the pen). Weare willing to take chances on you wanting to sell; we know pen have one of these. ber reservoir holder, 14k. Dia- mond Point Gold Pen, an desired flexibility in fine, med- ium or stub, and the only per- fect ink feed known to thesci- ence of fountain pen making. Sent postpaid on receipt of $1.00 (Registration, 80 extra.) This great Special Offer is good for just 30 days. One of our Safety Pocket Pen Hold- ers free of charge with each pen. 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A., Francis W. Pixley, F.C. A., Gerard Van de Linde, F. C. A., and Arthur F. Whinney, F. C. A. Six volumes. Price $8.00 per volume; complete set, 548.00. By Hodsoll. By W. H. Fox, Price (new edition ) ‘ Engineering Estimates, Costs and Ac- counts. ByaGeneral Manager. Price $4.80. Executorship Accounts. With a com- plete set of accounts. Price $3.00. By F. Whinney. By Garckeand Fells. Price $3.00. Factory Accounts. (Fifth edition. ) S'E NOS FREE EVERY BUSINESS MAN should read THE BUSINESS WORLD valuable suggestions. mike BUSINESS 10 cents a copy; $1 a year. WORLD published monthly. It’s full of hints and Send for sample copy. COMPANY, 1 MADISON AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY AMERICAN WOODS] _ By Romeyn B. Hough, B.A. A publication unique in its illustrations, in that they are actual specimens instead of pictures, giving literally ‘‘sermons in trees’’ Sie i A ee am a be as lr te re m Sisal OF THE “AMERICAN WOODS” DISPLAYED A VOLUME EAS page contains three paper-thin sections of actua] wood—tranverse, radial, and tangential—and as these are nearly transparent, they show clearly the structure. They are mounted on strong bristol board, which bears the accurate scientific and popular names of each specimen shown, together with the common name in German, French, and Spanish. Gok AG. A Saree mine The pages on which the Clo nt gah oka) Invaluable for 2 «specimens of wood are mounted Of great use to BOTANISTS 2 are separate. to facilitate ex- ~ SCHOOLS WOODWORKERS »} amination and comparison one ~ COLLEGES POnReTEeen with another, and in order that ' Pete and ARCHITECTS ; thev mav be vsed in direct { PRIVATE BUILDERS ¢ connection with the text which § COLLECTIONS aves accompanies each volume. Ten parts of this great work have heen issued and are ready for delivery; others will follow at the rate of one or two parts per year. Each part contains at least three || | specimens each of 25 species, with illustrated text. The following are the net prices per part: Green or brown cloth, imitation morocco, $5.00. Half-morocco, $7.50 Address; FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 510 Twelfth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION (Zolleae Posters} In the colors of the college they represent; size 14 x 22 mehessa they ate to the athletic world. what the Gibson and Christy pictures are to the social world. Price 25 Cents; or any Five for $1 Post paid, on receipt of price. Write for catalogue containing minature sketches like the above. H. M. Suter Publishing Co. 509 I2th STREET, N. W. WASHINGTON, D. C. PRESS CLIPPINGS Atre Every Day Being Made a SOURCE OF GREAT PROFIT IN THE BUSINESS WORLD They supply the manufacturer and business man with valuable information as to new markets and outlets for their products and goods. They supply anyone interested in any matter with all fhe information from all parts of the country, pretaining to their subject. The International Press Clipping Bureau which is the largest Press Clipping Bureau in the world will send you daily, everything printed in every newspaper, magazine or trade journal i in the country, on any particular subject : This bureau reads and clips 55,000 papers and other periodicals each ionihe and can furnish anyone everything printed i in the country on business, financial, political, social, theatrical, scientific, sporting, agricultural, mining, or, in fact, any subject what- ever that is mentioned in the columns of any newspaper or publication. 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The American Sportsman's Library Under General Editorship of CASPAR WHITNEY The only Library of Sports Adapted to the American Reader Complete in 20 volumes, at $2 net per volume A partial list of Contributors includes The volumes are illu Theodore Roosevelt, Dean Sage, Edwyn Sandys, Charles F. Holder, F. S. Van Dyke, L. C. Sanford, James A. Henshall Owen Wister. strated by such artists as A. B. Frost, Carl Rungius, L. A. Fuertes, Charles L. Bull, Martin Justice, C. F. W. Mielatz, and. Tappan Adney. Published in two series of 10 volumes each, all uniform, the whole set is a remarkable epitome of outdoor life, dealt with authoratively, yet in simple and untechnical lan- guage, and in each volume will be found much tointerest and instruct the general reader Of the First Series, those now ready are: The Deer Family By Theodore Roose- velt and others. II- lustrated by Carl Rungius, with maps by Dr. C. Hart Mer- riam. Salmon and Trout By Dean Sage, W.C. Harris, and HH. 4c Townsend, Illustra- by A. B. Frost and others. Upland Game Birds By Edwyn Sandys and T.S. Van Dyke. Illustrated by L. A. Fuertes, A,B. Frost, C.L. Bulland others The Water-Fowl Family By L. C. Sanford, L. B. Bishop and T. S. Van Dyke, illustra- ted by A. B,. Frost, lL. A. Fuertes, and Cc. L. Bull. Bass, Pike, Perch, and Others By James A. Hen- Malls Ne DS lids- rated by. Martin stictz and Chares F. W. Mielatz. The Big Game Fishes of the United States By Charles F. Hol- der. Illustrated by Chas. F. W. Mielatz and others. To be ready in the Fall The Bison, Musk Ox, Sheep and Goat Family By George Bird Grinnell, Owen Wister, and Caspar Whitney. ITllustra- ted by Carl Rungius and others. Cougar, Wild Cat, Wolf and Fox With many illustra- tions. The Bear Family By Dr. C. Hart Mer- . Tiam. Illustrated by Carl Rungiusand Cc. L. Bult. Guns, Ammunition and Tackle By A, W. Money and others. Illustrated, SECOND SERIES—In Preparation Photography for the Sportsman Naturalist, Baseball, Football, Yachting, Small Boat The Sporting Dog, The American Race Sailing and Canoeing, Rowing, Track Athlet- - Horse, The Running Horse, Trotting | i¢s, and Swimming, Lacrosse, Lawn Tennis, anid Pacing, Riding and Driving. Boxing, Wrestling, Etc., Skating, ree Ice Yachting, Coasting, Etc. a ie %, % Spee Cl Ay Lr O° FP FeBoR %, This exceedingly interesting and valuable series will be offered for Me & a limited period upon very liberal terms. Send $4.00 with coupon & %' 6" > cut