e gens ‘= SR IStie Hy prbates ¢ ersrerae! PAPa}h o4g leet + ay Tat a< 8 2 eee! Srereetattes seeialgen bie se Bart ne aay Site. [anaes “& 5 bree teen ‘Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/americanforests12natiuoft FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION VOLUME 24-1906 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION PUBLISHING COMPANY PUBLISHERS WASHINGTON, D. C, CONTENTS OF VOLUME. XII Page Advice for Forest Planters in Oklaho- ma and Adjacent Regions (re- VIGU is. cant ieed Mani eee sh oe Aiding Cities and Towns to Name MEMES MES ears teed AERO olathe 97 Alabama’s Interest in Forestry, By Les- Were DCSE Gere sia gk toe oak 44 American Forestry Association, the An- nual Meeting (Twenty-fourth). 3 Annual Meeting of the (Twenty- ith) ya. i Wcbgt oh ene ae a: 487, 535 Annual Report of the Board of Di- TERUGCS « OME CGR Merrie «eis Aces rents 20 Meeting of the (Twenty-fourth)... 11 Meeting of Directors......../..... 55 Membership Campaign............ 255 Organization Work of the........ 525 Report of the Treasurer of the... 24 Work of theteea-4oe-. 458 \merican Forestry Honored Abroad... 571 Anderson, Resignation of Mr. A. A.... 7 Appalachian for May, 1906 (review).. 345 Beautifying the Steel Highway, By F. Willian Rave sven ee ts 336 Benguet Pine, Notes on the, By Wil- liam M. Maule..... AS AA 355 Black Hills Beetle, The (review)..... 252 Black Mesa Forest Reserve, The, By F. Sie SST CON care hale ee ek tor 149 Sol eiCel See QE W Bu Rh ci Bd ae ti k S A 398 Building Great Reservoir............. 397 Bulletin of New York Botanical Gar- (den) reviewers 32206. - Calaveras Grove of Big Trees, The, By 345 Mrs Lovell@VWwinites.;orec. ../o.< 2. 102 Calitornia, “hewer /Hires ane ss 4o5.- 6... 442 California Ground Waters............ 374 California, Successful Fire Protectionin 153 Camp Fires in Canadian Rockies (re- WICW)) Su cts ete eetpn sete ets 383 Camps, To Baforee Order in... 22.2... 212 Canada, Conservative Lumbering in, By ii jptewae se aeons... 557 Canada, Forestry in, By Judson F. @la vk? area eae ose ses 499 @atada. Porestrvsin sees) ss)... S209 Canadian Association, Meeting of..... 442 Canadian Forestry Meeting........... 3 Sana diam Mectinem sn. otts co Sl... 394 Cacalsibree, -Plantingst aie... 5 s.'s. ..'- 9 Page Anak yaeimen Tore lanten.. scsch es bon. 5 Sait sem leitimMbenines, ne. ae etic. 8 211 Changeton \Omarterse es holes. Pak dew 304 SSC MELMICHIUR tune hare cte ee tag ey th 395 Chir Pine near Dehra Dun, Manage- ment and Natural Reproduction Of, by bot: Woolsey, git. e%.. 183 Circular Relative to Leasing of Agri- cultural Public Lands in the Phil- ippine Islands (review)........ 299 Colorado, Forestry in—Some Receni Progress, By W. G. M. Stone... 579 Forest : Policy 2) 23: Seah a Aeete tenr ate a 489 Combatting Damage by Rabbits....... 56 Coopers: and’ Porestrys os. «e068 488 COTLOTAIGOREVIG Wo) te hectares roe en ents 390 Cotton Drees, About nen. 65. tana 304 Creosote in the United States—Causes Underlying the Limited Produc- tion) Ola. ook ce rte See ee 482 Davey’s Primer on Trees and Birds Grevieye potato St) eee fi Dinkey Grove of Big Trees, The, By Johns Guthrie eect 454 Drainage of the Everglades, The, By _ ohn. \Giitondiecece eee ee ee 215 Earthquakes and the Forest, By Myron |e hed Oa Sh ae ee eee ge ar i a 201 Eastern Reserves, The...../...... 161, 508 Bicht biourc law, hex... see 470 Eleventh Annual Report of the Com- missioner of Public Roads of New Jersey (review)........... 155 Engineers, Conference of......... 162, 349 Evergreens; How to Grow Them (re- VICW tas cas Cac cen ee 103 HavorablevRepots.) seas ete a ee 207 Fern Collector’s Guide, The (review). 251 Brctise Mlasticas((review))ia seo 391 Fifth Annual Report of Indiana State Board of Forestry (review).... 206 ire: Warden Services. 55.855. sage 488 First Country Park System (review). 103 Forest Cover on Watersheds.......... 59 oneste Hines ic. een ees ca ee 209 Bonestlnstructoim vAcNews 4) ase eee 538 Wanted i:2 3.: ieee weet Pr 6) cece eae 257, Forest Investigations, Some Sugges- tions for, By Treadwell Cleve- iV FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Page Forest Legislation Advocated......... a Before the Fifty-ninth Congress— airs tae CSSION Me Aeeine eke este 325 Forest Mensuration (review)......... 496. Forests of Harford County, Maryland, Notes on the, By ‘Treadwell Clevelandtirsiess cesta tsi fee 343 Forest Park Reservation Commission of New Jersey, First Annual epORE | (LEVAEW Jive cele iee ct oeeces ele 155 Forest Planting on Coal Lands in Western Pennsylvania (review). 430 Forest Policy, Suggestions for, By Ar- WlovbieJeye IDEN Clo aeeiod doom ate 38 Forest Preservation, An Economic Fac- COM Inve Caryl Ds stackanserer nee/, forest Products, By R. S. Kellogg.... 466 GGTIGHGS YOlEs s anwuicios dagen bo. cuacsals 9 Iforest Reservation Policy for the East, A, By Frank West Rollins...... 25 Forest Reserve Administration....... 161 Forest Reserves, Agricultural Settle- ment in, By George W. Woodruff 267 OneSECrSPtOhe sagecec Mies Scene eA 61 Grazing Fees Will Be Collected On 581 INeweelNatronallecym. curseiseciack ects 544 Profits From, to be Shared by Counties wees ce or eee eee 341 ehelephones ane 2 ve tee cities ole 60 WVSst main dl atlae pests Sueweiotet ceyeehr ss 394 Forest Resources and the Public Wel- fare, By Herbert A. Smith...... 451 Forest Service Appropriation......... 307 Forest Service, The Growing......... 256 The (History of a Month’s Work in Government Forest Matters). 138, 198, 232, 283, 331, 380, 428, 478, 516, 560 Forest Trees Suitable for Planting in the United States, Notes on: IV. The Russian Mulberry..... 128 Veethe, Tulips Tree). estes. 203 Vilwthe Black: sChenty..0.de.ee. 22 Vili Phe Beech Oise 5 an, 296 Wi Witter Hits snare. 334 PS Chestniteies: ae ee ee 364 A. Hurepean: Larches cones... 432 A UaGreen SAshy ile sake tisoect. 468 Zelt,) Reds Pine eepee eee e 514 Forests and Paper Supplies........... 302 The Mining Industry and the, By Lewis E. Aubury Shifting Page Forested Watersheds, By Alfred Aker- MAN sess ee oe ee Eee 83 Forester and Director of Census Will Co-operate in Collection cf An- nual Statistics of Forest Products 481 The (two volumes)’ (review)..... 250 Forestry, A Profession for Young Men (REVICW ) hx ee ie a ee eee 299 And Irrigation in Congress....... 129 And Landscape Architecture, By Saimmel (Canyon, Witsanoocessacoss o 408 Association, A) News.aseeeee eee 301 At, Bort “Riley nck .scee ne eee eee 530 Building daiptoyed2-).; sees -eeeee 540 Education Bill, The, By Samuel B. Green “.005..b 5016 500s 5 eee 532 Education and Experimentation in the Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, By Samuel BAXGreen vrsco ot tee cee 30 Ixperiments will. «-\a se eee ee eee 538 Horas City sbankes 5 See eee oF In Canada, By Judson F. Clark... 499 In Colorado—Some Recent Pro- gress, By W. G. M. Stone....... 579 In Massachusetts (review).......- 103 In the Public Schools and Col- leges, Education in, By George aS Winstotcg ee eee eee 40 Movement, Influence of the Work of the Reclamation Service on tie By Morcissieree ere 46 Some Popular Misconceptions Con- cerning, By Leslie Harrison..... 414 Fort Bayard Watershed, The, By J. C. Blumer! SSS ee 223 Bort, Riley, Morestry at. eee eee 530 Forty-eighth Annual Report of the Mis- souri State Horticultural Society : (review cn Sale eee eee 299 Fourteenth National Irrigation Con- gress, The, By Lydia Adama- Walliams <\+.).... sees eee 421 President's, Letterto thes .esoe see 399 Fourth Annual Bulletin of the Connec- ticut Forestry Association (re- VIEW) 85 G45 oe ee 345 Free Patent Circular (review) ase nee 299 Bimnds,, Allotment. of.”.)2-0.eeee eee 305 Gardner, Wesley J. (obituary) ssc. 02. 260 Garfield, James Rudolph (biography). 493 Georgia School of Forestry........... 541 Slenn, His Hxcellency, Riueeeeo eee 214 Gold, Theodore Sedgwick (obituary).. 161 CONTENTS OF VOLUME XII Vv Government Accounting........../... 487 Government Employees’ Mutual Relief Association, Annual Report ofthe 95 Grazing Fees Will Be Collected on Re- GERWES I ota ater S oe lem steers 581 Guide to the Trees, A (review)...... 25) To the Wild Flowers (review).... 251 Cunes Stadyano: theses oases see 60 Gunnison Tunnel; The...) 2... 2. 3-%.; 369 Handbook of the Trees of California, A (Gevilewo rere acco cc hombres: 154 Hardy Rhododendrons, Azaleas, and the Mountain Laurel (review).. 251 Has Authority But No Money........ 580 Hiawatian’-Korest Work. e232 ....2.2 <<: 398 leaning? OnmNevised billie ncee | fee: 207 Hill, Hon. Arthur (biography)........ 350 History of the Lumber Industry in America (review), by Treadwell Clevielaindieminaet ee a este e 70 How Shall Forests Be Taxed, By Al- fred Gaskill: Part I. Inequitable Taxation Re- sponsible for Much Forest De- SERUCHIO Mecca. oe ocr Pee oo tenet 119 Part Il. A Proposition to Encour- age the Growing of Forests for Pontes pos os eeeeenore sae ee 172 How Should Our Future Forest Lands Be Taxed? By S2-B. Elhott....-178 leccnitleya Works Prog ness: Oma ana 259 imiportant. Comencncesaseemineens = oe 489 Improvement of Columbia, S. C., The Greview,)n.2 eo ee oe eee 206 Indian Forester, The (July, 1906), (re- 5A (Oi MRE aie! ar kre ee a 484 Individual Responsibility vs. Commis- sions, By Francis G. Newlands.. 63 in Horest land (review) aasnencsee os. 583 lowamloresty Billys sapere rris t-te areas, 162 Irrigated Farms, Size of, By F.-B. Lin- has) (0 Shee ek per ak” ee Ge a 309 Irrigation and Forestry in Congress.. 129 Hai rbankcy One rreipr erat teks 402 Ii Ela wall. noi: vaeem ee re ce Ie aes 257 ine Montana, Greview))eare cence tre.) 436 In the North Atlantic States (re- VIEW) ic eae See ees 345 Irrigation Legislation, Important...... 271 In the West, By Morris Bien...... 459 Journal of New York Botanical Gar- den (review ) Page Journal of the Western Society of En- gineers (review), Vol. XI., No. AAI SS taeel UG beta yitare Sleds ees a eins 484 Movaan die SOLFOW + sont e eis ees laticiets « 206 Klamath Project, The, By H. lL. Hol- ALC WR RETR P aha aaa Sipe ek ae 115 MOLT amet per ooo ors ataid biceI a cotta O93 58 eID US yeHOM EMeY aie ois ere sansa, iat Jaikia-s 306 Land Laws, President Calls for Im- proyedss..- Pancok vine ced seperate ede 541 Land of Opportunity, The, By C. J. Blanchard: hens. sna neee eee 190 Land of Tomorrow, The (review).... 436 Land Reclamation By Drainage, By Guy. Elliott: Matenell i =. aos. 134 Land Withdrawals Effective.......... 59 La Iblis, IPro@en Wiebe ya. oeobon ce bee 529 Laws Relating to Public Lands in the Philippine Islands (review)..... 299 Lower Yellowstone Project........... 259 Lumber Prices, The Rise in, By R. S. ° KRelloooy cisatae eee 68 Lumber Statistics of Forest Service... 208 Lundy, Mrs. J. P., Resolutions on the DeatheOtas tea ee eee 352 Lure of the City, The, By Edward Evy- eretti abl alleys mace c= sere niet 165 Miadisone ropectau heya aetna 373 Maines Ones EiGeSainieetse erases eee 444 Maines MONEStSE hit eae aerate 396 - Manti Forest Reserve, By A. W. Jen- is 1 Annee ai ey racic MRI” amie 5) 291 Maryland, Forestry Board For........ 161 State. Porester: Monies 4eione cee 287 Maryland Forests, Reconnoissance of.. 471 Massachusetts Forester, A New...... 442 Massachusetts Society, Report of..... 4 McLane, His Excellency John (biog- TA phys eee ee eee ae 213 Miecting: at Charlotte, N.MC..o 70 se 111 Wi@inigaral. Iuka IbOSSeSb codogebessecdae 353 Oreste Mine Says Hrais.W are cle arene 538 HOEESHSI™ ere eens SND ae 536 Planting Sh xperimient. ws. c.cseue 395 Mineral Land Laws, The Perversion of tet ByerAn Oooh aware 448 Miners) Ask Protecttoni.. saqess- see 49 Mining Industry and the Forests, The, Byslewis) 2 AbUny cand: eee 404 Minnesota National Forest Reserve, By Reviein. by serabner-omibh nc 78 Minnesota Reserve, Endorsement of.. 73 Minnesota, The Future Forests of.... 410 vi FORESTRY AND [IRRIGATION Page MiSSISSt ON ae ln peter pers tics mh me lieeest tees Ei 492 Nomina, (Coens isc a eben Spllload ae 541 Mutual Relations of the Forest Service and the Reclamation Service, By Cpa pBlanchandie een 42 National Board of, Trade, The........ 48 National Drainage Congress.......... 487 National Forests, All Industries Fur- fiasnene Eye yreey evar eee (Oe iN Gig ae INGA beets occ cdra aac ooo 110 Neighbors of Field, Wood, and Stream Greviewa irae see Rie disc. 3 eo 251 New Hampshire Meeting............. PMI New Jersey, Forest Reservation in.... 8 New Mexico and Texas, Reclamationin 58 Neve Se Chetaaycees cae eats Steeles 393 IN ewaw OnkwHOnesbiy al acme. Heresies 302 NonthisDakotaseln Northen se sae. . 537 Reclamiattonlie ys tetscisee cr nen ete 57 REeGlaimatt On wVViOulcetiae ieee eee 244 Nut Growing and Forestry, By Leslie Earl S Og ey eee sce et uNLha Syete? 100 Ohio’ Association, Meeting of: ....2.5. 3 Oregon, Reclamation Work in........ 305 Oraanization, Meetings... ..2:....0<2. 440 Backers pulitem Greve wa) bene isc pe. 390 Palo Verde; The Evergreen Tree of the Desert. By Francis EF. Lloyd. 568 Pamphlet Containing the Mining Laws of the Philippine Islands (re- view ) Parang and Cogonales in the Philip- pines, By William M. Maule.... 311 Eayette boise Project a nae tree. 58 Pecos River Forest Reserve, By L. P. I Gari 0) Daan mene tae Rac tC RtMas 241 RenhiovlyatiiamVWVOnia soe sees eee rete 440) Permanent Sample Plots, By Alfred Pave) 11 Naa Ein a 7 oe ON 445 Phantom of the Poles, The (review).. 391 Philippine Bureau of Forestry, Reor- ganization of the, By W. I. lab otitelovin obains beole vol ete ate aes eral o Saba 89 Philippine Foresters, Meeting of...... 409 Philippine Journal of Science (re- VIEWS) Jenne eee em ee 3011. 4 36 Planting in Prairie Regions........... 56 Poles; alinouble: Withee ee ae 537 Post’s Paper: Mill Directory for 1905 LODO Creview:) "pve ee heres. 206 Practical Lumbering at Yale, Course in. 507 President’s Letter to Irrigation Con SUTESS ns Seta wee ty nek eT 399 Press Clubs Bled se sider 395 Primer Containing Questions and An- swers on the Public Land Laws in the Philippine Islands (re- VIEW io we, se Bee en ee wees 299 Proceedings of Iowa Park and Forestry Association, Fifth Annual Meet- IM GUAVION tose noo docu e000 345 Proceedings, Society of American For- esters, Vol. I, Nos. 1 and 2 (re- WACIW,) ic Gree once ares eae ee 154 Pumping Projects, Progress on, By F. He. Newellsa.c2-* juntas eee Sol Pumping Water...... 201, 245, 279, 317, 388 Renner (Clopmiy Oasis, sean dbiaccosccaucns 162 Recent Publications. .103, 154, 206, 250, 299 345, 390, 436, 484, 583 Reclaimed Lands, Settlement of...... 440 Reclamation: tid. «Which e eee 58, 556 hreatened 3:2 3. eae eee eae 112 Reclamation Service Birthday......... 349 Reclamation Service, The United States (Progress of National Irrigation During the Bast Monthy) nee ee 145, 194, 238, 276, 327, 376, 424, 473 518, 573 Reclamation Vion COStao ieee eis 248 Fixing -Controlwotuweer ernie 110 Progress of, By F. H. Newell..... 498 River Improvement. 00-5-. saeco 58 Stats: Of Vc SStoaceteeeen ie eee 439 Recreation) andethies Hones tern: eee 461 Red Kir “Testing 4h wane eee ee 59 Reserve Bill, Senate Passes the....... 255 Reserve Timber, Remarkable Sale of.. 298 Runodes island” Horesten sas aes 256 Rhode Island, Forest Interests of, By Ji Bo Mowry...) ares eee 126 Rion Grandes Project. lhc ere ere 513 Roth’s'©pinion,) Proin) 2s 536 Rubber Culture in the Philippine Islands, By W. I. Hutchinson..... 230 Sta Mary's “Project: ¢).nceer Stee 9 Sales, Circular’ Greview) eee ee 299 Salt River Ganals, ‘lo Bitye 9 eee 113 Seeds, Storage “Tests Of. eee eee 55 Shoshone Project, Progress of, By H. N,.. Savage. |... SGA See wee Work® on ese eso eee eee 5 Shoshone Reservation, Irrigation in... 354 pilas:otrone | (review). nee oil Society of American Foresters, Meet- INS SyiO Lite eganescs Ties ee ee 577 CONTETS OF VOLUME XII Page South, Awakening Interest in......... 55 Southern “Horestnys< seas secant wer ate n 5 State Engineer and His Relation to Ir- rigation, The (review).......... State Forest Fire Laws, Suggestions One yee enles Oheyneyarice cna. 93 Steenerson, Hon. Halvor (biography). 114 Stream ollitioneen se senna ee 538 Sub-Surface Drainage of Land by Tile GEEVICW EES SA eine seca ahs 484 Sugar Pine and Western Yellow Pine (ESVIS WA) era eer ahs ete 436 Telephones and the Forest Reserves, By -~ Bristow Adams «fee: sade a = 463 Texas, Reclamation in New Mexico Timber Stumpage Business of the Na- tionally Govertimentaee sees las himber Lestingias meme. aarens a2 2. 56 Topographic Development of the Kla- math Mountains (review)...... 345 Turpentine Industry, A New Saving SHOW d TCR ereia SIGNER Geo nica Re tae 99 Turpentining)~ Reform) ttle 4 acs sce ss. = 56 Umatilla Project, Progress on........ 56 Winches Sani Clonee Gamera ae 360 Uncompahgre Valley Project, By Mor- GISRESTEM eee a, Pe ee ee ots 512 Underground Waters of Great Plains.. 60 Utilization of Tupelo (review)........ 484 Werniont oP OTestss)}.). ..ei was eee eee 489 Washington Fire’ Service) 5) a5... 350 Washington Irrigation Notes......394, 540 Vil Page Washington State Notes.............. 237, Water Powers of the Southern States, Byulsleninvap Acme tT eSS eye atc once. 32 Water, The Duty of; By Alex. Mc- BNETGSO Meee tee ro oe eco, ha ete 417 West and Forest Reserves, The....... 394 Western Pine-Destroying Beetle, The (GHEIAIEN NSRP ten ltteer nate CD Oe 391 West Virginia Favors Reserves...... 289 White Mountain Forest Reserve, Let- ters Urging the Establishment of IANS ee Mire cea eR eae Ci oO eee 90 Wholesale Lumber Dealers Meet...... 109 Woven, (Ohi Waiteteye WObdacraosocamcse 489 Wood, Strength and Stiffness of...... 531 Wooden Fence Posts, Huge Consump- . iO Oilbesocrecce Me ae Seo oR A aee 98 Woodlot Thinning, By E. E..Bogue.... 385 Wood-Testing Laboratory, For a Na- tlOmalbe der ere eee ae 510 Working Plan for Forest Lands in Central Alabama (review)...... 251 Write to Your Congressman.......;.. 109 Yale Forest School, Summer Session of the; By Charles S. Judds:...- 122 Spring Field Work of the Senior @lass ot the, By.) Herman’ EE @hapimanhyecce ate eee 290 Yale Student for South Africa....:... 2 Yearbook, U. S. Department of Agri- etlture, 1905 (review ie 2.0 299 Yuma Reclamation Project, The...... 143 /] Forestry and Irmgation H. M. SUTER, Editor Bg A ST SCA Rotana CUS wn OA ce CONTENTS FOR JANUARY, 1906 CONGRESSIONAL INSPECTION PARTY AT THE MOUTH OF THE GUNNISON TUNNEL, COLORADO - Frontispiece NEWS AND NOTES: The Annual Meeting : 3 Work on Shoshone Project - Canadian Forestry Meeting 3 To Plant Canary Pine - - - Meeting of Ohio Association Resignation of Mr. Anderson Report of Massachusetts Forest Reservation in New Society - - Ss JENSCY => = os 4 Os Fe Forest Degisiation aoe St. Mary’s Project - - - catede =) = == - - 3 Canal Tree Planting - - - - Southern Forestry = - Statistics of Forest Products - MEETING OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION (Illustrated) - - ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION § - REPORT OF THE TREASURER, aL DION FORESTRY ASSOCIATION” - A FOREST RESERV ATION POLICY FOR. THE EAST. By Frank West Rollins - - AN ECONOMIC FACTOR IN "FOREST RESERVATION. By Caryl D. Haskins - FORESTRY EDUCATION AND EXPERIMENTATION IN “THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STA- TIONS. By Samuel B. Green - WATER POWER OF THE SOUTHERN STATES. (Iustrated. By Henry A. Pressey - SUGGESTIONS FOR FOREST POLICY. By Loi P. Davis EDUCATION IN FORESTRY IN THE PUBLIC SCHOO): AND COLLEGES. By Dr. George T. Winston - MUTUAL RELATIONS OF THE FOREST SERVICE “AND THE RECLAMATION SERVICE. By C. J. Blanchard - ALABAMA’S INTEREST IN FORESTRY... By Leslie L. Gilbert INFLUENCE OF THE WORK OF THE RECLAMATION SER- VICE ON THE FORESTRY MOVEMENT. 2y Morris Bien THE NATIONAL BOARD OF TRADE - LETTERS URGING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE WHITE MOUNTAIN FOREST RESERVE - - - co CO Ton or FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the American Forestry Association. Subscription price $1.00 a year; single copies 10 cents. Copyright, 1906, by Forestry and Irrigation Publishing Co. Entered at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., as second-class mail matter. Published Monthly at WASHINGTON, D. C. JSO ws tn Congressional inspection party at the mouth ot the Gunnison Tunnel, Colorado, now 7,000 feet within the mountain. One of the most interesting engineering - projects the Reclamation Service is engaged upon. JANUARY, 1906. Forestry and Irrigation. No. Vou... XIE. : TEER nel The meeting of the Amer- Meeting ican Forestry Associa- tion, held ‘in Washing- ton, D. C., January 16 and 17, was one of the most important yet held. The reports by the Board of Directors and the Treasurer showed a_ splendid growth of the Association during the past year, and much business of im- portance was transacted at the three sessions. This number of Forestry AND IRRIGATION contains the complete proceedings of the meeting, including reports of the Directors, Treasurer, re- vised by-laws, papers read, and reso- lutions passed. Canadian Mr. Gifford Pinchot, Eee Forester, U. S. Forest eeting Service, returned to Washington in time for the annual meeting of the American Forestry Association, after a trip to Canada. where he attended the.-meeting of the Canadian Forestry Convention at Ot- tawa on the toth, t1th, and 12th. . Mr. Pinchot addressed the convention on the 1oth,his subject being “The United States Forest Service.” Previous to this, on January 8, Mr. Pinchot was the principal speaker at a luncheon given by the Canadian Club of Toron- to, when he spoke on “American For- estry.” The Canadian Forestry Association, under whose auspices the convention was held, is greatly interested in American forestry. A very large num- ber are members of the American For- estry Association, and have attended many of its meetings and contributed valuable information in addresses and papers. Mr. Pinchot was warmly re- ceived, both at the convention and at NOTES Toronto. The convention was the greatest and most representative gath- ering of its nature that has ever been held in the Dominion, in many respects equalling the very remarkable Ameri- can Forest Congress held under the auspices of the American Forestry As- sociation last year. Meeting of The Ohio State Forestry Ohio |. Association held a very Association ; successful meeting in Columbus on January 9 and 10. The State Horticultural Societies, State Farmers’ Institute, and Board of Agri- culture met in Columbus at the same time, and the Ohio Forestry Associa- tion convention was attended bya large number of the members of each of these organizations and a good attend- ance of its members. The program of the meeting was as follows: First ses- sion, Tuesday evening, January 9, at Townsend Hall, Ohio State Univer- sity: Address by the president, Prof. William R. Lazenby; paper, “The Trees We Might Have and Do Not,” by L. B. Pierce; paper, “How to Get Farmers Interested in Forestry,’ by H. C. Rogers; paper, “Practical For- estry From Actual Experience,” by William Hanna; paper, “Some Rea- sons for Saving, Improving, and Re- planting Forests in Ohio,” by Prof. William R. Lazenby. Second session, Wednesday evening, at Board of Trade Auditorium: Forestry address- es by W. W. Farnsworth, president of the State Horticultural Society, and Dr. W. O. Thompson, president Ohio State University ; address,““What Mor- row County is Doing. Along Forestry Lines,” by Horatio Markley, secretary Morrow County Forestry Association ; + FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Jannary paper, “Windbreaks,” by Prof. W. J.. Green, horticulturist Ohio Experiment Station. The session on Thursday morning was devoted to association business. After each of the addresses and papers at all sessions discussion was invited and some interesting facts were elicited. In addition to the interesting ses- sions of the association, the Ohio State University had on exhibition sections of some of the more important forest trees of Ohio, and the Morrow County Forestry Association exhibited some trees and sections of trees of locust and catalpa, showing annual increment and height growth. In connection with the meeting of the Ohio Forestry Associ- ation, at the meetings of the various other societies in session at the same time many other addresses on forestry were given. The meeting was an undoubted suc- cess and much interest was manifested in forestry. The Ohio association is still a young one, but it is rapidly in- creasing in membership and influence. and has before it an interesting and broad field of activity. Report of The report of the secre- eee Saee tary of the Massachu- setts Forestry Associa- tion, Mr. Edwin A. Start, read at the annual meeting of the association, held in Boston December 14, and published in the December number of Woodland and Roadside, is interesting, and grat- ifying, inasmuch as it shows a healthy and growing interest in forestry in New England. The Massachusetts Forestry Association has now 735 members, being, in point of size, the largest of the state forestry organiza- tions, with the exception of the Penn- sylvania Forestry Association, which is double the age of the Massachusetts society. Mr. Start, in the first portion of his report, details the work accomplished by the association during the past year, and makes recommendations looking to the broadening of the work of the organization. The second part of the report 1s an interesting review of Mas- sachusetts forestry during the past year. Mr. Start concludes his report as follows: “Today it is not necessary, as it has been, to apologize when we wish to talk forestry in Massachusetts. Rather must we be ready with the facts that are sure to be called for by eager questioners. Nothing can be more encouraging for the future than this, and while it proves what has been done, it points the way to new and larger things.” In the light of the recent co-opera- tive work of the American Forestry Association and the Massachusetts Forestry Association looking to the creation of forest reserves in the White Mountains of New Hampshire and the Southern Appalachian Moun- tains, this report is unusually gratify- ing. Forest — At the Rivers and Har- Pe Seay bors Congress, held at dvocated ; the New Willard Hotel, in Washington, at the same time as the meeting of the American Forestry As- sociation, the following resolution was unanimously adopted: “Whereas, the National Rivers and Harbors Congress, while advocating liberal expenditures for improving the harbors and waterways of our great country, remembers that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure, and that the greatest natural factor in conserving what God has given us is the legitimate preservation of our for- ests; “Resolved, That it advocates appro- priate forestry legislation by the Na- tional Congress and adequate govern- ment expenditure in furtherance of protection of our rivers—great factors in building up our manufactures, in protecting the interests of agriculture. and in silently and cheaply conveying to its ultimate market the enormous products of the mine, the soil, and the factory, with which our country is blessed.” ; The question of the effect of silt washed down from the forest-denuded headwaters of streams, upon the clog- ging-up of the rivers and harbors of 4 a 906 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 5 the United States, is one which, al- though appreciated for some time past, has not been given the prominence which its importance warrants. An agent of the Forest Service started on a trip January 20 for the pur- pose of superintending the examina- tion of forest tracts aggregating over a million acres in the southeastern states. He goes in response to appli- cations received from owners who de- sire to introduce conservative manage- ment on their forest lands. Of these lands, 702,000 acres are in Florida. 252,000 in Missouri, 38,000 in Louisi- ana, 23,500 in Mississippi, and 7,000 in Texas. In addition to these preliminary ex- aminations, work will be begun to bring under conservative management a forest of 70,000 acres in Arkansas. Since the Forest Service has previous- ly prepared a working plan for a tract of 100,000 acres at Pine Bluff, Ark., and other co-operative plans have been requested in the same state for 20,000 acres more, the total acreage in the southeast for which advice has been sought from the Forest Service now amounts to about a million and a quar- fer.acres. Southern Forestry Mette on With the exception of osnone 1 1 r > Brbject the engineering work necessary in connection with the construction of the Shoshone dam and Corbett tunnel in northern Wyoming, no field work was done in December on the Shoshone project. Cross sections of the canyon have’ been extended to develop accurately the topography for construction pur- poses. The final adjustment of the outlet tunnel alignment has been made and the topography up stream worked out. At the Corbett tunnel, levels have been run and the entire tunnel line measured and checked for the purpose of determining grades. The lines and grades of the sluicing tunnel have been established and marked on the ground. The site of the lower portal of the main tunnel and that of the upper por- tal of the sluicing tunnel were cross- sectioned and about two-thirds of the angles necessary for the alignment of the tunnel accurately measured. During the past month the weather in the canyon was cold and windy, which retarded the work somewhat. The contractors’ camp, with accommo- dations for about 100 men and 20 horses, is completed, and work on the outlet tunnel is in progress. The rock appears to be exceptionally hard to drill and breaks out with difficulty, re- quiring the use of 60 per cent dyna- mite. A large boiler has been installed at the upper end of the tunnel, and the boiler-capacity at the lower end will be immediately doubled, thus materially increasing the rate of progress. Two daily shifts of ten hours each have been occupied on the outlet tunnel and the contractor has been notified that he must proceed to employ three daily shifts of eight hours each. Four thous- and cubic yards of the excavation for temporary flumeand dam were finished during the month, and about 2,400 linear feet of cottonwood logs were de- livered for use in temporary construc- tion; about, 85 men and 32 horses are employed at this point. During the present month it is expected that the cableway will be in operation at the dam site. The Forest Service has recently placed an order with a firm in the Canary Islands for ten pounds of the seed of Canary pine, Pinus canariensis. ‘This seed will be used in experimental planting in the forest nurseries in southern California, where hardy, rap- id-growing conifers are needed for planting on the semi-arid mountains. This pine is said to endure long peri- ods of drought and to grow well on the mountains as high as the snow line. The wood resembles our common pitch or Georgia pines, and apparently is very strong and durable. Two tons of this seed were exported to Europe last year, where large plantations of this tree are being made. To Plant Canary Pine 6 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION January Tempe, Arizona, showing how irrigation transforms the desert. A western town in an irrigated region. Cody, Wyoming. Developed by Buffalo Bill (Col. Wm. F. Cody.) 1906 Resignation ‘The resignation of Mr. of Mr. Ai Al Anderson as su- Anderson perintendent of the Yel- lowstone Forest Reserve, which takes effect March 1, is fully explained in his letter to Mr. Gifford Pinchot, chief of the Forest Service, and the latter’s re- ply. Mr. Anderson filled a difficult po- sition in a very satisfactory manner. and it is with regret that we note his withdrawal from active service in for- estry. The letters are as follows: 80 West 4oth Street, New York City, Dec. 28, 1905. wNEy-dear Mr. Pinchot: . On my return from Wyoming last ~autumn, I asked for a furlough until the coming spring. I now fear that it will be impossi- ble for me to resume my accustomed field work at that time. Some four _years ago, at your request, I took up forestry work, and since then have _ given almost my entire time to my du- ties as forestry. officer. This has neces- sitated the neglect of my private inter- ests, my art, etc., and as the field work required my. presence upon the reserve during five or six months of each year. I have during those periods necessarily been separated from my family. As my wife’s health is in such a condition as to require treatment abroad, I do not consider the present condition of the Yellowstone Forest Reserve neces- sitates a further sacrifice of. this na- CUTE: The reserve has been extended, its boundaries definitely settled, its patrol service fully organized, and the crea- tion of a game preserve south of the park insures protection to the large game of that region. But what is of far more importance—the transfer. of the Forestry Bureau to the Agricultu- ral Department—has been effected (to which end, as you know, I strenuously labored), thereby placing all forestry matters in your able hands. Owing to the fact of the recent mar- riage of our only child, I find it quite imperative that I should accompany my wife to Europe the coming sum- mer, as my daughter, having taken up FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 7 her residence in California, will be unable to go abroad with her mother. In view of these facts, and with sin- cere regret at being obliged to discon- tinue the congenial work in connection with yourself by severing my relations with the forestry department, and feel- ing that I should give you timely no- tice of my intentions, I hereby place my resignation in your hands, to be acted upon at your convenience. Yours very truly, (Signed) A. A. ANDERSON. Hon. GriFForp PiNcHo?, Forester, Washington, D. C. To this letter Mr. Pinchot made the following reply: Washington, January 2, 1900. Mr. A. A. ANDERSON, 80 West 4oth St., New York, N.Y. My dear Mr. Anderson: On my return to Washington I find vour letter of December 28, in which you tender your resignation. . During the four years of your work in forestry you have, as you justly observe, given up almost your entire time to that work, and you add that Mrs. Ander- son's health, and your daughter’s mar- riage, will make it necessary for you to go abroad for the coming summer. First of all, I. want to express my great appreciation of the personal sac- rifice you have made in order to do your forest work, and of the service you have rendered to the Yellowstone Forest Reserve, and hence to the peo- ple of Wyoming who live in its neigh- borhood. ‘Two years ago I had occa- sion personally to investigate the com- plaints made against your administra- tion of the reserve, and to learn some- thing from my own observation both of the puerile and often unconfessed reasons which lay behind so many of the complaints, and of the high char- acter of the force of supervisors and rangers which you had organized. The whole reserve is in immensely better condition than it was when you took hold of it, and it gives me great pleas- ure to testify to that fact. Since you were furloughed, at your own request, on returning from the 8 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION field at the end of last summer's work. and since you do not propose to re- enter active service, it does not matter when your resignation takes effect. Some date, however, must be fixed for the sake of the record, and I shall ac- cordingly recommend to the Secretary of Agriculture the acceptance of your resignation to take effect upon the Ist of March. With high appreciation of the good hard work you have done (hard work Shoshone Dam Site. Reclamation Service. which has been to you a source of ex- pense, not of revenue), and with all good wishes for the future, believe me, Very sincerely yours, (Signed) Girrorp PINCHOT, Forester. Forest Reservation in New Jerse y The New Jersey State Board of Forest Park Reservation Commission- considering a proposition for the crs is January purchase of 25,000 acres of land in Atlantic county and the establishing thereon, and occupying the whole tract, of a forest reservation according to the ideas of Governor Stokes as embraced in the law passed last winter creating the board and providing for such reservations. The proposition is modified some- what by the present owners, who will present to the board an opportunity of purchasing the tract at a very reason- Highest dam in the world; to be built at this point by U. S. Dimensions: 310 feet high, 85 feet long at bottom, 200 feet at top. able figure. It is made up of good for- est land and also contains fine water power. ‘Two offers have been made to the board, one to purchase the lands in their entirety, the other to acquire it minus the water power. ‘The price would be made less under the latter proposition. According to the report of the state geologist upon the water supply, this water power could be made to develop 500 horse power. 1906 There are several reasons, the board considers, why it would be best for the state to purchase the tract including the water power. If the tract is acquired by the state, the board would follow the directions of the law and “Put in operation the best method to reforest cut-over and denuded lands, to forest waste and other lands, to prevent injury of for- ests by fire, the administering of and care of forests on forestry principles, the encouraging of private owners in preserving and growing timber * * * and the general conservation of forest tracts. To acquire the 25,000 acres and es- tablish the reservation will require a much larger sum than the $14,000 al- ready appropriated for the use of the board, and it is believed the board therefore will ask the legislature this winter for a special appropriation to meet the situation. It is understood that the sum asked will approximate $125,000. The forestry commissioners have ac- cepted the deed of 104 acres of land in Atlantic county which were presented to the board by Dr. John Gifford, of Princeton, formerly a professor in the New York State College of Forestry at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.., and Mrs. Gifford. This tract is near Mays Landing along the Great Egg Harbor River. The commissioners have also con- summated the purchase of 268 acres adjoining the Gifford tract from the Mays Landing Water Power Com- pany. Another tract purchased is one of 597 acres in Burlington county. This was bought from Charles W. Matthews, of Tuckerton. ‘The com- missioners are duly in possession of these tracts, and the forestry work will be commenced at once. The Secretary of the In- feniomeon. Jantiary 17, granted authority to the Reclamation Service to draw specifi- cations and advertise for bids for the St. Mary’s Project FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 9 construction of the canal from St. Mary River to the North Fork of Milk River, the estimated cost of which is $900,000. Owing to international features in- volved, the importance of the interests of the United States, and the necessity of preserving its status in relation to these waters, it is deemed essential that the work should be pursued with diligence, to offset the claims which Canada may in future advance. A municipal corporation of Chicago, owning over six thousand acres of land along the canal from Chicago to Joliet, Ill., has applied to the Forest Service for advice as to planting about four thousand acres of this tract to forest trees, with a view to securing revenue from property which is at present unproductive. An agent of the service will visit the tract as early as possible to study planting possibilities. Canal Tree Planting Statistics Extremely valuable re- of Forest sults are expected from Products the gathering of statis- tics of forest products which the For- est Service has now under full swing. The design is to secure accurate fig- ures covering the past year, and to publish these in a statement which will be the first of an annual series. The question cards to be filled in by wood manufacturers throughout the country are now being distributed at the rate of about a thousand a day. The total number of these cards will exceed 25,- 000. The lumber trade journals and the journals of wood products have expressed hearty appreciation of this work, and a number of manufacturers’ associations have tendered their efforts in co-operation with the Forest Ser- vice. A great deal of interest attaches to the difficult task, and the definite need of which has long been felt for precise published information on for- est products at more frequent intervals than census years promises in large measure to be satisfied in this way. ject The Roosevelt Road, leading from Phoenix, Mesa and Tempe, Arizona, to the Roosevelt Dam (Salt River Pro- This road is 62 miles in length, over 40 of which extend through the Canyon ofthe Salt River. The road was built by the U.S. Reclamation Service and the three towns mentioned contributed $75,000 of its cost. A remarkable feature of its construction was the fact that the day labor was performed by Apache Indians, remnants of the mighty Geronimo’s former band; a tremendous step in civilization this marks in turning these Indians from terrorizing the country to actually assisting in its development. MER TING. Or BORE SEY THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION Held at Washington, D. C., January 16 and 17. Much Important Wy SLs not approaching in mag- nitude the Forest Congress of last January, the meeting of the Amer- ican Forestry Association held at Washington on January 16 and 17 was a notable one in every respect. The attendance was large for a business meeting and of the most active mem- bers of the Association—those who plan and carry forward the forest work this Association stands for. That there is a rapidly increasing interest in forestry was amply demonstrated by the large number of public men who either appeared at the meeting or for- warded messages expressing their ap- precitation and support of forestry. The opening meeting, on Tuesday, January 16, was called to order by President Wilson at 10:30, in the sit- ting room of the New Willard Hotel. Secretary Wilson’s address, as presi- dent of the American Forestry Associ- ation, was an especially happy one. He traced the growth and broadening of the forest movement from its be- ginning and was emphatic in his pre- diction of the early recognition by all citizens of the importance of the forest movement, and its extension and adop- tion in all sections. Following the president’s address, Mr. H. M. Suter, secretary of the Association, read the annual report of the Board of Direc- tors (printed in full elsewhere in this number). This report, together with that of the treasurer, following shortly after, showed that the Association: 1s in excellent condition financially ; and, in accepting the two reports, several members took occasion to express their eratification not only of the thriving condition of the organization, but of the amount of work carried forward during the fiscal year of 1905. Business Transacted. The chair then appointed the fol- lowing committees: Committee on Resolutions — Mr. Pinchot (chairman), Mr. Harvey, and Mr. Ayres. Committee on Audit—Captain J. B. Adams (chairman), and Mr. George P. Whittlesey. Committee on Revision of By-laws ==Mr- Halk (chairman) Mir. Cutler, Mr. Start, Mr. Harvey, and Mr. Her- bert Smith. Committee on Nominations — Mr. Hall (chairman) and Colonel Fox. Committee on Affiliation—Mr. Cut- ler (chairman), Mr. Gaskill, Mr. Start, Mr. Lippincott, and Mr. A. G. Forbes. Committee on Forest Reserve Bill— Mr. Woodruff (chairman), Mr. Cut- ler, Mr. Harvey, Mr. Ayres, and Mr. Elliott. Dr. Edward Everett Hale, chaplain of the Senate, was then called upon for a short address, and responded in ex- cellent spirit, particularly urging upon all public-spirited citizens considera- tion of the proposed White Mountain and Appalachian Forest Reserves, and earnestly advocating their creation by the passage of the various measures now before Congress. Mr. Bainbridge, chairman of the committee of the New York Manufac- turers’ Association for the revision of the second-class postal laws, was in- troduced to the meeting by Mr. W. S. Harvey,whom Secretary Wilson called to the chair when forced to attend a Cabinet meeting. Mr. Bainbridge ex- plained the abuse of the second-class rate by publishers, and expressed the conviction that a curtailing of this privilege would save a vast amount of pulp paper, and thus in a measure lessen the demand for pulpwood. 12 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION The chair then called on Mr. 8. B. Elliott, of the Pennsylvania Reserva- tion Commission, for an address. Mr. Elliott explained in an_ interesting manner the progress Pennsylvania has made in protecting and extending her forests, and urged the extension of the forest reserve idea. Mr. Robert C. Lippincott, of Philadelphia, formerly January forcibly, that the movement would have their strong support. He cited clearly the situation in Pennsylvania, and gave the reasons why the general lumber trade has delayed in accepting forestry. Now that the practical busi- ness value of forestry to the lumber- man is known, the more progressive and far-seeing members of the trade HON. JAMES WILSON Secretary ot Agriculture, recently elected for the ninth successive time President of the American Forestry Association. president of the National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association,then spoke on the interest of the lumber trade in forestry. He denied that the progres- sive lumbermen of today were antag- onistic to forestry, and stated his con- viction that if the practical value of scientific treatment of timberlands could be brought to their attention have accepted the offer of advice made by the Forest Service, and are practic- ing forestry on their lands. Mr. Edwin A. Start, secretary of the Massachusetts Forestry Association, then spoke, particularly on the forest situation in New England. Mr. Geo. K. Smith, secretary of the National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association, 1906 was then called upon. He dwelt par- ticularly on the importance of the ef- fort which the Forest Service is now making in connection with the associ- ation which he represents to collect all available statistics relating to timber supply and consumption. Senator J. H. Stout, of Wisconsin, then made a brief address to the meeting, express- ing his interest and appreciation of forestry. The meeting then adjourned. The program for the afternoon ses- sion, which convened at 2:30 on the same day, included discussion of the forest and water problems of the United States. Authoritative address- es were given by Mr. Arthur P. Davis, assistant chief of the United States Reclamation Service; Mr. Morris Bien, consulting engineer of the United States Reclamation Service, and Mr. C. J. Blanchard, statistician, United States Reclamation Service. Mr. C. D. Haskins, a well-known engineer of the General Electric Company, was pre- vented by sickness from being present at the meeting, but his paper was read by request of the presiding officer, Mr. Pinchot, by Mr. James H. Cutler. The paper was an interesting non-technical discussion of the vital importance of protecting the water powers of the South by protecting the forests of that region. Mr. Henry A. Pressey, for- merly connected with the United States Geological Survey, and an au- thority. on the conditions in the South- ern Appalachian Mountains, next pre- sented a paper, with an interesting ex- position of the resources of that region and its vast stored potential power. This finished the set program for the afternoon, and the remainder of the session was devoted to impromptu ad- dresses. Mr. G. O. Shields, president of the League of American Sports- men, spoke on the relation that pro- tection of the forests has on the pro- tection of game; Mr. R. C. Lippincott was heard again in an interesting ad- dress, and Prof. Henry S. Graves, di- rector of the Yale Forest School, spoke briefly. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 18 In the evening, a reception was ten- dered in honor of the members and of- ficers of the Association by Mr. and Mrs. James W. Pinchot and Mr. Gif- ford Pinchot, at their home at 1615 Rhode Island avenue. Q Wednesday morning, the Associa- tion convened at 10:30, with Mr. Wm. S. Harvey presiding. Ex-Gov. F. W. Rollins, of New Hampshire, was un- able to be present at the meeting, and -his paper was read by Mr. Philip W. Ayres. The secretary then read a let- ter from Senator J. H. Gallinger, of New Hampshire, who was unfortu- nately prevented from being present. Senator Gallinger expressed his inter- est in the work the Association is ad- vancing in regard to the creation of national forest reserves in the White Mountains and the Southern Appa- lachian Mountains, and pledged his support to the movement. The secre- tary also read a paper prepared by Prof. Samuel B. Green, of the Univet- sity of Minnesota, on education in for- esthye.) Capts.-, P-.Walker, (UA S.A. (retired), then spoke briefly on the re- lation between destruction of the for- ests and the injury to the rivers and harbors of the United States. The chair then called on Judge Warren Higley, of New York. It was ‘in Judge Higley’s law office in Cincin- nati that the American Forestry Asso- ciation had its first inception, some thirty years ago, through the enthusi- astic work of a few public-spirited citizens. Judge Higley’s talk was largely reminiscent, and he dwelt at length on the change in sentiment to- ward forestry which has come about since the organization of the Associa- tion. Mr. George H. Moses, secretary of the New Hampshire Forestry Com- mission, then spoke briefly on New Hampshire forest conditions. In the absence of Dr. George T. Winston, president of the Agricultural and Me- chanical College of North Carolina, his address was read by Mr. James H. Cutler. The paper was in the form of a summary of reasons for the estab- 14 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION lishment of a forest reserve in the Southern Appalachian Reserve, and a plea for education in forestry in the schools and colleges. Mr. L. L. Gilbert, secretary of the Alabama Commercial and Industrial Association, at Montgomery, was next called upon. He responded in a brief address, defining the forest needs of the South, and particularly of Ala- bama. The chair then asked for the report of the committees. Mr. Cutler, chair- man of the Committee on Affiliation, reported that it had been found prac- ticable and necessary for his commit- tee to confer with the Committee on By-laws, since the plan of affiliation proposed involved many changes of the by-laws. The committee recom- mended the appointment by the Board of Directors of a committee of five, who were to consider the question of affiliation with local and state soci- eties in all its phases, and be ready to propose a plan at the next annual meeting of the Association. The re- port was unanimously adopted. The report of the Committee on Re- vision of By-laws was presented by Mire William 2 bial, as= chairman: The committee recommended nume- rous changes, which, after some dis- cussion, were adopted, with munor amendments. Mr. George P. Whittlesey, acting for Captain J. B. Adams, chairman of the Audit Committee, reported that that committee had carefully audited the accounts of the: treasurer, found the same correct, and recommended the adoption of his report. The report of the Committee on Forest Reserve Bills was presented by Mr. George B. Woodruff. Mr. Wood- ruff read a bill prepared by his com- mittee for introduction in Congress. This bill embodies all of the four indi- vidal measures which have been in- troduced by Messrs. Gallinger, Brown- low, Overman, and Currier. The re- port of this committee was unani- mously adopted. January The report of the Committee on Nominations -was made by Mr. Wil- liam L,. Hall, in place of the chairman, Professor Graves. The nominations were presented to the meeting, and all elected by ballot. The new officers are: President, Hon. James Wilson (re-elected) ; vice-presidents at large (under new by-laws), James W. Pin- chot, F. E. Weyerhaeuser, Dr. Edward Everett Hale, John L. Kaul, Dr. B. E. Fernow; treasurer, Otto’ Luebkert; Board of Directors (under new by- laws), Hon. James Wilson, Ex-Gover- nor N. J. Bachelder, Rutherford P- Hayes, George P. Whittlesey, Gifford Pinchot, F. H. Newell, George K. Smith, Allan Chamberlain, William S. Harvey, James H. Cutler, Prof. Henry S. Graves, Dr. Albert Shaw, William L. Hall, “Samuel Spencer; and Hix: Pressey. The Committee on Resolutions then made its report, Mr. Suter presenting the same in place of its chairman, Mr. Ayres. All of the resolutions recom- mended by the committee were unani- mously adopted by the meeting. There being no further business be- fore the Association, the meeting then adjourned sine die. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FOREST RESERVE BILL. The Committee on Forest Reserve Bills reported that it had considered the bills for creating the Appalachian and the White Mountain Forest Re- serves, now before Congress, as intro- duced by Senators Gallinger and Over- man, and Representatives Brownlow and Currier, respectively, and, with very slight modifications, amalgamated those bills into one entitled “A Bill for the Purchase of Two National Forest Reserves in the Appalachian Moun- tains and the White Mountains, to be Known as the Appalachian Forest Re- serve and the White Mountain Forest Reserve, respectively.” The committee offered to the Asso- ciation this amalgamated bill and rec- ommended that the congressmen who introduced the four individual bills 1906 join to influence the Senate and House committees before which the respec- tive individual bills are pending, in in- troducing the amalgamated bill before Congress. The bill is as follows: 59th Congress, Ist Session. A BIE For THE PurcHASE oF Two NaTION- At Forest RESERVES IN THE APPA- LACHIAN MountTAINS AND WHITE MountTAINS, TO BE KNOWN AS THE APPALACHIAN ForEstT RESERVE AND Waite Mountatn' Forest RE- SERVE, RESPECTIVELY. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Um- ted States of America in Congress as- sembled, That the Secretary of Agri- culture is hereby authorized and di- rected, in his discretion, to acquire by purchase or condemnation lands suited to national forest reserve purposes in the Appalachian Moun- tains within the States of Maryland, West. Virginia, Virginia, North Caro- lina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alaba- ma, and ‘Tennessee, and the White Mountains in the State of New Hamp- shire, to be known as the Appalachian Forest Reserve and the White Moun- tain Forest Reserve, respectively, and to care for, protect, use, and make ac- cessible the said reserves under the laws governing national forest re- serves. Sec. 2. That the Secretary of Agri- culture shall advertise in the several states named in this act for lands to be purchased under the provisions here- of: and as between lands of equal val- ue, for the purposes of this act, the lowest bids shall be accepted: Pro- vided, that the Secretary of Agricul- ture shall have the right to reject any or all bids: Provided further, that the Secretary of Agriculture is hereby authorized and empowered, in his dis- cretion, to contract for the purchase of lands, exclusive of the timber there- on of kinds and sizes to be specified in the contract, said timber to be cut FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 15 and removed in accordance with rules and regulations to be prescribed by him for that purpose; and Provided further, that the Secretary of Agricul- ture is hereby authorized and empow- ered, in his discretion, to contract for the purchase of lands, exclusive of the mineral rights therein; and on such lands mineral deposits may be mined under such rules and regulations as the Secretary of Agriculture may pre- scribe, and the rules and regulations, as provided in this section for cutting and removal of timber and mining of minerals, shall be embodied in the con- tract for purchase and conveyance of title. Sec. 3. That in the acquirement of lands for the purposes of this act the Secretary of Agriculture shall, in each of the several states named herein, conform to the conditions prescribed in the present or future act or acts of the legislature of each such state ced- ing to the United States the right to acquire and control such lands, and the Secretary of Agriculture is hereby authorized and empowered to exercise. as to such lands, all the rights and powers granted in said act or acts: Provided, that when the owners of lands sought to be acquired for the purposes of this act are unwilling to sell the same on terms satisfactory to the Secretary of Agriculture, condem- nation proceedings for the acquire- ment of such lands shall not be had so long as the said owners protect and perpetuate the forests on said lands, under such regulations as may be pre- scribed by the Secretary of Agricul- ture for the control of the forests on lands purchased by the government under this act, so far as the same may be applicable. Sec. 4. That the Secretary of Agri- culture is hereby authorized and em- powered to accept gifts of land for the purposes of this act, and such lands shall thereafter be known by such names as the donors, with the appro- val of the Secretary of Agriculture, may prescribe. 16 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Sec. 5. That the Secretary of Agri- culture may do all things necessary to - secure the safe title in the United States to the lands herein provided to be purchased or otherwise acquired; but no payment shall be made for any land purchased or otherwise acquired under this act until the title to such land shall be satisfactory to the Attor- ney General and shall be vested in the United States and accepted, and when vested as aforesaid the land thus trans- ferred shall become and be adminis- tered as national forest reserve land. Sec. 6. That the Secretary of Agri- culture shall as far as practicable make provision for the reforesting of clear- ings on lands acquired under the pro- visions of this act whenever he shall consider such action necessary for the protection of the soil or the water sup- ply. Sec. 7. That the Secretary of Agri- culture is hereby authorized and em- powered to make contracts for the pur- chase of lands and accept conveyance thereof or otherwise acquire the same in accordance with the provisions of this act to the amount of not to exceed three million dollars, which sum shall be available immediately and until expended and is hereby appropri- ated to carry out the provisions of this act out of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated: Provided, that the Secretary of Agriculture shall each year make a detailed report to Congress of his doings in the premi- ses: And provided, that no part of said sum hereby appropriated shall be expended for the purchase of lands un- der the provisions of this act until a valid title to the same shall be vested in the United States, and until the state in which the land lies shall have ceded to the United States exclusive jurisdiction of the same, during the time the United States shall be or re- main the owner thereof, for all pur- poses except the administration of the criminal laws of said state and the service of any civil process therein. January REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON AFFILI- ATION. = The Committee on Affiliation, through its chairman, Mr. Cutler, re- ported that, on discussing this matter in committee, it was found that joint action with the Committee on By-laws was necessary, hence asked that the chairman of that committee be allowed to report for both committees, so far as immediate action was concerned. The committee further recommended that the Association sanction a selec- tion by the Board of Directors of a committee of five, with instructions to report at the next annual meeting of the Association what action in the line of closer affiliation they would then recommend. This, on motion, was adopted. THE AMERICAN Forestry ASSOCIA- TION BY-LAWS. (Revised January 17, 1906.) ARTICLE LI. Name. The name of this Association shall be “The American Forestry Associa- tion.” ARTICLE IT. Objects. The objects of this Association shall be the discussion of subjects relating to tree planting, the conservation, management, and renewal of forests, and the climatic and other influences that affect their welfare; the collection of forest statistics and the advance- ment of educational, legislative, or other measures tending to the promo- tion of these objects. _ It shall especial- ly endeavor to centralize the work done and diffuse the knowledge gained. Artic. IIT. Members. Section 1. Any person may become a member of this Association, as here- inafter provided. 1906 Sec. 2. Members shall be divided into five classes: Patrons, Life Mem- bers, Sustaining Members, Active Members, and Honorary Members. Sec. 3. Any person contributing at one time the sum of one thousand dol- lars ($1,000) to the permanent fund of the Association shall be a Patron. Any person may become a Life Mem- ber by the payment of one hundred dollars ($100) at one time. Patrons and Life Members shall not be liable for annual dues. Sustaining Members shall be those who pay annual dues of twenty-five dollars ($25). Any for- estry association or other organization approved by the Board of Directors may become a Sustaining Member. Active Members are those who pay annual dues of two dollars ($2). Hon- orary Members shall be the officers of state, territorial, provincial, or other forestry associations, or the delegates from such associations, or the dele- gates of any government. Sec. 4. Applications for membership shall be referred to and voted upon by the Board of Directors at any reg- ular or called meeting therefor. Sec. 5. All members except Honor- ary Members shall be members of this corporation and shall be entitled to vote and hold office in said corpora- tion. ARTICLE IV. Officers. Section 1. The officers of this Asso- ciation shall be a Board of Directors, a President, five Vice-Presidents at large, a Vice-President from each affil- iated organization, as hereinafter pro- vided; a Treasurer, a Secretary, and an Assistant Secretary. Sec. 2. The Board of Directors, President, Vice-Presidents at large, and Treasurer shall be elected by bal- lot at the annual meeting of this Asso- ciation, and shall serve one year, or until their successors are elected. The Secretary and Assistant Secretary shall be elected by the Board of Di- rectors at the first meeting following the annual meeting of the Association. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION if ‘Sec. 3. Any forestry or other or- ganization which may become a Sus- taining Member shall be entitled to delegate as advisors of this Associa- tion three of its members, one of whom shall be elected by the Board of Direc- tors a Vice-President of the Associa- tion. The advisors so elected from the various organizations shall constitute the Advisory Board of this Associa- tion. ARTICLE V. The Board of. Directors. The Board of Directors shall consist of fifteen (15) members, of whom eight (8) shall constitute a quorum. It shall elect its own Chairman and have the power to fill any vacancy occurring in its own membership or in the offi- cers of its Association, the appointee to serve until the next annual meeting of the Association. The Board of Di- rectors shall have the control and man- agement of the affairs, funds, and property of the Association. It shall take, receive, hold, and convey such real and personal estate as may be- come the property of the Association for the purposes of the Association set forth in the certificate of incorpora- tion and in Article II above. The Board shall meet one hour before the annual meeting of the Association, and at such other times as it may be called together by its Chairman. The Board of Directors shall designate five (5) of its members to act as an Executive Committee of the Association, to whith Committee the Board shall, from time to time, entrust such duties as it may deem best in the interests of the Asso- ciation. ARTICLE VI. The President. The President shall preside at all meetings of the Association. ARTICLE VII. Vice-Presidents. In the absence of the President, a Vice-President shall preside at the meetings of the Association ; and in the 18 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION absence of all of them, a President pro tem. shall be elected by the meeting. ArricLe VIII. The Secretary. The Secretary shall keep a record of the proceedings of the Association and of the Board of Directors, shall have the custody of the corporate seal of the Association and of all documents, books, and collections ordered to be preserved; shall conduct the corre- spondence of the Association, and keep a list of members with their addresses, notify members of the time and place of all meetings, and shall perform such other duties as may be assigned him by the Board of Directors. AR TICES ge The Treasurer. The Treasurer shall have the cus- tody of all moneys received. He shall deposit and invest the same in such manner and to such extent as the 30ard of Directors shall direct, and shall not expend any money except under the direction or approval of the Board of Directors. The financial year of the Association shall close on De- cember 31 of each year. ARTICLE OC Meetings. Section 1. The annual meeting for the election of officers and the transac- tion of such business as requires to come before the entire Association shall be held on the second Wednesday in January, at such hour and place as the Board of Directors may determine. Sec. 2. A quorum shall consist of thirty (30) members of the Associa- tion (Patrons, Life Members, or Ac- tive Members), as specified in Section 5 of Article MI. pec: 2: ‘Special smecunesmmay ape called by the Board of Directors. The Secretary shall give to all members at least seven days’ notice of all meetings. ARTICLE XI. Dues. The annual dues for Active Mem- bers shall be two dollars ($2), pay- January able in advance on the first day of Jan- uary. The Board of Directors shall have the power to remit the annual dues of any member. ARTICLE XII. Amendments. These By-laws may be amended by a three-fourths vote of the members present and entitled to vote at the an- nual meeting of the Association. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS. The following resolutions were then unanimously adopted: Resolved, That the need of. estab- lishing national forest reserves in the Southern Appalachian and White Mountain regions grows more urgent day by day. We therefore urge the prompt passage through Congress of a bill which shall create these reserves, and thereby not only preserve the nat- ural resources of two exceedingly 1m- portant regions, but at the same time contribute largely to the stability of the national prosperity. Resolved, That the American For- estry Association again recommends an increase of opportunities for gen- eral forest education in schools and colleges, and for professional training in post-graduate schools ; and we earn- estly request Congress to take favor- able action at its present session upon the bill now pending which appropri- ates funds for the promotion of forest education and forest experiment work in the agricultural colleges and experi- ment stations of the United States. Resolved, That we urge upon Con- eress the repeal of the timber and stone act, so long a source of fraud and loss to the government ; the imme- diate withdrawal from entry of all public timber land, and the sale of the timber thereon at its market value un- der proper regulations. Resolved, That this Association again protests against the attempt to reduce the area of the Minnesota Na- tional Forest Reserve, and against any 1906 step that would render more difficult the perpetuation of the forests upon it. Resolved, That we concur emphati- cally in President Roosevelt’s desire for the preservation of Niagara Falls, and pledge him the support of the Association in his wise effort to that end, Resolved, That the American For- estry Association believes that the na- tion should own the Calaveras Grove of Big Trees, and earnestly recom- mends the prompt enactment of leg- islation by Congress for the purchase of these trees. IMPORTANCE OF WATER POWERS. The Charlotte Daily Observer, in its issue of January 14, printed an inter- esting table of figures, showing the cotton mills in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia which are op- erated by water power, and therefore directly dependent upon an equable flow of water from streams rising in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. This article was read at the Tuesday afternoon session, and it was voted to make it a part of the records. The fol- lowing table, being the aggregate fig- ures taken from the large table, shows in a striking manner how closely the protection of the forests in the Pied- mont Region, and the consequent con- servation of the streams, is related to the industrial welfare of the South and the nation as a whole: Capitalestocka Beegeat $33,647,500 Numbers spindless 15215 <2:077,031 Number loomsie:..2225- 50,926 Number employees, 2: 5. 45,085 Number horse power..... 90.495 Number bales per year, counting 11 hoursaday.. 640,895 The total value of the annual pro- duction of the mills enumerated is ap- proximately $64,060,776. In presenting the table, which is a most comprehensive and accurate one, the Charlotte Observer remarks: “This table is compiled to show what interests are involved in the mainte- nance of the regular flow of water in the various streams on which this pow- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 19 er is made. It shows the cotton con- sumed, the operatives, the number of spindles and the number of looms. The number of operatives should be mul- tiplied by at least three in order to show how many people are dependent upon this resource. It seems that it would be entirely fair to assume that the water power used for all other manufacturing, such as operating saw mills, planing mills, woolen mills, knit- ting mills, furniture factories, cotton seed oil mills, etc., etc., would make an additional amount equal to that em- ployed in the operation of the cotton mills, and would involve the interest of as many people in respect to em- ployment. “Therefore it is seen that the pres- ervation of the mountain forests, which is the main influence in regulating the flow of these streams from the moun- tains, is a matter of the most vital 1m- portance. It has been said that when the mountains of Lebanon were coy- ered with cedars and other forest trees. Palestine supported, in affluence, a population of ten million. After and since the denudation of the mountains of Lebanon, Palestine has scarcely supported five hundred thousand peo- ple, and these, in the main, in poverty. “Tn the table, North and South Car- olina and Georgia are considered. Vir- ginia has interests which are not in the enumeration. So also has Tennes- see and Kentucky, on the western side of the mountains, which would swell the grand totals given.” The publication of this striking ta- ble and the inferences which can be deduced from its figures should stimu- late a powerful interest in the South in the Appalachian Forest Reserve. The South has not yet awakened to the magnitude of the menace which affects its industries. Such matter as this is a powerful argument for the reserve, and should have the effect of arousing public sentiment to an immediate ap- preciation of what the Southern Appa- lachian Reserve would effect—a safe- euard to the treasured industrial ac- tivity of the South, and an asset whose value is incalculable. 22 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION owned by the state along the Costal Plain was brought to completion. Up to the close of the past fiscal year, 167 applications were received for advice and assistance in the care of private forest lands, of which 45 were for timber tracts, with a total area of 1,439,763 acres. Working plans were prepared during the same period for eight tracts, with a total area of 1,982,- 000 acres, in the States of West Vir- ginia, Kentucky, Texas, New Hamp- shire, Idaho, Washington, and Colo- rado. The acreage under forest man- agement, in co- operation with private owners, has in this way increased from 500,000 acres, the figure for last year, to 857,995 acres. A reorganization of the work deal- ing with forest products has been suc- cessfully carried out. The service now conducts several series of laboratory experiments under a trained staff of engineers, including timber tests, the preservative treatment of timbers, and dendro-chemistry. In dendro-chemis- try a study was begun to determine the best methods of wood distillation as a means of using waste in logging and at the mill. The service has taken up the work of gathering for publication full re- turns showing the annual consumption of forest products. The National Lum- ber Manufacturers’ Association and a number of the associations of pro- ducers are co-operating in the work; the trade journals are giving it their support, and there is every prospect that the returns for 1905 will be full and accurate, to the great advantage of all interested in forest products. A new series of experiments looking to the saving of waste in turpentine made successful progress during the year on the lands of a company which has offered the service unusual facili- ties near Jacksonville, Fla. It has been tentatively established by these experiments that shorter and shallower “faces” may be chipped without re- ducing the flow of rosin. This means that the life of the tree may be pro- longed and its yield may be largely in- January creased. Another result, which fol- lows from these, is that the investment in turpentine lands becomes a longer- time investment. The forest exhibit, in conjunction with that of the Reclamation Service, at the Lewis and Clark Centennial E.x- position, was the most complete and brilliant forest exhibit ever seen in this country. Stavend This Association notes Local with much satisfaction Associations the growth and activity of state and local forest associations. It is only through such organizations that many state and local forest prob- lems may be brought to a prompt and practical solution. Reclamation Work—River Im- Combatting Daaebe By provement .- - - - - 58 Rabbits - - - - - 5 Testing Red Fir - == = 69 Timber Testing - - - - - 56 Forest Cover on Watersheds - 59 Planting in Prairie Regions 6 Land Withdrawals Effective - 59 Progress on Umatilla Project Telephones in Forest Reserves 60 City Park Forestry - - - Underground Waters of Great United States Reclamation Po blainsye. —a-(), =)) =) - - GO Klamath Project - - - - Studying Gum - - - - - - 60 Payette-Boise Project - - Foresters for Reserves - - - 61 INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY vs. COMMISSIONS (with portrait). By Hon. Francis G. Newlands — - - - - 63 RISE IN LUMBER PRICES. By R.S. Kellogg - - 68 A HISTORY OF THE LUMBER INDUSTRY IN AMERICA (with portrait). By Treadwell Cleveland, Jr. - 70 ENDORSEMENT OF MINNESOTA RESERVE (with aT aeE SH 13. MINNESOTA NATIONAL FOREST RESERVE (LOGE By Rev. J. T. Brabner Smith - - 78 FORESTED WATERSHEDS ( Illustrated. ) Bye Alfred i Jesambie - 83 REORGANIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINE BUREAU OF FORESTRY. By W. J. Hutchinson’ - 89 LETLERS URGING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE WHITE MOUNTAIN RESERVE - - 90 SUGGESTIONS FOR STATE FOREST FIRE AN S. By. EK. As Cheyney - 93 ANNUAL REPORT, GOV "HRN MENT EMPLOYEES MUTU Aa RELIEF ASSOCIATION - - - 95 AIDING CITIES AND TOWNS TO NAME THEIR TREES = WY HUGE CONSUMPTION OF WOODEN FENCE POSTS - - 98 A NEW SAVING IN THE TURPENTINE INDUSTRY - 99 NUT GROWING AND FORESTRY. By Leslie Harrison - | 100 THE CALAVERASGROVE OF BIG TREES. By Mrs.LovellWhite 102 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the American Forestry Association. Supseription price $1.00 a year; single copies 10 cents. Copyright, 1906,. by Forestry and Irrigation Publishing Co. Entered at the Post Office at W ashington, D. C., as second-class mail matter. Published Monthly at WASHINGTON, D. C. SHERIDAN L ‘a's ‘~efoig a4oInoy aTaq ‘[euReD J9[UT UO ONE UONBIGg 1¥ IND BIg uo UONeIedO UI SIeg AOIWIOG pue [aACYS WeIIS Forestry and Irrigation. VOL ou: FEBRUARY, 1906. No. 2 NEWS AND Mee A meeting of the Board eeting of ; Directors Ole Directors Of thie American Forestry As- sociation was held in the office of the president, at the Department of Ag- riculture, Washington, D. C., Tues- day, February 6. After election of of- ficers plans for the year’s work were discussed and adopted, and referred to the newly-elected executive committee for action. This committee is com- posed of Mr. Gifford Pinchot, Mr. William S. Harvey, Mr. F. H. Newell, Mr. James H. Cutler, and Mr. Wil- liam L. Hall. A budget estimate of receipts and expenditures for the fiscal year of 1906 was presented by the treasurer. A statement by the secre- tary showed that 302 new members were elected during the month of Jan- uary. It was decided to hold meetings of the Board of Directors quarterly, in January, April, July, and October. Awakening Mr. Alfred Gaskill, of SE the Forest Service, is in South spending the month of February in Alabama, in meeting and addressing farmers’ conferences and commercial bodies, to awaken an in- terest in forestry. Though the South- ern States are now the center of the Eastern lumber industry, and though the Southern forests are destined to play so important a part in the eco- nomic development of the region, the true importance of these forests and their great possibilities have by no means been grasped. Already great inroads have been made on Southern forest resources, and if the story of waste followed by useless regret which is told of the Northern forests is not NOTES to be repeated in the South, it is im- perative that the public mind be roused and that steps be taken in time to check exhaustion of supplies, before it is too late, by calling in the services of fores- try. Alabama, singularly rich in for- est resources, is still fortunately in a position, by taking thought, to add vastly to her industrial growth through the wise utilization of these forest riches. Numerous packages of forest tree seed are being received by the Forest Service in Washington from the sey- eral nursery stations throughout the West where seedlings are being grown for planting on forest reserves. These seeds will be used in carrying on ex- tensive storage tests to determine the best methods of preserving seeds of the several species most commonly used. The more important species are western yellow pine, jack pine, Coul- ter pine, knobcone pine, red fir, white fir, and incense cedar. The work in Washington is in co- operation with the Seed Testing Labo- ratory, and the seeds will be stored dry, in cool basements, in cold storage, and in hermetically sealed jars. Cor- responding tests will be carried on at the nurseries on the western forest re- serves, and the comparative results are expected to show not only which meth- od of storage is best, but in which lo- cality seeds retain their vitality long- est. In view of the rapid increase in forest planting operations, particularly in connection with planting on denud- ed watersheds, this work becomes of high importance. Storage Tests ot Seeds 56 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Now that experiment has shown that the pro- ductive life and the total crop of turpentined trees may be pro- longed by reducing the size and depth of the wound made in chipping, the Forest Service, as the next step, has taken up the best means of accurately regulating the chipping so as to make it uniformly of the right depth and height. In the present method of hand chipping there is a good deal of varia- tion in the work of different men. To obviate this, an instrument is being de- vised by means of which exact chip- ping may be done. By this means it is hoped to give much greater certain- ty to the increased yield and greater total profit which the recent experi- ments have shown to be possible under an improved system of chipping. Reform in Turpentining competing During the winter the amage s: fe Rabnite damage caused by rab bits to trees set out by the Forest Service on watersheds in reserves in southern California, will be met by the adoption of measures rec- ommended by Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Chief of the United States Biological Survey. The trees have many hard conditions to contend with. The thin soil and extreme aridity are trying enough, and of late rabbits have been eating off the young trees of certain species. Knobcone and Coulter pines are favorites with the rabbits, while incense cedar is not touched. By us- ing large seedlings and making a prop- er choice of species the injury done by the rabbits is to some extent obviated. But stronger measures are needed. Those to be tried will include steel traps set in the regular run-ways that the rabbits frequent, poisoned grain, and the wetting with strychnine syrup of the branches of those seedling which the rabbits injure. The timber-testing ma- chinery which the For- est Service will use at the laboratory of the University of Washington, at Seattle, has arrived, and Mr. Rolf Thelan, the assistant as- Timber Testing February signed to the timber-testing work there, will go to Seattle to put the ma- chines in operation. The Seattle labo ratory is one of three on the Pacific Coast at which the Forest Service is conducting tests of the strength of the structural timbers of the region. The two other laboratories are at the University of California and the Uni- versity of Oregon, which, like the Washington State University, are co- operating with the Service. Planting The success of the plant- in Prairie i i 1 ion th Rerions ng operations on € Dismal River Forest Re- serve in Nebraska has indicated to ranchmen in the sand-hill country the advisability of planting for protection and timber supply. The jack pine and western yellow pine are very promis- ing, and, in addition, certain of the rapid-growing broadleaf trees, such as Carolina poplar, green ash, and cot- tonwood, can be used. In the spring of 1904 some ten or a dozen ranchmen planted small quanti- ties of jack pine obtained from the woods of northern Minnesota on trial. Authoritative reports from nearly all of these men show a high proportion of success, only two absolute failures being reported, and these because of unfavorable local conditions and lack of care. The Forest Service has recently re- ceived an application for assistance in planting ten acres near Broken Bow, and it is expected that the applications from ranchmen will rapidly increase in the future. Officials of the Reclama- tion Service in Washing- ton are much _ pleased with the progress being made by the land owners on the Umatilla project, Oregon. Late advices from the engi- neer on the ground indicated a strong interest on the part of the water users who have already pledged 13,000 out of 18,000 acres included in the project. As most of the legal difficulties have been adjusted by the Secretary of the Interior, it is believed that no great Progress on Umatilla Project 1906 delay will occur in signing up all of the land embraced in this project. Al- though the Umatilla is one of the “minor national works in point of cost and acreage, the favorable climate, low altitude, the fertile soil and its adapta- bility to a very wide variety of pro- ducts, makes this one of the most at- tractive projects undertaken. The land is best suited for orchards and small fruits, and when so used from 10 to 20 acres are ample for the FORESTRY AND [IRRIGATION 57 tered, and predict a populous and pros- perous community here at no distant day. The Forest Service has submitted to the Im- provement Society of Helena, Montana, a detailed plan for forest planting on treeless portions of Mount Helena, which lies on the out- skirts of the city.. This plan, in gen- eral, covers the collecting and storing of the necessary tree seeds, growing City Park Forestry , - Diamond Drill on Barge in Shoshone River at Dam Site, Shoshone Project, Wyoming support of a family. The fruit and vegetables are the first on the market. The transportation facilities are excel- lent, the markets being the large cities of Portland and Spokane. The engineering works are simple, and while the cost of water is $60 per acre, it is relatively low compared with the values produced. The soil experts who have thoroughly examined the whole area are enthusiastic concern- ing the future of this section when wa- the stock in a nursery, and planting the trees in the park. The proposed park contains about 900 acres, of which about 140 acres are already cov- ered with young timber. The Secretary of the In- North : : = Dakota terior has set aside from Reclamation the Reclamation Fund the sum of $450,000 to be used in con- nection with the $550,000 already al- lotted for pumping projects in North Dakota, for initial installation on the 58 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Nesson, Williston, and Buford-Tren- ton projects, upon the following con- ditions : First: That the land owners pledge themselves in the usual way through the water users’ association, to return the cost to the Reclamation Fund. Second: That the holdings of pri- vate lands in excess of 160 acres for which water is to be furnished be dis- posed of in tracts not exceeding 80 acres of irrigable land. Third: That the owners of irrigable lands ane excess: Of 160) acres, be. re- quired to dispose of them in the man- ner provided by the general form of contract for this purpose and approved by the department. The Secretary of the In- terior has authorized the Supervising Engineer of the U. S. Reclamation Service, at Los Angeles, California, to receive sealed proposals for furnishing from 8,000 to 10,000 barrels of Portland cement, for use in connection with the Kla- math irrigation project, Oregon and California. Particulars may be obtained by ap- plication to the Chief Engineer of the Reclamation Service at Washington, D. C., or to the office of Supervising Engineer J. B. Lippincott, 1108 Union Trust Building, Los Angeles, Califor- nia. Klamath Project Payette- The construction of the Bese Payette-Boise reclama- Project tion project will begin at a very early date. At the present time the Secretary of the Interior is advertising for bids for 14,000 barrels of Portland cement, to be delivered f. o. b. cars at stations within a radius of twenty-five miles from Nampa, Idaho. These bids will be received by the Supervising Engineer at Boise, Idaho, until 2 o’clock, March 9, 1906. Reclamationin ©n December 2, New Mexico and Texas 1905, the Secretary of the In- terior allotted the sum of $200,000 from the Reclamation Fund for the immediate construction of the February Leasburg diversion dam and canals in connection with the Rio Grande pro- ject, New Mexico and Texas, on the condition that the return of said sum be guaranteed by the land owners. The prescribed conditions of repayment in two years having been found impossi- ble of fulfillment by the owners of lands, the Secretary has rescinded this requirement and directed that the usual form of contract be entered into with the water users’ associations guaranteeing the return to the govern- ment of all expenditures made under the terms of the Reclamation Act, which allows for ten equal annual pay- ments. The : The present status of the eerie Reclamation Fund, com- posed of all moneys re- ceived from sales of public lands in certain states and territories, is shown in the following table: Reclamation fund, by States, Total Recla- State or Territory. received in mation fund. 1905. Arizona $30,368.46 $216,772.32 California 498,488.37 2,470,396.58 Coloradomee eee 318,546.14 1,909.713.70 Idaho 383,221.74 2,028,731.29 Kansasaeee ieee 30,423.91 128,273.49 Montana eer. c 349,529.75 2,008,532.65 INebraskavee ase 179,138.10 657,109.52 INIEWAGEY do cb oo aes 11,167.70 59,321.11 New Mexico.... 133,243.57 533,445.83 North Dakota... 807,792.48 4.213,892.62 Oklahomaeeee er 490,629.78 3,042,767.11 @rneconsess eee 610,797.39 4,841,457.14 South Dakota... 217,688.34 960,468.94 Utah ates eee 77,062.81 380,013.84 Washington 451,773.30 3,187,136.34 Wiyominee ©. 193,045.49 1,070,299.37 otal tata $4,805,515.39 $27,818,351.85 Reclamation Many prominent writers aap ahd in the Mississippi valley mprovement seem quite unable to un- derstand the difference between the appropriations made for the reclaim- ing of arid lands and those for the im- provement of rivers and_ harbors. There is a disposition to criticise Con- gress for permitting the expenditure of millions in making habitable and 1906 productive vast areas of the public do- main now worthless, and at the same time cutting down the appropriation for work on our national waterways. Apparently the fact has been over- looked that Congress has never made an appropriation of any specific sum for reclamation. On June 17, 1902, a law was passed setting aside the pro- ceeds from the sales of public lands in certain western states and territories for the construction of irrigation works within their borders. The law at the same time provided that every dollar so expended should be returned to the government by the settlers who take up the lands reclaimed. In other words, the nation made an advance of the receipts from the sales of certain public property to make marketable other public property. Out of the many millions expended by the government in river and harbor improvements, not a cent has ever been returned directly to the Treasury, nor was it expected that any return would be made. The difference in the two kinds of appropriations here mentioned is so obvious, however, that comparisons for the purpose of criticism are unfair. The western beneficiaries under the Reclamation act are suggesting that if the sections so strenuously demanding appropriations for river and harbor improvements would indicate a wil- lingness to reimburse the government for these expenditures, Congress might be more inclined to favor their de- mands. The mechanical tests of red fir, which the Forest Service has undertaken in co-operation with the University of Oregon, are now under way. Mr. J. F. Knapp, of the service, reports from Eugene, Ore., that the necessary ma- chinery and accessories needed for the tests have been installed in the labora- tory. The object of the experiments will be to determine accurately the ef- fect of knots and other defects upon the strength of large sticks of red fir, with a view to furnishing data which Testing Red Fir FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 59 may be used for the inspection and improvement of specifications. The material for the tests is to be selected from the mills of a lumber company near Eugene, and will con- sist of sticks 8 by 16 inches and 5 by 8 inches in cross section. The sticks will be mainly merchantable and seconds, according to the Pacific coast standard rule for grading, but will include a few “selects” of a rate of growth corre- sponding to the sticks containing de- fects. Most of them will be tests green, but an occasional specimen will first be air-dried. That the value of forest cover on watersheds used for power and irri- gation is now realized and fully appre- ciated is strikingly shown in southern California, where the Pacific Electric Company has asked the Forest Service to make a preliminary examination of the watershed of the San Luis Rey River in San Diego county, which they plan to develop. The waters of the San Luis Rey River now run to waste ; but by constructing flood and storage reservoirs and reforesting the denuded slopes, enough water can be developed to furnish electric power for a new system of suburban trolley lines in the vicinity of San Diego and connecting that city with Los Angeles. LDesides furnishing this electric power, the water, after it passes through the tur- bines, will be used for the reclamation of the lower valley of the San Luis Rey River. The preliminary work of the Forest Service will be to examine this watershed and ascertain the por- tions in need of reforestation, and to outline the general procedure in pre- paring a definite plan for forest plant- ing on these areas. Mr. G. B. Lull. who is now stationed at Los Angeles, will do this preliminary work. Forest Cover on Water Sheds Land The attorney general of Withdrawals the Department of the Effective Interior has decided that the lands within the former Ft. Buford Military Reservation, which are in- | cluded in the area withdrawn for the Lower Yellowstone project, are not 60 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION subject to disposal under the act pro- viding for the disposal of abandoned military reservations. These lands were restored to the public domain by the act of May 19, 1900 (312 Stat., 180), which provides that they shall be subject to disposal under the homestead, townsite, and desert land laws. It provides that the actual occupants thereon upon the first day of January, 1900, shall have a preference to make one entry not ex- ceeding one quarter section ; that lands occupied for townsite purposes and lands shown to be valuable for coal or minerals shall be subject to entry and sale under the townsite, coal and min- eral land laws, respectively. The practical effect of the act of ‘May 19, 1900, was to restore the land to entry under existing laws, except such laws as are not specifically named. These lands are, therefore, subject to withdrawal under the Reclamation Act as portions of the public domain which are subject to entry under the general land laws. The withdrawal made by the Reclamation Service is therefore effective and all the lands included and entries thereof are subject to the limi- tations and restrictions of the Recla- mation Act. Telephones Since July 1, 1905, the in Forest Forest Service has ap- ReServes proved the construction of 154.65 miles of telephone lines through various forest reserves. In so doing, the service has arranged, in all cases, to secure to forest officers the free use of these lines. Now that the telephone is recog- nized as one of the best safeguards against the spread of forest fires, this arrangement means greatly increased safety to the reserves, secured without expense. By the continuance of the policy, it is believed that in due time a full and adequate telephone system will be built up on the reserves, to the great advantage of the service. Underground Very widespread inter- Vieteraros est is being taken in the Great Plains . ; : investigations the Recla- mation Service is making of the feasi- February bility of developing the underground waters of several portions of the Great Plains area. It is. recognized that if the Garden City project in Kansas proves a success that private capital will immediately take up the work in other sections. There are many people in the east, especially in the New Eng- land states, who are deeply concerned in this work. During the days of the “rain-beiter”’ a great wave of immigration swept over vast areas of western Kansas and Nebraska. For a vear or two rainfall was abundant and prodigious crops were grown. Easterners, allured by the high rates of interest, invested their savings in mortgages on these farms. A cycle of dry years came, the settlers vanished, and the mortgages were foreclosed. Aconsiderableamount of this land is still the property of New England school teachers, mer- chants, and farmers, and their interest in a proposition of reclamation is ob- vious. A large part of the Great Plains area is underlaid with a thick stratum of water-bearing gravel. The investi- gations of the government show that the water supply is enormous, and if it can be cheaply lifted into distributing ditches, will insure the reclamation of many thousands of acres of land of exceptional fertility. The government project in Kansas is a small one, only 9,000 acres; but upon its successful operation may de- pend the future development of an area equal to several eastern states. Mr. H.°B. Holroyd, of the Forest Service, is in Louisiana at the request of the Southern Cypress Manufactu- rers’ Association, to make a prelimi- nary study of the conditions necessary for the seasoning of tupelo gum, with which manufacturers have not a little difficulty, owing. to the tendency of this wood to warp and twist. ‘Though of a distinct genus, tupelo gum shows much similarity in this respect to red eum, which for some time offered much difficulty in the process of dry- Studying Gum 1906 ing. Indeed, red gum has only recent- ly been handled with sufficient success during seasoning to render it a reliable wood. It is believed that with due care the troubles with tupelo gum may be overcome as successfully as has been the case with red gum, with re- gard to which the Forest Service re- cently published a bulletin dealing both with the commercial uses and with the mechanical properties of the wood. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 61 not quite, four billion feet of standing tupelo on the lands of the association. It is the intention of the Forest Service to add a trained forester to the executive force of each forest reserve. This is to introduce practical forestry on all the reserves. In addition to his Foresters for Reserves general duties he will act as a techni- estimating, cal assistant in mapping, EY View of Complete West Entrance of Tunnel just below Shoshone Dam Site ‘ on Canyon Road, Shoshone Project, Wyoming Tupelo gum occurs through the coastal region.of the Atlantic states from Virginia to northern Florida. through the gulf states to Texas, through Arkansas and southern Mis- souri to western Kentucky and Ten- nessee, and to the valley of the Wabash River. It grows only in swamps and wetter situations, often in mixture with cypress and, in rainy seasons, stands in from six to twenty feet of water. ‘There are said to be almost, if and disposing of the timber. For this purpose the following appointments of forest assistants have just been made: R. P. Imes, to assist Supervisor Seth Bullock in the Black Hills Forest Reserve in South Dakota and Wyo- ming; FE. H. Hereford, to assist Su- pervisor Fred S. Breen in the Black Mesa and Grand Canyon Reserves in California; and A. R. Powers, to as- sist Supervisor L. A. Barrett in the Plumas Forest Reserve, California. Cascades near Head of Catawba River. There are hundreds of Cascades as beautiful as this in the Southern Appalachians. As long as these mounfain forests are preserved these streams have a regular flow; united they furnish the water powers which operate the factories valued at increasing millions. INDY Teele RESPONSIBILITY vs. COMMISSIONS* How Methods in Vogue Under National Reclamation Act could be Adapted to Advantage in Construction of the Panama Canal HON. FRANCIS G. BY NEWLANDS United States Senator from Nevada. THINK it is conceded by all men connected with great corporate en- terprises that the responsibility of a great work must be individual ; that it must be put upon one man; that that man must appoint his assistants for the different branches of the work and hold them responsible to him, and that these assistants in their various areas of control shall pursue the same meth- od. At the very start we did not indi- vidualize this responsibility. It is true we intrusted the work (of constructing the Panama canal) to the President but instead of giving him a free hand in organization we instructed him that he should do this work through a com- mission, and we ourselves designated in great part the personnel of that commission. We provided for a com- mission of seven. I think that was a mistake. I think we should have put upon the President of the United States the responsibility for this work; that we should not have permitted him to share that responsibility with any commission of this kind. We should impose upon him the duty of appoint- ing his own subordinates, individual- izing responsibility everywhere as far as possible. It is not to be wondered at that we should make mistakes in organization at first, for the United States govern- ment has not been accustomed to great works of construction. We are now entering upon an era of construction, and I believe the area of our work in that particular will increase until it finally embraces governmental public utilities which are not now dreamed of. The only other great work of con- struction upon which we have entered was entered upon under a law passed almost simultaneously with the act un- der which the President is acting, and that was the irrigation law. There we individualized responsibility. We shaped a most comprehensive bill; pro- vided a fund from the sale of public lands through which construction should be conducted, and provided a revolving fund so that the money could be used over and over again as the lands reclaimed were sold. But he gave the Secretary of the Interior full power to execute the law, and he placed no limit upon that pow- er except that he should not make a contract for construction unless the money for its payment was actually in the fund. What did the Secretary of the In- terior do under that act? He referred the administration of the act to the Geological Survey, a scientific branch of the government which for years has been engaged not simply in geological research, but in the study of every- thing that relates to the topography and resources of the country, to our mineral deposits, to the measurement of streams, to the control of streams for navigation as well as irrigation, and which, during the formative pro- cess of the irrigation agitation, had been engaged in making plans for the *From a speech delivered in the United States Senate, Dec. 16, 1905. 64 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION great work that was subsequently to be entered upon. The director of the Geological Sur- vey has demonstrated administrative capacity of a very high character. Al- though his special scientific specialty” was the examination of fossils, yet the expanding area of his bureau had turned him gradually into a great ad- ministrator. His capacity has been recognized by Congress, by our appro- priations committees, and by all who February the responsibility of their acceptance or their rejection. Under him is Mr. Newell, a gradu- ate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a man who entered the service when he was very young, an enthusiast on the subject of irrigation, and who during fourteen years’ patient investigation and patient work has been preparing for this great work of construction. Those are the two men upon whom the responsibility for this work centered. Hon. FRANCIS G. NEWLANDS United States Senator from Nevada, one of the fore- most exponents of National Irrigation. have been brought in contact with him by a prompt acquiescence in almost everything he has asked. He has been termed in this body the greatest getter of appropriations in the service of the government, and he has been direct and straightforward, has presented his plans clearly, and without urgency, and has placed upon the committees of the Senate and the House themselves Now, what did they do? Select commissions to divide responsibility as to administration? Not at all. They drew into the force gradually the men who had distinguished themselves all over the country as topographers, as hydrographers, as hydraulic engineers, as constructing engineers, and the re- sult is that today we have in the em- ployment of that service a number of 1906 scientific men of large practical experi- ence, a body that is unsurpassed by that in the employ of any other gov- ernment in the world. Now, let me say right here that it seems to me that the Panama canal in- volves the same problems that are in- volved in the construction of irrigation works. You may call it a simple prob- lem as compared with the construction of all the irrigation works that are contemplated in this country. The work of investigation and planning now embraces fourteen states in this Union. The topography of the coun- try has been studied, stream measure- ments have been made, surveys of canals and ditches have been made, dams have been planned, reservoirs have been provided for, and they are almost ready for construction, and some are already commenced, and some have been finished. The Panama canal involves the same work. What have you there? A line only forty- seven miles long. The irrigation work embraces the entire arid region, con- sisting of thirteen states and three ter- ritories. The canal is forty-seven miles long. As you proceed from Colon, the canal runs through a flat country for fifteen or sixteen miles, the govern- ment availing itself for a part of that distance of the Chagres River as a part of the canal. Then comes the Bohio dam, 80 feet above the surface of the land, and about 150 feet down to bed rock. Then you have this artificial lake as the result of the dam, which is to receive the flood waters of the Chagres and hold them, so that they will not tear the banks of the canal below. Then we have the reservoir rein- forced by other reservoirs upon the Chagres River, intended to control the violence of the stream. ‘The Bohio reservoir is about 14 miles long. With 15 miles of the canal through the al- most level plain to Bohio and the 14 miles of the Bohio reservoir you have a distance of 29 miles of the 47 miles completed. Then, farther to the south, you have the Culebra cut of about Io FORESTRY AND [RRIGATION 65 miles, which is to be cut to a depth of from 66 to 80 feet, according to the number of locks employed. Then you have another level space, or almost level space, to the Pacific ocean, about 8 miles, making in all about 47 miles. Now, this service involves exactly the same problems on which the em- ployees of the irrigation service have been engaged for fourteen years. It involves study of the geological for- mations, careful stream measurements through a series of years, so as to as- certain the extent of possible floods and prevent the destruction caused by such floods. It involves dam construc- tion, ditch construction, and canal con- struction, just as in the arid region, and it involves protecting canals. Now, let us see whether it would not have been wise for the President to have had a free hand to take hold of this scientific branch of the govern- ment, which is an evolution of four- teen years, which had an administra- tion already accomplished whose ex- perience covered these various prob- lems, instead of reaching out for a new administration, to be accomplished not by the aid of hydraulic engineers, but to be accomplished by the aid of rail- road engineers inexperienced in hy- draulic engineering. The Bohio dam is about 80 feet high above the surface, though its founda- tion is to go down 150 feet to bed rock. Its length is 3,800 feet. That is a very long dam, of course, but at the Salt River in Arizona the United States government is now constructing, un- der the Reclamation Service, a dam 270 feet high and 800 feet in length. It is also constructing the Shoshone dam, 310 feet high, with a length of 200 feet. It is constructing the Rio Grande dam, 255 high, with a length of 1,150 feet. That dam is to be con- structed at a total cost of $5,115,000 whilst the Bohio dam at Panama will cost about $6,000.000. Now, I ask, would it not have been better to have intrusted this work to that branch of the government which has been built up through the slow 66 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION process of evolution and which has now in its corps, either by direct ap- pointment or as consulting engineer, every man in the country who has dis- tinguished himself in hydraulic. engi- neering. Then as to tunnels. The irrigation service is now constructing the Gunni- son tunnel, of a length of 6 miles—a tunnel 10 by 12 feet—and of that tun- nel a mile is already completed. Rec- ollect that the irrigation act was passed almost in the same month that the Panama act was passed. The irriga- tion committees of the Senate and the House visited the various projects during the last summer, and we had opportunity of observing the quickness and extent of the work, and we were amazed at the progress that had been made in the short space of three years. At the same session of Congress a bill was passed for the construction of a post office building, to cost fifty or sixty thousand dollars, in the city of Reno, Nevada. That building is not yet constructed—the foundations are not yet laid;and yet the Reclamation Service has during the intervening pe- riod expended over $2,000,000 in re- clamation work in Nevada; has di- verted the Truckee River, a stream of floods during certain seasons of the year, a distance of 30 miles by a new river over into the Carson valley; has constructed dams and locks and all the hydraulic machinery that was neces- sary to make that enterprise effective, and the water is now being turned out upon the soil. Now, what salaries are paid these men? Mr. Walcott receives $6,000 a year. He could, in my judgment, because of the value of his services as an administrator, get a very much larger sum in outside employment, but he feels, as I observe most government employees do, and particularly those relating to the scientific branches of the government, a personal pride in his work. The commercial spirit does not entirely possess the men who are in the employ of the Geological Sur- vey. They are content with reasonable F ebruary compensation, and you could not tempt them from government employ by the offer of larger compensation. I know one distinguished engineer who has been employed in the great private enterprises of the West in irri- gation construction who accepted from the United States government a sal- ary about one-third that which he earned in private practice, and he ac- cepted it because he wished to identify his name with a great engineering work in which he was interested. The esprit de corps of this particular. branch of the service is most marvel- ous. We men of the West have had opportunities of observing it. We have every year in the West an irrigation congress, composed of about a thous- and men, deriving its membership from each one of the arid and sem-arid states. The last congress I attended was in El Paso. The one previous to that was at Ogden. This convention of a thousand men was attended also by the engineers and hydrographers and the expert men of the Reclamation Service. They haye annually a con- gress of their own, in which these en- gineers, coming from various parts of the country and engaged in different projects, present to the judgment of. their associates in the congress their several projects, invite criticism, and ask judgment. ‘To these conferences members of the irrigation congress were invited, and the result is they have been a great educational power in the West. Forty or fifty delegates from every state who attend that con- gress go back to their states familiar with the plans of the government. They become informed through these expositions that take place and they form an educational force in every state, and, so far as the engineers are concerned, they feel the sustaining power of the people themselves in that great work. Now, this demonstrates that the government can get men for much less compensation than obtains in commer- cial life. Mr. Walcott gets $6,000 a year; Mr. Newell gets $5,000, and he 1906 is chief engineer, and no one of the noted engineers under him gets, I be- lieve, more than $4,000 or $4. 