from this magazine and $1 per month for 36 months thereafter, %y, 05" and we will send you free of all charges the volumes now ready, . "be and the others as they are issued. The books are good to look Yo, "ey Mag“, at, being tastefully bound in dark green cloth, with gold “es, Up Se ornaments and ‘ettering and gilt top. : : 750 The MACMILLAN COMPANY 66 FIFTH AVENUE, » » ~- NEW YORK In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT An invitation is extended to any white merchant outside of New York City, or their representative, whose name appears in Bradstreet’s or Dunn’s Commercial Agency Book, to accept the hospitality of our Hotel tor three days without charge. Usual rates, apartment with private bath $3.00 per day and up, without meals. Parlor, Bedroom and Private Bath, $35.00 per week and up, with meals for two. New York Merchants and Editors are requested to call the attention of their Out-of-Town Buyers and Subscribers to this advertishment. HOTEL GALLATIN 70 W. 46th St., New York City 50 YEARS’ EXPERIENCE PATENTS TrRaveE Marks DESIGNS CoPYRIGHTS &c. Anyone sending a sketch and descepion may quickly ascertain our opinion free whether an invention is probably patentable. Communica- tions strictly confidential. HANDBOOK on Patents sent free. Oldest agency for securing patents. Patents taken through Munn & Co. receive special notice, without charge, in the Scientific American, A handsomely illustrated weekly. Largest cir- culation of any scientific journal. Terms, $3 a year; four months, $1. Sold by all newsdealers. MUNN & Co,3618r02dway, New York Branch Office, 625 F St., Washington, D. C be secured SS SSRRSRERRETSESSSTS SSS SSS SS UNION PACIFIC KNOWN AS “The Overland Route’”’ Is the most direct line to all principal points west. and offers a more diversified route to select from than any other Trans-Continental line. Every Business Interest is to be found along its Line FOR THE MINER The great mountains of tlie West wait but the opening ‘o become the source of large fortunes .... FOR THE FARMER Thousands of acres of rich agricultural lands are yet open for settlement.... FOR THE STOCK-RAISER Immense a-e.s of excellent grazing lands can wee FOR THE BUSINESS MAN The groin: cities and towns of the West are daily offering unequalled Opportunities for investment of capital and location of industries which sections of the! United Staves sen.) c=) efelael oles) eels . Inquire of E. L. LOMAX,G. P. & T. A., Omaha, Nebr. are unsurpassed by older see ee ee ee we ee ewe eee In writing advertisers kindly mention FoRESTRY AND IRRIGATION. i, a —S WHITE PINE Seeds and Seedlings for Forestry Purposes THOMAS MEEHAN & SONS, Inc., Dreshertown, Penn. Nursery Lane Nurserymen and Tree Seedsmer. ODL OV OPV COPD WPF II III IIIS WINING LIN RAISE IRRIGATING WATER by natural stream fall. One foot raises thirty feet. Raise any quantity for irrigation, stock, railroad tanks, town supply, ete., with RIFE HYDRAULIC RAMS No attention ever required, and it’s always going, insuring constant sup- ply. Runs for years without expense. Raise any height and carry any distance. Sold on 30 days free trial. Write for free book. Rife Engine Co., 126 Liberty St., New York. CLINI OVO OUD ODD DDL OLE OOOO LNA DANA MVPPED BLOCH, Photographer Views, Lantern Slides, Bromide Enlarge- ments, Copying, Developing and Printing 215 SIXTH STREET, S.E. WASHINGTON, D.C. ORCHIDS ORCHIDS Weare the largest Orchid Growers in the United States Our Illustrated and Decetintive Catalogue of Orchids is now ready ana may be had on application. Orchid Growers LAGER & HURRELL and Importers. SUMMIT, N. J Read ‘‘Trrigation in the United States,’ by Frederick Hayes Newell, Chief Engineer U. S. Reclamation Survey. Price, $2, postpaid to any address. Address ‘* Forestry and Trrigation, ” Wash- meotom, DC. ~. les tora aang PAPER. Construction News Press Clippings CONTRACTORS, MATERIAL MEN, BUILDERS, MANUFACT-: URERS, in fact, ANWBODY interested in Construction News of all kinds, obtain from our daily reports QUICK, RELIABLE INFORMATION. Our special corre- spondents allover the country enable us to give our patrons the news in advance of their com- petitors and before it has become common property. Let us know what you want and we will send you samples and quote you prices. PRESS CLIPPINGS on any subject from all the leading current newspapers, maga- zines, tradeand technical journals of the United States and Canada. PUBLIC SPEAK- ERS, WRITERS, STUDENTS, CLUB WOMEN can secure reliable data for speeches, essays, debates, etc. Special facil- ities for serving ‘Trade and Class Journals, Railroads and large industrial corporations. WE READ, through our staff of skilled readers, a more comprehensive list of publica- tions than any other Bureau WE AIM to give promptand intelligent service at the low- est priceconsistent with good work. Write us about it. Send stamp for booklet. United States Press Clipping Bureau 147 Fifth Ave., Chicago, U.S. A. that this publication is printed . on is furnished by R. P. Andrews & Company (lnc.) Washington Sole Agents in the District of Columbia for the West Vrginia Pulp and Paper Company, the Largest Manufacturers of Book Paper in the world. IF IN NEED, DROP THEM A LINE In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. | National Irrigation Association Chicago, New York, Washington, 1707 Fisher Building. 17 Battery Place. 5 and 6 Glover Building. OF FL be ese = i es <> a 5 rer «pay THos. F. WALSH, Washington, GEORGE H. MAXWELL, Chicago, President. Executive Chairman. JAMES H. EcKELS, Chicago, CHARLES B. BooTHE, New York, Treasurer. Chairman Executive Council. | Guy E. MircHELL, Washington, : Secretary. | The objects of the Assoctation, as set forth in its Constitution, are as follows: 1. The adoption by the Federal Government of a permanent policy for the reclamation and settlement of the public domain, under which all the remaining public lands shall be held and administered as a trust for the benefit of the whole people of the United States, | and no grants of the title to any of the public lands shall ever hereafter be made to any but actual settlers and homebuilders on the land. 2. The preservation and development of our national resources by the construction of | storage reservoirs by the Federal Government for flood protection, and to save for use in | aid of navigation and irrigation the flood waters which now run to waste and cause overflow _ and destruction. 