500. The salaries of the engineers range from $2,200 up to $4,500. The only excep- tion is Mr. Grunsky, formerly of the canal commission, who has been as- signed by the President to the position of consulting engineer, at a salary of $10,000 per annum. It would have been very easy, sim- ply by an extension of this service, to have taken the Panama canal within the area of its work, involving exactly the same problems that this bureau has been devoting itself to for fourteen years, and in which it has accumulated an experience that no set of men, how- ever great their capacity, can acquire in a short time. I do not question the ability of the engineers who have been employed in this work, but I do contend that almost all of them—I may say all that have been brought to my attention—have been engaged in railroad construction and not in hydraulic construction. Railway engineering is comparatively easy. It consists simply in surveys of the right of way, in adopting a certain standard of grade, in constructing tun- nels and bridges across streams; whereas hydraulic engineering, as con- ducted in the West, involves all the things that are embraced in the con- struction of the Panama canal, except possibly the question of sanitation. Now, let me show what the Recla- mation Service has done during these three years. main canals. These main canals have the size of rivers. You would be amazed at the magnitude of some of those works. It has built.50 miles of distributing canals. It has built 186 miles of irrigating ditches, 150 miles of telephone, 125 miles of road in can- yons, involving deep rock cuts; 3% It has built 77 miles of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 67 miles of tunnels. It has excavated 10,000,000 cubic yards. In one of their works, at the great Salt River dam, a dam which is to be constructed of cement and stone, they found they were held up by the cement trust. What did they do? \ They set their geologist to work, and the geolo- gist discovered very near the site of the dam material admirably suited to make cement. And so they put up, at a cost of $100,000, a Portland cement mill, and there they are making ce- ment at a great saving to the govern- ment. I cannot recall exactly the fig- ures, but it is a very large sum. Work is now going on in eleven dif- ferent projects in as many different states, and they are now constructing the Shoshone dam, the Pathfinder dam. the Roosevelt dam, the Laguna dam, the Belle Fourche dam, the Gunnison tunnel (6 miles long), and 12 miles of ditches on the Colorado River. So this service is moving along qui- etly, unobtrusively, in a businesslike way, under this system of individual responsibility. Mr. Newell, the chief engineer, is responsible to Mr. Wal- cott, the director of the Geological Survey, and Mr. Walcott, the director of the Geological Survey, is responsi- ble to the Secretary of the Interior; and I believe that this work will be one of the crowing glories in the history of this republic. But even if the service of the irriga- tion survey should not be employed, even if its accumulated experience and information should not be tapped in this way in this work of identical char- acter, it does seem to me that we should give the President of the Uni- ted States a free hand, so that he can, if he chooses, turn over this work to the Geological Survey, or so that he can, if he chooses, adopt the system of individual responsibility to which I have referred. : Sea ta THE RISE IN. LUMBER: PRIGHSs. BY R. S: KELLOGG U.S. Forest Service OURS is pre-eminently a wood-us- ing civilization, and aside from food and clothing, no material is so essential to industrial progress as wood. Nature provided us with im- mense areas of easily accessible, high- ly valuable forests, and we have drawn upon them with so lavish a hand for every conceivable purpose that we are loath to believe that the time is rapidly approaching when our’ remaining for- ests must be handled constructively and not destructively; or else wood of the higher classes will be obtainable only in insufficient quantity. Accord- ing to the Census of 1900, which was admittedly incomplete, we were then using annually thirty-five billion feet of lumber, and now the amount is probably nearing fifty billion feet. Yet how many of you ever stop to consider that the lumber cut is much less than half of the total annual drain upon our forests? The pulp mills take some 2,000,000 cords of wood yearly, the tanneries I,500,000 cords of hemlock and oak bark, the cooperage industry a vast amount of timber, the railroads about 115,000,000 ties for renewals alone, and then there are millions of posts and poles to be added to the to- tal before we even come to the half of of our wood consumption. The Cen- sus of 1880 showed that the wood used for fuel, at that time, amounted to 146,000,000 cords, and there is no reason to suppose that, despite the great increase in coal consumption, the 85,000,000 people of 1906 are burning less wood than did the 50,000,000 of IS8o. All these items, huge though they be, belong to necessary demands upon the forest. We are a rapidly growing nation, and we have seized upon every available resource to aid in our growth. Though the forests have been destroy- ed, they have yielded rich returns. Yet there is another drain upon them, which has been wholly harmful. This is fire, ~As\ a.singleexamplecj, iume Secretary of the Pacific Coast Associa- tion recently stated that during the last fifty years there has been 900,000 acres more timber burned over than cut over in Oregon. In the early days New England was the great lumber region. Then came the Lake States with their supposedly “inexhaustible supply” of timber. This was said 30 or 40 years ago. Now, Michigan is a practically negligible factor in white pine. Wisconsin is on the wane, and it will not be many years until Minneapolis and Cloquet cease turning out a million and a half feet each daily during the sawing season. Southern yellow pine is at present fur- nishing in the neighborhood of 30 per cent of the total lumber supply, but it in turn will yield to the Pacific Coast woods; and we have finally come to the realization that the so-caled “inex- haustible supply” is a pleasing, but most dangerous misconception. Ex- ploitation has been so easy, invention has supplied so many ingenious meth- ods of converting trees into lumber, that the output from a given region is maintained at a high level until the supply is close to the point of exhaus- tion. We are nearer a halting place than most of us realize. What is the condition confronting the lumberman and the user of his products to-day? Dr. Fernow states that an “extravagant estimate” of our stumpage is not over two trillion feet, *Paper read at the sixteenth annual meeting of the Southern Lumber Manufacturers’ Association at New Orleans, January 23, 1906. 1906 standing on some 500,000,000 acres. At the present rate of sawing this will be cut in forty years. This does not mean that forty years hence there will be no more timber to saw, but it does mean that there must come a great re- adjustment to new conditions by both the manufacturer and the user of for- est products. So far we have been drawing on the older trees in our for- ests, or cutting virgin stands anywhere from 100 to 500 years old. In other words, we have been paying dividends out of our capital stock, and no good business man will do that. In the near future our wood must be supplied by growth and reproduction, and the now commonly despised “second growth” will come to be our source of supply. Going back to our estimated forest area of 500,000,000 acres, let us see what can be done with it. Of this 500,000,000 acres, the government has nearly 100,000,000 acres in national forest reserves, but a considerable por- tion of this area lacks forests of any value for lumber. Four-fifths of our forest area is in private hands and quite likely will remain so for at least a long time to come. The highly man- aged forests of Germany grow, on an average, about 50 cubic feet of wood per acre annually. Were our forests in the condition of the German forests, their extent is barely sufficient to fur- nish by annual growth the amount of wood we now use. As a matter of fact, the annual growth of our forests as a whole, under present conditions of abuse, is probably not more than one-fifth that of the German forests. These, then, are the conditions as nearly as can be estimated to-day. It does not require any special gift of prophecy to outline what will follow. We will undoubtedly go on in the same old wasteful, extravagant way, for some years yet, until there comes a stern realization that things must change. And when I say a “stern real- ization,” I mean one which is caused by a greater scarcity of stumpage and a much higher price for lumber than now exists. Then we shall begin’ to FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 69 husband our resources, and make one board do where we now use two. Un- doubtedly, we are approaching the maximum of our annual consumption of forest products, and hereafter, the great increase will be in value instead of quantity. It is entirely possible for us to use less wood and we shall do so when we have to. We are consuming some 500 board feet of lumber, per capita, annually, where Europe uses but 60; and if we were forced to im- port 80 per cent of our wood supply as does France, or practically all, as does England, we should quickly learn how to economize. We are not likely to reach this extreme condition, but we may be sure that prices will advance until consumption is finally forced down to somewhere near the annual accretion of the forests that are left at that time. I do not decry high prices, much as the country has benefited by low prices for lumber. I recognize the fact that in general the lumbermen have oper- ated as economically as they could un- der prevailing conditions, and while it is fashionable to condemn them for de- stroying the forests, they have done so only because of economic demand, and their critics would have behaved no better under the same circumstances. But the forests will not be handled ra- tionally until they become valuable, until there is money in handling them that way; and so I say that from the standpoint of the forester, high prices for lumber are a good thing, because they make it profitable to utilize the forests rationally and economically. One of the prominent Pacific Coast lumbermen recently advised his asso- ciates to “slab lightly, reduce your saw kerf, and keep your eye on the burn- er.” Carrying this a little further, it will not be long until the slabs are re- sawed and the burner abolished en- tirely, as the white pine manufacturers are now doing. In view of these conditions, there is nothing really surprising in the fact that in the last twelve years the price of rough white pine uppers on the 70 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Buffalo market has risen from $47 to $91, or 94 per cent; that select cypress on the New York market has risen from $30.50 to $42.40, or 39 per cent; that hemlock, Pennsylvania stock, at New York, has risen from $11.40 to $22.25, or 95 per cent, and that accord- ing to your price lists, “A” flat-grain yellow pine flooring was quoted at $16.50 in 1894, delivered on a 22-cent rate, and at $29.50 in December, 1905, delivered on a 23-cent rate, or a raise Ot 7yeper cent. | ©£ course, 1 under stand that there are a number of fac- tors entering into the case, and am not overlooking the influence of the gen- eral rise in the price level during the past few years, the abundant crops, February and the great building activity, but it requires more than these things to ex- plain why it was that your Committee on Values issued six price lists in the effort to keep up with the market last year, and that there is little sagging in the latest list during this winter. It is entirely possible and even likely that there will be temporary halts and even depressions in prices of lumber, but there is every reason to believe that the upward course shown by the price- curves for the last dozen years is but the beginning of a general advance which will continue until an equilib- rium between the demand for wood and the amount available for the year- ly cut is reached on a far higher price level than at present. A MAISTORY OF Cie aU Niele INDUSTRY IN AMERICA The first volume just published is an exceedingly valuable work for which all interested in the wise use of our forests owe the author a debt of thanks BY TREADWELL CLEVELAND, JR. U.S. Forest Service. THE publication of Mr. J. E. Defe- baugh’s “History of the Lumber Industry in America” is an important event in the world of forest interests. This is the first book in its field, writ- ten and compiled in a large, scholarly way by one of the few authorities emi- nently fitted for the task. And the task has been an unusually dithcult one. The sources on which it is based are (scattered. Only indefatigable pains and a persistent devotion to his subject could have enabled the author to accomplish it even indifferently. He has accomplished it so well that, even were his long activity as editor of The American Lumberman to be forgot- ten this volume would unquestionably give his name a permanent place in the history of one of our largest in- dustries. Though necessarily in large part a compilation, the history is in a true sense an original work, the well- planned product of a practical and philosophic mind. Perhaps the first point which favor- ably impresses the reader is the histo- rian’s point of view. This proceeds from a firm grasp of the relation of economics to history and of the part which the forest has played in the eco- nomic progress of the world in general and of the New World in particular. What this means is well brought out in the thoughtful preface. After em- phasizing the suggestive fact that “in- dustry and commerce have received in the past but incidental recognition 1906 from the historian,’ Mr. Defebaugh writes: “Despite this neglect, com- merce has always been a controlling factor in making the world’s history. It has always been more important that men should live than that they should live under any particular gov- ernment or at any particular place.” z “Out of this new appreciation have come histories of particular in- dustrial movements and of numerous branches of industry; but notwith- standing the influence of the forests on the New World development and the importance of the present lumber in- dustry of the United States, Canada, and the Latin countries to the south, no comprehensive history of the lum- ber industry of America ever has been compiled.” Chapter I, devoted to the discovery and settlement of the country, empha- sizes the dependence of civilized pion- eers upon forest resources. “Civilized man lives in houses, and as the house that does not contain wood in some form is practically unknown, the lum- ber industry accompanies civilized man in all his migrations and_ pro- eiess. ~ ~ =. A‘ treeless world might not be uninhabitable, but it is an his- torical fact that migration, racial pro- gress and growth of population have been guided by the forest distribution of the world—modified, of course, by other considerations, but having that as one of their chief controlling in- fluences.” * * * “Whatever the cradle of the Aryan peoples may have been, their migrations led them by forest routes to forest countries.” Chapter II deals with the forest geo- graphy of the North American conti- nent. It includes a consideration of the conditions which govern the growth and distribution of tree spe- cies, with the influence of past condi- tions as shown by geology and known climatic changes, and a list of the commercial tree species of America. Mr. George B. Sudworth, of the For- est Service, is the authority which the author follows, with due acknowledg- ment, and in giving the names and dis- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION a! tribution of tree species Mr. Sud- worth’s “Check List of the Forest Trees of the United States” (Bulletin No. 17 of the Division of Forestry) is reprinted in substance. Beginning now with Labrador and Newfoundland, Mr. Defebaugh, in the next succeeding chapters, describes the forests and forest history of this re- gion, of Canada as a whole, and of Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the District of Un- gava. In each case the value of the MR. J. E. DEFEBAUGH Author of History of ‘“ Lumber Industry of America,’’ Editor of the American Lumberman, and one of the most prac- tical and efficient exponents of Ameri- can forestry. forest products is shown in historical tables; such legal provisions as exist to regulate forest use and to secure forest protection are sufficiently out- lined ; and the development of the lum- ber industry is traced. Naturally enough, the American reader turns, however, with some patriotic impa- tience to page 272, at which the au- thor takes up the forest resourcés of the United States. This opens Chap- ter XX VI, in the first few paragraphs of which Mr. Defebaugh has ex- 72 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION pressed a judgment to which the trained forester will give enthusiastic assent. It is a good thing, indeed, that sentences so significant should have been written by a lumberman whose opinion carries weight and that they should have been given permanence in our forest literature: “The beginning of the Twentieth Century marked, with approximate accuracy, an epochal period in the tim- ber and lumber history of the United States of America. Until that time the country, in its use of forest products, had been drawing upon a surplus, but thereafter a continuance of production on the former scale, without care for the perpetuation or reproduction of the forests, necessarily would draw upon the capital fund, so to speak, with the inevitable result of a grow- ing scarcity of forest products, or, to be more exact, of an increasing and manifest deficiency in the supply of standing timber from which the pro- duct mtist be secured.”? * * * The for- ests were formerly, “especially during the period of development up to about 1850, in many instances a positive det- riment. Forests stood on millions of acres of fertile lands which were need- ed by the settler and the would-be farmer, and a slow-growing crop of timber was occupying land that might more profitably be devoted to the pro- duction of grain or other products of agriculture.’ * * * “But the best in- formed students of the subject believe, after as careful investigations as they have been able to make, that the for- est yet remaining, if operated along conservative lines, would annually pro- February duce in perpetuity an amount of for- est products little, if any, more than the present annual output. Ii that be true, the United States has come to the point where it can no longer be lavish in its use of its wonderful tim- ber resources, but must rigorously conserve them. It will no longer be consuming a surplus, but, except for the adoption of forestry methods, will be drawing upon its capital.” That this judgment is safely on the conservative side may be seen by re- calling Dr. B. E. Fernow’s figures, in his capital book “The Economics of Forestry.” According to these, even with the per acre annual growth of the average German government forest— 50 cubic feet—our 25,000 million feet of consumption would take all we could grow on our estimated total pro- ductive forest area of 500 million acres. As it is, Dr. Fernow will not allow that our untended forests are growing more than one-tenth as fast as this; so that consumption is gaining on present supplies at a rate which would, if continued, drain them to the dregs in from 40 to 50 years. The closing pages of the “History” are made up of most useful statistical tables giving-the course of timber pro- duction and the use of forest products, as well as a review of tariff legislation affecting the lumber industry. Mr. Defebaugh and his publishers are to be congratulated on this unique- ly" serviceable volume.. It is to) be hoped that the remaining volumes may follow without too great delay, and that they may not fall short of the ex- pectations encouraged by this one. ENDORSEMENT OF MINNESOTA RBS RV.E: Memorial by the Commercial Clubs of Minneapolis and St. Paul calling for the preservation of this important Reserve [XN the year 1889, there was passed by Congress an act, known as the Nelson Law, in fulfillment of the treaty with the Chippewa Indians of Minnesota, by which they ceded their land and timber to the United States. The operation of this law was attended with so much unnecessary expense that in 1899 the Indians were actually in- debted to the government. A sale of timber on the reservations at Cass and: ecch) iakes had» been advertised for May 15, 1899; but dis- satisfaction with the law, public agita- tion for the creation of a National Park, and unwilingness of lumbermen —due at that time to a tight money market—to bid upon the timber, caused the state legislature upon Feb- ruary 20, 1899, to petition the Secre- tary of the Interior to postpone. the sale, which was done on March 1, of the same year. A three-years struggle then ensued to determine what the character of the new legislation should be. The Na- tional Park advocates wished the whole area set aside for public use, while the lumbermen contended with reason that this was impossible, and urged instead the carrying out of the treaty stipulations with the Indians, by the sale of the pine. Meanwhile large quantities of tim- ber were being cut under a clause of the Nelson Law inserted in 1897, whereby the Indian agent was allowed to sell dead or down timber, to pre- vent its being wasted. Thousands of feet of green pine were cut in defiance of the spirit of the law; and in the winter of 1900 further operations be- gan in spite of the written protest of the State Federation of Women’s Clubs and other organizations, which resulted in a scandal and caused the Secretary of the Interior to discon- tinue this feature of the law. In the fall of 1901 Representative Page Morris, of Duluth, introduced in Congress the first draft of what has ever since been known as the Morris Bill, providing for the sale of pine and the settlement of the lands. The pub- lic clamor which this aroused was so strong that Mr. Morris decided to modify his bill and to arrange a com- promise, upon which the Minnesota Congressional delegation could unite. At a conference at which Mr. Gifford Pinchot, Chief of the Forestry Bureau at Washington, was present a new draft of the Morris Bill was formu- lated, to which the entire Minnesota Congressional Delegation, of both Houses of Congress, agreed. Dele- gates from the town of Cass Lake were also present and agreed to stand by the compromise bill, as formulated at this conference; and that bill was passed, chiefly through the efforts of Senator Clapp, and became and has ever since been known as the Morris Law. In all respects this bill was a re- markable measure. Under it the tim- ber, instead of first being estimated and then sold on the stump, is scaled and sold on basis of the actual quan- tity cut. The increase in scale over the old estimates averages more than 25 per cent; the minimum price, re- reivable for the pine, was raised $1 per thousand, being fixed at $4 for Nor- way pine and $5 for White pine, as against $3 and $4 respectively. Again, the bill provides for the timber to be sold under sealed bids, instead of by 76 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION made from 1873 to 1876 show that one-half of the upland within these reservations is third-class, sandy and of little or no value for farming. It was the intention of the Morris Bill to embrace within the reservation as large a percentage of these sandy lands as possible, leaving outside thereof all lands of agricultural value; and this policy has been pursued. While there is some land within the present reserve which might possibly make good farm land, the larger por- tion has a deep, loose, sandy soil which many years’ experience in older farm- ing communities has shown to lack lasting productiveness. The stored- up fertility, which is released when these lands are cleared of timber makes a quick and fertile soil for three or four years; but rains soon wash this plant food deep into the sub-soils ; artificial fertilization becomes neces- sary, but the effect of the application of manures does not last; clover will grow well at first but will not suffice to maintain the productiveness of such deep sandy soil. This worn-out con- dition does not, however, become ap- parent to the settlers, who locate upon such lands, until they have exhausted the original capital which they brought with them. Neither is it generally understood that existing general statutes provide that lands within forest reserves, which are suited to agriculture can be eliminated therefrom; therefore, if there has been included within this re- serve land which should be used for farming, it will not be necessary either to amend the Morris Bill or pass any new legislation to eliminate it; but the fitness of such lantl will be determined by specialists, whose judgment it is believed will be unbiased. Speculators and town-site men, whose only interest often seems to be only to bring in set- tlers regardless of their future wel- fare, will not be allowed to influence the selection and elimination of such land from the reserve. February VALUE OF THE SEEDLING PINES. The value of this small nucleus of a future pine forest becomes apparent, when we consider that before these pine seedlings reach an age at which it will be profitable to cut them for lum- ber, the entire timber resources of the United States will, according to the best authorities, be completely ex- hausted. Substitutes for timber, no matter how numerous and effective, have so far failed to lessen the ever- increasing consumption of wood, made necessary by our advancing civ- ilization. At the American Forest Congress in Washington in 1905, President Roosevelt stated that if the American people did not now provide for a fu- ture timber supply, there would ensue, before trees could be grown to large enough size to meet the demand, a pe- riod of great hardship and depriva- tion. WHAT SHALL MINNESOTA DO? Shall the State of Minnesota and the nation at large stand aside and allow a small group of speculators, in pursuance of a more than question- able policy, to hinder and perhaps pre- vent forever the best and possibly the only practical effort now being made in the Mississippi Valley to provide for this future timber supply? The government maintains, upon the head waters of the Mississippi, a costly sys- tem of reservoirs to regulate the flow of that stream and to deepen its chan- nel. Last summer, the same selfish interests which are now attacking our forest reserve attempted to bring about the abandonment and destruc- tion of the reservoir system, but failed. The forest reserve supplements the work of the reservoirs; and the same interests, which then so emphatically declared for their maintenance, should now as cordially support the reserve. MINNESOTA NATIONAL PARK. Perhaps the most important feature to the people of the Mississippi Valley, as well as to the public of the whole 1906 nation, is the preservation of the park lands upon the shores and islands of Cass and Leech Lakes. Thirty miles of shore line, covered with dense stands of Norway and White pine, em- bracing scenes of unparalleled beauty, are the heritage to the public be- queathed by the advocates of the old Minnesota National Park idea. The commercial value of this smaller park for the towns of Walker and Cass Lake is as great as is its esthetical value to the public at large. This fea- ture will prove a source of perpetual prosperity and the tourist and other business derived from the mere exist- ence of this park will increase more and more rapidly, as the fame of its beauty and healthfulness spreads. It’ would be the utmost folly for the peo- ple of these towns to exchange their park for the doubtful and evanescent privilege of having settlers take up these sandy lands. ATTEMPTED REPEAL OF THE MORRIS BILL. At the last session of the Minnesota legislature a resolution was passed. without debate or reference to a com- mittee, asking Congress that the Mor- ris Bill be repealed. It is believed that many of the legislators themselves did not realize what the effect might be of the motion for which they voted. The resolution was undoubtedly designed to make it appear that the people of Minnesota were opposed to the Morris Bill and were in favor of its repeal. THE COMMERCIAL CLUBS’ APPEAL. The Commercial clubs of Minneap- olis and St. Paul join in an emphatic denial of the existence of such a senti- ment. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION (fh In the above memorial they have truthfully set forth the history of our national legislation upon this impor- tant subject, the reason for its enact- ment and the beneficent results which have already flowed from it and which we believe have in reality only begun to appear. They have given to the whole mat- ter the most careful and intelligent consideration possible; they were in favor of the original passage of the Morris Bill and have just declared themselves as not only opposed to its repeal but also to any modification or amendment of it, except such as may be asked for by the United States gov- ernment authorities in charge of our forest reserves. We, the undersigned of this memo- rial, do most urgently request the co- operation of all commercial organiza- tions and all thoughtful citizens, not only in the Mississippi Valley, but throughout the country, to arouse public interest and voice this impor- tant matter to the authorities at Wash- ington, for we believe that the people of the nation at large as well as the inhabitants of those states whose com- merce this great river fosters and whose acres it waters and fertilizes, are interested in the preservation and protection of every acre of the mag- nificent forest reserves, which are situ- ated at and tend to preserve and pro- tect its source. St. Pau, CoMMERCIAL CLUB, L. G. Horrman, Pres. C. P. STINE, Secretary. MINNEAPOLIS COMMERCIAL CLUB, F. R. Sarispury, Pres. W.G. Nye, Sec. Public Affairs Com. | ae ie . oe AB ois aioe MINNESOTA NATIONAL FOREST ie obi Vie BY Rev. J. T. BRABNER SMITH Frazee, Minn. RESIDENT ROOSEVELT acted wisely in securing the services of a disinterested expert in practical lum- bering to visit the Minnesota National Forest Reserve, at Cass Lake, and to report the result o fhis investigations to him at Washington. This report has been made public, and the friends ends of a few persons, or even to sat- isfy the real want of a small minority. For two years I lived at Cass Lake village, adjacent to this reserve, and was there when the first selection of land for this reserve was made. Most of the land and the lakes included therein the writer has personally seen. Lake Thirteen in the ‘‘Ten Sections’’— and lovers of the natural beauties of the forest are encouraged. The knowledge that the Federal Forest Reserves are to be used for the national good will steadily gain them friends, and the idea is constantly growing that such marvellous beauty as exists in the Minnesota Reserve should not be destroyed for the selfish Minnesota National Forest Reserve. Eugene S. Bruce, now Expert Lum- berman of the U. S. Forest Service, was in charge of the selection of lands to constitute this reserve, and a more able and conscientious man [| have never met. He was for years engaged in lumbering work in the state of New York. He is a competent lumberman, and no better man could have been in 1906 charge. His assistants were men ot experience. Gifford Pinchot, Chief Forester of the Department of Agri- culture, also personally examined the lands. He is probably the most ca- pable forest expert in America, 1f not in the world, and a man of rare power of discernment. He had no personal preference where the reserve should be located, but simply acted for the good of the whole nation. Mr. Pin- chot, Forester, and Governor Rich- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 79 desiring only to do their full duty in making a wise selection. Settlement of the land by farmers was considered by some interested peo- ple better than a reserve; the cutting and denuding of the vast forests of pine, better than keeping them grad- ually thinned out by scientific logging ; the quick and present financial gain more to be desired than a steady and permanent growth and wealth; but at a meeting of the most prominent busi- Good reproduction of young pine east of Cass Lake. ards, Commissioner of the General Land Office, went over these lands to- gether with Mr. Bruce, and were agreed on the present location. Other experts also were in accord, and now comes President Roosevelt’s special representative, Mr. J. B. White, who indorses all that has been done and reports it as the very best possible se- lection. In conversing with Mr. Pinchot, Mr. Bruce, and Governor Richards, the writer found them all unbiased and ness men of Cass Lake village, held at the time of this visit, both Mr. Pin- chot and Governor Richards ex >lained that eventually Cass Lake would be better financially and every other way because of the reserve. Expert examination showed that the bulk of the land was sandy and best adapted for forestry. Herman H. Chapman, late superintendent of the experimental farm at Grand Rapids, Minn., said, after a careful examina- tion of the lands selected: ‘The Mor- 80 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION ris Bill has set aside 225,000 acres of land for a forest reserve. The ques- tion raised as to the advisability of such action hinges largely on a single point—is the land agricultural or not? * * * Almost. the entire area chosen, which lies east and south of Cass Lake, is solid Norway and Jack pine land * * * Farmers on Jack pine sands, except a few truck gardeners, are of no benefit to a community in the end. Land which is not fit for farming can still grow trees.” February from sale and settlement. Of this se- lection Mr. Bruce, shortly after it was made, said, in an address before the American Forestry Association, at Minneapolis: “Regarding the loca- tion of this reserve, there are many reasons why that portion of the Chip- pewa Indian Reservation, situated in the northerly and westerly part, which includes within its boundaries some of the principal lakes and a long stretch of the Mississippi River, is most de- sirable as a location for the Minnesota Good reproduction of young pine east of Cass Lake. ° On the roth of June, 1903, the first selection of land was approved by the Department of the Interior. This in- cluded 104,459 acres, of which 89,707 acres were classed as pine land, and 14,753 acres were classed as agricul- tural land; this constituted the first selection of the 225,000 acres of land to be selected by the Forester under the terms of the Morris Bill, and there were also selected 6,399 acres to be included in the ten sections reserved National Forest Reserve. One very important one is that this particular locality contains the largest compact acreage of classified pine land of any section within the reservation * * * This fact necessarily had a strong bearing on the selection, since one of the provisions of the Morris Act is that the selection shall be made from lands classified as pine lands * * * There is less true agricultural land in the territory selected than in any other 1906 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 81 area of equal size which could haveother suitable locality which could been selected. Most of the land inhave been selected.” this selection, classified as agricultural, The agricultural, or so-called agri- is low, wet, swamp or marsh land,cultural land, is far less in area than subject to overflow by the governmentthe pine land, and the pine land is reservoirs * * * Much of this so-calledchiefly sandy. Here and there are agricultural land will eventually be de-some rare spots of black loam soil, but ducted when the delineation of thethe best land has almost invariably lands which will be overflowed by thebeen taken as allotments for the In- government reservoirs, located on thedians, who have secured land near the outlets of Leech Lake and Lake Win-lakes, stream, and rivers. The Chippe- nibigoshish, is completed * * * Thewa Indian has not been badly used, territory selected includes within itsas the allotments will show, for he has Good reproduction of Norway Pine. area some of the finest lake and river scenery in these Indian Reservations, and, indeed, some of the finest in the Northwest. It is very accessible from points which can be reached by rail- road. Steamboats and launches can be run through the various lakes and riv- ers in several directions, to the boun- daries of the reserve. Another very strong reason why this location is de- sirable is that the present reproduction of young pine in the locality selected is greater in proportion than in any a real paradise to dwell in, with as much freedom as his heart desires. The picturesque Indians add much to the natural beauty of the reserve. They are of a wandering disposition and are not settling down to farming yet; the full-blooded Indian still prefers to live as of yore, by fishing and hunting, and in bands. The whole reserve area is practically surrounded by lakes, steams, and riv- ers. Lake Thirteen is one of the most lovely lakes in existence. It contains 82 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION pure and sparkling water, fed by natu- ral springs. Like most of the lakes in the reserve, it has sandy beaches, ex- cellent for bathing purposes. The In- dians travel by canoe and portages from. Cassa bake to Lake, Chirteen, through a chain of lakes. The lakes are all well stocked with pike, bass, perch, and some with muscalonge. From Cass Lake one can take a steam launch, canoe, or boat, and travel for days through the different lakes and streams, amid the choicest February scending to the water’s edge. From its crest the visitor can see the shining waters of several lakes and streams, and the distant course of the great “Father of Waters.” On this island is the Indians’ sacred lake, Windigo, which is a veritable lake within a lake, without inlet or outlet, surrounded by masses of veteran White and Norway pine. Pike Bay, whose shores the ten sections entirely protect, is a lake of extraordinary beauty and _ location, with a navigable outlet to Cass Lake. Looking Across Moss Lake in the “Ten Sections.” and most exquisite scenery. "The sun and moon, shining through the majes- tic White and Norway pine on the shores, make a most enchanting and vivid panorama. An additional proof of its choice lo- cation is that the islands in Cass Lake were reserved from sale or settlement. Among those in Cass Lake is the famed Cooper or (Star) Island. It cannot be excelled for charm, standing majestically above the surrounding waters, with its numerous points de- It has a fine sandy beach and bottom and is seldom troubled with storms, being guarded by pine covered hills. Along the south and west shores of Pike Bay are some very heavy stands of Norway of an excellent quality. Here and there are small quantities of dead and down timber. It is strange that fire has done so little to de- stroy this valuable stand of pine, but this is probably the result of the care exercised by the Chippewas to protect their favorite hunting grounds. 1906 Wild flowers in the summer months are plentiful, and the odors from the pines fill the air with health-giving breezes. The wonderful tints of the trees and the colors of the flowers ap- peal to eye and inner sense and give added joy to the lover of nature. The lakes and woods are the dwelling places of numerous wild birds, ducks, partridges, and other species. Game is abundant. Deer, moose, and bear are plentiful. The reserve is certainly FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 83 a great and manifold blessing to man- kind, and will be eagerly sought by tourists, naturalists, sportsmen, and lovers of God’s out-of-doors. Let not man, by his greed, spoil that which God made so beautiful, so pure, and so lovely. The future will show the great wisdom of the choice of this reserve and, should it be maintained, people in years to come will rise up and call the Minnesota National For- est Reserve blessed. FORESTED WATERSHEDS A New Phase of New England Thnift Bx ALFRED AKERMAN State Fcrester of Massachusetts. W ITHIN a few years several New England communities have be- come aware that they have been al- lowing one of their resources to go un- developed. Among these are Hart- ford, Middletown, New Haven, and Ansonia, Connecticut, and the Metro- politan District in Massachusetts. HARTFORD. About fifty years ago Hartford be- gan to acquire land contiguous to its water reservoir. This land was ac- quired to protect the water supply from pollution. From time to time, as the needs of the city grew, other ponds with surrounding lands were pur- chased. In 1902 the total area of wa- tershed owned by the city amounted to 2,500 acres, of which some 1,300 acres were not covered by water. With the exception of a few cords of firewood, this land produced nothing. It was not in a condition to be of service as a park. And it must be held to protect the city’s water supply. The question, then, which came before the Water Board was, Is it possible, consistent with its protection functions, to devel- op the tract as a public park and also to make it produce revenue ? A forest engineer was engaged to examine and report on the tract. His report, or working plan, showed how the tract, if treated in a scientific and systematic way, might in time be made to produce considerable revenue and how at the same time it might be turned into a beautiful, though unpre- tentious park. The working plan showed that 1,300 acres were available for forest grow- ing. Of this area 800 acres were already covered with a sprout growth of chestnut, oak, hickory, maple, and other broadleaf trees. The rest con- sisted of abandoned fields and_ pas- tures which were coming up to infe- rior growths, such as red juniper and poplar leaf birch. Improvement thinning was advised for most of the forest stands, and planting to timber producing kinds of tree for the old fields and pastures. The thinning was advised for two principal reasons. In many places the stand was so dense that its growth was being retarded. In others, many trees had been damaged by an ice storm which swept over this section of the 84 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION country in 1897. From these dam- aged areas all but the best trees were to be removed, in order to make room for a better growth. From the other portions of the forest only such trees were to removed as would increase the Febrnary been thinned and 73 acres planted. The thinning has yielded a product of 1,263 cords of firewood and 1,338 fence posts. Of this product 369 cords were sold at a net profit, varying from twenty-five cents to a dollar and thirty A Quiet Woodland Road, Hartford Watershed. growth and improve the timber quality of those remaining. The working plan was put into oper- ation at once. In the three years that have elapsed since then, 156 acres have cents on the cord. ‘The rest of the ma- terial has been used for construction and heating purposes; and, although not offered for sale, the same profit has been made on it, for it would have 1906 been necessary to purchase other sup- plies, if this had not been at hand. As the work was undertaken to improve the growth and increase the future crop, the improvement wouldhave been clear gain, had the product only paid for its removal. The profit that has been realized may be regarded as an extra profit that may be applied to planting the open lands. The planting has been chiefly to white pine in mixture.with broadleaf trees, such as chestnut, sugar maple, white and red oak, and hickory. All FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 85 which has come with experience, and in part to the production of more and more of the stock in the nursery on the tract. This nursery was established in 1903. It occupies only a third of an acre. It now has a stocking of 125,000 plants, chiefly white pine, white ash, and sugar maple. It has been found expedient to sow such species as chestnut, oak and hick- ory directly in the place where they are to grow, rather than to start them in the nursery. 2 Rs nwa % ‘ An Improvement Thinning on New Haven Water Company’s Land. but the choicest of the broadleaf trees will come out in the process of thin- ning, leaving a stand of white pine with a small admixture of hard woods. The mixed planting has been found cheaper than pure planting to pine; and the broadleaf trees are a benefit to the pines; and, moreover, their pres- efice make a choice of species for the final stand possible, should anything happen to the pines. As the work has progressed the cost of planting has been reduced from $8.00 per acre to $6.33. This is due in part to the in- creased efficiency of the workmen The plantations have been very suc- cessful, in all cases insuring a dense stand in the future. Several averages in the 1903 plantings of white pine show that 93.4 per cent. are living. The young trees planted or sowed in the old fields and pastures have be- gun to show a little above the weeds and grass; and their growth will be rapid now that they have made a start. For instance, the white pines planted in 1903 and which are now five years from the seed, having been planted as two-year-olds, now average 14.6 inches in height, almost exactly half 86 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION of which or 7 inches was made this summer past. For the next twenty years they will average about 18 inches a year. PARK FEATURES. The Hartford tract contains noth- ing grand in the way of scenery. But a turn in the road sometimes brings one upon a scene of exquisite beauty. One of the accompanying illustrations is reproduced from a photograph of one of the reservoirs. On the after- noon of an Indian summer’s day in late October, the quiet surface of this tiny lake reflects in charming manner the gorgeous autumnal foliage of the February Maltby Park, the principal water- shed of the New Haven Water Com- pany, has been leased to the Yale Forest School for a term of years. It is used as a demonstration forest for the forestry students. Under the di- rection of their instructors they have mapped the different kinds of growth, estimated the standing wood, and pre- scribed treatment for the areas that needed treatment. They have not only drawn up the working plan; but they have marked the trees which should be removed, and they have planted a con- siderable area of the open lands. It Seedlings of Sugar Maple, White Ash, and White Pine in the Nursery on the Hartford Watershed. hardwoods and the deep green of the hemlocks on the wooded slope above it. The people of Hartford are finding out the attractions of the place; and on fair days in spring and fall they come out to drive along the quiet woodland roads, or to ramble over the hills. NEW HAVEN, ANSONTIA, MIDDLE- TOWN. AND The writer has dwelt at some length on the Hartford project, because it is typical. ‘The conditions and problems are very much the same in New Havy- en, Ansonia, and Middletown. is the policy of the Forest School to make the instruction as practical as possible; and during term-time the students may often be seen at work with axe or mattock. It is a hopeful sign of the times—one that augurs well for the future of our wasted for- ests—when these bachelors that are, masters that would be, are willing to do manual labor in fair weather artd foul in order to train themselves for the battle that is now waged for forest perpetuation in this country. The working plan for the Ansonia watershed was also prepared by the Yale forestry students. 1906 Middletown is developing its water- shed under the direction of the Con- necticut State Forester. THE WACHUSETT RESERVOIR. The Metropolitan Water and Sew- erage Board began to practice forestry on the watershed about the Wachusett reservoir in 1898. There are about 3,000 acres available for forestry pur- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 87 poses. ‘There are some small patches of growth, but the greater part of the tract is made up of old fields. These fields are being planted at the rate of about 200 acres a year. It will be a quarter of a century or more before the Commonwealth be- gins to realize in a commercial way on this planting. But it will get its money back with interest; and the F’ ardwood Stand, Needing Moderate Thinning, on the Hartford Watershed. 88 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION forest on the watershed will be pre- venting pollution and purifying the water in the meantime. The tract will also serve as a park for the residents of Clinton and neighboring towns. February to consider the reduction of unneces- sary expenses, it is also true that the great loss occasioned in a negative way by neglecting to make the most of a resource is in reality just as much an One of the Reservoirs, Hartford. A GOOD EXAMPLE. The cities that have been mentioned are setting a good example of public economy. ‘Some people suppose that economy consists entirely in cutting down expenses. While it is true that most cities and towns would do well unnecessary expense as though money had been wasted. The New England people are beginning to see this; and in the near future we may find many cities and towns improving their wa- tersheds by the application of the prin- ciples of forestry. REORGANIZATION Oboe Pele |P- PINE BUREAU OF FORESTRY BY W. J. HUTCHINSON Forester, Zamboanga, Mindanao, P. I. HE “Reorganization Act,” which provides for the consolidation of the various government bureaus and a reduction of a million dollars in the cost of running the same, was passed by the Philippine Commission, and ap- proved by the governor general of the islands, October 26, 1905. Under the provisions of this act the Bureau of Forestry will not lose its identity, although several important changes, which take effect December I, 1905, have been made in its or- ganization. A brief outline of the most important of these changes fol- lows: 1. The chief of the Bureau of For- estry will hereafter be known as the director of forestry. 2. The position of assistant chief is abolished. 3. The Division of Forest Inspec- tion, which has charge of the work of the various forest stations, and whose officials classify, appraise, and order payment on all forest products taken from public lands, is abolished, and its work transferred to the Bureau of In- ternal Revenue. As a result of this transfer, the for- esters of the different districts will be able to devote their entire time to the silvicultural study of the forests, the location of areas best suited for com- mercial exploitation of timber and minor forest products, and the inspec- tion of logging operations of various licensees. The islands are at present divided into ten forest districts with fifty-six forest stations. As all manifests and orders of payment will now be issued by officers of the Bureau of Internai Revenue, it will only be necessary to retain the most important stations as headquarters for the foresters, and a number of the best rangers to assist in the work of inspection, etc. 4. The Division of Disbursements is abolished, and hereafter all accounts etc., will be rendered to the Division of Disbursements, Bureau of the Treasury. 5. The experiment station located on the Lamao Forest Reserve is to be transferred to the Department of Agri- culture, but the bureau will still con- tinue work on the various type-areas in which botanical and silvical studies have been carried on since the estab- lishment of the reserve in 1903. 6. Postal, telephone, and telegraph service on government business wiii be paid for at the regular rate established for similar services to private perso.s, out of a fund appropriated for the purpose. Another item of interest apart from the “Reorganization Act,” is the gen- eral order issued by the Bureau of Forestry, and approved by the Secre- tary of the Interior, October 2, which will do much toward alleviating the hard times at present prevailing among the inhabitants of the islands. This order provides that for a peri- od of five years the residents of the islands will be allowed to utilize free of charge, and without license, forest products, earth and stone, for personal use, cutting of trees of the first group excepted. Timber cut for sale or export will continue to pay the regular govern- ment tax, but the new ruling will do away with the “red tape” heretofore necessary in order to obtain permis- sion to cut a few cubic feet of wood for personal use. At the present time there are eight American-trained foresters and assist-- ant foresters in the islands, and a num- ber of new men are expected to arrive from the United States early in 1906. LETTERS. URGING THE ESTABLISH- MENT OF THE WHITE MOUNTAIN FOREST “RESERVE: UNITED STATES SENATE. Washington, D. C. January 13, 1000. H. M. Suter, Esoa., Secretary American Forestry Asso- ciation, Washington, D. C. My dear Sir :— It is a matter of much regret to me that I find myself unable to respond to your kind invitation to attend the meeting of the American Forestry Association on the 17th inst., and to make a brief address in behalf of the proposed White Mountain Forest Re- serve. The press of public duties is such that I find myself just now una- ble to give much attention to matters outside of my legislative work. The reasons for an appropriation of public funds designed to save the forests of the White Mountain region from dev- astation are so clearly and forcibly set forth in a report from the Senate Com- mittee on Forest Reservations and the Preservation of Game made during the Fifty-eighth Congress that it is impos- sible to add anything to the presenta- tion there made. The White Moun- tains of New Hampshire are in the broad sense the property of the people of the entire country, and I am grati- fied to know that the destruction of those forests is being protested against by leading citizens of many of the states of the Union. While New Hampshire will sustain a loss if the forests of the White Mountain region are destroyed, it is equally true that a positive loss will accrue to the American people as a whole. The objection that has been made in certain quarters that it is a new departure to appropriate public money for the purchase of land for a forest reserve, while technically true, loses its force in view of the fact that millions of acres of the public domain have been set aside for forest reserves, thus indirectly taking from the Treas- ury the proceeds from the sale of such lands. In one case the money was halted before it reached the Treasury, and in the other it is proposed to take it from the Treasury after it has been paid in, which, after all, is but a differ- ence in methods. I hope that the re- quisite appropriations may be made in the near future for the acquisition of lands necessary to establish both the White Mountain and Appalachian for- est reserves, as is proposed by bills now before Congress. Very respectfully yours, J. H. GALLINGER, Ua a: From Hon. T. Jefferson Coolidge. Boston, Mass. Hon. F. W. Rou.ins. Dear Sir:—I have read with great interest the bill of Senator Gallinger, of New Hampshire, proposing that Congress should make a forest reser- vation of one half a million or more of acres in the region of the White Mountains. It is unnecessary for me to say to you that for some years the manufac- turing establishments on the Merri- mac River in New Hampshire have suffered seriously from the cutting down of the forests. One freshet, a _few years ago, cost the Amoskeag Company more than one hundred thousand dollars. Besides the injury done by the ex- cessive flow of water in freshets, we suffer also in the same way from ab- sence of water during dry seasons, as the woods no longer retain the water. It is emptied at once, and not held back to trickle slowly into the streams. But New Hampshire is not the only state to which this reservation would 1906 be of inestimable value. The Connec- ticut, the Merrimac, and the Saco, all have their sources in the White Moun- tains; so that Vermont, Connecticut, and Massachusetts are equally inter- ested in the scheme, and even the An- droscoggin derives part of its stream from the country north of the White Mountains. Maine, therefore, will also be benefitted. All the states in Europe have real- ized that it is absolutely necessary to preserve the forests, in order to pre- vent freshets at one season and droughts at another, and I think al- most all of the governments have adopted forestry laws which forbid the cutting of wood unless with: permis- sion of the government. I trust, therefore, that the senators and representatives will unite in the heartiest approval of Senator Gallin- ger’s proposition. T. JEFFERSON COooLIDGER. From Hon. Richard Olney. Hon. FRANK W. ROLLINS. My dear Governor :—I trust Senate bill, Fifty-eighth Congress, No. 2327, introduced by Senator Gallinger, of New Hampshire, may become a law. That it is in the public interest and seeks to promote objects of great pub- lic importance cannot be doubted. The only question is whether these public objects may be properly con- sidered as national in character—as being purposes for which the national revenues may be legitimately appropri- ated. On this point it is to be remem- bered that the mountain regions of New Hampshire are the sources of three important rivers—the Connecti- cut, the Merrimac, and the Saco—and that the Androscoggin traverses a part of the state and is indebted to it for two important branches; that these rivers flow into other states and fur- nish water and power to municipalities and large manufacturing industries, whose welfare and prosperity are greatly dependent upon the regularity and evenness of the supply; that the increase of the timber supply of the FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 91 country is as important as the increase of any other product of the soil; and that in addition to the large commer- cial and industrial interests involved, thousands of people from all parts of the land annually visit the hill country of New Hampshire for rest and recre- ation. In view of these considerations, it cannot be fairly claimed that the subject matter of Senator Gallinger’s bill is of interest to, and should be dealt with by New Hampshire alone. RICHARD OLNEY. From Morris K. Jessup, Esq. New York City. Hon. F. W. Rotwins. Dear Sir :—I am in receipt of yours of the twenty-second relative to a na- tional forest reserve in the White Mountains. I am in hearty accord with this movement, and have always advocated the cause of the preserva- tion of our forests, which are so es- sential to our water supply for the large cities, as well as the manufac- turing industries. * * *- * * * You have my earnest wishes for the success of your undertaking, and I trust Congress will see fit to carry out - the proposed bill which has been intro- duced in the Senate. Morris K, Jessup. From Rev. Edward Everett Hale, D.D. WASHINGTON, D. C. My dear Governor Rollins :—I was appointed at Intervale, New Hamp- shire, chairman of the committee which should express the sentiments of powers outside New Hampshire re- garding the preservation of the New Hampshire forests. And I also write with a good deal of personal feeling. For I was on the Geological Survey in those regions in 1841, and have with these eyes seen forests demolished in which were trees centuries old, and where the region is given over to sumach and blackberry bushes. It is no mere matter of botanical curiosity which we are pleading for. It is the preservation of a water supply which 92 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION affects five out of the six New Eng- land states. It also affects the very existence of whatever makes the re- gion attractive to persons from every part of the nation. It is easy to see on mere economical grounds that the de- struction of forests has been the ruin of many a nation which did not have wisdom enough to keep them. In our case the gradual denudation of our noblest mountains will destroy the noblest and best ground for Re-Crea- tion which is now open to all people east of the Mississippi. We hope with all our hearts that the great Appalachian reserve will be pur- chased for the nation. Four thousand square miles is none too large a reser- vation. Certainly with so satisfactory a standard as that, ten or twelve miles square, say a hundred and sixty square miles, is none too large for another breathing ground for forty million people. EpwaArp E.. HALE. RESOLUTIONS IN FAVOR OF THE RESER- VATION. Resolutions by various commercial and other organizations have disclosed an interest extending beyond the boun- daries of New England. A few typi- cal resolutions are here given: By the American Paper and Pulp Association. New York Ciry. Resolved, That the American Paper and Pulp Association approve of Sen- ate Bill No. 2327, for the purchase by the government of a national forest re- serve in the White Mountains, to be known as the National White Moun- tain Reserve, it being a step in the di- rection of scientific forestry and prop- er protection of our water supply. By the Boston Associated Board of Trade. Boston, Mass. Whereas, the continued unscientific destruction of our forests in New Eng- - January land is affecting our rivers and indi- rectly our manufacturing resources, also denuding and permanently de- stroying the productiveness of large areas of land, Resolved, That the Associated Board of Trade heartily endorse Senate Bill 2327, for the purchase by the govern- ment of a national forest reserve in the White Mountains, to be known as the National White Mountain Reserve, and that our senators and representa- tives in Congress be requested to assist in the passage of the bill. By the New Haven and Coastwise Lumber Dealers’ Association. New Haven, Conn. Whereas, the New Haven Lumber Dealers’ Association views with much concern the rapid cutting down of the forests of the great White Mountain region, a situation which threatens within a comparatively short time to sweep the central portion of these mountains entirely clean of the splen- did trees which “formerly made it one of the few great forests standing east of the Alleghanies ;” and Whereas, we learn a bill has been introduced in the United States Sen- ate which has for its object the saving of the remainder of these forests by an appropriation which shall create a national forest reserve in the White Mountains, Resolved, That as an association of lumbermen conversant with the needs and the urgency of the situation, we thoroughly endorse the purpose of this bill and hope that this present session of Congress will take speedy and fa- vorable action in the matter. Resolved, That copies of these reso- lutions be sent to our senators, the Hon. Joseph R. Hawley and the Hon. Orville H. Platte, and to our repre- senative, the Hon. Nehemiah D. Sper- ry, urging them to give their hearty and earnest support to this bill. 1906 By the National Wholesale Lumber Dealers’ Association. WASHINGTON, D. C. The report of the committee on for- estry, which was adopted, contained the following: “There is at present legislation pro- jected, and in some cases far advanced, asking for state and federal aid in the establishment of forest reserves, which should receive the aid and support of the members of this association. Among these are the projected Appa- lachian reserve and the National White Mountain forest reserve; for the latter Senate Bill No. 2327 is now pending in Congress, and your com- mittee asks that this association shall say that “Tt is the sense of this annual meet- ing that the members shall in every FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 93 way possible lend their support, aid and influence to the passage of this bill and all legislation of like kind.” Resolutions have been passed also by the following associations: Boston Lumber Trade Club, Boston Mer- chants’ Association, Connecticut State Lumber Dealers’ Association, Rhode Island State Lumber Dealers’ Associa- tion, New Hampshire State Lumber- men’s Association, Appalachian Moun- tain Club, and National Forestry Asso- ciation. The society has asked men and wo- men of New Hampshire birth and an- cestry who are living in other states to write to their respective congress- men requesting favorable action. The outlook for the bill in Congress is favorable. SUGGES IONS FOR. Sale PORES] FIRE LAWS BY Ej. CHEY NEY Minnesota Experiment Station, HE, forest laws of most of our states are far more impressive in the reading than they are effective in the application. ‘There are at least three glaring weaknesses—almost uni- versal in their occurrence—the correc- tion of which would make all the other shortcomings of the laws seem trivial indeed. In the first place, the legislatures— led by what is probably a false idea of economy—would all seem to have the bee by the wrong end. The laws are nearly all directed toward the fighting of fires which have already started in the woods, providing dire punishments to be visited on the heads of those who are supposed to have set such fires, and giving promise of hor- rible things which will be done to any district attorneys who do not properly prosecute such offenders. To this end a grudging and usually inefficient ap- propriation is made for fight:ng fires. Many of the laws simply appoint fire wardens, without pay, empowering (?) them to fight fires and hire help for that purpose, without making any appropriation whatsoever. These laws are a good thing. Not only does it show that people are wak- ing up to the necessity of such things, but they are of practical value in pro- viding men where they are very badly needed. It would, however, be much better to look to the prevention of fires so that there would be no necessity of fighting them. The old adage that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure applies nowhere better than to forest fires. And would it not be possible to bring this about with 94 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION little or no increased expense to the state? Under the present system a fire warden is paid only for the time spent in actually fighting the fire. He can- not afford to neglect his own work to look for fires in the places where they are most likely to occur, nor even to waste an afternoon in hurrying to in- spect a rumor which may turn out to be a false alarm, and consequently no pay. In this way a fire almost neces- sarily grows to dangerous proportions before anyone can afford to take any notice of it, and a large number of men are then required to fight it. Every forest fire has a small begin- ning and a very large per cent of these beginnings would be found by a man who was paid to look for them; and would be found in such time that he could put them out alone with the aid of one or two helpers. Without look- ing into the value of the property which would be saved in this way, it is an open question whether a paid regular patrol would not nip in the bud a sufficient number of fires to make that plan actually cheaper than paying the crowds of temporary la- borers who have to be called in at extra high wages to fight the fires after they have gotten well under way. For example: It would not re- quire a very large fire to force a war- den to hire thirty men for two days at $2 per day. One hundred and twenty dollars is spent in putting out this one little fire which has nevertheless done considerable damage before it was gotten under control. That $120 would pay one man to patrol a large territory for three months of the sum- mer danger season—April, May, and June. Such a patrol would probably have caught this fire—together with dozens of others—in the incipient stage, saved several thousands of feet of lumber, and the expense of several hundred fire fighters. That millions of feet of timber vould be saved in this way is beyond question, but would it not also be cheaper in the actual cash outlay ? February APPOINTMENT OF WARDENS. Another mistake, though not nearly so important as the first, is the ap- pointment of elected men, such as the Selectmen of a town, to the position of fire warden. A man will not leave his own work to go fight a fire on some one else’s ground and probably for some one else’s benefit, unless he has to, and forcing men to do such things is not a business calculated to make a man popular. Consequently the elect- ed fire warden is not going to do it, or can he be greatly blamed for refus- ing. He does not care about losing the position as fire warden, but the more paying or more honorary posi- tion by virtue of which he is fire war- den. One or two of the states have realized this and found a very good so- lution of it in the appointment of the wardens by the courts. THE MATTER OF PAY. This difficulty which the fire warden has in obtaining aid in time of fire—a question which seems to puzzle some people unduly—is the result of an- other great weakness in the fire laws. They usually offer higher pay than is given for other work, but men do not volunteer for their work. The causes are not far to seek. The job is a per- emptory and temporary one—which does not matter so much, though both these characteristics go against the grain of the average Ameri- can—and the pay comes somewhere in the far future—which matters a ereat deal. 10. the-sclassumer men hired on such occasions pay in the future is no pay at all; they would rather work for fifty cents and get it at once, than for two dollars to come a month hence. And lucky is the man who gets his money through the gov- ernment red tape in a month! The Pocono Protective Fire Association, in Pennsylvania, though they do not pay as high wages as the state, have no trouble in getting men for this work because they pay cash. This has been pretty generally acknowledged as a 1906 great fault, but nothing has been done to remedy it. | would like to suggest the follow- ing plan: The length “of time taken to get the money from the state treas- uries is largely the result of the cum- brous w orking of those institutions and therefore “unavoidable. not have a sub-pay station in the shape of the small country stores? Arrange- ments could easily be made with such stores, without expense, to credit the order of the fire wardens. These or- ders could be made out on the grounds immediately after the work was com- pleted, taken to the neighboring store, and there either be exchanged for cash or credited on the books. The stores But why. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 95 would be willing enough to do this for the increased trade which it would in- evitably bring them, and could wait for the slower pay of the government. Probably many orders are now cashed at the stores at a tremendous discount ; an agreement between the store and the state would secure full pay for the holder. ‘To make this system secure against leakage the wardens should be paid and bonded men, but the small amounts of money involved and the caution of the stores would act as a pretty good check on any fraud. This “would seem to be the most ef- fective way of bracing up a weak sys- tem which is the next best thing to getting a new one. ANNUAL REPORT, GOVERNMENT EMPLOVEES, MUPUAE RELIES ASSOCIATION HE Government Employees’ Mu- tual Relief Association is intend- ed to include male employees of the Geological Survey, the Reclamation Service, the Forest Service and other like government offices. It is organ- ized to meet the unexpected expenses of its members resulting from acci- dent, illness, or death. It is also in- tended to relieve their associates in services from the burden of caring for them, which in the past has some- times been excessive. The government does not assist civil employees who die, become sick, or injured, whether in the course of duty or otherwise. This organization is intended to meet the conditions arising from this fact in a way that shall enable each employee to care for himself and not, as in some cases in the past, be de- pendent upon the voluntary assistance of his associates. The policy issued provides: t. Indemnity for loss of time on ac- count of accident or illness to the extent of S$1I 145 THE BLACK MESA FOREST RESERVE (Jilustrated). S. Breen - - - - - - - - - 149 SUCCESSFUL FIRE PROTECTION IN CALIFORNIA 153 RECENT PUBIICAMIONG (su. 2u5.- 2° 5 154 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the American Forestry Association. Suvseription price $1.00 a year; single copies 10 cents. Copyright, 1906, by Forestry and Irrigation Publishing Co. Entered at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., as second-class mail matter. Published Monthly at WASHINGTON, D. C. Jo (TES PA THE SAWKILL FALLS, NEAR MILFORD, PA. One of the many beautiful views in the vicinity of the Yale Summer.School of Forestry (See page 122) Forestry and Irrigation. ING:3 VOE XIT- MARCH, 1906. Write to The bill for national for- _ of the Service to co-operate in every or est reservations in the way possible with the lumbermen of Congressmen White Mountains of New Hampshire and the Southern Appalachian Mountains, has been in- troduced in the present Congress. The Senate Committee on Agriculture and Forest Reserves has reported favor- ably upon the measure and the House Committee on Agriculture is to consider the bill at a hearing on April 11. Readers of Forestry AND [RRIGA- TION are earnestly urged to write their representatives in Congress, or their senators, and urge their support of this measure. Say that you earnestly desire that these forest reservations be established, and ask them to see Speak- er Cannon and urge upon him the importance of securing a vote on this measure at the earliest possible day. -The time for concerted action is at hand. Wholesale Lumber Dealers Meet The Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the National Wholesale Lumber Deal- ers’ Association, held in Washington on March 7 and 8, was remarkable for the keen interest shown in practical forestry by the members of this pow- erful organization. The session on Thursday morning, March 8, was al- most entirely given up to the discus- sion of forestry as applied to the lum- ber industry. The session began with the report of the association’s commit- tee on forestry, which was presented by its chairman, Mr. George F. Craig, of Philadelphia. He was followed by Mr. Gifford Pinchot, head of the U. S. Forest Service, who spoke of the government forest work and the desire the country. Mr. Alfred Gaskill, of the Forest Service, then read an inter- esting paper on “How Shall Forest Lands Be Taxed?” In the afternoon, President Roosevelt received the dele- gates to the convention in the East Room. He shook hands with each of the delegates and made the following address: “T wish to state what a very real pleasure it is to have the chance of greeting this body here on this occa- sion. I-hope I need not say the very deep interest I take in not only your business itself but in the way in which you are carrying it on. I want to con- gratulate you with all my heart, and I congratulate the country upon the way in which the exceptionally intelligent and energetic men who have been en- gaged in lumbering have met and are meeting the changed conditions of their business ; they way in which they are now seeking to put it upon a foot- ing not of exploiting a given area of forest and leaving nothing behind, but of so handling the forest that in using it it is yet left as an asset for their chil- dren and children’s children. “The great desire I have in connec- tion with the government forest ser- vice is that you lumbermen_ should make the fullest use of that service, and I think I need not say that it is absolutely at your disposition, and that the more you use it, the more you work in conjunction with those en- gaged in managing it, the better it will be for the service, and I think for you. I am pleased to learn that you are to 110 help in establishing a chair in lumber- ing at Yale. “There is no business in the United States in which there is greater need of having it carried on with a combina- tion of scientific understanding and practical horse sense. And, after all, that is the way in which every success- ful business, including the business of governing, has got to be carried on.” The Nebraska Park and Forestry Association’s annual meeting, held at Lincoln recently, was a very successful affair. Those on the program were Prof. A. E. Burnett, director of the Nebraska experiment station; Mr. C. S. Harrison, president of the associa- tion; Prof. N. E. Hansen, of South Dakota; Mr. E. C. Bishop, assistant superintendent of public instruction for Nebraska; Mrs. H. M. Bushnell, president of the Nebraska Federation of Women’s Clubs; Prof. Charles E. Bessey, #rof. R. A. Emerson, and Chas" a. Scott, Wm. H. Mast and Frank G. Miller, of the Forest Service. The establishment of a state park and a state forest nursery were among the more important questions discussed. Mr. Charles A. Scott delivered a special course of twelve lectures to the students of forestry in the University of Nebraska in January. The course included a discussion of the methods of gathering forest tree seeds, nursery practice, field planting, and forest pol- icy. The closing address, by special request of the city teachers, was an il- lustrated lecture on “Forest Indus- tries.’ Mr. Scott has been engaged for a similar course next year. Nebraska Notes Fixing Control A notable bill, designed of Reclama- {,, prevent any possible tion Work Ate : abuse of administrative power, has been introduced in the House of Representatives by Mr. Cooper of Pennsylvania in connection with the operations of the Reclamation Act. There is probably no law on the statute books which puts in the hands of a single official of the government such unlimited powers of expenditure FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March as the act devoting the proceeds from the sale of public lands to the construc- tion of reclamation works. Prominent statesmen, both inside and out of Con- gress, and leading newspapers have called attention to the great possibili- ties for maladministration, while at the same time they have joined in com- mendation of the wisdom and conserv- ative policy of the present Secretary of the Interior. In view of the fact that no one man can be expected to remain indefinitely in charge of these great re- sponsibilities, it seemed wise at the present time while everything is pro- gressing well to make a provision of law such that Congress shall give at- tention annually to the expenditure of the reclamation fund. This fund at present amounts to $30,000,000. With this thought in view, Mr. Cooper, after an inspection of the work in the field, has introduced his bill (H. R. 16312), providing for the more complete placing of responsibilities in administration of the reclamation fund. This bill confirms the present practice which has proved successful—that is, that of making the director of the Geo- logical Survey the director of the Re- clamation Service, and provides that he shall remain as such until some other person is designated by the Pres- ident to fill the office of director of the Reclamation Service. The bill also provides that the director shall submit annual estimates of expenditures to be made, so that Congress may have full information on this point. It in effect places the responsibilities of distrib- uting the fund where it belongs—that is, with Congress—and to that extent relieves the executive officers from the endless worry and annoyance incident to the wise apportionment of the fund. It is believed that Mr. Cooper’s bill will have the support of the leaders in Congress, as well as that of the higher executive officers who are conversant with the established system. It is not intended as a reflection upon the exist- ing order of things, but, on the con- trary, serves to crystallize the methods which have been found to be desirable and to put on the statute books a more 1906 definite recognition of the responsibil- ities of Congress and of the adminis- trative officers of the government. On. March:3,, at. Char- lotte, N. C., an interest- ing and important meet- ing was held in the interest of forestry. Three sessions were held in the morn- ing, afternoon and evening, and a number of those prominent in the for- est movement, and particularly in the Meeting at Charlotte, N.C. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 111 Gaskill, of the Forest Service; Mr. F. H. Newell, chief engineer, United States Reclamation Service; Prof. J. A. Holmes, state geologist, and others. In the morning a reception was ten- dered by the Southern Manufacturers’ Club; the afternoon session was held at the Academy of Music, at which a number of excellent addresses were made. Stress was laid upon the im- portance of conserving the forests, lest View Showing the Remaining Portion of the Arizona Dam, which was Washed Away by the Flood of April 13, 1905. effort for the establishment of the Ap- palachian Forest Reserve, were pres- ent and spoke. These included Gover- nor Glenn of North Carolina, who presided at all sessions ; Governor Ter- rell of Georgia, Mr. Gifford Pinchot, chief of the United States Forest Ser- vice; Mr. C. A. Schenck, director of Biltmore Forest School; Dr. W. Gill Wylie, president of the Southern Pow- er Co.; Mr. Alfred Akerman, state forester of Massachusetts; Mr. Alfred the water powers of the South—so vital to its welfare—be dangerously impaired. The evening session was more large- ly attended, and a distinctly “popular” program was offered, probably the most interesting portion of which was an illustrated lecture on forest preser- vation by Prof. J. A. Holmes. Excel- lent addresses were made by Dr. J. Hyde Pratt, of Chapel Hill, N. C., as- sistant state geologist; Mr. Fred C. 112 Bates, of the General Electric Com- pany; Prof. Hi... House, Mr. W.. 5. Lee, jr., Dr. Collier Cobb, Governor Glenn, and others. The most important feature of the meeting was the decision to appoint a committee to urge the passage of the bill now pending in Congress provid- ing for forest reserves in the Southern Appalachian and White Mountains. Governor Glenn was selected chairman of this committee and requested to se- lect the same, asking the Governors of Virginia, West Virginia, Pennsylva- nia, Maryland, Tennessee, North Car- olina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alaba- ma, and each of the New England states to co-operate with him in the ap- pointment of such a committee. Interest in forestry in the South is slowly taking root, and judging from the excelent resolutions adopted at this Charlotte meeting, and the evident in- terest of all present, the time is not far off when the South will come to a realization of the importance of hus- banding its timber resources. Yale Student for South Afiica Captain George Adelbert Wilmot of the class of 1906 in the Yale Forest School has just been notified by the colonial government of the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa of his ap- pointment as an assistant instructor in forestry and lecturer in forest law in the newly established forest school at Cape Town. Captain Wilmot, who was educated at the University of Dublin, gave up his studies in forestry to join her majesty’s forces in the Boer war, in which he served with distinction, re- tiring with rank of captain. After the close of the war he resumed his work in forestry under the colonial govern- ment, which offered to send him to any of the different schools that he might elect. After canvassing the ground thoroughly and after considerable cor- respondence with Prof. Henry S. Graves, the director of the Yale Forest School, he finally chose the Yale For- est School as the best suited to his pur- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March pose, and has repeatedly expressed himself as more than satisfied with his choice. He also desired to study our methods of planting, as the main prob- ~ lems of the South African forester are those of afforestation. Since his arri- val here in the fall of 1904 he has spent his vacations in traveling about the country examining our work in for- estry, and particularly our experiments in tree planting in the Middle West. He is just now leaving, at the request of his government, and by the courtesy of the authorities of the Yale Forest School, to study the conifers of tem- perate Mexico. The climate condi- tions there being somewhat similar to those in South Africa, it is hoped by the officials of the South African gov- ernment that some of the Mexican: conifers may be found suitable for planting in South Africa. Upon his return from Mexico, Captain Wilmot will proceed to Germany for a brief period of study there, after which he will go on to Cape Town to take up his work in the newly established forest school. Reclamation Following the lead of ae Senator Hansbrough’s Threatened ‘bill to divert a million dollars from the reclamation fund for drainage in his state of North Dakota, other congressmen, especially in the east, are waking up to the opportuni- ties such a lead presents. Representa- tive Small has introduced a bill to take’ $r,000,000 from the reclamation fund- to drain the historic Dismal Swamp in Virginia and North Carolina If funds - are diverted for these projects, why not use the reclamation fund for re- claiming the swamps of Florida, Lou- isiana, Arkansas, and a long list of others? Active efforts along these lines may prove successful, but the plan of developing the arid West would in this way receive a mighty serious setback. The reclamation fund has been judiciously distributed by the Secretary of the Interior so as to pro- vide for the utilization of the fund, in- cluding the estimated receipts for the next three years, in order that the 1906 work may be carried on as the funds come in from year to year. This pro- vides for the finishing of the first sec- tions of various projects. The proper completion of the plans of work al- ready started necessitates the use of the funds that will be received for a number of years. Any disturbance of the equilibrium now established will require the curtailing of some projects and the abandonment of others: The selection must be made from those that would involve the least loss to the gov- ernment. The disturbance of compre- hensive plans for spending $30,000,000 cannot be otherwise than disastrous to the West in general. No one disputes the immense value that would be created by draining the swamplands of the country. But for this purpose a bill has been introduced in Congress by Representative Steen- erson of Minnesota, drawn along the sensible, practical lines of the National Reclamation Act of June 17, 1992. Its passage and administration will bring about the drainage of swamplands throughout the country on an immense scale, without diverting a single penny from the present Reclamation Fund. This bill, described elsewhere in this issue of ForESTRY AND IRRIGATION, ought to command the support of everyone interested in the highest de- velopment of the country. To Buy The Secretary of the In- Salt River : ieee : r given hi - ae terior has give Ss ap the purchase by the government of the entire system of canals on the north side of the Salt River Valley, Arizona, in the center of which is Phoenix, the capital of the territory. These canals now become an integral part of the Salt River Project and will be remod- eled into an ideal system of distribu- tion by which to irrigate 125,000 or more acres of rich, fertile land. This disposition of the matter has been brought about as a consequence of the disastrous floods in the Salt River Val- ley last spring. Among other things FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION proval to a contract for | 113 the flood carried away the Arizona. dam. Asa result the company owning the dam has been unable to furnish water and the farming operations of many persons in the Salt River Valley have been in serious danger. The ac- tion of the government in deciding to take over this irrigation system is in accord with fts policy to acquire all possible water rights in regions affect- ed by its own projects, thereby avoid- ing useless and costly litigation. Now that the Secretary of the In- terior has decided that there is no ob- stacle to the approval of the contract for the purchase of the Arizona canal system, it is an appropriate time to recognize the invaluable services of Mr. B. A. Fowler, president of the Salt River Valley Water Users’ Asso- ciation, in meeting and overcoming the numerous difficulties that have beset the consummation of these negotia- tions. Mr. Fowler’s work in this con- nection cannot be fully appreciated ex- cept by one who has been on the ground and who has been cognizant of the many different phases which the matter has at various times assumed. The officers of the Sovernment are, of course, bound by the rules of regular and orderly procedure, and while they have consistently endeavored to do ev- erything that was officially possible to expedite the negotiations, the numer- ous delays incident to such matters could have been overcome only by tact- ful and persistent effort. Mr. Fowler kept in touch with the proceedings at every stage and by his attention, pa- tience and persistence aided in dispos- ing of many difficulties that would otherwise have caused great delay. The fact that these negotiations have been closed within two and one-half months, instead of taking twice that long, is unquestionably due almost solely to Mr. Fowler’s presence in Washington and to his untiring ef- forts. ‘The people of Salt River Val- ley should understand and appreciate this. HON. HALVOR STEENERSON, of Minnesota Author of Government Drainage Bill Representative Steenerson, champion of the drainage measure, which is elsewhere described in this issue of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION was born June 30, 1852, in Dane County, Wis. His parents removed to Minnesota the follow- jng year, and he later grew up in Houston county, studying in the common schools of his section. Completing his education there he entered upon the study of law, and in 1878 was admitted to the Bar in the Supreme Court of Illinois, after a course of study at the Union College of Law in Chicago. ‘The same year he was admitted to the Minnesota bar, and soon after removed to Crookston, Minn., and began the practice of his profession there. In 1880 he was elected county attorney; and in 1882, State Senator. He attended the Republican National Conventions of 1884 and 1888 as a delegate, and was elected to the 58th Congress and re-elected to the 59th. Lhe RbATeA EH PROJECT An Immense Reclamation Scheme in California and Oregon Combining Irrigation and Drainage Works BY H. L. HOLGATE U.S. Reclamation Service. je the rock of rough marble the sculptor saw an angel. His prac- tised hand chiseled away the imprison- ing stone, revealing to the world a figure of beauty. With an equal pre- scient eye the United States Reclama- tion Service ,sees* ine tlre, “Kianiath plateau of Southern Oregon and Northern California, a land of thous- ands of prosperous farm homes, and with equal skill the engineers of the service will reveal the agricultural pos- sibilities of this undeveloped region. Under the Klamath Project, the offi- cial name of this irrigation scheme to be constructed by the government, lie 250,000 acres of irrigable land. About 145,000 acres are in private ownership and 105,000 acres are government lands. The public lands will be subdivided into tracts averag- ing 80 acres in extent, and under the law the private lands must be sub- divided into farms not exceeding 160 acres under one -ownership. The average size of all the farms will prob- Tule Lake, Oregon and Calitornia; the future site tor 1000 farms of 80 acres each. To be drained and irrigated as part of the Klamath project by the U. S. Reclamation Service. 116 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March ably be less than 100 acres and the total number of farms will be some- thing more than 2,500. These farms and the immense timber resources of the country will easily support a popu- lation of 50,000 people. The engineers of the service are not here confronted with difficult engineer- ing problems. The water supply is abundant and nature has provided the necessary reservoirs. The larger area of irrigable land, about 190,090 acres, Klamath Lake. This latter lake ex- tends from Klamath Falls, Oregon, to Laird, Siskiyou County, California, a distance of twenty-five miles. The depth of water varies from one to twelve feet and a heavy growth of tules marks the greater area. The lake has an elevation of 4,086 feet and an area of about 80,000 acres. Except for a large drainage channel, which will probably be navigable, Lower Klamath Lake will be reclaimed by Link River, Oregon, Outlet of Upper Klamath Lake. will be supplied with water drawn from Upper Klamath Lake, situated in Klamath County, Oregon. This lake has an area of 60,000 acres, an average depth of about 8 feet and an elevation of 4,142’ feet. The lake receives the drainage of an immense water shed. Its only outlet over a rim-rock 1s Link River, a stream which has a length of about one mile and a fall in that dis- tance of 56 feet, emptying into Lower drainage and evaporation and subse- quent irrigation. Its outlet at Keno into the Klamath River will be deepen- ed twelve feet by a rock cut. The second reservoir is Clear Lake, in Modoc County, California, where a restraining dam must be constructed. The outlet of the Lake is Lost River, which flows north through rich valley lands in Oregon and then turns south, emptying after a course of sixty miles 1906 into Tule Lake, situated partially in Oregon but chiefly in California. Clear Lake has an elevation of 4,533 feet. Its waters will be utilized in irrigating about 60,000 acres of land in Langells, Yonna, and Poe Valeys. Lost River, upon leaving Poe Valley, debouches upon the Klamath plateau and from this point its waters will be diverted, through a drainage channel into Klamath River, thus depriving Sage Brush Lands in Klamath Basin, Oregon and California ; by the Klamath Project. Tule Lake of its source of supply. It is expected that by evaporating 50,000 acres now covered by the waters of Tule Lake which has no surface out- let, will be reclaimed. The estimated cost of the reclama- tion system is $4,500,000, or an aver- age cost of $18 per acre, the smallest cost per acre of any project whose con- struction the government has yet FORESTRY AND [RRIGATION NEY undertaken. The government is ready to advertise for bids for the initial work and construction will probably begin this year. There will be no public land under the project subject to entry for several years. The government holdings are practically confined to the water- covered lake lands and will not be thrown open to entry until fully re- claimed and ready for cultivation. As to be Reclaimed the government will not sell a water right for more than 160 acres to any one person, a considerable acreage of the private holdings i is upon the market at prices ranging from $10 to $50 per AChE: depending upon the amount of improvements, state of cultivation, quality of soil and nearness to market. For particular information relative to land the officials of the Reclamation 118 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March Service refer inquiries to the Secretary of the Klamath Water Users’ Associa- tion, Klamath Falls, Oregon. The growing season, owing to the high altitude and consequent frost, is compartively short, but the soil is very fertile and the grasses, grains, vegetables and hardier fruits are suc- cessfully grown. Great areas of moun- tain and hill country stretch away in every direction, affording excellent outrange, and even under present con- fir forests tributary to Upper Klamath Lake range from ten to fifteen billion heer The climate is healthful and attract- ive. Many delightful nooks and cor- ners, forest-covered mountains, expan- sive lakes and crystalline, trout-stocked streams tempt the city folk who take summer outings ; and not the least im- portant is the beautiful and mysterious Crater Lake—one of the wonders of the West. The shotgun devotee finds $a? riehtniaxe Map of Klamath Project. Reservair Horsefly Reservoir Drainage anda irrigatron Project, of US Reclamation Service NAYS ditions some 25,000 head of beef cattle are driven to market annually. Kla- math county sells each year to the Uni- ted States Army horses which bring from $125 to $150 each. Beets grown experimentally show a high percentage of sugar. Tests show the tule soil to be extremely rich and especially adapt- ed to the growing of celery, asparagus, potatoes and fodder for dairy animals. The timber resources of the Kla- math region are enormous. ‘The esti- mates of experts as to the pine and red nowhere such duck, geese and swan shooting as these mountain lakes af- ford. The Klamath country is one of vast undeveloped resources of immense possibilities. With the construction of the government irrigation system and the building of railroads to carry the products to market, both achievements of the immediate future, golden oppor- tunities for the farmer, the stockman, the manufacturer and the business man will present themselves. —_ — HOW SHAE GORESIS BE TAXED=< PART 1|—Inequitable Taxation Responsible for Much Forest Destruction BY ALFRED GASKILL Forest Inspector, U.S. Forest Service. THE SITUATION. [? is generally admitted that taxation in the United States is as faulty in principle and in practice as it can well be. A well-known writer,* in dis- cussing the situation, says: “The outcome of all this is a system which powerfully contributes to arrest and hinder natural development, to cor- rupt society, and is without parallel in any country claiming to be civil- ized.” This approach applies with especial force to the taxation of wood- lands, because the present practises favor and encourage the untimely or wasteful use of standing forests, dis- courage the propagation of others, and tend to hasten the time when the country shall be forced to face a wood famine. The present paper, however, aims at no radical reorganization of the tax system. It simply presents the situ- ation as it concerns the forest in- terests, makes several suggestions that seem to be reasonable and not im- practicable, and invites a full discus- sion of the subject. The problem is intricate, and perhaps on that account has failed to receive the attention it deserves, but the time has arived when its consideration can be put off no longer. The welfare of every State requires that it be faced. No other question concerning the wood- lands of the country, save that of fires, is so important, and we shall make little substantial progress in the effort to induce private owners to maintain their forests until the present condi- tion shall have been relieved, and the forests be so rated that they shall bear no more than their fair share of the cost of government. It is true that the virgin forests of the South and West have not yet felt the burden of overtaxation to any great extent, but the cut-over lands do feel it. In all the older States, those wherein lumbering has greatly enhanced timber values, the tax levied upon standing timber is often a warning to the owner that he must cut it or run the risk of great loss, and when he has cut it the bare land is taxed so high that he is forced to abandon it. A few attempts to correct the evil, through partial exemption, rebates, or bounties, have been made. But, though such measures may serve for a beginning, the real need is for laws that, recognizing the public utility of forests, adjust the necessary tax levies to the facts and conditions that govern tree growth, and to the long periods of time that are required to produce timber. In general, it is assumed that taxes are imposed for the protection of per- son and property as well as for public necessities, yet rarely is the obligation extended to woodlands. The forest is not only allowed to go unguarded, but everyone may tramp and camp therein and do almost what harm he will. The common law and statutes relating to forest depredations are no- toriously disregarded, and, though the conditions in some parts of the country have been bettered of late years, private forest and public suffers much *David A. Wells, ‘The Theory and Practice of Taxation,’’ p. 395, 1900. 120 damage from careless and malicious sojourners. HOW FORESTS ARE TAXED. Under the common practice of in- trusting to local officers the levying of taxes upon real estate, forests are assessed, almost without exception, on the basis of agricultural land; that is, the land is estimated to have a cer- tain value if cleared, and the standing timber is worth so much more, or is viewed as an encumbrance. The latter case is by no means rare in hard- wood sections. In many _ instances, perhaps in most, the assessment is fair so far as the value of the property 1s concerned. In many others it is far too high, because the land is not fit for farming and therefore valueless ex- cept to grow trees. At the same time, the timber often has only a potential value, since it can not be marketed for want of roads or some other temporary unreadiness. The argument is entirely apart from the admitted inability of many of the assessors to truly value woodlands, and who therefore resort to guessing, and from the quite general belief that in cases where the owner is a corporation or a nonresi- dent with no local interests, the prop- erty may be taxed to the limit. These things are not to be avoided under any system. In short, whether the assessment be made fairly or unfair- ly, the forest is considered a form of property which should be realized on at the earliest possible moment, and the more it can be made to yield to the county prior to its extinction the better for the county. One can easily understand the temp- tation that confronts the assessors in regions where everything is wanted— roads, schools, public buildings—to use the taxing power for present ad- vantage, yet instances are plenty of communities established on the re- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March turns from forest property and utterly abandoned as soon as the original timber was all cut. The few farms that had been taken could not keep up the roads and other public works. But the wisdom or unwisdom of raising a revenue once for all upon forests is only a part of the question. True forest land is not farm land un- cleared, and a forest is not the crop of a season. The problem concerns itself chiefly with those areas whichs in their nature are fit only for tree erowth, and with a crop representing the accumulated investment of the owner for aS many years as were re- quired to bring the trees to maturity. lias man buy ay mature; forest aie acquires the investment of another ; if he plants, or waits for a natural one to grow, he gets no return for many years. In either case, his forest serves the public by providing a common necessity—wood—and by the benefi- cent influences that it gives freely. These considerations make it ap- parent that forests occupy, or should occupy, a separate place on the tax list ; that they need to be treated differ- ently from farms and town lots and mines. In fact it will be necessary to show that growing trees should be considered personal property, not real estate, as the are now by practice or law in virtually every State of the Union, * RATES OF TAXATION. Without going deeply into details, a few instances may be given to show how the present methods tend to rid the forest owner of all but a tem- porary interest in his property, and, instead of encouraging the practice of forestry and the maintenance of the forests, put a premium on destructive lumbering. A competent authority says that “in \Visconsin the taxes on forest property *The language of the statute of Massachusetts is: ‘‘Real estate, for the purpose of taxation, shall include ali lands within the State and all building and other things erected on or affixed to the same.’’ The statute of New York declares, ‘‘The term land shall be construed to include the land itself, all buildings, structures, snbstructures erected upon under or above, or affixed to thesame; all wharfs and piers underwood growing upon land; * * *.” * * * all trees and 1906 have. been! for years) 37 cents to. 40 cents per acre, without reference to changes in its condition or value.’’+ Forty cents is not unreasonable for an acre of forest containing 20,000 feet of white pine, since it represents a rate of but 4 mills if the stumpage is worth $5 per thousand, but of course no owner would pay it after the timber had been logged unless he could reasonably expect to sell the land for farming. As a matter of face 37" per ‘cent oOLbheeared yoretie State, once forested, consists of land too poor to be farmed, and may be bought for 25 to 50 cents per acre.t The forest commissioner of Penn- sylvania writes that on one of the few pieces of virgin forest still stand- ing in the State, containing a little less than 1,000 acres, the annual tax is $2.83 per acre. If the whole tract average 20,000 feet per acre of white pine worth $10 a thousand on the stump—both estimates are high—the taxsiS. 1.4) per cent cor the: value:1 On counting the assessed value at two- thirds the sale value, as is the common rule, the yearly tax is over 2 per cent, and the owner assumes all the risk of loss by fire and depredation. The same authority states that’ de- nuded lands are commonly assessed at 50 cents to $1.25 per acre, and that the usual levies amount to 25 to 30 mills. This means a yearly tax of 1144 to 334 cents: per acre.) Jlisthelsoileis capable of agriculture the burden is not great, but much of it is absolute forest land, and the owners often prefer to sur- fender sit tathenm thaniipay the i tasc The State forest reserve commission has bought at tax sales over 23,000 acres of such land for the accrued taxes and costs. In some cases these have been as low as 2% cents per acre, though the average is somewhat higher. The commissioner instances one case where several parcels contain- ing Over 7,000 acres were bought in for a fraction over 8 cents per acre. +B. E. Fernow, Economics of Forestry, p. 252, FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 121 These figures are suggestive. They prove the passing of the forest in a State whose name indicates its original character, not entirely by the hand of the lumberman, but largely through the operation of its laws. They prove that a county as a landowner is poorer than as the recipient of even small tax on that land. They prove that there is much land unfit for agriculture which presumably will bear forest, since it already has done so. They prove that the State which has bought a forest reserve now amounting to 700,000 acres, and is still buying, and which has made many worthy efforts to advance the cause of forestry, has still failed to secure the co-operation of private owners to any great extent because it persists in taxing their lands, especially their cut-over lands, at a rate that 1s unreasonable. In North Carolina conditions are not much different. The common levies Pete Celts On aNOOn per cent valuation, or 6 mills on the estimated value. Where this value is justly assessed, there can be no reasonable complaint, but there is much guessing, and in one county it is reported that land partly lumbered or cut over as the forester advises, is taxed 25 per cent higher than virgin forest, on the ground that it is improved land. In other words, a penalty is imposed on conservative lumbering! On the Pacific Coast a similar situ- ation is found. The actual value of the great standing forests is undeter- mined and steadily growing, so that there is probably little overtaxing of virgin timber, but the burden on cut- over land is so great that large areas are relinquished every year. Some of this land may be taken up by settlers, but the rule is that when the counties become the enforced owners it remains unproductive, uncared for, and during the dry season a constant source of dangerous fires. A study of this ques- tion made in the State of Washington 1900. t Bulletin 16, Division of Forestry, Table IJ and p. 54, 1899. 122 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION in 1900 developed the facts that in nine counties logged land was assessed 25 per cent to 50 per cent as high as that bearing standing timber and that much of it was abandoned on that account. In two counties 20 per cent of the logged land had been surrendered and in another 71 per cent.* A recent re- port from that section states that the sale value of logged land is rarely as high as the assessed value. The figures given above will have more meaning, perhaps, if they be compared with what a forest can yield. Say that an acre of land produces in eighty years 7,000 feet board measure of lumber, worth $49 on the stump, and that a tax of 2 cents is paid each year. If money be worth 5 per cent, the 2 cents paid annually eighty times amounts to $19.42, or 40 per cent of the value of the crop! INDUCEMENTS TO FOREST OWNERS. In view of the facts that have just been stated, and of the very general interest manifested in forest preserva- tion, it is reasonable to expect that the laws and practices of at least one state have been adjusted to the necessities of the situation. Unfortunately that is not the case, for, though many states have dealt with the subject within the SUMMER SESSION March past thirty years, not one has framed a law of the right kind. Connecticut exempts from tax for twenty years plantations of certain specified trees made on land not previously wooded ; Wisconsin exempts shelter belts or wind breaks made and maintained in a certain way ; Colorado, Indiana, Maine, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Pennsyl- vania, and Rhode Island give partial exemption on plantations or on limited areas of forest. None of the laws can apply to more than small woodlots. Illinois, Kansas, Wyoming, Minneso- ta and Wisconsin give bounties for tree plantations, and Massachusetts, Minnesota and Vermont offer premi- ums to encourage tree planters. To these state measures is to be add- ed the Federal act of 1873, known as the Timber Culture Law. This was intended to encourage tree planting on the public lands in the West, but was so abused that it was repealed in 1891. The laws and practices of many states concerning the observance of Arbor day evidence the desire and in- tent of the people to foster the grow- ing of trees, but at the same time they prove the entire insufficiency of such measures to support one acre of com- mercial forest or to maintain existing woodlands for the common weal. OF THE: 2 FOREST SCHOOL Decription of the Equipment and Daily Life at this Unique and Valuable Institution CHARLES S. JUDD "THE student entering the Yale For- est School will begin his course with the summer work at Milford, Pa. He will reach this pretty little village by an eight-mile stage ride from Port Jervis, at the junction of the states of New York, New Jersey and Pennsyl- vania, or will drive up the valley from Bushkill, which is about ten miles north of the Delaware Water Gap. He will find the camp situated on high, dry ground about eight hundred *K. T. Allen, ‘‘The Western Hemlock,’’ Bulletin 33, Bureau of Forestry, p. 37. eee a eel 1906 feet above sea level, a location which is exceedingly healthful, and which commands a splendid view of the Del- aware River Valley near at hand and the even sky line of the Appalachian range, broken here and there by steep wooded valleys. In a grove of young oak and hick- ory a double row of tents, each equip- ped with wooden floor, cot, table, chair, washstand and crockery, accom- modates the thirty students of the junior or entering class and the twenty students in the summer school which is operated in conjunction with the regular work of the Yale Forest School. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 123 used in the spring by the senior class and in the summer for all lectures which are open to the public. Besides these buildings, Mr. Pinchot has given Stone Cottage for the use of the sum- mer school. This contains a lecture hall, botanical laboratory, a small li- brary and a reading room. He has also provided a tract of about two hun- dred acres for experimental work. A typical student begins at seven a. m. with breakfast; at eight o’clock a lecture by the director of the school is given on some topic in forest mensura- tion, such as the use of American log rules, the use of height measures and dendrometers, the construction and use The Camp Buildings, Yale Summer School of Forestry The school buildings consist of Ju- nior Hall and the club house, both frame buildings, containing single large lecture rooms and huge fire- places, which are for the work of the junior class in the courses in survey- ing and forest mensuration and for use as gathering places for evening study and recreation. A large open building serving as mess hall has also been erected by Mr. James W. Pinchot on this, his country estate. This phil- anthropic gentleman is now also hay- ing erected in Milford, Forest Hall, a large stone building which will contain a spacious lecture hall, which will be of volume tables, or the methods of determining the contents of whole stands. Three lectures may be given in a day, with two hours off at noon for dinner, or else lunch is taken along into the woods and the entire day spent in taking sample plots, making valuation surveys, or cutting trees such as chestnut and pitch pine.and making stem analysis. Half of the week is spent in this manner and the remainder is occupied by the work in surveying under super- vision of instructors from the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. Small squads may be sent out on a sur- 124 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March vey of the region about camp to estab- lish transit lines, to find elevations of bench marks, to take details with the plane table or to run contour lines. The work extends even into the night, when observation must be made on the pole star to find the true north. At five o’clock in the afternoon the work of the day is over, and at once a crowd of healthy young men makes its way across an open field to the gorge or else talks are given by the men about their different colleges and in- teresting tales of strange and foreign lands are narrated. At these gather- ings the young and companionable in- structors join in, and a familiar and welcome person is Mr. Gifford Pin- chot, the head of the United States Forest Service, who from time to time visits the camp. As the glowing em- bers burn low and the blackness grows Students at Work in the Woods of the Sawkill River, where a refresh- ing bath is enjoyed in the cool and tur- bulent waters just above the famous falls. Immediately after the six o'clock supper the base ball team has its short but snappy practice, for recreation in camp is not neglected. As darkness comes on a huge campfire is built and chairs are drawn about in a semi-circle. The crowd sings college and popular songs, diversified by individual talent, deeper the session breaks up and the fellows move off to their tents, guided by their lanterns, which look like fire- flies flitting about in the darkness. The still of the night is broken only by the harsh notes of the katydids as the for- esters drop off into well-earned slum- ber. Wednesday and Saturday after- noons are devoted to recreation, and there is usually a base ball game be- tween the school team and some local ——— OO 1906 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATIO Part of the Camp, Yale Summer School of Forestry The Beautiful Delaware River and Valley near Milford, Pa. 126 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March nine. Or else walks are taken to High Point, in New Jersey on the Kittatinny Ridge, to Raymondskill Falls, to the cliffs overlooking the pretty Delaware and to other points of interest, or the afternoon is spent in fishing in the lakes back in the country. The association of the camp life in itself is a great education, for here are gathered together for one purpose graduates from numerous universities and other educational institutions, in- cluding Yale, Harvard, Princeton, Co- lumbia, Cornell, University of Penn- sylvania, Bowdoin, Rutgers, Norwich, Maine, Tufts, Wisconsin, Beloit, Bilt- more, California, Massachusetts Agri- cultural College, DePauw University, Ohio Wesleyan, Ohio State, Toronto, Regna Nielsens (Norway), Katwijk (Holland), and the University of the Cape of Good Hope.. Here are brought together men from Maine to Califor- nia, from Canada, England, Norway, South Africa and Hawaii. All of them have their own peculiar college ideas and customs deeply rooted, but these are subordinated for the new af- filiation to a great university and it is surprising how quickly the spirit of adoption takes hold. It warms the heart of the “son of old Eli” to hear the foresters give, already in a familiar way, the snappy Yale cheer and sing their song: Love to Alma Mater plighted From where’er we hail To that love is now united Loyalty to Yale. FOREST INTERESSS, OF a poi ISLAND Much Land Can Be Made Productive Through Proper Care of Natural Timber Growth and by Planting BY J. B. MOWRY ACCORDING to the United States Soils Survey of Rhode Island of 1905, about two-fifths of the total area of the state, or 268,248 acres, consist of unimproved and abandoned farms. Much of this. land was always unsuit- able for agriculture and has now re- verted to forest. Within the last half century the shifting of the grain and meat producing industries westward has greatly lessened the requirements of tillage and pasture lands in the state, but it is none the less important that the ever-increasing area of un- improved land should be put to the best possible use. While doubtless some of this land is so ledgy and poor that it should be al- lowed to produce what growth it can naturally, there is also much land where forest planting would prove very remunerative. Natural afforesta- tion is a slow and often unsatisfactory process, and twenty years or more sometimes elapse before the land is fully covered with trees, many of these perhaps of the less valuable species. This delay, during which the land is producing little or no interest on the capital, is avoided by planting. Many instances could be cited of pasture land which, planted to pine and hardwoods at a very small outlay in time and money, has produced four or five times as much valuable timber per acre in forty years as would have grown by natural afforestation. While such a long investment tends to discourage the planter, he should not forget that land so planted to forest is yearly in- ee 1906 creasing in its sale value, and in our state is wisely released from taxation for a period of fifteen years. On those rugged ridges in western Rhode Island, where planting is un- necessary or unprofitable, the mixed forest of evergreens and hardwoods now existing could be much improved by judicious forest management. Very little of the wooded area of the state is producing as large a money return as it is capable of doing under less wasteful forest methods. Imported pine, oak, maple and walnut range higher in price per thousand feet board measure than our native product, which has become inferior in quality and dimensions. To any student of the subject it is very evident that the nation’s supply of white pine, our most useful timber tree, is fast decreasing. The valleys of our many small rivers are strewn with glacial eskers and hummocks— too light and sandy and well drained for profitable tillage, yet just the kind of land on which the pine reaches its highest development. The largest speciment of Pinus strobus thus far re- ported as standing in North America today, is in the town of Gloucester. Within the past few years thousands of acres of this sort of land have been denuded of their virgin pine and sec- ond growth, and with few, if any, mother trees left in the vicinity for re- seeding, are growing up to gray birch, scrub oak, red cedar and brush, with only a sparse intermixture of seedling pine. With better laws to protect against fire, this area could be made again to yield a heavy growth of tim- ber, and, if taken in time under for- estry methods, the tree weeds now oc- cupying the ground would serve as a pioneer growth to furnish shade and protection to the young pine seedlings. Nature, with all the time since Noah’s. deluge, has produced on an average only about 5,000 feet board measure per acre of pine in states like Michi- gan, while experiment in New Eng- land has proven that five times that amount can be grown per acre and harvested by the man who in youth plants the pine seed. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 127 The natural resources of the conti- nents have in all ages for a time at least been squandered by man without regard for the future. Private enter- prise usually has but one aim in the use of these resources, namely, to ob- tain the largest possible personal and immediate gain. The interests of fu- ture generations lie with the state. The state very properly guards against the exhaustion of its natural resources in fish and game— resources inconse- quential as compared with its forests. By the adoption of a wise forest pol- icy the state could not only enhance its forest wealth, but also incidentally increase the flow of the brooks and rivers upon which our varied indus- tries depend for water power, and all this is possible without materially in- vading private rights so dear to the hearts of us descendants of Roger Williams. Indeed the state could in many ways instruct and encourage owners of woodland to their own per- sonal profit. Maine, New Hampshire, Massachu- setts and Connecticut have already es- tablished bureaus of forestry which by educational and promotive measures are rendering valuable services to farmers, lumbermen and the commu- nity at large. Annual losses by fires have been greatly reduced by effective fire laws. A number of states are ac- quiring reservations, and in some in- stances are paying the town taxes on the same. President. Roosevelt says: “If the present rate of forest destruction is al- lowed to continue with nothing to off- set it, a timber famine in the future is inevitable, and it is difficult to imagine what such a timber famine would mean to our natural resources, for there is a steadily increasing demand for wood even in our manufacturing industries. J am going to work with, and only with, the man who develops the country. Our policy is consistent to give to every portion of the public domain its highest possible amount of use, and, of course, that can only be done through the hearty co-operation of the people.” NOTES ON FOREST TREES sulmpABis FOR PLANTING IN THE UNITED STATES: IV. The Russian Mulberry (morus alba tatarica) DISTRIBUTION. HE, Russian mulberry is a hardy variety of the Asiatic ae mul- berry. It was introduced into the western states by the Russian Menno- nites about thirty years ago and has become widely distributed over the plains region. The range for its eco- nomic planting is southern Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma and Indian Terri- tory. It cannot endure the cold win- ters of the Dakotas, and the leading shoots are often frozen back in Kan- Sas. CHARACTERISTICS OF FORM AND GROWTH. The habit 6f growth of the Russian mulberry is low and bushy, hence se- vere pruning is required to make it de- velop a good trunk. Height and diam- eter growth are fairly rapid. A tree of this species growing near Fairbury, Neb., was found to measure eight inches in diameter and twenty feet in height when eight years old, but this growth is somewhat exceptional. Rus- sian mulberry never attain great size, although it is said to reach three feet in diameter and fifty or sixty feet in height. In favorable situations it will produce fence-post timbers in ten years or less. The natural form of the tree makes it well suited to form a low, dense windbreak when left unpruned. It stands pruning well and may be made into an excellent sheared hedge. IKCONOMIC USES. The Russian mulberry serves anum- ber of useful purposes. "The wood is heavy, elastic, coarse-grained and moderately strong. It splits easily * Furnished by U. S. Forest Service. and, when seasoned, makes a very durable fence post. It also has a high fuel value. While the fruit is of in- ferior quality, it is much used for do- mestic purposes in the absence of bet- ter kinds. Many horticulturists like to have a mulberry windbreak around their orchards. Aside from being a protection from the wind, the berries furnish food for birds, so that they are less likely to eat the more valuable fruit in the orchard. It is a good tree to plant in the farm woodlot For posts and fuel. The Russian mulberry will grow on either sandy or clay soils and can live through almost any amount of drought and neglect. It grows best on rich, loamy soil where the water table is ten to fifteen feet below the surface, but even in very dry situations growth is fairly rapid. These qualities adapt it to both upland and valley situations in the semi-arid regions. It is decid- edly tolerant of shade and can there- fore be used for underplanting or mix- ing with more rapid-growing species to increase height growth and aid nat- ural pruning. PROPAGATION. Reproduction of the Russian mul- berry takes place both by stump sprouts and by seed. Renewal after cutting is a simple matter A quick- growing stump sprout will have better form than the original tree, and all the treatment that is necessary is to re- move the surplus sprouts and give the best ones a chance to develop. Mul- berry can also be reproduced by cut- tings, but propagation from seed is easier, and produces better plants. 1906 Fruit is borne abundantly. The seed may be separated by crushing and washing the berries. After dry- ing, the seed should be kept in a cool, dry place until a week or ten days prior to sowing. In case of very un- favorable conditions the seed may be sown as soon as it ripens, but general- ly the better practice is to wait until the following spring, so that the seed- lings will have an entire season in which to grow before the coming of cold weather. The seed should be sown in good moist soil, and covered about one-half inch deep. One to two weeks or longer are required for its germination. Better results are ob- tained by mixing the seed with moist sand and keeping the mixture in a warm place until germination begins. The sand and seed can then be sown on a well-prepared bed. The seed can be given more even distribution by sprinkling the bed after it is sown. The bed should then be covered with one- eighth inch of sifted loam. The growth during the first season will be enough to make the little trees of proper size to transplant to the permanent situa- tion the next spring. Planters who do not care to raise their own trees can get them cheaply at nurseries which handle forest seedlings. The price for one-year-old seedlings runs from $1 to $3 a thousand, depending upon the size and the nursery dealt with. The Russian mulberry should be close-planted in order to overcome as much as possible its inherent tendency FORESTRY AND FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 129 to branched and crooked growth. For windbreaks it should be planted at about two-foot intervals; for timber plantations it may be set four feet by four feet. The best method, however, is to have the rows eight feet apart and the trees two or three feet apart in the rows. ‘This spacing permits of easy cultivation, and at the same time gives a large number of trees to the acre. Cutivation should be given for at least three years after planting, and until the ground is entirely shaded. ENEMIES. The Russian mulberry is attacked by a number of fungi, only a few of which, however, are of economic im- portance. If injury by a fungus is suspected, the Bureau of Plant Indus- try of the Department of Agriculture should be consulted regarding a possi- ble method of treatment, specimens be- ing submitted for examination. In- sects are sometimes destructive, par- ticularly in the semi-arid plains, where swarms of locusts sometimes devour the foliage and even strip the bark from the trees. The fall webworm sometimes attacks the trees. Its leaves also serve as food for the silkworm (Bombex mori). When insect injury is serious, the Bureau of Entomology of the Department of Agriculture should be consulted regarding meth- ods of control, specimens of the in- sects and their work being forwarded for identification. IRRIGATION IN CONGRESS Status of Bills on Forestry and Irngation and Related Subjects on March 5, 1906 N RESPONSE to many requests for information regarding bills on forestry, irrigation and related sub- jects there is given herewith a list of the bills introduced up to March 6: APPALACHIAN AND WHITE MOUNTAINS FOREST RESERVE BILLS. S. 34 (Sen. Gallinger)—Creation of White Mountains Forest Reserve. 130 Referred to Com. on Forest Reser- vations and the Protection of Game. H. R. 181 (Rep. Currier)—Creation of White Mountains Forest Reserve. Referred to Com. on Agriculture. S. 408 (Sen. Overman)—Creation of Appalachian Forest Reserve. Re- ferred to Com. on Forest Reserva- tions and the Protection of Game. H. R. 40 (Rep. Brownlow )—Creation of Appalachian Forest Reserve. Re- ferred to Com..on Agriculture. S. 3504 (Sen. Elkins)—Creation of Appalachian Forest Reserve and Protection of Potomac Watershed. Referred to Com. on Agriculture and Forestry. H.R. 5365 (Rep. Dovener )—Creation of Appalachian Forest Reserve and Protection of Potomac Watershed. Referred to Com. on Agriculture. S. 4271 (Sen. Elkins)—Creation of Appalachian Forest Reserve and Protection of Potomac Watersheds in Appalachian Region. Referred to Com. on Agriculture and For- estry. H. R. 13784 (Rep. Dovener )—Crea- tion of Appalachian Forest Reserve and Protection of Potomac Water- sheds in Appalachian Region. Re- ferred to Com. on Agriculture. FORESTRY AND FOREST RESERVES. S. 2455 (Sen. Hansbrough)—Limiting time of entry of withdrawn lands upon restoration. Referred to Com. on Public Lands. H. R. totoo (Rep. Davis)—To pro- vide for instruction in Forestry at Agricultural Colleges and experi- ments in forestry at Agricultural Experiment Stations. Referred to Com. on Agriculture. H. R. 13930 ( Rep. Gronna) — To amend the act repealing the lieu se- lection law. Referred to Com. on Public Lands. H. R. 14177 (Rep. Fordney)—Grant to Michigan for State Forest Re- serve. Referred to Com. on Public Lands. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Marcly H. R. 15440 (Rep. Huff)—To erect timber-testing laboratory for Forest Service. Referred to Com. on Pub- lic Buildings and Grounds. H. R. 15919 (Rep. Lacey)—To pro- vide for agricultural settlement in forest reserves. Referred to Com. on Public Lands. 5.2457 (Sen. Hansbrough)—Sec. 2461 Revised Statutes U. S. regarding injury of living trees. GAME PROTECTION. S. 2966 (Sen. Perkins)—Protection of animals, birds and fish in forest reserves. Referred to Com. on For- est Reserves and the Protection of Game. H. R. 7019 (Rep. Lacey )—Protection of animals, birds and fish in forest reserves. Referred to Com. on Agri- culture. H. R. 376 (Rep. Myer)—President to set aside public lands for game pre- serves. Referred to Com. on Pub- lic Lands. S. 2732 (Sen. Smoot )—Protection of wild animals in Grand Canyon For- est Reserve. Referred to Com. on Forest Reserves and Protection of Game. H. R. 15335 (Rep. Humphrey )—Pro- tection of game birds and fish in Olympic Forest Reserve. Referred to Com. on Public Lands. H. R. 13190 (Rep. Lacey)—To pro- tect birds and their eggs in game and bird preserves. Referred to Com: on Public’ Wands, assed House of Representatives. Refer- red to Com. on Forest Reservations and the Protection of Game in Sen- ate. NATIONAL PARKS. 1p 931 (Sen. Piles)—Appropriation for administration and improvement of Mt. Rainier National Park. Re- ferred to Com. on Forest Reserva- tions and Protection of Game. H. R. 64 (Rep. Cushman )—Appropri- ation for administration and im- provement of Mt. Rainier National 1906 Park. Referred to Com. on Public Lands. S. 3245 (Sen. Patterson)—To create Mesa Verde National Park. Re- ferred to Com. on Public Lands. Re- ported without amendment. H. R. 5998 (Rep. Hogg)—To create Mesa Verde National Park. Re- ferred to Com. on Public Lands. S. 3247 (Sen. Patterson)—To create Royal Gorge National Park. Refer- red to Com. on Public Lands. H.R. 4545 (Rep. Brooks)—To create Royal Gorge National Park. Re- ferred to Com. on Public Lands. H. R. 8966 (Rep. Lacey)—To create Petrified Forest National Park. Re- ferred to Com. on Public Lands. H. R. 7017 (Rep. Needham)—Trans- fer of National Parks from Secre- tary of Interior to Secretary of Agriculture. Referred to Com. on Public Lands. S. 4698 (Sen. Patterson )—Preserva- tion of American Antiquities. Re- ferred to Com. on Public Lands. H. R. 11016 (Rep. Lacey )—Preser- vation of American Antiquities. Re- ferred to Com. on Public Lands. GRAZING. H. R. 439 (Rep. Stephens )—Author- izing Commissioner of General Land Office to lease public grazing lands. Referred to Com. on Public Lands. H. R. 10509 (Rep. Curtis )—Author- izing Secretary of Interior to lease public grazing lands. Referred to Com. on Public Lands. H. R. 12068 (Rep. Kinkaid)—Au- thorizing Secretary of Interior to lease public grazing lands proclaim- ed by President. Referred to Com. on Public Lands. H. R. 15916 (Rep. Reeder)—Author- izing Secretary of Agriculture to lease public grazing lands. Refer- red to Com. on Public Lands. IRRIGATION. S. 87 (Sen. Heyburn)—Provision for locating townsites in irrigation dis- tricts. Referred to Com. on Irriga- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 131 tion and Reclamation of Arid Lands. Passed Senate. Referred to Com. on Irrigation of Arid Lands in House and reported with amend- ment. S. 276 (Sen. Fulton)—Purchase and condemnation of irrigable lands. Referred to Com. on Irrigation and Reclamation of Arid Lands. S. 539 (Sen. Carter)—Restoration of lands reserved for irrigation pro- jects. Referred to Com. on Public Lands. S. 3687 (Sen. Hansbrough )—Appro- priation of $1,000,000 for drainage of North Dakota lands. Passed the Senate. Referred to Com. on Pub- lic Lands in House. H. R. 13197, H. R. 14891 (Rep. Gron- na)—Appropriation of $1,000,000 for drainage of North Dakota lands. Referred to Com. on Irrigation of Arid Lands. S. 4452 (Sen. Warren)—Secretary of Agriculture to investigate utilization of small water supplies. Referred to Com. on Agriculture and For- estry. H. R. 9728 (Rep. Mondell)—Secre- tary of Agriculture to experiment with limited water supply. Refer- red to Com. on Agriculture. H. R. 12698 (Rep. French)—Secre- tary of Agriculture to experiment in dry farming. Referred to Com. on Agriculture. S. 4624 (Rep. Carter )—Relative to ir- rigation rights of way. Referred to Com. on Public Lands. H. R. 13940 (Rep. Dixon)—Concern- ing irrigation rights of way. Re- ferred to Com. on Public Lands. H. R. 222 (Rep. Bonynge)—Relative to taxation, homesteading, and sale of federal lands within irrigation districts. Referred to Com. on Ir- rigation of Arid Lands. H. R. 444 (Rep. Stephens) —Extend- ing irrigation law to Texas. Refer- red to Com. on Irrigation of Arid Lands. H. R. 14184 (Rep. Smith of Texas)— To extend irrigation act to Texas. 132 Referred to Com. on Irrigation of Arid Lands. Reported without amendment. H. R. 8429 (Rep. Smith)—To amend Reclamation Act by extending law to Texas and for other purposes. Referred to Com. on Irrigation of Arid Lands. H. R. 9747 (Rep. Stephens)—Secre- tary of Agriculture to make irriga- tion experiments in Texas. Re- ferred to Com. on Agriculture. H. R. 8439 (Rep. Martin) —To amend Reclamation Act regarding con- ‘struction by contract, hours of la- ibor, etc. Referred to Com. on Irri- ‘gation of Arid Lands. 1H. R. 3071 (Rep. Dixon)—To en- courage reclamation in Montana. Referred to Com. on Public Lands. TI. R. 16007 (Rep. Steenerson )—Pro- viding for reclamation of swamp land. Referred to Com. on Public Lands. S. 2560 (Sen. Ankeny )—Authorizing disposition of surplus and allotted lands on Yakima Indian Reserva- tion, Washington, irrigable under Reclamation Act. Report made Jan. 18 by director on H. 10067 (same bill), introduced by Rep. Sherman of New York. S. 3000 (Sen. Carter)—Survey and disposition of certain lands on Milk River, Ft. Belknap Indian Reserva- tion, Montana. S. 3005 (Sen. Ankeny )—Ratify and confirm agreement with Colville In- cians, Washington, and making ap- propriation for carrying same into effect: CEL. 1268: ) S. 3687 (Sen Hansbrough)—Segrega- tion of $1,000,000 from Reclamation Bund: Che 12107.) H. R. 11796 (Rep. McKinlay )—For the diversion of water from the Sac- ramento River in California, for ir- tigation. H. R. 9748 (Rep. Wiley)—Purifica- tion of water supply in Washington. H.R. 149 (Rep. Van Duzer )—Appro- priation for artesian wells in Neva- da. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March H. R. 12221 (Rep. Brooks )—Author- izing Secretary of Agriculture to make experiments and investiga- tions in utilizing limited water sup- plies in connection with farming in the semi-arid regions of the United States and making appropriation therefor. S. 1802 (Sen. Gamble)—Regulating public use of reservoir sites. S. 539 (Sen. Carter )—Restoration of lands in reservoir sites. S. 17 (Sen. Clark)—Printing of Re- clamation Service Report. S. 2193 (Sen. Teller)—Public build- ing for Geological Survey at Wash- ington, D. C. S. 87 (Sen. Heyburn)—Withdrawal of townsites under reclamations pro- jects. S. 91 (Sen. Heyburn)—Leaves of ab- sence to homesteaders on lands to be irrigated (H. R. 5361). S. 276 (Sen. Fulton)—Purchase and condemnation of irrigable lands. PUBLIC LANDS. H. R. 3019 (Rep. Lacey)—Repeal of Timber and Stone Act. H. R. 11268 (Rep. Jones )—Ratifying and confirming agreement with Col- ville Indians (S. 3005, Akeny). H. R. 10839 (Rep. Humphrey )—Re- lief of Desert Land Claimants for lands in Washington, entered be- tween Jan. I, 1902, and June 24, TOO2.(O.2700 ji H. R. 311 (Rep. Kinkaid )—Amend- ing homestead laws as to certain public lands in Nebraska; providing for entry by homesteaders of public lands cornering on their homesteads up to 640 acres, when there are no public lands contiguous. H. R. 313 (Rep. Kinkaid)—Restoring homestead rights to those who en- tered a certain area in Nebraska be- tween April 28 and June 28, 1904. H. R. 409 (Rep. Brooks )—Amending homestead laws as follows: That tracts of public lands up to 640 acres may be homsteaded in a described 1906 section of Colorado, or entered by homesteaders eligible to patent for less than 640 acres, provided that the Secretary of the Unterior may. exclude irrigable lands and lands which will support a family in tracts of 180 acres or less. H. R. 5361 (Rep. French)—Leaves of absence to homesteaders. See 5S. Ql, reported on to Sec. Jan: 30: H. R. 6025 (Rep. Lacey)—Amend- ment of commutation provisions of homestead law. S. 2456 (Sen. Hansbrough)—Proofs in homstead and other claims to pub- lic lands and punishing false swear- ing therein. H. R. 8107 (Rep. Mondell)—Extend- ing public land laws to certain In- dian lands in Wyoming. H. R. 11268 (Rep. Jones )—Ratifying and confirming agreement with Col- ville Indians in .Washington (S. 3005, Ankeny). 2101 (Sen. Gamble)—To permit second homestead entries. S. 311 (Sen. Gamble)—Regulating public land accounts between U. S. and the several States. . 1031 (Sen. Perkins )—Five per cent to California of proceeds of sale of public land. S. 2292 (Sen. Fulton)—For the relief of entrymen and settlers within the Northern Pacific Railway’s land grant between Wallula, Wash., and Portland, Oregon. Reported back with amendments (S. Report 351). Amended and passed Senate. Re- ferred to House Com. on Public Lands. S. 2454 (Sen. Hansbrough)—Disposal of timber on public lands chifly val- uable for timber. ee) op) FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 133 H. R. 308 (Rep. Kinkaid)—Amend- ment to “An Act for the relief of settlers on public land (Sec. 2, Ch. SO) Sup. to KS S., Vol. 1, 2d edition; p. 282). In place of Sec. 2 a section providing for notification by land officers to contestant when he has procured cancellation of any home- stead entry or allotment of any In- dian lands, thirty days to be allowed him to enter said lands; provided thatithe resister -be allowed a fee of $1 for giving such notice, to be paid by contestant and not reported. H. R. 3133 (Rep. Burke)—Rsgulating public land accounts between U. S. and the several states (S. 311). H. R. 8440 (Rep. Lacey )—Granting 5 per cent of public land sales of Military Land Warrants to the pub- lic land states. H. R. 10067 (Rep. Jones )—Disposi- tion of surplus and allotted Yakima Indian lands in Washington (S. 3005 ). H. R. 9719 (Rep. Lacey)—For relief of certain entryemen and _ setlers within limits of Northern Pacific Railway's land grant. H. R. 8439 (Rep. Martin )—Amend- ing reclamation act to provide that when charges under projects are more than $20 per acre the Secre- tary of the Interior may adjust an- nual instalments so that not over $2 per acre need by paid each year. H. R. 10700 (Rep: Curtis)—Granting to railroads right of way through the public lands in Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma, heretofore reserved for public buildings, etc. LAND RECLAMATION BY DRAINAGE Great Government Drainage Projects—-Enlargement of the Old Homestead Idea—Nearly 100,000,000 Acres Can be Reclaimed BY GUY ELLIOTT MMCHEEE Secretary, The National Irrigation Association} van NOTHER striking plan to provide homes for industrious Americans of small means is contained in Repre- sentative Steenerson’s bill now pend- ing in Congress. This measure is real- ly an extension of the old homestead idea, embodying also the main features of the National Irrigation Act, but in this case to be applied to the reclama- tion of our swamplands. There are in the neighborhood of 100,000,000 acres of swamplands in the United States, some 70,000,000 of which have been surveyed, and the great bulk would make splendid farms if the excess of water were drained off. The Steenerson bill provides for the beginning of the work of reclamation of these huge areas. The measure is framed after the irrigation law ; it pro- Courtesy State Entomologist of New Jersey A New Jersey Drainage Ditch 1906 vides that the receipts from the sales of public lands in the non-irrigation states shall constitute a “drainage” fund, to be expended by the govern- ment in great drainage works, and further, that the cost of such drainage shall be prorated among the lands ben- efited and paid back by the settlers into the “fund,” to be used over again for additional reclamation work. WOULD CREATE THOUSANDS OF HOMES. This plan of developing the internal resources of the country and making FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 135 $100 and $150 an acre. Yet it is esti- mated by the government surveyors and engineers that the entire system could be effectively drained at a cost in the neighborhood of $10 an acre. The same can be said of the lands of the Red River Valley in Minnesota. These include the finest grain and farm lands in the Northwest, except that they are frequently overflowed. It would be worth millions of dollars to the farmers and settlers who would occupy these lands in small tracts to 4 ay Be a ¥ ie ¢ Minnesota Swamp Scene homes of waste places is splendid in its scope, and appears to be entirely practicable and profitable. ‘Take, for instance, the single example of the swamplands of the Kankakee River basin in Indiana and Illinois. Here are some 400,000 acres of the very richest of bottom lands, but subject to overflow. ‘They are worthless ex- cept where they have been reclaimed through expensive private drainage works, when they have become worth have a perfect system of drainage pro- vided. These extensive systems, how- ever, especially where they are inter- state, seem to be feasible for handling only by the general government. The Steenerson bill places the entire management of the work in the hands of the Reclamation Service, and the plan of operation follows very closely the irrigation work now being done by that branch of the Interior Depart- ment. Government lands, ceded Indi- f esy FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Mareh Scene in the Everglades of Florida U.S. Forest Service Sentinel Cypresses of Lake Drummond in the Dismal Swamp of Virginia ee —_ — pldiethiiiededdet dtic omit — = — 1906 an lands and private lands may be in- cluded in any drainage project, but in each case the cost of the drainage im- provement is to be borne by the owner of the land, and no settler can have drainage provided for more than 160 acres, thus insuring the division of the tracts into small farms which must be actually settled upon and tilled. DRAINAGE WORK ALREADY IN PROGRESS. This work the Reclamation Service is qualified to do at this very moment. While primarily an engineering bu- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 137 ject, is rich tule land covered by eight or ten feet of water, and is to be drain- ed and converted into over a thousand farms. The topographic branch of the Geological Survey, of which the Re- clamation Service is also a branch, has already run its lines over many of the great swamp areas of the eastern states and as soon as the Steenerson bill be- comes a law the Geological Survey en- gineers will be ready to launch out into immediate activity in drainage pro- jects. Reclaimed Swamp Lands Produce Splendid Crops reau, it has, in all its great irrigation projects, to deal directly with the farmer. It must outline a comprehen- sive drainage system for each irriga- tion project, since there is as much danger from too much irrigation as too little, and to do this the Service has its own farm and soil experts. Some of the irrigation projects have distinctively drainage features ; in fact are almost as much drainage as they are irrigation projects. In the Kla- math Project, 136,000 acres, or more than half of the area of the total pro- WOULD START WITH A MILLION DOLLARS The fund provided by the bill would be small as compared with the irriga- tion fund—it would approximate halt a million dollars atyear and would start off with about $1,000,090, the receipts from the sales for the fiscal year 1905 being included; but on the other hand the cost of drainage would not be so great as that of irrigation. The importance of this work of wholesale drainage, in order to provide homes for increased population, is 138 scarcely second in importance to the ir- rigation work. It means that tens of millions of acres of the most fertile land imaginable, which has lain idle for ages, may be converted from dis- mal and pestilential swamps and use- less bogs into highly prosperous homes, to become the garden spots of the na- tion. The Dutch have reclaimed vast areas in Holland from the encroachments of the ocean. Thousands of families live and farm below sea level, gaining their security by magnificent feats of engi- neering and persistence. They now contemplate the drainage of the Zuy- der Zee, reclaiming some 1,350,000 ad- ditional acres of meadowland. Ameri- can drainage in most cases would be far more simple and less expensive; it is simply a question as to whether the nation will see the wisdom of setting its hand to this work. ANOTHER INLAND EMPIRE. In Florida the everglades alone— almost solid muck beds—would afford an empire of some 7,000,000 acres; in New Jersey and Virginia are vast swamps, among them the famous Dis- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March mal Swamp. In Illinois, which is gen- erally regarded as a well-settled agri- cultural state, there are 4,000,000 acres of swampland; in Michigan there are nearly 6,000,000 acres. Fertile Iowa has about 2,000,000 acres of swamp- land. In Minnesota there are almost 5,000,000 acres of rich surveyed swamplands and huge swamp areas not yet surveyed. Arkansas has tre- mendous swamp areas which could be drained and made habitable, and in all there is a Swamp area in the eastern half of the United States which is equal in extent to the great agricul- tural states of Indiana, Illinois and Iowa, with three or four smaller east- ern states thrown in. If the Steenerson bill demonstrates that the government can transform swamps into fertile farmland and that the settler or owner will pay back to the government the relatively small cost of the improvement, there seems to be no reason why this work of crea- tion of value out of worthless waste should not go on indefinitely and pro- vide homes for millions more of rural population. THE FOREST SERVICE History of a Month’s Work in Government Forest Matters In connection with the proposed development of the barren lands along their new line of railroad, the Nevada Northern Railway Company has made Planting Work application to the Forest Service for assistance in establishing ex- perimental forest plantations. These plantations will be made at each of the water tanks to determine what trees can be grown to advantage, and by what methods. The general aim is to encourage the settlement of the region by demonstrating that the lands are of agricultural value or will, at least, pro- duce timber. Experimental planting is proposed along the eighty miles of new road which will be completed next summer, most of it being located in Elko and White Pine counties, Ne- vada. The Frick Coke Company, of Penn- sylvania, which applied to the Forest Service for plans to utilize part of its land for growing forest trees, has just received a report with recommenda- tions upon the project. The object of the company is twofold. First, to add to the sale value of coal lands now worthless for agriculture; and second, to raise for its own use trees suitable for mine props. Among the lands acquired by the company in connection with the un- 1906 derlying coal are some which are better adapted for tree growth than for rais- ing other crops; other lands have sunk, owing to the removal of the coal, and are worthless except for tree growth. By planting such lands with forest trees they can be given a market value which they do not now possess. It is proposed to plant about five hundred acres with chestnut, Euro- pean larch, and other suitable species, from which mine props may be ex- pected after about twenty years. The Louisville and Nashville Rail- road Company has requested the For- est Service to supervise the manage- ment of its catalpa plantations at El Dorado, Shawneetown, and McLeans- boro, Ill. These lands were examined by a representative of the Forest Service last summer, and it was rec- ommended that the young trees be cut back to the ground this winter. It is the desire of the railroad company to have these recommendations carried out under the expert supervision of the Service. Many of the plantations es- tablished by the railroads in the past have failed because of improper meth- ods in planting, unwise choice of species, and lack of care after the trees were set out. The Forest Service is now in a position to co-operate with railroad companies in securing bet- ter results from plantations establish- ed, and in starting new ones. The Forest Service has recently made an examination of the grounds of the U. S. Marine Sanatorium at Ft. Stanton, New Mexico, with a view of recommending forest planting. The prime object is to secure shelterbelts which will break the force of the strong winds of that region. A series of such shelterbelts will be planted next spring with coniferous trees furnished from the Forest Service nursery near Pasa- dena, southern California, and detailed plans are being prepared for additional work of this kind in future years. The Mayor and Park Commission of Los Angeles have recently approved a plan whereby the city will appro- priate $500 to be used by the Forest FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 139 Service in establishing forest planta- tions in Griffith Park. A planting plan for this park was prepared by the Ser- vice in 1903, but as yet very little planting has been done. The present arrangement is for the city to contrib- ute the necessary funds, and for the Service to execute the planting plan, using plant material from the govern- ment nursery in the San Gabriel Mountains, thirty miles from Los An- geles. This should secure the best of plant material and expert direction of the work, with the result that the 3,000 acres of denuded and brush land com- prising Griffith Park will eventually be converted into a forest. An application for a planting plan has been received from the Hillen- brand Company, of Batesville, Ind. It is a company dealing in hardwood lumber, piling, and cordwood, and they desire to secure the co-operation of the Forest Service in planting certain areas for timber supply and to serve as an object-lesson to the general public. A bank in Luverne, Minn., has just applied to the Forest Service for a forest-planting plan, for the purpose of raising trees on some hundred acres of land owned by the bank, in order to secure a future income from the tim- ber. About twenty acres of the tract is level, and the remainder rolling. The soil ranges from sandy to loamy. Trees which thrive in the neighborhood are poplar, birch, tamarack, and various evergreens. Red and white pine, Nor- way spruce, and European larch are considered desirable trees for planting on this land. Last spring the Forest Service start- ed a forest nursery at Fort Bayard, New Mexico, in order to secure trees for planting the watershed of Cameron Creek, which furnishes the water sup- ply for the military post and hospital on the Ft. Bayard Military Reserva- tion. ‘The seed sown was mostly west- ern yellow pine, of which there are now 450,000 seedlings. Four-fifths of these will be transplanted this spring to secure better root development. A limited amount of seed of the Torrey, 140 Coulter, and knobcone pine was sown, but this was damaged by the rabbits. Further experiment with these species will be made this spring, and incense cedar and Jeffrey pine will also be sown. Experimental seed-spot planting of Mexican walnuts and acorns from the oaks native to the region was made last fall. Spring planting on seed spots will also be tried. Next spring the western yellow pine sedlings will be transplanted to their permanent sit- uations, in open places on the water- shed. The small group of re- serves on the checker- board pattern, just south of Bozeman, Montana, known as the Gallatin Forest Reserves, has been re- cently merged into a much larger re- serve, under the name of the Gallatin Forest Reserve, composed of a com- pact body of land, containing about 850,000 acres. New Forest Reserves This new reserve, which entirely surrounds the former group, embraces the mountainous region bounded by the Gallatin Valley on the north, the Yellowstone and Madison Valleys on the east and west, and the Yellowstone Park and Madison Forest Reserve on the south. The fact that this area is traversed, north and south, by the Gallatin Range, which sheds east and west into the Yellowstone and Gallatin Rivers, and the Madison Range, which drains, in like manner, into the Gallatin and Madison Rivers, make the region one of great importance in connection with the agricultural development of the valleys watered by those streams. This is especially true as regards the Gallatin Valley, which is the most im- portant irrigated valley in the state of Montana. While nothing can be raised in the valley proper without water, it already produces annually more than one-fourth of the cereals, and contains more than one-eighth of the total irri- gated area of the state, and with a suf- ficient water supply this area can be doubled. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March Approximately 90 per cent of the available water for the 112,000 acres of arable land in this valley comes from the tract embraced in this new reserve, while both the Yellowstone and Madison Valleys are also largely supplied by streams flowing from this region. In fact, the importance of pro- tecting the watersheds within this re- serve, upon which all three of these valleys depend, can not be overesti- mated. The forests on these slopes, more- over, represent a timber supply for the railroads running through the treeless plains to the eastward, and also for the neighboring ranchers. While consid- erable lumber is shipped into this sec- tion, the supply of fence posts, rails, house logs, etc., must necessarily be obtained from the nearby mountains, and one of the chief objects of this reserve will be to perpetuate this sup- ply. The demand for timber in the coal mines that have been discovered in the Gallatin Basin, on Taylor’s Fork, also causes a heavy draft on the timber resources of this region. The government will at once pro- ceed to take efficient measure to pro- tect and increase, as far as possible, the water, timber, grazing, and all other resources of this region. As fire is the greatest danger to be guarded against, a patrol force will be placed on the mountains to protect the timber from further injury from that cause. Danger from this source will be fur- ther reduced to a minimum by having necessary regulations thoroughly un- derstood by all who enter the reserve, and effectively carried out by the re- serve officers. While all possible precautions will thus be taken to protect the forests, it should be understood that the cutting of timber by miners, settlers, lumber concerns, and others will not be pre- vented, but merely regulated; so that the conserving power of the water- sheds will. not be injured, and the young growth of timber will be so protected and aided that a continuous supply will be guaranteed for the use of the public in the future. 1906 A small forest reserve has been es- tablished in Mesa county, Colorado, covering twelve sections of land, or 7,080 acres, in order to protect the headwaters of East Creek, from which the citizens of the town of Fruita, Col- orado, desire to draw their water sup- ply by constructing a pipe line more than twenty-four miles in length, at an estimated cost of $75,000 for a con- tinuous flow of one “second foot,” a stream of one cubic foot per second. The great outlay involved in this undertaking makes it imperative that a continuous supply of water shall be assured in advance. This can only be done by firmly protecting the wooded area at the headwaters of East Creek from fires and further inroads by lum- bermen. Promotions Mr. W. G. Weigle, of and Assign- the Forest Service, has ments gone to Wisconsin to mark timber which the Office of In- dian Affairs has sold under contract on Indian Reservations there. Congress has empowered the Sec- retary of the Interior to dispose of timber on Indian Reservations in such way as 1s best for the Indians’ welfare, and in order that such timber shall be cut in a manner to furnish the Indians the best business returns not only now but in the future, the Indian Office has asked the Forest Service to co-operate by marking the trees to be cut and supervising the logging. The reservations on which Mr. Wei- gle will mark timber are the Flambeau and Bad River reservations. William Hurst, of the Forest Ser- vice, formerly Assistant Forest Ran- ger on the Dixie Reserve, in Utah, has passed the recent supervisor’s exami- nation, and has been assigned to the position of Forest Supervisor of the Beaver Forest Reserve in the same state. The Forest Service announces the promotion of two Forest Supervisors to the salary of $1,400 per annum for high efficiency and on their record as Supemvisors, Uhey.are- ji. Ria Bell, Forest Supervisor of the San Jacinto FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 14] and Trabuco Canyon reserves, in south- ern California; and E. S. Morrissey, of the Wichita Forest Reserve, in Ok- lahoma. Madison B. Elliott has been ap- pointed Supervisor of the Tahoe and Yuba Forest Reserves, in California. Dr. H. K. Porter, of Delta; Colo., has been appointed Forest Supervisor of the Uncompahgre Forest Reserve, in that state, and took charge Febru- ary 21, with headquarters at Mont- rose. Forest Superintendent D. B. Sheller has been placed in temporary charge of the Yuba Forest Reserve, in Cali- fornia, with headquarters at Nevada City,Cal: TimberTest- Mr. C. G. Crawford, of ing and _ the Forest Service, re- Preservation cently went to Pottsville, Pa., to inspect the work which is being conducted in co-operation with the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Co. to determine the advisability and the best method of treating with preservatives the timber in the com- pany’s mines. ‘The investigation has so far progressed very satisfactorily, and the company has recently issued an order that all their mine props must be peeled, as recommended by the For- est Service, an order which will be strictly enforced by the company. Loblolly pine is very extensively used in the mines of the company for mine props. This wood, when untreat- ed, is subject to very rapid decay, so that timbers must frequently be re- newed. Any means of reducing the frequency of necessary renewals would mean a large saving in timber. Even the addition of three months to the life of the props would render desirable: such preliminary outlay as this would entail. The timber testing station of the Forest’ Service at Lafayette, Ind., has begun a series of tests upon Norway pine and tamarack grown in Minne- sota. The value of these woods for paving blocks and building material will be determined. 142 The timber testing station of the Forest Service at Berkley, Cal., has be- gun an investigation of the mechanical properties of the eucalptus. About 60 trees have been cut from different sites, and the uses of the wood for ve- hicles, paving blocks, etc., will be re- ported upon. Basket Wil- The Forest Service is low Experi- now harvesting its crop ments = of basket willows at the Arlington experimental farm, near Washington, D. C. Some time ago the Service started a series of experiments to determine the relative value for bas- ket manufacture of European varie- ties of willow and those which have been heretofore grown in this country, the effect of close and wide planting and of high and low cutting, the value of inundation in fertilizing and retard- ing the work of insects, and the quali- ty of the shoots from each variety. The Service will distribute the cut- tings to growers and to any other per- sons who may wish them. Directions for the planting and cultivation of the basket willow are given in a recently published bulletin of the Forest Ser- vice. Mr. J. P. Wentling, of the Forest Service, re- cently attended a meet- ing of the National Association of Box and Box Shook Manufacturers, at Chicago, before which he read a paper on the relation of box manufacture to the lumber industry. Though no ac- curate figures are at present to be had to show the statistical importance of box manufacture, estimates would in- dicate that a surprisingly large per- centage of lumber goes into boxes. In the early days of the industry, when all sorts of usable woods were plenti- ful, there was no cause to study econ- omy in box-making. Gradually, how- ever, depletion of lumber supplies be- gan to produce a scarcity in the more desirable box woods, such, for exam- ple, as white pine. This gave the in- centive to study the strength of woods for boxes, and how saving might be effected in box construction. Search Box Manu- facturing FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March for new box woods also followed, and led to experiments with hitherto un- tried kinds. At present economy is increasingly studied, and the Forest Service has made box woods the sub- ject of one of its several studies of woods for special uses. Among the commercial forest trees which the Forest Service has been studying is the white fir. This has generally been regarded as the least valuable of the conifers common to the commercial forests of the Western Si- eras. Yet it attains large dimensions and is capable of taking a fine, satiny finish, and the best grade of lumber has been considerably used and com- mands a good price in southern Cali- fornia especially. The Service has now completed the gathering of data for volume and growth tables, and a study of the silvical character of the tree. In connection with this, a mar- ket study was also made for the whole of California, with special reference to its possible uses, cost of manufacture and technical qualities. Commercial Tree Study Examining A preliminary examina- Southern tion has been started on Lands a tract of 50,000 acres in South Carolina, which the owners have requested the Forest Service to examine, with a view to placing it un- der conservative forest management. This tract is the fourth for which a working plan has been sought from the Forest Service by forest owners in this state,-the total acreage of the four tracts being upward of 135,000 acres. The Forest Service has just com- pleted a preliminary examination of a large timber tract on the west coast of Florida. ‘The tract in question is on low, sandy land, cut up by numerous creeks and cypress swamps. On the drier land Cuban pine is the principal tree, but, as these dry lands are apt to be flooded yearly during the rainy sea- son, the growth of this tree has been badly stunted, and the chief problem brought out by the examination was whether drainage on a large scale 1906 would sufficiently improve the tree growth to warrant the expense. This question has additional importance in view of the large amount of land of this character lying along the west Florida coast and extending well back into the interior of the state. A plan has recently been approved for co-opera- tive forest experiments between the Forest Service and the University of Nebraska. The univer- sity is to donate twenty-five acres of land at the North Platte substation, and systematic experimental planting is to be carried on under the supervi- sion of the Forest Service. The aim is to increase the knowledge of forest planting in western Nebraska, laying especial emphasis on the valuable new species, the general relation of species to soil and climate, spacing, mixtures, Co-operative State Work FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 143 cultivation, etc. The work will run through a period of years and only small lots will be planted annually. An estimate of the timber growing on what is known as the “north grove” of the Calaveras Big Tree Grove, in California, has just been completed by the Forest Service. The area covered by the big trees is about one hundred acres. The entire north grove com- prises 640 acres. This work forms part of the co-operative forest studies which the Service has undertaken at the request of the state of California. There is an earnest and widespread desire to save the Calaveras grove from such a sale as would result in its destruction. The owner is willing to dispose of it, and an accurate and sat- isfactory appraisal of the value of the timber should help to an agreement on a fair price if Congress sees fit to pur- chase it. THE YUMA RECLAMATION PROTECT One of the Largest of the Many Irrigation Works Undertaken by the Government—Similar to Nile Projects ADSPECIAL interest attaches to the Yuma reclamation project in Ari- zona and California, one of the great national irrigation works now well started, by reason of the unusual phys- ical conditions of that section of the Southwest, and the somewhat unique engineering problems which are in- volved. Physically and climatically the Colo- rado Delta is singularly like that of the’ Wile. Like the great river of Egypt, the Colorado rises in far-dis- tant mountains and empties through great tidal flats into an inland sea, its valley and climate all bearing out the likeness. The Colorado is one of the great rivers of the arid West. It drains an area of more than 225,000 square miles and pours a turbid flood into the Gulf of California for hun- dreds of miles. It has cut its channel more than a mile deep through the plateaus, carving out abyssa canyons which are the most wonderful in the world. In flood its waters carry in solution millions of tons of silt and detritus which for ages the stream has deposited in the sea building up a broad delta through which it flows on top of a dyke so that its normal channel is elevated considerably above the country on either side. In time of flood it spills over its dyke inundating a portion of its valley. The engineering works involve a dam across the river, canals on both sides of the stream, and an extensive system of levees to protect the lower lands from flooding. The dam known 144 as the Laguna is being constructed about twelve miles above Yuma by a New York contractor, and is notable as being the first of its type built in America. ‘The diamond drillers sought in vain for bed rock formation in the channel and finally the government de- cided upon a structure of the East In- dia weir type patterned after the dams built under similar conditions in India and Egypt by the English engineers. The Laguna dam will be 4,780 feet long, 19 feet high, with a maximum FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March Unprecedented floods during the past year have emphasized the impor- tance of safe-guarding the construc- tion of the levees which are required to prevent inundation of valuable low- land areas. The problem is complicat- ed because of the fact that the area to be irrigated is in the drainage basin of two important streams, the Gila and Colorado Rivers, both subject to sud- den and tremendous floods. : The main canal of the project will cross the valley of the Gila in a pres- Scene in the Valley of the Lower Colorado River Below Yuma Dam Site width of 267 feet and will contain 350,000 cubic yards of loose rock. It will rest on a foundation of sand and will weigh approximately 600,000 tons. The settling basin formed by this structure will be one mile wide and ten miles long. To avoid the enormous quantities of silt carried by the Colo- rado and which would quickly fill up the canals, the headgates are so ar- ranged as to draw off only the top foot of water into the canals. sure pipe passing under the stream. ‘The Gila is normally dry or nearly so, but when in violent flood, frequently changes its course so that the levees must be placed so as to confine the stream to a definite channel before building the crossing as it might other- wise change its course and leave the crossing to one side. The crossing must be made during the coming win- ter and the dykes must be built in the spring and summer. THE RECLAMATION SERVICE Progress of National Irrigation Plans and specifications for the machinery for the Garden City Project in western Kansas were approved by a board of engineers which met at Garden City, Kan., recently. Bids will be opened at Chicago on May 28. This irigation project is not one of the large enterprises which the Recla- mation Service is developing. It 1s, however, attracting considerable at- tention on account of the numerous novel features involved in its construc- tion. The water for this project must be recovered from the underflow waters of the Arkansas valley, which lie in gravel deposits existing below the bed of the river. It is therefore necessary to sink several hundred wells, from which the water will be pumped and discharged into a collect- ing conduit. The wells are scattered along the line nearly five miles jong. The power is generated at a single central plant situated on the railroad and then is distributed by electricity to the wells. Garden City Project This is the first reclamation project to be authorized in which it is neces- sary to pump the water, and is the only project in which the water must be recovered from wells and not from a flowing surface stream of water. On this account much interest is taken in the project by settlers in western Kan- sas and Nebraska. They believe that the demonstration to be made will be of value to many other communities situated similarly to that at Garden City. Applications for water under this project have been made by the owners of more than 12,000 acres of land to be benefited, and the community is very enthusiastic concerning the future success of irrigation in the Arkansas valley. Very large crops of wheat can be grown on the lands under the pro- ject 1f a small amount of water is During the Past Thirty Days available in the fall and spring to in- sure the starting of the seed. Garden City has long been famous as an alfal- fa center. This location seems to be especially well adapted to the maturing of the seed crop of alfalfa which has always paid well here. A sugar fac- torv is being constructed at Garden City where those who desire to raise sugar beets will find a market for their crop. ad ge Miaje.C. Stevens, iny- ments an Sea tres Rect drographer at Washing: ton, D. C., has been or- dered to report to Supervising Engi- nec mac. Elenry,. Portland «Ores to take charge of the hydrographic work of the Geological Survey in the states of Oregon and Washington, with head- quarters at Portland. The growing demand for more complete and accu- rate data concerning the flow of streams in Oregon and Washington has made necessary the selection of a hydrographic exepert who is familiar with the methods of the division of hydrography. Mr. Stevens has shown technical and executive ability in the performance of his duties during the last three years in the Washington of- fice. Mr. Wilbur H. Fisher, engineering aid of the Reclamation Service, who has been on furlough, due to lack of work on account of climatic conditions in the West, has been assigned to duty at Cody, Wyo. Mr. Fisher while ab- sent from the Service has been em- ployed by one of the large cement- manufacturing companies of Califor- nia, where he has gained valuable ex- perience in this line of work. Mr. C. E. Slonaker, observer, and Mr. Ernest R. Childs, assistant engi- neer, of the Reclamation Service, have been transfered to Portland, Ore., for field duty. Mr. Carrol Paul, engineering aid of the Reclamation Service, who has been 146 on furlough on account of lack of work, due to climatic conditions, has been reassigned to duty at Wyncote, Wyo., for work in connection with the Interstate canal. Mr. W. S. Kanna, engineering aide in the Reclamation Service, has been transferred from the Washington of- fice, where he has been employed in the drafting division, to field duty at Chinook, Mont., in connection with the Milk River Project. Mr. Clinton R. Thompson was re- cently appointed topographic drafts- man in the Reclamation Service and ordered to report to Mr. John E. Field, district engineer, at Mitchell, Neb. Mr. A. H. Perkins, engineer, United States Reclamation Service, was re- cently transferred from the Washing- ton office to duty at Cody,Wyo., on the Shoshone Project. Mr. Perkins is a graduate of the civil engineering course, Cornell University, 1894, and was transferred to the Reclamation Service from the Bureau of Engineer- ing in the Philippine service. The Secretary of the In- terior has suspended the operation of the contract of July 21, 1905, with Callahan Broth- ers, and Phelan and Shirley, of Oma- ha, Nebraska, for divisions 2, 3, and 4 for main canal, Fort Buford Project, North Dakota and Montana. The suspension is made under pro- visions of paragraph No. 21 of the specifications, which provides that upon failure of the contractor to perform the work in accordance with the speci- fications the Secretary may suspend the contract and take possession of the machinery, tools, appliances, etc., of the contractor and make arrangements to complete the work. Contract Suspended Repairing The Secretary of the In- a Pecos terior has authorized that ystem the repair and _ recon- struction of the Pecos irrigation sys- tem at Carlsbad, New Mexico, be done by the Reclamation Service under force account and not by contract. This authority was granted to obviate the delay always incident to advertis- FORESTRY AND [IRRIGATION March ing for bids and because of the fact that the works must be completed at the earliest possible moment in order to save the crops on 10,000 acres of land in that section. A large portion of this area is in orchards and if de- prived of water the orchards would be ruined, entailing a loss of property valued at hundreds of thousands of dollars. The Secretary of the Interior has approved the contract executed by the President and attested by the Sec- retary of the Strawberry Valley Water Users’ Association, Utah, guarantee- ing repayment to the United States of the cost of the irrigation works which may be constructed thereby in connec- tion with the Strawberry Valley Pro- ject, Utah. Authority has been given the Reclamation Service to prepare plans and specifications for the work and to submit them to the department. The Secretary of the Interior has also executed a contract on behalf of the United States and approved the bond of the International Contract Com- pany, providing for the construction work of schedule 4, main canal, Kla- math Project, California-Oregon. This contract calls for the construction of five highway bridges at $1,158 each, with 85-foot Howe truss, spans, super- structures, complete in place, and one bridge, 80-foot Howe truss, spans, and superstructures, at $1,055. He has also: approved the bond and executed con- tract on behalf of the United States with Messrs. Hughes and Olsen, pro- viding for the construction and com- pletion of division one, of main canal, Huntley Project. A contract has been let to Mason, Davis & Co., of Portland, Oregon, for the construction of schedules 1, 2, and 3, main canal, Klamath Project, Cali- fornia-Oregon. This contract calls for the construction of about 9 miles of main canal, near Klamath Falls, Ore- gon, with headworks, sluice gates, bridges, and other appurtenances in- volving about 600,000 cubic yards of excavation, 3,100 linear feet of con- Contracts Let 1906 crete lined tunnel, and 4,000 cubic yards of concrete masonry, exclusive of tunnel lining. The bid af Mason, Davis & Co. was $377,330. A contract has been awarded to the McFee and McGinnity Company, of Denver, Colo., for 30,000 barrels of Portland cement for the Uncompah- ere, Valley Project, Colorado.” ‘Phe bid of the contractors is $1.45 per bar- tel f- 0: b, cars at lola, Kansas. The Secretary of the Interior has awarded to the Western Portland Ce- ment Company, of Yankton, South Dakota, the lowest bidder, the contract for furnishing from 20,000 to 30,000 barrels of Portland cement for the Belle Fourche Project, South Dakota. The bid of this company was $2.43 per barrel f. o. b. cars at Belle Fourche, South Dakota. © There is a demand for from 8,000 to 12,500 barrels of Portland cement for use in the construction of the Lower Yellowstone Project, Montana-North Dakota, and bids will be received by the project engineer, U. S. Reclama- tion Service, Glendive, Montana, until April 12, 1906. Bids are being asked for the con- struction of about twenty miles of main canal involving the excavation of 975,000 cubic yards of earth, and 1o,- 000 cubic yards of solid rock, in con- nection with the Payette-Boise Project, Idaho. Also for the construction of a dam in Pecos River, involving the placing of 75,000 cubic yards of earth, 40,000 cubic yards of rock fill, 12,000 linear feet of steel sheet piling, 3,300 cubic yards of rubble concrete, and the furnishing and placing of about 2109,- 000 pounds of steel, in connection with the Carlsbad Project, New Mexico. The construction of about 145 miles of irrigation ditches involving 600,000 cubic yards of excavation with struc- tures and bridges in Carson Sink Val- ley, Nevada, is ready for bids. Bids are being asked for by the Sec- retary of the Interior for the construc- tion of structures on main canal and laterals of the Lower Yellowstone Pro- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 147 ject, Montana and North Dakota, to be opened April r2, 1906. The Secretary of the In- terior has finally with- drawn the following de- scribed lands in the State of Oregon, for use in connetcion with the Cold Springs reservoir, Umatilla irrigation project: Land With- drawals WILLAMETTE MERIDIAN. HN Ro 20 E:. Sec. 34, SE Y NE 4, SE 4% SW ¥. Te 5oNE. Ro 20 E.,. Sec. 34, SE % NE ¥. WSN. Ro 29 E., Sec. 36, NE Y SE YY. Neko Sec 1k % NW — 4, NW 4% NE yy. ees 229 Es Sec. 3) NW iy NW 4%, SEY%SW 4. ISS GoNe Ro. 20, Sec SiN Te SW 4%, N % SE Y. These lands were temporarily with- drawn on August 16, 1905, for exami- nation and survey, and their use has been found necessary for reservoir purposes. The Secretary has directed the Commissioner of the General Land Office to notify all persons who have made entry of such lands prior to the preliminary withdrawal and who have not acquired a vested right thereto, that said lands have been appropriated for irrigation purposes and that their entries will be cancelled and their im- provements paid for by the govern- ment, unless sufficient cause is shown within sixty days from date of such notice. The Secretary of the Interior has temporarily withdrawn from any form of disposition whatever under the pub- lic land laws the followine described lands in the State of Idaho. for use in connection with the Flat lock reser- voir site, Payette-Boise irrivation pro- ject ira NR) 43 B.,' Secon OF ter 12, 13, 14, 23, 24, and N 4 Sec. 2s, and N % Sec. 26, or 5,760 acres. He has also temporarily withdrawn the following described lands in the state of Colorado, for use in connec- tion with the Taylor Park reservoir, 148 Uncompahgre Valley Project: 6th P. M. Section 24, T. 14 S., R. 83 W. Kansas Secretary Hitchcock has Pumping executed a contract on Project behalf of the United States with the Finney County Water Users’ Association, whereby the asso- ciation guarantees to repay to the United States the cost of the irriga- tion works which may be constructed in connection with the Garden City Project, Kansas. This project contemplates the re- covery of ground water in the Arkan- sas Valley by means of pumping, and its distribution over about 10,000 acres by the use of an existing canal known as The Farmers’ Ditch. The proposed pumping plant involves the construc- tion of 23 separate pumping stations, each driven electrically from the cen- tral power station located on the main line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. The annual rainfall in this part of the Arkansas Valley is about 20 inches, the larger part of which falls during the summer months. This portion of the high plains is peculiar in that there is an almost complete absence of run- off, practically all of the rain-fall sink- ing into the ground. An investigation of conditions was begun in 1904 by Prof. Charles S. Slichter, of the U. S. Reclamation Service, and a project of sufficient promise to warrant detailed study was then outlined. The value of land in this part of Kansas in its natural condition is from $5 to $10 per acre. When reclaimed by irrigation it is easily worth from $100 to $150. ‘The soil is similar to that in the well known wheat belt of Kansas, very fine grained and fertile, cequiring the application of only a small amount of water for irrigation. The principal crops suitable for these lands are sugar beets and alfalfa, con- siderable quantities of which are al- ready under cultivation. Sugar beets are already located at points within easy shipping distance from Garden City. Back of the lands to be watered FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March are wide strips of excellent grazing lands which will grow cane and forage plants without irrigation. The western portion of Kansas ap- pears to be underlaid with inexhausti- ble quantities of underground water at no great depth, and the successful ini- tiation of a government pumping sys- tem will undoubtedly encourage pri- vate capital to take up the work in other sections. estes The Secretary of the In- o1se 7 Baca terior has awarded the folowing contracts for certain schedules for the construction of dam, canal, and embankments in connection with the Payette-Boise Project, Idaho. Schedule No. 1, for the dam and di- verting works on the Boise River, $158,950, to the Utah Fire Proofing Company, Salt Lake City, Utah. This contract calls for 15,000 cubic yards concrete masonry, 5,000 cubic yards concrete, 10,000 pounds of steel for re- inforcing, 325,000 feet B. M. common lumber, 20,000 pounds drift bolts, 2,500 cubic yards fill in crib work, 14,000 cubic yards wet excavation, 12,000 cubic yards dry excavation, and 1,000 cubic yards of rip rap. Schedule No. 3, for the main canal from Indian Creek to Deer Flat reser- voir, to Conway and Wilhite, Star, Idaho, $95,400. The requirements of this contract are for 414,800 cubic yards of excavation. Schedule No. 4, for structures on canal from Boise River to Deer Flat reservoir, including bridge structures, turn-outs, culverts and drops and di- verting works from Indian Creek, $48,855, to Page & Brinton, Salt Lake City, Utah. Schedule No. 3, for lower Deer Flat embankment and diverting works, $256,550, to Hubbard & Carlson, Boise, Idaho. This schedule includes 950,000 cubic yards of material for embankment, 50,000 cubic yards of ex- cavation in foundation, 1,500 cubic yards of concrete, and 20,000 pounds 1906 of steel for reinforcing and in bridge and canopy. The Secretary of the Interior has directed that there be a new advertise- ment for the work of schedule No. 2, the main south side canal from Boise FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 149 River to Indian Creek, and also au- thorizes the Reclamation Service to complete the work of schedule No. 5, the Upper Deer Flat embankment and diverting works, by force account un- der the supervision of the engineers of the Reclamation Service. THE BLACK MESA FOREST RESERVE BY Pos: BREEN Supervisor, Black Mesa Forest Reserve a HE Black Mesa Forest Reserve of Arizona was created by execu- tive proclamation August 17, 1808, and contains 1,658,880 acres, or 2,786 square miles, covering the Mogollon mountain range from a point north of Camp Verde southwest to the New Mexico territorial boundary. The main south boundary line is marked mainly by what is locally termed the “rim,” an abrupt cliff or wall of rock that leaves a sheer, preci- pitous descent of from 1,000 to 1,500 feet for a distance of over 250 miles, with but three places where it is pos- sible to ascend with teams, although there are two or three trails that may be used with pack horses. The reserve includes part of Coco- nino, Yavapai, Gila, Navajo, Apache and Graham Counties, and is located in the wildest and most broken part of the territory with very few settlements within its borders. The nearest rail- road points are Flagstaff and Hol- brook on the Santa Fe Railroad, both points being from sixty to seventy miles north by wagon roads. The north boundary line of the - Apache Indian reservation closes on the south boundary line of the forest reserve for a distance of over 200 miles, cutting off something in the neighborhood of a million acres of the hest timbered area in Arizona, mainly unused, where large forest fires are numerous each spring, and come sweeping to the north onto the forest reserve. Recent examinations by the Forest Service were made for the purpose of including additional timbered areas both west and east of the Apache In- dian reservation, in this reserve, though no official action has been taken up to date. There are eight small settlements within the reserve, with population ranging from twenty to one hundred people, the Mormon sect predominat- ing in each. These settlements were made during the early history of Ari- zona by pioneer bands of Mormons moving down from Utah by wagon trains over hundreds of miles of desert land and who located on small streams or at natural springs, making a pre- carious livelihood by cultivating small patches of alluvial soil. During 1904 a number of these settlements were practically abandoned because of drought for a succession of years. Along the western border of the re- serve are several points of scenic in- terest. The Montezuma Castle, a his- toric cliff dweling built in the angle of the cliffs two hundred feet from the ground, of stone and adobe, which in inself is four stories high containing many rooms and on top a breastworks with portholes commanding the upper angles of the cliffs on both sides; the Montezuma Well, a natural pheno- monon, covering an acre or more filled 150 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March with pure spring water, the bottom of which has not as yet been fathomed. The side walls of this well go down about eighty feet before water is reached, and small cliff dwellings are found just above water level. A short distance up Clear Creek from this point is the “Soda Spring,” a spring of cold water tasting strongly of carbonic acid gas boiling up out of the ground in which it is impossible for a person to sink. difficult to utilize on account of the scarcity of water for stock purposes, let alone irrigation. Stock is mainly the means of mak- ing a living both inside the reserve and adjacent to it. When the reserve was first created there were 225,000 head of sheep and about 40,000 head of cat- tle grazed upon during the greater part of the year. ‘The number of stock has been gradually reduced from year to Large Growth of Alligator Juniper in the Black Mesa Forest Reserve To the south four miles is the “Na- tural Bridge,” the largest natural bridge in the United States; articles placed in the water running under- neath the bridge are rock-covered within a week. These points of inter- est are so far off the line of travel that they are not very well known except locally. here is very little agricultural land on the reserve and: that little is very year until at present there are 115,000 head of sheep and 30,500 head of cat- tle and horses grazed under permit. The sheep grazing permits are for the grazing season commencing April ist ‘and closing December Ist each year; there is no regular grazing sea- son for cattle and horses, but during the winter months the greater part of the stock necessarily drifts off the re- serve to the lower levels. Se ee ee ee ee ee : . ; 1906 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 151 ns ES Sn, ¥ | ‘ L Grove of Aspen in the Black Mesa Forest Resetve Over half the sheep grazed on the where they are sheared, returning to reserve are taken south via the Heber the reserve by the same route usually Sheep Trail to Salt River. Valley in May. Yellow Pine in the Black Mesa Forest Reserve 152 The regulation of sheep grazing has resulted very beneficially to the re- serve as well as to the stock owners, by the elimination of many bands that were owned by transient sheepmen who neither owned land or water, leaving the range-for the permanent stockmen, who now appreciate the protection afforded them in giving each sheep owner entitled to range, an exclusive range for his sheep. | At first. stockmen_ and settlers who had for years utilized the reserve with- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March of one district or another, saving the Government several thousands of dol- lars that otherwise would have had to have been paid for assistance, aside from the incalculable damage to young growing timber. Aside from, the benefits. derived from grazing, the people in general are commencing to more fully realize the fact that in reserving this large body of timber, it has been reserved for their use, instead of permitting it eventually to fall into the hands of % Green Mountains from Mt. Baldwin out restrictions, resented the interfer- ence of the government, but gradually this feeling has been eradicated and the better element realize even the im- mediate benefits of the restrictions im- posed. During the past year these stockmen gave substantial evidence of their appreciation of the reserve by as- sisting at forest fires from April to the middle of July, an almost continuous service night and day for the stockmen speculators through fraudulent home- steads, thus preventing the small local saw mills from purchasing timber as it is required by the settler for the de- velopment of his claims, inside or out- side the reserve, as has been done in other States. Over 9o per cent of the reserve is covered with a good stand of yellow pine, running from 2,000 to as high as 6,000 feet per acre, much of which at 1906 present is too far removed from a mar- ket, but in a short time much of this belt will be reached by railroads for which surveys are now being made. The great length of this reserve, covering as it does, the heart of the most inaccessible part of the territory, the greater part totally uninhabited, makes the management of the reserve very difficult. The Rangers’ districts are extremely large amounting to as high as fifteen or sixteen townships. While there is only a small amount of business for them to handle aside from FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 153 fires, it is scattered over such an ex- panse of country that it takes hard work, and a complete camp outfit to successfully see to it. The new rules issued by the Forest Service, taking effect July Ist, last, have not become generally known among the settlers, but when they are, a much more favorable opinion will be conceived by them of the reserve by reason of the very liberal policy out- lined, in which many of the former technicalities have been eliminated. SUGECESSFUE FIRE; PROTECTION IN CALIFORNIA Private Owner Has Built Fire Lines and Inaug- urated Patrol System to A N item of news of wide importance to timberland owners is the an- nouncement that a California lumber company, which applied a plan of fire protection to a single township during the summer of 1905, is now preparing to extend the same protection to the rest of its large holdings of cut-over land. Except in the national forests, but little attempt has as yet been made to protect from fire the forests or cut- over lands of the Pacific coast. In California, it is true, the state forester has taken up fire protection as one of the most pressing problems of his ad- ministration. But in Oregon and Washington particularly, and on pri- vate holdings in California, fires are so destructive that little hope is cher- ished by owners of securing crops on cut-over land before fires have pre- vented or destroyed them. The severe losses which have come from these fires have, however, made a deep im- pression upon lumbermen. Where timberlands are owned, too often the investor must be contented with the profits of his first lumbering opera- tions, since, despite the excellent nat- ural reproduction which would, under Guard Young Growth better conditions, restore the lands to forest, fire is almost certain to burn over, killing seedlings, scorching larger growth, and so deferring future crops indefinitely. In the summer of 1904 the McCloud River Lumber Company, of McCloud, Cal., appreciating the seriousness of the fire losses common to lumbering operations in the region, agreed to at- tempt to protect its land according to the advice of the Forest Service, pro- vided the plan of fire protection could be shown to be practicable and not too costly. The area chosen for the plan was cut-over land, a township in ex- tent, on which the amount and charac- ter of the young timber was, as is com- monly the case, sufficient to warrant expending something to guard it until it should establish a renewed forest. Last summer the plan was put in op- eration. It called for clearing and burning broad fire lines from 200 to 300 feet in width, to serve as base lines from which to fight possible fires; or- ganizing a patrol; locating tool houses for the storage of fire-fighting tools; erecting telephone lines to summon aid; and other similar measures. In making the tire lines, the old logging 154 trams were followed as far as possible. Twenty miles of lines were cleared. During the dry season of 1905 the operation of this plan proved so suc- cessful that the company took steps to extend the protection to the rest of its holdings—from three to four hundred thousand acres—and may now apply to the Forest Service for another plan to cover an additional 20,000 acres re- cently purchased in southern Oregon. The holdings of the McCloud River Lumber Company are in a _ region FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION March where the danger from fire is unusu- ally great, since the long dry season and the abundance of slash and chap- arrel not only make the starting of fires very probable, but also render their control difficult in a high degree. One of the most important and sig- nificant points in connection with this use of a fire-protection system by a pri- vate owner is the fact that it means the recognition of the future value of young timber—proof that forestry has made rapid strides in California. RECENT PUBLICATIONS A Handbook of the Trees of California. By Alice Eastwood. Occasional Pa- pers of the California Academy of Sciences IX. San Francisco, 1905; 86 pp. We are very glad to welcome Miss Alice Eastwood’s “A Handbook of the Trees of California,’ which is published by the California Academy of Sciences (1905). Until the recent appearance of Prof. C. S. Sargent’s “Silva,” students of California trees have had to depend mainly on Brewer & Watson’s Botany of California. Following this, Dr. Albert Kellogeg’s “Illustrations of West Ameri- can) @aks; “and Prot) (Ga emmon:s “West American Conebearers,” were ex- cellent for the groups they covered. Miss Eastwood’s book covers the whole field and presents, in mostly popular langauge, carefully drawn descriptions of 169 spe- cies and varieties. Fifty-seven of these are illustrated by half-tones and photo- engravings which are clear, exceedingly helpful, and a most commendable and essential feature of the book, whether it be used by laymen or experts. In its range the work is more than it pretends to be, as it describes not only the trees of California but also the principal ones of Washington, Oregon, Arizona, Ne- vada, and Idaho. One new species of oak, Quercus alvordiana, is described for the first time. The conventional line be- tween a number of so-called shrubs and trees has been passed by ad- mitting as trees twelve shrubs not previously recognized as trees. Miss Eastwood studies trees and other plants in the field, as well as in the herbarium, and we are‘glad that she had rated some of these formerly neglected species as trees; notably Narrya elliptica, Cercis oc- cidentals, three manzanitas (Arctostoply- los) and several species of Ceanothus, which we think should be considered trees. An important feature of this book is its three artificial keys to the trees described based on leaves, fruit, and on a combination of flowers, foliage, and fruit. The latter appeals to the trained botanist, while the first two can be used readily by laymen. The author has, we think, wisely excluded from her concise, clear, and helpful work, reference to mooted points in nomenclature, in which there is opportunity for discussion. We are glad to see even the preoccupied name Sequoia gigantea still used for Cali- fornia’s greatest tree wonder, the Sierra Big-Tree, in place of the proposed Se- quoia Wellingtonia—which most Califor- nians resent. Geo. B. S. Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters. Vol. I, No. 1, pp. 28. Wash- ington, D. C., 1905. Price 25 cents. Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters. Vol. I, No. 2, pp. 108. Wash- Inston, =) sC. =| OO) 5emenicesZ cents: These two handsomely printed pam- phlets mark the beginning of a series of publications that will be of much value to technical foresters. The Society of American Foresters was organized No- vember 30, 1900, and has its headquarters in Washington, where the large majority of the trained foresters of the country are stationed through their connection with the government. The Society holds weekly meetings during about eight months of the year. At these meetings papers on forestry and related subjects are presented and discussed. It is the purpose of the Society to put these pa- pers into permanent form which explains the numbers at hand. Paper No. 1 contains an address on “Forestry and Foresters,’ by President 1906 Roosevelt, delivered before the Society on March 26, 1903. It also contains the text of the Society’s constitution, and a full list of members. Paper No. 2 contains eight technical papers as follows: “The Reclamation Law and Its Relation to Forestry,” by F. H. Newell; “The Application and Possibilities of the Federal Forest Re- serve Policy,” Edward T. Allen; “The Disposal of the Public Lands,” George W. Woodruff; “Silviculture Applied to Virgin Forest Conditions,’ Alfred Gas- kill; “Objections to the Forest Reserves in Northern California,’ Alfred F. Pot- ter; “The Great Kansas River Flood of 1903,” George L. Clothier; “The Neces- sity for Saving the Forests on the Wa- tershed of the Sacramento River,’ J. B. Lippincott; “Results of a Rocky Moun- tain Forest Fire Studied Fifty Years After Its Occurrence,’ W. J. Gardner. Forest Park Reservation Commission of New Jersey. First Annual Report. For the year ending October 31, 1905; Trenton, N. J., pp. 27. Illustrated Although the law for the establish- ment of forest reservations in New Jer- ‘sey was only passed in March, 1905, the commission in charge of its execution has been actively at work. The report presented contains the text of the law under which they are operating, an ad- ministrative report covering their work from March to October inclusive and a chapter on forest fires. While New Jersey should have begun this. work many years ago, it is encouraging to see the present activity. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 155 Eleventh Annual Report of the Commis- sioner of Public Roads of New Jersey. For year ending October 31, 1904. Trenton, N. J., pp. 220. Illustrated. Here again we have an excellent ex- ample of what may be done to improve public highways and thereby promote the upbuilding of a state’s general welfare. New Jersey has taken the lead in the good roads movement, and these annual reports of its commissioner contain a splendid object-lesson to other commu- nities. Publications Received. Entomological Society of Ontario; 36th annual report, 1905, pp. 143. Illustrated. Published by the Ontario Department of Agriculture, Toronto. The Irrigation System of Ontario, Cal- ifornia—Its Development and Cost. By F. E. Trask. Reprint from Transactions of American Society of Civil Engineers. Pp. 173-184. Illustrated. The Municipal Water-Softening Plant at Oberlin, Ohio. By W. B. Gerrish. Re- print from Journal of New England Wa- ter Works Association. Pp. 421-436. I]- lustrated. State Forest Administration in South Australia. Annual Progress Report for the year 1904-5. By Walter Gill, Con- servator of Forests, Adelaide, 1905. II- lustrated. Forestry Quarterly, Volume IV, No. te pass ithaca, Neve Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, Volume V, No. 15, containing annual report of officers for 1904. The Indian Forester for January, 1906. Allahabad. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, Washington, PD. C:., March 5, 1906. Proposals = will jbe received at the office of the United States Re- clamation Service, Boise, Idaho, until 2 o’clock © p. m., April 16, 1906, for the ‘construction of about 20 miles of main canal, involving the ex- ‘avation of 975,000 cubic yards of earth and (0,000 cubic yards of solid rock, in connection with the Payette-Boise Project, Idaho. Par- ticulars may be obtained from the Chief Engi- neer of the.Reclamation Service, Washington, . C., or the Supervising Engineer, Boise, Idaho. E. A. HITCHCOCK, Secretary. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, Washington, D. C., March 9, 1906. Proposals will be re- ceived at the office of the United States Recla- mation Service, Glendive, Mont., until 10 o’clock a. m., April 12, 1906, for the construction of about 2634 miles of canal near Glendive, Mont., involving the excavation of approximately 2,662,900 cubic yards of earth and 1,200 cubic yards of rock, and furnishing such material and doing such other work as may be necessary for the completion of the work. Particulars may be obtained by application to the Chief Engineer, U. S: Reclamation Service, Washing- ton, D. C., or to the Engineer, Glendive, Mont. E. A. HITCHCOCK, Secretary. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, Washington, C., March 9, 1906. Proposals will be re- ceived at the office of the U. S. Reclamation Service at 11azen, Nev., until to o’clock a. m., April 19, 1906, for the construction of about 145 miles of irrigation ditches, involving about 600,600 cubic yards of excavation, with struc- tures and bridges,-in Carson Sink Valley, Neva- da. Particulars may be obtained from the Chief Engineer of the Reclamation Service, Washing- ton, D. C., or the Supervising Engineer, Hazen, Nev. E. A. HITCHCOCK. Secretary. « DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, Washington, D. C., March 1, 1906. Sealed proposals will be received at the office of the United States Re- clamation Service, Carlsbad, N. M., until 2 o’clock p. m., April 12, 1906, for the construc- tion of a dam in Pecos River, involving the placing of 75,000 cubic yards of earth, 40,000 cubic yards of rock fill, 12,000 linear feet of steel sheet piling, 3,300 cubic yards of rubble concrete, and the furnishing and placing of about 219,000 pounds of steel, in connection with the Carlsbad Project, New Mexico. Speci- fications, forms of proposal and plans may be obtained from the Chief Engineer of the Recla- mation Service, Washington, D. C., or from the Supervising Engineer, Carlsbad, N. M. E. A. HITCHCOCK, Secretary. TROPICAL FORESTRY AND HORTICULTURE Reports and working plans for estates in Southern Florida, Bahamas, Cuba, Isle of Pines, Porto Rico, and neighboring regions . .. . ——— oo ————— —-— — — SS | l" | The Pomelo, or Grape Fruit, the Favorite ot all Breaktast Fruits, tor which the southernmost part of the Peninsula of Florida is famous. For the produc- tion of this profitable fruit this region has norival . : Tropical forest lands bought and sold. Villa sites and grove land for sale in Biscayne Bay region. Write for prospectus. Address JOHN GIFFORD, Princeton, N. J., cr Cocoanut Grove Dade Co., Fla. SAMPLE POST CARDS Send 10 Cents Silver or Stamps for a SrA MEP be sen | of Up-To-Date PRIVATE MAILING CARDS M. S. MORRISON, Pub. | Dept. K Lancaster, N. Y. | | 50 YEARS’ EXPERIENCE TrRavE Marks DESIGNS CopyRIGHTs &c. Anyone sending a sketch and aeacap aod may quickly ascertain our opinion free whether an invention is probably patentable. Communica- tions strictly confidential. 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IF IN NEED, DROP THEM A LINE In writing advertisers kindly mention FoRESTRY AND IRRIGATION Forestry and Irrigation H. M. SUTER, Editor ao ae ee CONTENTS FOR APRIL, 1906 WEIR ON BIG COTTONWOOD CREEK, UTAH - Frontispiece NEWS AND NOTES: The Eastern Reserves - - 161 Forest Reserve Administra- Forestry Board for Mary- OMS Asoo ch ee mci land - - - - - - - 161 Ranger Convention - - - 162 Obituany?e- 55. 20— = veel Ole lowa Forest Bulli sor %— 162 CONFERENCE OF ENGINEERS - - - - - - - 162 LURE OF THE CITY (Jllustrated). By Edward Everett Hale - 165 HOW SHALL FOREST LANDS BE TAXED? Part II—A Propo- sition to Encourage the Growing of Forests for Profit. By Alfred Gaskill - — - - - - efiseg = : ee HOW SHOULD OUR FUTURE FOREST LANDS BE TAXED? Eerie BraBiiott, hein ak ae ee ea eee 8 MANAGEMENT AND NATURAL REPRODUCTION OF CHIR PINE NEAR DEHRA DUN (Illustrated). Byres: Woolsey, Jr. - - - - - - - - - - 183 THE LAND OF OPPORTUNITY (Illustrated). By C. J. Blanchard 190 THE RECLAMATION SERVICE - - - - - - - 194 THE FOREST SERVICE . . - = : : 2 =aat9S PUMPING WATER ( Illustrated) - - - - - - 5 = Oil NOTES ON FOREST TREES SUITABLE FOR PLANTING IN THE UNITED STATES. V—The Tulip Tree - aoe = 203 RECENT PUBLICATIONS - - - - - - - - 206 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the American Forestry Association. Suvseription price $1.00 a year; single copies 10 cents. Copyright, 1906, by Forestry and Irrigation Publishing Co. Entered at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., as second-class mail matter. Published Monthly at WASHINGTON, D. C. Bad v 43% z SO 4, . S, A ———— f. SHERI DAW 32 ‘HVLOA ‘MHAYD GOOMNOLLOOS DIA NO YAM : = Cates Forestry and Irrigation. View. XT SIR TE) £906: No. 4 NEWS AND NOTES All efforts for the estab- lishment of national for- est reserves in the South- ern Appalachians and the White Mountains are being centered in the hearing to take place before the House Committee on Agriculture Wednesday, April 25, at 10:30 A. M. It is of the greatest importance that all friends of the bill to establish these re- serves give their assistance at this time. The bill has already had a fa- vorable report in the Senate and is likely to reach a vote there any day. But is is in the House that the most force will be needed to secure early and favorable action. All those who feel a deep interest in this measure and have not yet done so should write or wire their views to their Congress- men at once. The Eastern Reserves Forestry The bill creating a for- Board for estry board for the State Maryland of Maryland, introduced by Senator Brown, of Garrett county, passed the legislature shortly before the close of the session, and was signed by the governor. The bill pro- vides for a board composed of seven persons, of which the governor, the president of Johns Hopkins Univer- sity, the president of the Maryland Agricultural College, the State geolo- gist, and the State comptroller are ex- officio members, while the two remain- ing members are to be practical lum- bermen, residents of the State. The bill also provides for a State forester, who shall have a practical and theo- retical knowledge of forestry and the board is now looking for such a man. An important section of the bill au- thorizes the purchase of land in the name of the State, at a price not to ex- ceed $5 per acre, suitable for forest culture and reserves, using for such purposes any surplus money which may be standing to the credit of the forest reserve fund. Stringent pro- visions for the prevention of forest fires are also included in the bill. Theodore Sedgwick Gold, a veteran agricul- turist of Connecticut and one of the very first in his section of the country to take an interest in for- estry, died at his home in West Corn- wall on March 19. In addition to his connection with many other organi- zations, Mr. Gold was an active mem- ber of the American Forestry Asso- ciation and took a keen interest in all that pertained to forestry in this coun- try. He was also a valued contributor to this magazine from time to time. Obituary Forest That the Forest Service Reserve Ad- is being conducted on a munistration high plane is shown by the fact that since the transfer of for- est reserve administration from the Department of the Interior to the De- partment of Agriculture, a number of supervisors and rangers have been dis- inissed from the service for wrong- doing, after careful investigations. Criminal proceedings were brought against one supervisor, Everett B. Thomas, of the San Gabriel Forest Reserve, with headquarters at Los An- geles, Cal.. It was found that his ac- EOUNLS 10h) a. period Or -over) ‘three years, had been constantly falsified. In- dictment was secured against Thomas last fall on’ fifteen counts, and on March 16 he was convicted on ten of the counts. On March 20 he was sen- tenced to three years’ imprisonment at hard labor with a fine of $7,000. 162 The forest reserves, which now cov- er an area as great as New England, the Middle States, and Maryland, will require for their administration a small army of officials. It is absolutely nec- essary to prevent collusion and graft between these officials and would-be users of reserve resources who are not particular about the means to a desired end. The Forest Service will con- tinue, by inspection and all other means at its disposal, to guard the public and the government against improper off- cial conduct, and it is believed that this conviction will be a great help to- ward eradicating official malfeasance altogether. A ranger convention was held in California at the headquarters of the Sierra Forest Reserve, on Malum Ridge, near Northfork, Madera coun- ty, beginning April 12, 1906. When Supervisor Charles H. Shinn called the convention to order there were rangers, forest guards, candidates for ranger, inspectors, and several invited guests present. Some rangers had come through stormy weather full 60 miles over mountain trails, leading their pack-horses. They made their camps in various cabins, and some tents had been pitched for the late- comers. Some of them brought their wives and arranged to stay for nearly a week. The object of this convention was to plan the work of the coming summer in this forest reserve. Incidentally, Ranger Convention FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April accustomed them to first-class team- accustomed the mto first-class team- work. ‘The convention lasted three days, and the various subjects brought up were discussed freely by the rang- ers. Among those subjects were the following: “How Rangers Should Keep Books and Records,” ‘Trespass Cases, and How to Handle Them,” “Timber Sales from Application to Completion,” “The Forestry System, and the Washington End of the Work,” “Grazing Problems,” “How to Deal with the Public,’ Trails and Trail Building,” “Forest Fires.” A bill to encourage the planting of forest and fruit trees in the State of Iowa was recently enacted by the gen- eral assembly of the State. It provides that on any tract of land in the State of Lowa the owner may select a perma- nent forest reservation not less than two acres in continuous area, or a fruit tree reservation not less than one nor more than five acres in area, or both, and that upon compliance with the provisions of this act, such owner or owners shall be entitled to an assess- ment on a taxable valuation at the rate of one dollar per acre for the land. The bill outlines very fully the condi- tions upon which such benefits accrue. Persons interested in the bill should ask for House Bill 209. The bill fur- ther provides that the Secretary of the Iowa State Horticultural Society shall be State Forestry Commissioner. Iowa Forest Bill CONFERENCE OF ENGI Nien First Meeting of a National Advisory Board Invited by the President to Co-operate with Government Bureaus in the Study of Fuels and Structural Material. HE, National Advisory Board on Fuels and Structural Materials has just held its first meeting, at the invitation of the President, in Wash- ington, D. C., to consider the investi- gations, past and prospective, of the U. S. Geological Survey upon these sub- jects, and to suggest methods of in- creasing the value of the work. Upon organizing, Dr. Charles B. Dudley, of the Pennsylvania Railroad, was elected president; Lieutenant Colonel O. H. 1906 Ernst, of the Isthmian Canal Commis- sion, vice-president, and Richard L. Humphrey, president of the National Association of Cement Users, secre- tary. The government officials and engi- neers engaged in testing reviewed their past work and its significance, and pre- sented detailed plans of further inves- tigations. In the discussion of these plans many practical suggestions were made, and new questions which had arisen in the different lines of work were brought out. For instance, Mr. George B. Post, a New York architect of long experience, spoke of the scar- city of authoritative information on the strength of many building mate- rials. He said that had it not been for his training as a civil engineer, which had taught him the amount of strain materials would stand, he could not have slept nights while constructing the sky-scrapers demanded in the busi- ness life of the present age. There is no published manual which gives full information, and for this reason struc- tures of all kinds are overweighted with an unnecessary amount of mate- rial as a blind precaution against pos- sible failure in any part. The trans- portation and handling of needlessly bulky pieces of construction material is of course undesirable, and the cost and, in the case of timber, the growing scarcity of supplies make it necessary to economize and to seek cheaper sub- stitutes so far as safety will permit. The Forest Service, then the Divis- ion of Forestry, began studies of American woods in 1891. ‘These were continued until 1896, 32 species in all having been tested as to their strength and other characteristics. ‘These tests were made on selected small pieces, so that the figures could not always be applied with safety to large pieces tak- en from the oven market, the strength of which is influenced by such defects as knots, checks, crooked grain, etc., in combination. Furthermore, the tests did not become generally known or accepted by practical engineers and architects. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 163 In the case of the other investiga- tions of the Forest Service, although a large body of valuable data had been gathered and published, it had not reached the men for whose direct bene- fit it had been sought. What was re- quired was a carefully planned scheme of co-operation between the govern- ment and private interests for the gradual practical application of the new knowledge. In the case of important govern- ment tests now under way and others soon to be started, both delay and ex- pense are to be avoided by enlisting the interest of prominent engineers from all parts of the country and rep- resenting diverse interests. These men, thoroughly acquainted with the pNr- pose and value and every detail of the experiments, will be ready to give them immediate application and to secure for their results a ready acceptance throughout their large organizations. By examining the plans for investiga- tions in advance they will also be able to make such suggestions as their va- ried experience may call forth, and in this way will help to make the work of the highest value. The list of members of the National Advisory Board of Fuels and Structu- ral Materials is as follows: From the American Institute of Mining Engineers—John Hays Ham- mond, past-president, Empire Build- ing, New York; Robert W. Hunt (of Robert W. Hunt & Co., testing engi- neers, Chicago, Pittsburg, and New York), Chicago, Ill.; B. F. Bush, man- ager and vice-president, Western Coal and Mining Co., St. Louis, Mo. From the American Institute of Electrical Engineers—F. B. Crocker, professor of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York ; Hen- ry C. Stott, superintendent motive power, Interborough Rapid Transit Co., New York. From the American Society of Civil Engineers—C. C. Schneider, presi- dent, chairman Committee on Concrete and Reinforced Concrete, Pennsylva- nia Building, Philadelphia, Pa.; Geo. 164 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April S. Webster, chairman, Committee on Cement Specifications, city engineer, City Hall, Philadelphia, Pa. From the American Society of Me- chanical Engineers—W. F. M. Goss, dean of School of Engineering, Pur- due University, Lafayette, Ind.; Geo. H. Barrus, steam engineer, Pemberton Square, Boston, Mass.; P. W. Gates, 280) Staten ptreet,, Chicago, Ill: From the American Society — for Testing Materials—Charles B. Dudley, president, Altoona, Pa.; Robert W. Lesley, vice-president, Pennsylvania Building, Philadelphia, Pa. From the American Institute of Ar- chitects—George B. Post, past-presi- dent, 33 East Seventeenth Street, New York; William S. Eames, past-presi- dent, Lincoln Trust Building, St. Louis, Mo. From the National Brick Manufac- turers’ Association—John W. Sibley, treasurer, Sibley-Menge Press Brick Co., Birmingham, Ala.; Wm. D. Gates, American Terra Cotta and Ceramic Co., Chicago, Ill. From the National Fire Protective Association—QO. U. Crosby, chairman, Executive Committee, 76 William Street, New York City. From the National Lumber Manu- facturers’ Association—Nelson W. McLeod, president, Equitable Build- ing, sot, louis, oMo.-) Johny ljamiganale president, Southern Lumber Manutfac- turers’ Association, Birmingham, Ala. From the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army—Ljieutenant Colonel Wm. L. Marshall, Army Building, New York. From the Isthmian Canal Commis- sion—Ljieutenant Colonel O. H. Ernst, Washington, D. C. From the Bureau of Yards and Docks, U.. S$. Navy—Civil Engineer Frank T. Chambers, Washington. From the Supervising Architect’s Office, U. S. Treasury Department— James K. Taylor, supervising archi- tect, Washington, D. C. From the Reclamation Service, U. S. Interior Department—F. H. New- ell, chief engineer, Washington, D. C. From the American Railway Engi- neering and Maintenance of Way As- sociation—H. G. Kelley, president, Minneapolis, Minn.; Julius Kruttsch- nitt, director of maintenance of way and operation, Union Pacific Railway, 135 Adams Street, Chicago, Ill.; Hun- ter McDonald, past-president, chief engineer, Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway, Nashville, Tenn. From the American Railway Master Mechanics’ Association—J. F. Deems, general superintendent of motive pow- er, New York Central lines, New York; A. W. Gibbs, general superin- tendent of motive power, Pennsylvania Railway, Altoona, Pa. From the American Foundrymen’s Association—Richard Moldenke, sec- retary, Washtung, N. J. From the Association of American Portland Cement Manufacturers— John B. Lober, president, Land Title Building, Philadelphia, Pa. From the Geological Society of America—Samuel Calvin, professor of Geology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, lowa; I. C. White, State Geolo- gist, Morgantown, W. Va. From the Iron and Steel Institute— Julian Kennedy, metallurgical engi- neer,. Pittsburg, Pa:; Cy SeRobimson: general manager, Colorado Fuel and Iron Co., Denver, Colo. From the National Association of Cement Users—Richard L. Hum- phrey, president, St. Louis, Mo. From the National Board of Fire Underwriters—Chas. A. Hexamer, chairman, Board of Consulting Ex- perts, Bullitt Building, Philadelphia, Pas ey Bitte eeTey | sitll i Teen A Ze, \e ny i ink ENT reenact r | PU heb Ole witak ClTY Hope of the Irrigated West as an Offset BY EDWARD EVERETT HALE Chaplain of the United States Senate. (Copyrighted 1906 by the Associated Sunday Magazine). al? HIS convenient phrase, “The Rush to the Cities,” is used more or less carelessly to describe one of the mis- fortunes of the last century which no one quite understands. People who have to deal with it in the larger cities find themselves pow- erless to arrest it. In the end they come round to see that the causes of it are not of their making and that they have as much as they can do in healing the sick, in clothing the naked, and in providing homes for the homeless who are the results of the congestion of cities. As an academic phrase it means, alas! a question of no consequence to anybody. It is discussed more or less, but often among the writers on what is called sociology where one does not get much comfort. Just at this moment one or two changes are taking place which seem to give some little help in the matter. A few years before his death the late Lord Salisbury expressed his hope that the transfer of power to considerable distances by electric wires might create. a new civilization, or a new form of civilized life, by enlarging very much the number of small factory towns and diminishing in the same proportion the number of crowded “millionaire” towns of to-day. I do not think that this result has as yet followed; still it is to be looked for among the possi- bilities of the near future. More effective has been the curious change in social order brought about by the trolley. The operative in the factory town is now able to live two, three or four miles from the engine which is his partner in his daily work. As one passes through the large man- ufacturing towns of New York, of New Jersey and all New England, he sees already an increased number of comfortable dwelling-houses which are in what you might call the suburbs of factory towns. These give homes to the working people in factories where they can still see God’s sky and feel His sunshine—homes with cultivated land by each of them for gardening, or if you please, for feeding a pig, a goat, a cow or a horse. This emanci- pation such working people gain from the trolley. Some years ago in walking in New Hampshire I stopped to make a call on an old woman, an old friend of mine, in a comfortable house which her husband had built a dozen years before in the wilderness. I found to my regret that he had died the winter before. His widow was carrying on the place with her own hands and with no help besides but that of the good God. She told me she could do every- thing but plow, and that in the spring she had to hire a plowman. She told me that her husband had loaded his gun a little before he died for an at- tack on the hawks which troubled their hen-yard, but he had had no chance to fire off the gun and the hawks had become more audacious. Only the day before we talked together a hawk had entered her kitchen while she was at work and had seized a chicken which had taken refuge there. Would I not be good enough to go into the garden and see if I could not arrest his ca- reer? This gave me a good text to speak about, and I suggested to her that a life so lonely as hers had great incon- 166 veniences. I asked her why she would not let her friends sell this comfortable little farm which she and her husband had created which would have brought, I suppose, a thousand dollars. I said: “Take your money and go back to Ikyngland, to your brothers and sisters and your old home.” She replied with a fine frenzy of rage which would have sounded well in a Greek tragedy: “I go back there? Not I! I go back to their bloody Manchester where they have shut out God’s light by their bloody chimbleys ? Not I! Absolute solitude, without a neighbor within two or three miles, was better than the “bloody chimbleys” of this “bloody Manchester.’ The wo- man had been glad of the chance to curse the home in which she was born. ‘That is a side of the picture which one does not see as he climbs to the fifteenth story of a skyscraper in New York to attend to two or three scarlet- fever children who are in bed there. If you ask the mother of those children why she and her husband came to New York, they will find it hard to tell you. If you ask her whether she would like to take up the Manchester woman’s empty house in New Hampshire, she will not know what you mean. You make your hurried visit and go across the street to the fourteenth story of another skyscraper there, and when your day is over you are in no condi- tion to work out the question of the congestion of cities or the machinery which will arrest it. It is easy to make faces as we meet the young countryman with his wife when they come from Podunk to New York and to ask them what they have come for; but it is foolish to suppose that the congestion of cities results from their inexperience or ignorance. There are some important people who are working with them in this matter of crowding the towns. First of all, there is the large real estate interest in every city. It needs no organization; it is an organization already. The man whose grandmoth- .er owned an orchard of old apple-trees FORESTRY AND [IRRIGATION April in the heart of Boston or New York is glad that his grandmother owned that orchard. He is glad that he owns the square feet or square inches of that orchard to-day. He knows as well as I know that those square inches are worth a great deal more in money than they were worth a hundred years ago. Now that man does not mean to di- minish the current of population which falls into Boston or New York. He means to keep up the price of real estate in those cities if he can. And you address him a civil note, asking him if he will not attend a meeting of gentlemen who wish to promote emi- gration to Idaho it is almost certain that that man will have another en- gagement. Again, it is to be observed that the great cities have of necessity their own spokesmen—shall one say their own drummers ?—at work for them even unconsciously. Every issue of any newspaper of the week-day or a Sun- day has its announcements of the at- tractions of a-great city. The anima- tion of the streets, the entertainments at the theater or the concerts, the ad- dresses made at public meetings, all are displayed, and certainly they pre- sent wonderful attraction for people whose hours pass slowly. I was talk- ing once to an accomplished young woman who is now living in the city and will read thesé lines, and I con- gratulated her that with the end of that week of the college lectures she was attending she would be able to go to her home in North Brownwich some- what earlier than she had expected. “I go to North Brownwich?” said she. “Not I! I shall stay in New York till summer, if anyone will pay me five dollars a week with which I can pay my board.” And when I ex- pressed my surprise that she chose exile from home for three months she said: “If you had ever lived in North Brownwich for three months you would understand.” Now the average reader who is liv- ing in North Brownwich or New Padua or South Podunk does know that home life has many stupid sides. 167 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 1906 Where Irrigation Has Already Made the Colony—View of Glendora, California. Contrast this scene with the tenement districts of our great cities. 168 FORE In such stupidity and its tedium he contrasts against it the varied, excit- ing, piquant life described in the me- tropolitan newspaper, and he says to himself: If there is room for four million people in New York there must be room for four million and one. Pardon him, dear reader, if he ranks himself as a little above the average of mankind—pardon him, for as you and I know perfectly well, you and I do the same. Every forward step taken in the management of cities goes to encour- age the North Brownwich man or wo- man in such decisions. A free library open all day and every evening, free lectures, the Central Park, the hippo- potamus and the lion in The Bronx, a speech by Mr. Cockran, or by Mr. Choate or the President—such attrac- tions as these are not set in order by people who want to enlarge the attrac- tions of a city; but they do enlarge the attractions of a city all the same, and asa western promoter would say, they advertise it to mankind. Now it is in face of the inducements to swell the population of large cities which are thus set in order that the sugges- tions or arguments have to be made which would relieve the congestion of cities. On the other hand, when I look back on 1854 and 1855 I remember that we had no difficulty then in collecting em1- grants by the thousand who were ea- ger to move from the crowded East to the West, where it was literally empty. Till the spring of 1854, | think there was no white settler in Kansas who had not been ordered to go there. I was a junior director in tine New Eng- land Emigrant Aid Company at that time. We did not have to make any effort to persuade people to move from cities or factory towns upon the empty prairies. We had behind us the eager antislavery determination that Kansas should be a free State. I do not mean to say that this was a trifling induce- ment. But: I have the experience which enables me to say that with all this generous determination behind them, hardly one of these thousands of peo- {STRY AND IRRIGATION April ple would have gone into Kansas in the first three years of the beginning but that they could go together. Together is the great word in this affair, as it is in every other important affair in human life. We did not have to say to a man liy- ing in an attic with his family that he was to take his wife and children, and that they were to work their way, choosing their own course between rival railw avs and through jealous States with no counsellors but them- selves. What we did say was that on such a day a competent guide would meet such a party at such and such a station, men, women or children, and that they would go together to Kan- sas. What followed was that, as the Bible says, “the carpenter encouraged the goldsmith, and he that smootheth with the hammer him that smote the anvil.” If a man wanted to go first and se- lect the spot for his cabin, he left his wife and children, and we sent them after him. We did not make anybody promise to remain with his compan- ions. We. left every man and every woman free as to where they should go and where they should settle; but, as it 1s almost ol Course tO Sayyeiuea hundred. people went out together, coming probably from the same neigh- borhood and arriving after a three- weeks’ journey of adventure, why, they were likely to stay together ; or if anybody left the party he left it to join in some other settlement where their attractions drew him. This fundamental necessity of main- taining “together” belongs deep down in any proposat for the removal west- ward of any considerable body of peo- ple from our eastern cities. Of course there is not a day when in fact John Doe with his family does not leave New York in the summer because his brother Dick or his wife's brother Tom, who is already in one of the western paradises, has sent for them. But such instances, though you could count them by thousands, are insigni- ficant and exceptional while the coun- try receives in the eight months of 1906 the longer days more than a million Europeans whose first sight of Ameri- ca is in the seaboard cities. The late Frederick Law Olmstead, who in fifty ways proved himself so great a benefactor to America, said to me once that while the public knew him best as one who had successfully tried to ruralize the cities, he cared more for plans which looked to urban- izing the country. He wrote with real dismay of regions quite considerable in different States where the attraction FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 169 who do not know America. An Irish officer in high position in one of the seaport cities once asked me if all the signers of the Declaration of Inde- pendence were contemporaries. That is a good enough illustration of a cer- tain ignorance of America and Ameri- cans which makes it impossible for such men really to guide the Ameri- can commonwealth. But in the towns which are so small that the real leaders lead the town, and say: “We are going to build a bridge Southern California Home; the Result of Irrigation. of cities was diminishing the popula- tion of the country regions. In this epigram of his with regard to his own work he pointed out one duty which be- longs to the leaders in the agricultural States. It is the duty of making small towns attractive. I am fond of saying that fortunate- ly for America the United States is governed by the public opinion of the smaller cities and the larger towns. For reasons which we need not dis- cuss, the larger cities are generally under the local government of people here,’ or “to lay a sewer there,” or “to introduce electric light,’ or not to introduce it—that is to say, in a place where the leaders of opinion think it worth while to enter into the business of government—in that place public opinion asserts its own right. Such a nation as is made up by a thousand more or less of such towns has noth- ing to fear from any little coterie in the cities of men who are like the Pheenician navigators in the seaports of Old Spain, men who are really foreigners. 170 Such men as the American leaders of the small cities, especially in the small cities and large towns of the Middle West, have a large responsibil- ity in such matters as we are discuss- ing here, which relate to emigration from the seaport into the interior. I have not thought that the great mass of the Middle West fully under- stood the importance of more careful regulation of immigrants within the United States. In 1879 I heard the Governor of Kansas say in an address to thirty thousand people that Kansas did not distress herself about securing emigrants from Europe. He said that if among the States of the Valley of the Mississippi, Kansas had her share of the immigration of that year, she would receive fifteen thousand people. And with superb pride he said: “In fact, she receives more than fifteen thousand people every day of the sum- mer, and they come not from worn- out Europe, but from the. best cities of the East, from which they bring to us the best people.” That was a magnificent boast, and as I knew Kansas and know Kansas, I think it was hardly exaggerated. Now that condition of things is one which, the statesmen of the Mississippi Valley ought to maintain. They ought to see what has made such cities as Indianapolis, which I like to call the Edinburgh of America, or such towns as you see scattered through all that region from Ohio to the Rocky Moun- tains, from which when the country needs they send to it such men as Mc- Kinley or Grant or John Hay or Judge Day, not to name living men of whom there are so many. I believe, in face of the Kansas Governor’s boast, that it would be worth while if every west- ern State were to have a board of im- migration which should watch with care the measures to be taken, to make known the real advantages of different regions. As far as foreign immigration goes, all this is left to greed and haphazard. 'wenty years ago George Holyoke remonstrated with me seriously on the blindness of our general Government FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April in such affairs. He said that the aver- age Englishman who had determined to come to America was more likely than not to be guided simply by the advertising tout of some railway agent who was circulating showy pictures or pamphlets crying up particular locali- ties. He said that no one at any port of arrival here told the Italian or the Scandinavian of the different climates between Florida and Minnesota. He said that as likely as not the new 1m- migrant from Sicily might be guided to Northern Minnesota by some rail- road agent, and that there was no one to tell him that orange-trees grew in the South and that the snow was six feet deep every winter in the North. He made the most earnest appeal for the good of mankind that the national Government would prepare an intelli- gible guide-book which should be cir- culated everywhere among the nations which contribute immigrants to the United States. As it stands to-day, I know of no such text-book, and I have made it my business to find one if it existed. But do not let anybody think that the separate emigration of separate families is a good thing. It is a bad thing to separate men, women and children from old friends. It is a bad thing to make a family go into a re- gion of absolute strangers and to work their way with their own habits, with their own pronunciation of words with a new language. I do not know why we do not see in the midst of our prosperity such men as in the prosperity of Athens grew up there. When we were school-boys we read of the colony that Miltiades led, or the colony that Themistocles led, or the colonies in Sicily and Southern Italy which one young Greek and an- other led, as if that were the way in which young gentlemen in Greece went “into business.” It was as in Napoleon’s day: every young gentle- man went into the army. And we are not without such exam- ples here. William Brewster and Wil- — liam Bradford led one hundred people to New England. If Brewster’s fam- 1906 ily had had to go alone, if Bradford’s family had had to go alone, they would not have gone. So Winthrop led his colony to “Massachusetts Bay; so Bal- timore sent his colony to Maryland. Practically it was John Smith and Lord Delaware who collected the peo- ple who went to Virginia together. When our Civil War broke out or when the Spanish War broke out, young leaders of the people stepped to the front at once to say: “I will form a Teaiinent/, qe rachealby they said: “Rally round my white plume.” A man opened an office at 999 Bar- rack street; he issued his own bills, he FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION not going to hire them, I am simply go- ing to unite them while going to take possession of the land. We will re- plenish the earth and subdue it.”” Such a man, if he were a real leader of the people, would find that in the heart of everybody whose ancestors have lived here for four generations there lingers what Mr. Hoar calls the ‘ ‘thirst for the horizon.” I am saying all this here, because just now there is a new chance open- ing before the Miltiades or Themisto- cles or Alcibiades, the Brewster or 3altimore of to-day. Thanks to the vepartment of Agriculture and the A View of a Western Valley. spoke at public meetings and he made his friends into recruits, bright in their new uniforms; and they enlisted other recruits, and before a fortnight had passed he wrote to the Governor that he had a thousand men who were ready to go to the war. In days when people tell us that la- bor cannot get paid and has no chance, I always onde why some American Miltiades does not hang out his ban- ner and say: “I can give every man a chance for an estate as large as that on which is the home palace of an English nobleman. I can give two hundred families such chances as that. I am Department of the Interior, and to such men as Senator Newlands and Colonel Walcott and Mr. Mead, and to William Smythe and to Mr. Maxwell, and to two or three thousand other men of the first ability in Washington or in the new West, all serving the good God in different ways, one mil- lion square miles, much of it of the most fertile land in the world, will be open to immigration within the next five years. They told us a Oklahoma was the claimed land which had to offer to the few years ago that last region of un- the Government adventurer. And 172 we remember what a deluge of men and women filled up Oklahoma. But Uncle Sam turned over in his bed one night, and thanks to a few thousand men such as I have named, determined to reclaim a bit of desert which he had, which was desert only because the wa- ter was not well distributed. Some of these men remember the valley west of Grenada in Spain, where with a proper irrigation they raise thirteen harvests every year. And some of these men highly determined that what was left of the great American desert should be transformed into such para- dises as those which you look upon from the Alhambra. A few thousand well-led men are at work at this mo- ment on calling such a paradise into existence. And before many years, not to say months, the time will come for the John Winthrop of the future or the John Smith or the Lord Baltimore, or the Manasseh Cutler, to hang out his banner in one of the lower wards of New York, or on First street or Sec- ond street in Philadelphia, or in some district of Chicago, and he will say: “A chance for one thousand men, wo- men, boys and girls to go together and to make a new home!” . FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April Perhaps he will give the new home a name. Perhaps he will call it Roose- velt, or Lincoln, or Garfield, or New- lands, or by some other name of which good men are proud. And then the young Miltiades will have to hurry backward and forward from fifty promising situations to select the place for the new home. And then on some fine day four or five giant engines will snort and blow and start, each with a score or two of cars behind it. And these cars will contain the household goods and the old familiar furniture of the thousand adventurers—will con- tain the choral of the child and the genealogical tree of the grandfather. And a few days more will bring them into the promised land, and in a few vears there will be a “cheerful city” there “builded by their sun-burned nands.”’ It must be with some such leader- ship as this—the leadership of the young and the brave—that the rush from the cities will begin. Then they will enjoy the blessing promised to him whose “tree [is] planted by the rivers of water, that bringeth forth his fruit in his season.” HOW SHALL PORES lo BANDS Be TAXED (In ‘Two Parts) PART II—A Proposition to Encourage the Growing of Forests for Profit BY ALFRED GASKILL Forest Inspector, U. S. Forest Service. HOW FORESTS SHOULD BE TAXED. approaching this subject one natu- ‘ly turns to those Kuropean coun- tries in which forestry has become an art, for, manifestly, no oppressive bur- den of taxes could be borne where the growing of trees is found to be so profitable. The conclusions from such a study are two: (1) That the systems of taxation are so radically different from ours that only general principles can be applied here; and (2) that the *Paper read before Society of American Foresters and Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the National Wholesale Lumber Dealers Association. 1906 assessments are always based on the actual value of the forest, or on the earning power of the land, that is, its yield. The first principle in all these laws is that the forest shall be considered and rated apart from the land upon which it stands. This principle finds univer- sal acceptance in theory at least, though the practice differs in the va- rious countries, and is based upon the fact that a forest is a crop of many years’ growth and represents the own- er’s savings—the accumulated capital and interest on a time investment. This fact is as obvious here as it is there, and in my opinion makes it necessary for us to admit that in any piece of forest property the soil alone is realty, the growing trees are reinvested in- come—that is personalty.* To illustrate: A man has two fields. On one he raises corn, and year by year puts the value of the crop in bank or buys securities, which he holds and on which he pays, or should pay, a per- sonal property tax. On the second field he plants trees; they thrive and make a good growth, but at the end of the season they are not convertible into money as the corn crop was. So it is for many years. The tree crop is made each season, but must be left on the stump until enough wood is accumu- lated to make it salable. Suppose the farmer, instead of selling his corn, had put it into a crib and added the second and third and each succeeding year’s crop to the first; would he not accu- mulate personalty in the crib of corn? He does the same with the product of his trees, but the result shows this difference: The crib of corn earns nc increase; it represents only simple in- terest on the land; it is not like the money in bank that might have been obtained by selling the corn, which would earn compound interest by be- ing reinvested with the accrued inter- est every year. In the growing for- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 173 est, however, the increase in value is reinvested ; the owner expects his trees to yield him a profit on the capital which they themselves represent, as well as on the capital which the land represents. But the two values—that of the trees and that of the land—are distinct. It is thus evident that because the tree grower must reinvest his annual crop in stumpage it is no reason for considering it real estate. In the view that forests can be reproduced, trees are virtually movables, and the prac- tice of rating them a part of the land is the fundamental error in every American State. Theoretically it is as proper to tax growing grain as growing trees; but since the grain matures in one year, while the trees require many, and all our fiscal arrangements are based on annual returns, the trees should be taxed though the grain be exempt. Here, however, comes in the second principle in the taxation of forests, that it is unjust to require the owner to pay so long as the forest yields him nothing. There is no equity in making a man’s other property carry his im- mature forest. In practice this works out in various ways. Most of the Ger- man States have not yet made the principle effective, but Baden exempts newly established forests from tax for twenty years (law of 1886). In Aus- tria they are exempt for twenty-five years (law of 1869). In France three- fourths of the land tax is remitted for thirty years.> In connection with these laws it should be remembered that for- ests in Europe begin to yield salable material when they are from 20 to 30 years old. In most parts of the United States the productive period begins later because there is no market for small wood. This principle of exemption or re- bate is familiar enough in this coun- try, where undeveloped property of all aThe forests of the German States, for instance, are estimated to have 75 per cent. to 85 per cent. of their value in the timber and 25 per cent. to 15 per cent. in the land.—M. Endres, ‘‘Forsten,’’ in Conrad’s Handworterbuch der Staatswissenchaften, 1900. 5M. Endres, Die Bestenerung des Waldes, in Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt, p. 509, 1899. 174 kinds is taxed at a nominal rate. Farm land not cléared bears little. A com- parison can not be made, however, with other forms of unproductive property—city lots, for instance. The owner of the latter produces nothing from his land; he hopes to gain by what others do. The forest owner, on the other hand, does produce some- thing of value and will eventually pay a proper tax on it. One reason why forest property is held in such high esteem in most of the countries of Europe is that the taxes are levied fairly. No matter how high the rate in any locality may be, the owner has the assurance of absolute eauity in. the valuation. It would be impossible to apply the European system here with anything like the exactness that attaches to it in the old countries, because we have not the means of knowing the true worth of forest soil or of forest crops, but the principle is applicable any- where. Even in the hands of non- expert assessors it gives a fairer basis of valuation than our present method and in the long run will insure larger returns. This is the equity of forest taxation ; but the communities have another in- terest than that of revenue, namely, to maintain the forests in the greatest possible extent and effectiveness for the sake of lumbering and its many dependent industries, and for the in- fluence that they have upon stream flow and the modification of climatic extremes. These subjects are begin- ning to be well understood, and need not be dwelt upon. POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED. The points that,in the writer’s opin- ion, should be considered in any equit- able scheme of forest taxation are the following: (1) Forests are necessary to the pub- lic welfare, and consequently each Commonwealth should bear a part of the cost of maintaining them. ‘This means that the State treasuries should FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April assume a considerable part of the ob- ligation, and, as far as is proper, re- lieve the counties, because a region that is rich in forest is poor in every- thing else—population, farms, indus- tries—and it is right that the cities and towns should contribute to the mainte- nance of conditions that are as impor- tant to them as they are to the people who live close to the forest borders. xemptions and rebates, as usually al- lowed, do not meet this requirement, because the county bears the burden; that is, if one piece of property pays less, all the rest must pay a higher rate to make up the deficiency. In no case are exemptions justified, unless every- one who shares the burden of it is cor- respondingly benefited. If a piece of private forest serves to protect a drain- age area, or is valued for its beauty, it is right for all who enjoy or profit by it to pay a proper share of the local taxes. For instance, if a town or vil- lage wants the owner of a woodlot to keep it for the people’s pleasure they may remit the taxes on it, because no one else is concerned. But a State can not properly declare that its forest reserve shall be untaxed, because such action robs the counties of the revenue that they need. New York, which holds the largest State re- serve, recognizes this principle and pays local taxes on its land. The Aus- trian state forests pay taxes on land and income. With our National hold- ings the same principle should apply in all cases where land previously subject to taxation is taken over. (2) A forest is a form of property whose value is potential or prospective most of the time; only when the trees are market ripe can an income be de- rived from it. (3) In consequence of yielding pe- riodic returns, the greater part of the tax to be paid upon a forest should fall due when the timber is sold and not to be made a burden upon the other property of the owner through many years. The periods at which forests c Under a new law enacted in 1905, Pennsylvania pays to the counties, in lieu of taxes ® cents a year for each acre of State land. 1906 may yield returns should not be consid- ered as the full time required to grow the average tree; some trees mature more quickly than others, and all nat- ural forests contain trees of various sizes and ages. forest, containing the usual diversity in size or species, and now market- ripe, would not yield again within twenty years if cut carefully. This point is often overlooked, yet it is of great importance in considering the periods during which a given piece of forest would pay only on the ground tax. (4) The deferred tax should bear a fair relation to the net yield of the property ; that is, it should not exceed a sum that will leave the owner the equivalent of a fair annual return on his investment. (5) Forests occupying land of the kind here considered grow too slowly in most situations to yield by their an- nual increment a rate of interest com- parable with that commonly expected from ordinary business enterprises, they may easily produce wood at a rate that will compare favorably with the interest derived from State or national obligations. (6) Forests are exposed to unusual risks from fire and depredation, owing to their very general use by the public. OBJECTIONS. What are the objections that may be urged to a law embodying these prin- ciples? The fundamental proposition —that forests be assessed apart from the land upon which they stand—sug- gests a radical change in the tax sys- tem of most States; but forestry itself is radical and demands new methods. Apart from that the only difficulty is to fix the values of land and forest. If it be admitted that forest owners are entitled to special rates on such property on account of its public value, the constitution of no State is likely to prove a bar to the necessary legis- lation, since existing bounty and ex- emption acts evidence the power of the legislatures. But if such difficulty be encountered it probably can be over- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION It is doubtful if any - 175 come by putting forests into a special class for purposes of taxation. The real questions, then, are how to fix the value of a forest and how to provide for the collection of the tax at inter- vals. The problem is less difficult than it appears to be. If the land alone is made to pay a yearly tax on its actual value, determined by the assessors in the usual way, the county gets at least as much income as it would if the for- est were not there. Then let the whole question of tim- ber value be determined by what it sells for, and base the forest tax on that. Everything that comes out of the forest must pay the accepted rate of tax. Of course, safeguards must be provided; intermediate yields as well as the main crop must pay their shares, a proper return of quantities and value of material sold or used must be in- sured, and provision made for an ad- justment of loss in the event of serious damage to the property by fire or storm. If theft is committed, it may be assumed that the county is equally responsible with the owner. The coun- ty being thus protected against loss, the owner, on the other hand, must be assured that the rate will not be raised when it is known that his timber is ready for market. The deferred re- turns from this source would be viewed as sinking-fund accumulations, or they might be used as a basis for bond is- sues to supply special needs. A law framed along these lines would, of course, have to be adapted to local conditions and practices. Its proper execution would involve some increase in the executive personnel, yet even without that the change could not fail to be an improvement on the pres- ent system. HOW THE PLAN WOULD WORK. It is difficult to illustrate this plan as applied to a forest already grown, but which may not be cut for several years, without accurate knowledge of’ the value of the stand and of local conditions. Perhaps it would be found safe and entirely reasonable, in most cases, to remit the taxes until the trees 176 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April were cut and then collect a definite proportion of the net yield for each year that tax has been unpaid. The difficulty naturally is to determine what that proportion should be, and it can only be settled by applying the principle to concrete cases. But it is possible to find an illustra- tion in an example of a forest grown on ground that is now bare. Let it be assumed that 50,000 acres of pine land in Michigan, valued at $1 per acre, will yield, eighty years hence, 350,- 090,000 board feet of lumber, worth $7 per thousand on the stump. The figures are conservative, and. if a young forest be already started on a portion of the area, so much the better. If the local tax levy is 2 cents, on a two-thirds valuation, the land will pay tonthey county 1.4 cents per acre,) or $666.67 per year. Then, if the State pay half acent per acreonaccount of the public utility of the forest (see table) the county will receive $250 more, or a total of $916.67 yearly. In prac- tice, the forest would begin to yield something after thirty or forty years, but for the sake of simplifying the cal- culation let it be assumed that it is all cut at the end of eighty years. How much of the sale price should the county get? The forest at 1 year old is actually worth nothing, hence no tax can properly be charged against it. At 2 years old it is nearer maturity, but still has only an “expectation value,” based upon what the mature trees may yield. In short, the value increases year by year from nothing to $2,450,- 009, when it is 80 years old, The values upon which a tax might be levied each year are thus difficult to determine, but an average may be assumed to be the expectation value of the forest when it is 40 years old. That is $2,450,000 discounted at 4 per cent. for forty siyears, jot $510.30, Then if exemption were allowed for the first thirty years the collectible tax would be the accepted rate paid on that sum yearly for fifty years. It is manifest that the accepted rate cannot be the same as that applied to the land —2 per cent on a two-thirds valuation —for when continued for fifty years the sum of the taxes amount to nearly half the final value of the crop. Such a proportion is prohibitive, and it must be admitted that forests cannot pay the high rates commonly levied on real estate—at least, not until the crop is worth relatively more than it is now. This fact is strongly emphasized if we ignore all rebates and allowances and say that the forest shall pay 144 per cent of its value yearly. Eighty times 1% per cent equals 106234 per cent; in other words, the whole crop would not pay the tax. For the purpose of the present illus- tration, it may be assumed that the rate is) one-half (of) Ieper) centsanes again, that money is worth 4 per cent. The total return at the time the timber is cut will then be $389,537, or about 16 per cent of the stumpage price. It is possible that in some cases the county might claim more. The figures in any event would depend largely upon the length of time involved; but bearing in mind the importance of encouraging the owner to keep his forest standing the proportion may be accepted as about what should be paid. The coun- ty is distinctly better off than it would be under the present system, for, in- stead of uncertain returns or no reve- nue at all, if the land were relinquish- ed, it has the assurance of a reason- able yearly revenue from the land, and a lien upon the mature forest for a further sum which, discounted at 4 per cent, is equal to $706.65 a year. - This example does not pretend to be exact in any respect; it is purely illus- trative ; yet if the land value, the yield, and the interest rate be accepted as reasonable, the following table will show that both owner and community are treated fairly. Jf the owner's profit appear too small for the risk in- 1906 volved it should be remembered that no alowance is made for a very prob- Comparison of tax collected and owner's profit from a forest of worth $2,450,000 after eighty year S. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 177 able advance in land and stumpage values. 50,000 acres yielding timber County’s interest, Yearly revenue from land............. ...... $664.67 Yearly revenue from State 250.00 Yearly revenue from forest, caleulated from final return i ae 706.65 Total _ 1,623.32 Or practically 314 cents per acre = 3!, per cent on a value of $!. Investment: Lund at $1 per acre ... x2 $50,000 Capital to produce $666. 67 yearly for land tax and $1.000 yearly for man- agement .... 41,667 Motel 91,667 Receipts: Hornstumipagee eo. eee. 2,450,000 Valne of jand,. _. 50,000 Capital set uside to pay taxes and management .. 41.667 Gross total ...... : J ‘ .. 2:541,667 Messid/Cterreditaxs Pees ee Nels Se 389,537 Net total.,, 2,152°130 Profit = 4 per cent (ahout) compound interest on the investment. CONCLUSION. In conclusion, forest taxation is pe- culiarly a legal question which each State must consider individually and without interference from the Nation- al Government. Any enactment must harmonize with the fundamental law and do justice to all interests. Oppo- sition to any measure is sure to be en- countered, and for that reason a radi- cal proposition has some advantage over one which, like an exemption act, would seem to favor a class. Empha- sis needs to be laid upon the point that whereas the ability of most of the States of the Union to acquire forest reserves is limited by lack of revenue, those which contain the largest areas of private woodlands have the power above all others to keep the forest in those places that are naturally adapted KO). ality From these considerations it ap- pears that the actual situation can be met only by accepting a principle in taxation which shall definitely recog- nize the public value of growing for- ests and in its application strive to maintain them as the-sources of ma- terial needed important industries and as valuable climate factors. This means that private property in forests should be taxed with reference to three considerations: (a) Necessity—the support of the local government; (0) equity—an assessment based upon the actual yield, collection of the tax (on the trees, not on the land) deferred until the crop is sold, and a recognition of the peculiar risks—fire, trespass, etc.—to which forests are subject; (c) encouragement—a special rating of the property to compensate the owner for whatever expense attaches to main- taining the forest in a condition that best serves the public interest. HOW SHOULD OUR FUTURE FOREST LANDS BE TAXEDE: BY S. B, ELEIOTE Member Pennsylvania State Forestry Reservation Commission. [THE following is a tardy compliance with a promise made several months ago to discuss in the columns of Forest Leaves the very important and pressing subject of taxation affect- ing the reforestation of the waste, bar- ren and cut-over lands in our state. All observing persons, all land own- ers, and all those who have to do with the lumber interests of our country, know that as conditions now are no re- forestation of those lands, whether naturally of artificially attempted, can take place while fires are allowed to devastate them or assessors allowed, as heretofore and now, to fix such values upon them and the young timber growing thereon, as may make it so unprofitable to owners as to cause them to refrain from attempting it. It is well known that in the past many owners of valuable timber tracts have been forced, from heavy taxa- tion, to cut and throw their product upon a glutted market to save that product from practical confiscation ; and this sort of work has done much towards bringing about the present deplorable state of depleted forests. Forest fires can and must be con- trolled, and it is gratifying to know that public sentiment is awakening to the necessity of it that fires, especially upon State reservations, are less fre- quent. While it may seem hopeless now, awakened public opinion brought to bear upon the careless, heedless of- fender, and the law upon the wilful one, will and must settle the matter without disagreement; but it is not so with the question of taxation. Regard- ing that men may disagree as their va- ried interests may be involved, but all should admit that taxation should be so adjusted that it shall be equal, just, and fair as possible, and the general welfare subserved. There is no tax for state purposes levied upon land in Pennsylvania, and whatever may be levied upon realty must, therefore, be local. The rate of such local taxation varies with the needs of the community, and only the so-called rural districts can, in the very nature of the case, place a tax upon land with young and growing timber on it. Therefore, any tax that shall fall upon land, consequent upon grow- ing young trees thereon, must, neces- sarily, fall heavier upon rural districts than on towns and cities. That ine- quality should be relieved as much as possible, for the towns and cities re- quire timber as much as the rural dis- tricts. Article IX, section 1, of our State Constitution, provides that “all taxes shall be uniform upon the same class of subjects: ” It as held thatsqunder this clause, land cannot be exempted from taxation, save where it shall be used for public purposes. This view is certainly logical and must be cor- rect, and in the scheme I shall propose for relieving young growing timber from taxation, until such time as. it shall reach an age wherein it shall have a commercial value when cut, will in no way conflict with that conclusion. There can be no truthful denial that the assessor of the past (and he of the present time is of the same mind), per- sistently laid a heavy valuation upon all land having growing or standing timber upon it, and what he has been doing in the past he will be almost cer- *Reprinted through the courtesy of Forest Leaves. 1906 tain to do in the future, unless posi- tively forbidden. Our legislature has endeavoreded to circumvent him to a certain extent by providing for a rebate of taxes, not to exceed forty-five cents per acre, on land which may have three hundred or more growing young trees upon it, but he promptly puts that rebate out of action by increasing the valuation on that or the remainder of the own- er’s holdings, and in ‘this it may be reasonably expected that the county commissioners will uphold him. It must in some way be so fixed that it will be impossible to impose a tax on growing trees, or the owner thereof, until such trees have a value as a mer- chantable commodity if cut. Without that restraint no one need expect that land owners will plant or care for trees when they must wait half a century for returns on their investment and, in addition, endure increasing taxation besides. 3ut can this be done? Can we sep- arate the products of the land from the land itself for the purposes of tax- ation? It is an established principle in taxation that land taxes may be measured by area, or they may be measured by rents—which, in a sense, is a product—or by value; and no mat- ter which system prevails we primarily fix the value, in most cases, by what the land may produce. But suppose the rental or product of the land shall not be available in any possible way for half a century or more; can any one give a good reason why such ren- tal or product should be subject to an annual and increasing tax? That a tax should be levied and paid when the rental or product is received or becomes of merchantable value is not questioned nor proposed ; but what is suggested is, that such an extension of time should be given as will permit the holder of the land to be in a posi- tion to realize on his, thus far, non- paying investment, and then tax for full worth as on other property. In other words, tax the land annually as land, according to the Constitution, but at no higher rate than if no trees FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION eo were growing upon it, and when such trees arrive at a marketable age, and saleable, if cut for any purpose, then tax the trees, which are simply the product, as well as the land. Do we separate the land from its products in the matter of taxation in our State? Most asuredly. The act of the legislature referred to (see act approved April 20, 1905), practically does that by partially relieving the land of taxation. Timber growing on land may be assessed to one party while the land is assessed to another. The case is the same with coal—both products of the land. Whether timber of suitable age, or coal lying in the ground, should be taxed before re- moval for sale is a question not, at this stage of the argument, under consid- eration, but the United States Govern- ment, by act of Congress, permits dutiable goods to be stored in bonded warehouses without payment of duty until removed for sale, and the law is the same in certain cases where an ex- cise duty—lInternal Revenue—is not collected until the goods are taken from the bonded warehouses. But in regard to the timber trees referred to, the difference claimed between them and young growing ones is, that one is ripe and now merchantable, if cut, while the other is not, nor can be for a long time, and the contention is that taxes should not be levied until the growing trees shall have, at the time taxation begins, a then present value. In this State we do not tax colts or young cattle until they are four years old—an age in which they are es- teemed to have a merchantable value. A farmer may thus make a business of growing young cattle and young horses and disposing of them without being subject to taxation at all. Thus is the product of the land separated from the land itself in taxation. The value of young trees is purely prospective. It may never materialize. Fire, disease, or insects may destroy it. It has no marketable value until large enough for use, and it cannot be conceived that our Constitution con- templates taxing non-existent or pros- 180 FORESTRY pective values. tis real/ones, actual ones, present ones that should be the subjects of taxation. It is pertinent to remark that there is more or less land in every county in our State that is unsuited for the general purposes of agriculture—land from which all merchantable timber has been removed or killed by fire. All such is subject to taxation under our Constitution, and, as the law upon stands, any trees that may now exist there, or may come to grow upon it in time, may be considered by the assess- Oras having a value, when, in fact, the only value that can be conceived is a prospective one. The assessor may assume such value as he sees fit and add it, increasing it each year, to that of the land for the purposes of taxation. That in our present system, right in the face of the fact that no revenue can be received for many years, and the further fact that this prospective value may be wiped out at any time by fire or disease. At the very best, land devoted to tree-grow- ing cannot escape bearing a heavy bur- den. It should be placed in a separate class from that devoted to the general purposes of agriculture. A little com- putation will show how unequally it stands when compared with others. It is certainly fair to assume that three dollars per acre is the net annual income from cultivated land after taxes and all legitimate charges in cul- tivating it have been considered. In forty years—the time required for nearly all our valuable timber trees to grow to be at all suitable for mer- chantable timber, and most of them require sixty or more years—the sum received will amount to $120. As the owner gets the money each year he has the use of it, and it is but right that interest should be added. Simple in- terest of five per cent would increase the sum to $240, while compound in- terest—and that is what should be reckoned—would make it amount to $37 6. 14. Now, take an acre upon which trees shall be planted. No income at all equal to cost of planting and care, up AND- [RREGATION April to forty years, can be received, except in the case of one or two species of quick-growing trees used for special purposes, and, should no additional tax consequent upon the growth of the trees be put upon it, and a tax of only three cents per acre be levied upon it to meet the requirements of the Con- stitution, the owner will, in forty years, have paid out $1.20 in taxes, and putting compound interest on this the amount will be $3.76. One case shows a gain of $376.14, and the other a loss of $3.76, to say nothing of the use of the money invested in planting trees and caring for them. One shows an annual net return of five per cent. on land valued at $60 per acre that in all probability was not assessed at one- half that amount, and the other a loss of three cents per acre on whatever sum you choose co value the land at. One must look in vain for uniformity here: But what can be said in defence of adding to the burden of the timber land by assessing an assumed, pros- pective value upon it? If such shall be persisted in it will amount to abso- lute prohibition of reforestation in this State. Under the very best system that can be devised the owners of land will not be eager to engage in an en- terprise that will take so long a time to materialize. But can a better system than that now in vogue be devised? That is the problem before us, and it is a very serious one. ‘Taxation is a profound and perplexing question and, at best, must be a matter of compromise. However, the task of reforming our system will never be accomplished un- less some plan shall be proposed, and, claiming that a better plan is possible the following is put forth for consid- eration: Let a board of competent freehold- ers of the county be appointed by the court, or elected® for thapepiunpose. whose duty it shall be to fix a valua- tion on any and all lands which the owners thereof shall elect to devote exclusive to growing trees of such species as are suitable for merchant- 1906 able lumber. This valuation to be made every ten years, and in no case to be any greater per acre than the lowest valuation placed by the assess- ors on any non-agricultural, barren, treeless or waste land of any sort with- in the county. An appeal to the court from this valuation shall be allowed any land owner, and, upon hearing, the court shall have power to determ- ine the sum. If any land owner, whether non- resident or resident, shall elect to de- vote any portion of his land exclusive- ly to tree-growing for commercial pur- ‘poses he shall give notice, in proper form, to the assessor of the district in which such land may be located, and the assessor shall at once report the same to the county commissioners, who shall promptly lay it before the judge of the Court of Quarter Ses- sions of the county. Thereupon the court shall call upon the Department of Forestry of the State to appoint an expert in forestry, who shall at once examine the premises and _ decide whether they are suitable for growing trees of such species as will make good, marketable lumber, and to de- cide what species of trees shall be cared for, if any such are growing on the land, and also to decide what addi- tional ones, if any, must be planted, or whether all must be planted, and in all cases to determine how many and what species. If the report shall be favorable, and the land owner become obligated to the county to conduct tree-planting and tree-growing on said land in ac- cordance with the directions and con- ditions which the Forestry Depart- ment may formulate and exact, then, when so planted or devoted to tree- growing, said land shall not be as- sessed at a higher rate nor taxed more per acre than the valuation set upon it by the board appointed for that pur- pose or the court, on appeal, had fixed, until the trees growing thereon shall be large enough to produce good, mer- chantable lumber and cut therefor. In case of planted trees this period of time should not be fixed for less than FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 181 forty-five years, except where quick- growing trees shall be raised, for spe- cial purposes other than sawed timber. ineat any, time, the owner of ‘any such land shall fail to maintain, in some stage of growth, such a number of trees as the Department of Forestry shall deem requisite—a designation of such number to be furnished the county Commiussioners—then the land shall be removed from the list of tree- growing lands and subject to taxation as other lands in like condition are in the county. Whenever the owner of any such tree-growing land shall deem it desir- able to cut and remove any or all of the trees growing thereon, he shall ap- ply to the commissioners of the county for a valuation of such timber trees growing therean as he shall elect to cut and remove for use or sale, and on such removal he shall pay to the prop- er collectors a total tax of not more than two per cent. on the sum fixed by the county commissioners. Appeal to the court from this valuation shall} be at all times a matter of right. If any trees shall be removed at any time in order to permit a better devel- opment of those remaining, the value of the trees so removed shall not be liable to any tax unless the value in the vicinity shall be more than the cost of removal or sale, nor shall such fire- wood as may be necessary for use in the owner’s house, or the house of any tenant thereon, in his service, be liable to any tax. The tax which may fall due at the time of cutting of said trees shall be a lien upon the same, and upon the lana upon which they grow, and when the same shall be cut and removed the tax must be paid by the party so cutting and removing them. Much detail is necessarily omitted in the foregoing, the object being to show, in a general way, a method to relieve tree-growing land from unjust taxation, yet give to the public fund its due and equitable proportion of tax on property when that property be- comes of merchantable value, but not before. 132 If putting a tax on timber when sold shall not be thought advisable, then when the trees shall arrive at an age when some can be profitably removed for sale, say at the age of forty-five years from time of planting or elect- ing to care for growing trees for lum- ber that may be growing on the land at such time, a certain portion of said land may become taxable as timber land now is. If, on arriving at the age of forty-five years, one-twentieth shall. be set apart for such taxation, and a twentieth each year thereafter until all shall become taxable, an age of sixty-five years will be reached. Some of our timber trees will have then ar- rived at a suitable age for the manu- facture of lumber; but if the owner shall not then elect to cut the timber he will be paying tax on his land same as now. In this system there should be no tax levied when the timber is cut, for the tax began before that was fit and suitable for lumber. But it may be said that in both these proposed systems the timber has all the time been growing in value, but has paid no tax. True, but,it haseall the time been costing its owner money —the use of money invested in the land’ and in the planting of trees and caring for them, and he has received no revenue—nothing to pay taxes with. The same can be said of buildings or constructions for any purpose which may be going on for the improvement of property. But who claims the right to tax such improvements until com- pleted, providing they are pushed for- ward to completion as rapidly as pos- sible ? To suppose that our National and State governments will be able, from their limited holdings, to supply this country with the requisite amount of timber that our civilization demands is to suppose what cannot occur. In- dividuals, municipalities, corporations, companies and trustees of estates must cngage in tree-growing, and_ that speedily, or there will be so disastrous a timber famine that the car of prog- ress in this country will not only ad- vance, but will go backward. Some FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April relief and protection to tree-growing must be given or it will cease. Who- ever may engage in it will suffer enough in waiting for it to mature and in tieing up money invested in the enterprise, and should be exempt from taxation in any form. Full relief can not be given under our Constitution, and it should be amended. It should conform to the changed condition of things. With us tree-growing is new. It is unlike any other enterprise, be- cause of the long period of time taken to bring returns. At present only such relief as has been here suggested, or in some other form which will prevent confiscation, can be given by our State. But the government of the United States can and should aid in the mat- ter. A bounty on tree-growing would be of far more benefit to the country at large than a bounty on beet sugar, and a tree distribution of tree seeds and young trees of equal, if not great- er, benefit than free garden seeds. Note.—Since writing the foregoing, I have discovered that Dr. J. T. Roth- rock, former Commissioner of Fores- try of Pennsylvania, now of the For- estry Commission, held substantially the same views of the injustice of tax- ing growing timber that I have set forth. This he did in an article en- titled ‘Vanishing Industries,” pub- lished in the Report of the State Board of Agriculture for 1894, page 223, a part of which is here given. I make this reference with great pleasure, as he thus saw, in the early days of the forestry movement, what must sooner or later be met. I was not aware of this declaration by him when I sent you the article, or I most certainly would have given credit to this worthy pioneer, whose clear vision saw what and must be done. S. Bu EERIOnr “As for the taxation of standing timber, one may as well come out ona distinct platform at once; it is a wrong, both to the owner and to the Com- monwealth, but chiefly to the latter. It is false in principle, for it taxes a 1906 man for a benefit which he has not yet received. If a timber owner holds land twenty years and then sellsmate an advanced price; he then receives his increment and income, for both of which he should pay. So also he should when he realizes on his investment by cutting the trees. But, taxing standing timber is not only false in principle, but is pernicious in its results, because it is confiscating (practically) the lands, to avoid which the owner cuts the trees, and so in- flicts an injury (as things now are) on the State. There are known meth- ods of doing this. “It is objected that if growing tim- ber is exempted from taxation, it would work a wrong to the poorest counties, because it would leave them without requisite funds for opening and repair- ing roads. This, of course, would be bad enough, but is it any more than taking the taxes and failing to repair the roads? The argument may prove too much. MANAGEMENT FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 183 “Let us look just a little down into the future: This good-road question is a rising one. It will not down. It has come to stay, and we may frankly meet the issue. The State requires ready means of communication from place to place. Without them we should be largely at the mercy of the rail- roads. In proportion as these are good we are less dependent of the railroads. “Now, is it not possible that we should be taking a step on which the wisdom of the future would pronounce favorably if we were to do this? “Remove the tax from standing tim- ber until it is sold or cut. And what- ever revenue a township loses, by thus exempting the timber, let the State re- store, to be expended under competent supervision in maintaining a proper road system in that township. “It will be observed that this grants the largest aid just where need of de- velopment is greatest, and that the State helps itself as much, or more, than it helps the townships.” AND NATURAL Ree mOUUCTION Ob CHIR: PINE NEAR DEHRA DUN BY TS WOOESEY, Ir. Forest Assistant, United States Forest Service. oli © the American forest student the hill forests of the Eastern Hima- layas are perhaps the most interesting and instructive in India. The species at elevations over 4,000 feet are in many ways similar to the pine and spruce forests of the United States. The chir pine is similar to our South- ern pines, especially in the ease of natural reproduction when protected from fire. The blue pine is practi- cally our white pine. The spruce and fir forests differ chiefly in the difficulty of their reproduction and the absence of the hardwoods in mixture. The hill forests visited by the writer lie between Chakrata and Simla. Those bordering Chakrata and the Tous Riv- er (headwaters of the Ganges) are administered from Dehra Dun under the Jaunsar Division. This forest di- vision is one of the most important in India, and most deserves a visit on ac- count of its intensive silvicultural treatment and the interesting methods of lumbering. Their wet timber slides are especially ingenious in that the ties themselves serve as the sides of slide suntil the “drive” is completed when they in turn are sent to market. The 184 last Jaunsar working plan divided the forest into three zones, based upon elevation above the sea level: 1. Tem- perate Zone, 3,000 to 6,000 feet, with chir pine (Binus longifolia) and ban oak (Quercus incana), as the chief species (see fig. 1). 2. Subalpine Zone, 6,500 to 9,000, with deodar (Ce- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION ‘there is a demand for fire wood. April is next in value, and its popularity is upon the increase, while the blue pine, spruce, fir, and oak are practically un- merchantable unless close to where Of these latter species the blue pine seems to be the least desirable. In some parts of the mountains it has been girdled Sane Fig. 1. — General view of mature chir pine forest along tributary ot Tons River. Over annually. drus deodar), spruce (Bicea moinda), fir (Abies webiana), and blue pine (Pinus excelsis). 3. Alpine Zone, 9,000 to 11,125, with moru oak ( Quer- cus dilatata), spruce, fir and deodar. The demand for insect resisting rail- road ties make the deodar by far the most valuable species. ‘The chir pine This forest is opento grazing and is burned extensively and arbitrarily to make way for the deodar. In recent years it has begun to be valued as a nurse tree and soil protector. The average exploitable deodar (over 24 inches in diameter breast high) is worth stand- ing perhaps $5 to $25 a tree. The head ranger noted a single tree to cut 1906 800 metre gauge ties and to net about $250! Such a stumpage price seems almost increditable. The chir pine, al- tnovgh always more accessible and cheaper to log, is worth only $1 to $5 per tree. It is hand sawed into scantlings of small dimensions and driven with the deodar down the riv- ers to market. Recently it has been tapped for resin. The chir pine is not velopment. of rapid de- According to measure- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 185 based upon the length of time required to grow the smallest merchantable size as determined from stem analysis. In Jaunsar they regulate the cutting by the well known method of periods. For example, if a rotation of 160 years had been adopted and the area of for- est were 1,600 acres the working plan would allot 400 acres to each of the four periods. That is, the first 400 acres would be cut over and repro- duced during the first 40 years, and Fig. 2. — Over mature chir pine forest on Chatragdh showinag windfalls of over mature trees and a‘!vance reproduction due to protection from fire. ments made by the Indian Forest Ser- vice it takes some 100 years to grow a tree 15 inches (see fig. 2) in diame- ter. It is a prolific seeder, however, every two or three years, and with protection from fire the reproduction is a certainty. Owing to this ease of obtaining reproduction the manage- ment of these pine forests is perhaps the simplest in India and the most suc- cessful. They usually adopt a rotation so on until at the end of 150 years the last of the 1,600 acres has been cut and the first acre cut contains a forest 159 years old. This method of thus securing a uniform and normal aged forest with a regulation of the yield has numerous drawbacks. Suppose the forest is mature. as is the case in Jaun- sar, then the part which must wait for cutting 140 to 160 years will have lost a vast per cent of timber by death and 186 FORESTRY windfall. In addition it is more than likely that the regular gradation of age classes, for which sacrifices have been made will be spoiled by an un- expected fire. This also has recently occurred in Jaunsar. It is a method of regulating the yield but it is ap- parent from the silvicultural point of view that our rapid cutting by “diam- eter limit” methods is more desirable. By our methods we utilize rapidly the mature timber before it has time to AND IRRIGATION April ing for the other blocks to remove the dead and dying veterans and to aid the advance reproduction. It must be re- membered that in India a sustained an- nual yield is usually vital for the best interests of the native population. In addition the successful marketing of the timber demands a steady annual supply. In the Jaunsar Division they have with success secured their reproduc- tion by reserving 5 to 10 seed trees Fig. 3. — Cleared fire line, 200 feet wide, in chir pine forest near Tous River. Tall dry grass and chir reproduction in foreground. die. The whole forest is often com- pletely cut over in a cycle of 20 to 4o years, while in India the Janusar for- est, according to the working plan must wait 160 years before it is cut pe over. This method by periods was varied by Mr. E. E. Fernandez in his working plan for the Ranikhet Work- ing Circle of the Naini Tal Division. In addition to the regular fellings by periods, he prescribes a selection fell- per acre (see: fig 4). Mneygineseuwe the small, thrifty trees which will be most benefited by an extra period for growth. Successful regeneration us- ually takes Io to 15 years. It is inter- esting to hear that the local forest of- ficers believe the moderate grazing of cattle greatly helps the reproduction, as otherwise the grass and needles cover the mineral soil to such an extent that the germination of the seeds is 1906 impossible. They believe the cattle break up the needles with their hoofs, keep the grass down, and do not pack and harden the soil because the steep hillsides tend to prevent their yarding long in one place. When the under- story of young growth is complete a total clearance of the seed trees takes place. Some officers believe that a few of these trees should be left as an in- surance in case of fire. Quite recently FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 187 reason is sometimes given why these insurance seed trees should not be left. They fear that in localities where elec- tric storms are frequent these scatter- ing seed trees would attract the light- ning and be the cause of forest fires. To give a more exact idea of the condition of the forest during and af- ter regeneration two plots are de- scribed below. These were located by the writer in fairly average forest, al- Fig. 4.—Result of fire protection commenced in 1890 and seed felling made in 1894. Five to ten chir pine seed trees are left on each acre. a large area of completed reproduction was destroyed by fire and now the only means to replace it is by costly artifi- cial reproduction. Had they retained only the two seed trees per acre, in the course of 20 years the area would probably have been completely re- ‘stocked. Even if no fire takes place there are always the small blanks caused by the removal of the seed trees which ought to be filled. A curious though they are undoubtedly above the average for any large area. One plot was measured under the direction of the writer, while the Indian Forest Service kindy gathered the data for the other. One plot of 20 acres was in the Dhmich Block, Jaunsar Forest, which was closed to fire in 1890. The seed felling was made in 1894 (see fig. 5). The final felling had not yet taken place, and in April, 1905, there FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Fig. 5. — Result of the 1894 seed felling. The reproduction is nearly complete Fig 6.—Inter or of chir pine reproduction after the removal of the seed trees. The i a et 1906 were six Seed trees per acre, ranging iiethterom2 Arto 314 feet. “There were 818 trees under 5 feet in height, aiid 1.212) ever 5 feet, or. a total of 2,130 per acre. There were four blanks on the two acres, averaging 30 feet in diameter and amounting to one- eleventh of an acre. The other plot was 1.6 acres in area and is in the Chatragodh Block of the Jaunsar For- est. The first seed felling was made in 1885, and the final removal of seed FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 189 can lumbering, these trees were all sawed or chopped into lumber where they were felled in the forest. On the 1.6 acres there were 6 blanks with average diameters of 28 feet or only about one-twelfth of an acre. With successful fire protection a fully stocked chir pine forest is assured, and this at practically no expense (see fig. 7). The illustrations, figures I to 7, show the chir forest before, during, and after these reproduction cuttings have been Fig. 7.—Final results obtained by natural chir pine reproduction on the Tons River . On the left a fire line runs up the ridge to where seed trees still remain. are cultivated fields. trees took place in 1899 and 1900. The measurements made in December, 1904, showed an average per acre of 1334 trees over five feet in height, 65 trees under five feet or a total of 1,360. Twenty-five trees were either sup- pressed or already dead. The plot was not uniformly stocked with young growth on account of the blanks caused by the first removal of seed trees (see fig. 6). Contrary to Ameri- Below made. While some details could be improved, yet how different is this con- servative treatment from our own slash and burn, which has devastated such vast areas. The natural repro- duction of almost all our pines, espe- cially in the South, can be readily se- cured by conservative lumbering and fire protection and the future ought to show equally good if not better re- sults than obtained in British India. THE LAND OF BY. OPPORTUNITY. C. J. BLANCHARD Statistician, U. S. Reclamation Serviee. “THE man who earnestly and intelli- gently seeks an opportunity in this country to better his material wel- fare will generally find it. The same amount of well directed effort which brings a man success in the east and ment than anywhere else in the world. This is not an idle statement, but is readily substantiated by an examina- tion of county records, of the per capi- ta deposits in banks, and by the aver- age value of farm products per acre. Minidoka Dam, nearly closing the Snake River, Idaho. middle west, if applied in almost any part of the Pacific Coast region, will be crowned with a larger degree of prosperity. A very general reconnais- sance of the great States of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho furnishes most convincing evidence that intelligent husbandry in these states is awarded by higher returns according to invest- If this evidence fails to convince, per- sonal observation will establish the truth of the statement beyond doubt. Statistics are always mighty dry reading. The average man shys at a column of figures as does a range horse at an automobile. He needs to be shown on the ground or demands a literal matter of fact statement. 1906 In discussing opportunities in the far west a writer is confronted with a serious obstacle and that is the diffi- culty of selecting a location and stick- ing to it. After journeying over thir- teen states and three territories the tendency is to scatter your facts, and the reader who wants details usually fails to get them. The remarkable transformation which has been wrought in the Great FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 191 million acres are producing bountiful harvests in the valleys where only a short time ago desolation reigned su- preme. Within five years the acreage reclaimed has doubled and the popula- tion of the cities and towns has in- creased by leaps and bounds. The end is not yet. While the day of the pioneer with his small ditch leading the waters of mountain streams upon the thirsty land is over, the time is View showing five Coffin 8x12 regulating gates, Diversion Channel, Minidoka Dam, Idaho. American Desert in a period of less than a quarter of a century, has served to awaken a lively interest in this vast region, so long regarded as the nation’s waste place. While progress has been the watchword all over the arid region no more emphatic demonstration of the potential greatness of the rainless country can be found than that which is presented by the Snake River Val- ley in Idaho. ‘To-day more than a ripe and advantage is being taken of the opportunities for initiating engi- neering works on a large scale to ex- tend irrgation to sections beyond the reach of the individual farmer. Cor- porations with large capital, tempted by the great promise of returns from irrigation systems, have constructed and are extending large irrigation sys- tems to cover hundreds of thousands of acres of fertile sage brush plain. 192 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April The Government, too, the principal owner of the unoccupied lands of the valley, has determined to improve and make marketable its property and es- tablish thereon thousands of new homes for intelligent, independent, and prosperous farmers. The Minidoka project which les on both sides of Snake River in southern Idaho embraces 130,000 acres of choice land. Its engineering works, now rap- idly nearing completion, are a dam of the rock-fill type 650 feet long on top, 50 feet high, requiring the placing of 110,000 cubic yards of rock, 101,000 cubic yards of earth, 1,200 cubic yards of rip rap, and 1,000 cubic yards of concrete in core wall. The spillway and main canals, 21 miles in length, will carry the water to the laterals which have a length of 102 miles. The canal excavation required the moving of 3,500,000 cubic yards of earth, 45,- ooo cubic yards of loose rock, and 170,000 cubic yards of solid rock. Nearly 19,000 horse power will be de- veloped from the dam. A transformation little less than marvelous has followed the initiation of this great work, and while it has a parallel in the opening of a similar project by private enterprise, in that section a year before, it is nevertheless worthy of note. A year ago last spring the Minidoka tract was an un- inhabited, dusty sagebrush plain,—a spot forbidding, desolate and uninvit- ing. ‘To-day the land which is em- braced by the lines of canals is dotted with farm houses, three thriving towns containing 125 business houses have sprung up. A new railroad traverses the whole tract and 4,000 people are now living where two years ago there was no habitation. Looking Northwest trom Rupert, Idaho, Showing Some Improvements. These thriving towns are located on land which is held by the Government for townsite purposes. Congress re- cently passed a law providing for the sale of the town lots and the date of the sale will be announced in the near future. Sale will be at public auction for cash to the highest bidder. As an opportunity for investment or a desir- able location for establishing a busi- ness these towns are particularly in- 193 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 1906 Heyburn, Idaho, Looking Southwest. A View of Rupert, Idaho. 194 viting. The irrigation system will be completed in 1907 and more than a thousand farms will be under cultiva- Such a farm population will cer- tion. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April the Government for municipal and manufacturing purposes, the towns should make rapid and_ substantial progress. Everything predicates the A Chicago “ Kid” Reporter’s Enterprise at Heyburn, Idaho. tainly provide for a prosperous future for these towns. With almost unlim- ited electric power at the disposal of success of the Minidoka country and its early development into a model agricultural community. THE ‘RECLAMATION SER] Jee Progress of National Irrigation Work During the Past Thirty Days Becaneton Commendable progress fication of the plans for constructing eee is being made on the na- the Klamath project and involves the California < = ultimate irrigation of about 250,000 acres of land.. The amount equals the total irrigated area in southern Cali- fornia proper. Construction contracts amounting to approximately $400,000 have been signed and construction tional irrigation works in California. On the Klamath project the Secretary of the Interior has for- mally approved the contract between the Klamath Water Usets’ Association and the United States. This is a rati 1906 work is now under way by contractors Mason, Davis & Co., of Portland, Ore- gon. ‘The Pacific Portland Cement Company, of San Francisco, were the successful bidders for 10,000 barrels of cement at $1.55 per barrel for use .on this work. This firm is now supply- ing cement on the forty-thousand-bar- rel contract for the Yuma project, and has also furnished all the cement so far used on the Truckee-Carson pro- ject. The board of engineers which met at Klamath Falls on the 28th in- stant considered plans for new con- struction work and arranged details for the building of the entire project. On the Yuma project the Secretary of the Interior has authorized the con- struction of the Gila Valley levees by force account at an expense of $100,- 000. These levees will be the only per- fect levees ever constructed in this country. The work was started on March 12.- In connection with the levee work the Secretary has author- ized the purchase of 100 mules with their equipments, and the Government is now prepared to purchase these ani- amals. In accordance with the general policy of the service a number of small contracts amounting to approxi- mately $1,000 each, have been let to the farmers of the Yuma Valley for the extension of the Yuma Valley levee toward the Mexican line. On the Laguna dam J. O. White & Co., ‘contractors, are employing 450 men at present, and have just installed dredges and other machinery on the California side of the river at this dam site. This force will be doubled with- in the next thirty days. This firm was awarded the contract for the construc- tion of large sluice gates and regulator gates for the entrance of the canals at the dam. There will be three of these steel gates, each 33 feet wide and about 20 feet high, and costing about $65,- goo. They will be of the type known as “Stoney Gates,” and are similar to those used on the Chicago drainage canal and the great locks at Sault St. Marie. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 195 Flood An associated press dis- pee ecovts opatchy irom. ©Caspar, estimated . ; Wyoming, stated that the great dam at Alcova and steel bridge across the North Platte River, structures erected by the Reclamation Service, were carried away by a flood oneMarch, 27, entailing: a “loss of $100,000. It would be difficult to crowd more misstatements into the same space than are contained in the above. In the first place the Govern- ment has not constructed a dam in the /Norenielatte: Rivers A: contract has been let for this work and the con- tractor erected a temporary embank- ment to divert the stream from its channel in order to lay the foundations for the Pathfinder dam. This struc- ture was swept away by a flood, but aside from delaying the work no seri- ous damage was done. The Govern- ment erected a wooden bridge across the river near the dam site and not a steel structure, but the engineer in charge in his report of the flood makes no mention of its having been de- stroyed. The bridge cost only $3,000, and 1f it were washed away this would represent the total loss sustained by the Government, as the contractor must stand the loss of the temporary works in the river. The Pathfinder dam is to be a masonry concrete struct- ure, 210 feet high, and creating a stor- age reservoir with a capacity of 1,000,- 000 acre feet, or several times greater than. the Croton reservoir of New York. There is great rejoicing in the Sun River Valley, Montana, over the fact that the Secretary of the Interior has apportioned the sum of $500,000 for beginning a great irrigation work in that section. For the past two years the engineers of the Reclamation Ser- vice have been making surveys and completing plans for one of the largest of the National projects in the West. The preliminary investigations of the Sun River project indicate that 256,000 acres are reclaimable in this Sun River Project 196 - FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION valley, at a cost of about $30 per acre, or a total expenditure of nearly $8,- 000,000. A very large percentage of this area is public domain and its re- clamation will result in a very great increase in the population of the State. The irrigable area is a broad prairie extending from the Teton River on the north to the Sun River on the south, a distance of 30 miles, and from the Rocky Mountains on the West to the Missouri River on the east, a dis- tance of 70 miles. This land, although extremely rich in all the elements of fertility, without water is only fit for grazing, Dut when irrigated its pro- ductiveness can not be surpassed any- where in the United States. The reclamation of this vast area will add to the crop-producing area of Montana a larger acreage than at pres- ent cultivated in the entire State of Rhode Island. The examinations made by the engineers show that this project is free from difficult engineer- ing features and the topography of the country is such that it can be built unit at a time. It is probable that the first unit selected for construction will be the reclamation of 16,000 acres in and about the Ft. Shaw Reservation. The Sun River is an important trib- utary of the Missouri, into which it empties at Great Falls. It flows out of steep canyons which it has cut deeply into the main chain of the Rockys. Basing the capacity of the Sun Riv- er lands upon the average census farm returns from Montana, the Sun River Valley when reclaimed should yield of rough crops nearly 10,000,000 bushels of wheat, or 600,000 tons of alfalfa. The production of vegetables, sugar beets or fruit can not be calculated. Once brought under a perfect system of irrigation this valley will support a prosperous farm population of 15,000. It is certain to make a splendid city of Great Falls which is the mercantile metropolis of this regon. The Secretary of the In- terior has authorized the purchase and installation of the necessary pumping plant, in- Oklahoma Investigation April cluding a six-inch centrifugal pump and a twenty-five horse power gasoline engine, for the purpose of investigat- ing the feasibility of using the waters of the Red River for an irrigation project in Oklahoma. ‘The estimated cost of the plant is $5,000. Owing to the presence of considerable quanti- ties of salt in the waters of this stream, it is deemed wise to experiment on a small scale before initiating a large gravity system. The Secretary of the In- terior to-day authorized a new contract for the construction and repletion of divisions 5, 6, 7, and 9, and a number of lateral ditches, in connection with the Ft. Bu- ford project, North Dakota and Mon- tana. The original contract with the Widell-Finlay Co. has been suspended on account of the failure of this com- pany tocommence the work as provided in the proposal, and the new contract is entered into with John A. Nelson, of Minneapolis, who agrees to complete the work by September 1, 1907, at the price named in the original contract. The Secretary’s authority for the new contract is conditional on the furnish- ing of a new bond for $25,000 -by the American Surety Company, and upon its agreement that its liability on the original bond shall remain in full force and effect. Fort Buford Project The Secretary of the In- terion ~ only “Marchinaes signed a contract with the Pecos Water Users’ Association of Carlsbad, N. M., whereby the latter agrees, in conformity with the provis- ions of the Reclamation Act, to guar- antee to the government the return of moneys expended in the construction of the Carlsbad project. One of the last steps in the negotia- tions between the government and the Pecos Irrigation Company, Carlsbad, New Mexico, was taken March 21 when the Secretary of the Interior ap- proved a contract for the transfer of the property of the company to the United States, for the consideration of $150,000. Pecos Valley Reclamation * er. ee te 1906 , The Director of the Geo- logical Survey recently requested an opinion from the Department of the Interior as to whether a homesteader whose en- try is within the irrigable area of an irrigation project, but not subject to the restrictions, limitations, and condi- tions of the Reclamation Act, may sell a relinquishment of part of his entry. The Assistant Attorney General has rendered an opinion which 1s approved by the Secretary of the Interior, that an entryman who has not acquired title to his lands may not convey or agree to convey to a water users’ association one or more legal subdivisions of his entry, to be held in trust by such as- sociation and sold for the benefit of the homesteader to persons competent to enter such lands, under the same form and in the same manner now pro- vided for the conveyance and sale of lands in private ownership lying within the limits of an irrigable area. The opinion recites that one of the indispensable conditions of the home- stead law is that the entry must be made for the exclusive use and bene- fit of the applicant and not “either di- rectly or indirectly for the use of any other person.” (Revised Statutes, Sec. 2290.) In submitting final proof, the entryman is required to make oath that “no part of such land has been alien- ated, except as provided in section twenty-two hundred and eighty-eight” (Sec. 2291), which provides for alien- ation for church and cemetery pur- poses. Under such 4 Opinion of Homestead Entries prohibition, “a contract by a homesteader to convey a portion of the tract when he shall ac- quire title from the United States is FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 197 against public policy and void” (syl- labus), Anderson v. Carkins, 135 U. S., 483. Until the homesteader has acquired either a legal or equitable title to the land, he cannot make an agreement to convey any portion of it that will se- cure to another any right or interest therein. He may relinquish all or parts of it, but the relinquishment must be to the U. S. and the land relinquish- ed becomes public land subject to entry by the first legal applicant. If the land relinquished is within the irrigable area of a reclamation project, it becomes subject to the provisions of the Re- clamation Act. In connection with the construction of . irriga- tion works by the gov- ernment, especially that which is being done by the Reclamation Service en- gineers under force account and not by contractors, an interesting question arose as to whether the act of August I, 1902 (27 otat:, 340),/and the act of June 17, 1902 (32 Stat., 388), are in- tended to fix the number of hours per day, when the employment is by the day, and if such be the case whether if these laborers are employed by the hour it would be lawful for the engi- neers of the Reclamation Service to require or permit them to work ten hours per day. The Assistant Attor- ney General has rendered an opinion which the Secretary of the Interior ap- proves, holding that but eight hours labor per day can be required of la- borers on such work, except in cases of extraordinary emergency, to be de- termined by the Secretary of the Inte- rior. Eight Hour Day THE FORES TS: Rey ieee History of a Month’s Government Forest Matters Forest The establishment of the Reserves and Bie Mountains Forest Irrigation : Reserve, embracing 2,- 627,200 acres of the mountainous re- gion in the center of Eastern Ore- gon containing head-waters of the John Day, Umatilla, Malheur, Sil- vies, and other rivers, has an im- portant bearing upon the work of the U. S. Reclamation Service in that part of the State. The success of the widely-separated Umatilla, Malheur, and Silver Creek projects, located, re- spectively, at the mouths of the John Day and Malheur rivers and on Silver Creek in Harvey county, depends, in large measure, upon the conservation of the water supply within the great drainage area embraced in this reserve. The creation of the reserve will, con- sequently, have a very direct effect in bringing about the agricultural devel- opment of the greater portion of the State lying east of the Cascade Moun- tains, which needs only irrigation to develop the fertility of millions of acres of land. The great agricultural possibilities of this part of Oregon has led the Re- clamation Service to undertake a num- ber of irrigation projects, necessitating extensive examinations by the U. S. Forest Service of the forest cover throughout the several drainage bas- ins involved, with a view to extending the protection of forest reserve admin- istration over all important watersheds. As a result, the wild mountain regions embraced in the forest reserves will be carefully patrolled, at government ex- pense, to prevent disastrous fires, and all other possible efforts will be made to. sustain and regulate the streamflow of those regions. In other words, the work of these two scientific branches of the govern- ment is being conjointly directed to- wards bringing about the reclamation of vast areas of land in eastern Ore- gon. While the tracts thus reserved for the application of scientific princi- ples in conserving and utilizing the waterflow, will be made to conduce directly towards the development of other regions, it should be understood that they will, in no sense, be with- drawn from use by the public for all legitimate purposes. On the contrary, the timber, water, and herbage, the minerals, and other resources, will re- main open to the use of the people, and the control exercised by the govern- ment will be directed towards bring- ing the lands to the highest productiv- ity, in the interest of the various in- dustries involved. The forested lands, for instance, will be administered with a view to insuring a continuous supply of timber to meet local demands, while the fullest utilization of the grazing products consistent with a permanent use of the range, will be allowed. Every effort will be made by the gov- ernment to prevent destruction and wasteful use of resources, in order to husband them properly for the use of the people. The government has just established a third re- serve in Western Ne- braska in which to extend the work of forest-planting, recently begun in the Dismal River Forest Reserve, in that State. This new reserve, which is known as the North Platte Forest Reserve, embraces about 345,000 acres of sand- hill country in Grant and McPherson counties, which at present is practi- cally worthless, except for grazing. The prospects, however, for grovw- ing timber on the tract are good, as it contains a suitable site for a nur- sery, and it is thought that successful forest-planting can be effected on the north and east slopes of the hills, where there is always moisture near the surface. Some miles east of the New Reserve in Nebraska 1906 reserve successful plantations of ash, boxelder, and cottonwood have already been established by ranchers, where cottonwood, in particular, has made good growth. The forest-planting contemplated by the Forest Service in this locality is of especial importance. Part of the re- serve is near the tract to be reclaimed under the great North Platte project, now under way by the U. S. Reclama- tion Service, and the irrigation of this stretch of country in the western por- tion of the State will of course create a demand for fence posts, fuel, etc., in connection with the settling up and development of the lands. Since the region is practically treeless, timber to meet this demand should be produced locally if possible. The success which has attended the experimental operations in the Halsey Nursery of the Dismal River Forest Reserve, indicates the future impor- tance of the government’s work along this line. While the original intention in establishing this Halsey Nursery was to grow seedlings for planting on the Dismal River Reserve, it has al- ready been found that this station can be made a distributing point for a number of other regions, and it is likely that plans will be made to grow seedlings on a large scale for shipment to other parts of Nebraska and to ad- jacent States. No less than 50,000 seedlings were shipped to the Black Hills of South Dakota last spring, and planted, and 40,000 more were shipped to the Pikes Peak region in Colorado. Seedlings have been raised at the Hal- ~ sey Station more cheaply than any- where else in the United States, and there is no apparent reason why the same success should not be achieved on the new North Platte Reserve, where conditions are very similar, if a nurs- ery is established there. It is the intention to furnish seed- lings this spring from Halsey for planting in the Garden City Forest Reserve in Kansas, and a considerable number will also be shipped to the Pikes Peak region. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 199 In establishing this new reserve the only industry that will in anywise be effected is that of grazing, which will be greatly benefited by a forest reserve administration of the tract. Permits will be granted to graze the stock which is now occupying the ranges. Should the ranges be found to be over- grazed, the number of stock will grad- ually be reduced each year until such a limit is reached as will secure to the stockmen a permanent use of the re- serve. The Butters Lumber Company, of Boardman, Columbus Co:,N-; C., has made application to the Forest Service for a preliminary examination of 5,000 acres of land on which they contem- plate planting. Mr. J. F. Bond, who is at present in the South, will visit this tract this week to determine the feas- ibility of preparing a detailed planting plan. The cut-over southern timber- lands are of little value unless system- atic plans are carried out to secure nat- ural reproduction or to have them re- planted. Substantial financial returns seem assured in either case, and lum- ber companies are showing increased interest in this movement. The com- pany in question contemplated the planting of cottonwood, as it gives quick returns in a region where there is a market for pulpwood and char- coal. Tree Plant- ing Work Plans have been ap- proved for co-operative forest experiments be- tween the Iowa State College at Ames, Iowa, and the Forest Service. The College is to furnish 5 acres of land for experimental planting this spring, and additional areas when available. The expenses of material end labor will be borne equally by the c>-operat- ing parties. It is the object of these experiments to determine the species best suited for varying purposes and to the soil and climatic conditions of Iowa, and to learn the silvicultural methods by which they can be most easily propagated. The work will com- prise both nursery practice and field 0-operation in Iowa 200 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April planting, and a large number of spe- cies will be handled under different methods. H. P. Baker, Forester for the College, will be in direct charge, but the Forest Service will have gen- eral supervision. Notice has been received hat the planting plan which was prepared by the Forest Service for certain lands owned by the H. C. Frick Coke Com- pany, in western Pennsylvania, has been accepted and that planting will be begun this spring. Plant material for use on the areas to be reforested has been ordered from dealers, and a nursery will be established for the pro- duction of seedlings for future use. This work will be supervised by a rep- resentative of the Forest Service. A similar request for supervision has been received from the Keystone Coal and Coke Company, for whom a plant- ing plan was prepared last summer. Planting on Coal Lands Plantingon ‘The War Department pants has requested the Forest eservations Service to make an ex- amination of the military reservations in and around San Francisco Bay with a view to their improvement by forest planting. This work will soon be un- dertaken, and it is expected that de- tailed plans will be made for planting on certain portions of the reservatons. The aim will be to establish useful for- est plantations which will at the same time improve the appearance of the islands and military grounds, which are now without tree growth. Special attention will also be given to the planting of windbreaks and shelter- belts for the protection of the parade grounds and buildings. San Francisco Bay is acknowledged to be one of the safest and most beau- tiful harbors in the country. By es- tablishing a forest cover on the shores and islands it will be made still more attractive. Instead of barren bluffs and islands covered only with brown grass, passengers on inbound ships will see groves of flourishing green trees. Rise of The demand for lodge- peace pole pine ties by the ine . . western railroads, which prefer them to any other because of the ease with which they take preserva- tives, has greatly increased the market value of the Rocky Mountain forests in northern Colorado, Wyoming, east- ern Idaho, and southern Montana, where lodgepole pine is the predomi- nant tree. These forests are largely within the existing or proposed Na- tional forest reserves, and are conse- quently under government control, so that the Forest Service has felt the need of preparing plans to permit the sale of such mature timber in them as may be safely spared. During the past year a working plan was completed for about 46,000 acres in the Wyoming Division of the Medicine Bow Reserve. It was found in the first place that the protective value of the forest as a cover for the watersheds is so great that any utilization of the timber crop must be subordinated to it. Through- out the region the control of stream- flow by the forest cover is the prime consideration. The mining industry, which is of high importance, will not be hampered by the disposal of reserve timber, since all the mining claims lo- cated in or near the tract include tim- ber sufficient for the needs of the own- ers. The present moderate grazing of cattle is carried on without risk to reproduction of the forest. The Medicine Bow Forest Reserve contains the largest continuous body of lodgepole pine to be found in the Rocky Mountains. The timber on the tract for which the plan was made is accessible ; tie cutting has been carried on in the reserve for some years; and it was definitely known that all the timber which could safely be removed would find sale. Measurements in the woods and careful studies of the rate of past growth and of the forest’s power of self-renewal furnished data from which the government foresters calculated what the forest can be ex- pected to yield and what per cent can be cut safely now. It was found that 165,000,000 feet B. M. of lodgepole 1906 pine could be taken out and yet leave a large percentage for future crops. Special studies were made of the in- jury to which the forest is liable from insect attack and fungus, from wind- fall and fire. Local market conditions and the methods and cost of lumber- ing were investigated to see whether improvements and economies might not be instituted, as well as to fix upon a fair stumpage price. The completed plan provides for bet- ter protection of the forest from fire, including effective measures for com- pact piling of debris and brush in openings ready for burning; stipulates FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 201 that all timber to be removed shall be marked in advance by the forest offi- cers, who will be furnished with a full set of instructions to govern all steps in the logging operations ; and requires that all merchantable parts of the trees be used. Similar working plans will be pre- pared for available bodies of timber on other reserves, making possible the utilization of these vast forests under a system of scientific management which will perpetuate and improve the stand, and, above all, safeguard the forest cover on watersheds. fe MPT NG WAT Ee HE greater portion of water used in irrigation is diverted by gray- ity from flowing streams. While this is true as regards bulk of the water, yet as regards value it may be said that some of the most important sources of supply are utilized through pump- ing. In ancient times, especially in Egypt and India, where labor had little value and the conditions for diverting water by gravity were not favorable, pumping by hand or by animal power was largely in vogue. In modern times the devices for hand pumping have been improved upon, although some of them are still utilized in crude form by pioneers in the arid region; but with ordinary farm wells irrigation is impracticable, other than the watering of a few trees or plats of vegetables; but the begin- nings of irrigation on many a farm in the sub-humid region may be traced to successful experiments with water raised in this laborious manner. ‘Lhe next step above human labor in pumping water has frequently been the utilization of horse-power. The accompanying figure shows a simple device by which a horse walking in a circle causes a series. of buckets to be lifted from the well, drawing up water sufficient for several acres. The possi- bility of irrigation in this way is lim-. ited largely by the depth of the water in the well and the number of animals available. The next step is the use of the ordi- nary threshing engine, replacing the horse and driving a pump as shown in the accompanying sketch. ‘Tracts of considerable size have been watered in this way, and the value of the crops greatly increased. For example, on- ions, which would have been almost worthless, owing to a drouth, have as the result of water properly applied sold at $150 per acre, and celery at $200 per acre, repaying in a season the whole outlay for well, pump and engine. Special forms of pumps driv- en by steam, gasolene, and other forms of engine, have been devised suited to the needs of the irrigator. The most important source of power *It is our intention to publish a series of articles on pumping, giving illustrations of the various kinds of engines, pumps and windmills employed in the different parts of the country, both east and west.—Eprror. 202 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April for pumping is the wind. On the sweeping up the loose soil. In many broad valleys and plains of the arid localities there are at depths of 20 or regions the wind movement is almost 50 feet or more beneath the surface, \ SSSssg5 a SSIS EC > PSS SSSSS Sass & | Pumping Water by Horse Power continuous for days and weeks, carry- pervious beds of sand or gravel filled ing away the dry leaves, even at times with waters by the infiltration or rain- a SSS SSeS —— - mM ri sess SA Pumping Water with a Threshing Engine 1906 fall or by percolation from stream channels. It isacomparatively simple and inex- pensive operation to sink a well into this water and erect a windmill, at- taching this to a suitable pump. The machinery once provided is operated day and night by the over-present wind, bringing to the surface a small, but continuous supply of water. This small stream, if turned out on the soil, would flow a short distance, then dis- appear into the thirsty ground, so that irrigation directly from a windmill is usually impracticable. To overcome this difficulty, it has been necessary to provide small stor- age reservoirs or tanks built of earth, wood or iron to hold the water until FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 203 it has accumulated to a volume suffi- cient to permit of a stream of consid- erable size being taken out for irriga- tion. Such a stream flowing rapidly over the surface will penetrate to a dis- tance and cover an area which would seem impossible with the small flow delivered by the pump. The windmills employed in irriga- tion are of all kinds, from the highest type of the machinist’s art down to the crude home-made devices. These latter are not to be despised, as many of them are highly effective, and at least they have enabled settlers to pro- cure a small amount of water and to obtain a foothold upon the soil, by which ultimately they may be able to obtain funds to procure better imple- ments. NOTES ON FOREST TREES SUITABLE FOR PLANTING IN THE UNITED STATES V—The Tulip Tree (Liriodendron Tulipifera) DISTRIBUTION. cee tulip tree (Liriodendron tul- pifera) is distributed sparingly through southern New England and New York; it is more plentiful on the southern shore of Lake Erie and west- ward through northern Indiana and Illinois. To the southward it is found in Alabama and the other Gulf States to northern Florida. It is rare west of the Mississippi except in northeast- ern Arkansas and southeastern Mis- souri. It is most abundant and of largest size in the south central part of its range, especially in Tennesee, Kentucky, and the western Carolinas, and in the basin of the Ohio River and its tributaries. The tree is hardy east of the Missis- sippi except in the colder portions of the Northern States, and thrives in a great variety of upland soils. The range for economic planting, broadly stated, includes all of the states east of the Mississippi, although the con- ditions of soil and site in some locali- ties make its development better than elsewhere. Near the western limits of its range it is sometimes injured by sun scald. SOIL AND SITE. The Tulip-tree is most common and attains its finest development on deep, fertile, rather moist loam, or rich san- dy soil, in which is mixed a consider- able quantity of humus. In the South and in the Ohio Valley the soil in which the largest and best Tulip-trees once grew is of great value for agri- cultural purposes; hence the forests of these regions have been destroyed and not replaced. The Tulip-tree will main- tain itself in heavy clay and hard rocky soils, but such soils are not favorable to it and almost always cause a marked diminution in the characteristic devel- 204 opment of the species, especially in height growth and quality of the tim- ber. The tree is found growing in exposed situations, but reaches greater size in sheltered ravines and valleys, and in protected coves along water courses. It is never found growing in standing water, but will endure very moist soil. MANNER OF OCCURRENCE. The Tulip-tree is scattered by sin- gle trees or clumps of trees through- out the forest. In specially favored localities in the South it is often the principal growth, but is not usually the predominant tree over extensive areas. In the North it occurs more sparingly than in the South. It is gen- erally associated with other deciduous trees, such as Chestnut, the oaks, wal- nuts, hickories, maples, Black Cherry, Locust, and Beech. On the South Atlantic coastal plain it occurs with Sweet Gum, Black Cherry, Black Gum, Swamp Chestnut Oak, and Wa- ter Oak, or in peaty soils with the White Cedar (Chamecyparis thy- oides). CHARACTERISTICS OF FORM AND GROWTH. The growth of the Tulip-tree is rapid when compared with that of the hardwoods with which it grows; it is also long-lived, specimens having been cut 320 years old. During the first forty or fifty years the height growth is from 1 to 2 feet annually, with a diameter growth of one-tenth to one- fourth inch, or even more in favorable situations. Measurements made on sixteen trees averaging 28.1 inches showed an average rate of growth of I inch every six years. After passing fifty years, the rate of growth begins to decrease until it practically ceases when the tree is very old. The aver- age height is from 70 to 100 feet, with a diameter of from 3 to 6 feet; but much larger trees are often found, some with a height of 190 feet and a diameter of 10 feet having been re- ported. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April The Tulip-tree of the forest has a small pyramidical head held aloft by an exceptionally straight, cylindrical trunk, which in the forests of the Car- olinas and Tennessee is often free from branches for 80 to Ioo feet. The tree must have plenty of light; it will not endure dense shades, but when crowded often pushes its crown up above ther trees around it: ii stoo closely crowded and overtopped it is sure to succumb. When grown in the open its form does not change so radically as does that of most other hardwoods under like conditions. Although the tree grown in the open is broader and more limby, the main axis is usually main- tained and the limbs grow out sym- metrically. The root system possesses both tap roots and a considerable de- velopment of the lateral roots. The tap roots make early transplanting rather difficult, but the young trees grow rapidly when once established. THE WOOD—ITS ECONOMIC USES. The wood is usually light, but va- ries in weight; it 1s soft, tough but not strong, of fine texture, and when well seasoned is durable in contact with the ground. It shrinks consid- erably but seasons without injury, and works and stands exceedingly well. The sapwood is thin, light in color, and decays rapidly. The wood is used for siding, paneling, interior finishing, and in the manufacture of toys, boxes, culinary woodenware, etc. With the diminution of the White Pine supply Tulip-tree is much used in its place. It makes a fair wood pulp, and is the tree from which most of our postal cards are made. The lumbermen rec- ognize two kinds of Tulip timber, viz., white and yellow. The difference in color is caused mainly by the differ- ence in site conditions. On dry, grav- elly soil the wood produced is lighter in color, less durable, and harder to work, and is called ‘““White Poplar.” The “Yellow Poplar” is grown on rich alluvial or sandstone soil, where trees of mature age have little sapwood and 1906 a rich, yellow heartwood, which is highly prized because of its fine grain and easy working qualities. PROPAGATION. Natural reproduction is fairly good on open land in Kentucky, Virginia, Maryland, and southern Pennsylvania. A forest growth may be maintained in these regions if proper care is taken in cutting to regenerate towards the prevailing wind, to leave seed trees in the cut-over area, and to break the surface soil so that it will form a fa- vorable seed-bed. The seedlings which spring up in these moist open fields grow with surprising rapidity, often making a growth in height of 4 to 6 feet annually. Farther south, through Tennesee and the Carolinas, natural regeneration is rarerly seen except oc- casionally in open pastures where the mineral soil has been freely exposed and there is plenty of light. The young seedlings cannot endure shade even to a limited extent. Sprouts grow from the stump, but should not be depended upon for reproduction. Seeds are produced in considerable numbers almost yearly, and the small percen- tage of perfect ones germinate freely if they fall upon a moist mineral soil. They will not start in a bed of pure humus. The seeds are borne in a cone-like fruit 1 to 2 inches long. The scales are really carpels, but only a few of the 50 to 60 in each cone are productive. Young trees are apt to produce seeds which are absolutely worthless, while on old trees only the highest limbs and the center carpels are productive of good seed. Artificial propagation should be en- tirely by seeds. Where a forest growth has recently been removed from land which it is desired to reclothe with Tulip-tree, fair results may be _at- tained by breaking the surface soil in the fall with a brush or harrow and sowing the seeds broadcast over the area. Nursery culture and the use of care- fully-grown seedlings or transplants ‘is the surer but more expensive meth- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 204 od of propagating the Tulip-tree. The seed should be collected in the fall when mature, and may be sown as soon as obtained or stratified in sand for spring planting. Fall stratification is advisable, since the seeds will then germinate the following spring ; other- wise, if sown in the spring, they are very liable not to come up until the following spring. The seed should be sown thickly in a bed of light, rich, sandy soil and cov- ered to a depth of one-half inch. The bed should be kept evenly moist, with more moisture at first than later and should be completely shaded until the plans begin to appear. Subsequently there need be only partial protection, which is especially needed during the middle of the day, when the sun is hottest. Seedlings may stand in the seed-bed for from one to two years, but should not remain longer, because the tap root develops with but few lat- eral roots, which makes transplanting difficult. It thus becomes advisable to move the seedlings when one year old to nursery rows, which stimulates them to a vigorous development, in- suring success in transplanting. Seed- lings may be shifted nearly in the nur- sery until three or four years old, which causes a beneficial thickening of the root system, but such prolonged care is usually too expensive to be practical. If trees two years old or more are to be moved for the first time, it is often advisable to cut back the stem to the ground, taking care to move the roots intact; this will cause vigorous sprouts to spring up. Such practice is sometimes resorted to with younger seedlings. Transplanting from the nursery to the permanent site may be done most successfully in the spring. Fall trans- planting, although often fairly success ful, usually gives a lower average of success than spring planting. The work should be done before the buds start, but may be attempted after the leaves are out if the stem be cut back in the way mentioned above. 