3. The construction by the Federal Government of storage reservoirs and irrigation | works wherever necessary to furnish water for the reclamation and settlement of the arid | public lands. 4. The preservation of the forests and reforestation of denuded forest areas as sources of water supply, the conservation of existing supplies hy approved methods of irrigation and distribution, and the increase of the water resources of the arid region by the investi- gation and development of underground supplies. 5. The adoption of a harmonious system of irrigation laws in all the arid and semi-arid | states and territories under which the right tu the use of water for irrigation shall vest in the | user and become appurtenant to the land irrigated, and beneficial use be the basis and the || — measure and limit of the right. a: oe 6. The holding of an annual Irrigation Congress, and the dissemination by public meet-|| — ings and through the press of information regarding irrigation, and the reclamation and settle-} — ment of the arid public domain, and the possibilities of better agriculture through irrigation | and intensive farming, and the need for agricultural education and training, and the creation|| — of rural homes as national safeguards, and the encouragement of rural settlement as a remedy | — he | for the social and political evils threatened by the congestion of population in large cities. —— anaes ——— nil southernmost part of the Peninsula of Florida is famous. TROPICAL FORESTRY AND HORTICULTURE Reports and working plans for estates in Southern Florida, Bahamas, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Porto Rico, and neighboring regions The Pomelo, or Grape Fruit, the Favorite of all Breakfast Fruits, for which the For the produc- tion of this profitable fruit this region has no rival Tropical forest lands bought and sold. Villa sites and grove land for sale in Biscayne Bay region. Write for prospectus. Address JOHN GIFFORD, Princeton, N. J., or Cocoanut Grove Dade Co., Fla. NM, CALIFORNIA“IN JANUARY ‘W. E. HOYT, G. E. P. A. 335 Broadway, New York, N. Y. EASE and EATING on the Northern Pacific Ry. G3 CROSS CONTINENT TRAINS G St. Paul-Minneapolis-Helena -Butte-Spokane-Puget Sound. P, W. PUMMILL, Dist. Pass. Agent, 711 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa, Send four cents for LEWIS AND CLARK BOOKLET to A.M. CLELAND, GENERAL PasseNGER AGENT, - - - ST. PAUL, MINN. In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. a Copy S. 10 ct 00 a Year; $I Washington, D. C. 1905 FFECT OF FOREST COVER UPON STREAM FLOW. JUNE, Tey Y oO 3 G ~ al 1) va, wY oO 0) 5 Y le, co O 3 fH (=) re WwW nl ihe AAT mv THEODORE ~~... ong ROO SEVELT President FREE Seis FIELD AND STREAM = The Wilderness Hunter (1 vol.) American Ideals (1 vol.) “Written by a mighty hunter, aiso a naturalist as well as a “These essays are written on behalf of the many men who do take sportsman, a close Bhesnen as well as a sure shot.”’ au actual part in trying practically to bring about the conditions , for which we somewhat vaguely hope.’’—-From the Preface, | Hunting the Grisly and Other Sketches (i vol.) SEL St Service (1 voi.) a F 7 al. “The essays in this volume possess a special interest for the} } Hunting Trips of a Ranchman (1 voi.) voters of to-day, in that they set forth the author’s theories of *¢ Covering ranching ia the Bad Lands and hunting large game citizenship and of administration.’ and waterfowl.” Tits ~ iw i 1812 2 1 P ; ee : e Naval War o 2 (2 vols.) Hunting Trips on the Prairie and in the Wilderness (1 vol.) The Winning of the West (6 vols.) * These sketches are not merely interesting as graphic pictures ‘“* The six volumes presented in this history, w hile each is com: ot kk unting life, but have a historic value in describing a condition plete in itself, comprise together a picturesque and comprehensive of things now rapidly passi ng away in the region of the prairies narrative of the early history of the great States of the Middle and the Rocky Mountains.” West and of the Southwest.’ Our Attractive Offer Everv man, woman, and youth of red blood wants FIELD AND STREAM after reading one or more numbers, and every American will want at leas some of the above books. | | The subscription price of FIELD AND STREAM is $1.50 per year. The magazine is ir teresting and healthfully inspirmg to every member of the family circle or fireside. It monthly visit is like a draught of pure air. The timely articles on the “How, When an); Where ” of sport with Rod, Gun, Dog, Camera, Canoe, etc., are invaluable alike to novice 4 expert. An instructive series of articles is now running entitled “ Camping and Woodcratt, written by Horace Kephart; also, just beginning, one on ‘Game Preserves in America covering the most approved methods of introduction, propagation, etc., by the noted authorit Dwight W. Huntington. ; Each year’s subscription, renewal, or continuation of subscription, costing $1.50, entitl! the sender to a free choice of any one volume ; two years ($3.00) to two volumes, and so ¢ up to any number wanted. To those who wish the complete set without prolonging the subscription for fourteen years or sect uring the subscriptions of others, we offer the comple — set of 14 volumes and a three years’ term of subscription for $10. I] These books are published by one of the highest class firms in America and are exceedingly neat ay sompact in form, 16mo, cloth bound, with frontispiece. All are uniform in size and binding. We guaran} that they will please or money refunded. All postage or express charges prepaid by us. We will only furn these books with above subscription offer. THE SUPPLY IS LIMITED! DO NOT DELA y!/ Mention Une Peps 35 West 2lst eation and address 'D AND STREAM Nes Yor! **America’s Magazine for Sportsmen” 15 Cents a Copy on all News Stands er rs — = In writing advertisers kindly mentionghOkESIRY AND LRRIGATION 1A a RS 5 Re pee IBXS! SCHOOLS & COLLEGES Brot PG Or 1 ee re er Ye Harvard University The Lawrence Scientific School offers four year courses of study leading to the degree of § Civil, Mechani- eal, and Electrical Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Architecture, Landscape Architecture, Forestru Chemistry, Geology, Biology, Anatomy and Hygiene (preparation for medical Schools), Science for Teachers, and a course in General Science. For the cat- alogue and information, address J. L. Love, 16 University Hall, Cambridge, Mass. N. S. SHALER, Dean. Accurate estimates of standing timber, valuation surveys and working plans made, and expert advice on any logging, lumbering, or forestal proposition furn- ished by C. A. SCHENCK & CO., Biltmore, N. C. Consulting Forest Engineers. Michigan Agricultural College offers a full four-year course in FORESTRY Course in successful operation since 1902. For information address E. E. BOGUE, Professor Agricultural College Michigan. California, Alta, Placer County AGASSIZ HALL is a boys’ Preparatory School in the Sierra Ne- vada Mountains. Its boys are encouraged to ride, row, swim, fish, hunt, trap, suowshoe as out-of-school aids toward developing healthy manhood _ f ——V po ee THE University of the South Sewanee, Tennessee DEPARTMENTS Academic Medical Theological Pharmaceutical Law Preparatory The University of the South is situated in the center of its woodland domain of 10,000 acres on the summit of the Cumberland Mountains, 2,000 feet above sea level Open from March to December, the academic year being divided into three terms. Students from other Universities may attend the sum- mer session, July 3 to September 26, in any department. The University domain is being lumbered in a scientific manner under the direction of the Bureau of Forestry, U.S. Department of Agri- culture,and an unusual opportunity isafforded forthe preliminary study of forestry. Sewanee presents an exceptionally attractive field for the study of geology, and forest and field botany. For further information address THE VICE-CHANCELLOR Fast through train service to all points from Chicago, Milwaukee and Peoria on the East, ae Omaha, Denver, the Black Hills, Salt Lake City and the Pacifie Coast on the West, and north- ward to St. Paul, Minneapolis, Duluth, Superior, ‘Ashland, Mar- quette and Sault Ste. Marie. Ghe Best of Everything. W. B. Kniskern, P. T. M. Chicago, Il, Nw371 In writing advertisers kindly mention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION. Sp Aege bt | BRS American Forestry Association President—HON. JAMES WILSON, SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. The American Forestry Association was organized in 1882, and incorporated in January, 1897. It now has nearly three thousand members, residents of every State in the Union, Canada, and foreign countries. It has at all times been active in promoting measures tending toward the proper utilization of the forests and their protection from destruc- tion by fires and wasteful use. The objects of this Association are to promote : 1. ums chief? ensineer, Southern Railway; W. C. Cushing, chief engineer Pennsylvania lines west of Pittsburg; J. EK. Deems, general su- perintendent of motive power, New York Central and Hudson River Rail- wav; C. H. Buckingham, supervisor of fuels, New York Central and Hud- son River Railway; J. EF. Greiner, rep- resenting Mr. D. D. Caruthers, chief engineer, Baltimore and Ohio Rail- road: F. H. Newell, chief engineer Reclamation Service ; Gifford Pinchot, Forester, U. S. Department of Agri- culture; Prof. J. A. Holmes; in charge of testing work of the U. S. Geological Survey; W. L. Hall, in charge of test- ing wot for Bureau of Forestry. Dudley, Arrangements have been made for a continuous advisory board to work with the Bureau of Forestry and the Geological Survey in the conduct of their official tests. This codperation will mean that in advance of any tests these bureaus will have the benefit of the suggestions and advice of the fore- most engineers of the country in spe- cial lines of work. It is the first time in the history of our government that 254 such cooperation has been effected, and it is believed that the relations thus established will result in more expeditious and satisfactory work, and will prove of great economic advan- tage to both public and private inter- ests. The initial work, that of analyzing and testing the relative steam produc- ing powers of coals and lignites of the United States, which was inaugurated during the summer of 1904, at St. Louis, will also be continued. The various portions of the plant were con- tributed by different manufacturing companies, and the railroads entering St. Louis or having coal resources along their lines cooperated most hear- tily with the committee in charge of the work. The results of this work are very interesting and valuable. Plan for A planting plan for a Planting Coal portion of the lands of Lands the Keystone Coal and Coke Company, of Greensburg, Pa., has just been finished by the Bureau of Forestry. This company owns sev- eral thousand acres overlying coal beds. It is proposed by the planting of rapid-growing trees to make these lands more productive than under the old plan of renting on shares for agri- cultural purposes. A small nursery was established and several thousand young chestnut and maple trees were set out this spring. A detailed plant- ing plan was also prepared giving di- rections for future operations. Black locust is the species which will be mainly used. A planting plan for cer- tain important water- sheds, and recommenda- tions for the treatment of lands in the interior of the San Gabriel Forest Reserve, California, have just been completed by Mr. A. T. Searle, of the Bureau of Forestry. This report con- siders the possibilities of planting on To Plant Watersheds various types of denuded and chapar- ral covered land in these mountains, and embodies recommendations as to the species which should be used, methods of planting, and locates the FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION June slopes which are in the most urgent need of attention. These recommen- dations are based on experience gained in experimental work which has been under way for several years and are intended to give a definite, systematic plan of procedure for future opera- tions. The chaparral growth has been divided into five well defined types which require special treatment. The most hardy species, such as knob-cone, Monterey, and Digger pine will be planted in the more unfavorable situ- ations, while the more valuable but less hardy trees, such as yellow, sugar, and ‘Coulter pine, and spruce. and cedar, will be planted on the more favorable sites. The Bureau of Forestry Forest Students has completed the selec- Chosen tion of forest students for the coming season. The men were chosen from the most promising stu- dents of forest schools and will be as- signed for the summer to the collec- tion of data, under the direction of trained foresters, in various lines of the Bureau’s activities. There will be 29 such students