206 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION April When grown for forest purposes, the Tulip-tree should be mixed with other deciduous species, but should be given a start or planted with slow- growing trees so that it may not be overtopped. When planted for a ground cover or for economic pur- poses, the trees should be set about 6 feet apart each way. Within its range the Tulip-tree does not demand spe- cial preparation of the ground prior to planting, unless it be where there is an unusually tough sward, in which case the grass should be broken and turned under. In setting the trees the sod should be broken in a little circle and the tree set in the center of the broken ground, care being taken to pack the dirt firmly around the roots. The roots should never be allowed to become dry. If the plantation is in a sheltered valley or rich bottom land, the Tulip-tree may be planted as the predominant tree of the mixture. If it is in an exposed situation the spe- cies with which it grows should be in excess, so as to give the needed pro- tection from high winds and _ frost. The desirable species for such a mix- ture include most of our moderately shade-enduring hardwoods, such as the maples, oaks, Chestnut, hickories, walnuts, etc. There seems no reason why the Norway Spruce and some of the pines would not also make desir- able associate trees for the Tulip-tree. POSSIBILITIES AND USES. For shade and ornament the Tulip- tree possesses great merit and is de- serving of very general propagation. It is to be especially recommended for cities where bituminous coal is burned. It comes into leaf early, holds its fol- iage until late in the fall, and has few disfiguring insect enemies, while in general shape and manner of growth it leaves little to be desired. Forest planting of the Tulip-tree for econo- mic purposes has never been attempt- ed, but judging from the form and rate of growth of the natural forest- grown tree, and the value of the wood, few trees would be more profitable for such a purpose. RECENT PUBLICATIONS Post’s Paper Mill Directory for 1905-6. Pp. 571. LL. D. Post; Pablisher: iNew York, 1905. $2.00. The latest edition of this standard direc- tory is probably the most comprehensive and inclusive list of manufacturers, dealers, mills, and mill officers of the paper, pulp, and chemical industry of the United States and Canada extant. Classification is made of mills by their goods, a list of projected mills given, and a very complete directory of foreign mills included. The mass of in- formation which the volume contains is ar- ranged in a manner that makes it easy of reference, and a complete index makes all information immediately “get-at-able.” To the pulp and paper trade this volume should prove indispensable. Fifth Annual Report of the Indiana State Board of Forestry, 1905. Pp. 245, illustrated. State Printer, Indianapolis, 1906. The Indiana State Board of Forestry prefaces its annual report with the gratify- ing statement: “There is at this time a strong sentiment favorably inclining to the institution of stronger forestry methods in almost every community within the State. The Board finds on every hand interested men and women of clear conceptions and advanced ideas of the forestry problem, and who are rendering assistance by both word and action.” The report is unusually inter- esting and contains much information as to the forest situation in Indiana, and direc- tions as to the trees most suited to the State, methods of planting, injurious forest insects, etc. The Improvement of Columbia, South Carolina. Report by Kelsey & Guild. Pp. 88, illustrated. The interesting pamphlet here presented is a report by Messrs. Kelsey and Guild, landscape architects, to the Civic League of Columbia, S. C., including suggestions for the civic improvement and beautification of that city. The report embraces a broad and comprehensive plan of treatment, extension and improvement of park systems, street tree planting, etc. A plea is made for civic beauty, for the obliteration of unsightly public nuisances, and the institution of such reforms as will reflect the best life and_ character of the people. The directions as to what particular species of trees are de- sirable for planting, their care, etc., are of particular interest. | . : , q ———— ve | er 7 }/ Forestry and Irmgation H. M. SUTER, Editor para CONTENTS FOR MAY, [906 FORMER APACHE WARRIORS NOW ON IRRIGATION WORK ON SALT RIVER PROJECT, ARIZONA ~- Frontispiece NEWS AND NOTES: Favorable Report - - - 207 Forest Fires - - - - - 209 Hearing on Revised Bill - 207 Chair of Lumbering - - 211 Forest Service Lumber Sta- New Hampshire Meeting 211 tistics - - - - - - - 208 To Enforce Order in Camps Forestry in Canada - - - 209 GOVERNOR JOHN McLANE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE (with Portrait) - - = = “ = = a C * - GOVERNOR R. B. GLENN OF NORTH CAROLINA (with Portrait) THE DRAINAGE OF THE BM Neh sins (Illustrated). By Dr. John Gifford. - - - - - - : NOTES ON FOREST TREES SUITABLE FOR PLANTING IN THE UNITED STATES. VI—Black Cherry (Prunus Serctina) THE FORT Bey W PUB ele) (Illustrated). By J. C. Blumer. - - - - - - - RURBER CULTURE IN Lele PHIL He ISLANDS. By W. I. Hutchinson. - 2 z 2 2 UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE - : - = WASHINGTON STATE NOTES) - - - . - - UNITED STATES RECLAMATION SERVICE - - - THE PECOS RIVER FOREST RESERVE. By L. P. Kneipp RECLAMATION, WORK IN NORTH. DAKOTA. By H.-N. Savage. - - - - - - - - - - PUMPING WATER ( Illustrated) - s = - - - COST OF RECLAMATION WORK - - - - - RECENT PUBLICATIONS - : - - - - - FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the American Forestry Association. Sunseription price $1.00 a year; single copies 10 cents. Copyright, 1906, by Forestry and Irrigation Publishing Co. Entered at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., as second-class mail matter. Published Monthly at WASHINGTON, D. C. eee a siowsepjA eysedy J9wI0y VOL: MAY , 1906- NGO2i5 aS ea To the many persons de-- serves, substantiated by convincing Benoit c siring the establishment evidence of the pressing need for ac- of federal forest reserves in the Southern Appalacians and the White Mountains, it will come as most welcome news-that the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Represen- tatives has decided to make a favor- able report on the bill creating these reserves. The Senate Committee hav- ing in charge a like bill sometime ago made a favorable report. While no further action may be expected at the present session of Congress, the mat- ter is now in excellent shape for forc- ing it at the opening of the new session next fall. In this connection we wish to call attention to the notable hearing on this bill, April 25 and 26, before the Gommiuttee--on’ ‘Agriculture. of ‘the House of Representatives. The American Forestry Association, together with several of the State or- ganizations, has been earnestly work- ing to secure the passage by Congress of this measure, or similar ones, for a number of years. When the date of the hearing on the latest measure was announced by the House Committee, it was decided to make a strong plea before that Committee for the re- Hearing on Revised Bill tion. At a forestry meeting held at Charlotte, N. C., early in March, Gov- ernor R. B. Glenn, of North Carolina, was asked, in a resolution, to request the Governors of all States interested in the reserves, to appoint a committee of five citizens to represent their re- spective States at the hearing, and pre- sent individual evidence of the need of the reserves, and voice the general de- sire of the people. Accordingly, at the hearing on April 25 and 26, there were present some seventy-five persons, rep- resenting, in all, fourteen States, and including the Governor of North Car- olina, and the Governor of New Hampshire—the latter, accompanied by his entire council. Governor Glenn, as chairman of the assembled commit- tees, was in charge of the presentation of evidence to the House Committee. The first day’s session was opened with a forceful address by Governor McLane of New Hampshire, on the subject: “The States within which these proposed forest reserves are to be located cannot be reasonably ex- pected to establish and maintain forest reserves which are for the benefit of the entire eastern half of the United States, and the nation as a whole.” 208 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION May Governor McLane was followed by Mr. Theophil- ”arsons, of Boston, chairman of the Massachusetts dele- gation, who spoke on the manufactur- ing interests and water powers as af- fected by the forest reserve problem, particularly in New England. As a representative from the South, Major Augustine T. Smythe, of Charleston, S. C., spoke along the same lines, pre- senting much valuable information as regards the depreciation in values of water powers as a direct result of the cutting of timber. Lhe effect of the denudation of the forests on the navi- gation interests was discussed by Mr. C. C. Goodrich, General Manager of the Hartford and New York Trans- portation Company, Hartford, Conn., speaking for New England, and Prof. L. C. Glenn, of Vanderbilt U niversity, Nashville, Tenn., on the part of the South. Dr. Fugene Allen Smith, State Geologist of Alabama, also touched on this subject and the extent of the damage wrought to the shipping interests of the South. Prof. i eel Stewart, Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station, Morgantown, W. Va., explained the interest of the farm- er in the proposed Southern reserve. Rev. Edward Everett Hale, Chap- lain of the Senate, and a pioneer in the movement for the White Mountain Reserve, made the opening speech of the second day’s session, on April 26. Agricultural Commissioner E. J. Wat- son, of South Carolina, was called upon to explain the relation of agriculture to forestry, and to discuss the effect of forest denudation upon agricultural prosperity. Mr. Harvey N. Sheppard, of Boston, representing the Appala- chian Mountain Club, urged, in a brilliant address, the creation of the reserves as a breathing space for the crowded inhabitants of the thickly set- tled’ East:? sGoyernory RY Bo iGlena closed the arguments in an eloquent appeal for prompt action. The hearing in its entirety was a re- markable one. There has seldom been called together for a like purpose—yviz., to plead for action by Congress on any measure—a set of men speaking for so many varied interests, and repre- senting so much invested capital in the industries which have in a large meas- ure brought America to the front as a producing nation. As matters now stand for the action in Congress on the bill for these re- serves cannot be had before the next session. But meantime the many friends of the measure should continue actively at work in creating sentiment favorable to its passage. It is only the strongly expressed wish of the peo- ple that will bring final and favorable action. Much headw ay was made the past twelve months, and at no time since the geginning of this movement has the outlook for success been so bright. ForestService According to sucha high cae technical authority as the Afssrssippi Valley Lumbermen: “The first report of lum- ber statistics gathered by the Forest Service of the Department of Agricul- ture, and presented at the annual meet- ing of the National Lumber Manufac- turers’ Association, at St. Louis, though admittedly incomplete,makes so good a showing as to warrant the belief that this section of Government work will become immensely valuable during coming years.’’ It further comments as follows: ‘“Those who have, in the past, attempted to gather statistics of this character from a comparatively small area of country know the difficulties that must be overcome even where the compilers have personal knowledge of the business and personal acquaintance with a very large proportion of those from whom the information must be obtained. Errors of commission and errors of omission have not been miss- ing from the statistics compiled by the famber trade journals that have been engaged in this class of work for more than a quarter of a century. Persist- ent effort in the form of second, third and fourth requests have failed to bring reports from many manufactur- ers, and after an almost complete de- gree of accuracy was reached in the Northern pine statistics, the manufac- 1906 turers suddenly decided that no more detailed figures would be available for publication. “For. the purpose for which these statistics were intended—to inform the readers of the trade journals not only the amount of available stock, but where it could be found, as well—a generalization or grouping of totals did not answer, so, from that point of view, the statistics given out by the Forest Service are not especially val- uable. They are valuable, however, as affording information of the ex- tent of the lumber industry, the dis- tribution of the various woods that enter into lumber commerce, and the rapidity with which the timber re- sources of the land are being exploit- ed. In the table published in the re- port..of the St. Louis. meeting; the Forest’ Service estimates that from seventy to eighty per cent of the total lumber cut is represented. The totals were a little short of .27,000,000,000 feet, indicating that the total. cut of the country was betweent 35 and 4o billion feet of lumber. But these fig- ures are only a part of the work that has been undertaken by the’ Forest Service in co-operation with the Na- tional Lumber Manufacturer’s Asso- ciation, and it is only in connection with the other work that they attain their greatest value.- It is the aim of the Service to obtain figuees of the total timber resources of the country, the increase by growth and the total drain upon those resources. When all this information is secured with a fair degree of accuracy, it will be both val- uable and interesting.” The recently issued re- port of the superintend- ent On shonesthy, tor the Dominion of Canada, for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1905, contains some interesting information regard- ing the progress of forestry in Canada. Superintendent Stewart points out the ereat difference in forest conditions between the countries of the Old and New World, and states his conviction that European methods are not en- Forestry in Canada FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 209 tirely practicable in Canada. The re- port emphasizes the necessity of train- ed foresters in the Dominion, and ad- vocates educational advantages in for- estry. Strong emphasis is laid upon the necessity for adequate fire protec- tion. The fire ranging system, which has been ‘put into operation in some districts with considerable success, is described. The importance of proper cutting is emphasized by Superintendent Stewart, as second only to fire protec- tion. Forest reserves have already been created in the Dominion, but only for two reservations have working plans been instituted. The distribution of seedling trees for forest planting, to settlers in the Northwest—a co-operation system, which was begun in 1901—1is alrealy assuming vast proportions. Some 1,860,000 were listributed during the year. An unusually dry spring has made conditions for forest fires peculiarly favorable in the Northwest. Close to Vancouver, B.C., fires of considerable magnitude have destroyed much val- uable timber, and a fire in Lynn Val- ley destroyed hundreds of cords of wood and shingle bolts belonging to the Hastings Shingle Manufacturing Company. The mining town of Ber- lin, Wash., was almost completely des- troyed, and along the Great Northern and Northern Pacific railways forest fires have kept firefighters at work. Skyomish and Monroe, Wash., were for a time seriously threatened, pre- vious to a heavy rainfall. Owing to the failure of the Washington Legis- lature to provide sufficient funds to carry on the work of fire fighting be- yond last year, the timber owners, headed by the Weyerhaeuser syndicate, are providing a fund, and wardens will be placed in the field to organize vol- unteer. crews, where fires are discover- ed. The most serious damage caused by forest fires so far this season, has been done in the upper peninsular of Forest Fires - ia. Georg ’ Tallulah Falls Jbeautiful cascades which have within a short distance anlaggre- lan f the proposed Southern Appalach 1es O gate descent of 335 feet, within the boundar There is here a succession ot Forest Reserve. 1906 Michigan and northern Wisconsin, where reports indicate 200. square miles are affected. Newspaper reports from Escanaba and Gladstone, Mich., state that the towns of Saunders, Quinnesec, Shaffer, Ralps, Salvoie, Cornell, Woodlawn, and Talbot have been completely destroyed, and several other towns seriously threatened. The exact loss is hard to estimate, on ac- count of the meager details, but the loss in timber alone will be consider- able, while the damage to farms, homes, live stock, and real estate will be very heavy. At the meeting of the National Wholesale Lumber Dealers Asso- ciation, held at Chicago in May, 1905, a resolution was adopted to secure funds for the endowment of a chair of applied forestry and practical lum- bering at the Yale Forest School. A committee was appointed to have charge of raising the fund. Chair of — Lumbering At the annual meeting of the asso- ciation, held recently in St. Louis, Mr. F. E. Weyerhaeuser reported for the committee the progress of its work. Some difficulty was encountered in getting the work under way, owing to the large territory to be covered. Accordingly it was January of the present year before the committee undertook the active work of solicit- ing subscriptions. Since that time, however, the work has gone steadily forward and $54,601.20 has been raised through 158 subscriptions, from the following sources: AMIZOMAMDIStTICL, .2..c0...cees0sslaccy 5 $ 80,00 Lumber trade journals............. ie 100,00 Pacific Coast Lumber Manufac- turers’ Association............... 500,00 Pennsylvania State.............. sine 1,000.00 INGWaGrke States to. csdetesscses 1,000.60 Michipanistate Sts. hey. acsiee. 1,250.00 Sugar Pine Manufacturers 2 1,250.00 Southern Cypress Manufactur- CIS meASSOCIATION. oo .5. uses 19 2,175.00 National Wholesale Lumber Dealers’ Association,........... 43 4,350.00 Northern Pine Manufacturers’ PABSOCIAUION, census aoceenaee ele 19,200.00 Yellow Pine Manufacturers’ As- BOCIAUIONG oot she. se cesteaesncns teers 48 20,646.20 Hardwood Manufacturers’ Asso- ciation of the United States..16 3,050.00 158 $54,601.20 FORESTRY AND [IRRIGATION ay The members of the committee hav- ing this matter in charge are Messrs. Wallramt “Carson, J.T... Barber; -J. .B. White, C. I. Mallard, N.W. McLeod, Dee Gmiees, IR cA. wong,: Roa Fl: Downman, I. C. Enochs, J. L. Kaul, and F. E. Weyerhaeuser. Mr. George K. Smith is secretary of the committee. News The annual meeting of Peleene the Society for the Pro- Meeting J tection of New Hamp- shire Forests was held at Concord, N. H., on May 9. The meeting was an unusually interesting one. Mr. Asa IF. Williams, forester of the Berlin Mills Company, addressed the meeting on the subject, “The Influence of Log- ging Upon Natural Reforestation.” In addition there were papers by Prof. F. William Rane, of the Department of Horticulture and Forestry, of the State Agricultural College at Durham; Mr. Edwin A Start, secretary of the Massachusetts Forestry Association ; Fon. Henry Fs Hollis;.or Concord (who has recently planted ten acres of white pine), and others. Dr. A. D. Hopkins, forest entomologist of the Department of Agriculture, spoke on “Insects Injurious to the Forests of New England,” illustrating his talk with lantern slides. A legacy of $5,000, left by Mrs. Julia B. Thayer, of Keene, N. H., was announced; also that Dartmouth Col- lege has placed its large tract of 26,- 000 acres under forest management in co-operation with the society, with the Forester, Mr. Philip W. Ayres, in charge. There were full reports upon the proposed forest reservations in the southern Appalachian and White Mountain regions, and the society ex- pressed its hearty appreciation for the efforts that have been made looking to their establishment by the Senators from New Hampshire, by Dr. Edward Everett Hale, and by Governor R. B. Glenn, of North Carolina. Governor Glenn was elected a vice président of the society, Dr. Hale already being an honorary life member. The society has selected a list of correspondents in the several states of the Union to 212 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION May assist in the campaign for national forest reservations in the East. At this meeting action was taken looking toward closer affiliation with the American Forestry Association, viz., the society voted to become a sus- taining member, which, under the amended by-laws adopted at the last meeting of the American Forestry As- sociation, allows an organization join- ing in such a manner the privilege of representation on the advisory board of the association, one member of which is also elected a vice president of the American Forestry Association. Those, who will represent the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests on the aor board of the SS are Hon. Frank W. Rol- lins, Concord, N. H., president of the society; Mr. George T. Cruft, Bethle- hem, Dae of the White Mountain Board of Trade, and treasurer of the society, and Mr. Philip W. Ayres, Con- cord, forester of the eae ToEnforce ‘The initiation of a large Order national irrigation pro- in Camps . jolie see ject, giving employment to hundreds of laborers, is almost al- ways followed by an influx of disrep- utable characters who attempt to es- tablish themselves in or near the con- struction camps. They are most ob- jectionable individuals and their pur- pose is to establish saloons, brothels and gambling houses. Their presence in the camps is invariably followed by a saturnalia of crime, drunkenness, robberies and murders. In many states laws have been en- acted prohibiting the establishment of saloons within a specified distance of Bristow Adams. any government works under construc- tion; but in others apparently this im- portant matter has been overlooked, and the engineer is helpless to protect the laborers from being wantonly rob- bed and frequently murdered. Even in states which have enacted these laws great difficulty is experienced in prose- cuting the violators owing to political influence which the liquor element is able to bring to bear on state and coun- ty authorities. The processes of the law are so slow that the liquor sellers and gamblers openly boast they can delay proceedings against them until the works are completed, after which they are willing to give up their un- lawful pursuits “and abandon the tem- porary buildings occupied by them. In Nevada the conditions at several points along the works became de- plorable. The laborers, intoxicated by the vile decoctions of the dram shops, have been robbed by the gamblers or highwaymen and murders have not been infrequent. Several lynchings have occurred when the hold-up artists have been taken red-handed by the in- furiated laborers. The Department of Justice has been called upon to assist the Reclamation Service in driving out these criminals and in keeping liquor off the govern- ment reservation and out of govern- ment camps. Thus far repressory measures have proved unavailing, owing to the impossibility of securing prompt action in local courts. It is hoped that with the co-operation of the Department of Justice the reign of lawlessness on several of the govern- ment works may be ended and some of the rascals punished. ————aaE ee eee 1906 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 213 GOVERNOR JOHN McLANE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE NE OF the most forceful of the addresses given before the Committee on Agriculture, of the House of Representatives, at the time of the recent hearing on the bill for the creation of national forest reserves in the White Mountains of New Hampshire and the Southern Appalachian Mountains, was that delivered by Governor John McLane, of New Hampshire. So vitally does the government of the State of New Hampshire, in which the proposed White Mountain Reservation is located, feel the need of this reserva- tion, that it was unanimously voted that the Governor and his council should attend the hearing before the House Committee and exert all possible influence toward securing the reservation. John McLane was born at Lennoxtonn, Scotland, February 27, 1852. He was educated in the public schools at Manchester, N. H., and learned the trade of cabinet maker, and since 1876 has been engaged as a manufacturer of postoffice furniture and equipments. He is now President of the McLane Manufacturing Company ; also President of the Lonhegan National Bank, and variously connected with other institutions in his State. He was a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, 1885; State Senator, 1891-3, and President of the Senate at both sessions. He was elected Governor in 1905. 214 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION May GOVERNOR R. B. GLENN OF NORTH CAROLINA Seu SLDOM has forestry found a more ardent and enthusiastic advocate than Governor Robert Brodnax Glenn of North Carolina. Among the first in North Carolina to dis- cern the value of forestry to his State, and appreciating the vast interests at stake, he has ardently championed the cause and by the force of his example and his unflagging interest gained the support of all substantial citizens. Just now the State is beginning to awake to its needs and to realize more fully the magnitude of its interests involved through destruction of the forests, and the many advantages to be derived from the pro- posed Appalachian Forest Reserve. Governor Glenn’s prompt and intelligent support of the forest movement is characteristic of his work in other lines. Robert Brodnax Glenn was born in Rockingham County, North Carolina, August 11, 1854, the son of Chalmers L. and Annie S. Glenn. He received education through a tutor at home, later attending the high school at eer N. C., Davidson’s College, N. C., and finally Pearson’s Law School at Richmond Hill, N.C. U [pon completing his course at the latter school he engaged in the general practice a law, and since 1878 has been a mem- ber of the firm of Glenn, Moody and Hendren, at Winston, N. C. He has been assistant director for the Southern Railway, attorney for the Western Union Telegraph Company, member of the State Legislature (1881), solicitor for the State of North Carolina (1886), and district attorney for the United States, 1893-97. He was elected Governor 4 North Carolina in 1905. we DRAINAGE OF THE EVER- GLADES BY DR. JOHN GIFFORD APROPOS of the Steenerson bill for the reclamation of swamp- lands, I believe, although I have no statistics at hand, that the area of good land under cultivation in the United States which has been reclaimed by drainage, equals or exceeds that re- claimed by irrigation; and the same applies to the amount of land still un- reclaimed. Our largest swamp areas are still wildernesses because their very vastness renders reclamation by private enterprise impossible. It 1s, however, undoubtedly quite as much the function of the federal government to remove water from land in the east as it is to put water on the land in the west. The vast swamp area known as the Everglades in the part of Florida which is tropical is of such size that private enterprise cannot handle it and it is doubtful even if the State of Flor- ida is equal to it. It is a project of such magnitude that in order to be done properly, federal aid is necessary. It is a pet project of the present Gov- ernor of Florida and the work of re- clamation has actually been begun both by the State and the Florida East Coast Railroad. These operations, however, compared with what there is to do are like the merest nibblings on the edge of an enormous cheese. The reclamation of the Everglades deserves attention from federal authorities, firstly, because a large part of it is still unsurveyed federal land, and, secondly, because it is capable of producing a great variety of crops at a time of the year when they cannot be produced elsewhere in the United States. Al- most every year an enormous quantity of winter vegetables is produced on the edge of the Everglades. The rain- fall was exceptional this year, how- ever, so that glade crops were impos- sible. The excessive and unusual amount of water has rendered trips by canoe into the Everglades possible this winter. The writer with a party of friends took advantage of this opportunity to visit Seminole village on one of the islands in the Everglades. The Everglades are, in part at least, surrounded by a rocky rim. This rim is mostly limestone rock. Here and there streams break through the rim, and thus the region is drained. In dry times the flow from the streams and the evaporation are sufficient to keep a large zone on the edge of the Ever- glades comparatively dry and fit for cultivation. In the saucer-like de- pression within the rocky rim there are immense springs which are fed from some inexhaustible source far up the country. When excessive precipi- tation is added to this spring supply the rocky water courses flowing into the sea are unable to carry off the water and the water-table which is ordinarily close to the surface is raised so far above it that navigation with a canoe is comparatively easy. One can follow for miles the trail of the Seminole canoes through the saw- erass. The rocky, pine-covered land occa- sionally juts into the marshes like fin- gers, and vice versa long slender minor elades run into the pine land. Here and there throughout the Everglades are islands which are en- tirely different from the pine land. On these islands the Seminole Indian lives and cultivates his crops. In the marshes he hunts alligators and other wild animals. The islands are rocky just like the pine land rim, in fact the whole of the Everglade region is un- 216 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION May derlain with limestone rock, sometimes close to the surface, even exposed to view, while in other places it is cov- ered with several feet of partly decom- posed vegetation. On these islands we recognized sev- eral familiar trees, such as Magnolia glauca, so common in the south and sen as far north as Long Island, the cypress, the live oak and the cocoa- plum, mingled with such unusual trees as the wild calabash (C. ovata), etc. Here the Indians make their clearings and grow sweet potatoes, squashes, The Seminoles are much like other people in that some are clean, some are dirty, some industrious, some lazy ; most of them fond of liquor and tobac- co; fond of finery and plenty to eat, but they are peculiar in that they ap- parently have no political status. Al- though they were driven into this land and sought refuge here, they have no legal claim to it. ‘They are. neither citizens nor are they wards of the government. They have their own laws and do as they please. While peaceful they are never molested. The Looking into the Everglades. One of the streams by which they are partly drained. corn, etc. Here also are limes, rough lemon, sour orange, and other trees planted by the Indians. When one tries to land on one of these islands, the centre of which has been cleared mainly by girdling and fire, he realizes why the Seminole wears no pants. The water through which one must wade to approach the farm was waist deep this winter. The wetting did not concern us as much as did the thought of mocasins which frequent such places. time is coming when these islands will be needed for truck patches. The most successful grower in Dade Coun- ty, Florida, this season raised his crops on one of these islands. He is already clearing another. Additional islands are owned, and still other persons have tueir eyes on getting islands, and so on it will go until they are all used. Strange to say in order to grow truck successfully here, one must irrigate. The truck grower referred to above owns a long slender island. Down the 1906 middle of it winds a square trough of cypress boards. In the sides of this trough are holes; with a six-horse- power gasoline engine he pumps the water out of the Everglades and lets it out of the holes in the trough when and wherever he needs it. The rocky bed underlying the soil covering of the Everglades is appar- ently still in process of formation. The water as it comes from springs is full of lime. Owing to evaporation and chemical reasons the lime is de- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 217 Mangrove Swamp. These mangroves are often large, fine trees and when accessible are being used for piling. A small quantity has been used for floor- ing and the bark is being shipped from this region for tnning extract. ‘The black mangrove is also a valuable tree: The main point of this article, how- ever, is this: If Congress is hunting for swamps to drain they, are here. There are four or five million acres of them. Here is opportunity for tropical Indians coming out of the Everglades in their canoes on the Miami River. posited on everything. Every leaf and twig is covered with it. Over the sur- face innumerable shells of snails may be seen floating. These finally drop to the bottom and are incorporated with the rock. In the southern part of the Ever- glades there is an island called “Para- dise Key,’ on which there are many large royal palms. How they got there is a mystery. South of the Everglades stretching for miles to Cape Sable is the Great expansion nearer home than the Phil- lipines. Here is an empire to conquer which reminds the forester somewhat of the famous “Landes” which are now reclaimed and one of the most healthful and productive provinces of France. But, strange to say, the Ever- glades are not unhealty. In fact the Indians claim that mosquitos are fewer there than in the dry pine land. This is probably due to the little fish that live in its streams. In general, animal life does not appear to be plentiful in 218 these glades. Two or three hundred Indians, born hunters, constantly hunt- ing can keep the fish and game animals in check over a broad area. No doubt when ditches are dug tour ists will tour these glades with com- fort, just as they will in the course of a FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION May he regarded the building of this rail- road second only in importance to the Panama Canal project. It would seem that if private enterprise is capable of building a railroad across the Florida Keys to Key West it might also be equal to the task of draining the Ever- A Group of Seminole Indians year or two cross the Keys to Key West, literally go to sea by train with the Straits of Florida on one side and the broad Gulf of Mexico on the other. ; local papers report that Mr. Shot ts, of the Canal Commission, while in Key West recently, said that who inhabit the Everglades glades. Many of. the canals which would be dug in the Everglades would serve at the same time for transporta- tion purposes. While land is so abundant and cheap even near the great centers of popu- lation the need for the reclamation of 1906 vast swamp areas might, however, seem questionable. It is people that aremneeded more’ than’ land) SAt the same time this swamp land is highly productive so that in the long run its reclamation pays. Swamp lands lie idle at the very doors of our great FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 219 As Merriam points out in his bulle- tin on Life and Crop Zones, when a zone of one kind dips far into a zone of another kind there is great advant- age. In the Everglades region we have a vast territory of humid tropical land extending northward so close to A Boatload of Alligator Eggs. there are young Alligators just hatched. cities. In Holland land is wrested from the sea while close by there is plenty of poor, cheap land to be had. The writer once visited a bleak health- land tract in Holland, called ““Amer- ika,’ where a company was endeavor- ngi to induce settlers to come and start a boom. In the center of the boat great centres of consumption that its ability to produce unusualy crops will some day be recognized. There have been objections ad- vanced to this old reclamation project. It is claimed on the East Coast that the lowering of the water table in the Everglades will remove the influence 220 which such a body of water exerts on tempering the northers which blow across it. There may be something in this objection but opinions are so di- verse on the subject that it 1s impos- sible to conjecture its effects. In case frosts are more severe after the drain- age is completed the drainage would be blamed although the frost might really be due to other causes. The planting of trees over this area which would immediately follow its drainage would probably more than counteract the influence of the drainage. Since the water in the "Glades comes mostly from deep springs it is warmer in cold weather and cooler in warm weather than the air. It is the original cost of such pro- jects which stagger one, but operations just as great have been completed or are in process of construction. When the Panama Canal is done and in working order we will regard it as a matter of course and wonder why some nation had not done it long ago. The great Gulf trade now all goes around the south of Florida and when one sees ship after ship loaded with valuable cargoes piled up hopeless wrecks on the Florida Keys with mil- lions of dollars worth of human labor lost he realizes that a canal from Jack- sonville to the Gulf in a saving also of coal and time, would in the long run prove a great investment. So when one sees thousands of farmers working in poor sandy soil, which ought to be left to produce for- est, he wishes that they might have some of the unreclaimed swampland which they are prevented from using in consequence of the great initial cost. It is an indisputable fact that land which is easy to clear is usually cleared first and that lands which have been reclaimed by drainage and irrigation are really the lands which have the most lasting fertility and the greater productiveness. When we consider the smallness of the return and the loss of time and labor in working poor land over a period of many years the first cost after all counts for Ittle. The man who pays five dollars an acre for poor land because he cannot afford to FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION May pay one hundred for good land is making poor investment. - One must beware drained lands which may be subject to flood in se- vere storms. On our eastern coast of the United States there are hundreds of acres of banked lands once carefully cultivated now swamp again. Drain- age must be perfect to meet extreme conditions of storm. This means great and lasting works on a large scale similar to those of Holland. The Everglades are higher than the sea. There is no danger of floods ex- cept from excessive precipitation. The water is constantly coming up from below. It is merely a matter of ditches. And ditches are merely a matter of money, men, and machinery. That work has begun is evidenced by the following note clipped from the Miami Metropolis: “Information has reached the city that the dredge under construction at Fort Lauderdale for the State, to be used in digging a canal to drain the Everglades, as proposed by Governor Broward and the State Drainage Com- mission, was successfully launched on Monday, and will at once be fitted with the machinery, all of which is on hand, and the craft made ready to be- gin dredging operations within a month. “The hull of the dredge is 50x112 feet in size, and it is said the machin- ery to be installed will have a greater capacity than any similar dredge ever constructed in the State. Governor Broward will come down again and be present when the craft is put to work on the project which is just now agi- tating and interesting the State.” But the Drainage Commission has ordered the special drainage tax to be severed from this year’s collections un- til pending litigation has been settled. This means the suspension of the “Everglade scheme” for the present at least, though there is apparently noth- ing to prohibit Governor Brownard from continuing the work of building dredges with the money already on hand in the Internal Improvement Fund. BLACK CHERRY (Prunus Serotina)’ VI.—Notes on Forest Trees Suitable for Planting in the United States. DISTRIBUTION AND MANNER OF OCCUR- RENCE. The Black Cherry flourishes through- out the eastern half of the United States from Nova Scotia to Tampa Bay, Florida; westward it grows to the Missouri River in southeastern South Dakota, to eastern Kansas and Ne- braska, Indian Territory, and Texas; and extends through Mexico and along the Pacific Coast of Central America to Peru. In the northern extremity of the Lake States its distribution is limited to shaded lake shores and banks of streams, while in places it fades out entirely and is replaced by the Wild Cherry. Although growing over a wide range of territory, the region for eco- nomic planting should be limited to the region extending westward from In- diana to eastern South Dakota, and Kansas, and southward along the high moist slopes of the Appalachians. Throughout its range it is common under varying conditions of soil and exposure in open places in hardwood forests, but is nowhere abundant, though occasionally in the most fa- vorable locations numerous groups of trees are found. CHARACTERISTICS OF GROWTH—ASSO- CIATE SPECIES. Because of its adaptability to differ- ent conditions the Black Cherry va- ries greatly in form andsize, depending on the region and locality in which it grows. In New England it is of me- dium size, 30 to 50 feet in height, with a diameter varying from 10 inches to 2 feet. In the Middle States and west- ward it becomes larger, with a height of 40 to 70 feet, and with sometimes a diameter of 3 feet, although it becomes smaller along the northern limit of its *Furnished by U.S. Forest Service. range. In the moist residual soil of the upper slopes of the southern Alle- ghenies it reaches its maximum growth; here a height of roo feet and a diameter of 5 feet is often attained. When forest-grown the trunk of the Black Cherry is long and slender, free from branches, and surmounted by a comparatively small, open crown com- posed of large, irregular branches. In the open the crown becomes more spreading, but seldom massive like that of the oak and chestnut. The root sys- tem is extensive, especially on dry, sterile soil, where the heart roots go deep in search of moisture. A con- siderable lateral system of surface roots is also developed. The tree is moderately shade-enduring. The rate of growth is so much de- pendent upon climate and soil condi- tions as to cause different opinions concerning its real capabilities. Un- der the most favorable conditions it is a rapid growing tree, while in a very cold or exceedingly warm climate, and in unfavorable soil, the growth 1s rather slow. In a deep, rich soil and a mild climate, trees 25 to 30 years old have been known to make an average annual diameter growth of four-fifths of an inch, but the valuable, dark-col- ored timber is not produced until the age of 60 to 80 years. On the whole, the Black Cherry may be considered as a rapid-growing, short-lived spe- cies. The trees associated with the Black Cherry include nearly all of the com- mon hardwoods, among which may be mentioned the Beech, birches, oaks, hickories, Black Walnut, Ohio Buck- eye, and the maples. WOOD—ECONOMIC USES. The wood is light, strong, rather hard, with a close, fine grain which 222 takes a beautiful polish; it is brown or red in color at maturity, with thin, yellow sapwood. It is suitable for cabinetmaking and interior decorating, and for such purposes has been so ex- tensively used that he largest and best trees of the country have now been cut. For general construction work or when exposed to the weather the wood is not good. This lessens the value of the tree for general planting. SOIL AND SITE. The Black Cherry is capable of ex- isting in a variety of dry situations, but it is only in the moist, well-drain- ed, rich soils of mild climates that the maximum development is attained. The tree thrives on bottom lands and does fairly well on sandy or rocky up- lands if the soil is rich and penetrable. In the West its success as a forest tree has been variable, although on the whole encouraging. In the loess soil of western Iowa, on dry ridges and bluffs, and in black drift soils it makes a rapid growth. PROPAGATION. Birds are the natural agents of seed dissemination for the cherry, and by them the tree has been broadly distrib- uted. This means of starting repro- duction can hardly be depended upon, however, because the cherry pits are scattered too thinly and many of them are lost through falling in places un- favorable to germination. On limited areas in the South natural reproduc- tion is good on open or partly shaded land, but in the North and West it is often lacking. As the Black Cherry is easily trans- planted, it is better to plant the seeds in a nursery and transfer the trees to the final forest site when one or two years old than to attempt to grow young trees by planting seeds where the trees are to stand. The fruit, which is borne profusely almost every year by trees in the open and less frequently by those in the forest, ripens in late August or early September and may be collected by hand from low trees or from tall forest FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION May trees by shaking it down upon canvas. The pulp should be washed off and the surface of the pit dried to prevent moulding. For winter preservation the pits should be stratified in moist sand and placed on the north side of a building where they will breeze and not be thawed out too often or too rapidly by the sun. In the spring they should be planted in drills 8 to 12 inches apart for hand cultivation, or 2 to 3 feet apart if a horse cultivator is to be used, and covered about I inch deep. In the drill the seeds should be placed 2 or 3 inches apart. Planting must be done immediately after re- moving the pits from the sand, as even a partial drying at this stage is fatal. The transfer to the permanent planta- tion may be made in the spring when the trees are I year old, or they may be transplanted to nursery rows and allowed to develop for another year before the final setting. The Black Cherry, since it endures considerable shade, may .be planted rather close, either in pure stands or with associated species. The best spe- cies for a mixture are Boxelder, Red Oak, ash, elm, Silver Maple, Black Walnut, and Hackberry, the choice depending upon the locality. ENEMIES. The forest tent caterpillar (Clisto- campa americana) often seriously in- jures the Black Cherry by destroying the leaves. A fungus known as “black knot,” by causing unsightly swellings on the branches, greatly disfigures the tree. In case of insect attack speci- mens should be sent to the Division of Entomology for identification and sug- gestions as to methods of control. The leaves and fruit of Black Cher- ry contain hydrocyanic acid, which is a deadly poison; cattle have in rare instances been poisoned by eating the leaves, and it is said that children have died from eating the pits or swallow- ing the fruit whole. The fresh leaves are considered harmless, the poison be- ing the result of chemical action in the withering leaves. 1906 POSSIBILITIES AND USES. For limited use as a mixture in prai- rie planting, especially on rather moist soil, the Black Cherry will find a use- ful place. In general, however, it is too short lived and of too limited eco- nomic value to be recommended for extensive planting in the West. Asa nurse tree in forest plantations and where a luxurious foliage effect is de- sired it serves a useful purpose. In the South and East, where it is of longer life and reaches its best de- velopment, it does not hold a high place because of the small size of the timber it produces and the presence of more valuable species. It is seldom used for ornamental purposes. With slight protection near the seacoast it has in a moderate degree shown its ability to withstand salt winds. NOTABLE PLANTATIONS. H. C. Raymond, of western Iowa, reports that 10-year-old Black Cherry grown in groves is 6 inches in diame- ter and 28 feet high, while Hardy Catalpa of the same age and in the same soil is of the same diameter but only 25 feet high. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 228 In the Farlington plantation in Kan- sas the Black Cherry for the first few years gave great promise, but it is now deteriorating and, in many cases, dy- ing. In a block planted in 1878, contain- ing 196 White Ash, 27 Catalpa, and 7 Black Cherry trees, the Cherry, when measured in 1901, was the largest both in diameter and height. The follow- ing was the average size of the 7 trees: Average diameter at 1 foot from CHGS ON ape tae p< oho 2 8.4 inches Average diameter at 7 feet from [ders nen qovbhavc oye cay een 6.4 inches Averaive Mmetehtenien ics sce: 34.0 feet Average clear length of bole..19.0 feet In another block containing 149 Black Cherry and 187 Catalpa trees the latter were entirely dominated by the Cherry. The average size of the Cherry was: Average diameter at 1 foot from the erounde s.r seen). 75.0) taciies Average diameter at 7 feet from fhe enous. svar recut ts 4.0 inches Averawe eights. 2). cea. o2 22.0 feet Average clear length of bole..19.0 feet THE FORT BAYARD WATERSHED JC) BLUMER IFTY miles east of the Arizona line, and seventy miles north of the Mexican boundary, on the south slope of the Pinos Altos Mountains of southwestern New Mexico, lies the Ft. Bayard watershed. It embraces the headwaters of Cameron Creek from the United States military hospital at Ft. Bayard northward nearly to the continental divide as it culminates in Black Peak and the Twin Sisters. It thus practically abuts on the backbone of America. The twenty-two square miles of its general southerly exposure thus lie at an altitude of, roughly, 6,000 to 8,000 feet above sea level. Its southern and lower portion lies within the Ft. Bayard Military Reser- vation. The remainder, in July, 1905, became part of the Gila Forest Re- serve. The climate is warm and dry, but very much less so than is commonly thought. The average annual precipi- tation for the last thirty-two years on the neighboring plain has been 15 inches.* As the mountain tops are approached, the rainfall increases. It *Stockman, Bulletin N, U. 8. Weather Bureau. 224 is conservative to place the average annual rainfall for the watershed in question at 25 inches. here is one pronounced rainy season, and_ this comes in July and August, usually closing in September. At this season the sweltering people of our cities north and east would do well to come to southwestern New Mexico for their summer resort. The mercury finds the midsummer forenoon too short to rise higher than 85 degrees Fahrenheit, Photo by W. R. Matoon. General View of Bull Pine on North Slope in center and along stream. Blue Oak Chapparal on other slopes. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION May where the air is quiet and several de- grees warmer than in the neighboring valley. Here is encountered at night a stream of cold air on its way from the mountains to the plain, there to replace the heated atmosphere of the day. The light snows and rains that usually fall during the mild winter suffer comparatively little by evapo- ration and transpiration. When the warmth of spring reappears, this moisture is quickly utilized by the veg- Juniper and Streams run dry except at time of floods; and where fed by a few precious springs. rarely does it venture above this point. By noon the warm air has ascended to the mountain tops, comes in contact with cooler bodies here and is con- densed, clouds begin to lower and de- scend through the keen atmosphere, and soon to refresh the entire moun- tain side by shade, or gentle shower, or bursting torrent. The nights are always cool. In autumn it is found ad- visable to pitch camp upon a knoll, etation, and it makes as quickened growth. As the drouth and parching heat of spring advances, this growth recedes to a minimum, takes on new impulse and fresh color with the be- nignant midsummer showers, only to dwindle and fade a second time with the approach of winter. Thus we find in evergreen trees the phenomenon of two annual rings formed within one year. Since many 1906 pronounced irregularities creep in, however, the determination of age by the counting of rings becomes a task of great difficulty. With the decidu- ous species the case is different. They usually present plainly but one annual ring per year. The geologic structure of this drain- age basin is varied and interesting. In the southeast portion the gentle swells are paved with great blocks of car- boniferous limestone. Resting upon Photo by W. R. Matoon. A Closer View of North Slope. in left toreground at base of slope. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 225 formation from northeast to southeast, and together with erosion, govern the minor topography. These audesite dikes are often sufficiently mineral- bearing to deflect a transit needle sev- eral degrees from its true course. As- cending nothward, we find resting upon this formation a body of rhyo- lite, a whitish acid, volcanic rock, its edge exposed in the form of several water-sculptured terraces that repre- sent as many successive flows of lava. Note the deltoid mass of rock fragments and debris Immediately above the gully is ten feet deep. This slope not long ago was covered by an open stand of Bull Pine. this are certain bodies of quartzite of perhaps Triassic age. Mt. Humboldt, marking the easternmost point of the basin, is a cone built of this exceed- ingly hard material. All the remain- ing foothill portion of the watershed belongs to an eruptive formation, prob- ably Older Tertiary. It contains cer- tain bodies of volcanic sandstone. Ribs of intrusive rock, usually 8-12 feet wide, at intervals traverse this whole Surmounting this, and marking the line where the foothills merge into the mountain slopes, come bodies of con- glomerate hundreds of feet thick. These are composed of volcanic mate- rial, but evidently deposited by water. Spread upon top of the conglomerate, and showing itself continuous through- out the watershed and beyond, is a layer of brown, Miocene or Pliocene basalt, whose edge forms the perpen- 226 dicular “rim rock,” that is such a char- acteristic feature of the great west. This lava floor has been cut and chis- elled by the drippings of the ages until we have to-day a whole system of mesas corresponding to the same, well- nigh perfect level. Above and beyond, reaching to the upper confines of the basin, rise other bodies of conglomer- ate, capped by still other strata of rhy- olite and basalt. The principal floral type is one of evergreen, orchard-like woodland, and of chapparal. This clothes all the bas- in except the strictly north slopes. These give rise to a deciduous oak (Quercus gambelu) mixed with west- ern yellow pine in an open stand. The strictly evergreen type covers perhaps go per cent. or more of the area. The trees and shrubs of general distribu- tion are as follows, named in order of importance from the economic stand- point: Two species of juniper, four of oak, two of pine, mountain mahogany (Cerocarpus parvilfolius), and Garrya Wrighti. The junipers are Juniperus pachyphloea, and Juniperus monosper- ma, bearing the local names of juniper and cedar, respectively. The oaks are Ouercus artzonica, Quercus hypoleuca, Quercus gambeli, Quercus emoryi. The first is locally known as scrub oak ; the third as water oak, white oak ; while the second and fourth are usu- ally combined under the names of red oak and black jack. The pines: Pinus edulis, and Pinus ponderosa. The fore- going are within each group placed in order of relative abundance, which, with the possible transposition of the pines, is also the order of present rela- tive economic value. There occur at least 26 other native species in the basin, nearly all growing along water-courses. The more prom- ising of these for soil-binding on stream banks and other purposes, are: The poplars (Populus wislizeni, Popu- lus angustifolia), box elder, Mexican walnut (Juglans rupestris), cherry (Prunus salicifolia acutifolia) , willows (Salix wrrorata, and two others), lo- cust (Robinia neomexicana). Aside from tree fruit and small fruit, three FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION May species have been introduced, viz.: Populus acununata, Sapindus margina- tus, Sambucus glauca. The first-named makes a phenomenal growth (5 to 6 feet annually) where water is at hand. The soap-berry, next in order, shows promise in spreading to arid soil. The chief use of such woody growth as will thrive on this watershed is its power for the conservation of soil and water. The secondary use is almost altogether for firewood and _ posts. With fuel in the neighboring town of silver City worth $6.50 a cord, and juniper posts growing scarce at 40 cents each, this is also important. The two species that deserve special mention are the alligator juniper (Jun- iperus pachyphloea) and Quercus ari- zomca. Both are of wide and general distribution, and maintain themselves well under adverse conditions, each on certain areas being the only woody plant to survive. The oak grows upon many steep slopes underlain by con- glomerate, a soil cover that nature has taken untold centuries of selection to produce, and that man will probably find impossible to improve. The juni- per thrives alone on many a grassy mesa, and reproduces vigorously on cut-over areas under surroundings that would kill any ordinary tree, root and branch. The latter is true of the other juniper as well, but this is limited in distribution. Junipers are of slow growth, and necessarily so in a climate like this. Yet the past season (1905) young growth has made an average of about 15 inches, much more than any other species on the same site. On large areas the junipers are capable of forming by far the best soil cover of anything now growing, and it is at least somewhat doubtful if anything better can be made to grow in the fu- ture. Moreover, they give the best quality of wood of any species on the watershed, both for fuel and posts. But junipers are hard to produce ar- tificially. The best present way to fa- vor them appears to be to provide the conditions best suited to the produc- tion of natural young growth. But it Courtesy Forest Service. Stephen’s Creek, Ft Bayard Nursery. Run off during flood after hard showers, August 2, 1905 S18 07°23 Courtesy Forest Service. View taken in same place as preceding view one hour later. The stream has receded to its normal volume, emanating from springs. 298 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION May would lead too far to discuss these here. The stupendous physical forces that have upheaved and convulsed this bit of the earth’s surface belong to the unknown past. The more constant and more silent forces that little by little have worn this watershed down to its present topography may never have been so active as at present. The not infrequent cloudbursts corrugate the upper, and especially the north slopes to a remarkable degree, bring down countless tons of rock debris and soil, tear great, gaping channels through the ranches of remarkably rich alluvial adobe soil along the streams, only fur- ther down to double devastation by spreading sand, rock, and uprooted trees over other fertile fields and or- chards. During the rainy season it is the rule for roads to be impassable. At Ft. Bayard the pumping station and the water supply for the 500 pa- tients has been put in jeopardy. The springs upon which the ranches de- pend are often obliterated. Various recently eroded streambeds disclose 10 to 15 feet below the present flood plain the surface of an older one, rich with humus, and often supporting the roots of oak and walnut. While these trees were growing the stream was probably cutting a channel near by, and later overwhelming them by disposition. One stream has recently exposed a log cabin buried in about 12 feet of sediment. Now the cabin was such as white men build, hence was put up less than 400 years ago. Logs not long cut have been buried in va- rious places. ‘These are strong indi- cations that active erosion and deposi- tion takes place in certain cycles, and that these have continued from geolo- gic down through historic time to the present day. Local testimony bears witness, that a long period previous to 1903 had been very dry. The unusually heavy rainfall of the last two years has caused a tremendous amount of fresh eullying. It is possible that a new cycle of erosion has just begun. The severe grazing of past years that killed the grama sod over considerable areas, and caused such hardy shrubs as the mountain mahogany to succumb in large numbers, has without doubt con- tributed much to erosive activity. On several north slopes the last of the pines had been removed. The grasses and herbs of the ground cover had been literally shaved off by cattle and goats. The succeeding rains tore fur- rows into these slopes fully ten feet deep in places, and no further apart. But it must not be inferred that had there been no grazing or wood-cutting there would have been no gullies. They would only have been fewer and less deeper. Certain rhyolitic terraces are now being cut clean. The rains are washing the white rock bare of all soil and humus. But it should not be concluded that a forest should stand on those rocks had there been no cut- ting. If all influence-of grazing and wood-cutting, past and present, could be obliterated, the timber would still be scrubby, and it is more than likely that run-off and erosion should still take place to a remarkable degree. The factors that cause this large amount of run-off, erosion, and deposition can be safely put down in the following or- der: Character of, rainialls soi and rock, topography and vegetation, ma- jor factors. Grazing and wood-cut- ting, minor factors. Being human factors, grazing and wood-cutting can be controlled. In fact, on the public land in the water- shed, they are now being prohibited, and for the present rightly so. But 23 per cent. of the total area is either in private and territorial holdings, or in process of passing into such, the latter in some cases unrightfully. As a re- sult of the prohibition much of this. land is now being absolutely denuded of both grass and wood, nor can the bona fide owners be blamed. As an offset it is possible on certain areas of the public domain to reverse the fac- tors of grazing and wood-cutting into that of tree-planting. A forest nursery was established on the watershed by Mr. Geo. F. Cloth- ier, of the Forest Service, in the sum- 1906 mer of 1905. In December following, 450,000 western yellow pine, and some other seedlings, were growing in it, covering three-fifths of an acre. Plant- ed in July, the pines had made at the end of the growing season two inches of top, and 8 to 12 inches of root, with ) , ee ee er meer i i i | Courtesy Forest Service. FORESTRY AND [RRIGATION 229 over, these same slopes are in most immediate need of attention. This pine should presently do a great deal to relieve the local situation. The fur- ther and larger use of the planting will come in the form of an object lesson to the people of that section. But it Ft. Bayard Forest Nursery, showing seed beds of Bull Pine, photo taken 30 days trom date of seed sowing, August, 1905. some laterals one inch long. They wiil probably be ready to transplant in the fall of 1906, or summer of 1907. Their logical place is on the north slopes. Being indigenous here, they should succeed readily when planted. More- must be conferred that to expect from these measures anything like a com- plete cessation of erosive activity on the watershed as a whole, even if rea- sonable time is allowed, would be the merest folly. ie H(, HH cide agen arew rr fia aha RUBBER CULTURE. IN THE PHILIP- PINE ISLANDS W. I. HUTCHINSON Forester, Philippine Bureau of Forestry. ONE of the great problems to be solved in the development of every new country, apart from the principles of government, is, what products are best suited to the climatic and soil conditions at hand. So important is this matter that every civilized nation maintains num- erous agricultural stations and farms, not only at home but throughout its foreign possessions, in order that by careful experiments some light may be cast on this all important subject. To the business man and the farmer of the Philippine Islands, this question is a very vital one. A considerable amount of capital is usually required to further a large farming project, and it is but natural that the first question that those whose money is involved should ask, is, what returns may we expect, and how long will it be neces- sary to wait before the first crop can be gathered ? Cocoanuts, hemp, and sugar cane have been planted in these islands for many years, so that the profit that may be secured from these products is gen- erally well known. One reads daily, however, of the large returns received from cultivation in the East, of trop- ical crops other than those mentioned, and on comparing their gross proceeds with those from cocoanuts or hemp, is surprised to find that the crops planted to the greatest extent in any country, are not always the ones that yield the largest income. It was ‘undoubtedly on this account that rubber was first introduced into the Philippines, or perhaps it would be more accurate to say, into the Island of Mindanao, as it is in this section of the Archipelago that the greatest amount of planting has been done, through official channels. Up to the present time Para rubber seed has been secured either from San- dakan, Borneo; or Singapore, through the Bureau of Forestry at Manila, and the Government of the Moro Province, Island of Mindanao. A few private ranch owners have also ob- tained small shipments of Ceara and Castilloa from Ceylon. On account of the different methods of treatment, growth, etc., of these various species, they will be considered separately. ParA RupBer, (Hevea brasiliensis). During 1905 several small lots of Para seed were received in the Phil- ippines. Ejary in the year the Moro Government obtained 1,000 seed from Sandakan, Borneo, which were dis- tributed among ranch owners and gev- ernment officials throughout Min- danao; but of these seed few germi- nated, due without doubt to their in- fertility, and the lack of knowledge as to the proper methods of planting. In October, 1905, the Bureau of Forestry, at Manila, received 5,000 seed from Singapore, 2,500 of which were sent to the Island of Mindanao, where they were planted in seed-beds at the Moro Government Experimen- tal Farm, located on the Zamboanga Peninsula. Although every care pos- sible was given the seed, which were planted within a month from the date of shipment, only about 400 of the total number sprouted. The average rate of growth of these nursery plants was about 18 inches in 50 days, seeds unfiled when planted. In January of the present year the Moro Government again made a pur- chase of 6,000 seedlings, which had been raised from seed at the Lamao Forest Reserve, Bataan Province, by the Bureau of Agriculture. One 1906 thousand of these seedlings were dis- tributed to farmers in the vicinity of Zamboanga, and the remainder placed in seed-beds to await a favorable sea- son for planting. It is the intention of the Provincial Government to distribute a number of these seedlings among principal towns of the island, in order to ascertain which section of the country is best suited to rubber growing. A planta- tion will also be established on the Government Farm at an elevation of 25 feet above sea level, with sample plots in the surrounding mountains at different altitudes up to 1,200 feet. CEARA Rusper, (Manihot glaziovit). As far as is known to the writer, there are only two rubber plantations of any size in the Philippine Islands, and these are located on the Island of Basilan, Moro Province. These plan- tations are situated at 200 and 250 feet elevation, and contain 2,500 and 1,000 trees respectively. The soil of both of these areas is well drained, rich, heavy loam, with a small amount of volcanic gravel intermixed. The following figures on the annual rainfall of the island were furnished by the Weather Bureau sub-station at Port Isabela, Basilan: Inches. Year 1903, total rainfall, 65.30 tgo4, total rainfall, 74.25 1905, total rainfall, 42.43 The Ceara seed, after having been en route for eight months, were filed and planted directly to stake. At the lower elevation 2,500 out of 3,000 seed germinated, while at 500 feet some- thing over 1,000 plants were obtained from 1,500 seed. The following measurements made by the writer, will be of interest to all rubber growers, and as far as is known compare favorably with the growth of other trees of the same species and age, planted in the East: Ceara rubber, elevation 500 feet; planted 15x15 feet; age, 7 months 5 days; number of trees measured, 43; average height, 12 feet 5 inches; max- imum height, 17 feet; elevation, 200 feet; planted, 15x15 feet; age, 5 months 15 days; number of trees measured, 65; average height, 9 feet 9 inches: maximum height 12 feet. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 231 CASTILLOA RUBBER, (Castilloa elastica) A small Castilloa plantation, con- taining some 400 seedling trees irreg- ularly spaced, has recently been set out on the Island of Basilan at an eleva- tion of about 50 feet above sea level. The soil on this situation is a rich, heavy loam which has been washed down from the surrounding moun- tains, and contains but a small amount of gravel. The measurement of 45 plants in the seed-bed, which are slightly larger ‘than those set out in the plantation, gave the following results: Castilloa rubber, age, 4 months 25 days; number of seedlings measured, 45; average height, 17 inches; max- imum height 29 inches. After watching the growth of Para and Castilloa seedlings in nursery beds, and Ceara trees in plantation, it is the foresters opinion that all of these species are well suited to the climatic and soil conditions as found in the Island of Mindanao. Rambong (Fiscus elastica), the other great rubber producing species under cultivation, has been planted singly in private grounds in many towns in the islands. All seem to thrive well. Which of these four species will give the greatest returns per acre in the islands is a question which time alone can solve. Almost every large ranch owner in the eastern part of the Island of Mindanao will plant more or less rubber this year. Plans are being made to try all the principal kinds of rubber trees, and it is hoped that the species best adapted to the Philippines may be determined in the near future. With the ever increasing demand for rubber, the limited areas suitable for its production, and the rapid ex- haustion of the jungle product, it will doubtless be many years before the supply ever in a small measure be able to meet the demand. In this new country we have been slow in starting to plant rubber, but the first step in the right direction has been taken, and the day may not be far distant when the Philippine Islands will be reckoned as an important fac- tor among the rubber producing coun- tries of the world. History of Past Month in Government Forest Work Probably no branch of forest utilization, with the possible exception of the manufacture of pulpwood, shows such rapid development in this coun- try as the veneer industry. Until very recently the opinion has prevailed that the kinds of timber which could be made into veneer were very limited in number, but the reports furnished by the veneer producers to the Forest Service include 24 species. Many of these, to be sure, are now cut in un- important quantities, but the tendency to experiment with new woods is clear- ly shown. The following statement as to the kinds and quantities of wood used for the manufacture of veneer stock in 1905 1s compiled from the reports fur- nished to the Forest Service by 93 firms. It should be noted that the total amount of wood used, 138,646,000 feet, is in log measure. As the amount of lumber actually cut from the log averages about 20 per cent greater than the log measure, it is safe to say that the timber used for veneer stock would have made some 166,000,000 feet of ordinary lumber. Veneer Stock in 1905 Wood use d for veneer stock. Feet, log =e Per cent Kind. measure | of total Redieumi |, Soe ieee ae ee 29,739,000 21.5 Yellow poplar 20,513,000 15.0 Maples yee 18,#43,000 3.4 Cottonwood 13,942,000 10.1 White oak: 7 Sse een 10,639,000 8.0 Birch, 9,983,000 7.0 Basswood)... Gs =u eae 8,994,000 6.5 Pine .;..... 3 eee 5,315,000 3.8 Blin.) 2 eee $509,000 2.0 Red oak’: 005: - ee 3,892,000 2.8 ol 101s es ST Feeney 1,893,000 1.3 Be h,, .c. e . - e 1,200,000 8 Oth Species; 3:5. Ree riay 9,584,000 6.9 138,646,000 | 100.0 _ Reserve All species for which a total cut of less than 1,000,000 feet was reported are tabulated, together with mixed timber, under the heading ‘ ‘Other spe- clesa which includes sycamore, tupe- lo, chestnut, hickory, pecan, butternut, cherry, spruce, cypress, hackberry, lo- cust, and willow. The demand for lodge- pole pine ties by the western railroads, which prefer them to any other because of the ease with which they take preser- vatives, has greatly increased the mar- ket value of the Rocky Mountain for- ests in northern Colorado, Wyoming, eastern Idaho, and southern Montana, where lodgepole pine is the predomi- nant tree. These forests are largely within existing or proposed national forest reserves, and are consequently under government control, so that the Forest Service has felt the need of preparing plans to permit the sale of such mature timber in them as may be safely spared. During the past year a WwW orking plan was completed for about 46,000 acres in the Wyoming Division of the Medicine Bow ‘Reserve. It was found in the first place that the protective value of the forest as a cover for the watersheds is so great that any utilization of the timber crop must be subordinated to it. Through- out the region the control of stream flow by the forest cover is the prime consideration. The mining industry, which is of high importance, will not be hampei red by the disposal of reserve timber, since all the mining claims located in or near the tract include timber sufficient for the needs of the owners. The pres- Timber Sales 1906 ent moderate grazing of cattle is car- ried on without risk to reproduction of the forest. The Medicine Bow Forest Reserve contains the largest continuous body of lodgepole pine to be found in the Rocky Mountains. The timber on the tract for which the plan was made is accessible ; tie cutting has been carried on in the reserve for some years; and it was definitely known that all the timber which could safely be removed would find a ready sale. Measure- ments in the woods and careful stud- ies of the rate of past growth and of the forest’s power of self-renewal fur- nished data from which the govern- ment foresters calculated what the for- est can be expected to yield and what per cent can be cut safely now. It was found that 165,000,000 feet B. M. of lodgepole pine could be taken out and yet leave a large percentage for future crops. Special studies were made of the injury to which the forest is liable from insect attack and fungus, from windfall and fire. Local market con- ditions and the methods and cost of lumbering were investigated to see whether improvements. and economies might not be instituted, as well as to fix upon a fair stumpage price. Sila so oe Reports made to the ardwoo : Distillation Forest Service by 58 hardwood distillers have been compiled, so as to give the fol- lowing preliminary statement of the number of cords of hardwood re- quired by this industry and the vol- ume of its products. The woods al- most universally used are beech, birch, and maple, only a little over 1 per cent being oak and chestnut. Products. State. Wood used. Ghar- Alcohol | Acetate. eon Cords.| Gallons.| Pounds. | Bushels. Pennsylvania,,.. 208,861 2,242,899) 39,573,508 7,890,346 New York........... 113,036) 1,091,871) 24,188,234 4,075,595 Michigan ........... 239,992) 1,246,121! 14,778,695 8,193,387 Other States ...... 8,522 93,361 510,777| 2,648,955 MO tag reece: 570,411] 4,674,522| 79,051,214 22,803,283 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 2338 The preliminary state- ment of the consump- tion of tanbark in 1905 is compiled from the reports of 440 firms to the Forest Service. These firms purchased hemlock and oak bark during the year as follows: Consumption of Tanbark Bark purchased. . | Number of | Per Kind. cords. cent. | ETE O Cer eee eee ene ee hese | BOTS || = 2S OE aes sacrencop os arepceceecctiadesscaacos | 293,758 | 27.7 Total | The bark purchased was obtained from the various States as follows: Hemlock bark. oe A Numberof| Per State from which obtainca. cords. cont Pennsylvania ................ 379,733 49.5 IN BUOL OURS NOY ee acceciosco0.c6ce 219,852 28.5 Wisconsin........ 68,247 | 9.0 West Virginia . 37,812 | 5.0 Main er cite eeseet cane tares 29,700 3.9 New York..... 13,638 eG VEnIMOM Greet ieee seer eteceeenses 7,451 1.0 OtMen) Sta vesie esc cece ses eeemacs coer 10,595 1.8 TO tell Bg) ean soeenceaetee owes 766,268 | 100.0 Oak bark. State from which obtained. Number of| Per cords. cent Wireimia oc. .ctcc moe eeceeet eee 68,764 23.4 Galiform Tape geet aie ere sereecenss 48,144 16.4 Pennsylvania 46,903 16.0 West Virginia 37,890 12.9 MEMMNMESSEC ee eeerees tee srsceaeesess 28,599 9.7 INOrbhy Carolin aeeeeeereeeee-eceee-cceaser 27,876 9.5 ARTIC ypu ence eee ore aeeenees 17.648 6.0 NY ROA OVG lp es sccneoteppconcpoccoadceo: 7,423 2.5 GOOLE TA ee erne cnt eee dacscccenoceses 4,457 1.5 (0) ob Lo pete naeen ee eee Seerrnct eerorecccuor 4,123 1.4 Others States hee emcee eeeecee-cerceenss 1,931 7 A Ro) lee ee ee Doe ee ee 293,758 | 100.0 Seven different states Forest Plant- ing Stations "OW have eight forest experiment stations, es- tablished during the past year, for co- operation between the Forest Service and State forest commissions and ag- ricultural colleges. ‘These stations are designed to meet the growing demand for detailed information on the prop- agation of forest trees in various re- eions. As a result of regional studies and special investigations, the Forest Ser- 234 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION May vice is already in possession of very complete data on tree growing for pro- tection and timber supply, and this in- formation is gladly supplied upon re- quest. There are many questions, however, regarding new species, nur- sery methods, mixtures, spacing, and cultivation which can not be satisfac- torily settled by studies of existing plantations. These matters will be in- vestigated by a long series of system- atic experiments, now under way at the new stations. Arrangements have been made for experimental forest planting in co- Operation with the New York State Forest, Fish and Game Commission, at Saranac Inn in the Adirondacks; with the Michigan Forestry Commission, at Roscommon; with the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor; with Berea College, Kentucky ; with the State Ag- ricultural Colleges at Ames, Iowa, Fargo, N. Dak., and Agricultural Col- lege, Miss., and with the sub-station of the University of Nebraska, at North Platte. The work contemplated needs constant expert supervision, and great care has been exercised to limit the stations to regions where addi- tional data on forest planting are need- ed. Most of the stations are at insti- tutions where regular courses in for- estry are given, and the work is di- rected by the forester in charge. The co-operating institutions in most cases contribute the necessary land, and share all expenses for material and labor equally with the Forest Ser- vice. The Service passes upon all plans and directs the general opera- tions. The results are the joint prop- erty of the co-operating parties. Production The following prelimi- a Tight nary statistics of the pro- ooperage duction of tight-cooper- age stock in 1905 are compiled from the reports of 124 firms to the Forest Service. The number of staves re- ported is 158,988,000, and the number of sets of heading, 8,030,000. The importance of white oak to the tight-cooperage industry is shown by the fact that over 92 per cent of the staves and 88 per cent of the heading were manufactured from it. It is also important that over one-third of the staves and heading reported were manufactured for alcoholic packages, which require the highest grade of white oak, and that 31 per cent of these staves were bucked and split or hewed. Sawed staves—Alcoholic stock. Kind. Timber. Number. BOUTDORE ees White oak............ 18,423,000 Spirit and wine......]......... dO ee 15,117,000 Halil barre) ao Meee dota ae 3,548,000 Total eases Sel ease catete scene 37,088,000 Bucked and split or hewed staves— Alcoholic stock. Kind. Timber. Number, French claret......... White oak............ 7,687,000 Bourbons os eae ORO 4,470,000 Spirit and wine......|_........ do Ee 1,522,000 Secondsie= 2. ot |e Oke ner rer 1,438,000 Westindians hes dok sara 989,000 Haliybarrel Sosa dor 2 eee 291,000 Pipes ooh ee 1 eee GO: 95,000 Miscellaneous ........) 00000... GOT 171,000 Potall eC LAA Fan om sree ee 16,693,000 Sawed staves—Oil, packimg-house, and sirup stock. Kind, = ) Timber: Number. Oil and tierce......... White oak........... 76,930,000 6,545,000 Pork ee ees 6,060,000 Sirup 2,431,000 Oleomargarine 1,126,000 Sirup 80,000 Miscellaneou 314,000 Cut-offs 11,721,000 Total 105,207,000 Heading. Kind. Timber. es IBOUTDON esse eee White oak............ 1,763,000 Spirit and wine..... do... 1,197,000 Oil anc tierce.,.......|.. 3,734,000 Half barrel and keg 1.099,000 POVrk 22 Ase 208,000 Doane 29,000 Lotel v.50. hihiewee ees 8,030,000 Figures on Pulpwood The work of the Forest Service in gathering sta- tics of forest products for the past year has furnished the basis for a provisional statement of the a . . 1906 wood consumed in the manufacture of paper pulp. As the accompanying ta- ble shows ,the returns from 159 firms, controlling 232 pulp mills, give over 3,000,000 cords as the total amount of wood used. Wood. Cords. Spraece |(GOMEStIC) A. see 22 eecaescrsoee sence eas 1,564,000 Sprucesdumponted))| 22 0 eee aceaee 614,000 Roplare(G@mestic) .2 55 feweseee coe eee 274,000 BoplarGmported )) 5.75) eee eee saves tee 22,000 370,000 57,000 22,000 93,000 5,016,000 The wood used was divided among the various processes as follows: Sul- phite, 1,538,000 cords; soda, 410,000 cords; ground wood, 1,068,000 cords. The total pulp production by all pro- cesses by the firms reporting was I,- 993,000 tons. According to the census of 1900, the consumption of pulpwood was then 1,986,310 cords, so that there has been an increase of over 50 per cent in the last six years. This demon- strates, in a striking manner, the drain upon the forests caused by the pulp industry. Wood Used ‘The returns received by = the Forest Service show- Making ing the woods used in box making in New England during the past year make possible the follow- ing preliminary statement. The first table shows that 292 box factories used 600,493,000 feet of lum- ber, valued at $8,831,000 delivered at the factories: : = | Per Kind of wood. Feet. | cent VW LOH RE) ODOC ese RO A pe 491,302,000 | 81.1 SET DV CEE ee a See en core Eee 59,304,000 | 9.9 (evernal oyel a ee erro nee 25,945,000 4.4 13 260 Ot eee eee ) LEST CLS gs eee eee nee ~ 8,442,000 2.0 TIE 2 ik 6 aN a ) TIT cess ec NR CERN oe 7,964,900 | 1.4 OtIeraW OOS a ercase scsi 7,486,000 1.2 Under “other woods” are included poplar, chestnut, basswood, pitch pine, and a small quantity of yellow pine. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 235 The second table shows the percent- age manufactured by each state: State. eee NIASSAIGIMUISC UES p Ae eee cee tot Son ee ee ee ae kee 48 Newallampshires ie 6 2 ieee ne ee 21 INE WG BYES, se Fis i i a As A A = ae Be 20 ELON Ueeernomed ek ue ek return 7 ConnectiCuienn = ar ein st eaenion | as 2 FUEL Culs earn Cl Rees ere co Foe Fe onan Meenas ie yee 2 The above figures include the lum- ber used in making all kinds of boxes, such as lock-corner, dovetail, and nailed boxes, and box shooks. The consumption of 491,302,000 feet of white pine, or nearly five times as much as of all other woods com- bined, shows its great importance to the box makers of this region. The Ashland Forest Re- serve, in Oregon, has just been enlarged, and the Vernon Forest Reserve, in Utah, created by proclamation of the Presi- dent. The expansion of the boundary of the Ashland Reserve has been made for the purpose of including more fully the watershed of Ashland Creek, which is the source of water supply for the city of Ashland and for a large territory of agricultural land in that vicinity. The reserve, which was origi- nally established upon request of the common council and board of trade of the city of Ashland, presented in a me- morial and petition to the President, includes a rough, mountainous tract, covered largely with timber of an in- ferior quality and a dense growth of underbrush needed as a_ protection cover to Ashland Creek. The narrow strip of country which has been added to it is of a similar character, consisting of a tract lying along the summit of a spur from the Siskiyou Mountains, which has an average elevation of about 7,200 feet, and culminates in one of the most prominent landmarks in southern Ore- gon, known as Siskiyou Peak, or Ash- land Butte, which rises to a height of 8,025 feet. The tract is unfit for cultivation and has no settlements on it. As, how- New Forest Reserves 236 ever, it forms the watershed of various tributaries to Ashland Creek, it is im- portant to insure proper protection to its forest cover and to prevent the streams from being contaminated in any way. This will now be carefully attended to by the forest officer in charge of the reserve. The Vernon Reserve, containing 68,000 acres, lies in the extreme south- eastern corner of Toole county, Utah, embracing the southern end of the Onaqui Range, which rises in places to a height of about 9,500 feet, and forms the two divides between Rush, Fast Rush, and Skull valleys. The streams flowing from this tract are essential to the settlers at the heads of these valleys, who depend upon them at present for the irrigation of about 3,000 acres of land. Formerly, the water supply was much more abundant. In the days of the early settlement of this locality, the streams are said to have been three times their present size, and to have been used all the way down the valleys. In- Rush Valley water made its way in the spring as far north as Stockton Lake, and the south end of the valley sup- ported a population of 300 people, while now there are not more than 100 people there. Stockton Lake, at that time, covered an expanse of two by five miles, fed mostly by streams flow- ing from the hills which have been in- cluded in this reserve; and there were also 200 or 300 acres of wild hay meadows. Now, both the lake and meadows have dried up; and as the result, the ranches south of the lake have gradually been abandoned, until the population is now less than one- third its former size. An official examination of this re- gion to determine the cause of this les- sening of the waterflow, has resulted in showing that the change in condi- tions during the past twenty-five years has been caused by overgrazing on this watershed, and that protection to the headwaters of the streams is essential if settlement is to continue in these valleys. BeastsofPrey Wolves and mountain on Reserve lions are giving the Ranges : s stockmen a good deal of trouble on the ranges in several of the FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION May National forest reserves. Vigorous complaints have been made to the Forest Service of the loss of cattle and sheep, particularly cattle, from this cause. Protection is sought by the stockmen, and the Forest Service, which collects a fee for the grazing permits, has promptly assumed the task of finding and putting into effect practical measures to aid the cattle owners in exterminating the destruc- tive animals. The chief difficulty has been on the Wind River Division of the Yellow- stone reserve, in Wyoming. Some of the livestock companies in the region assert that the wolves are increasing so rapidly that the future welfare of the cattle industry is in serious danger. Among the proposals which these con- ditions have called forth are that a bounty be offered for the animals’ de- struction. The stockmen along the northern boundary of the Gila reserve, in New Mexico, and in the Wichita, in Oklahoma, have suffered almost as severely. Last spring the government appoint- ed John Goff, the skillful hunter who acted as guide to the President during his hunting trip a year ago, as Forest Ranger, and set him to hunting “lions” in the Shoshone Division of the Yel- lowstone reserve, in Montana. Now that the appeal from the stockmen on other reserves is so vigorous, espe- cially for the extermination of the wolves, the Service has just sent an expert into the field to study the wolf problem. The man selected for this work is a recognized authority on the game and other wild animals of the country, Mir. Vernon Bailey, Chief Field Naturalist of the Biological Sur- vey, from which he has been tempora- rily transferred in order to secure his services for this important project. The animals which are causing so much trouble to stockmen are common in their native habitat, but are little known to Easterners who have not hunted them. ‘The wolf is known in the West as the “timber” wolf. Though not large, it is powerful and quick. Not only does it kill calves and yearlings with ease, but it attacks and overcomes full-grown cattle. When after this larger prey it does not go for the 1906 throat, as so many beasts do, but fas- tens its teeth in the muscles of the leg, hamstringing its victim, which falls defenseless. But little of the carcass is usually devoured by the wolves. The “lion” is, of course, the cougar, and no true lion at all. Nevertheless, it is a large and powerful beast, capable of playing havoc among the cattle. The wolves and lions are not classed in the West as game animals, but are regarded as pests and are commonly termed “‘varmints.”’ Wherever they are plentiful a bounty is offered to encour- age their extermination. Despite this, they are still sufficiently numerous to work much harm, and it is said that in some localities they are on the in- crease. It is particularly notable that there has been so much complaint from the Wichita reserve, which the President WASHINGTON State Fire Warden Welty, of Wash- ington, will ask the prominent tim- ber owners and mill men of the State to contribute to the fund to maintain the forestry service during the year. The last State legislature appropriated money for this and provided for addi- tional appropriations from the coun- ties, but much of this money is not available and the fund has been ex- hausted. ‘Therefore, in order to con- tinue the service the mill men will be asked to make necessary contribu- tions. The Waha Land and Water Com- pany has opened bids for the construc- tion of 22 miles of ditch, three tunnels and two immense dams, the contract prices for which will aggregate about $500,000. The work is a part of the big irrigation system which the water company will establish south of Lewis- ton, Idaho, to reclaim 20,000 acres of land. The work completed will cost three times this initial expenditure. The present work will irrigate about 8,000 acres and will be completed this year. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 237 has set aside as a game refuge. The wolves and cougars are the enemies of other wild animals, and the sportsman, who desires to encourage American sport and to preserve American game, ‘can be counted on to aid in the work of hunting them down. In any case, however, the lion and the wolf must be driven from the ranges. Interests larger and more substantial than those of the huntsman and trapper demand it. The great live- stock industry, which the Forest Ser- vice has pledged itself to encourage in all legitimate directions, has had to pay heavy costs in the loss of cattle, young and full grown. That those holding permits may be assured the full enjoyment of their privilege un- molested, every effort will be made by the government to co-operate with the stockmen in protecting herds grazing on the reserves from attack. SPATE: NOTES It is believed that the approval by the Secretary of the Interior of the 1ieton and Sunnyside irrigation pro- ject means a great and rapid develop- ment for the central portion of Wash- ington. Reclamation engineers say when the work of irrigation is started, it means the reclamation of 400,000 acres of some of the best soil in the world when supplied with water, and that $10,000,000 will be expended in the coming ten years, beginning at once. In Benton county alone 200,000 acres will be irrigated. L. MacLean and E. G. Taylor, both of Spokane, have purchased lumber for a flume. which will tap Newman lake and irrigate 1,200 acres of land north of Spokane bridge. The flume will be about four miles long. John T. Whistler, of the Government Recla- mation Service, says if everything pro- gresses satisfactorily bids for the con- struction of the government dam of the East Umatilla, Oregon, project will be advertised for about May 1. Practically all those owning lands un- der the project have signed up in the Water Users’ Association. 7 In further consideration of rights of settlers to payment by the United States for improvements made _ by them on unsurveyed public lands, the Assistant Attorney General in an opin- ion approved by the Secretary of the Interior, April-12, 1906, states as fol- lows: ce Rights of Settlers that settlers upon public lands: appropriated by the Govern- ment for the use in construction and operation of irrigation works, who have made a bona fide settlement and have continued to comply with the law as to residence upon and cultiva- tion and improvement of the land set- tled upon, are entitled to be compen- sated for their improvements, al- though they have not placed their claim of record because of the unsur- veyed condition of the land. But the bona fide character of the settlement, and the acts of the settler should be clearly established before allowing compensation, when the settler has not indicated his purpose and intent by placing his claim of record, whether from the unsurveyed condition of the land or from other cause.” Interest in American Irrigation The work of the Nation- al Government in re- claiming its western arid areas is attracting the attention of other nations. There is a growing demand from Canada and South American governments for informa- tion regarding the development of irri- gation projects and the methods fol- lowed by the United States in obtain- ing and compiling stream measure- ments and in making topographic sur- veys. UNITED STATES One feature of the preliminary work of the U. S. Reclamation Service— that of making a diagnosis of the soil for the purpose of obtaiing the quan- tity of salts it contains has called forth inquiries from distant India. The ir- rigators in Bunna Valley in the Pun- jab province have been having serious trouble owing to the swamping and deterioration of the lower valley lands. The streams draining the Salt Range on one side of the valley carry quanti- ties of salt in solution, and consider- able areas have been ruined by this means. Similar conditions exist in some parts of our western country, and the engineers have devised means for successfully overcoming the diff- culties. All of the Government pro- jects in such localities are provided with sufficient drainage systems which serve to carry off the harmful minerals in the water. When the topography of the country is such that the salts cannot be carried by means of ditches into the river, they are led into depres- sions and evaporated. The accumulated salts have a com- mercial value which may make their removal profitable. A plan similar to the above has been suggested by the Reclamation Service to the India en- gineers as one which might tend to ameliorate conditions at Bunna. The Reclamation Serv- ice is having its share of trouble with floods in the Salt River Valley, Arizona. Two unusual floods occurred in March, causing considerable damage to pri- vate property in the Valley and some delay to the Government work. Floods in Arizona 1906 During the last flood Salt River took a sharp bend to the south near the in- take of the power canal and made it necessary to construct works to pre- vent serious damage to the canal. The emergency was so great that a large force of men was immediately put to work at this point. The Government has contracted to furnish power to the contractor who is to build the great reservoir dam, one of the highest structures of the kind in the world, and any injury to the power canal would cause severe loss to the con- tractor. In Arizona the Reclamation engi- neers are geing dubbed “rain-makers,” as ever since their appearance in Salt River Valley the floods have been of frequent occurrence and of unprece- dented volume. Nevada The construction of the ous Truckee-Carson project, Progressing Nevada, is progressing rapidly. At the present time 85 per cent of the works required to supply the first 160,000 acres is completed. During the present stage of high water in Carson River the Truckee River is not supplying the system, as the flow of the former is ample at this time. Three vitrified pipe openings have been set in the main canal and water will be delivered to settlers under this part of the system during the month of May. The old and new settlers under the main distributing system are now receiving their supply from it, and with the exception of two districts the lateral systems are now delivering water. It is expected that the entire lateral system will be in working order at the end of the month. On force account work is now being carried on by the Government in six camps 400 men and 450 head of stock are em- ployed. Uncle Sam, Cement Maker Uncle Sam wants Port- land cement and wants it badly. With 24 big irrigation projects under construction requiring hundreds of thousands of barrels of cement the engineers are FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 239 finding it next to impossible to obtain anything like the quantity needed. The unprecedented demand for this com- modity all over the West has already over-taxed the capacity of the mills, and almost without exception the Goy- ernment’s requests for bids are turned down. Apparently no manufacturers west of the Mississippi are able to sup- ply new orders. In reply to inquiries from the Government they state that, owing to the unusual demand new or- ders cannot be accepted for several months to come. Recently proposals were requested from eight manufac- turers and dealers in cement for 2,000 barrels required on an Idaho project. Only one proposal was received and that was at a rate 50 per cent higher than the firm would have sold a few months ago. Still later invitations for bids for several thousand barrels were sent to 23 dealers. Again but one firm submitted a bid, and this was nearly 60 per cent higher than the normal profitable rate of sale by this firm. Other attempts to purchase cement have been similarly unsuccessful. | The Reclamation Service is gravely concerned. It has let contracts for. structures involving millions of dol- lars, and a failure to secure cement as needed, entering as it does so largely in the work, will be disastrous. Ow- ing to the inaccessibility of many of the Government works, the transporta- tion of cement is difficult and costly. This was particularly the case in Salt River Valley in Arizona, where the great distance from existing mills and the expensive wagon haul, made the cost prohibitive. After making thor- ough investigation of the cost of bring- ing in cement for the Roosevelt Dam and other structures, the Government erected its own mill and for several months past has been turning out daily hundreds of barrels of first-class ce- ment at a price far below the cost of cement shipped in. It is known that materials required for manufacturing cement of good quality exist near sev- eral of the projects, and private parties should embrace the opportunity to go into the business. From the present 240 outlook, however, the Government seems to have a choice of shipping from the far eastern seaboard or from Europe, or of manufacturing its own cement. The town of Yuma, Ari- zona, lies entirely within the lines of the Yuma reclamation project, and at present has an execrable water system. The water Water Supply for Yuma FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION May from its irrigation projects to cities within or adjacent to the irrigated areas, and the citizens of Yuma, by a petition which has been signed by the largest property holders, are urging the town council to make an applica- tion to the Secretary of the Interior for a waer right. This will probably be the first application under the new law. Carrying Supplies into Roosevelt, Arizona, before the wagon road was completed. is now pumped directly from the river into settling tanks, and from these is distributed through the mains. Only a small part of the town is supplied with filtered water and the price is almost prohibitory. The climatic con- ditions being arid and nearly semi- tropical the town requires a larger pro- portional share of water than. almost any other city in the United States. A recent act of Congress provides that the Government may supply water Present indications are that Western Nebraska is to be one of the first sections to be benefited by the recent arrangement for cooperative crop ex- periments between the Department of Agriculture and the Reclamation Ser- vice. These experiments are to be car- ried on within the limits of or adjacent to areas covered by irrigation works constructed by the Government, and the stockholders of the North Platte Co-operative Crop Experiments 1906 Valley Water Users’ Association in a recent memorial to the Secretary of the Interior requested that land be segrated for reservoir, park, experi- mental and demonstration purposes. Favorable action has been taken by Secretary Hitchcock on this request. This work will be of inestimable value in instructing the settlers in the fundamentals of irrigation and dem- onstrating what may be done in that section by the scientific application of water and by dry farming. An es- pecially interesting feature will be the FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 241 name with which it is proposed to grace the reservoir. Out of considera- tion and esteem for the daughter of President Roosevelt the settlers have expressed the desire to christen the artificial body of water “Lake Alice.” The lands adjoin the reservoir and are to be parked and beautified with trees, flowers, and shrubbery. Altogether the request is a pretty compliment to the daughter of the man to whose in- telligent and persistent efforts the present work of reclaiming the arid West is largely due. PEE EeOs RIVER FOREST RESERVE Peek NEIPP ae HE Pecos River Reserve was the second of the Federal Forest Re- serves to have its economic advantages recognized, it having been created in its original form by Presidential proc- lamation on January I1, 1892, and was increased to its present area by a sec- ond proclamation, dated May 27, 1808. It is also entitled to the credit of being the first of all the Federal Reserves to be trod by the foot of the white man, for almost within its limits are the villages first visited by the hard fight- ing caballeros that followed Coronado in his search for the fabled seven cities in 1541. Notwithstanding this fact much of the reserve is still a country whose splendid stands of timber have not yet felt the ever-advancing and all- destroying axe of the railroad tie con- tractor, whose onward march, how- ever, has halted only at the boundaries of the reserve. This reserve is situated in about the center of the north half of the Terri- tory of New Mexico, and covers parts of Santa Fe, San Miguel, Mora, and Rio Arriba counties. ‘Topographically it comprises two ranges of mountains known locally as the Santa Fe range, and the Las Vegas range, both of which are spurs of the Sangre de Cris- to range. which forms part of the Rocky Mountain system, the altitude ranges from 7,500 feet to 135350 feet, but the average elevation 1s from 8,000 to 10,000 feet. The area of the reserve is 430,880 acres, or a trifle over 673 square miles; approximately speaking this acreage 1s divided about as follows: Merchant- able timber, 200,000 acres; old brrns now undergoing the slow process of natural reforestation, 100,000 acres; the balance, 130,880 acres, consists of open park and mountain meadow graz- ing land, and the barren peaks of the higher mountains. No figures are obtainable regarding the stand of timber on this reserve, and it would appear that no systematic attempt has been made to estimate it yet; in round figures the reserve con- tains about a half a billion feet board measure of merchantable timber, aver- aging thirty per cent. western yellow pine, the balance chiefly Englemann spruce. ; The most important factor in forest preservation as applied to New Mex- ico is the protection of the main water- sheds to such an extent as to insure 242 the most equal and continuous flow of water possible. The reason is most apparent; almost all of the agricultu- ral products of New Mexico are pro- duced by irrigation and as the larger percentage of the population are en- gaged in agricultural or pastoral pur- suits, it is evident that nothing could cause an era of hard times and suffer- ing as general as that which would fol- low a series of floods followed by a shortage of water. The Pecos River Forest Reserve is situated upon one of the most impor- tant water sheds of the territory. Within its limits are the head waters of the Pecos River which traverses New Mexico and Texas on the way to its junction with the Rio Grande, and whose course may be traced by the number of fine ranches watered by it; and also the head waters of the Mora River whose importance in relation to the agricultural wealth of the territory is almost as great. In addition to these two streams the reserve contains the scurces of several very important tri- butaries to the Rio Grande which be- fore being lost in the sandy bed of the Big River of the North, give life and fertility to thousands of acres of land and thereby sustain a large agricul- tural population that would otherwise be without resources of any sort. It is a noteworthy fact that none of the streams above mentioned attain their maximum height until the last of May or during the month of June, at a time when the lower country is becoming parched and dry and when water for irrigation purposes is badly needed ;: even. then) the» Gun ot 1s gradual, usually extending throughout a period of from two weeks to a month. Snow balling in June is a common amusement of the summer visitors to the timbered portions of the higher ranges and in some years the pleasure may be enjoyed during the month of July. In addition to the irrigation feat- ures, it might be mentioned that in and adjacent to the reserve are a number of sites for power plants, valueless to- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION May day, but all of which will some day be utilized. It is hardly necessary to state that the value of such plants will depend upon a steady and continuous flow of water guaranteed by well- forested water sheds. Next in importance to the protection of the water sheds, at the present time, is the grazing of stock. From 7,009 to 8,000 head of cattle and horses are al- lowed upon the reserve each year. Sheep and goats are excluded entirely and have been for a number of years. About thirty per cent of the stock grazed under permits is owned by resi- dent ranchers, the balance is held by neighboring stock owners whose ranches are located from one to five miles outside of the reserve and whose interests in the reserve are almost as great as the interests of the residents themselves. The number of permit holders is from 175 to 200, making the average number of cattle and horses owned by each about forty, the hold- ings ranging from 3 to 430 head, there being one bunch of the latter figure, the next largest being a trifle over 200 head, and the balance very evenly di- vided. It is apparent that under Gov- ernment administration there is no monopoly of choice ranges. The graz- ing areas are allotted with a view of giving each stock owner the most con- venient and advantageous range pos- sible, and the small owner no longer has to suffer the injustice of having his range eaten out by the transient cattle- man whose interest in the ranges was but temporary, ending when his cattle were taken out of the mountains. The importance of the reserve as a permanent source of timber supply is hardly recognized yet; still it is daily becoming more apparent that the tim- ber resources of New Mexico are be- ing rapidly exhausted. And it is with astonishing frequency that one hears from representative men the remark “timber is timber nowadays’ clearly indicating that the more thoughtful forsee the day when New Mexico, its magnificent forests destroyed, or re- tarded by indiscriminate cutting, will 1906 need for its development the splendid natural heritage that was sacrificed rather than utilized. The productive power of the Pecos River Forest Reserve is great, soil, moisture, and heat conditions are of the best, and three quarters of the re- serve is land that will produce mer- chantable timber. At the present time the high cost of production and low timber values make it impossible to completely utilize the timber resources of the reserve, but when the inevitable era of cheap and economical production and high timber values arrives, the re- serve should be capable of an annual production of five million feet. A factor that while of somewhat lesser importance is still worthy of note, is the value of the reserve as a game retreat. -Deer are rapidly in- creasing in number and are so well protected that they display little or no fright at the sight of men. Bear and mountain lions are plentiful as are smaller animals, the rapidly decreasing wild turkey is still to be found though not in large numbers, while there is an abundance of grouse and other game birds. All of the rangers are commis- sioned game wardens, with the right to make arrests; they are interested in this branch of the work and have had a prominent part in the enforcement of the game laws. A fact that may be worthy of men- tion is that private capital is beginning to follow the example of the Govern- ment in husbanding timber resources. On the Maxwell and Mora land grants systems of timber inspection have been in effect for some time, inspectors are employed and the rules in force rela- tive to the cutting of timber are in some respects more stringentthan those governing the Federal Forest Reser- ves. A penalty is placed upon the cut- ting of undersized timber, and upon FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 243 the wastage of merchantable timber ; while the anouncement is made that any person starting a forest fire will be prosecttted under the territorial laws. Another case is that of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Rail- road which owns about a township of timbered land adjacent to the reserve. It has requested a prominent local timber operator to take charge of its holdings and to conduct the cuttings in accordance with the rules and regula- tions governing timber cuttings in for- est reserves; the object being to hus- band the timber resources of the land and to secure as far as possible a per- manent supply of timber. These movements are signifiant, and indicate that the proclamations that set aside the Pecos River Forest Re- serve with the object of protecting the numerous and varied interests con- nected with it, were not made a day too soon. The serious nature of the problem which confronts the engineers will be appreciated when it is known that since the initiation of the work the