appointed July 1, from a total of about 200 applicants. Planting operations in the Black Hills Forest Reserve arg being pushed rapidly under the direction of Lo @ Miller, of the Forest Service. A Tes cent examination has revealed such favorable conditions that it has been decided not to use nursery stock ex- tensively in reforesting the denuded areas. Instead, several hundred pounds of seed will be sown directly on the land where trees are desired. In or- der to compare the nursery method with that of direct sowing, about 50,- 990 small trees grown in the Dismal River Reserve nursery, in Nebraska, will be set out. The region in which operations are under way is in the vi- cinity of Custer Peak, where lumber- ing and fire have denuded the ground. The season thus far has been unus- ually rainy, and while it has delayed operations it will ultimately contribute much to the success of the work. Planting in Black Hills RECENT CONDITIONS IN SALT RIVER VALLEY, ARIZONA BY GERARD H. MATTHES Engineer, HE, unusual meteorological con- ditions which have prevailed throughout the United States during the early part of the present year have made themselves peculiarly felt in the arid regions of the southwest. Weeks United States Reclamation Service an unwonted aspect of verdure with their luxuriant growths of grass, weeds and cacti, and in places the once barren desert soil is covered with a vegetation so rank and prolific as to savor of tropical conditions. My- View ene the remaining portion of the Arizona dam, which was washed away by the Flood of April 13. of continued rainfall, alternating with cloudiness, have produced a change in the aspect of the desert lands, par- ticularly at the lower levels, which is the more remarkable, following as it does a series of exceedingly dry years The deserts of Arizona fee esumed riads of wild flowers, among them many a rare species, such as the lily of the desert, covered the plains and foothills during April and May, like a brilliant carpet painting the land- scape with the most gorgeous of hues, and causing the traveler gazing upon 156 this lavish display of western flora to revel in the splendor of the scene and to wonder at the productiveness of the desert soil. While the copious snows and rains have proven of inestimable value to the stock ranges on the high plateaus and to the agricultural interests in the valleys, incalculable damage has been inflicted by floods to property of all kinds. In the populated districts of Arizona, and in the Salt River Val- ley more in particular, the excessive precipitation has been the cause of washouts along the railroads, wagon- roads, canals, ditches, telegraph and telephone lines, to an extent unparal- leled in the history of the valley. The FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION be washed out by a subsequent rise of the Gila River, and although no expense was spared by the railroad company in rebuilding the structure, it met with the same misfortune time and again, until on March 31 the bridge has been successively destroyed and rebuilt eight times. The same company on April 13 lost the south approach to its bridge across Salt River. This bridge, at the time the accident occurred, was the only means then available for crossing the Salt River for many hundred miles either up or down the river, and its partial failure for a while made all crossing impracticable. The line of the Phoe- nix and Eastern Railroad, extending View of the Capitol, Fhoenix, Ariz., February 4, showing how the grounds were flooded by waters from Cave Creek. city of Phoenix, situated in the center of Salt River Valley, and dependent on branch railroads for connection with the main lines of the Southern Pacific and Santa Fe systems, has been a principal sufferer from the re- peated interruptions in traffic and means of communication during the months of January, February, March and April arly “ing Jantianry athe Maricopa, Phoenix and Salt River Valley Railroad lost its pile bridge across the Gila River near Sacation station during a flood, and up to April I but little traffic was had over that line. The bridge was rebuilt only to from Phoenix to Kelvin, Arizona, lost its bridges across both Salt and Gila_ Rivers, the former a steel bridge, be- ing partly destroyed March 20 through the shifting of the river bed and un-— dermining of two of its piers. Much depended on the maintenance of the two railroad bridges across Salt River, for during five months that stream was unfordable and the only means of crossing it were aforded by these bridges. The Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix Railway met with a number of washouts, but succeeded, in spite of delays, in running trains. The mai lines of the Southern Pacific and the 1905 Santa Fe systems, and a number of less important railroads suffered from repeated washouts and interruptions in traffic. Principal among the latter is the Gila Valley, Globe and Northern Railway, which lost its bridges and many miles of track along the banks of the Gila River by the caving and washington away of the banks. Several times during the period re- ferred to Phoenix was cut off from all communication with the outer world, as a result of these washouts. Aside from the main rivers many of the smaller tributaries did much damage. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 157 tol is located was flooded to a con- siderable extent, the water covering the capitol grounds to a depth of near- ly two feet. With its boggy streets emitting a foul odor and a humid at- mosphere which would have done credit to a tropical climate, Phoenix was not a desirable abode during the period under consideration for the consumptives and other invalids, who habitually spend the winter months there in search of health. The ranchers of Salt River Valley sustained damage in many different ways. One after another the diver- ‘Street scene near the Capitol, Phoenix, Ariz., February 4, showing flood waters from Cave Creek. Cave Creek, a small torrential stream entering Salt River Valley northwest of Phoenix, was the cause of repeated inundations of a large section of the Salt River Valley, seriously damaging crops, ditches and highways. In sev- eral instances the discharge from this creek was so large in volume that the canals in the valley were unable to drain it off, and overflowing them, the water reached the western portion of the city of Phoenix. At one time that section of Phoenix in which the capi- sion