Gila has twice so changed its channel and the topography of the country by cutting out in places and building up in others that re-surveys and plans of structure have been made and re-made by reason thereof. The levees are now ready for construction, but until they are com- pleted the uncertainty of the behavior of the Gila renders it unwise to let the work by contract under definite plans as contractors must necessarily be gov- erned by the conditions, and their bids will be made high accordingly. There is urgent need of haste. The Secretary of the Interior, rec- ognizing these facts and upon recom- mendation of the board of consulting engineers who investigated the situa- tion, has ordered that the work be un- dertaken immediately by the Recla- mation Service by force account. RECLAMATION WORK IN NORTH DAKOTA BY H. N. SAVAGE Supervising Engineer, U. S. Reclamation Service. (ee pumping projects are under consideration .in North Dakota, and drawings and specifications have been developed for each of the three. The Buford-Trention project con- templates the irrigation of 8,000 acres, which may be increased to 20,000 or more in case the land owners desire to avail themselves oi the opportunity. A water users’ association has been or- ganized, stock subscriptions made, and a contract is being executed with the Secretary of the Interior which will insure the early construction of the work. The Williston project looks to the irrigation of 12,000 acres, which may be increased to from 35,000 to 40,000 whenever the land owners make satis- factory arrangements. A water users’ association has been organized and a contract will soon be executed and transmitted to the Secretary of the In- terior for his approval. The Nesson project involves the ir- rigation of 12,000 acres. A water users’ association has been organized and stock subscriptions are now being received. It is expected that the land owners will enter into a contract and submit same to the Secretary of the Interior at an early date. These three projects are located on ne leit or north side of the Missouri ver, in the extreme western part of North Dakota. The fall of the river slight that it is not possible to take out a canal and distribute the gravity, therefore pumping essarily resorted to. The abund- ance of lignite fuel in the immediate vicinity makes possible the develop- ment of power at an economical cost. Very careful topographic surveys were made during the season of 1905 of all the lands in the vicinity of each of these projects. The engineers have made a very careful study of the to- pography in order to develop the most economical and efficient location for distribution canals. The plans developed contemplate power stations located adjacent to the lignite mines and the transmission electrically of the power generated. Owing to the changeable current of the Missouri River careful considera- tion has been given to the establish- ment of at least one of these pumping stations on a barge. The electrical actuation of the pumps by motor makes this plan not only feasible but very attractive. The pumps would be connected with the canal on shore by flexible joint pipes, and the barge would accommodate itself to varia- tions of water level in the river, and also if the river should move in nearer shore or leave the present shore alto- gether, the barge could readily follow the channel, and by an extension or decrease in the length of the barge pipe continue to deliver water, thus pro- tecting the irrigated crops against any change in the river. The land owners are evincing a great deal of enthusiasm regarding the development of these projects, and it is hoped that actual construction can be begun this season. A lively movement in real estate has already taken place in anticipation of the early construc- tion of the works. PUMPING WAT ER econd HROUGHOUT a great part of the arid and semi-arid region there are localities where water can be ob- tained at a short distance from the sur- face. The amount, although not large in the aggregate when compared with the quantity in some notable streams or lake, is yet inexhaustible by the or- dinary methods of pumping. If, there- fore, this water which exists from I0 to 50 feet beneath the surface can be cheaply raised, it will be practicable to utilize it for agriculture tracts which otherwise have little or no value. The irrigation of 20 acres in the midst of a section or township of land is, figuratively speaking, a mere drop in the bucket; but the reclamation of this small area generally means the utilization of adjoining lands. If, for example, 20 acres of some forage crop like alfalfa is made possible, this will result in obtaining a _ considerable amount of winter feed used in the sus- tenance of a herd which can be pas- tured upon the surrounding dry land. The successful cultivation of this 20 acres may thus directly or indirectly support a family, and, with increased -experience and adaptation to the sur- rounding conditions, the family may in turn give place to a rural commu- nity. Given the existence of sufficient water underground to irrigate the 20 acres, the first question is that of ways and means of bringing the water to the surface. The force which is ever present, making itself persistently felt through- out the Great Plains region, is the wind which blows almost continuously. It carries the dust before it, cuts out the traveled roads, carries away the fine earth of the tilled fields, and builds up a fine loess, almost everywhere to be found. The wind, which has so long been considered as an annoyance and mischief-maker, has _ sufficient strength to perform the work of bring- ing water to the surface, if only suit- Paper able means of directing its energy can be discovered. The windmill is the best-known ‘method of converting wind energy into work. In one form or another it has been used from times antedating the dark ages. In the twelfth century windmills, built either by individuals or by communities, were common. Some of these mills were of enormous size. In the German type the whole building on which the windmill was placed was constructed in such a man- ner as tomturn on a post in order to bring the sails into the wind. _ In the Dutch form the building was fixed, but the head of the mill could be turned into the wind. The most nota- be use of these early mills was in Hol- land, where the land was drained by pumping water from behind the dikes into the sea. In 1391 the Bishop of Utrecht, holding that the wind of the whole province belonged exclusively to him, gave to the Convent at Winds- heim express permission to build a windmill wherever it was thought proper. In so doing he overruled a neighboring lord, who declared that the wind in the district belonged to him. Three years later the city of Haarlem obtained leave from Albert, Count Palatine of the Rhine, to build a windmill, using the wind of the country. The huge, clumsy windmills of Eu- ropean make, such as that erected at Lawrence, Kan., shown in the accom- panying plate, have within a few dec- ades given place in this country to the light, rapidly running forms. Thou- sands of these have been made by va- rious firms throughout the country. At first wood was used almost exclusive- ly, but this is being rapidly displaced by metal, especially by thin steel plates and forgings. Although millions of dollars have been invested in the man- ufacture and purchase of mills and much attention has been given to the 246 | FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION May mechanical details and the saving in weight and cost, yet comparatively lit- tle study has been bestowed upon the actual efficiency of the various forms and upon their development toward theoretical ideals. SSS platform. In the foreground is a small reservoir, divided by a bank in the area cultivated. Without windmiiis the cultivation of the tract of country middle, so that one part may be used independently of the other. The part Dutch Windmill at Lawrence, Kansas. \ view of gardens cultivated by water pumped by windmills is shown in the accompanying plate. This pic ture has been taken from a windmill nearer the observer is the older; the second part is a recent addition ren- dered necessary by the increase of tne shown in this picture would be impos- 1906 sible. could find subsistence on which now supports a family. It is doubtful if a single cow the area uopien pue MoOAIIseYy one of these small reservoirs shows at the bottom the puddled earth or clay that pre- A section through vents the water from seeping into FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 247 the adjacent ground. On this pud- dled earth the banks are built at a height of from 4 to 1o feet. These are res usually built by plowing and scraping up the earth from the outside, the tramping of the horses and the men serving to consolidate it. When the 248 bank has been built to the proper height it is smoothed and sodded. On the right-hand side of the figure is the pipe or wooden flume from the wind- mill and on the left-hand side is shown the outlet box, which is usually built of 2-inch plank. This is closed by some simple form of wooden gate or valve, either lifted by means of a screw or hinged so as to open outward, and is FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION My, held in place by the pressure of the water against it. The square reservoir is the form usually adopted. The mills, as in the other cases, are placed on each side, pumping through short wooden flumes over the bank. These reservoirs are not only used for holding water for’ irrigation, but with a little care serve as ponds for raising fish. COST OF RECLAMATION WORK How Cost of Western Irngation Work Compares with Like Work Elsewhere ONE of the most surprising features connected withthe work of the Re- clamation Service, as well as the one affording highest gratification, is the cost of structures compared with those which have become familiar to engi- neers in the East. When the reclamation work was in- augurated it was a matter of conject- ure whether or not the standards of cost for dams, canals, etc., that had been established by engineering prac- tice in the eastern part of the country, could be relied upon as a basis of estimates of the cost of the proposed western structures. As the work has progressed it has become more and more evident that. many classes of en- gineering work in the west can be per- formed considerably cheaper than in the East, and at the same time the natural conditions are such that these structures are economical and effec- tive. If we take, for example, the three great masonry dams now being erect- ed for the purpose of storing water, viz.: the Roosevelt dam in Arizona, the Pathfinder dam in southeastern Wyoming, and the Shoshone dam in northwestern Wyoming, we shall find that the effective storage capacity and costs are far below those of some of the great eastern dams like the New Croton in New York, and the Wachu- sett in Massachusetts. The heights of these dams are as follows: Roosevelt, 280 feet; Pathfinder, 210 feet; Sho- shone, 308 feet; New Croton, 297 feet, and Wachusett, 207 feet. These heights are measured from the foun- dation stones to parapet in each case, and they show that the Shoshone is the highest, while the New Croton is sec- ond and the Roosevelt third. If, how- ever, the height above the river bed be considered, that is, the effective storage height, the New Croton is the lowest. The order is then as follows: Shoshone, 240 feet; Roosevelt, 230 feet; Pathfinder, 200 feet; Wachusett, 185 feet ,and the New Croton, 157 feet. In other words, about 50 per cent of the masonry in the New Croton dam is below ground and is service- able for foundation purpose only. It is interesting to note the compar- ative reservoir capacities. While the New Croton dam is the largest in the world from the standpoint of its amount of masonry, the storage capa- city of the reservoir formed by it is by far the lowest of any of those above mentioned. In fact, from a stand- point of storage economy, the New Croton reservoir is one of the poorest that has been constructed in recent years. The dam contains 833,000 cubic yards of masonry and was erect- ed at a cost of $7,600,000. The capa- city of the reservoir formed by it is 4,000,000,000 cubic feet, or a cost of 1906 $1,900 per million cubic feet storage. Similar figures for the Wachusett dam show that it contains 280,000 cubic yards of masonry, and was erected at a cost of about $2,000,000. Its storage capacity is 8,400,000,000 cubic feet, or a cost of $238 per million cubic feet storage. In contrast to these exces- sive costs the three western dams ap- pear remarkable. The Roosevelt dam, for example, contains 350,000 cubic yards of masonry erected at a cost of $3,850,000. The capacity of the reser- voir is 61,000,000,000 cubic feet, or fifteen times that of the New Croton, and about seven and one-half times that of the Wachusett. The cost of this dam per million cubic feet storage is only $63.16. Even more remark- able appears the Pathfinder dam. It contains 53,000 cubic yards of mason- ry, erected’ at a cost of $1,000,000. The capacity of the reservoir is 43,- 360,000,000 cubic feet, or more than ten times that of the Croton. The cost of the dam per million cubic feet stor- age is therefore only $22.95 as against $1,900 for the New Croton, and $238 for the Wachusett. Similar figures for the Shoshone dam, the highest in the world, are: Cubic yards of mas- onry, 69,000; cost, $1,000,000; capa- city of reservoir, 20,000,000 cubic feet, FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 249 or a cost per million cubic feet storage of $50.35. These extremely low costs have sel- dom been equalled in the history of reservoir construction, and are due largely to the excellent natural facili- ties which are found in the rugged western country. From this fact it must not be inferred that these west- ern structures are simple engineering works. On the contrary, owing to their isolated location, their inaccessi- bility by rail and often by wagon, and the erratic and torrential character of the streams, they involve problems which tax the skill and ingenuity of their builders to the utmost. It is most fortunate that these res- ervoirs provide enormous storage at relatively low cost, otherwise their construction would not be feasible, as the irrigated land could not bear the expense of the costly structures of the East with their limited storage capa- city. The Croton dam, if it had been con- structed in Salt River Valley in Ari- zona for irrigation, would only supply 23,000 acres, and irrigators would have to pay $330 an acre for stored water, as against $20, the estimaed cost from the Roosevelt dam. =) iH ANN EL at The Forester. A Practical Treatise on British Forestry and Arboriculture for Landowners, Land Agents, and For- esters. By John Nisbet, 2 Vols. Illus- trated. Pp. 506-642. William Blackwood & Sons, Publishers, Edinburg. This is in many ways the most important book on forestry that has yet appeared in English. As the author says in his preface, it is neither a reprint nor a revision of the work by John Brown, and Brown and Nis- bet, which, under the same title has gone through six editions, but is an entirely new production. ‘The general character of the book is indicated in its sub-title, and the broad distinction made between forestry and arboriculture is worth noting. ‘he differ- ence is too rarely recognized in this coun- try. The fact that the book is avowedly writ- ten from the British point of view, and for the guidance of British cultivators, limits its usefulness here in a very large measure; yet we have so few books on the subject in English that one is disposed to value this for the many important things it does con- tain. What does not apply may be over- looked. In a lengthy introduction (Part I) are given an historical sketch of forestry and arboriculture in Britain, facts and statistics relative to British woodlands, and a dis- cussion of forest influences and the eco- nomic value of forests. The last is of gen- eral application and interest, and brings together many facts not available to one who reads no language but English. Part II considers individually the tree species of the British Isles, the large num- ber that have been introduced as well as those that are native. The effort is made to describe each tree botanically, silvicultu- rally, and economically, and while there is evidence of much painstaking, the state- ments made are often faulty. For in- stance, it is said of Douglas Fir, “the best wood comes from moderate elevations on the west'slopes of the Rocky Mountains, and is of great durability.” Even in the British part of its range the tree is best developed and produces the best timber west of the Cascade Mountains, and the wood is nowhere considered very durable. Again, it is said “The wood of the Scarlet Oak is of little value. It is so porous and open RECENT PUBLICATIONS of texture that even in America it is chiefly used for making staves for dry-goods bar- rels. It does not even make fair fire-wood.” vy, tf respect to common names there is the usual confusion: Pinus sylvestris, L. is Scots Pine, or Common Fir,’ Acer Sac- charinum L. is Soft Sugar or Bird’s Eye Maple” and Pseudotsuga Douglasii Carr. is “Red Pine.” The last name is used locally only in some parts of the Rocky Mountains, whereas Red Fir is the common name in the lumber trade. Part III is devoted to silviculture and pre- sents in a very satisfactory way the ac- cepted European practices. An American is always dissatisfied with this part of every work on forestry, because the methods are based upon rules of practice instead of upon principles of universal application. It may be reasonably expected that before long American foresters will answer the need for a true system of silviculture based upon natural laws. Part IV deals with the protection of woodlands from ill influences of every kind. The chief value of this section is in its suggestions because injury to forests and trees 1s so largely a question of local condi- tions. Part V treats of forest management and Part VI of forest products. Both sections are written for the British practicant, and consequently have a restricted value here. The theoretical principles of forest man- agement are well presented, however, and one is glad to find the various formule for determining rotation, rate of increment, etc., in such convenient form. The tables in the appendix to Part V are especially val- uable. What is said of the technical prop- erties of timber is valuable as a compilation of the known facts, but the author himself doubtless realizes how little definite, exact knowledge there is on this subject. The chapters on forest utilization have little application here. The terminology fre- quently differs from that commonly used in the United States, and some words are worth adopting. Felling, for instance, in place of cutting. To the American forest student this book comes as a boon and the professional will often want to refer to it. Numerous faults and many shortcomings might be pointed out, but as a whole the book will be found 1906 almost indispensible. It is sparingly illus- trated with good wood cuts and half-tone engravings, and is furnished with that in- dispensible in a hand-book—a good index. A Working Plan for Forest Lands in Central Alabamb. Bulletin No. 68, U. S. Forest Service. .By Franklin W. Reed. Pp. 72, with map and four half-tone plates. Washington, Government Print- ing Office, 1905. Just at this time when the forest resources of the South are being discussed by reason of the pending Appalachian Forest Reserve Bill, this bulletin, although describing a sec- tion outside of the proposed reserve, is nevertheless quite interesting. The plan de- scribed was prepared for the Kaul Lumber Company, of Birmingham, for lands in Coosa, Bibb, and portions of adjacent coun- ties. Davey’s Primer on Trees and Birds By John Davey, author of “The Tree Doctor.” Pp. 165. Profusely illustrated. Published by the author. Sewickley, Pa. This handsome little volume is written in popular vein and simple language, to be used as a school reader and generally as an elementary treatise on tree and bird life. ‘he author has found that the most prac- tical suggestions looking toward the proper preservation of tree and bird life is “to teach the child.” The volume before us was undertaken purely with this idea in view. and should be a help in creating a proper sentiment toward trees and birds. The il- lustrations are many and exceedingly clear. Neighbors of Field, Wood and Stream. By Morton Grinnell. Forty-five _illus- trations. Pp. 285. Frederick A. Stokes Co., Publishers, New York. This volume contains a delightful series of stories about the commoner species of birds, beasts, and fish of the Eastern United States. It plans to make known to the younger generation the habits and home life of our wild neighbors. With the idea of giving the subject a real and living inter- est, he has endowed the birds and beasts described with human intelligence, which undoubtedly is an attractive way to present such matter to young readers. The illus- trations are unsually pleasing and appro- priate. Altogether it is a book well worth adding to one’s collection. A Guide to the Wild Flowers. By Alice Lounsberry. Illustrated by Mrs. Ellis Rowan. Pp. 347. Profusely illus- trated with line drawings and colored plates. Fourth edition. Published by Frederick A. Stokes Co., New York. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION trated the volume on wild flowers. 251 In this work one gets as complete and accurate a guide in wild flowers as is obs tainable in one volume. Its value is appre- ciated, as shown by the fact that the book has gone through four editions. The ar- rangement of the text throughout is one of great simplicity and clearness, while the many illustrations are a great aid to the identification of the various species de- scribed. We know of no more valuable and useful publication of a popular character devoted to the wild flowers. A Guide to the Trees. By Alice Louns- berry. Pp. 313. | Profusely illustrated. Published by Frederick A. Stokes Co., New York. This is a companion volume to Miss Lounsberry’s Guide to the Wild Flowers, and is -uniform in arrangement, illustra- tions, and general makeup with the latter work. Its value lies in the same direction— simplicitv. clearness of descriptions, and full enough to satisfy the most ambitious stu- dent of our leading trees. Nearly 200 trees are described, besides a number of shrubs. Its illustrations include 64 colored plates and many black and white drawings and diagrams by Mrs. Rowan, who also illus- The volume also contains an introduction by Dr. N. L. Britton, Director of the New York Botanical Garden. Hardy Rhodendrons, Azaleas, and_ the Mountain Laurel. By J. Woodward Man- ning. Manning’s Monographs, March, 1906, No. 2. Pp. 36, illustrated. From the Reading nurseries, at Reading, Mass., comes this excellent little booklet, pleasing in its typographical excellence and in contents. The plants are exhaustively described and directions for their care given. The Fern Collector’s Guide. By Willard Nelson Clute. Pp. 61. Illustrated. Fred- erick A. Stokes Co., New York. This handy little book has been published with the idea of showing the student “where to find and how to name the ferns.” It is most conveniently arranged for ready ref- erence, and is enhanced in value by many excellent text illustrations. This guide is based upon the more extensive writings by same author, and should meet with a warm reception from fern collectors. Silas Strong. A Novel. By Irving Bach- eller. Pp. 339. Price $1.50. Harper & Brothers, New York, 1906. “Silas Strong,” with the sub-title of “Em- peror of the Woods,” is a tale of life in the Adirondacks. Aside from a storv that 252 would be entertaining no matter where the scenes were laid, the book contains a strong and reasonable plea for the preserva- tion of the Adirondack forests. It shows the present tendency in the “Great North Woods” and the conflicting interests that are threatening the destruction of America’s most beautiful playground. The people and legislators of New York especially, might read this book with profit to the state prop- erty. ‘ thirty horse power, producer gas gen- . erators can be installed which will keep the cost of pumping down to a mini- mum. OS) > oo S'S ais = Be, BESH | BER RO RSS Bo moo 2a io B Sa! ea ©) Keres) ie) (Ss) ie) Feet Cents Cents Cents Cents Dollars 10 16 EZ 14 4.2 6 70 20 11 22.4 28 8.4 it 140 30 16 33.6 42 12.6 18 210 Norr.—1,000 gallons of water per minute pumped continuously for eleven hours is equivalent to two acre feet of water. The accompanying table gives an estimate of approximate cost for fuel and maintenance of a pumping plant having a capacity of 1,000 gallons of water per minute for total lifts of ten, twenty and thirty feet. In order to determine approximate- ly the cost of pumping water any dis- tance between twenty and thirty feet, a proportional part of the cost for ten feet can be added to the cost for twen- ty feet. Thus, to get the cost of pump- ing water a distance of 25 feet, half the numbers in the first line of the table can be added to those in the sec- ond line. The table should only be used for estimating the cost of pump- ing water for lifts lying between twen- ty and thirty feet. The cost for ten feet is given for the purpose of mak- ing estimates, but it should not be sup- posed that the cost for this low lift would be merely half of that for the twenty foot lift, as friction losses and others would tend to make the cost for the low lift higher than that stated in the table. FIRST COST OF PUMPING PLANTS. At almost any point in the river val- leys of the western plains complete pumping plants, including wells, ma- chinery and buildings, can be con- structed for about $100 per horse pow- er required. In some exceptional cases the cost may run as low as $60 per horse power. The pumping plant of Mrs. M. Richter, near Garden City, Kan., uses 3 a Menge pump which is run by a Io- horse power Otto gasoline engine. The area of the strainer and the bottom of the well is 266.5 square feet. The spe- cific capacity per foot of percolating surface is .341 gallons per minute. The cost of operation with gasoline at 20 cents per gallon amounted to 21 cents per hour, .89 cents per thousand gal- lons, $2.90 per acre foot, and I-17 cents per thousand foot-gallons. The pumping plant of Nathan Ful- mer, near Lakin, Kan., utilizes a chain and bucket pump. The power is sup- plied by a Howe gasoline engine which develops about 7 horse power at 285 revolutions per minute. The cost of gasoline at 21 cents per gallon and the expense of running the engine was 13.65. cents: per shour: *- Thetcost .of water was $1.37 per acre-foot, .22 cents per thousand gallons, and 1-40 cents per thousand foot-gallons. The pumping outfit of J. H. Logan near Garden City, Kan., consists of a 6-horse power horizontal gasoline en- gine connected by a belt to a No. 3 centrifugal pump. The specific ca- pacity of the well is 422 gallons per minute, or 3.94 gallons for each square foot of well strainer. The fuel cost of pumping was .g cents per thousand gallons, $2.93 per acre-foot, or 1-25 cents per thousand foot-gallons. The cost of pumping at i2 plants in the Arkansas Valley in Western Kan- sas ranged from $0.85 to $3.75 acre- foot. BORES! LEGISEATION BEFORE THE pth CONGRESe. iin.) SESSION HE following Acts, which bear more or less directly upon forest reserve interests, were passed at the last session of Congress: Act of March 15, 1906, permitting agricultural settlement in a certain re- stricted portion of the Yellowstone Forest Reserve. Act of March 16, 1906, to provide for an annual increase in the appro- priation for agricultural experiment stations until the total for each State and Territory shall be $30,000. Such stations as desire to do so can turn part of this added income toward ex- periments in forestry. Act of May 1, 1906, to grant the Edison Electric Company a permit to occupy land in the San Bernardino, Sierra, and San Gabriel Forest Re- serves for electric power plants. This law was drawn in cooperation with the Forest Service, which approved it as an entering wedge for a uniform law with regard to rights of way and privi- leges upon all land owned by the United States. Its salient features are: (1) That it grants an easement to the permittee, thus making his tenure certain for some definite length of time. (2) That the Secretary may fix the duration of the permit to suit the needs and the magnitude of the project in- volved in the permit. (3) That construction work must be completed within a definite time and the privilege enjoyed beneficially for a reasonable time each year. (4) That the Secretary may exact from the permittee such reasonable annual rental charge as he deems proper, changing it from year to year as circumstances seem to warrant. Act of June 4, 1906, to punish the cutting, chipping, or boxing of trees on the public lands. This law was passed to prevent the practice of going upon the public domain and destroy- ing resin-bearing trees by conducting turpentine operations. The Commis- sioner of the General Land Office has already agreed to investigate turpen- tining in Florida and bring action against trespassers on the public land. Act of June 8, 1906, to preserve American antiquities. This Act pro- vides that the Secretaries of the Inte- rior, of War, and of Agriculture may join together to make such rules and regulations for excavation and study of historic or prehistoric ruins or mon- uments or other objects of antiquity upon the public land under their re- spective jurisdictions, as they may deem necessary to protect these an- tiquities. Act of June 11, 1906, to provide for the entry of agricultural lands within forest reserves. (Described fully in ForESTRY AND IRRIGATION for June, 1906.) This law makes it possible for the Secretary of Agriculture to list for entry under the homestead laws, such tracts of agricultural land as he may find within forest reserves. It should do much to allay criticism of the Na- tional forest policy and at the same time bring within the reserves a de- sirable class of inhabitants available for protection against forest fires and timber depredations. Act of June 11, 1906, to accept the recession by the State of California of the Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Big Tree Grove. This law brings these important parks again under the control of the United States Govern- ment, and incidentally modifies, to a slight extent, the boundary of the Yo- semite National Park. The change will probably be advantageous, since the State of California had not appro- priated the money necessary to care for the Yosemite Valley. Act of June 27, 1906, to grant lands to the State of Wisconsin for State torest reserve purposes. By means of 326 this law the Wisconsin forest reserves will be helped to a considerable extent. Act of June 29, 1906, to permit the President to designate such areas in the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve as should, in his opinion, be set aside for the protection of game animals. Ow- ing to a horseshoe bend of the canyon there is a certain portion of that forest reserve which, by building a_ short fence, can be completely cut off from the surrounding country. This will furnish an unusually secure breeding place for the native game animals and those which different societies may wish to import. Act of June 29, 1906, to create the Mesa Verde National Park. Act of June 30, 1906, (Agricultural Appropriation Act). This law pro- vides as follows: (1) That the forest reserve special fund, which would otherwise cease to be available for the administration and protection of forest reserves in I910, shall continue available until Congress takes action to provide otherwise. (2) That ten per cent. of all money received from each forest reserve dur- ing any fiscal year, inclvding the one just passed, shall be paid to the coun- ties in which the reserve is situated for the benefit of the public schools and roads. Over $75,000 will be available for such counties at once, and the amount will increase rapidly from year to year. (3) Permission to export forest re- serve timber from the State or Terri- tory in which it was cut is extended to cover all States and Territories and the District of Alaska, with the sole exception of the Black Hills Forest Reserve in South Dakota, where dead and insect-infested timber only may be exported. (4) A special appropriation of $15,- 000 was made for building a wire fence and necessary sheds in the Wichita Forest Reserve to provide a range for a buffalo herd which is to be presented by the New York Zoological Society. An area has been selected for this enclosure, and the conditions of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION July climate and forage are such that the buffalo herd will probably increase and last for all time. Act of June 30, 1906, to authorize rights of way for the City of Los An- veles, Cal., through the Sierra, Santa Barbara and San Gabriel Forest Re- serves for a svfficient water supply to meet all possible increase in the popu- lation of that city. The city is allowed in the meantime to use the surplus water for generating electricity and for irrigation purposes. The principal bills, which were of interest but did not pass, are as fol- lows: The Appalachian and White Moun- tains Forest Reserve Bill passed the Senate and was reported as a Commit- tee measure in the House. In the lat- ter place, however, it was never called up for consideration. There seems to be considerable likelihood of its pas- sage next year. Senator Burkett’s Grazing Bill was introduced in both Houses, but failed to receive any consideration owing to the pressure of such important meas- ures as the Rate Bill, etc. The stock- growers, however, have shown great interest, and many meetings of their associations have declared in favor of Government control. It looks very likely that this bill will be actively con- sidered next year with a fair chance of becoming a law. The condition in the West on account of overgrazing, the insistent advent of new stockmen, and the conflict between sheep and cattle interests, is becoming too dangerously acute to be ignored. In a few years some irreparable damage to the for- age-producing power of the range will have been done, and stockmen will be practically in a condition of civil war- fare. The Tawney Bill, for more definite- ly fixing the boundaries of the Minne- sota National Forest Reserve and re- imbursing the Indians for their land taken for public purposes, seemed to fail of passage merely because it was not taken up in Committee early enough in the year. ~ 1906 The General License Bill, spoken of above in connection with the Edison Electric Company’s right of way, was not even introduced this winter, but will be a prominent factor at the next session. A bill proposing to transfer the Na- ie FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION ”_ UNITED STATES (LAMATION SERVICE 527 tional Parks to the care of the Secre- tary of Agriculture, in order that they may be administered from a forest standpoint, received very little atten- tion, and no prediction can be made concerning its treatment in the future. ae es as Progress of Government Irrigation Work During Past Month The Assistant Attorney General has just ren- dered an _ important Important Decision opinion on the following questions: First. Whether one who has made a homestead entry, not exceeding the farm unit limit, either under the pro- visions of the Reclamation Act or under the general law, may obtain wa- ter for such tract and also for one or more other tracts of which he is the proprietor, provided the area held in private owenrship does not exceed the private ownership limit fixed by the Secretary of the Interior. Second. If the homestead entry was made prior to the Reclamation Act withdrawal and contains an irrigable area in excess of the farm unit limit, whether, for the purposes under con- sideration, the excess area is to be re- garded as of the same status as land in private ownership. The case in point is on the Mini- doka project, Idaho, where certain state lands fall within the irrigable area. The lands under this project have been classified and the farm unit fixed at 80 acres. The question arose as to whether a person who makes a homestead entry of 80 acres under the Minidoka project and also purchases So acres of state land may secure wa- ter from the Government works for the irrigation of both tracts. The point submitted involves a broad question applicable to all of the reclamation projects. The Assistant Attorney General holds that “A person who has made or may make homestead entry of lands with- drawn for disposal under the act of June 17, 1902 (52 Stat. 288) and sub- ject to the provisions, limitations and conditions of said act, may obtain wa- ter for such tract and may also obtain water for one er more tracts of which he is the proprietor, not exceeding the limit of area fixed by the statute, au- thorizing the use of water for land in private ownership, or as fixed by the Secretary of the Interior. “If the entry was made prior to the withdrawal under the Reclamation Act, the entryman may be entitled to the right to the use of water for the irrigable area of the land entered, and also for such area of lands held by him in private ownership which added to the irrigable area of his entry will not exceed 160 acres. “While there appears to be no re- striction in the act upon the right of a homesteader to the use of water for 328 land owned by him to the extent of area allowed to any one landowner, it has been deemed advisable to adminis- ter the law through the instrumen- tality of water users’ associations which are organized by the owners of lands within the project. By the con- tracts heretofore made with such as- sociations by the Secretary of the In- terior, only those who are or may be- come members of such associations will be accepted as entrymen or ap- plicants for the right to the use of wa- ter which may be impounded or con- trolled by the works of such project. “Under the articles of incorpora- tion and by the laws of such associa- tions, which are part of every con- tract, every member or shareholder of the association, whether he be the owner of lands or an entryman of public lands, is restricted in his hold- ing to 150 shares of stock, one share being allowed to each acre or fraction thereof, so that, the Secretary of the Interior, by entering into a contract with such association, has fixed 160 acres as the limit of the right to the use of water by any one person, whether the land irrigated is entered as public land or is held in private ownership, or under both rights.” Gee for An investigation was ement Magee recently made by the cement experts of the United States Reclamation Service to determine the existence and avail- ability of raw materials for the manu- facture of Portland cement in the vi- cinity of Havre, Mont. An area exceeding 355 acres con- venient to Assinniboine station, on the main line of the Montana Central Railway, Great Northern system, was found to contain an unfailing supply of natural cement rock. Suitable clay for an admixture, if needed at any time in the preparation of cement, is abundant on the ground, and the bi- tuminous coal mines throughout the section furnish fuel adapted for the burning of the rock. A mill site and town were located and large furnish an abundant water site spring's FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION July supply for domestic and other pur- poses. The Reclamation Service has four large projects in Montana which have been approved by the Secretary of the Interior. Upon two of these work is well under way. The estimated cost of these four great works is $12,000,- 000, and upon their completion de- pends the reclamation of approxt- mately half a million acres of land. Thousands of barrels of cement will be needed in their construction, and the service is naturally gravely con- cerned in the output of this material, as the present unprecedented demand for cement all over the West is al- ready taxing the capacity of mills throughout the country to the utmost. It is believed that investors will em- brace the opportunity presented by the known existence of materials suitable for cement manufacture in various lo- calities in the West. The great profits arising from the successful conduct of the cement business is now too well known to require comment. It is not the policy of the Govern- ment to go into the cement business unless through the inaccessibility of the works the success of a project should become jeopardized, as in the case of the Salt River project, Ari- zona, where the great distance from existing mills and the long wagon haul made the cost of cement pro- hibitive. Gaging ‘The recent floods on Stations ; ; Washed Out \Valla W alla and Uma tilla Rivers carried away several gages of the United States Geological Survey, and at one station (Milton) washed away the whole sta- tion outfit, including the cable from which discharge measurements were made. At another station at Milton, on the South Fork of Walla Walla River, a new channel was formed, leaving the bridge and gage high and dry. Estimates of discharge during this flood have not yet been made for most stations. A discharge measure- ment made at the crest of the flood in the lower stretch of Umatilla River 1906 shows the exceptional rate of eight second-feet per square mile for the drainage area of 2,270 square miles, or a maximum flow of more than 18,- ooo second-feet. Gaging stations on these rivers were of value to irriga- tion interests, those on Umatilla River having been utilized by the Reclama- tion Service in the consideration of the Umatilla project. ela In order to preserve the oise sone oe Bioject priority of water right and thus render possible the completion of the work on the Payette-Boise irrigation project, in Idaho, the Secretary of the Interior has declared that an extraordinary emergency exists, under the pro- visions of the eight-hour act of Au- gust I, 1892. According to the laws of the State of Idaho, before performing any work in connection with the construc- tion of projects involving the appro- priation of water, it is necessary to file an application with the State En- gineer for a permit to make such ap- propriation. This application must state the time required for the comple+ tion of construction of the proposed works, and the law requires that one- fifth of the work must be completed in-one-half the time required for the completion of the entire project. In order that the required amount of work on the Payette-Boise project may be completed within the time specified, it has been found necessary to rush the work of construction, which has been delayed by difficulty in obtaining early delivery of ma- chinery and in securing laborers. It was also found upon opening bids for the construction work that a portion of the system must be done by force account, and the necessity of read- vertising for bids caused much further delay. Rapid | There was a surprised Ete cics lot of farmers in the neighborhood of Ma- laga, New Mexico, a short time ago, when the Reclamation Service engi- neers turned the water into the Black FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 329 River canal under the Carlsbad pro- ECE: The work on the project has been pushed rapidly in order to serve as large an acreage as possible during the season. The Black River canal was completed in May, including about 4,000 feet of concrete lining and a full head of water is being delivered to the farms in the vicinity of Malaga. The work was finished in double quick time, and the farmers got the water before they expected it, and a larger quantity than they counted upon; consequently, they did not pre- pare and plant all of the land that could have been cultivated. The old ditch leaked out threefourths of the water it diverted, but this fault is not found in the new canal. The Black River ditch diverts directly from Black River, a tributary entering the right bank of the Pecos River about 18 miles below Carlsbad. The earthwork on the first three miles of the main canal of the Carls- bad project is practically completed, and another force is busy tearing out the old spillway at Dark Canyon, re- moving the present bank and making excavation for the seven-foot concrete pipe, and building new embankments. The large store house at Avalon dam has been completed, and the stone crusher is in place and nearly ready for operation. The bridge has been repaired and excavation has been be- eun for the core wall of the dam at the east end near the canal heading. Tools and machinery are arriving every day, and the force is being en- larged and organized for rapid and effective work. Concrete The President has issued pete an order reserving the Baer Eo NIE: % of Sec. cian 9 N., R. 5 E., Black Hills Meridian, South Dakota, within the limits of the Belle Fourche irrigation project, for the purpose of experimental work in agriculture, under the supervision of the Department of Agriculture, the tract, however, to remain under the general jurisdiction and control of the Reclamation Service. 330 ele The Secretary of the In- aaa terior has called a con ference to be held at Portland, Ore., or Seattle, Wash., this month between the engineers of the Reclamation Service and Chief En- gineer Code, of the Indian Irrigation Service, and Mr. J. Lynch, superin- tendent of the Yakima Indian agency, to consider matters with reference to the reclamation of the lands in the Yakima Indian reservation in connec- tion with the Yakima project. The Secretary of the In- terior has executed a contract with the Ele- phant Butte Water Users’ Association and the E] Paso Valley Water Users’ Association to secure to the United States the cost of constructing the Leasburg diversion dam and canal, Rio Rio Grande Project Grande irrigation project, New Mexico. seamen The Reclamation Ser- Tunne : 3 vice engineers are justl Work Cee Sear ee Geen proud of the progress being made on the Gunnison Tunnel in Colorado, which is being con- structed by force account. ‘Fhe first mile, or one-sixth of the tunnel was completed on November 17, 1906. The first of the present month 13,767 feet had been excavated, 1,321 feet having been completed during the month of June. Night and day unceasingly the drills are breaking their way through the granite wall and the world’s re- cord in tunnel excavation has been established on the work. Ae. Mr. 3 ippi Teosineate I: iB: Lippincott, Resigns consulting and supervis- ing engineer in charge of work in California, has resigned his position with the United States Re- clamation Service. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION July Mr. Lippincott, who is a graduate of Dickinson College, Pennsylvania, and the University of Kansas, has been engaged in civil engineering since 1886. For several years he was prominently connected with irrigation work in California in private capacity, and since 1895 has had charge of the hydrographic investigations for the United States Geological Survey in that state. He is one of the oldest engineers in point of service in the Reclamation Bureau, and the resigna- tion of so able and energetic an assist- ant is greatly regretted by the officials of the department. There is an increasing demand throughout the country for the ser- vices of first-class engineers, and owing to the limited salaries offered by the Reclamation Service the Gov- ernment is losing many men of ex- perience and ability. Force work on Klamath © Project The Secretary of the In- terior has granted au- thority to the Reclama- tion Service to prosecute the work incident to the construction of nine- teen miles of canal and twenty-seven miles of laterals, with appurtenances, in connection with the Klamath pro- ject, California-Oregon, by force ac- count, and to employ the force re- quired to carry the work vigorously to completion in order that this distri- buting system may be ready for use when the main canal, now under con- struction, is completed. The board of consulting engineers recently convened at Klamath Falls to open bids for this work reported that no bids were received. The time re- quired to readvertise this work, it is believed, would so delay construction that it is improbable water could be provided for irrigation by next sea- son. Reclaiming the barren sand hills of the Middle West with forest cover, to supply timber when there is a dearth of it, is one of the more strik- ing of the important forest planting projects of the Forest Service. Four of the national forests have been es- tablished in the non-agricultural re- gion with the express purpose of get- ting a firm grip on methods which will overcome natural difficulties and set up object lessons for the benefit of the people. These are the Niobrara, the Dismal River, and the North Platte reserves in Nebraska and the Garden City reserve in Kansas. The Nebraska reserves have responded so well to careful treatment that hun- dreds of thousands of seedlings have been planted out and millions more are being raised in nurseries for use in other reserves. ‘Thus, for the first planting on the Garden City reserve, just completed, most of the trees were taken from the nurseries in the Dis- mal River reserve. The Kansas reserve lies in a region of scattered, barren sand hills, inter- laced with prairie on which grass thrives well enough to support live stock. The origin of these hills, in itself interesting, reminds one in a way of that of the sand dunes which en- croached from the sea upon the fertile fields of western France and laid them waste. In both cases the wind has been the enemy of the soil, for in France wind drove the sand of the seashore inland, and in the middle western re- gion of our own country wind drove eastward the sand which the Arkansas River had carried down in floods and Foresting Sand Hills afterwards exposed to dry. The sand hills were formed long ago, and the action of the wind is now largely checked by the spread of the carpet of grass, which binds the sand where- ever there is enough moisture to en- courage it. The semiarid conditions of the re- gion necessarily restrict the selection of trees. Right choice of species, the Crux (Of forest planting generally, is here especially decisive. By its aid, together with right planting methods and right care of the plantation, a tree- less region, one therefore in which wood is a scarce and a highly valuable commodity, can be made to produce useful w oods, and at a cost so slight as to satisfy good business judgment. Thus on a light, sandy surface, whole only cover is wild grass and weeds, a merchantable forest crop is to be grown. In addition to the general de- mand for wood, there will be a special demand in connection with the Gar- den City irrigation project, which is within a few miles of the Garden City Reserve. Honey locust, Osage orange, Rus- sian mulberry, red cedar, and western yellow pine are the trees used in the new project, of which 51,000 came from the Government nursery, near Halsey, Nebr. The planting this sea- son progressed under highly favorable conditions as regards weather and the physical condition of the soil, and at the expiration of six and one-half days thirteen men had completed the task at a total cost, exclusive of the trees, of $3.88 per acre. A fence was built about the three- fourths of a section in which the plant- 332 ing was done, though part of this area remains to be planted next season. This was to exclude stock. To ex- clude prairie fires a fire guard was ploughed about the plantation. The Forest Service has made a successful dem- onstration of kiln-drying tupelo, the experiment being under: taken in cooperation with a lumber manufacturer in Louisiana, who deals in tupelo, and with a wagon manufac- turer in Michigan. The lumber was cut in the former state and shipped directly to the latter, where it was put through the dry-kiln without prelimi- nary seasoning. Tupelo is a wood suited to many commercial uses, and one to be profitably lumbered in con- nection with cypress, with which tim- ber it occurs. A drawback to the use of tupelo has been the difficulty of sea- soning, since it is subject to warping, checking, and staining in the season- ing process. Hence a demonstration of success in kiln-drying the wood without any of these defects is of great value to the tupelo industry. In the experiments the kiln used is that known as the blower type, op- erated on the moist-air principle of drying. The hot air is forced by fans into the dry end, thence passes back through the trucks of lumber to the wet end, and is returned to the engine room through a large drying chamber over the kiln itself. The whole struc- ture is as nearly air-tight as it can be made ; consequently the s same air, pass- ing through the kiln and back over the steam-heating coils, is used over and over again. The necessary mois- ture is obtained from the green lum- ber as it 1s put into the wet end of the kiln. The lumber should enter a temper- ature of about 93 degrees Fahrenheit at the wet end of the kiln. The tem- perature gradually increases as the truck, moves toward the dry end, where it should stand in a tempera- ture of 140 degrees to 150 degrees Fahrenheit for two or three days. In the experiment described the average Kiln Drying Tupelo FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION July temperature of the wet and dry ends was respectively 98 degrees and 133 degrees Fahrenheit. In this particular case the relative humidity at wet and dry ends was 84 per cent and 29 per cent, respectively. As has been demonstrated in air- drying, so in kiln-drying, the correct piling of lumber is of utmost import- ance. The piles on the trucks should be arranged so that the spaces between the boards are not obstructed by ad- jacent courses, brt remain open so as to give an upward vent to aid the circulation of the drying air. This can be accomplished by piling the wide -boards apart from the narrow ones, or by laying the wide boards so that they do not extend over the open spaces. The old method of piling nar- row and wide boards together so as to get horizontal and criss-cross cir- culation, is satisfactory in the open air where there are strong winds; but in a kiln, with only a few, inches of space about the stack for air circulation, the lumber must be piled as openly as economical operation of the kiln will allow. The boards in this experiment were from eight to twelve inches wide, one inch thick, and fourteen feet long. One truck was piled with the cross strips twelve inches apart, and another with strips eighteen inches apart. Equally good results were obtained by both methods. The lumber was in the kiln fifteen days, and when taken out was dried satisfactory without molding, staining, or stick-rotting. . Only one board was checked as much as one foot from the end, and none of the other boards showed checks more than half an inch in length at the ends, while most were not checked at all. Five of the boards on the top course were slightly warped. There was a loss of 4,200 pounds, or one-third of the green weight, and a shrinkage of 127.2 board feet or 4.4 per cent of the eel scale. The method here described is that regularly used at this kiln in the dry- ing of red gum, which occupied other trucks at the same time. Thus it was 1906 shown that the tupelo can be kiln- dried by the same methods that are used for the red gum, and with equal success. There is now in preparation Forest Service Circular 40, a comprehensive treatment of the “Utilization of Tu- pelo,’ which will soon be ready for distribution. Use of Although it has been Fire-Killed known for a number of _ Timber years that fire-killed tim- ber has a considerable value in rail- road and mining operations in Colo- rado, it has been brought out only recently by the Forest Service that a wide number of uses are open for this timber, and that in certain respects it has actual advantages over green wood. These facts are deduced from a study of conditions on the Pikes Peak Forest Reserve, where the ravages of fire have been particularly widespread and destructive. In many instances the burned timber is the only kind available at a particular point, for ex- ample, in proximity to a mine or a spur of railroad, so for timbers and ties the dead material has been used for many years—fifteen years at Palmer Lake, seven years at Florissant for railroad ties, and longer than this for mine timbers. Three years ago it was first used for box boards and has proved excellent. In May, 1905, there was a sale for telephone poles. The species used are red fir, yellow pine, lodge-pole pine, limber pine, range pine, pinion, Engelmann spruce, and blue spruce. Of these, the pines, red fir, and Engelmann spruce, fur- nish the bulk of the material. Time elapsed since burning seems to make no great difference in the value of the wood, except that when serious check- ing results it loses its value for box purposes. The timber used has been burned all the way from three to fifty- five years. The amount o fthis timber which has been used is very considerable. There has been one sale from the re- serve for box boards and one for tele- phone poles, but the three main uses continue to be mine timbers, railroad FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 333 ties, and firewood. Red fir is preferred for roailroad ties, then yellow pine, limber pine, and range pine. White pine has been ob- jected to because of its lack of dura- bility, but it isnow taken in many places. At Rosemont, Colo., burned timber of all kinds is made into ties, some of the material having been burned fifty year ago. It is asserted that dry ties last as long and in many cases longer than green ties. On the Cripple Creek “short line” they were more satisfac- tory than green pine ties from Texas. Dry ties hold a spike well and a tie plate does not cut into the wood so seriously as it does in the case of a green tie. Englemann spruce is as good as other species as far as me- chanical wear is concerned, but it de- cays much quicker and so should be given a preservative treatment. Burned timber was first used for boxes by the Denver Crate and Box Company in February, 1903, © the species used being Engelmann spruce and lodgepole pine, with some red fir and limber pine. The material used had been burned one one-half to four years. The Engelmann spruce was excellent, and the lodgepole pine also gave good results. The fire seasoning had driven the odor out of the pine so that it could be used for packing crackers and biscuits. Also, on ac- count of the perfect seasoning the boxes remained tight when put up and therefore sold better than green boxes. For mine timbers all species are used, if of the requisite size. Dry tim- ber is preferred because of its lght- ness, durability, and stiffness, all prin- cipally due to its better seasoning. For many purposes fire-killed tim- ber should be preferred to green tim- ber because it is so well seasoned. This seasoning makes it more durable than green timber, and also makes it lighter, so that its cost of transportation is ap- preciably less, and it is therefore avail- able, not only for numerous local uses, but for shipping long distances. Actual experience with the fire-killed timber proves that its utilization should be a source of profit to the reserve. WHITE ELM (Ulmus Americana)’ VIII.—Notes on Forest Trees Suitable for Planting in the United States DISTRIBUTION AND MANNER OF OC- CURRENCE. Te White or American Elm has been distributed through natural agencies from southern Newfound- land westward along the northern shores of Lake Superior to the east- ern base of the Rockies, and through the United States to the Black Hills, western Nebraska, Indian Territory, and Texas; southward it grows as far as Florida. It is infrequent in the ex- treme western and southern portions of its range, but appears in greatest abundance in the Northeast, especially in New England, where trees of re- markable size and beauty are found. The highest development is attained in the rich alluvium of the Connecticut River Valley. Although seldom the most numer- ous species in a forest stand, the White Elm is widely and uniformly distri- buted in the East and is one of the most common trees. Its favorite place of growth is in rich intervales, or on fertile wooded slopes where moisture is constant and abundant. It will grow, however, in almost any soil, hence it may be found in nearly every open field, or woodlot, and along road- sides everywhere throughout the East. In the Middle West it is one of the most common species, but is more closely confined to river valleys than farther east. The range advised for economic planting comprises all of the middle Western States, as far south as north- ern Texas. For purposes of shade and ornament, planting may be done throughout the entire range of the ERee. CHARACTERISTICS OF GROWTH—ASSO- CIATE SPECIES. The divided trunk and spreading vase, or broom-shaped crown, of trees *Furnished by U. S. Forest Service. grown in the open is well known. When grown in the forest the trunk remains a single stem and the crown becomes reduced in size. In the South and West, and in unfavorable situa- tions, the tree becomes shorter, with a low, rounded crown not unlike that of the oak. Mature trees vary from 60 to 120 feet in height, and have a maximum diameter of eight feet. The elm usually has a rapid growth and a long life, although on sterile soils both these qualities are materially reduced. The most rapid growth is during the first 50 to 60 years; there is a falling off before the century mark is reached. The roots are long and fibrous, and run near the surface for a long dis- tance. The tree can endure a moderate amount of shade. The associate species include nearly all of the com- mon hardwoods, especially those with a preference for moist soils, as the walnuts, ashes, sycamores, Tulip-tree, birches, etc. THE WOOD—ITS ECONOMIC USES. The wood of the young elm is very tough, but is usually considered of not much value. When the tree has reached maturity it furnishes timber which is moderately strong, coarse- grained, difficult to split, not suscepti- ble to polish, not durable, and liable to warp and check in drying. It is used chiefly in the manufacture of agricultural implements and carriages, and for flooring, cooperage, and sad- dletrees. SOIL AND SITE. The preferable soil for the White Elm is a deep, alluvial loam which is never dry or lacking in abundant plant food. Failing to obtain ideal condi- tions, the tree adapts itself readily to soils less favorable, or even decidedly poor, and to an adverse climate. It is considered one of the hardiest trees 1906 for prairie planting, and is able to en- dure the greatextremes of temperature and drouth of the treeless West. Few trees have been more generally used in prairie planting, and perhaps none is more generally adapted for the ex- posed and arid planting places of the western plains and prairies. PROPAGATION. Reproduction of White Elm is by seeds alone. If propagated for timber it should be done by artificial methods and not left to natural seeding. The rearing of the young plants in nur- sery beds is usually advisable. Occo- sionally, when seeds cannot be ob- tained, or when the nursery crop fails, the seedlings which spring up in damp, open places may be dug and used on the plantation site. |One-year-old seedlings can be obtained from dealers at from $3 to $5 per thousand, but it is often economy for the local planter to grow his own stock. The oval, winged fruit, with the seed inclosed in the center of the papery membrane, is produced in abundance nearly every year. It ripens in May, about the time the leaves ap- pear, and should be gathered and planted at once. Seeds may be obtained from dealers $1 to $1.50 per pound, but it is safer to depend on home-col- lected material, because, since the vi- tality of unplanted seeds cannot be preserved more than a few weeks at best, those furnished by dealers are liable to be worthless. The seeds. may be gathered by sweeping them up from the pavements, shaking them down from the trees into a canvas spread out below, or col- lecting them in eddies or on sand bars where carried by streams. They should never be allowed to become dry from the time they mature until germina- tion is complete. Planting should be done in nursery beds in rich, moist soil, an old garden spot being a de- sirable site. The seed should be sown in shallow drills in rows 8 to 12 inches apart for hand cultivation and 2 to 3 feet apart if a horse cultivator is to be used. In the rows the seeds should FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 33d be spaced 1 to 2 inches apart, covered about one-half inch deep, and the sur- face soil gently firmed down by means of a roller or by pressing with a board. Irrigation should be resorted to in times of drought, since a uniformity of moisture conditions is essential for successful germination of the seed and the most rapid growth of the seed- lings. Shade for the young plants is not a necessity, although at times a partial protection from the hot sun or beating rain is beneficial. The seed-~ lings may be transplanted to the per- manent site when I to 2 years old, at which time they should be 6 to 12 inches high. To produce the most shapely trees, some of the best nurserymen cut the young trees back to the ground when they are two or three years old from the seed. Vigorous sprouts start from near the wound; the best one is se- lected for the trunk of the tree, and all other sprouts are kept pruned off. The strong root forces up a tall, straight trunk, which adds to the form and value of the tree. For prairie planting the White Elm may be set in rows from 4 to 6 feet apart each way. Where a heavy erowth of grass exists is should be turned under a year or two before planting, and if possible a crop of ce- reals grown on the ground. The trees may be set in furrows or in holes dug by a mattock or spade. During the whole transplanting operations the roots should be kept constantly moist, and the dirt packed firmly around the newly-placed seedlings. Cultivation between the rows is advisable until the trees are large enough to shade the ground underneath. In the East the preliminary breaking of the ground is not so essential, although the young trees should not be allowed to become overtopped by weeds or grass. White Elm may be grown in pure stands, or in mixtures with various rapid-growing, light-needing species, or with slow-growing trees if they are planted first and allowed to attain a height of 5 to 6 feet before setting the elm. Good associate species are the 356 Hardy Catalpa, ashes, locusts, coffee- tree, black walnut, black cherry, red cedar, and European larch. ENEMIES. Although seldom injured by wind, snow, or fungi, the White Elm is seriously affected by numerous in- sects. Borer larve channel the inner bark and the surface of the wood so frequently as to kill the tree; but by far the greatest damage is done by the elmleaf-beetles, and other leaf de- stroyers. In parts of the country park and street trees have been killed, and planting of the elm has been discon- tinued on this account. It 1s possible, however, by early and thorough spray- ing to protect the trees and in the end to bring about the reduction or exter- mination of the leaf-destroying insects, In case of extended ravages, speci- mens of the insect, together with a full account of the character of the injury done, should be sent to the Division FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION July of Entomology of the Department of Agriculture, in order that the insect may be identified and measures sug- gested for its destruction or control. POSSIBILITIES AND USES. Stately and graceful in form and outline, and rapid growing and hardy in varied soils and severe climates, the White Elm adapts itself to the needs of most tree planters, and is grown extensively throughout its broad range. As a shade or park tree it has few equals, and throughout the East is considered the ideal tree for orna- mental planting. It does not thrive in cities where coft coal is habitually used, nor along streets where the mois- ture is all carried off by artificial drain- age. On the borders of gardens or cultivated land it is objectionable be- cause of the extensive spreading of the surface roots. For Western planting it has a recognized place in forest plantations which it well deserves. BEAUTIFYING THE STEEL HIGHWAY’ Splendid Achievements of the Boston and Maine in Railroad Forestry and Horticulture F. WILLIAM RANE Director, New Hampshire College. VERYTHING that tends to make the world more beautiful, espe- cially when the usefulness of such beauty can be appreciated and enjoyed by the greater masses, deserves com- mendation and appreciative acknowl- edgement. In a quiet and persistent way our railroads are beginning to do what the writer predicts will eventually mean more to the nation’s pride at home and its prestige abroad than some of our other efforts upon which we at present set greater value. There is just as much reason why public sentiment should be interested in improving our great commercial highways as there is that our local and inter-urban roads be made better. Every community gains its reputa- tion in proportion to the interest its citizens take in its welfare. The old adage “A good reputation gets abroad that begins at home” is as true to-day as it ever was. More has been done by- American railroads to beautify the right of way, and particularly the stations and their *Text and illustrations reprinted through courtesy of the Boston & Maine Messenger. 1906 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 537 surroundings, than most people ation at heart, understands that a wise realize. Up to a comparatively re- expenditure of money for landscape cent period even the decoration of our homes has been quite largely neglect- ed in the United States, and many of our people, while making large ex- penditures for paintings and other works of art, have allowed the very important feature of landscape gar- dening to go by default. There has even been a notable lack of harmony between architecture and landscape gardening in this country. Happily, this condition has already undergone a vast change, and the gardening and tree planting along his line is one of the very best investments for the present and the future that can be made, because of the effect it has in securing the co-operation and good will of the public. To take as an illustration the Bos- ton & Maine Railroad: This road trav- erses some of the most interesting and attractive country under the canopy. It not only furnishes the best of trans- portation facilities for business men, wage earners, tourists and “summer Students digging White Pine Seedlings for transplanting. American people are rapidly becoming better balanced in this respect. Our railroads, or at any rate the larger systems, are taking an advanced stand with reference to the question of landscape effects and embellish- ments. Many roads take great pride in the effective planting of flowers and shrubs around station buildings, as well as in adopting modern architec- ture for these buildings, especially where they have reason to know that their patrons appreciate such efforts. The far-sighted railroad manager having the best interests of his corpor- boarders,” but practically. provides the life blood of industrial northern New England. Not only has this progress sive cor- poration set the pace in the matter of beautifying seca grounds and thus helping to make communities more at- tractive, but it has done much to for- ward the interests of scientific forestry in New England. It is a matter of gratification that more work of a practical nature is be- ing attempted toward a solution of the forestry problem to-day than ever be- fore. The writer is connected with 338 one of the New England colleges and has participated in the work of fur- thering a rational system of forestry for this section. In this work the co-operation of the Boston & Maine Railroad has been of decided value. Its representatives have attended the meetings of the Society for Protection of New Hampshire Forests and simi- lar bodies, and on occasion of the For- est Congress in Washington last win- ter it was represented by a special delegate. Through the courtesy of the of- ficials, the writer has been enabled to become acquainted with a number of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION . > 1906 station agent ten dollars’ worth of ten- der bedding plants for the decoration and improvement of his station had, however, long been practiced by the company. The practice of awarding prizes for effective plantings in the immediate vicinity of station buildings had great- ly encouraged the agents in the work ; but while for a short time during the latter part of the summer the effect of these efforts was pleasing, it did not satisfy Mr. Curtis, and he began in a quiet way to direct the efforts of his men toward a more permanent re- ward for their labors. Rockingham Junction, N. H.—A sample of Modern Forestry. the men immediately in charge of the carrying out of the landscape improve- ment work of the road. Among those with whom he has talked and exchanged ideas is Mr. Lowville Curtis, general roadmaster of the Western Division, who has been in the employ of the company for a number of years and is not only an ex- cellent engineer, but has a marked taste for all horticultural and forestry pursuits. ‘our or five years ago scarcely any- hing important was being done in the way of embellishing the grounds about depots. The custom of allowing each { t He began to advocate the use of perennial shrubs and vines. An in- teresting incident occurred about this time. Mr. Curtis learned that one of his laborers had worked in a nursery in the old country. Upon questioning him as to the proper way to propagate nydrangeas, the laborer replied in such fluency of scientific terms that Mr. Curtis at once directed his energies into the landscape gardening depart- meni. According as he could be spared, the man took cuttings, collected seeds plants propagated and and and 1906 brought together as many shrubs and plants as could be obtained. In a short time, a small progagating house was constructed, in order to en- able the men to continue the work during rainy days and in_ winter. While this house is comparatively small and inexpensive, it nevertheless stands for a large amount of work accomplished. The greenhouse was constructed at FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 339 Although the work was started less than five years ago, it has grown so rapidly that practically all the avail- able space in the immediate neighbor- hood of the office and yards is utilized for nursery purposes. ‘Thousands of shrubs are being distributed all along the line of the Western Division and many are sent to other divisions, and yet the propagating area increases. The nursery being located where General View of the Boston & Maine Nursery at South Lawrence. one end of the warehouse and supply yards of the Western Division at South Lawrence, Mass., where Mr. Curtis has his headquarters. One is struck with the happy manner in which the esthetic is blended with the practical here—a department of shrubs for embellishing right of way merg- ing into piles of rails, ties, switches and movable railroad property of all kinds. the workmen naturally congregate prior to setting forth upon their vari- ous duties along the line, gives an op- portunity to utilize the spare hours of these men, which in the aggregate means a great deal of time. Nearly every arriving train brings one or more men from a completed job of some kind, and instead of “kill- ing time’’ waiting for the next train, he spends his leisure to advantage hoe- 340 ing, digging, transplanting or per- forming some sort of nursery work. The men greatly enjoy the novelty of the labor too. Often a large gang of men finishes work a few hours before quitting-time, and rather than start in on a new piece of work in which they could hardly make a beginning, this time is spent in the nursery. It surely has proven a great success, and a study of its work- ings would well repay any railroad corporation. In forestry the work is going on in a simewhat similar way. Danger from forest fires is a most important factor in railroad management. The Boston & Maine road follows the prac- tice of burning over the right of way by its section men and at once removy- ing all inflammable substances. To a certain extent, during a dry time, a system of patrol is carried out. Some of the accompanying illustra- tions show examples of forestry prac- tices as carried out by the Boston & Maine. ‘This road has purchased a number of small tracts adjoining the right of way and is encouraging the adoption of modern methods of for- estry in developing these holdings. As with the work with shrubs, that in forestry is just beginning. In one of the small groves eighty cords of wood were cut in thinning, and the growth remaining is far better for it. Mr. Curtis finds that in the quieter times of the year, it is pos- sible to relieve a man here and there on a section for a day or so and have him report for duty on some of these wooded tracts, where his work is ac- -complished at no extra expense to the -company. ‘The company always finds ‘ready use for all forest products. The beautiful shady groves, such as ‘those at Rockingham Junction, N. H., or Lowell Junction, Mass., are not only valuable forest properties of the railroad, but are more desirable and effective than any other possible sort of planting. To be able to while away one’s time in summer at stations like these is a veritable pleasure. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION July Trees and shrubs certainly can be made to minister greatly to the com- fort and pleasure of the -traveling public. The Boston & Maine planted two barrels of seed chestnuts along the Western Division in 1904. It has also started a large number of white pine seedlings in frames, and a few years ago Mr. Curtis imported a number of catalpa trees which he is experiment- ing with to determine their value in New England. The time is not far distant when railroads generally will have their own nurseries, and when the embellish- ment of station surroundings, the cov- ering up of unsightly embarkments, etc., will be a matter of duty to them, as well as a source of pride. More and more trees and groves will be planted and cared for, not only for their shade and beauty, but as a part of the railroad’s economy in sup- plying ties, telegraph poles, piles, fuel, etc. Were railroads to employ experts to formulate forestry plans, the small expenditure would yield abundant re- turns. Such an official could extend his influence by co-operating with the superintendents of parks and with city and town authorities in his district. In farming and wooded sections similar co-operation could be carried out with resulting better crops of fruits, vege- tables and general farm produce and a corresponding improvement in for- estry methods. Assistance in this work undoubtedly could be had from the men engaged in teaching these branches at the various agricultural colleges and from the United States Department of Agri- culture. The work of beautifying and mak- ing our beloved country one that we can feel proud of at home or abroad is not only one in which governments and corporations, but public-spirited men, women and children everywhere should take great pleasure. BeorllS FROMEEOREST RESERVES TO BE SHARED By COUNTIES Ten per cent of Gross Receipts Alloted by Law to Offset Loss in T’axes—Nearly Seventy-Seven Thousand Dollars this Year ITHIN the last two years the area set aside for forest-reserve purposes has increased from less than 50,000,000 to more than 100,000,000 acres. Such a change caused great consternation among those who were not familiar with the objects to be at- tained by forest reserves. All the ene- mies of the National forest policy made ammunition of it, and many of its more timid friends began to fear that the movement was going too far. Most of the arguments of doubters, however, could easily be refuted. There were two. objections that could not be disposed of so readily— first, that this vast area, as large as all the New England and Middle States with Maryland and Virginia thrown in, took away from opportunity for agricultural settlement and home building many tracts of land scattered here and there along the creeks and valleys within the forest reserves. The Forester felt the propriety of this criticism keenly and studied carefully the boundaries of each reserve to elim- inate as much agricultural land as pos- sible. Finding that many small tracts remained, he submitted to the Secre- tary of Agriculture the “Agricultural Settlement Bill,’ which the latter rec- ommended to Congress and which finally received the President’s signa- ture June I1, 1900. Although under this law all land ac- tually usable for home building will be brought within the reach of the people, there was another strong objection to the reserves, namely, that many coun- ties in which reserves lie have much, in some instances more than half, of their area withdrawn from the possi- bility of private ownership and taxa- tion. The Forest Service was not un- mindful of the unfairness of this con- dition and submitted a bill to grant Io per, cent: of the, total receipts. from forest-reserves to the counties in which they are situated. This pro- posed law was finally incorporated in the forest-reserve provisions of the agricultural appropriation act of June 30, 1906. The clause reads as follows: “That ten per centum of all money received from each forest reserve dur- ing any fiscal year, including the year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hun- dred and six, shall be paid at the end thereof by the Secretary of the Treas- ury to the State or Territory in which said reserves is situated, to be expend- ed as the State or Territorial legisla- ture may prescribe for the benefit of the public schools and public roads of the county or counties in which the for- est reserve is situated: Provided, That when any forest reserve is in more than one State or Territory or county the distributive share to each from the proceeds of said reserve shall be pro- portional to its area therein: And pro- vided further, That there shall not be paid to any State or Territory for any county an amount equal to more than forty per centum of the total income of such county from all other sources.” The proceeds from forest reserves in the fiscal year ended June 30, 1904, were $58,430.19. During the next fis- cal year the receipts were $73,276.15. The transfer of the forest reserves to the Forest Service was made February 1 of that year, and during the five months remaining the Forest Service was busy reorganizing the plans for forest-reserve administration. The re- sult is notable. During the year ended June 30 last the receipts were $767,- 219.96, which was more than a tenfold increase over the previous year. The full measure of the importance 342 of this 10 per cent. provision can not, however, be taken from the figures of faiseyear., lhe receipts from the re- serves will probably increase with great strides for years to come, and the contribution to the counties is des- tined to make up richly for the loss of taxation. The 10 per cent. contributed to the counties is safeguarded in the act by a provision that it must be spent entire- ly for the maintenance of schools and public roads. The State legislatures are allowed to direct the expenditure. An- other safeguard is that the contribu- tions from forest-reserve receipts must not in any case be greater than 40 per cent. of the taxes received from other sources. The governors of all the States and Territories in which forest reserves are situated have been informed by let- ter concering the amount which will come to each State at the present time from the forest-reserve proceeds of the last fiscal year. ‘These letters say: ftaat,, * he? payment or tues per centum thus provided will be made by the Secretary of the Treasury, who will determine the exact distributive share of (name of State). Pending this determination the following re- ports from the records of the Forest Service will show you the gross re- ceipts from the forest reserves in your State during the fiscal year just closed and the approximate (but perhaps not the exact) amount which you will re- ceive under the terms of the act just quoted. Sai FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION i July “It is with very great pleasure that I am able to notify you of this begin- ning of the direct contribution of the forest reserves to the counties in which they lie. * ~* * - The proceeds from the reserves are likely to increase rap- idly, so that this contribution, although it may not yet have reached an import- ant figure, will ultimately pay a very considerable proportion of the ex- penses of the counties which are fortu- nate enough to have forest reserves within-their-boundanies: i739: The sum which each State and Ter- ritory will receive this year is given below: States. IO per cent. ATA MAS ecg Seer ee, 2 ee $7,976.68 California: yamaha ei ee 8,192.12 Colotadopaise. teat 12,541.79 GAO Sree seme Pee 6,436.24 WaSase ei ero iere ieee ae se 102.00 Montara Sse: iacesaeene Sees 5,869.04 INevad aratetm cm se ete 24.00 Nebraska tse. te neers ee 790.35 INewe Mexicoa™ yeeweescre 4,694.55 @Oklahomarii.. eae mee nee 120.95 reson a olor were ees 7,587.36 Southey Dakotars.: ct ieaneenne 357123590805 pale ay aacidgn Cian eee 9,786.86 Nias lananiortio rita tne oete teen se, 1,930.43 NV SOMMAIG ee ewok. coe wernt 6,781.50 Alais Kea7e, bsp aeee e k 283.00 $76,721.92 Alaska, being neither a State nor a Territory, is not entitled by the word- ing of the law to share in the distribu- tion. / Me i mA Mi ite FAVA wii La CAT AAA NARA Nees ON THESPORESTS OF HAR- FORD COUNTY, MARYLAND BY; TREADWELL CLEVELAND, JR. U. S. Forest Service. "THE soil and topography of Harford County are generally favorable to forest growth. As a whole the county is well forested; considerably over half its total area is clothed with forests of which a good proportion will supply mechantable timber. More than common economy has _ been shown in clearing. One rarely sees non-agricultural land, steep slopes, or hilltops denuded. On the contrary, it is striking that most of the farms are well supplied with woodlots, especial- ly where rough or steep land would make agriculture only a temporary or partial success. Virgin timber, of course, is not to be found in important quantity, but the second growth, espe- cially the coppice chestnut and oak, is chiefly vigorous and sufficient in quan- tity to supply demands for home con- sumption almost indefinitely. In the southern lowlands bordering the Ches- apeake the heaviest stands of large timber are found. ‘These have only recently been severely cut. Five or six years ago cutting began to take some of the best of this timber, largely for use outside the county. At the present time one of the best stands in Gun- powder Neck is being removed by a manufacturer in Kent County, who veneers red gum for fruit baskets. The soil varies from a sandy loam and sandy clay toward the south along the Chesapeake to a loam in the inte- rior of the county about Belair and a much rougher, stonier loam in the nothern part toward the Pennsylvania boundary. Coupled with the rise in elevation from the Chesapeake inland this change in the character of the soil controls the distribution of botanical species. On the level southern low- lands, for instance, the abundance of red gum in all stages of growth and particularly its spreading and vigorous reproduction are characteristic. With the red gum occur yellow poplar, white oak, red oak, Spanish oak, willow oak, and ash. Locust, an abundant tree throughout the county, and juniper are also found here growing to large dimensions. Several exceptionally large groups of juniper were noted. On leaving the shore and gaining a higher elevation and a different soil the frequency of red gum diminishes. while swamp, Spanish and willow oak practically disappear, scrub oak, chest- nut oak, and chestnut increase in abun- dance and size, and sassafras also is found in larger quantity. ‘The char- acteristic forest of this upland section of the county is chestnut and chestnut oak coppice. Another change from the snore line to the hills is the occurrence on the higher elevations of several spe- cies of natural and planted conifers. White pine, pitch pine, scrub pine and short-leaf pine were found. On the farms planted Norway spruce and silver fir and European larch had at- tained good size. The abundance of locust merits spe- cial consideration in the county. Wher- ever good light reaches seedlings or saplings, as for example along fields and on the borders of the woodlot or forest glade, locusts are found in good numbers. Especially along roadside fences locust have secured a footing, apparently by the well-known means of the wind blowing winter-shed seeds over the fields and lodging them in _ drifts or against such obstacles as fences or underbrush. A good deal of planted locust is also found, but this, 344 of course, has but slight commercial importance in comparison with the natural groves and fence rows. The conditions of soil and climate seem particularly favorable to the healthy growth of locust practically through- out the county. It is quite plain that farmers very well appreciate the serviceability of locust. It is a conspicuous tree about the farmstead, and evidently much prized for its beauty, shade, and sup- ply of honey-producing flowers in early spring, but its main value is well understood to be its use for fence posts. The farms of the county, as a whole, are particuarly well fenced. Although chestnut is the most com- mon wood for these fences, locust is apparently much used for this purpose. There could be no doubt about its fur- nishing, on the whole, as serviceable fence material as any that could be had. In view of the natural vigor of locust of this region and of its unusual utility, there can be little doubt that a real investment might be made by planting the less fertile or more rugged parts of farms with this tree. Red gum is certainly one of the important trees of the county. Not only is it found in good dimensions throughout the lower, moister lands of the south- eastern part of the county, but there seems also to be a growing tendencv toward seeding up a good deal of cut- over or cleared lands with this tree. ‘there can be little doubt, therefore, that in this part of the county red gum is destined to compete favorably with more important species, and eventual- ly to assume a larger importance in the forest than it now enjoys. In view of the increasing use of red gum, since proper methods of handling it and drying are able now to cure its former defects, the red gum of Har- en Wtches Al He. eas FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION July ford County has so much the more commercial importance. Whole fields lying to the leeward side of the forest are occasionally seen growing up almost solid to juniper. The ability of this tree to withstand drought and intense light through all stages of its growth especially when very young, coupled with other favor- ing circumstances of soil and climate, have resulted in giving this tree a wide, important distribution in the county. How favoring conditions in general are for the growth of juniper may be seen especially in the very fine individual specimens which are a strik- ing feature along road sides and lanes and bordering division fences. Since juniper furnishes probably the best fence posts obtainable, it is clear enough that a good deal of money value is represented in the hundreds of thousands of juniper posts now ripe for cutting or growing rapidly toward usable size. Among the encouraging conditions for marketing forest products in the county are the unusually good roads which make transportation to the rail- ways or to the waters of the Chesa- peake easy and inexpensive. Though toward the northwestern part of the county the roads are so steep that much washing occurs, still the larger part of the county’ enjoys macadam roads of excellent quality. Up-to-date road- making engines are busy improving the poorer roads. It would probably be a serious mis- take to count on supplying demands for timber outside the county, but the changes in forest type from north to south give good opportunity to make exchange of one kind of timber for another, and it is always economical to be able to reach the sawmill without extra transportation expenses. Appalachia—May, 1906. Published by the Appalachian Mountain Club. Pp. 196, illustrated. Boston, 1906. The current number of Appalachia con- tains, in addition to the articles and club pa- pers regularly issued, the reports of officers, proceedings of meetings, and official reports of the Appalachian Mountain Club for 1905. Among the contributed articles there is a very interesting paper on “The Proposed Eastern Forest Reserves,” being compiled from an address delivered before the club by Mr. Gifford Pinchot, on January 20, 1906. In the reports of the councillors, Mr. Harlan P. Kelsey contributes a gratifying statement of the forestry work accomplished by the club and urges the perpetuation of New England forests. The pamphlet con- tains some very striking mountain views, particularly those illustrating Miss Annie S. Peck’s article on climbing Mount Sorata. Con- Pps lo: Fourth Annual Bulletin of the necticut Forestry Association. illustrated. New Haven, 1906. This pamphlet contains a short concise statement of the progress in forestry in Connecticut and the need for its more gen- eral practice—in general a complete exposi- tion of the forest situation in Connecticut. Mr. Austin F. Hawes, State Forester, con- tributes the leading article on the “Forestry Situation in Connecticut.” In addition, the Connecticut laws bearing on forestry are ap- pended, and the Conecticut Forestry Asso- ciation, its aims and work, briefly described. Proceedings of the Iowa Park and For- estry Association, Fifth Annual Meet- ing. Published by the Association. Pp. 133, illustrated. Des Moines, 1906. This volume contains the complete pro- ceedings of the meeting of the Iowa Park and Forestry Association held at Des Moines, December 11 and 12, 1905. Dis- cussion of forestry occupies a gratifying amount of space, and includes an excellent paper by Mr. H. P. Baker on “How to Plant a Ten-Acre Lot to Trees,” from the viewpoint of the Forest Service, and a con- tribution of value on the same subject from another viewpoint by Mr. B. Shimek. _ Irrigation in the Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden. Vol. 4, No. 13, issued June 25, 1906. Pp. 308, illustrated. New York, 1906. The volume here presented contains five papers by eminent authorities, describing contributions to flora of various localities, and descriptions of new species collected. To the botanist and student of native flora the book should prove valuable. North Atlantic States. Office of Experiment Stations, Depart- ment of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 167. By Aug. J. Bowie. Pp. 50, illustrated. Washington. Government Printing Office. 1906. The bulletin presented here includes the results of investigations made in 1905 in Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New ersey, New York, Rhode Island and Massachusetts to determine to what extent irrigation was practiced, and the various methods in vogue. The report shows con- clusively that for market gardens and meadows, irrigation in humid sections has proven profitable. As yet its application in the raising of general farm crops has not been extensive. The cost of water, not- withstanding its abundance in the East, far exceeds that in the arid regions, and the suggestion is made that if this cost could be reduced, the application of irrigation would render the production of many crops profitable, which, with the present cost of water, are unprofitable. The descriptions of irrigation practice should be suggestive to many who are now raising truck without the aid of irrigation. Topographic Development of the Kla- math Mountains. Bulletin No. 196, U. S. Geological Survey. By J. S. Diller. Pp. 66, illustrated. Washington, Government Printing Office. As its title indicates this bulletin contains an exhaustive analysis of the topographic features of those portions of Northern Cali- fornia and Oregon embraced in the Klamath range. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, Washington, D. C., July 3, 1906. Sealed proposals will be received at the office of the Engineer, U. S. Recla- mation Service, Billings, Montana, until 2 o’clock p..m., August 23, 1906, for the construction of structures on Division 1, Garland Canal, Sho- shone Project, Wyoming, involving about 18,000 cubic yards of grading, 1,800 cubic yards of con- crete, the placing of 127,000 pounds of steel rein- forcing bars and other incidental work. Partic- ulars may be obtained from the Chief Engineer of the Reclamation Service, United States Geol- ogical Survey, Washington, D. C., or from the Engineer, Cody, Wyoming. THOS. RYAN, Act- ing Secretary. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, Washington, D. C., July 3, 1906. Sealed proposals will be received at the office of the United States Recla- mation Service, Williston, North Dakota, until 10 o’clock, a. m., August 30, 1906, for the con- struction of canals and ditches, involving the excavation of about 220,000 cubie yards of earth and furnishing labor and material for various structures requiring about 40,000 feet B. M. of lumber, and 1,000 cubic yards of concrete, in con- nection with the Williston Project. Particulars may be obtained from the Chief Engineer, United States Reclamation Service, Washington, D. C., or from H. A Storrs, Electrical Engineer, Willis- ton, North Dakota. THOS. RYAN, Acting Sec- retary. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, Washington, D. C., June 11, 1906. Sealed proposals will be received at the office of the United States Reclamation Service, Salt Lake City, Utah, until 3 o’clock p. m., August 30, 1906, for the construction of the Strawberry Tunnel, involv- ing 18,600 linear feet, more or less, of tunnel, the same being a portion of a system for the diversion of about 500 cubic feet of water per second from Strawberry River to the Spanish Fork Valley, Utah. Particulars may be ob- tained from the Chief Engineer of the Recla- mation Service, Washington, D. C., or the En- gineer, Salt Lake City, Utah. E. A. HITCH- COCK, Secretary. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, Washington, D. C., May 20, 1906. Sealed proposals will be received at the office of the United States Reclamation Service, Browning, Mont., until 2 o'clock p. m., July 31, 1906, for the construc- tion of about 14 miles of canal for the -di- version of 850 cubic feet of water per second from the St. Mary River at a point about 35 miles northwest of Browning, involving the ex- cavation of about 1,700,000 cubic yards of ma- terial. Particulars may be obtained at the of- fice of the Chief Engineer of the Reclamation Service, Washington, D. C., or from Cyrus C. Babb, Engineer, Browning, Mont. E. A. HITCHCOCK, Secretary. 1 Can Sell Your Real Estate or Business NO MATTER WHERE LOCATED Properties and Business of all kinds sold quickly for cash in all parts of the United States. Don’t wait. Write today describing what you have to sell and give cash price on same, If You Want to Buy any kind of Business or Real Estate anywhere, at any price, write me your requirements. I can save you time and money. DAVID P. TAFF, THE LAND MAN, 415 KANSAS AVENUE, TOPEKA, KANSAS. IT PAYS TO ADVERTISE FORESTRY & IRRIGATION Read ‘‘ Irrigation in the United States,’ by Frederick Hayes Newell, Chief Engineer U. S. Reclamation Survey. Price, $2, postpaid to any address. Address ‘Forestry and Irrigation,’’ Wash- ington, D. ; LAUGHLIN The Best at Any Price Sent on approval to responsible people. A Pocket Companion of mever ending usefulness, a source of constant pleasure and comfort, To test the merits of Forestry and Irrigation as an advertising medium we offer your choice of these popular styles super- jor to the $3.00 grades of other makes for ° fo Unconditionally Guaranteed Pre-eminently Satisfactory. Try ita week, if not suited, we buy it back, and give you $1.10 for it (the additional ten centsis to pay for your trouble in returning the pen). Weare willing to take chances on you wanting to sell; we know pen values—you will when you have one of these. Finest quality hard Para rub- ber reservoir holder, 14k. Dia- mond Point Gold Pen, an desired flexibility in fine, med- ium or stub, and the only per- fect ink feed known to thesci- ence of fountain pen making. Sent postpaid on receipt of $1.00 (Registration, 80 extra.) This great Special Offer is good for just 30 days. One of our Safety Pocket Pen Hold- ers free of charge with each pen. Remember—There is No “just as good” as the Laugh= lin: insist en it; take no chances. , State whether Ladies’ or Gentlemen’s style is desired. Illustrations are full size of complete article. Address LAUGHLIN & CO., 841 Griswold St Detroit, Mich a // Forestry and Imgation H. M. SUTER, Editor CONTENTS FOR AUGOST, 1906 A MAGNIFICENT FOREST OF NOBLE FIR, HEMLOCK, AND RED FIR IN OREGON - - - - Frontispiece NEWS AND NOTES: Conference of Engineers - 3: Resolutions on Death of Mrs. Reclamation Service Birth- IbmnGhy Seo ol or ie ete GID eNOS ey NE Ra Michigan Fire Losses - - - Hon. Arthur Hil! (with Progress of Reclamation Jeo) SB 5) WEIR SA NG Worle ee coe coe kee ech Washington Fire Service - Irrigation in Shoshone Reser- tLONY pin tees tere — NOTES ON THE BENGUET PINE ((Tilustrated). By Wm. M. Maule - = 2 : = = e & i is “4 J UNCLE SAM, AUCTIONEER (Illustrated). — - - - - - NOTES ON FOREST TREES SUITABLE FOR PLANTING IN THE UNITED STATES (Jilustrated). 1X—The Chestnut - SHIFTING FORESTS - - - - - > THE GUNNSON TUNNEL ( Tilustrated ) THE MADISON PROJECT - - CALIFORNIA GROUND WATERS - - - UNITED STATES RECLAMATION SERVICE ( Illustrated) UNITED STATES FOREST SERVICE - - - WOODLOT THINNING (Tilustrated). By E. E. Bogue PUMPING WATER. Fifth Paper (Illustrated) - RECENT PUBLICATIONS = : = = : FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the American Forestry Association. Supseription price $1.00 a year; single copies 10 cents. Copyright, 1906, by Forestry and Irrigation Publishing Co.‘ ‘Entered at the Post Office at Washington, D. C., as second-class mail matter. Published Monthly at WASHINGTON, D. C. wet < ae ee ye S 2) bo o = ie) a As oa Ae) oO % Ae) I a si 1°) ig E vo a0) 5 6) vo } A Magnificent Forest of Nob WOE. XU: AUGUST ne06. Now's Byam The Fourth Annual Reclamation ‘The U. $. Reclamation OfEngineers COtference of the Engi- See Service recently passed neers of the U. S. Recla- mation Service will be held at Boise, Idaho, September 3 to 8, the Four- teenth Irrigation Congress also being in session at Boise at that time. This conference is in continuation of the general policy of holding annually a meeting of the principal engineers of the Reclamation Service for the pur- pose of discussing matters of adminis- tration and economies of work. The bringing together of these engineers and prominent citizens of the West make possible an interchange of views and a discussion of data leading to re- sults of very great value in the further- ance of the purposes of the Reclama- tion Act. Each of the engineers, experts and specialists in various lines will submit a brief paper embracing some point of general interest, such as detailed meth- ods of cost keeping, of designing, con- struction, maintenance, or operation. Owing to the advanced condition of many of the irrigation projects now under construction it is expected that this conference will be of more thar usual interest and importance. its fourth birthday, and that it is a very vigorous infant is shown by a .summary of the work accomplished during its brief exist- ence. Work is now under way on twenty- two projects and 13,000 acres of land have been actually irrigated. Up to July 1st 241 miles of main canal, 116 miles of distributing system, and 388 miles of ditches had been constructed, including dams, headworks, etc. Tun- nels having a total length of more than five and. one-half miles have been driven, including over two and one- half miles of the great Gunnison tun- nel in Colorado. More than 581 miles of telephone lines have been installed and are now in operation; 233 miles of wagon road, many miles of which were cut in solid rock in almost in- accessible canyons, I10 bridges, and 300 office and other buildings have been constructed. The works above mentioned have called for the excavation of 17,403,213 cubic yards of earth and rock, the laying of 134,446 cubic yards of con- crete, 124,901 square yards of rip rap SS 352 and is well qualified for the responsi- , bility of his position. “In this connection it may be inter- esting to know that the fire warden estimates that at one time western Washington contained 239,554,500,000 feet of standing timber, but 42,000,- 000,000 feet has been destroyed by fire and 30,000,000,000 feet logged off. In other words, the forest fires have de- stroyed approximately 12,000,000,000 feet more merchantable timber than has been cut for manufacture up to date. “Tt is to prevent further destruction of this valuable asset of the State of Washington that successful efforts were made to raise an adequate fund for forest protection this year,in the absence of a State appropriation. “The board of forest commissioners has decided that the law relative to the use of spark arresters on engines, locomotives, boilers, etc., . shall he strictly enforced this year, recognizing that the greatest menace to the forests is the operation of engines not equipped with proper meshing, as required by _law. The commissioners, by resolu- ‘tion of August 28, 1905, ordered that the netting of spark arresters used in coal burning engines should be not less than three mesh, No. 12 wire to the inch, and that the netting of spark ar- resters on wood burning engines should not be less than six mesh No 16 wire, to the square inch. “Section 10 of chapter 164 of the 1905 laws of Washington amply covers this particular feature, as follows: ‘ “Section 1o. It shall be unlawful for any person, company or corpora- tion to operate any spark-emitting lo- comotive, logging or farm, engine or boiler, in this State at any time during the months of June to October, inclu. sive, or for any person to a os any logging or other engine or boiler in fee immediate vicinity re v forest slashing, chopping, wood-land or brush Bead during the closed s without such lc Icomotive or provided with and suitable device for Any person _ con mpany or corp eason HSeCS4 Sate arresting FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION who shall fail to pre spark arresters herein mbes) tion, pay a fine for € engi comotive of each day “pe serat out such spark arrester ¢ not ten or more than fifty diars, be prohibited from urthr u 4 locomotive and engine itsuch or season until such sprk a provided and used therwith, Deputy fire wardens and — rangers shall report er ropa cient spark arresters tollb¢ attorney of their county and I perior court of that coury wh is first instituted shallvewe jut tion of the offense.” “Many of the mill companies asked the commission ta ppoir woods foremen forest ragers, + without compensation frm the | These men have full atttority i fighting of forest fires inheir districts. Resolutions on Death of Mrs. Lundy The followng tions of coridle recently adoted t Forestry \ssociati Pennsylvania which we take great sa io reprinting here as a slightpprecia of Mrs. Lundy's work io the ¢ of forestry in this country “It is with profound sesow w cord the death on MaySth of | highly esteemed associateand fri Mrs. J. P. Lundy. eee one of the founders of té Penn vania Forestry Associatio: in and has been continuous!) ro these twenty years a metber. council and during mosto®t the | corresponding secretary. Idr cour. ous, earnest, untiring andwise ¢ tion to the cause of is eligenioet . especially in the early yers of | movement, when the ree ity the pioneer educator in- at beneficent cause was the exsntt ment of success. Mrs. Ludy her words and deeds, animspi and example that won adyeates the cause so dear to herjad we are ul she was spared’a see the 1906 fruits of her ibor and effort in the al- most univers recognition of and the adoption andapplication of measures she so ably avocated that are becom- ing beneficenin results not only to the State but theentire nation. “Thereforcbe it resolved, That the members of te Pennsylvania Forestry Association ‘breby express their deep sense of theloss to the cause of for- estry, of thewise counsel, the earnest work, the stsindid example, the noble exalted lifeind the true friend that, in the Provience of God, has been taken from's, whose memory will al- ways be cheished by all true lovers of the forest. “Be it alsdurther resolved, That we hereby tendr our sincere sympathy to the meibers of Mrs. Lundy’s family in thir bereavement. shat, a: copy of this hese Resolutions be sent “Resolvé; Minute an to the meibers of Mrs. Lundy's family, to Prest Leaves, to FoRESTRY AND I[RRIGSION, and a copy entered on the recods of the Association. “Wan. S. Harvey, “Mira L. Dock, “ALBERT LEwIS, “Committecon Resolutions of Con- dolent< Michigan According to a report compiled by Harry H. Ryerse, chief fire warden of the Sta, there was destroyed by forest firesin Michigan during May property tahe value of $359,357, with the loss inDickinson County, where consideralé: havoc was done, as yet unestimatdé. Fire Losses The gratest loss occurred in Luce County, were the damage amounted to $101,38 In Presque Isle County damage ioiaine to $75,075 was done, andn Marquette $41,775. Onto- nagon stiered to the extent of $5,- 525, Baraa $2,300 and Iron $1,000. The firowarden reported 160 sepa- rate and «stinct fires during May. The expense © his department in fighting the flameavas $867.50. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 5353 Progress of Reclamation Work Mr. C. E. Grunsky, con- sulting engineer of the Reclamation Service, has just returned to Washington from an extended trip of several months dura- tion to the irrigation projects of the West. He has participated in import- ant conferences of consulting engi- neers, Where advice was necessary in the conduct of the work, or plans were under consideration to solve engineer- ing and other problems which are con- stantly arising as each project ad- vances from its preliminary stage, when its feasibility is to be determined, to the final stage of actual delivery of water upon the. land. Mr. Grunsky talks with great con- dence of the ultimate success of the work which Congress has inaugurated, and is a firm believer i in its further ex- tension. Projects of a magnitude far beyond the reach of the present recla- mation fund will no doubt in time be authorized. In the meanwhile every effort is being put forth by the Recla- mation Service all along the line to ad- vance the work in hand and to be able at an early date to show satisfactory results. The difficulties as they arise, many of them being other than the ob- stacles interposed by nature, are bing met on every hand with a determina- tion to win out, and it is with much satisfaction that an able handling of these as well as of the ordinary en- gineering problems may be noted. The general prosperity of the coun- try is having its effect upon the cost of the work. Labor is difficult to obtain in desired amount, and the price of materials required has considerably advanced since the work of the service was commenced. In consequence of these conditions the cost of irrigation will be higher than it would have been with works constructed some years ago. But this is offset by a corre- sponding increase in value of the pro- ducts of the irrigated farm, and is no occasion for alarm. ‘These conditions have no doubt in some measure con- tributed to some of the recent failures of contracting firms on irrigation work. W here such failures have oc- 352 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION and is well qualified for the responsi- bility of his position. “Tn this connection it may be inter- esting to know that the fire warden estimates that at one time western Washington contained 239,554,560,000 feet of “standing timber, but 42,000,- 000,000 feet has. been destroyed by fire and 30,000,000,000 feet logged off. In other words, the forest fires have de- stroyed approximately 12,000,000,000 feet more merchantable timber than has been cut for manufacture up to date. “Tt is to prevent further destruction of this valuable asset of the State of Washington that successful efforts were made to raise an adequate fund for forest protection this year,in the absence of a State appropriation. “The board of forest commissioners has decided that the law relative to the use of. spark arresters on engines, locomotives, boilers, etc., shall be strictly enforced this year, recognizing that the greatest menace to the “forests is the operation of engines not equipped with proper meshing, as required by law. The commissioners, by resolu- tion of August 28, 1905, ordered that the netting of spark arresters used in coal burning engines should be not less than three mesh, No. 12 wire to the inch, and that the netting of spark ar- resters on wood burning engines should not be less than six mesh No 16 wire, to the square inch. “Section 10 of chapter 164 of the 1905 laws of Washington amply covers this particular feature, as follows: ‘Section to. It shall be unlawful for any person, Company or corpora- tion to operate any spark-emitting lo- comotive, logging or farm, engine or boiler, in this State at any time “during the months of June to October, inclu- sive, or for any person to operate any logging or other engine or boiler in the immediate vicinity of any forest slashing, chopping, wood-land or brush-land dene the closed season without such locomotive or engine is provided with and uses a safe and suitable device for arresting sparks. Any person, company or corporation August who shall fail to provide and use such spark arresters during the periods herein mentioned shall, upon convic- tion, pay a fine for each engine or lo- comotive of each day so operated with- out such spark arrester of not less than ten or more than fifty dollars, and shall be prohibited from further use of such locomotive and engine in such months or season until such spark arrester is provided and used therewith. * * * Deputy fire wardens and __ forest rangers shall report any lack of suffi- cient spark arresters to the prosecuting attorney of their county, and the su- perior court of that county where suit is first instituted shall have jurisdic- tion of the offense.’ “Many of the mill companies have asked the commission to appoint their woods foremen forest rangers, to serve without compensation from the State. These men have full authority in the fighting of forest fires in their various districts. Resolutions The following resolu- on Death of ions of ¢ Mrs. Lundy tions of condolence were recently adopted by the Pennsylvania Forestry Association ; which we take great satisfaction in reprinting here as a slight appreciation of Mrs. Lundy’s work for the cause of forestry in this country: “It 1s with profound sorrow we re- cord the death on May 8th of our highly esteemed associate and friend, Mrs..J. P. Lundy. Mrs. Lundy was one of the founders of the Pennsyl- vania Forestry Association in 1886, and has been continuously throughout these twenty years a member of its council and during most of the time corresponding secretary. Her courage- ous, earnest, untiring and wise devo- tion to the cause of intelligent forestry, especially in the early years of this movement, when the heroic quality of the pioneer educator in a great and beneficent cause was the essential ele- ment of success. Mrs. Lundy was, by her words and deeds, an inspiration and example that won advocates for the cause so dear to her, and we are thankful she was spared to see the 1906 fruits of her labor and effort in the al- most universal recognition of and the adoption and application of measures she so ably advocated that are becom- ing beneficent in results not only to the State but the entire nation. “Therefore be it resolved, That the members of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association hereby express their deep sense of the loss to the cause of for- estry, of the wise counsel, the earnest work, the splendid example, the noblc exalted life and the true friend that, in the Providence of God, has been taken from us, whose memory will al- ways be cherished by all true lovers of the forest. “Be it also further resolved, That we hereby tender our sincere sympathy to the members of Mrs. Lundy’s family in their bereavement. “Resolved, That a copy of this Minute and these Resolutions be sent to the members of Mrs. Lundy’s family, to Forest Leaves, to FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION, and a copy entered on the records of the Association. “We. S. HARVEY, ~Mira Ll. Dock; “ALBERT LEwIs, “Commuttee on Resolutions of Con- dolence.” According to a _ report compiled by Harry H. Ryerse, chief fire warden of the State, there was destroyed by forest fires in Michigan during May Michigan Fire Losses property to the value of $350,357, with the loss in Dickinson County, Oglieee considerable havoc was done, as yet unestimated. The greatest loss occurred in Luce County, where the damage amounted to $101,380. In Presque Isle County damage amounting to $75,075 was done, and in Marquette $41,775. Onto- nagon suffered to the extent of $5,- 525, Baraga $2,300 and Iron $1,000. The fire warden reported 160 sepa- rate and distinct fires during May. The expense of his department in fighting the flames was $867.50. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION © 353 Progress of Reclamation Work Mr. C. EF. Grunsky, con- sulting engineer of the Reclamation Service, has just returned to Washington from an extended trip of several months dura- tion to the irrigation projects of the West. He has participated in import- ant conferences of consulting engi- neers, where advice was necessary in the conduct of the work, or plans were under consideration to solve engineer- ing and other problems which are con- stantly arising as each project ad- vances from its preliminary stage, when its feasibility is to be determined, to the final stage of actual delivery of water upon the land. Mr. Grunsky talks with great con- dence of the ultimate success of the work which Congress has inaugurated, and is a firm believer in its further ex- tension. Projects of a magnitude far beyond the reach of the present recla- mation fund will no doubt in time be authorized. In the meanwhile every effort is being put forth by the Recla- mation Service all along the line to ad- vance the work in hand and to be able at an early date to show satisfactory results. The difficulties as they arise, many of them being other than the ob- stacles interposed by nature, are bing met on every hand with a determina- tion to win out, and it is with much satisfaction that an able handling of these as well as of the ordinary en- gineering problems may be noted. The general prosperity of the coun- try 1s havi ing its effect upon the cost of the work. i abor is difficult to obtain in desired amount, and the price of materials required has considerably advanced since the work of the service was commenced. In consequence of these conditions the cost of irrigation will be higher than it would have been with works constructed some years ago. But this is offset by a corre- sponding increase in value of the pro- ducts of the irrigated farm, and is no occasion for alarm. ‘These conditions have no doubt in some measure con- tributed to some of the recent failures of contracting firms on irrigation work. W here such failures have oc- 354 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION curred the engineers in charge have proven themselves well qualified to carry on the work by force account, and there is every prospect that re- sults will be highly satisfactory when compared with prices originally bid state Canal on the North Platte River in Wyoming and Nebraska, from which , by the aid of some temporary structures, water has been available since May 5th. Referring to the situation on the Lower Colorado River, he states that ‘the entire river (about 20,000 second feet) is now flowing into the Salton Sea, instead of into the Gulf of Cali- fornia, where is belongs, and adds that the Southern Racific Railroad com- pany, which has come to the aid of the canal company, is putting forth great efforts to turn the river back into the channel leading to the gulf. The rail- road company has completed a spur track from El Rio at Pilot Knob, southerly into Mexico, and is prepared to push the work on the closure of the present channel with the utmost vigor. Irrigation There are several sn SROTBe ne | Ssouneewot large water Reservation : supply in the ceded por- tion of the Shoshone Indian Reserva- tion, Wyo., which was thrown open for settlement on August 15. The ceded portion of the Shoshone Indian Reservation is the area lying north of Wind River and east of Popo Agie and Bighorn rivers. It lies in the northern central portion of Fre- mont County, Wyo., and includes also a small corner of Bighorn County, ad- joining Bighorn Canyon south of Thermopolis. The total area is about 2,000 square miles. The northern third of this area lies in the Owl Creek and Shoshone mountains and the southern portion comprises a wide region of August when such work was offered for con- trace Among the projects that have been advanced to the point of delivering water Mr. Grunsky reports the Inter- rolling plains in the Wind River basin. The area is bordered on the south by Wind River and its eastern margin is crossed by Bighorn River. These streams carry a large volume of water and flow in flat-bottomed valleys, along which there is a moderate acre- age of land that is immediately val- uable for agriculture. With a mean average rainfall of about 13 inches a year, the climate is too arid for the raising of crops with- out irrigation, but a large amount of water in the two principal rivers is available for this use. Along the bot- tom lands bordering the rivers the water can be taken out in small ditches, though, owing to the spring floods, there will be difficulty in main- taining these ditches and especially their headgates, and the amount of land that can be irrigated by this means is small. By the construction of irrigation canals, however, wide areas of the basin land could be brought under cultivation, especially if the flood waters of the mountain slopes were stored for use during the dry season. The greater part of the region is well adapted for grazing and this undoubtedly will be its principal use. Fully two-thirds of the land bears a fair growth of nutritious grasses, and water for stock is within reach, except in a few districts. The only settlers now in the ceded area are a few Indians and white men who have married squaws. ‘The ranches of these people are widely . scattered along the rivers and on the creeks near the foot of the mountains. aerate denna. Sen, ee Meres ON THE BENGUET PINE. Interesting Description of One of the Two Pines Indigenous to the Philippines BY WILLIAM M. MAULE Forester, Philippine Bureau of Forestry. FARLY BOTANISTS recognized several species of pines indigen- ous to the Philippines, but, so far as known at present, we have only two representatives, viz: Pinus imsularis and Pinus merkusii. Of these two species the former is by far the more abundant and widely distributed and is now counted among our commercial woods. Pinus tmsularis, because of its abundance and use in Benguet Prov- ince, has come to be known as “Ben- guet pine.’ Its habitat is restricted to the higher mountain region, at eleva- tions rarely less than 1,600 feet above the sea, in the provinces of Benguet, Lepanto-Bontoc, Abra. and Nueva Viscaya, where, owing to topography and to local conditions, the stands are irregular, both in density and in out- line. Again we find it localized within a small area on Mt. Iba, in central Zam- bales, which is probably its southern limit. In northern Zambales, on the upper slopes of the same Cordillera, Pinus merkusu covers an area of about 1,000 acres and is not known to occur else- where in the archipelago. The latter species, aside from the simple fact of its occurrence, is otherwise interesting from its having been reserved during the Spanish regime, when it was known as the “Kings’ pine’ (Los pinos del Rey). Notwithstanding this decree, they were utilized to a small extent in the manufacture of naval stores, The restricted manner in which the pines occur is no doubt due to altitude, with the acompanying high tempera- tures. The best stands are those oc- cupying the protected valleys and slopes where the soil is deeper and trees are less exposed to strong winds. On such sites the stands are more compact, with greater clear length. On the ridges and elsewhere in exposed positions the stands partake of a more open character, with trees of low spreading crowns and short, heavy boles. The soil is a uniform reddish clay loam, and, owing to the constant mois- ture attendant to high altitudes, rareiy becomes dry. Surface rocks are not abundant except in certain areas where they outcrop as a result of former volcanic action. A portion of these are hard and resist erosion well, but the greater amount are of a soft char- acter and yield readily to atmospheric action. In the zone where the pine attains its best development, pure stands are the rule, with a sprinkling of tree ferns and small broad-leaf trees along the streams. On descending the slopes below an altitude of 1,800 feet, a gradual transi- tion is apparent; the stands become more open and irregular, with at first a sparse mixture of broad-leaf species, and, finally, at about 1,500 feet, the pine disappears. FORM. The different forms which the pine assumes on various sites makes it diffi- cult to recognize the typical tree. Under most favorable conditions of soil and situation, and where fires have not entered, one finds stands growing in almost as close order as-is charac- teristic of the white pine (Pinus stro- 356 bus). When growing in close order, the stems are long, straight and fairly cylindrical, with but little root swell- ing, often free of branches for more than fifty feet. The species is less tolerant than the white pine and mature stands having grown in open order rarely have clear lengths exceeding two-thirds the tree height. The taper in the clear length is very gradual, but decreases in di- ameter rapidly in the crown. ‘The maximum diameter is attained in the shorter boled trees where the stand is more open, but rarely exceeds 56 inches at breast high. Typical Benguet Pine (Pinus insularis) FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION August Two types of bark are readily dis- cernible, seemingly irrespective of health or age—the one decidedly poly- gonal scaled, as of Pinus ponderosa; the other vertically, furrowed similar to Pinus strobus. The Benguet pine, being decidedly intolerant, forms an open spreading crown, with needled branches well to- wards the interior and consequently receives a great amount of light. From the seedling stage, its light-demanding nature is apparent, and reproduction is rarely effected under shade. It is a rapid grower and abundant and reg- ular seeder, being well adapted to the locality. From this fact we may infer that had it not been subjected since remote times to injury from fire, we would find to-day a vast unbroken for- est, of close order, covering the na- tural range of the species. The following table, showing diame- ter growth, was derived from a series of stump analyses. While we cannot be sure (owing to the irregularity of seasonal growth in tropical species) that each ring represents a year's growth, yet we know that at least one ring is formed annually, and the age in relation to diameter, therefore, is not underestimated. DIAMETER, BREAST HIGH. Inches. Years. 15 37, 16 38 17 39 18 40 19 42 20 43 21 45 22 47 23 48 24 50 25 52 26 54 oF, of, 28 60 29 64 30 72 an 82 32 95 By) 120 34 145 f 1906 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 307 5 ia” RA 2. Wax A Stand of Pinus merkusii, Zambales FIRES. The pine region is the natural haunt of the Igorote, who leads a_ semi- nomadic life, depending largely for his existence on the chase, and not infre- quently owning horses and cattle. In order to secure better pastures or to facilitate hunting, it has been his cus- tom to yearly set fires in the open grass lands. These fires do not con- fine themselves, however, to the grass areas, but spread through the semi- open into the forest, each year claim- ing additional open space. The open and burned over areas are most favorable to natural seeding of pine, and where fires have not re- cently occurred we find excellent re- production. If four or five years pass without burning, or when the repro- duction has reached a height of two or three feet, the critical stage seems to have passed. This is due to the close formation having crowded out the rank grass which is ever a menace to reproduction. It happens, in cases, that seeding has been poorly effected, leaving the reproduction to grow in open order and consequently exposing it to danger from fire. In the event of fire in the latter case, where the trees have reached a height of three to four feet, a certain portion usually recover. Counts made on such areas show the proportion which survive to average 25 per cent. In the seedling and stages immediately following, the trees can offer no resistance and fires are totally destructive. LUMBERING. During February, 1903, a Govern- ment reserve was created, which in- cludes forest lands in the vicinity of Baguio, and lumbering thereon—ex- cept for Government needs—was pro- hibited. More than two years ago the Ben- guet Commercial Company installed logging and sawing machinery near Baguio. The plant consists of a port- able engine 25-horsepower, which drives a 50-inch circular saw. The maximum capacity of the mill is 3,000 feet, board measure, although the cut averages about 2,000 feet per day. 308 As accessories are planer and shingle mill, which are operated alter- nately with the saw mill. Skidding is done by means of a drum and steel cable, driven by a 12- horsepower engine. American foremen direct the saw- ing, planing, and shingle making, as- sisted by a crew of fifteen natives. The advantage of a steam skidder over the use of carabaos is at once ap- parent, and is the only means by which many of the steeper slopes can be lum- bered profitably. The lumber finds a ready market in general construction work about the summer capital, and, in order to meet demands at present, the mill is kept running day and night. The logs are remarkably free from defects, such as heart rot, but the boards warp con- siderably when not properly piled, As a rule, the lumber is very resinous, but occasional pieces are as clear and free of resin as an average grade of white pine. The stumpage price, which is the Government charge, represents $1.20 per thousand, board measure, while the average selling price is $50. The number of merchantable trees per acre will average from eighteen to twenty, from which nine or ten are selected for felling. Allowing an average of go cubic feet of merchantable timber per tree, we have for the stand, per acre, 1,710 cubic feet. Stands of con- siderable extent are found, however, which will yield four or five times the above amount. There is no doubt but a severer selection would be more favorable to reproduction, but would destroy the esthetic, which it is im- portant to retain for those who would enjoy the summer resort. SUPERVISION. With the beginning of lumbering about Baguio, the Bureau of Forestry installed a system of management, which been largely protective. During the critical season of fires, or February, March, April, and May, a force of native fire wardens is em- ployed, each warden being assigned a 1 nas FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION August section—if possible, the locality in which he resides. Trees are selected for felling by the forestry officer, who resides permanently at Baguio. In general, fires have been appre- ciably checked and lumbering regu- lated and carried on in a conservative manner. The Igorote, who is respon- sible for the greater number of fires, has been found to be the most satis- View Showing Character of Bark of Pinus merkusii factory man in fighting them, using as weapons only pine switches. In case the fires have made too great headway the Insular police are called upon to assist. The many roads and trails leading out from Baguio serve well the purpose of fire lines, and, ex- cept in the event of very strong winds, 1906 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 359 Surface Fire in Open Pine Stand, Consuming Grass Cover are effective in localizing them. Still other aids are the stretches of sod or earthern fences which the natives have built around their plantation to pro- tect their crops from wild hogs and deer. These enclosures are occasion- ally abandoned and are commonly en- countered in the open land. Yarded Logs Near a Saw Mill UNCLE SAM, AUCTIONEER How the Government will Assist in the Development of a Desert Area A RATHER UNIQUE scheduled event is to take place in south- ern Idaho by the time this number of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION reaches its readers, when Uncle Sam will offer for sale the lots contained in two town sites situated in the heart of the Mini- doka irrigation project. This project provides for the recla- mation of about 130,000 acres lying on both sides of Snake River. The land was all public ddMain and when the engineers designed the system they did not neglect the splendid oppor- tunity for establishing an ideal farm- ing community. Three town sites were laid out in the center of the tract on the proposed line of the Oregon Short Line railway; the towns were platted with wide streets and boule- vards, and parks and extensive areas for public buildings were reserved. All the agricultural lands were cut into farms of 40 and 80 acres, so that the instant the tract is brought under cul- tivation it will become one of the most densely populated agricultural com- munities in the country. Its prosperity is assured by the unfailing water sup- ply which will be furnished by the big Government canals and ditches, and this prosperity will be reflected in the future success and substantial growth of the towns which Uncle Sam pro- poses to establish there. Two years ago the Minidoka coun- try was an uninhabited sage brush plain. The railroad was miles away and it seemed destined forever to serve only as a haunt of the jack rabbit and the skulking coyote. Far below the surface the Snake River cut its way through a canyon across the plain, offering no opportunity for the pio- neer with his simple ditch to lead the water out upon the thirsty soil. Only skilled engineers backed by vast capi- tal could tackle such a proposition as this. Many men without the neces- sary money had looked at it, but its great cost had forced them to give it up. With the passage of the Recla- mation Act on June 17, 1902, one of these engineers who had joined the Government force rushed a field party to this point and in a single season prepared and presented a set of plans for a comprehensive system of irriga- tion. They were accepted and bids were asked and contract awarded for construction. To irrigate this broad expanse of plain the Snake River must be lifted from its bed, and a dam was laid across the stream at Minidoka Rapids, a great rock fill structure 50 feet in height and 650 feet long on top, which raised the water surface 47 feet at flood level and backed it up for thirty- five miles. The dam is near comple- tion and will cost nearly half a mil- lion dollars. When the immense gates in the diversion channel are lifted the water will pass into the high line canals on both sides of the river and be led from them through hundreds of miles of laterals to every farm in the valley. ; The initiation of this worfx was fol- lowed by an influx of settlers from all over the country, and soon every farm division had been filed upon. While the Government proceeded with the construction of the dam and canal sys- tem, the settlers were busily engaged upon their own buildings. The com- ing of large numbers of farmers cre- ated a market and stores sprang up. 361 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 1906 MainStreet in Rupert, Idaho. A Thriving Town Made Possible by Government Irrigation Work Heyburn, Idaho, Looking Southwest A Chicago Reporter's Publishing House at Heyburn, Idaho ject, Idato doka Pro ini the M View Showing the Regul.ting Gates o 1906 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 363 An enterprising young man_ estab- lished a newspaper and as if by magic doctors, lawyers, and mechanics of all classes flocked in. The intoxication of creation was in the air. Other news- papers were started, three banks were established, a school was opened and | — 70 pupils greeted the teacher the first | - morning. Meanwhile two lines of | - steel like ribbons came creeping over the plain, crossed and passed the town sites, and the shriek of the locomotive | was added to the creaking of the der- | ricks as great blocks of stone were dropped into place on the dam. To-day a population of over 4,000 await the completion of the canals _ and ditches. Scattered here anl there | in and around the town sites are 122 | mercantile institutions waiting for | the town lot sale so that they can move over upon their own property | and no longer remain tenants by suf- ferance of the Government. Idaho is famous for its irrigated fruits and fields. The soil and climate are adapted to a wide variety of crops. Owing to the importance of the live stock industry in this section alfalfa and other forage crops will always find a profitable market, and all the vegetables and fruits of the north | temperate zone may be grown here. i; With all these manifold advantages a prosperous future and rapid growth are assured for the new towns. ‘The lots in Sherrer will be reserved for future sale. An important feature in connection with the construction of the irrigation system is the possibility of power development at the dam. This power can be transmitted economically to the towns and utilized for munici- pal and other purposes. The optimism of the settlers on the Minidoka project has gone abroad through the enterprising little news- papers which have grown and flour- ished on the sage brush desert, and be- fore another month is past hundreds of tenderfeet wiil “hit the trail’? for this land of opportunity. The Sort of Land that is to be Reclaimed in the Vicinity ot Rupert, Idaho (Se Ste see Se oe Tw cee aloe] See co he Te f= LE Ge ot Gee 2s oe Se : ie 2 Sow oD oe ot ie a = aw =a se os SS Se Tiere, fe eee cote: ot Gee: cat Soe eet oo fe woe aon Set oot Wess et ee oo wate sa = T oget i ot fee Sas coon | Ce wea Sree Zin anes 0 Sie Garret ee Wise meti fe tues Sal a ee er ties me et ws ie ai Se Te ee wil ter He Ter ane St seed) Geer. eel er) eee fatitr a0 sm. oy setteerinenss. Gonre ae a SESS wie 25 spe fem or Wms L St, 2 ees see. eS Sectraet’ wil) fee ot eto Blts o #0 trem ames orm acut TS comet Sere Ae oe seen Soe See On fe eto owe ot round wily wien fee siete are hiked “poe bere gor Foret eerste Teo ie dees oes Ga = ete on Ge Gnilowe at an me a aime ya ee Ot oS ee mip ami of imoiveedic. Tm fe Wert Ge re = eee ee! mma wih cea at fie Ee qos speciale fre ods ofl eagles je = eee of aneilies Se fe ee 1S Goo on Sw Get ane = dices af F or semi egret iar ae te some os ie ated cane i he eee a i eof Oo Test ite Ses frat wage ln te Sortie Gras tee tree ws te tented aye a firive A es zante sents of tee Some josh tals Ginnie an He sats wih we ited a9 tt tr ‘ om! ‘| oo 4 y ’ Aa i" : Nitin dire t—1 wethe onde ognemmety | " ‘ih Hite hae # 566 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION MANNER ~ OF OCCURRENCE—CHARAC- TERISTICS OF GROWTH. Within the limits of its range the chestnut occurs either singly or in scattered groups or groves, usually most abundant on the high, gravelly, well-drained hillsides and ridges, and seldom in pure stands. Chestnuts grown in the forest vary greatly in general form and _ habits from those grown in parks, pastures, and other open places. ‘The forest tree soon loses its lower branches and develops a tall, tapering trunk, adapt- ed for telegraph poles, ties, and for general use as lumber. But when grown in the open and given plenty of room, it develops a broad, spread- ing crown, and short, thick trunk. The chestnut’s rate of growth is the most rapid of any of our truly valu- able hardwood trees. Seedlings usu- ally attain a height of 10 to 15 inches the first year and continue growing at the rate of 15 to 20 inches per an- num for twenty to thirty years. Sprouts grow even more rapidly than this, often attaining a height of 4 to 6 feet the first year, and in twenty to twenty-five years make timber large enough for ties and poles. After thirty years, however, the rapid growth ceases. In New Jersey a chest- nut is recorded which had a diameter of 60 inches when 7o years old. In the same State several trees 35 years old ranged from 24 up to 34 inches in diameter, with a height of 40 to 50 feet. The average rate of growth is, of course, far less than the above. It varies according to the nature of the soil, the thinner soils being less favor- able to rapid growth than rich upland soil. The root system spreads out exten- sively, but no deep tap root is de- veloped. This makes transplanting less difficult than with many other nut- bearing trees. The chestnut is rather intolerant of shade. THE WOOD—ITS ECONOMIC USES. The wood is light, rather soft, coarse-grained, and inflexible, the sap- wood white, the heartwood darker August brown. The wood shrinks and checks considerably in drying, splits and works easily, and because of the tan- nic acid it contains is very durable in contact with the soil. It is used in cabinet work, cooperage, for interior finishing, fence posts, telegraph poles, and cross-ties. About 5 per cent of the railroad ties in the United States are of chestnut. The original chest- nut forests have everywhere been cut, except in parts of the Southern Appa- lachians, but the reproduction of the coppice is so rapid that a fair supply of small-sized timber is still available. PROPAGATION. Chestnut reproduces easily both by seeds and stump sprouts. Nuts are borne nearly every year and a full crop occurs usually every other year, thus keeping the ground well seeded. The nuts that are spread by the squir- rels germinate readily and, if there are enough of them, quickly reclothe the ground with seedlings. They grow, however, only in pasture land and open woods, since they can not tolerate dense shade. Their growth may be encouraged by leaving seed trees, protecting the nuts from chip- munks and squirrels, and breaking the ground where the nuts fall. By far the more common and rapid means of chestnut reproduction is by the coppice sprouts which spring from the newly cut stumps. While not so long lived nor so sound as seedling trees, the coppice sprouts should be encouraged because of their rapid growth and ease of propagation. A clear cutting of chestnut forest in the fall or winter when the trees are dor- mant, taking care to leave smooth stumps, is all that is needed to insure a future growth. In the Middle and New England States a clear cutting system with a rotation of twenty-five to thirty years gives the best results, and will in that time produce trees large enough for fuel, ties, or pests. A stump will retain the power of sprouting with almost undiminished vigor through several rotations. By starting a small number of seedling Pa | | | { 1906 trees of the same or other species among the chestnut coppice and allow- ing them to live through two or three rotations of the sprouts, large timber trees may be secured. The chestnut is admirably adapted to several sys- tems of forest management. For. commercial or ornamental planting either nursery culture or di- rect field planting may be practiced. In either case the nuts should be gath- ered when mature in the fall and stratified in moist sand through the winter, care being taken that they do not dry out after ripening, or become moldy in the sand. If placed in single layers between alternate layers of moist sand in a strong box, out of doors in a sheltered place, they may be depended upon to winter safely. If started in the nursery the rows should be 3 feet apart, and the nuts placed 1 foot apart in the row and covered 1 to 2 inches, and may be set in the plantation in the spring when either I or 2 years old. If trans- planted several times in the nursery the plants are improved, but this is usually too expensive to be practiced in economic planting. For extensive operations direct plac- ing of the nuts in their permanent lo- cation is cheapest and best. Fall plant- ing is advised if the planted nuts can be protected from mice and squirrels. Holes should be dug and 2 or 3 nuts placed in each and covered about 2 inches deep, and the dirt packed down quite firmly. The holes should be dug 5 to 6 feet apart. The chestnut will thrive in pure stands, but can be grown to better advantage in mix- tures. It is especially adapted’ for planting with the white and red pine on waste land in New England, and can also be combined with the oaks, ash, and maples. ENEMIES. The chestnut as a forest tree is as a rule little troubled by insets or fungi. Several forms of borers work in the wood and under the bark, and their ravages are sometimes exten- sive. The nuts are attacked by the FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 367 larvze of two or more species of weevil, but to the timber grower this is not serious. In case insects of any kind appear in alarming numbers, speci- mens, accompanied by a detailed ac- count of their appearance and habits as far as determined, should be sent to the Division of Entomology of the Department of Agriculture for identi- fication and suggestions as to their control. The trunks of the young trees in warm situations are often af- fected by a body blight, or sun scald, as it is called. The bark cracks and loosens on the south and west sides of the tree, and the affected portion finally dies. The extent of injury from this source is, however, not great. new disease of unknown cause has been doing considerable injury during the past ten or fifteen years. POSSIBILITIES AND USES. For protective and commercial forest planting few eastern trees are deserving of greater commendation than the chestnut. Among our long- lived hardwood trees it is diffi- cult to find its equal in rapidity of growth and ease of propagation on soils which are good or medium in quality. It is amenable to various systems of forest management, forms a vigorous coppice, yields a wood which is valuable for a variety of uses, and produces a very valuable nut. The tree grows so extensively in the East that almost no planting has been done except for ornament and for the production of the nuts. In the West little chestnut planting has been done because it is popularly believed that the tree does not generally thrive west of the Mississippi, but in Kansas, Nebraska, and Missouri the few trees that have been started are doinw well. PLANTATIONS. Mr. L. A. Goodman, of Kansas City, Mo., has two rows of chestnut trees on his estate in Westport. They 368 were twicetransplanted before set out, were well cared for, and when 20 years old were 40 feet high, with a spread of 28 feet. At Farlington, -Kans., chestnuts were set out with black cherry, black FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION August locust, black walnut, and a few catal- pas, 4 feet apart each way. They were set in 1882, and in 1895 were 3 inches in diameter breast high and 28 feet high, and free from live branches for LOlorl5 teet: SH FTP NGG re O Ree oles Thousands of Trees and Shrubs Transplanted on the Grounds of the Jamestown Exposition | N THE WORK of beautifying the grounds of the Jamestown Exposi- tion, near Norfolk, Virginia, many thousand trees and shrubs have been transplanted. Some of them were brought from long distances and care- fully transplanted along the walks and drives of the exposition grounds. The work was done under the direction of Warren H. Manning, the well known landscape designer, and Charles Ii. Pratt, superintendent of the grounds. Concerning the transplanting of trees and the attention they require, Mr. Manning said: “Watching, mulching, watering, trimming, fertilizing is the order of the day now on the Exposition grounds. The trees and shrubs:are being closely watched to note their behavior after the shock of removal. The removal of a plant means a loss of roots and a change in conditions that requires, es- pecially in the larger trees, a large stock of vitality to secure a safe re- covery. First, the roots that help to pump the water from the ground to the leaves to supply the loss from evap- oration must get to work promptly; some trees are dead because the drain- age was not good enough to take the standing water out of the holes, and the tree roots were drowned, as they surely will be if the roots are complete- ly submerged in water for a long time. Others, we know, died because a sud- den freeze following a_ rain-storm caught the roots before sufficient top soil could be secured to cover them completely. | _ average. “Some of the cedars, as they were being rafted across the waters of the marsh, were caught in a sudden squall, and their roots were given an involun- tary salt water bath; these trees seem to lack sufficient vitality to make a good recovery, or perhaps their roots were cut too short. “With all the adverse circumstances that must come to trees moved for miles in all weather over all sorts of roads, and planted in soil only recently drained, the loss in the fifteen hundred big trees promises to be below the average of the first year of such plant- ing. The loss in the shrubs is, with very few exceptions, much below the Some of the finest kinds, like the evergreen, wild myrtle, the wild roses, flowering dogwood and moun- tain laurel are almost all alive and growing vigorously. “Mulching, that is covering the sur- face over the roots, helps newly-plant- ed shrubs to gain a foothold, because it keeps an even condition of tempera- ture and moisture at the roots. We are using coarse manure, grass and leaves for this purpose. The manure supply, always an important considera- tion, is here secured by supplying the contractors with bedding for their horses with the understanding that they allow the manure to be used on the plantation. Thus grass that must be cut, and would otherwise be useless is made to bring a return, just as a re- turn of fertilizer is secured from the ashes of the brush and wood that is burned in the clearing operations. 1906 “Where trees and shrubs are grow- ing vigorously little or no water is re- quired, but where they are starting slowly, then the ground about the roots is well water soaked about once a week in dry weather. About the tree holes are punched to the depth of the roots, and these holes are repeatedly filled in succession until the ground 1s soaked. A light daily sprinkling is often worse than useless, as it causes the surface to bake hard—a condition more favorable to rapid evaporation of moisture than is a mluched or loose- ly dug surface. “Trees and shrubs were either not trimmed at all or the tops were re- duced by removal of whole branches FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 369 instead of by cutting off the ends of branches and leaving unsightly stubs. The plants were thus not mutilated in appearance, and where well rooted and vigorous started at once into good growth, as have most of the shrubs. The trees are more closely watched, and where they show a tendency to start into more vigorous growth part the way down the branch they are trimmed back to this point. “Insect enemies must also be watched for, as they are likely to spread rapidly and do serious injury, so an equipment for spraying must be ready at hand for such an emergency. Raising trees and shrubs, like raising children, require constant care.” Tne GUNNISONA TUNNEL Good Progress Being Made on One of the Most Difficult of the Government Projects HE ENGINEER in charge of work on.the Gunnison tunnel, Uncompahgre irrigation _— project, Colo., reports that 718 feet were exca- vated during July, making the total amount of tunnel excavated to date 14,614 linear feet. Less headway was made in July than in previous months on account of the friable material en- countered in heading No. 2, the acci- dent by a premature explosion in head- ing No. 1, and the quantity of water flowing in at the latter heading. Headings 3 and 4 have finally been brought together, and the most dis- agreeable part of the work is now over. This ‘is the portion under the broad valley of Cedar Creek, where the tun- nel has been for nearly a mile in river sands and gravels, clay and soft shale. Heading No. 4 was driven from the outlet in the valley, and number 3 from a shaft a mile away, under con- ditions such that it was very difficult to give directions so that the tunnels driven towards each other would ex- actly meet. .tion of the mountain. The completion of this portion of the work leaves it possible to concen- trate work on the headings numbers 1 and 2, which are under the main por- In’ No. 1°the material is a hard reddish quartz or coarse granite, changing to a mica shist. In this portion the progress has been upwards of 12 feet a day, while in the softer black shale in head- ing No. 2 the progress has been over 20 feet a day. The work on the tunnel was delayed by a curious condition. This was due to a heading advanced to a point where is was passing through a great ac- mumulation of sea shells. Thousands upon thousands of them imbedded in the rock were dug out, some of them of gigantic size—upwards of three feet or even more in diameter. The process of excavating the shells was easy but they rendered the ground exceedingly treacherous. A few of these large shells imbedded in the roof make a point of weakness, and without warning a mass of a hundred pounds 370 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION August Congressional Inspection Party Mouth ot Gunnison Tunnel, Now 15,000 Feet Within the Mountain. 371 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 1906 Surveying in the Canyon An Engineer ot the Reclamation Servi.e in Exploring the Gunnison Canyon is Forced to Swim 372 or even of several tons of the black shale carrying the shells might be pre- cipitated upon the workmen. It was therefore necessary to support .the roof of the tunnel with timber for every foot of advance in order to pro- tect the workmen from injury or death. It is curious that these shells de- posited in the ocean millions of years FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION August interest by engineers throughout the country by reason.of the fact that it is the longest and largest underground waterway of its kind in the world. Its total length will be 30,000 feet, its cross section 10% by 11% feet, and its. capacity 13,000 cubic feet per second. It is to be cement lined throughout and completed in 1908 at an approxi- mate cost of $2,000,000. For the Dam Site in the Grand Canyon of the Gunnison River, Colorado ago are now being brought to light and are endangering the lives of creatures hundreds of centuries younger than they. Each one of the shells at one time held a living organism, whose bulk would be sufficient to make a meal for a dozen men. The work on the Gunnison tunnel is being watched with a great deal of greater part of its length the tunnel is in solid granite, in some places 2,000 feet below the surface of Vernal Mesa. This tunnel will carry water from Gunnison Canyon over into the valley of the Uncompahgre River where it will be used to irrigate about 150,000 acres of fine agricultural land. Pak MADISON, 2 ROJECT Plan to Reclaim Large Area of Montana Arid Land AN investigation of the Madison River irrigation project, Mont., was recently completed by the engi- neers of the U. S. Reclamation Ser- vice, and a report made to the Secre- tary of the Interior. Numerous sur- veys have been made by various cor- porations and individuals since 1887 for the purpose of locating a feasible irrigation system in this vicinity, but no practicable project was found. Ow- ing to the fact that approximately 150,000 acres of land very advanta- geously situated with respect to mar- ket, and with exceptionally good rail- road facilities, located near Helena are believed to be reclaimable from Madi- son River, a careful reconnaissance was made by the Reclamation Service in 1905. The main unit of the project out- lined by the engineers consists of about 43,000 acres of land in and adjacent to Prickly Pear Valley near Helena; a ‘second tract of about 53,000 acres lies in Crow Creek Valley on the west side of the Missouri River near Raders- burg, and smaller tracts aggregating about 52,000 acres bring the total re- claimable area up to approximately 148,000 acres. The plan in brief is to construct a ‘storage dam in Madison River Can- yon, the stored water to be discharged into Madison River as required, and at a point about seven miles below the -dam, near the mouth of Cottonwood Gulch, diverted by means of a weir into a canal on the west bank of the river. This canal will run in a north- erly direction along the left bank of Madison River for about thirty miles, crossing the Jefferson River by a si- phon over three miles long in the vi- -cinity of Willow Creek, and thence parallel but at some distance from the west bank of Missouri River to a point on McClellan Creek, into which its waters discharge. For about two and one-half miles the channels of Mc- Clellan and Prickly Pear creeks will be used, the waters being diverted from Prickly Pear Creek near East Helena, the canal then encircling Prickly Pear Valley, discharging into a coulee at its lower end. The entire length of the canal would be 150 miles, including sixteen miles of tunnels, twenty-seven and_ three- quarer miles of concrete lined sections, four miles of siphon pressure pipe, 99% miles of earth canal and two and one-half miles of natural stream chan- nel. There is one drop of. seventy feet,and-a.drop-of 160, feet, m the stream channel. A small independent part of the pro- ject contemplates the irrigation of about 16,000 acres on the east bank of Missouri River in the vicinity of Tos- ton and Townsend, by a canal divert- ing water from the Missouri River on its right bank about three and one- half miles above Toston and running in a general northerly direction for about thirty miles. There are 5,140 acres of cultvated land below the pro- jected canal line location irrigated from Dry, Greyson, Gurnet, and Duck Creeks and Confederate Gulch. If satisfactory arrangements could be made with the owners of these water rights their lands could be watered from the canal and the water from the creeks used on lands above the canal, and this area, 5,140 acres, now water- ed, has been included with the 16,800 acres of irrigable land. There are probably 3,000 acres north of Con- federate Gulch that could be irrigated by extending this canal to Avalanche Gulch, but as this would involve many additional miles of canal it has not been considered. 374 Most of the land is in private owner- ship. The crops are principally al- falfa, oats, wheat, and rye. The estimated cost of the project without storage is $254,000. On a basis of 16,000 acres this gives a cost per acre of $15.12; adding $5 per acre for maintenance and operation for ten years, gives a cost of practically $20 per acre without storage. Sufficient data is not at hand to warrant an esti- mate on the cost of storage, which must be known before it is possible to decide upon the feasibility of the pro- ject. The unregulated discharge of the Madison River at the proposed point of diversion would, in some years, be sufficient to supply the canal through- out the irrigating season, but in other years there would be a shortage in July, August, and September. On ac- count of this shortage, and for the FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION August further reason that the entire low wa- ter flow of Madison River is being used for power development at points lower down on the Missouri River, it will be necessary to regulate by short- age practically the entire discharge of Madison River, and this would be pro- vided for by the dam in Madison River Canyon, which would create a reser- voir with a capacity of 600,000 acre- feet. The total estimated cost of the en- tire Madison project is $14,413,000. On a basis of 147,800 acres this gives a cost per acre of $97.50. Allowing $5 per acre for ten years maintenance and operation brings the cost up to about $102.50 per acre. The long canal line with its expensive river crossings, tunnels and other structures necessitated by the topogrphy of the country, are responsible for the high cost of construction. CALIFORNIA GROUND WATERS Important Publications on Southern California by U.S. Geological Survey AE RESULTS ot anvextrenely, practical and purposeful investi- gation of the ground water resources of the coastal plain region of southern California have recently been pub- lished by the United States Geologi- cal Survey. These reports cover the region along the coast from Santa Monica to Aliso Creek, and extend in- land over the coastal plain to the foot- hills from San Pasqual on the north- west, through Santa Anita, Glendora, Pomona, and San Bernardino, to San Jacinto on the southeast. Throughout this whole area the peo- ple are dependent mainly upon ground water for their water supply, and much of the prosperity that has been realized in this country has resulted from irrigation by ground waters. Therefore the future is largely depend- ent upon the availability of these waters and their permanence. The reports mentioned deal with these questions in a practical way and show where ground waters may be obtained, the depth at which they oc- cur, and what may ultimately be ex- pected if the present improvident use of the water is continued. In order that the reports may be distributed in the most helnful manner the region has been divided into the western, cen- tral, and eastern sections, and each has been treated in a separate bulletin. The western section includes the Redondo and southern half of the Santa Monica quadrangles. This re- gion may be geographically defined as that part of the country lying west- ward from a line running north from San Pedro Bay through Los Angeles and Glendive to La Crescento. The central section includes the Downey and Las Bolas quadrangles, and may be geographically defined as land lying 1906 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 375 eastward from the line above located to a north and south boundary defined by Westminster, Whittier, and Mon- rovia. While the central section in- cludes the area lying to the east of this as far as San Bernardino and San Jacinto. Completed tables giving the facts concerning the wells throughout this region are included in the reports, They show the yield of each well, the capacity, and depth at which water occurs, as well as the cost of operation. With reference to the supply of the entire region the report states that in all of the important basins there has been during the last ten years a gen- eral reduction in the yield of the ar- tesian wells. The last ten years have constituted a period of low rainfall, and as a result the ground water sup- ply has been diminished, and it is evi- dent that there should be no further increase of the drafts upon the under- ground resources. The rate of this decrease even under the influence of the great development that has taken place has been very slow, and while it is probable that in some basins some of the favorably located wells will never cease to flow, the shrinkage must continue in other places unless there is a concerted effort upon the part of the irrigators to be economical in the use of water. The summary given by the author of these reports, Mr. Walter C. Men- denhall, is as follows: The supply is large, since it consists of the water saturating all that part of the coastal plain oravels within about 250 feet from the surface over an area of 600 or 700 square miles. The annual additions to the supply are large, consisting of a part of the flood waters of the San Gabriel, Los Angeles, and Santa Ana Rivers, to- gether with the return waters from irrigation and the local rainfall. The drafts upon this supply are also large and seem certainly to be in excess of the supply in certain parts of the re- gion. With present developments the water plane must be expected to de- cline slowly and the artesian to shrink until drainage is checked by this shrinkage to a point where it no longer exceeds the supply. This decline should not prove serious if present de- velopments are not increased, but so long as this development continues at a rate which increases the output, the shrinkage will also continue. The lowering of the ground water level and shrinkage of artesian areas will no doubt be interrupted by periods of rising water levels. The shrinkage of an artesian belt will be manifest along its northern edge, and the effect farther south will be rather a decrease of flow and a les- sening of pressure. Shallow artesian wells will gener- alley be affected earlier and to a more marked extent than the deeper ones. One of the maps included in this series of reports shows the artesian areas and the shrinkage which has al- ready occurred. For example, the great artesian area running along the coast from a point west of, Los An- geles to a point south of Santa Ana already shows, a shrinkage along its northern and eastern borders equal to about one-fourth of the original area, while that south of Pomona shows a shrinkage of approximately 10 per cent. The San Bernardino area has likewise been reduced about one-half, and that north of San Jacinto shows a shrinkage along its northern bor- der equal to about one-fifth of the origi- nal artesian area. These reports should be consulted by every irrigator along the coastal plain. They give most potent warn- ings concerning the loss of water sup- ply which, it appears, may be avoided if intelligent measures are adopted. In- asmuch as this garden spot of North America has been developed solely as a result of irrigation by ground waters, it appears that the inhabitants of the region can do no better than to or- ganize and adopt such measures as are recommended in these reports. Government Irrigation. Work During the Month For — ; Mr. Louis C. Hill has ee been designated super- vising engineer of the southern part of California, including Colorado River and the Yuma pro- ject, in addition to his work in Ari- zona, to fill the place made vacant by the resignation of Mr. J. B. Lippin- cott. Mr. Hill was born i Michigan and graduated from the State University in 1886. He was engaged constantly in railroad, mining, and canal work until 1903, when he received an ap- pointment in the United States Recla- mation Service. He has charge of the construction of the Salt River pro- ject, which is now in course of con- struction and is already world famous for its wonderful engineering features. Here one of the highest dams in the world is being erected, creating an artificial lake twenty-five miles long and 200 feet deep against the dam. A cement mill with a capacity of 300 barrels per day is in operation, turn- ing out first-class cement for uce in constructing the dam, lining ditches, and tunnels. The work also involves a power house, power canal, electric transmission line, and the rebuilding of a considerable part of the distribut- ing system in Salt River valley. Saw mills have been erected to furnish lum- ber for the system, and over one hun- dred miles of wagon road were con- structed. Sixty miles of this road con- nects the outside world with the dam site, which is in an almost inaccessible canyon, and is used for hauling sup- plies to the army of workmen em- ployed there. Engineers who have driven over it pronounce it a marvel of engineering skill, unequalled in this country. Mr. Hill is regarded as one of the ablest engineers and executives in the country, and although the loss of Mr. Lippincott’s services was a severe one, the people of southern California are to be congratulated upon the wise choice of his successor. Mr, Ce blenny thas been designated as supervising engineer for California, excepting that portion of the southern part of the State includ- ing the Colorado River and Yuma pro- ject, which has been assigned to L. C. Hill, supervising engineer for Arizona, and the Owens Valley under L. H. Taylor, supervising engineer for Ne- vada. Mr. Henny now has charge practi- cally of the entire Pacific coast area, including the States of Washington, Oregon, “and California. This change was brought about by the resignation or Mine iB: Lippincott, supervising engineer for California and the Kla- math irrigation project lying partly in Oregon. Mr. Henny is a graduate of the Gov- ernment Polytechnic School, Delft, Holland. He was engaged for several years in reclamation work and rail- road location in Holland, and has been engaged in railroad construction in Iowa; in waterworks construction in various Eastern States; in railroad construction in Colorado; bridge work Henny’s Appointment 1906 in Missouri; tunnel construction, New York; and in many other important positions throughout the United States. Both the Reclamation Service and the states to which his services have been assigned are to be congratu- lated on the possession of one of the finest engineers in the country. His eS FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 377 tion project, California and Arizona, has tendered his resignation to the chief engineer and will accept the po- sition of city engineer of Los Angeles, Cal. His resignation will take effect September Ist. Mr. Hamlin was born and educated in Minnesota. He has had wide ex- HOMER HAMLIN A well known engineer who recently resigned from the Reclamation Service t > become City Engineer of Los Angeles, California headquarters land, Ore. at present are at Port- Mr. Homer Hamlin, of the U. S$. Reclamation Service, and district en- gineer in charge of the Yuma irriga- Hamlin Resigns perience in engineering, having been engaged with the city engineer, San Diego, Cal., in general engineering and surveying in that city, as assistant to the United States engineer in sur- vey for fortifications on Point Loma 378 and Coronado Beach, draftsman in the surveyor’s and city engineer's of- fice in. Los Angeles. In 1901 he was employed by the United States Geo- logical Survey in hydrographic and geological investigations, and in 1903 he received an appointment as engineer in the Reclamation Service. Mr. Hamlin’s resignation was ac- cepted with much regret by the officials of the service, as the demand for good engineers is greatly in excess of the supply. This is especially true in Gov- ernment work on account of the low salaries paid by Uncle Sam as com- pared with those received in private practice. Information has been re- ceived at the Washing- ton office that Mr. I. W. Huffaker, of Wheatland, Cal., assist- ant engineer in the U. S. Reclamation Service, has been drowned in one of the canals of the Truckee-Carson irri- gation project, about five miles west of Fallon, Nev. While awaiting the arrival of a sur- vey party Mr. Huffaker and one of his assistants decided to go in sw.m- ming at a point where the water sur- face of the canal was about 60 feet and the depth of water between eight and nine feet. Both of them were poor swimmers and he sank. while at- tempting to swim across the canal. His companion, Mr. Wilbur, was barely able to save himself. Mr. Huffaker has been engaged in general surveying in Montana and in the construction of iron smelters. In 1903 he was appointed engineering aid in the Reclamation Service on W alker River basin and since the fall of that year has been constantly engaged on the Truckee-Carson project, having had charge of the construction of the Carson River diversion dam and Lake Tahoe outlet regulation work. Engineer Drowned ) 2 c Hewas Mr. Bee MS Hall, of the Project Reclamation service, and supervising engineer tor New Mexico, Texas, and Okla- homa, who is in Washington for a few days on business connected with his FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION August district, reports a most promising state of affairs on the Hondo irrigation pro- ject in southeastern New Mexico. All contracts are completed, earth- work on the laterals is finished, and nothing now remains undone except some of the small structures in the dis- tributing system, and some puddling in the reservoir. This work is being carried on by force account under the supervision of the engineers. The set- tlers have been receiving the usual low water supply throughout the season, but next spring they will enter into their proper heritage, the reservoir be- ing completed and an ample water sup- ply for all needs assured. Although the land under this project is all in private ownership, Mr. Hall reports that most of the farmers are cutting their farms down to forty acres. This action will insure a dense population, more intensive cultivation, and “a ~ consequence “mcrease. in the value of the land. The marvelous re- sults of irrigation in this section when sufficient water is applied has been demonstrated in the Roswell district lying just to the east of the Hondo project. Four crops of alfalfa are harvested, while corn, garden truck, cantaloupes, grapes, apples and other fruits produce abundantly. The de- licious flavor of irrigated fruits 1s be- coming well known, and the apples which are shipped to Chicago and cther Eastern markets command a high price. Next year one-tenth of the cost of construction of this project, or $33,360, will be returned to the reclamation fund to be used again in the construc- tion of other projects. Contracts with Water Users The Secretaty of the In- terior “has. executed a contract with the Sunny- side Water Users’ Association, Wash- ington, to secure repayment to the United States of moneys expended in the construction of the Sunnyside ir- rigation project, Wash. A contract on behalf of the United States with the Yuma County Water Users’ Association, organized in con- 1906 nection with the Yuma irrigation pro- ject, California-Arizona, to secure the return to the Government of the cost of the Yuma project, has also been consummated. The Secretary of the In- terior has approved the contract entered into by John E. Field on behalf of the United States Government, and the Platte Valley Telephone Company, of Scotts- bluff, Nebr., whereby the above named company agrees to furnish telephone service in connection with the North Platte irrigation project, Nebraska and Wyoming. It was found necessary to establish telephone connections between the headgates of the Interstate Canal, lo- cated at Whalen, Wyo., and the vari- ous headquarters, camps and stations of the Reclamation Service, in order to expediate the work of constructing the irrigation system. Eleven sta- tions will be installed at the various camps and the company will place ad- ditional wires on the poles of its lines now in operation or to be constructed between Whalen, Wyo., and Camp No. 8 in Nebraska, and construct and maintain such new lines as may be necessary to connect the telephone sta- tions with each other and with the various exchanges in the district lying between Guernsey, Wyo., and Bridge- port, Nebr. Long distance service may also be had with the Pathfinders dam site, located above Alcova, Wyo. Nebraska Phone The Secretary of the In- terior has granted per- mission to the St. Mary’s International Telephone Company, of Browning, Mont., to construct a tele- phone line on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation from Browning, on the Great Northern Railroad, northerly to the International boundary line through and by way of Babb, Teton County, Mont., a distance of about fiftv miles. Arrangements have been made with the company for the transmission of messages in connection with the Milk River project, which is being con- Montana Phone FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 379 structed for the irrigation of lands in northern and northeastern Montana by the U. S. Reclamation Service. This service will be of inestimable value in expediting the work on the project as well as in future operation of the The Secretary of the In- terior has authorized the engineers of theReclama- tion Service to survey and subdivide the lands in the Fort Shaw abandoned military reservation, Montana. These lands are needed in connec- tion with the Sun River irrigation pro- ject, which is designed to reclaim about 256,000 acres in the valley of Sun River. A large percentage of this land is public domain and lies in a broad prairie extending from Teton River on the north to Sun River on the south, a distance of thirty miles, and from the Rocky Mountains on the west to Missouri River on the east, a distance of seventy miles. The sum of $500,000 has been allotted from the reclamation fund for initiating this great work. In response to requests from the residents of Carbon County, Mont., the Reclamation Service recently made a reconnaissance of the elevations and approximate areas of irrigable lands on the east side of Clarke Fork near the Montana-Wyoming State line. It has long been the belief of settlers in that locality that large bodies of land are so situated as to be irrigable from Clarke Fork. It was found that a tract of land known as Chapman Bench lies along Pat’ ©’ Hata Creek for a distance ‘of twelve miles. This bench has an aver- age width of one and one-half miles and contains approximately 12,000 acres of good land which lies well for distributing water. Owing to its high elevation above Clarke Fork Canyon, however, and the long rough country through which the canal would run, any scheme for irrigating the land from the waters of Clarke Fork is not considered feasible. There is no other tract of land from the lower end of Examination of Clark Fork 380 this bench north to Chance, Mont., with the exception of a few small scattering areas not worth considering. Along the stream bed of Big Sand’ Coulee there are several small areas of land from one to several hundred acres in extent that lie low enough to be watered from the Fork, but these could all be readily handled by private capital. One tract of 3,000 acres in extent well up on the stream and at an elevation of approximately 4,400 feet above sea level, probably could be watered very economically by divert- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION August ing water from the proposed high line canal of the Shoshone project. There is about 6,000 acres of good land on the Sand Coulee drainage. All the re- maining land in the vicinity of Big Sand Coulee and to the east of the Chapman Bend is of sand dunes and bad land breaks. The tract of land known as Big Mesa is in the Shoshone drainage and is properly a part of that project. It is too high for irrigation from Clarke Fork without a dam sey- eral hundred feet in height and tun- nels aggregating several miles in length. The Month in Government Forest Work Mr is Ava Sterlines: an charge of forest exten- sion in the Forest Ser- vice, has just returned from the Adi- rondacks, where he has been studying the forest planting work which is being done by both the State Forest Commis- sion and the Cornell Forest School. On these plantations it was found that Scotch pine, white pine, and European larch are being grown so successfully that these trees may be regarded as specially well suited for reforestation work in this region. At Lake Clear, where the State work is in progress, Norway pine is now to be tried with every prospect of success. Douglas spruce, otherwise known as Western red fir, is also being planted. On the other hand, the soil is too poor for suc- cessful planting work with Norway spruce. Personal Mention Mr. Sterling starts immediately for the West, to inspect extension work on the reserves. He will first visit Flag- staff, Arizona, and thence will proceed to California, will go up the coast and return by way of the Rocky Mountain reserves. The reserve extension work is growing in extent and importance constantly. In addition to the pernia nent planting stations, where seed oeds and nurseries are maintained to supply plant material for planting work, either locally or at a distance, special attention is now being directed to the study of city watersheds lying in reserves. A number of reserves which surround or nearly touch cities and towns contain the sources which supply these places with water. To perpetuate and in many cases to increase the available water supply, forest planting is the most efficient, often the only means. 1906 Another new project in extension work is the establishment of rangers’ nur- series. Rangers will be encouraged and assisted to make a good showing in small nurseries, in which suitable species for planting in each locality are to be tried. Mr. Bristow Adams, former'-- asso- ciate editor of Forestry AND IRRIGA- TIFN, has been appointed to a position in the office of the editor, Forest Ser- vice. Mr. Adams is especially well fitted for his work with the govern- ment, having had a long experience in newspaper and editorial work. Fle will be particularly valuable to the Forest Service because he has had an intimate knowledge of the forest move- ment during the past five years, as well as a thorough understanding of irriga- tion problems which are often closely related to forestry. Readers of the magazine will recall a number of ar- ticles which Mr. Adms has contribut- ed, both on forestry and irrigation sub- jects. Mr. Gifford Pinchot, Forester of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, re- turns August 21 from Europe. He left Washington July 7 last. The Na- tional Irrigation Congress will be held at Boise, Idaho, September 3 to 8, in- clusive, and owing to the close com- munity of interests between the Recla- mation Service and the Forest Service, this meeting will bring together a large number of those interested in forest work, both in public and private life. Mr. Pinchot, who has been invited by Goy. Pardee, of California, through the executive committee of the Con- gress, will attend. The Congress is the fourteenth held in the interest of irrigation. Mr. William L. Hall, in charge of forest products, in the Forest Service, has been for some time in the West, where he is engaged in the administra- tive inspection of the timber tests be- ing carried on at various points in co- operation with Western universities. His return is expected by the middle of ° September. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION S81 Captain James B. Adams, special fiscal agent of the Forest Service, anc in charge of the office of records, is in the West, where he will preside at a number of meetings of forest super- visors. ‘These meetings have for their object a fuller understand'ng on the part of forest officers of the provisions of the “Use Book,” or manuai of in- structions and regulations for the use of the resources of forest reserves. as well as a closer and more personal re- lation between reserve officers and Washington. Reserve problems will be discussed and each supervisor will be able both to bring forward his own difficulties for solution and tu contrib- ute out of his own experience toward the solution of the difficulties of others. The first of these supervisors’ meet- ings will be held at Glenwood Springs, Colo., Augst 20 to 24, and the foilow- ing forest officers will have instruc- tions to attend: F. R. Sherw‘n, Jr, forest ranger in charge of the Pikes Peak Forest Reserve, Colo.; ‘Thomas Hogan, forest ranger of the Park Range Forest Reserve, Colo.; Eugene Williams, supervisor of the West Mountains and San Isabel Fores: Re- serves, Colo.; R. W. Shellabarger, su- pervisor of the Cochetopa Forest Re- serve, Colo.; James A. Blair, forest ranger in charge of the Leadville For- est Reserve, Colo.; W. R. Kruetzier, forest ranger in charge of the Gunni- son Forest Reserve, Colo.; David An- derson, forest ranger in charge of tlie Battlement Mesa Forest Reserve, Colo.; Harry Gibler, forest ranger in charge of the White River Forest Re- serve, Colo. ; O. C. Snow, forest ranger in charge of the La Sal Forest Re- serve, Colo.; H. N. Wheeler, super- visor of the Montezuma Forest Re- serve, Colo.; F. O. Spencer, supervisor of the San Juan Forest Reserve, Colo., and forest inspector W. T. Cox. The second meeting will be held at Provo, Utah, headquarters of the Uinta Re- serve, from August 25 to August 27. Forest Inspector Potter, in charge of grazing, and Forest Inspector Bene- dict, who alternates with Forest In- spector Du Bois in charge of the office 382 of reserve organization, will be pres- ent. The reserve officers instructed to attend are: C. T. Balle, supervisor of the Fish Lake Forest Reserve, Utah; G. H. Barney, supervisor of the Aqua- rius Forest Reserve, Utah; Sylvanus Collett, ranger in charge of the Dixie Forest Reserve, Utah; Charles F. Cooley, supervisor of the Grantsville Forest Reserve, Utah; J. F. Squires, supervisor of the Bear River Forest Reserve, Utah; William Hurst, super- visor of the Beaver Forest Reserve, Utah; Dan S. Pack, supervisor of the Payson Forest Reserve, Utah; E. H. Clarke, supervisor of the Salt Lake Forest Reserve, Utah; W. I. Pack, su- pervisor of the Uinta Forest Reserve, Utah; Lorum Pratt, supervisor of the Grand Canyon Forest Reserve( North), Ariz., and Timothy C. Hoyt, super- visor of the Sevier Forest Reserve, Utah. Forest Inspector W. W. Clark will also be present. The third meet- ing will take place at Flagstaff, Ariz., September 1 to 6. The following for- est officers have been instructed to at- tend: Fred S. Breen, supervisor of the Black Mesa, San Francisco Moun- tains and Grand Canyon (South) For- este Reserves mAtiz. Ree aMicCline: supervisor of the Gila Forest Reserve, N. Mex.; C. T. McGlone, supervisor of the Chiricahua Forest Reserve, Ariz.; F. C. W. Pooler, supervisor of the Prescott Forest Reserve, Ariz. ; W. H. Reed, forest ranger in charge of the Tonto Forest Reserve, Ariz.; Harold Marshall, forest ranger in charge of the Pinal Forest Reserve, Ariz.; T. F. Meagher, supervisor of the Santa Rita and Santa Catalina Forest Reserves, Ariz.; John W. Farmer, supervisor of the Mt. Graham Forest Reserve, Ariz: John Kerr, supervisor of the Lincoln Forest Reserve, N. Mex.; L.. -E. Kneipp, supervisor of the Pecos River and Jemez Forest Reserves, N. Mex EK. F. Morrissey, supervisor of the Wichita Forest Reserve, Okla. Other meetings are to follow. During July and August Thomas E. Will, of the Forest Service, has been delivering a number of illustrated lec- tures on forest problems in Oklahoma. Indiana and Kansas. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION August The Forest Service has established a laboratory at 696 East First street, Boston, Mass., for the purpose of mak- ing investigations and experiments in the manufacture of sulphite or chem- ical wood pulps. There are, generally speaking, two kinds of wood pulp, mechanical and chemical, the first obtained from grind- ing the wood and the second from a disintegration by chemicals. Caustic soda is used to a limited degree, but by far the greater part of the cherzical pulp is made through the agency of sulphurous acid and is known as sul- phite wood pulp. It is relied upon as the strength-giving stock in most ci the cheaper grades of paper, being used in connection with the cheaper and less strong mechanical pulp, in tlic proportion of three or four parts in Hem. To supply the enormous demand for the sulphite product more than 1,500,- ooo cords of wood are used anziually. Nearly four-fifths of this amwunt is spruce. A rapid diminution in the sup- ply of standing spruce and a conse- quent marked increase in its cost are the results of this great and growing demand. Therefore a principal object of this laboratory is to experiment on the pulp-making possibilities of other woods, with reference to obtaiung First, a pulp that will approximate spruce pulp to replace it where spruce is now used; second, other fibers that may have properties peculiarly adapted to special kinds of paper making; third, a pulp of marketable value as a by-product from the waste material from sawmill and lumbering. opera- tions. The laboratory is conducted in con- nection with a model plant which has a capacity of about 65 tons of pulp a day. It is equipped with a chipper, liquor - making apparatus, digester, screen, vats, and molds for making sheets of pulp, a press, and the boiler and engine required for operating the plant. The samples of wood used will be collected by members of the Forest Service in order that there may be no Boston Pulp Laboratory 1906 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 383 question as to their identification. After barking, the wood will be chipped, cooked in the model digester, blown out into the blow-off pit, washed and screened. The fiber will then be formed into sheets by hand, and the water removed with a power press. The object of the Forest Service ex- periments will be to make sulphite pulp in this manner from a large variety of American woods. The various fibers will be studied miscroscopically, and good-sized samples of the pulps will be available for distribution among the pulp and paper makers that they may judge of the usefulness of the various pulps for general or specific purposes. Forty-three manufactur- ers of ale and beer barrel stock have sent reports of their output during 1905 to the For- est Service. These, in connection with previous statements from the manufac- turers of the packages produced from this stock, give some insight into the importance of white oak, since that wood is the only one that can be used. The total number of staves reported is 12,578,000, and of heading 2,167,000 sets. In round numbers that means material for approximately 1,000,000 packages, or an average of 12% staves to the package, which is about the averages number of staves in the quar- ter-barrel size. A set of heading means material for one complete head, which may be of one or more pieces. The returns from the different states show that Kentucky produced by far the largest quantities of both staves and headings. No wood other than white oak will answer for ale and beer barrel stock, nor indeed for any cooperage intended to contain alcoholic liquids. Red oak has been used for oil to a slight ex- tent, and also for vinegar and packing- house packages. Local use in Oregon, California, and Massachusetts makes fir, spruce, and pine, respectively, per- missible but by no means preferable. Gum and cypress are used for sirup, and ash is used in small quantities for pork and miscellaneous packages. The white oak used for ale and beer pack- Ale and Beer Stock ages must be of the very highest grade, for, unlike most other tight cooperage stock, it is split by hand instead of be- ing sawed. because of this method, only the choicest trees, straight-grained and free from knots or other defects, can be used. A more detailed report will be pub- lished later. : Manufacturers of red Success in : Kiln Drying tim _ heading boards have been rather helpless against heavy losses from warping, molding, and checking, and, in addi- tion, against the inconveniences of be- ing obliged to wait for long periods of time for material to dry in the yard. To improve these conditions, the Forest Service, in co-operation with a firm in Arkansas, undertook some ex- periments which show that red gum heading boards can be successfully dried green from the saw. The details of the experiments were essentially different from other kiln- drying tests on cooperage stock, and the kiln itself was of a type that had never been used on such material. The kiln consists of a chamber 80 by 20 feet, the front part of which can be partitioned off by dropping a heavy canvas curtain. The whole kiln is made as nearly air-tight as possible, none of the heated air being allowed to escape nor any cold air to enter. The steam pipes which furnish the heat are dis- tributed throughout the entire length of the kiln, as are also a series of con- densing coils. Condensation takes place in the up- per portion of the kiln, which contains cold-water coils along one side, con- nected in pairs. Each pair of coils is controlled by a valve and a hot-water thermometer on- the outside of the kiln, so that the temperature of the in- terior at any point is under complete control by the operator, and the rate of condensation can be made as rapid or as slow as desired. The circulation is created by means of those condensing coils. The currents of moist air have only to travel across the kiln to come in contact with the cold-water coils, and be freed of the moisture with | | | r, . , | 384 which they are saturated. The water is caught in a trough underneath the condensing coils, and passes out of the kiln through pipes. When the boards enter the cool or wet end of the kiln, they are subjected to several hours of sweating at a tem- perature of 140 degrees Fahrenheit, the cold-water supply being discon- nected from the first pair of condens- ing coils, and the canvas curtain drop- ped to form the sweating chamber. When the wood has been thoroughly sweated, the curtain is raised and the condensing coils are put in operation. Then evaporation and condensation take place throughout the whole kiln. The trucks are gradually moved along toward the hot or dry end of the kiln, where an average temperature of 180 degrees is maintained. Considerable importance attaches to the piling of the heading boards upon the trucks in such a manner as to avoid molding, warping, and checking. To obviate the first difficulty, a space of not less than six or eight inches must be left between the ricks. Un- even lapping of boards either at ends or sides is sure to cause warping ; and cross-sticks must be used at the ends of the boards to prevent warping and checking. The boards of the upper layer, being subjected to greater heat, and ordinarily without weight to hold them in shape, should have planks or some device superimposed to put the upper course under conditions similar to those lower in the pile; otherwise the topmost boards will warp. Although it is not the general practice the removal of the bark on the edges of the boards by means of a rosser or an old jointing knife would hasten the drying, and tend to lessen mold, in ad- dition to economizing space and sav- ing the heat energy of the kiln. The results of the treatment prove its success. As before stated, the boards were put into the kiln just as they came green from the saw. They were in the kiln from six to seven days, and when taken out they were FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION August found to be dry, free from mold, and practically without checks. Under other methods of drying at the same plant, 31 per cent of red gum heading boards had been warped; but in these experiments the warpage was de- creased to 14 per cent, and with one truck load only 8 per cent of the boards was warped. The following statistics on the timber used in the anthracite coal mines of Pennsylvania are compiled from the . reports of the mine operators to the Forest Service and the Geological Sur- vey. Mine Timbers Reports were reiceived from 216 collieries, producing approximately 83 per cent of the total anthracite tonnage of the United States. Figures for the remaining 17 per cent were computed, using as a basis the reports actually received, assuming that conditions and requirements were uniform through- out the state. The results of the tabulations show that 121,565,000 feet board measure of sawed timber (equivalent to 10,130,000 cubic feet) and 52,440,000 cubic feet of round timber were used during 1905. The total value of the sawed timber was $1,842,000, or $15 per thousand feet board,;measure. The total value of the round timber was nearly double that of the sawed timber, being $3,- 468,000, or $6.60 per 100 solid cubic feet—the approximate equivalent of the average standard cord of 128 cubic feet. The total value of the round and sawed timber combined was $5,310,- 000, or about 8% cents per long ton of coal mined, using as a basis for the cai- culation the production in 1905—1in round numbers 61,000,000 long tons. So far as reported, the kinds of wood have been tabulated separately, but in many cases the operators were unable to furnish information in re- gard to the quantity of each species used, and it has therefore been neces- 1906 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 385 sary to classify a large amount as “mixed” or “miscellaneous.” Round Timber. s Cubic KIND Feet DVELLO WEIN Cixetcisste els chs maltancings eters a 9,250,000 GO eres nsec s,s sake teth, Gy ah toile. sSitaleoe Stay 6,220,000 EVO TIATO CK Gy oo ve tay a Relay rod SR ROME el ean. eee 1,180,000 PILGHWPINe » -2ys) costs kia se epctecbres, Sais 590,000 CHES tty see urhs) ese ele Meemeel Sane 444,000 IRECCH <5 3 a Aree akan) state eeniaexa: fabioe'rs | 236,000 ACK Pinel s.eseAeele. soht h a hac Ouar aimee tet 165,000 Syopmb (her aa hood Bioko lo acecire ore cen 115,000 Mixed piardwoods a) sus ru loustemenen cnet 10,263,000 Maxed SoftwoodsS!s) = a.iee iene: 477,000 MascellaneouSueses ta eet eine keel cnet 23,500,000 OCA een 1 ike ou era o, oh rota Sy ages es 52,440,000 Of the species used for round tim- ber, yellow pine, of which a large amount is loblolly pine from the South, furnishes one-half. Oak ranks next, but furnishes a much smaller propor- tion according to the reports. The oak would unquestionably be increased if the large items reported as “mixed hardwoods” and “miscellaneous” by OO Pek OT: could be separated into species, and it is not improbable that oak would then displace vellow pine in rank. Sawed Timber. = Board SSD Feet Hemi ock@peysr-icn avclcierenc il Geo ieite ie 63,600,000 VEMOWARITIC Oe sane et eae te toes 14,200,000 Qasr teresa seks se estas ishiet ote tects vrs 2,860,000 WEY IS7S Io-d25 fe Sole nae Guetidtc Ohbad Las 1,740,000 SDIUMCE A ee pened ee Mea Paced ee ee, bal eki amet 371,000 WiitesPin ei An ese denies ta eben ae otal ake 328,000 PItChePine: jee beer ee ea ee 84,000 MixedviiargdwoodS== ef... ae oe | 28,642,000 MaxedsSoltwoodStyricicne mantel = selene | 1,370,000 MORE SIVEVKGOMS 66 wooo bo uk 6 ol 4 Blk | 8,370,000 Ota ey te ex peut: ANS ep | 121,565,000 For sawed timber hemlock holds first place in quantity, while yellow pine ranks next. The amount of oak re- ported is doubtless too small, but an explanation is found in the classifica- tion for “mixed hardwoods” and “‘mis- cellaneous,” which ontains over 37,- 000,000 feet board measure, of which probably a large amount is oak. aE N NENG Description of Work Done at Michigan Agricultural College BY PROFESSOR E. E. BOGUE NE of the woodlots on the Mich1- gan Agricultural College farm con- tains seventy-seven acres. Ten years ago ten acres of this piece were cut over and all of the trees large enough for wood were taken out. It has been allowed to grow undisturbed. In May of the present year a class of forestry students thinned seven-tenths of an acre of this cut-over land. The ac- companying illustration shows the stu- dents at work. An accurate record was kept of the number and size of each species cut. The table here presented shows the twenty species found growing on the plat arranged from left to right in or- Her of occurrence onthe area.) The plat selected was considered to be a fair average. It was necessary to leave some specimens of the less de- sirable species, such as maple, in or- der to have sufficient shade to keep out grass. It will be noticed that a few small specimens of undesirable species were found in the last count. This comes about from their having been over-looked when cutting. Based on this fraction of an acre calculation is made as to the number of each species per acre and the whole number, which is 5,562. This num- August FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION min 1 ' soqout UT JoJVMIRIT 356 ysry ysBorq | zoce | 9 | 8 | et] or | ot | 2p | 62 | sor] ett | tt] ger| 11 | t8t| tee] 19¢| ze] 11¢ | eso | OFZ | Tegr e408 sed “yoy, __| sess | & | 9 | 6 | IL] I | ee | ee | 92 | 18 | ts | 6 | 66 | Gat] tec | eea| vos] so: | sz | 819 | B20T | OL PUBH WOT rae |e Gi iit Oe 0G = Ogi Ire eg (Z9 Pee S0ealee als CGare ie cer | JOT PRIOL 400. | s2ts] S| 9 1} s| ¢] g| ts! 18] 8] 2e| eat] 222] 2%] ro2| ogc] oF] sig] 2e6|_ 990 1801 cet |ss°a jes't lest leet lea's late F's (s9'r (att |@6° |eort lees [22° loot [est loz't [cot frit iss’ {got enon Oo 301 | | I VT ol yo F | Ce | z wet |, es : : i Z Mg s a a 2 je ee Hes Sah B L WT] o Bate) gS | iE 6 quyy . YOT |8z € Zz te ¢ ¢ 6 Hci ee yng | 91 r f ¢ I 1 1G, ajaselete Yo [6S Gaile wt lee eae I {8 8 9 D he mayoy |G re ¢ Zac Z g ol ang YT |gs I ee ali Gaoee|s fee I 9 WT | go m0} OL g € fe I I z Ors 09s es YoT |16 I easly ie Np Ig ComPIEG I p f 1g Heat |e yng | ZOl i T F Ig ST. lea 9 L [Go| =O) oes + NOT |28 € i (Gea 6 {Or Gaelic Z [ SI WOT |g. ON) ye I et j al Hk ae i Or L FO. |S UO) |e 9°T \221 {I c= Oreo: br Se a2 Gaeair 8 0z YT | » m0 | 6o3 | 1 | eb ee ase ot cn CO mora | Otel 0% | a.8e |) eae mean , WOT |OLL Coral Bh Gye ZI. (9 68 c p 6I WOT | g, pone clea eel wide ht Shiba GeleGalGly|p s66 cle s0G 1. OGclusrG IT mestOe ies Yo \6at CealG 3. Olea ee Gz {Ol 6E/FE F cI Tel | 5 mw | Sool Teles] 0 ieee eeeee| ns aaer | a clllera 1z| 8 | FI; 8st| eat] 9Ts| 3n¢ HOT |19 I he Sass ot 2 aye ie In Plies | Oleic lee 909 | 8esl P ¢ 0%; 98 2 | soi] ¢i/ 6| Gel) Get] Sst} ers} THE] 3m | | 8 Bs 8 S| a td = S es Ee] es = Q w Ss) iS) q eo 2 5 SSE SV EE eee ele ele leleisle|e) a) ge] PE ie fee ge Soo eee ace cce lee neo ermal omienel sis} | F | BY 22.8 fc Soca eles wme i iaealceleenie se | Sol. |) s 3. Pacts 5 ody sled aes e: 2 A | 5 : [> \ | 1906 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 387 ber is much larger than is usually found in woodlots, especially those that have been pastured and _ those where the trees are older. In this piece of timber grape vines and bitter-sweet have hindered the growth considerably by climbing up and shading under- growth. Many of these had been cut years previous and the few that were over-looked at that time showed what might have been the condition at the time of thinning. At the rate this work was done it would take a man six days to thin one ELIS O75 te he Was fit By taking the total per acre of the eight valuable species black cherry, basswood, red oak, white oak, bitter- nut, white ash, hickory, and_ white- wood , we have a total of 9oI trees or a stand, if evenly distributed, where the trees would be between six and seven feet apart each way. The average diameter for each species and for all was calculated. Ar- ranged from greatest to least, the species have the following rank and average diameter: Whitewood 3.73. Forestry Students Thinning a Woodlot at Michigan Agricultural College acre, but a man accustomed to physi- cal labor and the use of the ax ought to thin an acre of this timber in two or three days. Old stands of timber where a large percent of the small stuff has been smothered out could be thinned much more rapidly. This thinning might better have been done five years ago, for then the trees to be saved would have been produced. Some of these now are too tall and slender to stand erect when those around them have been removed. Poplar 2.88. Basswood 2.35. White ash 2.12. Bitternut 2.12. Sassafras 1.96. Elm 1.89. Black cherry 1.88. White oak 1.68. Soft maple 1.68. Red oak 1.65. Hickory 1.45. Thorn apple 1.33. Dogwood 1.20. { 388 Juneberry 1.17. Hard maple 1.14. Ironwood 1.03. Blue beech .95. Beech .88. Witch hazel .77. Average 1.35. The number of trees in this investi- gation is not sufficient to make far- reaching conclusions, but they are in- dicative and are in accord with what one who has given the subject study FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION August: might expect. It is doubtless true that the first twelve species named were largely produced as coppice. The list shows that sassafras, soft maple, and all in the list after hickory, should be cut out and their place given . to better species. Elm is questionable because of the low price at which the timber sells as compared with other timber and the habit the tree has of branching low and forming injurious crotches. The wood from the thin- ning pays the cost of the work. PUMPING WATER Economic Methods of Lifting Water | for Irrigation by Hydraulic Rams FOR that class of irrigation prob- lems which presents the condi- tions of a moderate fall of water avail- able for power, and where it is re- quired to raise a portion of the water to a higher level, or even to a series of higher levels, there is no more efficient or appropriate machine for pumping than the Rife Hydraulic Ram. This statement is true for cases where the water fall is from 2 to 50 feet, and the Rams will deliver, approximately, 4% of the water used 2% times as high as the fall, 1-6 five times, I-12 ten times, ele. A Rifle Hydraulic Ram will pump with good efficiency against heads of 25 to 30 times the amount of the fall. It is true the efficiency falls off as the ratio between the power head and pumping head increases. At a low ra- tio of about three to one a Rife Ram will have an efficiency of over 90 per cent, whereas at a ratio of twelve to fifteen to one the efficiency will be as high as 70 per cent; and with extreme ratios of power head to force head the efficiency need not fall below 60 per cent. The general impression of an hy- draulic ram is that of the small ma- chine usually used for the supply of a small country house where there is a flow of water available for power of, say, 4. to 50 gallons per minute and the water used very wastefully, but there is another side to the ram ques- tion, as the principle of the machine is such that it permits the highest eff- ciencies, and when rams are built on the line of good hydraulic engineering, high efficiencies may be easily real- ized. No. 120 Single. Weight 3300 pounds Fig. 1. Cross Section of Hydraulic Ram Capacity 750 G.P.M. 1906 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 389 There is also practically no limit to the size to which the Rife hydraulic ram may be constructed. Accounts of many tests with Rife hydraulic rams have been published from time to time in the engineering press of recent years, and, in comparison with other forms of pumping machinery, the ram possesses marked advantages, and is entirely automatic and runs con- stantly without attention or expense. It is practically without wearing parts, such as require lubrication or frequent adjustments, and is therefore not in need of the care of an attendant. The operation is most reliable, and the re- pairs are few, owing to the small num- ber of parts which are liable to de- rangement; it need not be protected from the weather and will work equal- ly well out of doors and not covered, and foundations are unnecessary. The illustrations show one of the larger sizes of the modern hydraulic rams as built for the United States Government, and also the method of installation at the Naval Coaling sta- tion in Bradford, R. I. Two of these Fig. 2. Hydraulic Ram Connections. U.S. Coaling Station, Narragansett Bay, R.I. machines were put in during the sum- mer of 1903 for pumping water into a tank which furnishes fire protection, and also supplies the various building's on the grounds and the vessels which tie up to the dock. Careful tests were made of the plant when completed by Government engineers, and the rams were shown to develop an average ef- ficiency of 90 per cent as per Govern- ment test as follows TWO GOVERNMENT TESTS ON NO. 120 HYDRAULIC ENGINES AT U.S. NAVAL COALING STATION, NARRAGANSETT BAY, NEWPORT, R. I. © Total water used by ram. q Water delivered into stand pipes. He Power head on ram. h Pumping head on ram. © 582 gallons per minute. q 232 gallons per minute. H 3634 feet. h 84 feet. Strokes 130. Efficiency 91.25 per Cent: 578 gallons per minute. q 228 gallons per minute. H 3794 reet. h 8&4 feet. Strokes 130. Efficiency 89.06 per cent. These rams could use 750 gallons per minute each. 582 was all available when tests were made. A number of such machines have been supplied by the Rife Engine Company, New York city, for irriga- tion purposes in the South and West, and also to sugar plantations in South America and the Hawaiian Islands. Cotton. Its Cultivation, Marketing Manu- facture and the Problems of the Cot- ton World. By Charles William Burkett and Clarence Hamilton Poe, Pp. 331; Il- lustrated with many half-tones. Price $2 net. Doubleday, Page & Co. In calling attention to the undoubted value of this book the reviewer cannot do better than quote its introductory para- graph: “Cotton—what a ropal plant it is!” Henry Grady once exclaimed. “The world waits in attendance on its growth; the shower that falls whispering on its leaves is heard around the earth; the sun that shines on it is tempered by the prayers of all the peo- ple; the frost that chills it and the dew that descends from the stars are noted, and the trespass of a little worm on its green leaf is more to England than the advance of the Russian army on her Asian outposts. It is gold from the instant it puts forth its tiny shoot. Its fibre is current in every bank, and when, loosing tts fleeces to the sun, it floats a sunny banner that glorifies the‘ ®elds of the humble farmer, that man is ‘@ u*shaled under a flag that will compel the allegiance of the world and wring a subsidy rom every nation on earth.” To thi the authors add: “And in this flight of eloquence the Georgia orator did not overestimate the im- portance of the South’s great staple crop. We do not exaggerate when we claim that no other plant in all the vegetable king- dom is of so much importance to the hu- man race. Destroy any fruit plant in the world, and the men will grow other fruits. Let a lumber tree become extinct to- morrow, and other trees will take its place and our building go on as before. Even if corn or wheat or rice should perish from the earth, we could grow enough of the other crops, supplemented by rice, oats, barley, rye, peas, beans, etc. to feed both man and beast with comfort. But there is no substitute for cotton that can be culti- vated on a large scale; no substitute, ani- mal or vegetable product, with which civili- zation’s present demand for clothing could be supplied. RECENT | a ee a “Nor is there any other plant with a his- tory more marvelous or more romantic— more suggestive of the legend and myth- ology of its Oriental home, where it first began to serve mankind. If Frank Norris had lived in the South instead of California, what an Epic of the Cotton he might have given us—what a story of cotton, respond- ing only to the warmth of a Southern sun and yielding a richer fleece than ever Jason dreamed of; Cotton, whose influence did most to bring us an alien race from Africa, and then did most to perpetuate in America the institution of human slavery; Cotton, on which a ‘Dixie Land, the Land of Cot- ton,’ once built its hopes while it waged one of the greatest wars of modern times; Cotton, which helped the vanquished peo- ple to their feet again, and now bids fair to restore them to a proud position in wealth and industry!” The foregoing paragraphs breathe the glory of cotton. and the three hundred and more pages that follow tell, better than has been told before, of the raising and manufacturing the product of this wonder- ful plant. Professor Burkett and Mr. Poe had a splendid subject and they have pro- duced a book in keeping with it. Anyone desiring an authoritative volume on the great cotton industry should not fail to secure this one. The Packers, The Private Car Lines and the People. By J. Ogden Armour, Pp. 380; illustrated. Henry Altemus Co., Phila- delphia. Mr. Armoutr’s book is made up of a series of articles that appeared first in the Satur- day Evening Post. ‘These papers break a “corporation silence,’ as he says, because unfair and even malicious attacks have been made by professional agitators and yellow magazines, upon the industry in which he has such a prominent part. There is no doubt that packing house evils have been greatly exaggerated in certain directions recently, but that sweeping re- forms were needed no one is now ignorant. It would have been much better for Mr. Armour and the great industry he repre- sents if the “corporation silence” had been 1906 broken sooner and the brazen indifference to public opinion set aside for once. ‘There may be much that can be said for his side of the question, but he strikes the public at a time when it will not listen. There were days when “the public be damned” policy of corporations would work through letting the matter at issue die a natural death. But now the people insist on action, and in the case of the packers it was prompt and dras- tic. Their discomfiture contains a mighty valuable lesson for other large corporations —if they will not refuse to see it. Mean- time we repeat that Mr. Armour’s book, 1n the light of recent disclosures, is too late to entitle it to serious consideration. Philippine Journal of Science. Vol. I, No. 4. Edited by Paul C. Freer, M. D., Ph. D., Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I. This excellent scientific journal for May contains an exhaustive account of “The Vegetation of the Lamao Forest Reserve,” by H. N. Whitford. Accompanying the text are twenty-seven full page plates that add much to the value of the article. Anyone interested in the trees of the Philippines should read Mr. Whitford’s paper. The Phantom of the Poles. By William Reed. Illustrated, Pp. 283. Price, $1.50. Walter S. Rockey Co., New York. The author of this volume offers the unique theory that the earth is hollow, and that the poles so long sought after are but phantoms. He maintains that there are openings at the two extremities, North and South. He even offers illustrations show- ing the earth’s interior. Taken altogether the valume may possibly be considered in- teresting romance by some and not worth while by others. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 391 The State Engineer and His Relation to Irrigation. R. P. Teele, U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, Office of Experi- ment Stations, Bulletin 168; Pp. 99. In this bulletin the duties of the State Engineer, an officer peculiar to the arid states, is very fully discussed. It takes up in order the various states which have now or have had a state engineer, including Wyoming, Nebraska, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Montana, North Dakota, Oregon, and South Dakota. Mr. Teele discusses the definition of rights, their acquirement, the distribu- tion of water, fees and other matters re- lating to irrigation practice. Altogether it presents a very comprehensive view of the irrigation situation in the States named. The Western Pine—Destroying Bark- beetle. By J. L. Webb, special field agent, forest insect investigations, Bureau of Entomology, Bulletin 58, Part II. Il- lustrated; Pp. 30. Washington, D. C. This bulletin contains the results of in- vestigations made in central Idaho in 1905. It shows that if neglected and conditions are favorable this beetle is capable of de- stroying forests over a larger area. Its habits are described and remedies sug- gested for its control. Ficus Elastica. By FE. M. Coventry, deputy conservator of forests, Calcutta, India. Illustrated, Pp. 35. This bulletin treats of the natural growth and artificial propagation of the Ficus Elas- tica, along with a description of the method of tapping the tree and of the preparation of rubber for the market. Personal ~bser- vation as well as the literature of tl ub- ject have been the basis of this bul! +tin. | f orestry and Irrigation An Illustrated Monthly Magazine and the Recognized Authority in the United States on the Two Great Subjects which form its title. Forestry and Irrigation being published at Washington, D.C.,in close touch with the Government Investigations of the Forest Service and the Reclamation Service, has a unique source of informa- tion at first hand. Its articles are techni- cal enough for professionals,and‘‘popular” enough for the layman. Have you a woodlot you want im- | proved; a timber tract that may be § - lumbered with profit and provision for the | future? Have you a farm or ranch that irrigation might benefit, or desert or swamp lands that might be reclaimed? Have you a live and healthy interest in the two J problems that President Roosevelt con- J siders “the most vital of the internal ques- tions of the United States?” | Then Subscribe te Forestry and ' Irrigation, $1.00 a Year SEND FOR SAMPLE COPY, ADDRESS ast i Forestry and Irrigation WASHINGTON, D. C. ter jf Forestry and Irrigation H. M. SUTER, Editor CONTENTS FOR SEPTEMBER, [906 ORIGINAL FOREST IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS - - - - - - Frontispiece NEWS AND NOTES: New Secretary - - - 6 Change of Sentiment - 395 West and Forest Reserve - ; Maine Forests’ - - - 396 Canadian Meeting - a Building Great Reser- Washington Irrigation Notes 34 Velo oPo alc Se a Press Clubs Pledge Aid - 395 Hawaiian Forest Work 398 Michigan Planting Experi- Black Walnut - — - 398 ment - - - =n PRESIDENTS LETTER TO IRRIGATION CONGRESS) - 399 FAIRBANKS ON IRRIGATION (Illustrated) - - - 402 FORESTRY AND LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE. By Sam Cabot, Jr. - - - - - - - - - 408 MEETING OF PHILIPPINE FORESTERS - - - - 409 FUTURE FORESTS OF MINNESOTA ( Illustrated) ait ie 410 SOME POPULAR MISCONCEPTIONS REGARDING FOR- ESTRY. By.Leslie Harrison - - - - - 414 DUTY OF WATER (Illustrated). By Alexander McPherson 417 FOURTEENTH NATIONAL IRRIGATION CONGRESS. By Lydia Adams Williams - - - - - - - 421 THE RECLAMATION SERVICE - - - - - - 424 THE FOREST SERVICE - - - - - - - 428 THE EUROPEAN .LARCH (lIilustrated). - - - - 432 RECENT PUBLICATIONS . - - - - - - 436 © Cee tet gag nt ate eels Deen tes LS ee FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the American Forestry Association \ f | Sunpseription price $1.00 a year; single copies 10 cents. Copyright, 1906, by ay \ : Forestry and Irrigation Publishing Co. Entered at the Post Office at Washington, j | D. C., as second-class mail matter. ay, Published Monthly at y WASHINGTON, D.C BE ag | Original Forest, Southern Appalachian Mountains, in the Region of the Proposed National Forest Reserve.} VOES Soe SEPTEMBER, 1906. No. Naw S ANID NOME S . Nae On September 1 Dr. Geeeetaey Thomas E,. Will was in- stalled as secretary of the American Forestry Association, succeeding H. M. Suter. Mr. Suter, owing to pressure of personal busi- ness found it impossible to devote his time fully to the Association work, and some time ago notified the Directors of his wish to retire as soon as they were able to select a successor. Dr. Will has spent much time in teaching, lecturing, writing, and ad- ministrative work. In 1880, having prepared himself largely by private study, he began teaching in a country school in Woodford county, Illinois, continuing here two years. In the fall of 1882 he entered the Illinois State Normal University, graduating in 1885. From 1885 to 1888 he was oc- upied in the schools of Illinois, the last two years as principal of the Edwards Grammar School, Springfield, Ill., and as an instructor in teachers’ institutes. The years of 1888-’91 he spent in the University of Michigan and Harvard, graduating from the latter in 18go. He was thereupon appointed “Henry Lee Fellow and assistant in political economy, 1n which capacity he con- tinued one year. At the end of this year he resumed teaching, this time as professor of history and _ political science in Lawrence University, Ap- pleton, Wis. Here he continued two years. The following year, 1893-4, he lectured and wrote in Boston. In 1894 he was elected professor of political economy in the Kansas State Agri- cultural College, where he continued five years, three as professor, and twa as president. I9g00 was spent largely in lecturing, writing, and magazine work in Chicago. The two and a half years succeeding were spent in Ruskin College, Trenton, Mo., as professor of social science, and the next two years in Wichita, Kans., as lecturer and writer. In July, 1905, Professor Will entered the Civil Service at Washing- ton in the Bureau of the Census. He was soon transferred, however, to the editorial division of the Forest Service and, on September 1, entered upon the work of secretary of the American Forestry Aassciation. During the past summer he has lectured under the au- spices of the Forest Service on for- estry in North Carolina, Indiana, Mis- souri, Oklahoma, and Kansas. 394 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION West and That Senator Heyburn Forest struck a discordant note Reserves in his speech at the Irri- gation Congress in which he bitterly assailed the forest policy of the Gov- ernment, is quite evident from the tone of the press in his own section of the country. The general attitude of the West in the matter is well summed up in the following editorial from the Denver Republican: “There was no justification for the vehement attack which Senator Hey- burn made upon the forestry policy of the National Government in the address delivered by him before the Irrigation Congress now in session in Boise, Idaho. “The policy of to-day differs radi- cally from that of only a few years ago, when the reservations were under care of the Department of the Interior and on proper understanding of for- estry existed among the officials of that department. At that time the res- _ervations were managed with but little ‘regard for the immediate needs and interests of the public. The whole thought seemed to be to keep the pub- lic out, as though that were the most effectual way to promote forest growth or to prevent the destruction of valu- able timber. “A wiser policy has been inaugu- rated. The forest reserves are man- aged now with direct reference to the benefits to flow from them to the ple of this day and generation. ‘The pasturage within their limits is utilized by permitting grazing by both cattle and sheep. Trees of proper size are cut under direction of practical forest- ers, and thus the forests are made to yield a revenue in timber and lumber which helps cover the cost of main- tenance and promotes the proper growth of younger trees. Where agricultural land is shown to exist within the limits of a reservation it is segregated and made subject to lo- cation and entry. Thus the settlement of the country is not interfered with by the maintenance of these reserves. “Let any man study the forestry policy of to-day and he will give it his September hearty approval whatever may have been his views concerning the one which was followed a few years ago, but which since then has been aban- doned.”’ As this number of For- ’ ESTRY AND IRRIGATION goes to press a forestry convention is being held at Vancouver, British Columbia, upon the call of Lieutenant-Governor Dunsmuir, and under the joint auspices of the British Columbia I,imbermens’ Association and the Canadian Forestry Associa- tion. Among those in attendance is Mr. Overton W. Price, associate for- ester, representing the United States Forest Service. He will make an ad- dress on the forest work our Govern- ment has in hand. Canadian Meeting i ashington ‘The Hazelwood Com- rrigation Notes pany of Spokane has pleted plans to irrigate 4,000 acres of land near Spokane. The land will be cut up into 200 farms, upon which it is purposed to furnish water to farmers at a cost of not more than $2.50 a year. Electors in Washington will be asked to vote on two constitutional amendments next November. One of them is that the use of the waters of this State for irrigation, mining, man- ufacturing and for the removal of timber products shall be deemed a public use. The other is that private property way be taken under such terms, conditions and limitations as shall be prescribed by the legislature, but that just compensation must be made. Advices from ‘Twisp, Wash., are that the Methow Canal Company is rushing work on its big irrigation canal and that the work will be com- pleted early the coming spring. Three thousand acres of land near Twisp will be irrigated. The flume is 138 feet above the level of the land. The Lewiston-Sweetwater Irriga- tion Company is planning to furnish water for 3,000 acres of land on Lewis- ton flat in Idaho, south of Spokane. 