dams maintained across Salt River by the various irrigation en- terprises were washed out, and when the waters finally commenced to sub- side the owners found themselves con- fronted with difficult problems regard- ing the reconstruction of these dams, the majority of which had been of a more or less temporary character. All along the river sweeping changes oc- curred in the river bed, and in more than one instance the new channel was found to be located a long distance 158 ? FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION away from the old canal head. The continued high water, moreover, rend- ered it impracticable to reconstruct these dams in season to turn irriga- tion water in the ditches for the spring irrigation, and at many points in the valley irrigators were left without wa- ter for a considerable period. For- tunately for them, however, the co- pious rains which had previously soak- ed the soil proved to be the salvation of many a crop. One of the most serious calamities to the people of Salt River Valley oc- by the Arizona Water Company, made immediate preparations to restore their former headgates and soon were able to supply the ranches situated under them with irrigating water. The Arizona Water Company is also-— preparing to rebuild its dam. The protracted floods on Salt River in addition to destroying the works of man, did incalculable damage to lands along the river, through the shifting of the river bed and the caving of the banks. At numerous points along the river ravages of this nature assumed Bridge of the Phoenix and Eastern Railroad across Salt River, damaged by high waters March 20. curred on April 13, when a high flood destroyed the timber dam of the Ari- zona Water Company, ‘commonly known as the Arizona Dam. ‘This structure practically controlled all ir- rigation water used on the north side of the river, and its loss was a serious blow, more especially to the orchards in the northern part of the valley. The older canals known as the Salt River Valley, Maricopa, and Grand Canals, which had been supplied with water large proportions, ranches of large acreage being cut down to small hold- ings, and in some cases entire ranches disappeared little by little, inclusive of barns and buildings, leaving the owners destitute. At Tempe the river cut into the banks east of the Tempe Buttes, which protect the town on the north side against the river, carrying away many acres of valuable farm land. Considerable apprehension has been entertained by the citizens of that 1905 locality, who fear that the river will form a new channel to the south of the Buttes and through the heart of the community. At Roosevelt, Ari- zona, where the engineers of the Re- clamation Service have been actively engaged during the past months on the preliminaries to the construction of the great Roosevelt dam, work on the power canal and the operating of the cement mill were seriously inter- fered with as a direct result of the ex- ceptional weather conditions. Cut off from all communication with the out- side world for days at a time, it was with the utmost difficulty only that the large construction camps were sup- plied with food, forage, fuel, tools, and other supplies. The stage roads from Mesa to Roosevelt and Globe to Roosevelt presented for months the sorry spectacle of innumerable aban- doned freight wagons, mired to the hubs, loaded with goods of all kinds, among them oil tanks with fuel oil for the government cement mill. That portion of the road from Mesa to Roosevelt which was constructed by the Reclamation Service at consider- able expense, suffered but little from washouts. Rumors which were circu- lated some time ago to the effect that it had been washed out over a dis- tance of eighteen miles are without foundation. A glance at the records of the Wea- ther Bureau becomes of interest in this connection. Throughout the central portion of Arizona and especially at the high elevations, the precipitation during January, February, March, and April has been marked by frequent and unusually heavy rainfalls. The Phoenix record shows a rainfall of 3.31 inches during January; 4.64 during February; 2.38 inches during March, and 2.59 inches during April, a total of 12.92 inches for the four months. This represents an accumu- lated excess of 10.04 inches over and FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 159 above the average for the same period during the past ten years. The nor- mal annual precipitation at Phoenix being less than 7 inches, it will be noted that the accumulated excess for the period January 1 to April 30, 1905, as given above, is in itself greater than the yearly normal. The number of rainy days observed during the four months referred to is 48; cloudy days, 78; clear days, 42. Of this February had 14 rainy days, 22 cloudy days and only 6 clear days. Indeed, exceptional records for the Salt River Valley! On the high plateaus the records are also remarkable, the precipitation hav- ing amounted to as much as from 25 to 37 inches of snow in different lo- calities, during single months of the period under consideration. The large snowfalls in the mountains are respon- sible for the fact that the rivers of Arizona toward the end of May were still discharging large quantities of water. On many peaks snow remained till late in May. It is estimated that the discharge of Salt River above its confluence with the Verde has averaged during February and March in the neigh- borhood of 10,000 cubic feet per sec- ond. The flow during these two months alone would have been ample to more than fill the projected reser- voir at Roosevelt. It is of peculiar interest in this connection to note that observations by engineers of the Re- clamation Service indicate a marked rise in the underground water level in the Salt River Valley, and a grad- ual diminution in the amounts of salts and mud contained in the river water during the long period of high water. While accurate figures on this sub- ject are not yet available for publica- tion, it is expected that the data col- lected will lead to conclusions of par- ticular interest to the irrigator as well as to the scientist. EUROPEAN STUDY FOR FORESTERS T. S. WOOLSEY, JR. Forest Assistant, Bureau of Forestry. Wyte our insufficient forest liter- ature and meagre understand- ing of the subject, a short period of travel may be said to be almost indis- spensable to a thorough study of for- est management. We have no demon- stration forests and many of our for- est school professors have never them- selves seen European forests. To this is added the fact that our young for- esters are sometimes ‘confronted by problems puzzling even to an expert of twenty years’ experience. Other countries have set us an example which may be well followed. Japanese forest students are to be found in Ger- many, France, and in India. English students from Coopers Hill formerly spent six weeks on tour in Germany and a few weeks in France; recently eight months’ detailed work under a German forester has been added to the educational requirements. German students, it is true, seldom study out- side their own states. Each state has its own particular method, long estab- lished, and they have not so much need of foreign study. At their schools during good weather, the Saturdays are usually spent in the forests of the different districts. Yet one of the foremost German professors told me that he had learned a great deal, both in India and Japan. If a German pro- fessor finds such trips worth while, how much more valuable would they be to the American forester ? that American foresters the necessity for study abroad, why is it that so few are go- ing? Of the forest school graduates now in the employ of the United States Bureau of Forestry, there are only a few who have had European training. ‘There are three chief rea- sons: (1) The present number of trained men is insufficient to properly Granted recognize handle the work. The demand for trained foresters is greater than the supply. In a few years this shortage will be supplied by the new men pour- ing out from the schools. There will then be greater competition and only the well trained men will secure em- ployment. This will naturally lead to a more thorough preparation by Euro- pean study. (2) At present the de= sire to begin work as soon as possible and hence partake in the early ad- vancement undoubtedly prevents some men from studying abroad. The fact that the right sort of study abroad will make better all-around foresters ought to deter men from such a view. It is quite within the power of govern- ment and state management to count time spent in European study as actual service. This is not unfair, and is the method of the more advanced univer- sities. If the ability of two men is equal and one spends time in practical work, which the other puts into study- ing new methods, the employer would probably get better results from the latter of the two men in the long run. (3) Want of funds is perhaps one of the greatest hindrances. Under the present rules a man must consider loss of salary while on leave, as well as his extra expenses, and in addition to this a lower salary due to deferred promotion, owing to absence. At pres- ent the leave of members of the Bu- reau of Forestry is wiped out at the end of each fiscal year. In the Philip- pine Bureau, leave is cumulative up to three years. With this privilege in the United States (applicable only to leave taken for purposes of study) a man could spend three months in Ger- many drawing full pay which would almost pay for his trip. In time it might even be possible for men to be sent abroad on a collaborator’s salary 2 Ss OS ee SS ne 1905 and expenses, in order to report on special subjects. This would benefit the men and at the same time add to our scanty forest literature. When In- dian forest officers are willing to spend their leave in study, they receive a travelling allowance, as well as their full pay. In order to induce European study it might even be desirable to re- quire a monograph on some European system before advancing a man to pay of $1,500 per annum. One of the objections to the run of German foresters is that they find it hard to accept new and advanced ideds on thinnings, reproduction, etc. They perhaps read about such topics but do not become familiar enough with the problem to actually put it in practice. We might guard against such stagnation by founding a short post graduate course at one of the best schools and require attendance from men in government employ after some years of service. In such a short course only new and impor- tant topics would be discussed. By such personal discussion men tucked away on forest reserves would be en- abled to keep in touch with the latest ideas far better than by reading. Such a system would be in line with the war college which our navy has established at Newport. The question often arises whether a man should study abroad immediately after graduation from a forest school, or later. From the employer’s stand- point the former is better. Fewer mis- takes would be made. From the stu- dent’s standpoint it seems better to engage in practical work for a year or so before completing his technical education. After two years of hard study at a forest school, most men be- gin to tire of books and want to put their ideas into practice. After a year’s work they are in a better posi- tion to know just what they want to Study. It is not necessary for the graduate to spend a long time in one country. With his forest school train- ing to start with, four to five months would be sufficient for Germany; the FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 161 first month spent in one place study- ing the language and the details of the management of that forest. With the details of one forest well in hand, a comparatively hurried tour will be of far more value. It seems to me that Americans are apt to make far too hasty tours, and this without a pre- liminary month of preparation. It is a fact that spending only a few hours in a forest when on tour often gives one a false impression. It is only nat- ural that the forester should always show his best reproduction first and thus, in a too brief stay, a visitor does not see where and why the reproduc- tion failed—which is perhaps more in- structive than seeing the successes. On one slope the spruce has succeeded, but look at the opposite side and we only find failure. Two Americans not long ago made this very mistake. They wanted to see a large variety of for- ests in a short time. They were us- ually driven through the best portions, took a few pictures from the carriage, and rushed off to the next place. Their antics lessened the German respect for American foresters. On the other hand, the “do a few places thorough- ly’ method is hardly the best, for the forest school graduate who has had a year or so of practical experience. Sel- dom is a stay of over three days profit- able compared with going on to a new forest. Personally, I found European travel so instructive that I should strongly recommend even a short trip of two months, rather than a longer trip “when there is more time.” With a sensible amount of time at one’s dis- posal, say seven and a half months, I should advise four and a half months in Germany and three in France. This is taking for granted that a man knows something of both languages. Men who have visited France claim that the French methods are more adaptable to American conditions; that there is more natural reproduc- tion and less planting. On the other hand, the German forest literature is so superior to the French that more time ought to be devoted to Germany. 162 Unless a man wishes to make a spe- cial study of management on a large scale and has plenty of time at his dis- posal, a trip to India specially for the stndy of forestry seems inadvisable. In a trip of five months at least two months oi this must be spent m travel. An imexperienced man gomg ito camp on his own hook runs consider- able risk oi catching enteric fever. In to see the forests properly, it is necessary to provide a camping out- fit and servants, so one man’s expenses will amount to $150 or over per month. With three men making the trip and travelling second class on the boat, the expenses might be reduced to less than $100 per month, but it would entail some risk and hardship. In scientific lmes I consider the United States already equal to, if not ahead of India. For men anticipating practical rather than scientific work, such a trip offers much. Certain common sense principles pervade Indian iorestry, and these will be of lasting value and of direct application in the United States. On the purely practical side Indian forestry is at present preemi- nent. The financial working of the forests is closely scrutinized by the local governments. Possibly the f- nancial importance of forestry has been made io take too prominent a place and has led in some cases to over-cuiting. Perhaps the quotation below, which was taken from a -Tecent issue of an Indian newSpaper,- ias- trates how the forests are regar “However, while fully n Lee that the decrease in sales of timber and fuel in this particular division was ‘unavoidable,’ and admitting that the various measures of improvement un- dertaken entailed considerable expense, one is inclined to regard a situation in which the net receipts of the depart- ment dropped by nearly 2%4 lakhs ‘as anything but satisfactory. The Con- servator and his subordinates are therefore once more earnestly exhort- ed to remember the fact that they are—timber merchants.” = This idea pervades the administra- = order FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION ae June tion and hence the practical side of every measure is most ca ally weighed in the light of the expected financial results. By a trip to India one learns the ordering of forest busi- ness on a large scale; you see the best first protection in the world, practical silviculture, the regulation of grazing the danger and abuses of over-felling natural reproduction over large arez you learn the results of certain kinds of large scale working plans—you learn many things, most of which have direct application in the United States Opposed to these is the amount of time and money spent in travel, dan- ger to health, and lack of available literature. It is almost impossible te secure copies of working plans for the reserves visited, or in fact any publica- tions, similar to those which our gov ment distributes free for educationz purposes. Furthermore, I believe that after 1910 or there abouts the same principles could be learned here in th United States. Japan is also a possi- bility for study. li her forest service is as good relatively as her other ser- vices, there is every reason to believe that much of value could be learned there. The success of a European trip does not lie in the number and excellence of the notes recorded so much as m the broadening and rounding off of a forester’s judgment. By seeing for- ests of all descriptions he begins to get the forestry eye as regards thinni and reproduction, which it is now im possible to get in the United States In making a hurried tour one is apt to think that he understands condi tions before he really does. This is es- pecially so as regards thinnings, and my personal experience leads me to recommend the actual marking of trees. It is surprising how simple thinnings seem and yet the number of mistakes one makes when pe a executing them. aa The notes taken will no doubt pro: valuable and it is essential that th should be systematic. I should recom- mend the card catalogue method with 1905 | the following headings printed at the | top of each 4 by 6-inch card: Country, Locality, Authority, Subject, Date. is essential to know the authority. in looking over a series of notes on the same subject, they will almost inva- riably contradict. Hence to properly weigh them one must know whether a forest guard or a forester is the au- thority. Photographs will prove ex- = | oak are hy ae 0 GR a te) , | N the current discussion of the re- b 3 lation of forests to stream flow there is a danger of overestimating the influence oi forest cover upon the = er of a stream to the exclusion of other factors of equal or greater Importance. It is a mistake to assume that the wooded or denuded condition Of a watershed is of necessity the con- trolling factor in determining the be- Vhavior of the stream: that a forested Stream is necessarily regular in flow and a deforested stream necessarily ir- . In any discussion of this sub- ject, it must be recognized at the out- Set that forest cover is but one of a mumber oi iar-reaching factors whose tombined influence produces a stream bf a given character: and great care must be taken not to attribute to the presence or absence of forest cover Upon a draimage basin results which May be due primarily to other causes. _ Now there are two elements which emter into the flow of every stream: (1) Surface run-off. or the water hich on account of the steepness of the slopes, the impermeable character Df the surface. or the saturated condi- Jon of the soil. does not sink into the > > t€e€Lula = aar > FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION pensive Dut are ome of the best means Of note taking—even if of small size a poe poe pen ER 10 One 0 1S PESSmiiistic f efardimsg 4 ee LSS - — ~~