1906 The flume will be thirty miles long, the reservoir covering 200 acres. The Spring Valley Irrigation and Canal Company has been organized to irrigate a tract of 6,400 acres in the Yakima district, south of Spokane. W. G. Chaney, of Spokane, is presi- dent. Twenty thousand acres of land in eastern Oregon, south of Spokane, will be irrigated next year by the Umatilla Water Users’ Association. The reservoir will hold 50,000 acre feet of water. At the recent session of the International League of Press Clubs at Den- ver much interest was shown in the subjects of forestry and irrigation, and the league puts itself on record in the following resolutions : “Whereas, The subject of irrigation in the arid West is a question of vital and paramount importance in the economy of this country; and, “Whereas, It is only by the preser- vation of the forests that the water- sheds and streams may be perpetuated and the water conserved for public use; therefore be it “Resolved, That this sixteenth ses- sion of the International League of Press Clubs in Denver assembled, does hereby send greetings to the four- teenth National Irrigation congress at Boise, Idaho, to express our deep ap- preciation of the importance of the work upon which the congress is en- gaged. “We pledge ourselves that by our pens and our influence we will assist the forester of the United States in his laudible policy of preserving the forests of the country for present and future use. “We also will use our influence to- ward establishing the Appalachian forest reserve.” Press Clubs Pledge Aid Michigan A correspondent writing Planting to the Southern Lumber- Experiment man tells of an interest- ing forest planting scheme in Micht- gan. Carl E. Schmidt, the millionaire leather man of Detroit, is endeavoring FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 395 to demonstrate the practicability of re- storing the pine lands of Michigan. In Iosco County Mr. Schmidt took up a tract of about 2,000 acres of waste pine land that had been swept by fire and then bid in by the State for de- linquent taxes. The soil is light sand, not suitable for farming; in fact, worthless, unless it could be reforested. Two years ago he bought in Wiscon- sin, in about the same latitude as losco, 10,000 white pine seedlings, 5,000 red cedar and 2,000 Carolina poplar and planted them on the 2,000 acres. Ninety-five per cent of the white pine lived and are now growing vigorously, 9 per cent of the cedar took root and are thriving, and 100 per cent of the poplar are doing finely. Mr. Schmidt feels satisfied now that the venture has passed the experimental stage. Ac- cording to Mr. Schmidt, an average of one factory dependent upon lumber for its stock is leaving the State every week the year around. A significant change has taken place in the atti- tude of the people of the West toward. the Reclamation Ser- vice. When the work began four years ago there was heard on all sides the statement that. the Government should not interfere with private de- velopment, and fears were expressed that in the great works to be built the Government would in some way inter- fere with money making by indi- viduals. Change of Sentiment In one sense it has been impossible not to interfere with private enter- prise, since on nearly all projects some individual or another has made filings on lands or waters and was endeavor- ing to sell these filings to eastern in- vestors. The construction by the Goy- ernment of a single large project, de- veloping the country to its utmost, has frequently, in the minds of promotors at least, interfered with their smaller schemes. ‘This condition has, how- ever, now passed. All of the projects to be considered during the next few years have been determined upon by the Secretary, and all questions of 396 private rights have been practically settled by purchase or agreement. Now comes the demand for more work, and in the anxiety to extend operations the promoters have forgotten their fear that the Government would interfere with private enterprise, and are more fearful that it will not interfere in the sense that it will not buy out the vari- ous claims which are being offered for sale. FORESTRY AND [RRIGATION September pathy from the authorities who have been endeavoring to negotiate these purchases. The system of forest Maine Forests protection which is being maintained through the State Land Agent’s office and the large timberland owners of the State of Maine is constantly being extended and made more valuable every year by the building of new mountain ob- Debris from Wreck of Sawmill and Log Boom on Linville River, by Floods, in Western North Carolina, in Region of Proposed National Forest Reserve The experience of the Secretary of the Interior in buying these claims and in extinguishing the various vest- ed rights under different projects has led to extreme caution. There is little probability that he will make any fur- ther purchases until the works now in hand are completed and are refunding money to the Treasury. The demand for a large increase to the reclamation fund does not meet with much sym- servatories. The observatories already located on Squaw Mountain, Atean Mountain and Mount Bigelow have been the means of saving much stand- ing timber from being devoured by fire. These stations mentioned are lo- cated where they protect the timber- land around the headwaters of the Kennebec River. They have already demonstrated their value and every one of them has a record of fires dis- 1906 covered and checked to their credit. They were started as an experiment, the first having been installed at Squaw Mountain, a few miles from Greenville, by William J. Lanigan, of Waterville, of the Hollingworth & Whitney Company, of Winslow. The system is now being extended to take in the country east and north of Moosehead Lake. To this end sta- tions have been located on Spencer and Whitecap mountains. Spencer Mountain is about ten miles from Spencer Bay on the east shore of Moosehead Lake. The observatory is placed on the top of the mountain, which is about 3,000 feet above the sea level. The man at this station has a view of about 200,000 acres of tim- berland in the Moosehead and Penob- scot watersheds. The station on White- cap Mountain, which is about ten miles north of Katahdin Iron Works, was installed by J. L. Chapman, of Milo. Whitecap is not so high as some of the other mountains on which stations are located, but it rises abruptly out of a comparatively level sea of forest in the northeast corner of Bowdoin College grant and the station com- mands a view of some 300,000 acres of timberland on the headwaters of the Penobscot and Kennebec. This station is connected by telephone with Randall’s camps at Roach Pond and from there connects with Greenville over the Moosehead Telephone Com- pany line. Next year it is expected that the station on Whitecap will be connected by telephone with Katahdin Iron Works, from which place men can be sent to a fire located by the station quicker than they could be sent from Greenville. These mountain ob- servatories are becoming a great factor in the protection of the Maine forests. The expense of installing the stations is not great, averaging about $750. All the stations are equipped with the most approved range-finders and with a topographical chart of all the coun- try that can be seen. If the man at the station sights the smoke of a for- est fire on his territory he can locate the distance by means of his range- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 397 finders, and by means of his topog- raphical chart can tell with remarkable accuracy where the fire is. When he telephones news of his’ discovery to the nearest point from which men can be sent he can tell the man in charge of the fire-fighters the location of the fire so closely that little time is lost in getting to it. There is still a vast ex- panse of valuable timberland in the State which is not protected by one of these’ stations, but it seems as if the time is not far distant when every ele- vation commanding a view of forest country will be topped with a signal station for the discovery and location of forest fires. Building The United States So Sugar and Land com- Reservoir pany of Colorado Springs, operating extensively in the Garden City, Kan., district, has just decided to construct a $300,000 reser- voir twenty-three miles west of Gar- den City, and bids for the work will be asked at once. The new reservoir will be five miles long and one and one-half miles at its widest point. It will have a capacity in excess of 2,000,000,000 feet of wa- ter, and will furnish supplementary irrigation to 100,000 acres of land, the acre feet capacity being 60,000. Work will be started next month, and the reservoir completed by January I, in time for the winter flood waters. The fall of the Arkansas River is seven feet a mile in that region, and the ditch fall is two and one-half feet, so that the reservoir waters can easily be conducted eastward through the sugar beet lands of the company, to- ward the huge refinery at Garden City. This refinery, said to be the most complete in the world, will be finished October 1, the cost being $1,000,000. The plant will be equipped with the new Steffens process of manufacture, and its capacity will be 800 tons a day. The company has 6,400 acres of sugar beet crops, which will be ready for the plant October 1, and nearly 80,000 tons will be treated. Next year double that amount will be handled. 398 The United States Sugar and Land company owns 31,000 acres of land on both sides of the Arkansas River, in addition to 150 miles of main ditches and minor laterals. It will have spent upwards of $2,000,000 when the reser- voir is completed. All improvements have been made since the organization of the company in August of last year. Mr. Charles S. Judd of Honolulu, a student of the class of 1907 in the Yale Forest School has received an ap- pointment as special forest agent in the Division of Forestry for a tem- porary period during the summer. Mr. Judd was given charge of an investigation of the planted forest on the lands of the Lihue Plantation Company and of Grove Farm at Lihue, Kauai. Careful measurements were to be made of the trees on sample areas in stands of varying age to se- cure data as to the growth in size and height of the trees growing thereon. The figures obtained will serve as the basis for a report on forest planting in the Territory, which it is expected will be issued during the coming year as a bulletin of the Division of For- estry. The data obtained at Lihue will permit the preparation of yield and volume tables showing what own- ers of land generally similar in situa- tion, soil and aspect to that at Lihue may expect from forest plantations. The employment of Mr. Judd to take charge of this investigation is in Hawaiian Forest Work vi oy ae Lis Uh VAN Ac : SSAA OA NN FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION September line with the usage of the United States Forest Service in taking on for- est school students to assist in certain of its field work. Interesting facts about the black walnut are found in the last issue of Southwest. Black walnut is pro- duced in this country at an annual rate of about 33,000,000 feet. The larger portion of it now comes from south- western Missouri, Arkansas, Okla- homa, and Indian Territory, although there is some scattering growth still picked up in Indiana, Ohio, Tennessee and West Virginia. The most con- siderable stand of the wood remaining east of the Mississippi River is on the upper waters of the Guyandotte River, in West Virginia, where C. C. Crane & Comnay of Cincinnati own about 20,000 trees. “The home demand for black walnut lumber is only for com- paratively small quantities. Its use is largely confined to gun_ stocks, novelties, electrical work, etc. The chief demand for walnut comes from Germany, and Hamburg is the com- mercial center of the market. The larger portion of the choice logs are © faced on four sides and shipped to this market in that form. Specific prices cannot be supplied, because black wal- nut varies much in quality. The gen- eral range is from $125 to $150 for firsts and seconds, and about $75 for rejects, and $30 to $50 for shipping culls. Black Walnut yal A a PRESIDENTS LETTER TO IRRIGATION CONGRESS A Notable Document on Government W ork in Forestry and Irrigation To THE OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF tHE IRRIGATION CONGRESS, Boise, Idaho: Operations under the Reclamation Act, which I signed on June 17, 1902, have been carried on energetically dur- ing the four years since that date. The Reclamation Service, consisting of over 400 skilled engineers and experts in various lines, has been organized, and it is now handling the work with rapidity and effectiveness. Construc- tion is already well advanced on twenty-three great enterprises in the arid States and Territories. Over I,- 000,000 acres of land have been laid out for irrigation, and of this 200,000 acres are now under ditch; 800 miles of canals and ditches and 30,000 feet of tunnel have been completed; and 16,000,000 cubic yards of earth and 3,000,000 cubic yards of rock have been moved. Detailed topographic surveys have been extended over 10,- 000 square miles of country within which the reclamation work is located, and 20,000 miles of level lines have been run. Three hundred buildings, including offices and sleeping quarters for workmen, have been erected by the Reclamation Service, and about an equal number by the contractors. Over 10,000 men and about 5,000 horses are at present employed. The period of general surveys and - examinations for projects is past. Ef- fort is now concentrated in getting the water upon a sufficient area of irrigable land in each project to put it on a reve- nue-producing basis. To bring all the projects to this point will require up- wards of $40,000,000, which amount, it is estimated, will be available from the receipts from the disposal of public lands for the years 1901-1908. We may well congratulate ourselves: upon the rapid progress already made, and rejoice that the infancy of the work has been safely passed. But we must not forget that there are dangers and difficulties still ahead, and that only unbroken vigilance, effici- ency, integrity, and good sense will suffice to prevent disaster. There is. now no question as to where the work shall be done, how it shall be done, or the precise way in which the expendi- tures shall be made. All that is set- tled. ‘There remains, however, the critical question of how best to utilize the reclaimed lands by putting them into the hands of actual cultivators and home-makers, who will return the original outlay in annual installments paid back into the reclamation fund; the question of seeing that the lands are used for homes, and not for pur- poses of speculation or for the build- ing up of large fortunes. This question is by no means simple. It is easy to make plans and spend money. During the time when the Government is making a great invest- ment like this, the men in charge are praised and the rapid progress is com- mended. But when the time comes for the Government to demand the re- fund of the investment under the terms of the law, then the law itself will be put to the test, and the quality of its administration will appear. The pressing danger just now springs from the desire of nearly every man to get and hold as much land as he can, whether he can handle it profit- ably or not, and whether or not it 1s for the interest of the community that he should have it. The prosperity of the present irrigated areas came from the subdivision of the land and the consequent intensive cultivation. With 400 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION an adequate supply of water, a farm of five acres in some parts of the arid West, or of forty acres elsewhere, is as large as may be successfully tilled by one: family... When, therefore, a man attempts to hold 160 acres of land completely irrigated by Government work, he is preventing others from ac- quiring a home, and is actually keep- ing down the population of the State. Speculation in lands reclaimed by the Government must be checked at whatever cost. The object of the Re- clamation Act 1s not to make money, but to make homes. Therefore, the requirement of the Reclamation Act that the size of the farm unit shall be limited in each region to the area which will comfortably support one family must be enforced in letter and in spirit. This does not mean that the farm unit shall be sufficient for the present family with its future grown children and grandchildren, but rather that during the ten years of payment the area assigned for each family shall be sufficient to support it. When once the farms have been fully tilled by freeholders, little danger of land mo- nopoly will remain. This great meeting of practical irri- gators should give particular atten- tion to this problem and others of the same kind. You should, and I doubt not that you will, give your effectual support to the officers of the Govern- ment in making the Reclamation law successful in all respects, and particu- larly in getting back the original in- vestment, so that the money may be used again and again in the completion of other projects and thus in the gen- eral extension of prosperity in the West. Until it has been proved that this great investment of $40,000,000 in irrigation made by the Government will be returning to the Treasury, it is useless to expect that the people of the country will consider direct appro- priations for the work. Let us give the Reclamation Service a chance to utilize the present investment a second time before discussing such increase. I look forward with great confidence to the result. By the side of the Reclamation Ser- September vice there has grown up another ser- vice of not less interest and value to you of the West. This is the Forest Service, which was created when the charge of the forest reserves was transferred from the Interior Depart- ment to the Department of Agricul- ture. The forest policy of the Ad- ministration, which the Forest Service is engaged in carrying out, is based, as I have often said, on the vigorous purpose to make every resouce of the forest reserves contribute in the high- est degree to the permanent prosperity of the people who depend upon them. If ever the time should come when the western forests are destroyed, there will disappear with them the prosperity of the stockman, the miner, the lumberman, and the railroads, and, most important of all, the small ranch- man who cultivates his own land. I know that you are with me in the in- tention to preserve the timber, the wa- ter, and the grass by using them fully, but wisely and conservatively. We propose to do this through the freest and most cordial cooperation between the Government and.every man who is in sympathy with this policy, the wisdom of which no man who knows the facts can for a moment doubt. It is now less than two years since the Forest Service was established. It had a great task before it—to create or reorganize the Service on a hun- dred forest reserves and to ascertain and meet the very different local con- ditions and local needs all over the West. This task is not finished, and of course it could not have been fin- ished in so short a time. But the work has been carried forward with energy and intelligence, and enough has been done to show how our forest policy is working out. The result of first importance to you as irrigators is this: The Forest Ser- vice has proved that forest fires can be controlled, by controlling them. Only one-tenth of 1 per cent of the area of the forest reserves was burned over in 1905. ‘This achievement was due both to the Forest Service and to the effective assistance of settlers and others in and near the reserves. Every- - eee “1906 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 401 thing the Government has ever spent upon its forest work is a small price to pay for the knowledge that the streams which make your prosperity can be and are being freed from the ever-present threat of forest fires. The long-standing and formerly bitter differences between the stock- men and the forest officers are nearly all settled. Those which remain are in process of settlement. Hearty co- operation exists almost everywhere be- tween the officers of the Forest Service and the local associations of stockmen, who are appointing advisory commit- tees which are systematically consulted by the Forest Service on all questions in which they are concerned. ‘This most satisfactory condition of mutual help will be as welcome to you as it is to the Administration and to the stock- men. ‘lo the stockmen it means more, and more certain, grass; to you, be- cause of the better protection and wiser use of the range, it means steadier stream-flow and more water. The sales of forest-reserve timber to settlers, miners, lumbermen, and other users are increasing very rapidly, and in that way also the reserves are suc- cessfully meeting a growing need. Lands in the forest reserves that are more valuable for agriculture than for forest purposes are being opened to settlement and entry as fast as their agricultural character can be ascer- tained. There is therefore no longer excuse for saying that the reserves retard the legitimate settlement and development of the country. On the contrary, they promote and sustain that development, and they will do so in no way more powerfully than through their direct contributions to the schools and roads. Ten per cent of all the money received from the forest reserves goes to the States for the use of the counties in which the reserves lie, to be used for schools and roads. The amount of this contribu- tion is nearly $70,000 for the first year. It will grow steadily larger, and will form a certain and permanent source of income, which would not have been the case with the taxes whose place it takes. Finally, a body of intelligent, prac- tical, well-trained men, citizens of the West, is being built up—men in whose hands the public interests, including your own, are and will be safe. All these results are good; but they have not been achieved by the Forest Service alone. On the contrary, they represent also the needs and sugges- tions of the people of the whole West. They embody constant changes and adjustments to meet these suggestions and needs. The forest policy of the Government in the West has now be- come what the West desired it to be. It is a National policy—wider than the boundaries of any State, and larger than the interests of-any single in- dustry. Of course it can not give any set of men exactly what they would choose. Undoubtedly the irrigator would often like to have less stock on his watersheds, while the stockman wants more. The lumberman would like to cut more timber, the settler and the miner would often like him to cut less. The county authorities want to see more money coming in for schools and roads, while the lumberman and stockman object to the rise in value of timber and grass. But the interests of the people as a whole are, I repeat, safe in the hands of the Forest Service. By keeping the public forests in the public hands our forest policy substi- tutes the good of the whole people for the profits of the privileged few. With that result none will quarrel except the men who are losing the chance of per- sonal profit at the public expense. Our western forest policy is based upon meeting the wishes of the best public sentiment of the whole West. It proposes to create new reserves wherever forest lands still vacant are found in the public domain, and to give the reserves already made the highest possible usefulness to all the people. So far our promises to the people in regard to it have all been made good; and I have faith that this policy will be carried to successful completion, because I believe that the people of the West are behind it. Sincerely, yours, THEODORE ROOSEVELT. FAIRBANKS ON IRRIGATION The Vice-President of the United States Attends the National Irngation Congress “Mr. President and Members ofthe National Irrigation Congress: It is im- possible to exaggerate the importance of the work in which you are engaged. It is fraught with far-reaching inter- est, not only to the present but to the future. It is a subject to which I have given considerable attention during my public service, for I have been a firm believer in the feasibility of national irrigation, as now contem- plated, in the arid and semi-arid re- gions. It will bring under cultivation large areas of the public domain which would otherwise remain sterile and practically uninhabitable. “The rapid increase of population and the pre-emption and settlement of the arable portions of the public lands has rendered it important that we should reclaim the waste places and make them productive through a wise irrigation system which lies beyond the capacity of individual effort. This pol- icy is in the highest degree beneficent. It not only enlarges the ‘field of whole- some, individual opportunity, but it is in a very especial degree, of national significance. It increases the oppor- tunity for the development of the agri- cultural regions of the republic, for multiplying the number of American farms and American homes, thereby augmenting the great conservative forces which are the surest reliance and safeguard of our political insti- tutions. I firmly believe that the most conservative elements will always be found upon the farm. You will gen- erally find among the millions through- out the great agricultural regions less tendency than elsewhere to incon- siderate and hysterical judgment. “The general subject which is under consideration is one of those great practical, everyday questions which requires the application of good busi- ness sense. The real benefactor, we understand, is the one who makes two blades of grass grow where one grew before. Those who have been engaged in the promotion of irrigation fall most distinctly within this definition and are benefactors of their day and kind. They have the satisfaction of knowing that they have in a measure promoted the interest and welfare of the home- . makers. The home-builders of America have been and are as a rule, a hardy people, in love with nature and enam- ored of their institutions. They have thus far overcome many of the seem- ingly impossible obstacles of nature in the great arid and semi-arid regions, and have erected their habitation and made prosperous and happy neighbor- hoods. They are entitled to all suc- cess in their beneficent enterprise. Some of our wisest statesmen, of a not very remote past, had but little conception of the possibilities which many of you have opened up to our country and our civilization. We may well believe that, with our larg- er experience and greater light, we have as inadequate a conception of the vast possibilities of this western section of the country, as many of our predecessors had of the large development which has already been accomplished. The growth of irri- gation thus far is largely due to in- dividual and corporate enterprise. It has been carried on by our people for many years in a more or less satis- factory way, but it has not been until recently the subject of national con- sideration. No one can appreciate the magnitude and the possibilities of the reclamation service in which the national government is engaged and which you are met to encourage, who has not looked upon what irri- gation has already accomplished. Go 1906 into the valleys of Arizona, Califor- nia, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mesaico;¢ Nevada, Oreson, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, and so on, and some conception can be gained of the wondrous possibilities of the future by what has already been done. Fruits, vegetables, grains and FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 403 valueless and beyond the hope of cultivation. I have observed in many places, to employ the language of Whittier, 5 orchards sweep Apple and fruit trees fruited deep Fair as the garden of the Lord. “Irrigation lands are made to yield VICE-PRESIDENT CHARLES WARREN FAIRBANKS Whose Address Formed an Interesting Feature of the Irrigation Congress grasses of almost every variety are produced in profusion upon lands which but a few years ago seemed to the casual observer absolutely manyfold more than the best unirri- gated lands and the certainty of good crops seems to be assured. There is a guaranty against the | | 404 blighting effects of drouth, and the intelligent husbandman is certain of a bountiful yield as the fruit of his industry. ‘The desert is fast disap- pearing before the magic touch of American genius, thrift and pluck. What, a few years ago seemed to be impossible, is now being accom- plished. It has been demonstrated that there is no investment which has yielded better or surer results than money spent in the construc- tion of feasible irrigation works. It is estimated that some ten millions of acres are now irrigated through individual and corporate effort and that the value of our agricultural products has been thereby increased in the sum of more than an hundred and fifty millions of dollars per an- num. It is also estimated that this annual inerease is in) excess of. the total cost of irrigation works through which it is made possible. “When we consider, in addition to the large money value of the in- creased annual yield through irriga- tion, the many incidental benefits re- sulting from, the magnitude and im- portance of the subject of national irrigation can be more fully appre- ciated. “The government has not entered upon the subject of irrigation hastily and without the utmost considera- tion. ‘The matter has been thor- oughly debated and considered in its physicaland economicaspects. When it was first suggested it was regard- ed by those who had given it only a superficial consideration, as imprac- ticable and as involving a tremen- dous and unnecessary drain upon the national treasury. The fact was that individual and corporate enterprises had carried the work forward as far as it could reasonably do so. The larger and more difficult proposi- tions awaited the action of the na- tional government. “The existing irrigation law was put upon the statute books in I9g02. ‘The law is founded upon an entirely rational and defensible theory. It is entirely just and equitable. None FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION September better has been enacted by the con- gress of the United States in recent years. “It provides substantially that the money arising from the sale of pub- lic lands shall be set apart in a spe- cial fund, to be used exclusively for irrigation purposes. ‘The money so derived is to be expended in the es- tablishment and construction of ir- rigation works and is to become a charge upon the land benefited, and is to be repaid to the government by the land owner in not more than Io annual payments. It is returned to- the reclamation fund and is to be again used in the inauguration and development of new irrigation pro- jects. In short, the fund becomes. an endless chain extending its bless- ings to future years. Not a dollar comes out of the pockets of the tax- payers of the country to promote this great work. It is estimated that. the amount to the credit of the recla- mation service at the close of the fiscal year, 1908 will be $41,441,- 57205: “Irrigation by the national gov- ernment has been undertaken so re- cently that its beneficent results have not. yet been felt. -The Secretary of the Interior has authorized the con- struction of many projects in the states of California, Idaho, Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Neva- da, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington and Wy- oming and in the territories of Ari- zona, New Mexico and Oklahoma. “The first allotment for such con- struction is about $41,441,572. 95, and when this expenditure is made, it will bring under irrigation nearly I,- 200,000 acres. It will be observed that the cost of the work now au- thorized is equivalent to the esti- mated amount of the reclamation fund in 1908. ‘This will not, how- ever, complete the work. It will re- quire some sixty millions of dollars, in addition, to finish the projects now undertaken, and when they are completed, the total amount of land- irrigated will be 3,200,000 acres. 1906 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 405 ‘The Secretary of the Interior has under consideration additional pro- jects in Arizona, California, Colora- do, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, uotjesiiiy Aq pastey eIUIOsIeD Ul s}99q JedNg jo Play Nevada, Oklahoma, Oregon, Utah, Washington and Wyoming, which will cost about $109,000,000, and which, when completed, will bring 406 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION under irrigation 3,070,000 acres. It will thus be seen that when the gov- ernment completes the work it will render arable nearly 6,300,000 acres, at a cost of a little more than $200,- 000,000. “To prosecute the work which it has undertaken and which lies be- fore it, the government will have in hand, as heretofore observed, nearly forty-one and a half million dollars in 1908, an amount sufficient to cover the first unit of cost of projects au- thorized, and for thereafter prosecut- ing the work it will have the pro- ceeds derived from the future sales of the public domain and the return from the land theretofore irrigated. “Tt was the purpose of the author of the reclamation act that irrigation undertaken by the national govern- ment should not be entered upon for the benefit of mere speculators. It was, their purpose that the public domain and the proceeds arising from its sale, should be appropriated absolutely and entirely for the bene- fit of homeseekers. The law wisely provides that the limit of area per entry upon the lands irrigable shall be restricted to what would be rea- sonably required for the support of a family. In order that the entry- man may enjoy the benefit of the law, actual and continued residence on the land is required. “Tt is obviously the purpose of the great measure, and it is one of its most commendable features, to in- sure homes to the greatest number of persons, and-to bring soil now sterile under a high state of cultiva- tion and productiveness for their benefit and for the benefit of the en- tire country. “T believe that irrigation is only in the preliminary stages of its devel- opment in the United States. Much has been done, it is true. There is, however, a vast deal more to be ac- complished. There are many mil- lions of acres still lying within the arid and semi-arid regions which are non-productive, and which may, in due time, be irrigated. ‘This area is September of indefinite extent. It is variously estimated at from fifty to one hun- dred millions of acres. Of course, the acreage which may be irrigated will depend in a large degree upon the quantity of water which can be stored in the great reservoir systems to be established. The best opinion would seem to indicate that it is rea- sonably certain that sufficient water may be obtained for irrigating at least 50,000,000 of acres. ‘I'wenty millions of acres of this tremendous area is yet a part of the public do- main. When the whole is brought under cultivation by means of irri- gations, the wealth of the nation will be increased $5,000,000,000. “This work cannot be accom- plished in a day, and it will probably not be done without some mistakes. It will require time, experience, scientific skill and a large expendi- ture of money to do it. The field is, indeed, a vast one, and in invites our best endeavor. “While we are concerned particu- larly with the extension of the irri- gation service into the arid and semi-arid regions, I believe in time it will be largely increased in many other portions of the country. The waters in many of our rivers and streams, outside of the arid and semi-arid areas, will be raised and spread over many sections where crops are occasionally destroyed or reduced in yield in consequence of drouth. We can see the limit of our arable areas, but we cannot see the limit of the demand of our increas- ing population, nor the extent of the demand of millions in foreign coun- tries for American food supplies. “One of the great practical ques- tions in the future will be how to increase and conserve the produc- tive power of our agricultural re- gions. Scientific irrigation on broad lines will be a factor of increasing future importance in most of the States and Territories of the Union. “It 1s important not only to pro- mote the interests of irrigation, but there is a co-related subject which 1906 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Semi-Tropical Growth Through Irrigation in Southern California 408 is worthy of consideration, and that is—How shall we reinforce and maintain at its highest efficiency the productive power of the soil? Farm- ing is fast becoming a science and the most successful farmer is the one who understands the chemistry PORES [1 RYZAND FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION September of the soil and the products for which it is best suited. We are making marvelous progress in every department of our domestic ecen- omy and nowhere is our advance- ment more marked than in the great field of agriculture.” LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE BY SAMUEL CABOT, Jr. "THE interdependence of forestry and irrigation, and forestry and lumbering have been much discussed, but few people seem to realize the im- portant bearing which forestry and landscape architecture have on each other. It is true that many ignorant of the real situation in this country, have advocated the protection of our forests for purely xsthetic and senti- mental reasons. The practical forester on the other hand, disgusted perhaps by the outcry of these individuals, has gone somewhat to the other extreme and has tended to make his aim the most efficient production of timber rather than the most “wise use of forests.” Woodland is the most important feature in natural scenery capable of human control and is therefore the most useful material the landscape architect has to work with in informal landscape design. Woodland again is obviously the means, the aim, and the end of forestry. It would be, then, extraordinary if two professions work- ing largely in the same material, should not each cover some part of the province of the other, that is, if forestry (i. e., “The wise use of for- ests’) would not be “wise” in em- ploying landscape architecture, and vice versa. COMMERCIAL VALUE OF ATTRACTIVE LANDSCAPE. In the Eastern part of our country real estate is high and forest land di- vided up largely among small owners. There is also much demand for beauti- ful sites for spring, summer, and au- tumn residences. These, however, only anticipate conditions that will be true eventually in other parts of the country. People are constantly buying land for residences, farms and wood- lots at many times their value as crop or timber producers. Here is where the farseeing forester should do what he can to enhance the beauty of the land in his charge and raise its value as a house site. Is there a beautiful view from the place? Do not let it be choked with trees, bwinjimiest however, are only temporary, and the tree soon recovers fully. POSSIBILITIES AND USES. The fairly rapid growth, easy propagation, and unsurpassed hardi- EH EE tea ‘THE rigid enforcement of the Eight- hour law upon Government con- struction work during the present summer by the President, has created much disturbance among those con- cerned. On account of the enormous amount of work of an engineering character being carried on throughout the coun- try the demand for labor has far ex- ceeded the supply and the large con- tractors have so much private work that they are not willing to take up Government work unless the condi- tions are unusually favorable. Practically all the laborers prefer to work 10 hours, as they cannot get the same pay for 8 hours. The con- tractors are not willing to put their men who have regularly worked a Io- October ness of the Green Ash make it one of the most valuable trees for general planting in the arid, treeless West. It serves a useful purpose, whether planted for windbreaks, ornament, or timber. The wood is believed to be inferior to that of White Ash and many other species, hence its propaga- tion in humid regions is not recom- mended, but in sections where wood of any kind is of high value because of its scarcity, extensive general planting is advisable. The Green Ash should be planted in place of Cotton- wood in many sections. PLANTATIONS. Although the Green Ash has been extensively planted in the middle West, figures based on examinations and measurements of well-established plantations are not available. Forest plantations of Green Ash throughout Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, and South Dakota are, in general, in a very thriving condition. HOU R- LAW hour day upon Government. work at 8 hours, as it demoralizes their forces and they cannot keep their well-trained men unless they pay one and one- quarter times as much for an 8-hour day on Government work as they do for 8 hours on private work. The contractors are therefore bidding at much higher rates on Government work than has heretofore been the rule. Therefore Government officers, especially those who are working on specific appropriations for a given piece of work, find themselves unable to prosecute it upon the plans which formed the basis of the appropriation by Congress. Likewise the contrac- tors who have for many years been working for the Government on a ten- hour day and who are now doing work at aa i et a i i ti ae 1906 on prices based upon the ten-hour day, are losing money, and in some cases are going into bankruptcy. Such works are consequently very much de- layed and in some cases are at a stand- still. The newspapers reported only a few days ago that laborers on Govern- ment work on the Ohio River had gone on a Strike, because they were cut down from 10 hours to 8 hours, presumably with a corresponding de- duction in pay. In many cases the Government and contractors are com- pelled to give at least nine hours pay for eight hours work. Even then, on account of the great demand for la- bor, it is very difficult to get men, be- cause they would rather work Io hours in order to get the additional pay. < When labor is scarce the best la- borers take only the better kinds of work and so we have the condition that on many works labor is more ex- pensive, is harder to get, and is less efficient. The result of the enforcement of the Eight-hour law must be a very large increase in the appropriations for work already authorized by the Gov- ernment and in all future work. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 471 It is certain that the work of the Government will hereafter cost from Io to 20 per cent. more on all items of labor than in the past. In the face of all this it is a fact that the laborers are more contented when working ten hours than when working eight, not only because they can earn more, but because on most construction work they are located at a distance from centers of population and there are no forms of occupation or amusement available during the non-working hours, except those of drinking, gambling, and the like, for which facilities are always supplied in the neighborhood of construction works by those who engage in busi- ness of that character. Although a largesproportion of the workmen can- not resist the temptation offered by such resorts, yet many realize that the opportunity to save money is greatly diminished by an increase in the num- ber of hovrs which are not devoted to labor. This is practically true in all cases of out-door work, where the condi- tions are healthful as to hours work under such circumstances not an un- due physical strain. RECONNOISSANCE OF MARYLAND BORE Sa. W. BESLEY, State Forester, is *.. making a brief, general study of Maryland forest conditions—an inves- tigation which will call him, in turn, to all the counties of the State. He has just made a preliminary examina- tion of the Eastern Peninsula, espe- cially of Wicomico. County, in which he secured notes for the preparation of a forest map to be published in a report on forest conditions and possi- bilities. About 5 per cent. of Wico- mico County is woodland. Mr. Besley is immensely pleased with forest possibilities in that re- gion. It is within the range of the loblolly pine, where abandoned fields grow up rapidly to this species and make, in a few years, an excellent stand. Such lands with a 10-year-old pine thicket upon them can be bought for about $10 per acre, and in 30 years they will be worth, at present prices, from $50 to $70 per acre for the tim- ber alone. For a pine stand 40 years old one man has been offered $60 per acre for the timber alone. Timber of the same age and quality on a five- acre tract adjoining sold recently at the rate of $71 per acre. The risk of 472 loss by fire is so slight as to be practi- cally eliminated, and, as a rule, the large tracts pay the taxes from the sale of cordwood in thinnings or in clear- ing small areas. There is a market for almost everything down to 2 inches, so that clean cutting can be practiced profitably, followed by clear- ing and 8 or Io years of cultivation. At the end of that period the fertility stored up by the forest will have be- come exhausted and the field may be abandoned to another crop of pine. The best stands of pine invariably come up in the abondoned fields. On some of these cut-over lands the pine will succeed itself naturally, while on others seeding, planting, or some prep- aration of the soil is necessary to in- sure renewal of the pine. Mr. Besley also made a hurried trip through the western part of the State. In Garrett County, he visited the tract, aggregat- ing about 4,000 acres, which Mr. Gar- rett will present to the State for forest reserve purposes. A good opportun- ity is here offered for examples of for- est management, for the region is fre- quented by tourists and sportsmen, and one tract of 400 acres is only 2 miles from Oakland, the county seat. Part of the forest has been burned over, other portions cut over recently, and other portions in heavy forest, so that different forms of management can be well shown. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION October There is in the western part of Gar- rett County one of the few virgin stands of hemlock. ‘This tract con- tains about 75 acres, mostly hemlock, and will run about 25,000 board feet per acre. The associated species are white and red oak, of which there are some fine specimens. The greatest service forestry can do in the moun- tains of Maryland is to provide protec- tion from fire. There are ample for- est fire laws, and it is hoped that a good, healthy sentiment will be cre- ated for their enforcement. The establishment of seed beds at the Maryland Agricultural College is contemplated, both for illustration of the best forest nursery practice in con- nection with the course of lectures be- fore the students, and to obtain stock for planting on open places on the re- serve. Mr. Besley stopped at Rockville to inspect the grounds of the prospective plantation of Mr. Earle. Mr. Earle has about 5,000 white pine seedlings in nursery rows, which he intends transplanting to a permanent site next spring or the spring following. This experiment will be watched with in- terest to determine the adaptability of white pine for commercial planting outside the mountain counties of the State. fh, i ‘ ae he SAM OH OT A UI | ] ANY YO) Wy UNITED STATES Government Irrigation Work During the Month Begin “The first stone of the eee ine Roosevelt dam was laid by the contractor at 5 o'clock on the afternoon of Septem- ber 20.” This message, from Engineer Hill, was read with a great deal of satis- faction by the officials of the Recla- mation Service. It marks the begin- ning of the end of one of the most daring and difficult irrigation projects so far undertaken by the Government. The contract for the construction of this dam was executed by the Secre- tary of the Interior April 21, 1905. Although the company which made this contract is energetic and experi- enced, the long succession of unusual floods which have occurred in Salt River in the past year has from time to time delayed the attempts to con- trol the river with coffer dams and ex- cavate the foundation. Time after time a large amount of work has been entirely destroyed and the contractors’ appliances swept away. It is, threfore,. with a great sense of relief that the news is received that the erratic river has finally submitted to the curb and rein and a few weeks will see the contractors’ works out of danger. The work will thereafter ad- vance rapidly and benefits from the storage accomplished may be expect- ed during the season of 1907, although the completion of the dam will require a much longer time. The dam will be 284 feet high, 280 feet long at the base and 700 feet long on top. It will back the water up for 25 miles, form- ing a lake with a capacity of 1,300,- ' ooo acre-feet, or water sufficient to cover that many acres one foot in depth. The cement mill erected by the Government has a capacity of 350 barrels a day and the saw mill thirty miles up the canyon has cut about 3,- 000,000 feet B. M. of lumber for use in the various structures. A power canal, 18 miles long, with a drop of 220 feet, is furnishing power to oper- ate the cement mill and for use in con- structing the dam. When completed this project will reclaim more than 200,000 acres of desert land. The Secretary of the In- terior has awarded con- tract to the Pacific Port- land Cement Company for supplying 27,000 barrels, more or less, of Port- land cement for the Tieton and Sun- nyside irrigation projects, Washing- ton. Four proposals were received for furnishing this cement, but taking into consideration the cost of transporta- tion, that of the Pacific Portland Ce- ment Company, Tolenas, California, was the lowest. This marks the beginning of the construction work on the Yakima pro- ject, of which the Sunnyside and Tie- ton projects are independent units. The Yakima irrigation system, as planned by the Reclamation Service, will ultimately be one of the largest of the Government projects. The nucleus of irrigation already es- tablished in this valley has shown that in fertility of soil and climatic condi- Work Moves Rapidly 474 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION tions this portion of Washington com- pares favorably with the best irrigated sections in the West. The people have been very energet- ic in clearing away some of the pre- liminary difficuities encountered by the Government in starting the work, and the conditions are very favorable for a large increase in the irrigated area in the next few years. Plans and specifications for the can- yon portion of the main canal, Tieton project, were completed in July, and October The development of the distribution system of the first unit of Sunnyside project is now occupying the engi- neers, and plans and specifications are about completed for a concrete weir to replace the movable dam at the head of the Sunnyside canal. The Board of Consult- ing Engineers recently convened at Portland, Oregon, to open bids for the construc- tion of main canal and laterals of the Umatilla Work Salt River Canyon, Arizona, Looking Down Stream trom Point About Half Mile Above Dam Site. bids for its construction will be op- ened November 15th. A field party is now engaged in the location of val- ley portions of the main canal. A wagon road is under construction up Tieton canyon to facilitate operations along that portion of the canal, and every effort will be made to complete the road and have everything in readi- ness for the actual commencement of canal construction next spring. A farm unit survey has been completed and plans for the distribution system are being studied and prepared. distributing system, Umatilla irriga- tion project, Oregon, received seven proposals, which were transmitted to the Department for action. The work is divided in two sched- ules, and the Secretary of the Interior to-day awarded contract for schedule I, consisting of about 15 miles of main and lateral ditches, to Thomas Jaques, of Pilot Rock, Oregon. Mr. Jaques’ bid was $20,212.50 All bids on schedule 2, which con- sists of 26 miles of main canal and laterals, were rejected on the ground Ee 1906 that they were unreasonably high. The Secretary of the Interior author- ized the Reclamation Service to prose- cute: the work by force account. Horses for this work will be shipped from the Klamath irrigation project in the southern part of Oregon, as their use at the latter place is not needed during the winter. The Secretary of the In- terior has executed a contract with the D- Olier Engineering Company, of Phil- adelphia, for furnishing and installing pumping machinery for the Buford- Trenton irrigation project, North Da- kota. The contract calls for the installa- tion of three transformers of 300 kilo- watt capacity, and eight motor-driven pumping units of capacities of 16 and 30 cubic feet per second under heads of 50 and 33 feet respectively, with necessary electrical apparatus and wa- ter pipes, in pumping stations near Buford, North Dakota. The D’Olier Engineering Company will receive $40,836 for the work. Now that the contract is let and the exact dimensions of the machinery are known, the engineers will determine on the design of the floating barge in which the intake pumps are to be mounted, and labor and material will be secured for the construction of the barge. The water supply for this project is from the Missouri River, the slight gradient of which necessitates lifting the water direct from the stream by pumps. No long and expensive canal system will be required. An abund- ance of lignite fuel exists in the vicin- ity and it is proposed to generate pow- er at the mines and transmit it electric- ally to the several pumping stations for the Buford-Trenton ad Williston projects. The first pumps will be placed on floating barges. These will, of course, accommodate them- selves to changes not only in water level, but to the shifting of the stream, the water being conducted from the Contract for Pumps FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 475 pumps on the barges through pipes with flexible joints, to the main canal. Additional sub-station lifts will be in- troduced wherever required. The Secretary of the In- terior has -executed’+a contract with the Pacific Coast Construction Company, of Port- land, Oregon, for the construction and completion of the Yellowstone dam and accessory structures, Lower Yel- lowstone irrigation project, Montana and North Dakota. This dam is to be a rock-filled, tim- ber-cribbed structure, located about 18 miles northeast of Glendive, Mon- tana, for the purpose of diverting the waters of Yellowstone into a canal ex- tending about 80 miles down the west side of the river for the irrigation of 67,000 acres of land, two-thirds of which lie in Montana. The work requires about 500,000 feet of lumber, 700 piles, 1,600 sheet piles, 11,000 cubic yards of rock fill- ing and rip-rap, and 80 tons of steel. The contracting company will re- ceive $142,825 for its work, which, according to the terms of the contract, must be completed February 1, 1909. Yellowstone Project The engineers in charge Bone Fourche of the Belle Fourche ir- roject ER Ea ; rigation project, South Dakota, are rushing work all along the line, as freezing weather will soon force suspension of operations till spring. The Chicago & Northwestern Rail- way Company has made surveys pre- liminary to connecting their main line with the Government town site. There is great difficulty in procur- ing a sufficient force of laborers, and the contractors are put to great ex- pense by being obliged to continually ship in men from Cuba, Denver, and other centers in order to keep the nec- essary number of men on hand to car- ry on the work. The contractors are paying from $2.50 to $2.75 per day for common labor, and the Govern- ment pays $2.20 for eight hours work. 476 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Authority has been granted for the construction of three miles of canal inside the Belle Fourche Reservoir to connect the Inlet canal by way of Dry During the month of September 719 feet were added to the excavated portion of the Gunnison Tunnel, Un- compahgre irrigation project, Colora- do, making a total of 16,031 feet. The progress during the last two months has not been quite up to the usual standard on this tunnel, on ac- count of the extreme harness of the quartzite rock in one heading and the friable and dangerous nature of the material in the other heading. The work has reached points so far from the portals that the difficulties in ven- tilation and tramming have’ increased. Severe storms during the month de- layed work on the South Canal and caused a loss to the contractor of ap- proximately $1,000. The scarcity of labor throughout the West is being severely felt on this project in all lines of work, both con- tract and force account. Creek, with the constructed portion of the South Canal, so that water can be delivered to lands under this canal next spring. The engineers believe the work will have reached a point where water can be delivered to about 10,000 acres next season. Gunnison Tunnel Work The Secretary of the In- terior is asking for pro- posals for the construc- tion of a diversion dam and headworks on the North Platte River in Nebras- ka, in connection with the North Platte irrigation project, Nebraska- Wyoming. The work will involve the excava- tion of about 100,000 cubic yards of earth and rock, furnishing and placing in structures about 10,000 feet B. M. of lumber, and the construction of about 8,000 cubic yards of concrete masonry. ‘The bids will be opened in Mitchell, Nebraska, November first. Work on the North Platte project has progressed rapidly during the sea- Progress on North Platte October son. The first forty-five miles of the Interstate canal has been furnishing water at several places for irrigation, but prepartaions for receiving it were incomplete and full use of the canal will not be made until next season The second section of the canal is un- der construction and surveys for the third fifty miles are being made. Con- tracts have been awarded on fourteen schedules of the distributing system and the work on the laterals is alreadv in progress. The Pathfinder dam is progressing favorably and it is expect- ed that about 15,000 cubic yards of masonry will be laid before cold weather forces suspension of work. It is hoped that water can be deliv- ered to about 40,000 acres under this project during 1907. The Secretary of the In- terior has executed a contract with the Gen- eral Electric Compan, of Schenectady, New York, for furnishing material and machinery for the electric gen- erating plant of the power and pump- ing system, Williston irrigation pro- ject, North Dakota. This work will cost the Government $41,242. The operation of the pumping ma- chinery in North Dakota will be watched with great interest by the people in many sections of the West where the Reclamation Service has located large areas above the line of eravity supply. The power for the Williston and Buford-Trenton pro- jects will be generated at the lignite mines in the vicinity of Williston, and transmitted electrically to the several pumping stations of the two projects. The Secretary of the Interior also executed a contract with John H. Donohue, of St. Paul, Minnesota, pro- viding for the construction and com- pletion of building for Station 1, pow- er and pumping system, Williston irri- gation project, North Dakota. The estimated cost of the work will be $13,886. A contract has been awarded to the Kansas Portland Cement Company, Contracts Let ee 1906 of Iola, Kansas, for furnishing 5,000 barrels of Portland cement for the Garden City irrigation project, in western Kansas. The bid of the above named com- pany, at $1.60 per barrel, f.o.b., cars at Iola, was the lowest received, trans- portation considered. Another contract is that with Mar- cus E.. Getter, of Mitchell, Nebraska, for the construction of ten miles of earthwork, distributing system, Inter- state canal, North Platte irrigation project, Nebraska. Mr. Getter’s bid was $5,640. FORESTRY AND [IRRIGATION 477 The bid of Flower & Twing, of Morrill, Nebraska, for the work pro- vided for in Schedule 4, earthwork of distributing systems, North Platte ir- rigation project, Nebraska, has been accepted. The bid for this work was $11,711, and the contract calls for the earthwork on about ten miles of lat- eral. The Secretary of the In- terior has rejected all bids “-reeeived “for “the construction of structures for the Gar- den City irrigation project, Kansas, Bids Rejected Canyon Above Reservoir Site, Salt River, Arizona, Looking Down-stream Henry C. DeLaney, of Williston, North Dakota, has secured the con- tract for the construction and comple- tion of canals and structures under the Williston irrigation project, North Dakota. ‘The work involves the exca- vation of about 220,000 cubic yards of earth, and furnishing labor and ma- terial for various structures requiring about 40,000 feet B. M. of lumber, and 1,000 cubic yards of concrete. Mr. DeLaney’s bid was $81,867. and authorized the construction of the work by force account under the di- rection of the Reclamation Service. The work consists of the construc- tion of deep and shallow wells, suction pipes, pumping stations, siphons, con- crete-lined conduits, and fencing. The bids were all greatly in excess of the estimates of the engineers, ex- cept one bid for a gate valve, and it is believed that the work can be more 478 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION economically performed by force ac- count. The Secretary of the Interior has rejected the bid of Henry C. DeLaney, of Williston, North Dakota, in the sum of $166,289 for the construction of canals, ditches and structures un- der the Buford-Trenton irrigation project, North Dakota. The work involves the excavation of about 410,000 cubic vards of earth, jj) UNITED STATES | Ce TOREST SERVICE October and furnishing labor and material for a pumping station and various struc- tures requiring about 140,000 feet B. M. lumher, about 2,000 cubic yards of concrete, and about 25,000 pounds of structural steel. Mr. DeLaney’s bid was the only one received, and was rejected as unreas- onably high. The Month in Government Forest Work Mr. Gifford= “Pinchot, Forester, returned on Thursday, October 11, from an extended western tour. While away, he attended the Irrigation Con- gress at Boise City, Idaho. At this Congress, Hon. Weldon Brinton Heyburn, junior Senator from Idaho, took strong ground against the policy of forest reserves, asserting, among other things, that forests exert no influence upon stream flow. Mr. Pinchot’s advocacy of the pol- icy in question was, however, ,support- ed by numerous other speakers. Leaving Boise City, Mr. Pinchot visited the Big Horn and Yellowstone reserves, returning thence to Wash- ington some weeks earlier than had been expected. Mr.- Herbert A. Smith, Editor, re- cently spoke before the Kentucky State Development Association, at Winchester. His subject was, ‘“For- est Resources of Kentucky.” Personal Notes As this publication goes to press, Mr. George W. Woodruff, of the Di- vision of Law, leaves for Lexington, Kentucky, to address, on Oct. 23d, the meeting of the State Bureau of Labor, Agriculture, and Statistics. He is al- so to speak at the annual meeting of the American Civic Association, at Milwaukee, Wis., on Oct. 26th, on the Appalachian reserve. Mr. J. M. McVean, of the Division of Law, has for some weeks been en- gaged in a tour of inspection of some of the western forest reserves. Forest | Mir HAG) sterling: Eaece Chief of the Division of Work E =i Melle 2 orest Extension, re turned to Washington, Oct. 12th, from an extended inspection trip through the West. In the course of this trip Mr. Sterling visited the planting sta- tions in the San Gabriel, Santa Bar- bara, Salt Lake, Pikes Peak, and Dis- mal River reserves, and attended su- pervisors’ meetings at Boise and Port- land; in connection with city water shed and rangers’ nursery work, he also visited other reserves in Idaho, Wyoming, Montana and Arizona. He started a nursery establishment in 1906 the Pocatello reserve as a part of the city water shed project for the city of Pocatello. Another good city water shed proposition, benefitting Logan, Ogden, and Provo, he also located in the Uintah reserve. He reports that planting is needed fe the benefit of the Santa Fe and Los Vegas water sheds and for the Jemez and Pecos River regions. Rangers’ nurseries are proving very popular. Supervisors and Rangers are, in most cases, anxious for them, and representatives of the Forest Ex- tension work have been helping start one or two in each reserve to serve as models. Conditions at. Halsey, .Neb., Mr. Sterling reports to be good. Last spring’s plantation is looking well, and about 4,000,000 seedlings are in the nursery. Prof. George L. Cloth- ler, representing te Di- vision of Law, has been investigating claims for land alleged to be agricultural, in the Bitter Root Forest reserve in Montana. He has spent about six weeks in that vicinity. He finds that the Bitter Root Valley is one of the best fruit countries of the west, apples in particular attaining a high degree of perfection in that re- gion. Under irrigation, a good apple orchard will probably bring a fair rate of interest on an investment of $500 per acre: Prof. Clothier reports the existence of large areas of land available for fruit raising, provided only adequate water supply were in sight. Still larg- er areas, however, are probably perma- nently incapable of irrigation. On the Bitter Root Mountains is found some of the finest yellow pine of the Northwest, worth, on the stump, from $60 to $100 per acre. Wherever titles to timber land can be obtained the lands are rapidly snapped up by speculators. A few days ago Prof. Clothier re- turned to Washington and made his Examination of Lands FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 479 report to the Forester. From here he goes to the Mississippi Agricultural College to resume the teaching of for- eSiiaye Examining On August 20th Judge Mineral a Ges Shaw, of the Di- Lands vision of Law, left Washington for the Plumas Forest reserve, at Quincy, Cal. There: he was joined by Mr. E. C. Finney, Law Examiner of the General Land Office, and L. G. Gillette, J. A. Dorsey, and W. L. Walker, trained geologists from the Geological Survey. With the assistance of the Forest Supervisor, L. A. Barrett, this party established a camp in the reserve at Shoofly; and under the direction of both departments, Agriculture and Interior, instituted an investigation on the ground to determine the mineral or non-mineral character of certain al- leged mineral land locations in that re- serve. The evidence gathered will be made the basis of a hearing before the Land Office, at which the validity and legality of these mining locations will be tested. From Shoofly, the party went, about Sept. 24th, to Santa Barbara, Cal. The camp was moved from place to place. Leaving the geologists on the ground to complete their investi- gations, Mr. Finney returned to Wash- ington, while Judge Shaw went to the santa Barbara reserve to investigate a condition alleged to be similar to the one above described. From Santa Barbara he went next to the Wichita reserve in Oklahoma, returning from there to Washington, Oct. 7th. Reserve Mr. Findley Burns, of pee the Division of Publica- tion and Education, who devoted a number of weeks in the past summer to visiting reserves, returned with a very encouraging report. The loyalty of rangers, assistant rangers and guards to the Forest Service he regards as especially noteworthy. Working at salaries very moderate, and often much below what they have 480 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION received elsewhere, they manifest an esprit de corps and a devotion to their tasks worthy of the veterans of Val- ley Forge or of the soldiers who fol- lowed the flag of the Man of Destiny. A partial explanation for this mental attitude is found in the degree of au- thority and the opportunity for prac- tical administrative work enjoyed by these men. Rangers and _ assistant rangers are frequently men who have received training either in the Forest Service or in forest schools. Guards, however, are usually local men who have entered the service temporarily and, later, taken the Civil Service ex- amination and become enrolled as per- manent employees. In some respects, the positions on the reserves are disappointing to the men, as many of them had expected situations similar to those of the Ca- nadian mounted police. Instead, the work is hard and trying in the ex- treme. One rancen ator example finds himself in a region too rough to permit the use of a horse; yet he must care for the interests of the reserve, not only by visiting its remote limits, but by scaling every log sawed at the mill. Schools are non-existent in this region; for this and other reasons this man finds it impracticable to bring his family to the reserve. He has earned as high as $115 per month in the Se- etet Service, and probably from $5 to $8 per day and expenses as a guide; yet he serves the Forest Service for $75 per month. The reserve force workers are rap- idly attaining a high degree of effi- ciency. Reserve inspectors, many of whom have had experience in the office of the Forest Service, are train- ing and disciplining the force and bringing it into effective shape. October Happily, the fire fiend, the most law- less and deadly foe of the forest, -is being in a wonderful degree brought under control by the reserve adminis- trators. Prevention is the end most earnestly sought; with what success may be inferred from Mr. Burn’s statement that, on the vast majority of reserves, the damage from fire has now been reduced to virtually nothing. The piling of brush by cutters of tim- ber is insisted upon; in practically all cases the brush thus piled is burned by the reserve people, and under super- vision so careful that the risk of dam- age is reduced practically to zero. During recent months Se Mc. Albert “Gaskill of the Division of Publica- tion and Education, has visited a num- ber of western reserves, in order to lo- cate permanent sample plots on which, through the course of years, the sylvi- cal characteristics of important trees may be accurately studied and record- ed. In this way it is hoped that the knowledge of the sylviculture of these trees, which is at present defective or based upon foreign sources, may be supplemented by the knowledge of American conditions thus recorded. Mr. RC. Bryant,, tor some time in charge of the co-operative work of the office of Forest Extension, has recently resigned to assist in organiz- ing the work in connection with the chair of practical forestry and lumber- ing, at the Yale Forest School. This chair, it will be remembered, was es- tablished by subscriptions from lead- ing lumbermen throughout the coun- Cie Goes to Yale FORESTER AND DIRECTOR OF CENSUS SHEL. COOPERATE AN: COLLEC- TION OF ANNUAL STATISTICS OF POREST PRODECTS. L481 year the Forest Service un- dertook to gather statistics of forest products, with the purpose of publishing, annually, data to show as closely as possible the drain upon the forests. In this work it had the co- operation of the National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association and, as regards timber used in mines, also that of the U. S. Geological Survey. In this manner statistics were gath- ered on lumber, shingles, lath, pulp- wood, slack and tight cooperage stock, veneer, tanbark, railroad ties, wood used in mines, and wood used for dis- tillation. Recently an agreement has been made between the Chief of the Forest Service and the Director of the Census, Department of Commerce and Labor, by which these two bu- reaus will together collect and handle the data in the manner described be- low. The Bureau of the Census takes a census of the manufactures of the United States every fifth year, and of agriculture every tenth year. Statis- tics of forest products are included in these censuses so far as represented by the products of timber camps, sawmills and pulp mills. Information upon the consumption of these and other forest products is essential to the work of the Forest Service and it has organized a system of collecting the data annually. Every fifth year, the work of the two bureaus will be a duplication, causing unnecessary ex- pense to the Government and annoy- ance to the manufacturer who will re- ceive two requests for the same infor- mation. "The Bureau of the Census, through its general knowledge of sta- tistics and its excellent equipment for tabulating reports and computing re- sults, is better fitted than the Forest Service to handle this part of the work. The Forest Service, through its technical knowledge of wood-pro- ducing and wood-using industries, is in a position to advise concerning the kind of information to be obtained, the interpretation of reports, and the form of presentation of results. Therefore. the Director of the Census and the Chief of the Forest Service mutually agree as follows: I. In conformity with the letter of the Secretary of Agriculture of Au- gust 31, and the reply of the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, dated Sep- tember 25, the Bureau of the Census and the Forest Service will co-operate in the collection of annual statistics of forest products, beginning with the year 1906. 2. The collection of the annual sta- tistics will be done chiefly by corre- spondence, and as far as possible in co-operation with associations of lum- ber manufacturers. The letters trans- mitting the schedules shall be over the joint signature of the Director of the Census and the Forester and shall explain the joint arrangement under which the work is carried on. Sub- sequent routine correspondence in connection with the work will be over the signature of the Chief Statistician for Manufactures of the Census Bu- reau. The Forest Service shall also have the right to carry on correspond- ence in cases where such action will increase the efficiency of the work. All data will be tabulated by the Bu- reau of the Census. In cases where satisfactory returns cannot be secured by correspondence, or when other rea- sons it may be necessary to engage in field work, such work shall be done 482 by representatives of the Forest Ser- vice at the expense of the Service. 3. The schedules used in the col- lection of data shall be in the joint name of the Bureau of the Census and the Forest Service. For the years covered by the quinquennial census of manufactures, the regular census schedule shall carry the inquiries cov- ered by the schedule for the statistics of forest products, the work being made part of the regular census of manufactures; the results, however, to be tabulated separately as soon as obtained and placed at the disposal of the Forest Service. 4. Immediately upon completing the statistics for each year, the results shall be printed in bulletins by the Bureau of the Census in which the joint arrangement between the two bureaus shall be referred to and prop- er credit given to the Forest Service. The reports from the manufacturers shall be available for the information of the Forest Service as soon as ob- tained. 5. The Forest Service shall turn over to the Bureau of the Census cop- ies of all lists of names and addresses of producers and consumers of forest products that have been compiled in connection with this work. The For- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION , October est Service shall have the right to keep in its possession such lists of names corrected by the Census lists to be used for the mailing of its publica- tions and other matters connected with its regular work. 6. A member of the Forest Service designated by the Forester will be ap- pointed Expert Special Agent of the Bureau of the Census. The Expert Special Agent will determine the kind and amount of data to be collected, and the time of sending out the sched- ules. He will give technical advice whenever necessary for the interpre- tation of reports and will prepare the text of resulting publications. - The Chief Statistician for Manufactures of the Bureau of the Census will decide all questions of tabulation and compu- tation which do not involve a technical knowledge of the industry concerned. In case of disagreement between the Expert Special Agent and the Chief Statistician of Manufactures, the mat- ter shall be referred to the Director of the Census and the Forester. The salaries and expenses of the Expert Special Agent and any other technical foresters who may be assigned to the work will be paid by the Forest Ser- vice. All other expenses will be borne by the Bureau of the Census. CAUSES: UNDEREYING TRE ciate PRODUCTION @F CREOSOTE IN THE: UNITED STATES [? 1903 the United States produced 62,964,400 gallons of coal tar, with a gross value of $2,199,970—or a val- ue per gallon of $0.0349. In 1904 the production was increased to 69,- 498,085 gallons. The gross value, however, declined to 2,114,421 dollars, making the value per gallon only $0.0304. Of this coal tar produced in 1904, 41,726,970 gallons came from gas works, and 27,771,115 gallons, from coke ovens. About one-half of the gasworks product is distilled, the other half being used as paving ma- terials and for other local purposes. Practically all the coal tar from the “by-product” coke ovens is distilled; from the “‘bee-hive” coke ovens, how- ever, little or no coal tar is collected. The creosote distilled from all sources in the United States in 1903 amounted to about 4,000,000 gallons. In the same year 3,711,505 gallons were im- ported from Germany and England. In 1904 the domestic product had risen to 4,863,400 gallons, while the amount 1906 of imported oil had risen only to 3,- 783,472 gallons. Statistics for 1905 and for the pres- ent year are not available, but it is cer- tain that, although the production has considerably increased, it has alto- gether failed to keep pace with the de- mand, which, on account of the great activity now existing in wood preser- vation in this country, has made enor- mous advances. ‘The restriction of the American production of creosote in the past has been largely due to the economic conditions which have re- sulted in an extensive rather than an intensive operation of all industries. No restriction had been placed on the private exploitation of natural re= sources far beyond the present needs ; and with the development of effective machinery the inevitable result has been a rapacious, non-intensive ex- ploitation accompanied by prodigious waste. Just as greater profits have been secured from cutting all mer- chantable timber in one operation and then investing the proceeds in new stumpage rather than in the practice of conservative forestry, so, unless the creosote were sold at a price which, in consideration of the cheap- ness of untreated timber, the consumer could not afford to pay, greater re- turns have been obtained by making investments in new coke ovens rather than in plants for the collection and distillation of the tar. The universal tendency of private enterprise always to seek personal and immediate profit rather than the ultimate national good, — or even greater ultimate personal profit at the sacrifice of present gain, has received in the last half century a worldwide emphasis by the unpre- cedented commercial activity of the period, which, in the United States, has been particularly strong. To treat a railroad tie with 12 pounds of cre- osote per cubic foot costs about 45 cents, if the creosote can be obtained for about 8 cents per gallon. Even although railroad managers them- selves may be convinced of the ulti- mate economy afforded by the preser- vative treatment of the ties, the stock- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 483 holders will, under present conditions, rarely permit so large an increase in the current expenses of maintenance. Notable advances, however, are being made. In 1905 approximately ten per cent. of the ties laid throughout the United States has received pre- servative treatment. The larger por- tion were treated with zinc chlorid at a cost of about 16 cents per tie; where- as, if creosote had been used, a reduc- tion in the annual cost of the treated ties could doubtless have been secured in most situations. The conservative distrust of all innovations was also, in this case, strengthened by the fraud- ulent treatments given during the in- troductory stages of the industry, either by insufficient penetration, by methods injurious to the timber, or by the use of cheap and ineffective adul- terants. The large demand in the United States for soft pitch for roof- ing has also tended to retard a move- ment towards the oils of better and heavier grades. On the other hand, there is no considerable market in America for hard pitch, whereas the large demand in Europe permits the distillation of the heavier oils. The cheapness of lumber, and the ease with which it could be obtained in any quantity, have also tended to delay the introduction of conservative methods. With apparently inexhaust- ible forests, and a mechanical perfec- tion in their exploitation which has been unequalled elsewhere in the world, lumber has hitherto been too plentiful and cheap to necessitate its artificial preservation. The same causes which have brought about an enormous consumption of wood in America have also tended to discoxr- age wood preservation as being un- necessary and impracticable. This tendency has been emphasized by the high cost of American labor as com- pared with that of Europe. These conditions, however, are rapidly changing. The lumber prices in the United States have advanced in the last ten years from 50 to 100 per cent., and the rate of increase shows no present signs of slackening. The sup- 484 posedly inexhaustible supply has dwindled to so small and definite a quantity that the large timber-using industries especially are becoming concerned for the future. Economic conditions also are rapidly becoming more stable, and for almost the first time the industrial world is now able to consider the future. There is, in marked increase in consequence, a Utilization of Tupelo. U. S$. Forest Service. Circular No. 40, By H. B. Holroyd; 16 pp.; illustrated. Government Print- ing Office, 1906. It is only recently that the long, deep- rooted prejudice against tupelo has been proven unfounded, and, its value when han- dled in the manner suitable to its peculiar character, demonstrated beyond a doubt. The unfavorable attitude of lumber users to the wood has been largely caused by im- proper methods of handling. The bulletin mentioned here contains much additional in- formation as to the best methods of pre- paring it for market, particularly as re- gards seasoning, in which, heretofore, the greatest difficulties were encountered. Journal of the New York Botanical Gar- den. August, 1906; 20 pp.; illustrated. Lancaster, Pa., 1906. The August Journal contains an interest- ing account of Prof. William R. Max on’s botanical collecting trip in Costa Rica, and an account of work done at the tropical station of the Garden, at Jamaica, together with notes and comment of interest to bot- anists and students. Indian Forester. July, 1906. Vol. XXXIL., No. 7. 391 pp.; illustrated. Pioneer Press, Allahabad, India. Much insight into Indian forest methods is to be gleaned from the July issue of this valuable pe riodice al. To American foresters the art ae on “Working Plans for Canton- ment Potten is interesting, and the de- scriptions of “rest-houses,” built for the FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION RECENT ICATIONS fi October wood preservation, and this is particu- larly true of creosoting But notwith- standing these facts, the production of creosote has so far failed to keep pace with the growing demand that con- tracts have already been given for the domestic production of fhe next two years ; and it is certain that the amount now imported considerably exceeds that produced in the United States. re accommodation of forest officials in their tours of inspection, also contains much of interest to American forest officers, Sub Surface Drainage of Land by Tile. Reprint from “Michigan Engineer.” By Robert E. Horton, Mr. Horton’s exposition of this subject is presented with a large amount of valuable data, together with suggestions of a prac- tical nature, and, in addition, the technical features of land drainage, forming in all a very interesting pamphlet. Journal of the Western Society of En- gineers. Vol. XI., No. 4; August, 1906. Chicago. The August Journal contains a number of articles of more than usual interest, chief among which is Mr. M. O. Leighton’s pa- per on High Pressure Sluicing Gates. Mr. Leighton is a prominent engineer in the Re- clamation Service, in charge of the hydio- economic investigations of the Service, and the material presented in his paper is the result of considerable study and experi- ence, with interesting data regarding some of the plans approved for the recent irriga- tion projects of the government Mr. L,. E. Ashbaugh contributes an interesting paper on “The Assessment of Drainage Dis- ‘ta GiSem The Journal includes the papers read at meetings of the Society, together with such discussion as they may have evoked at the time of presentation. In the case of Mr. Ashbaugh’s article, the discussion includes some interesting experiences of members in the same line. / / Forestry and Irrigation H. M. SUTER, Editor —s = ————— — Fe ee an, eel a — ae SS Ee roa ad rag ee CONTENTS FOR NOVEMBER, [906 THE DRIVE ; P 5 ; : é A ; Frontispiece NEWS AND NOTES: (Illustrated). Annual Meeting . .-: - 487 Vermont Forests .°. . . 489 National Drainage Congress 487 Of Interestto Women. . . 489 Government Accounting . 487 Important Conference . . 489 Fire Warden Service . . 488 Miners Ask Protection . . 492 Coopers and Forestry .. 488 In Mississippi. . .. . . 492 Colorado Forest Policy . . 489 JAMES RANDOLPH GARFIELD (with portrait). : : . 493 THE MINING INDUSTRY AND THE FORESTS. By Louis E. Aubury. ; : . 494 FOREST MENSURATION (with portrait of Prof. Graves) : . 496 PROGRESS OF RECLAMATION WORK. By F. H. Newell . 498 FORESTRY IN CANADA. By Judson F. Clark : é : , ey COURSE IN PRACTICAL LUMBERING AT YALE . : DOE THE EASTERN FOREST RESERVES , - : : - 608 FOR A NATIONAL WOOD-TESTING LABORATORY ; = ol0 UNCOMPAHGRE VALLEY PROJECT : 3 : : 5 le THE RIO GRANDE PROJECT : : E : : : . 613 TRE RED PINE : : : : ; : ; : : . 614 THE FOREST SERVICE privet ; : : : . 816 RECLAMATION SERVICE (Tilustrated). . : : : . 518 ORGANIZATION WORK (dilustrated) . ; ‘ : . 525 DEM LACPGATAS PROJECT ... : : : : ; : ey) FORESTRY AT FORT RILEY : : ; é : : . §30 STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS OF WOOD . : ; : «531 FORESTRY EDUCATION BILL. By Samuel B. Green ; - 532 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the American Forestry Association Supseription price $1.00 a year; single copies 10 cents. Copyright, 1906, by Forestry and Irrigation Publishing Co. Entered at the Post Office at Washington D. C., as second-class mail matter. Published Monthly at WASHINGTON, D. C. The Drive—A log jam overtaken by a late freeze Vor. 21: NOVEMBER, 1906. NOx. 11 ee The annual meeting of and H. M. Wilson, of the U. S. Geo- Mectng. the American Forestry logical Survey, to represent the Dis- Association will be held in Washington on Wednesday, Jan- uary 9, 1907. In accordance with the by-laws, the object of this meeting is to elect of- ficers and transact such business as requires to come before the entire as- sociation. The coming meeting should be of wide interest to members of the asso- ciation and to all friends of the for- ests. The topic to which chief attention will be given will be the White Moun- tain and Southern Appalachian Re- serves, their significance, the import- ance of passing the bill establishing them, and the methods to be employed to secure such legislation. A large attendance is greatly de- sired. Full details as to hour, place of meet- ing, and program will be published in the December number of Forestry AND IRRIGATION. The Commissioners of National la es = Drainage the District of Columbia Congress have designated F. H. Newell, A. P. Davis, and C. J. Blanch- ard of the U. S. Reclamation Service, trict at the National Drainage Con- gress to be held at Oklahoma City, Okla., on December 5, 6, and 7. The problems of reclamation now being solved by the Government through the agency of the Reclama- tion Service are very similar to those of drainage, and, in fact, the ques- tion of drainage enters into reclama- tion equally with that of irrigation. The successful results already attain- ed by the service under the terms of the act of June 17, 1902, by which over $40,000,000 are being invested in the West show what can be done by the National Government under a com- prehensive law. The objects of the National Drain- age Congress is to start a campaign of education that will arouse the peo- ple to the importance of a general movement for the reclamation of lands by drainage. Mr. N. E.. Webster, Jr., accountant for the U. S. Reclamation Service, re- cently attended the annual convention of the American Association of Public Accountants, at Columbus, Ohio. Government Accounting 488 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Mr. Webster is a certified public ac- countant of the State of Michigan, and a Fellow of the Michigan Association of Certified Public Accountants, and at the recent convention he was elected a member of the American Associa- tion. Much interest was manifested at the convention in the subject of co- operation with the general Govern- ment in its efforts to improve account- ing methods. A committee was ap- pointed to prepare an advisory report to the Keep Commission on the sub- ject, and Mr. Webster, who is chair- man of the assistant committee on cost keeping and a member of the com- mittee on accounting, was consulted as to the interest of the Government service in modern ideas of bookkeep- ing and auditing. In its desire to adopt such progres- sive ideas the Reclamation Service has been among the foremost of the vari- ous bureaus of the Government ser- vice. The idea has been that as this was not only a work of great magni- tude, but one wherein the Government was virtually acting as trustee for the people of the Western States, its ac- counting system should be of a char- acter comparable with that of its en- gineering, and no pains have been spared to accomplish this result. For this purpose a committee consisting of the chief accountant, a disbursing officer, and a representative of the Price Waterhouse & Co. public ac- countants of New York, recently visited the Uncompahgre, Truckee- Carson, Salt River, and Yuma irriga- tion project, and have made a report looking to a uniform system for the bookkeeping at all field offices. eee Saree The American Lumber- Service pression by -Gens Gace Andrews, Chief Fire Warden of Minnesota calling attention to the ef- ficacy of the fire warden service of the State. Reviewing the work of the service this year General Andrews says: “The past summer was the dryest man prints a recent ex-, November that has been experienced since the year of the Hinckley fire, but we have escaped with little damage from forest fires. I doubt if the damage will ex- ceed $10,000 in this State. The most important fire, and it was hardly a forest fire, occurred near Alborn when some ties and poles were burned. It was started by a man knocking the embers from his pipe. “While the danger was very immi- nent at times in various places -in northern Minnesota, the fires did very little damage. The wardens were very... alert and active. It is impossible te tell how much or how little they may have accomplished, but the fact re- mains that they were alert and little damage was the result. Minnesota has many square miles of valuable timber, probably the most valuable timber in the United States. Those who own this property natural- ly safeguard it to the extent of their ability, their efforts along this line being supplemented by the fire war- den service established by the State. Of course it would be possible for the timber of Minnesota or of any other state to pass through great danger with little or no damage, but coinci- dents of this kind do not occur fre- quently. “Every hunter, trapper and camper who enters a forest, every settler upon its borders, constitutes an element of danger. Some of these people are uninformed; many of them are care- less or reckless. It is incumbent then upon the State to proyide some ade- quate system of protection for this kind of property, which cannot be re- placed within the life of the present generation, and this duty is an impera- tive as the obligation of a city to pro- vide facilities for fighting urban fires.” At the meeting of the International Slack Co- operage Manufacturers’ Association, held at Memphis, Tenn., October 2 and3, the organization de- cided upon the appointment of a per- manent Forest Committee to codp- erate with the Forest Service. The Coopers and Forestry _— ee ee ‘Tr? s+). PR ong tye iene: > Wea Ne ee e 1906 association is evidently greatly inter- ested in the work of the Forest Ser- vice in collecting statistics relative to the lumber industry, and particularly regarding the codperage trade. The committee is appoitned with the spe- cific idea of cooperating in every way possible with the Forest Service in its effort to compute statistics on the sup- ply and demand of forest products— particularly as regards the cooperage ‘industry. Mr. W. R. Anderson read a paper on the collection of cooperage statistics by Mr. Hale, of the Statistics Committee, in which the lack of in- terest and cooperation of the trade in the work of the Forest Service was deplored. Mr. Hale’s paper explained in detail the importance of accurate figures on the production of manu- facturers and asked for hearty coop- eration by manufacturers. The Colorado State For- estry Association will present to the Sixteenth General Assembly of the State a mem- orial praying for the enactment of a general measure looking to the adop- tion of a definite forest policv for Col- orado. The memorial cites the vital importance of forest conservation in the State, and advocates the appoint- ment of a State forester. Provision is requested for the institution of a district department of forestry at the State Agricultural College, and the es- tablishment of a state forest nursery, from which farmers and landowners of the State may secure, free of charge, trees for forest planting. The peti- tion also prays for the establishment of an experimental plantation, where tests may be made of trees to deter- mine their economic value and cli- matic adaptibility, for the permanent educational benefit of tree planters. ‘he» petitioners, -also, pray °=* -*: * “that it be made a law that no lands nor plantations within the State con- taining trees planted by farmers or landowners, for use or profit, shall be assessed for taxation at a higher value by reason of the trees thereon than other lands adjacent thereto which are Colorado Forest Policy FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 489 used for purely agricultural purposes.” Protest is made against the practice of cutting Christmas trees, and re- commendation made that such be made an offense. It is to be hoped that the Legisla- ture of Colorado will act upon the pe- tition and enact a general measure such as is desired. On behalf of the State Forestry Commission of Vermont, Ernest Hitch- cock, commissioner, has submitted to the governor a report showing that 4,000,000 acres of land in the State are of a character suitable only for timber growth. At present this acre- age is nonproductive, but Mr. Hitch- cock claims that if handled properly a revenue of $1 to $2 an acre could be realized annually. Cooperation with the Forest Service is recom- mended. Vermont Forests On November 13, Misses E. G. Cummings, of 16 Kennard Road, Brook- line, Mass., and Harriet E. Freeman, of 37 Union Park, Boston, Mass., called at the offices of the Forest Ser- vice and the American Forestry As- sociation, in the interest of the White Mountain and Southern Appalachian bill. It is hoped, among other things, they may be able to enlist the women’s clubs in this important measure. Of Interest to Women An important confer- ence of members of the Reclamation Service will be held in Oklahoma City, Okla., De- cember 5th, 6th, and 7th. Chief En- gineer F. H. Newell, Assistant Chief Pnoinéer 7A.) -by Davis andy.€.. .)- Blanchard, statistician, will probably be present from Washington, and will meet a number of supervising and pro- ject engineers from the Southwest. As the conference occurs during the first annual session of the National Drainage Congress, the subject of na- tional drainage will undoubtedly re- ceive careful attention. In the four years which have elapsed since it was Important Conterence Southern margin of the Dismal swamp, showing character, swamp landscape and forest. The Problem of Reclamation by Drainage. aN — ‘Aryunog dwuemg oy} ul jauueyo vy *QUI[-]SBOD O1}ULTJY-YING 94} Suoje Y} }99UUOD 18} 19}eM IO S]USIIND MOT[EYS prim 9y} JO yoodse [el1ouad YL ‘S3]B1G pa}UQ oy} UI Spue[-durems jo sore Q00‘000‘00I Al1eou ole o19qL, seoie-duleMms snowea 9 492 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION formed, the Reclamation Service has demonstrated in a thoroughly practi- cal way that the Government can re- claim successfully broad acres of des- ert and create therein prosperous and happy agricultural communities. It is but natural, therefore, that the advocates of national drainage works for the vast swamp land areas of the United States should look to the Re- clamation Service to take charge of the work. Irrigation and drainage go hand in hand. Most of the large irri- gation projects now under construc- tion by the Government provide for elaborate drainage systems, so that the problem of draining the swamps of the country can be solved without dif- ficulty whenever Congress in its wis- dom shall authorize the beginning of the work. Much of the preliminary work in the several States has been done al- ready. Detailed surveys of vast areas of submerged lands have been made and maps and other data are on file in the office of the U. S. Geological Sur- vey. The engineers and topographers who have been preparing these maps of partiy submerged areas, and who have been measuring the water which flows into or away from them, are en- tering heartily into the plans for re- clamation and are greatly pleased at the awakening of public interest in the matter. The National ‘Drainage Congress will find in the well or- ganized body of men in the Geological Survey and the Reclamation Service willing assistants to any general plans that may be proposed. According to the San Francisco Chronicle President Roosevelt will be asked to protect the miners of Del Norte County, Cal., against land grab- bers. A petition has been framed and signed and sent to State Mineralogist Aubury to be forwarded to Gifford Pinchot, chief forester of the United States. who will be asked to transmit it to the President. According to the Chromcle hun- dreds of thousands of acres of land in Butte, Plumas and other counties have been grabbed up by timber men Miners Ask Protection November on one pretext or another. The scan- dal has grown to such proportions that a special commission from Wash- ington is in this State, rigidly instruct- ed to learn all the facts and to report them faithfully. Old mineral claims upon which there are mining plants have been grabbed under one law, and the placer location law has been used in another way to grab vast areas of the finest timber land. The Del Norte miners, having set about the development of gold and copper deposits, formed a mining dis- trict. The by-laws adopted provide that no land can be held finally as mineral land until a shaft ten feet deep has been sunk, until mineral has been discovered and until assessment work has been regularly and fully perform- ed on each claim. Then, not satisfied that they were protected against the land grabber after these precautions, the miners have resorted to the new and striking expedient of putting in shape a peti- tion, intended finally for the President of the United States, in which the request is made that 161,280 acres, in- cluded in seven townships in Del Norte Country, shall be made a part of the Klamath forest reserve by the Gov- ernment. No such action has ever been taken before by miners in the United States. At no time before have miners thus confessed fear that their holdings would be made unstable through the agency of land sharks. Mineralogist Aubury has recom- mended to Forester Pinchot that the petition be granted. Some idea of the for- estry work at the Mis- sissippi Agriculture Col- lege may be gained from a_ recent letter from Prof. George L. Clothier, who says: “I have to plant 40 to 50 bushels of hickory nuts if I can get them, transplant about 50.000 forest trees, get my nursery ready for next spring’s planting, order pecan trees for planting in December, and get seed corn from farmers over the State to start my breeding experiments, be- sides teaching three hours per day.” In Mississippi : Pb HON. JAMES RUDOLPH GARFIELD Who will become Secretary ot the Interior on March 4, 1907 It is a matter of reassurance to the readers of Forestry AND IRRIGATION that when Mr. Hitchecck retires from the position of Secretary of Interior he isto be succeed- ed by a man ofsuch high integrity and forceful personality as Mr. Garfield, at present Commissioner of Corporations. The Department of the Interior, controlling as it does the Reclamation Service and Public Land administration, is of special interest to the readers ofthis magazine. Through Mr. Garfield they may justly expect a vigorous handling of these important affairs, for he has, throughout his public career shown himself particularly able in administrative work. Mr. Garfield was born at Hiram, Ohio, Oct. 1, 1865, the son of James Abram Garfield (20th President of the United States). His preparatory education was received at St. Paul’s School, Concord, N. H., and graduated from Williams College in 1885. Later he studied law at the Columbia Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1888, and estab- lished a practice at Cleveland, Ohio. © Mr. Garfield has been a member of the United States Civil Service Commission; and in February, 1903, was appointed Commissioner of Corporations, in the U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor. He is a trustee of Williams College, and President of the Board of Trustees of Lake Erie College, Painsville, Ohio. He is also a member of the Keep Commission. THE MINING INDUSTRY AND THE. FORESTS* Great Need of Proper Forest Utilization if Miners are to have Undisturbed Prosperity BY LEWIS E. AUBURY State Mineralogist of California ale HAT there is urgent need for more national and state legislation in regard to the protection of our for- ested areas, both from fire and the operations of timber speculators, is a subject which I believe is worthy the attention of the American Mining Congress. The general opinion seems to be that the Government is looking to such pro- tection, and that the individual need not concern himself with matters which our senators and representatives are supposed to attend to. Now, I do not wish to be understood as criticis- ing the very efficient work of the pres- ent Forest Service, nor the able efforts expended by Mr. Gifford Pinchot to protect our forests. To President Roosevelt we owe more than to any - other chief executive for the carrying out of beneficent forest reserve poli- cies, but we must look to the future when we may not have a Roosevelt to direct, nor a Pinchot to carry out a policy similar to the present one. The miners, as well as every class of citizens who have the welfare of our country at heart, are one and all agreed that our forests must be protected. No public movement of magnitude has ever taken up the subject of forest protection as it deserves; and while there may have been a few societies interested in a way, passing resolu- tions, etc., further than that the sub- ject has not been pressed. Some may say we have our present forest reserves, and that additional re- serves are being created, and that when permanent lines are drawn, de- fining the reserves, the question wiil x be settled. | Do not be too certain in that direction. Let me remind you that timber is becoming scarcer year by year, and that the present available supply, even including that in our present forest reserves (which up to July, 1906, occupied an area of 102,- 329,877 acres), will contain only suffi- cient timber to last for another twen- ty-five years, if the present wasteful methods are continued. Then let us consider the number of acres of government timber land out- side of the reserves, now open to en- try, and which also contain market- able timber. Let me assure you that this area is very limited. Then let us consider the amount of timber land owned by corporations and individuals west of the Mississippi River. This area is very large, but the number of owners is very small. In fact, this large domain, involving millions of acres, is owned or controlled by about twenty-five individuals or corporations, commonly called “‘tim- ber grabbers,’ who appear to have an insatiable appetite for desirable tim- ber land, their desires for possession leading them to endeavor to secure these lands by hook or crook, and more often it is by “crook.” No one has yet been able to ascer- tain what the “capacity” of the timber grabber really is, nor when or where his depredations will cease. He never sleeps, and while you are congratulat- ing yourseif that the timber you need for mining purposes is perfectly safe in the forest reserves, and can be drawn on when required, he and his allies are at work framing some meas- Pee Be ee ee ee a ee, = er ee eee ee, ee 1906 ures to cut off a slice of the reserves. Now, I do not wish to be classed as an alarmist, nor do I wish to have you consider this merely a theory. It is a fact that, notwithstanding the policy of the President to enlarge our present forest reserves for the protection of the timber and the conservation of our water supply, attacks are constantly being made on this policy, and efforts are likewise put forth from time to time to have thrown open to entry (so that they might be located by agents of the speculator) jands now in per- manent, reserves. You might. ask “How could this be accomplished when our lands are safe-guarded by the agents of the Government?” Let me again say, “Do not be too sure of that.” Were ali Government agents trustworthy, our fears might be quiet- ed; but I am sorry to say that such is not the case, and that there is often collusion between the timber grabber and Government officials, as has been demonstrated in the past. I might add, also, that in this I speak not from hear- say, but from personal knowledge. The developments in the Oregon land fraud cases, which were made public during the past year, and in which Government officiais, a United States Senator, and prominent citi- zens were convicted of timber land frauds, only go to illustrate the fact that there is a great necessity for more stringent laws to protect our forests. The illegal acts perpetrated in Ore- gon are but a speck as compared with those in other Pacific Coast States; and when the methods adopted by some of the holders of these lands to ac- quire the timber thereon are exposed, they will make a startling chapter. One of the greatest causes for con- cern is the fact that most of the avail- able timber land is in the hands of a few individuals or corporations. For instance, in California approximately one million acres of the best timbered land in our state is controlled by one individual. When we consider our timber land laws which appear to some as being so carefully drawn that they could not be FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 495 improved upon, how is it possibie that such vast areas could be acquired hon- estly? Is it not against public policy that such immense holdings, whether acquired legally or not, should be al- lowed to be possessed by any individ- ual or corporation ? What will be the position of the miner a few years from now when his present available supply of timber shall have been exhausted? He will be at the mercy of the timber baron, unless there is a convenient forest re- serve from which he can draw. Then how will it be possible for him to mine his ore at a profit without a cheap sup- ply of timber to draw from? Already timber and lumber prices have begun to advance, and there is no indication that they will ever become lower. If this is the case, it behooves not only the mining, but all other interests as well to look to the future. There is a necessity also for extreme watchfulness to preserve intact our present permanent and temporary for- est reserves against the underhanded methods of the timber grabber. must give the lumberman a larger interest in the protection of the timber purchased from fire. The ad- vantage to the forest of the interest thus created is, however, more ap- parent than real. The interest created centers naturally in the protection of such timber as is avaiable for the ax under the terms of his purchase. The greatest danger from fire is not, how- ever, on areas bearing mature or semi- mature timber, but on cut-over lands and such as bear quite young conifer- ous stands. It is evident that the mo- tive for protecting an area from fire, created by an advance payment of stumpage, disappears as soon as an operator removes all the timber in which he has a financial interest. It might be added that it is a mistake to suppose that in determining the amount of “bonus” which he is pre- pared to bid on a proposition, the lum- berman or pulp manufacturer does not discount for the danger of subsequent loss by fire and the expense involved in future fire ranging. It will bear emphasis in this connec- tion that a province’s ultimate financial interest in young coniferous stands and cut-over lands may be quite as great as in areas at present bearing mature timber; and also that any di- vision of interest or responsibility in so vital a matter as forest fire protec- tion is attended with the gravest dangers. DISADVANTAGES OF THE BONUS SYSTEM. The disadvantages of the bonus sys- tem may be discussed (1) from the standpoint of the operator and (2) from that of the province. 1. From the operator’s standpoint: (1) Capital Tied Up—The payment 802 of a portion of the stumpage cash-in- advance locks up a large amount of capital (or credit) which should nor- mally be used in the development of the business. This prevents the par- ticipation in the competion of persons or corporations having no surplus capital (or credit) over and above what would be sufficient to conduct a lumbering business on the plan of paying for their raw material when they require it. This unfair discrimi- nation in favor of the large capitalist as against others of less but sufficient means cannot but have an undesirable effect on the prices realied, in that it limits the number of persons in a po- sition to compete. (2) Increased Cost of Inspection— Tt greatly increases both the cost and the time required to make an adequate inspection of the tract offered, in that the prospective purchaser must esti- mate the amount as well as the value ‘of the stumpage offered before he is in a position to bid on the proposition. This again limits the competition to the detriment of the interests of the public. (3) Cost of Raw Material Uncer- tain—The estimates of the amount of available stumpage which can be made by prospective buyers being neces- sarily only approximate, this method of sale introduces a large speculative element in the cost of the raw material. As a matter of fact, an operator pur- chasing under the bonus system never knows what his raw material actually costs him until the logging of the tract has been completed. 2. From the standpoint of the prov- ince as seller: (1 and 2) That the bonus system of auction operates disadvantageously to the province in that it causes much irregularity in the forest revenues has already been commented upon; as has also its undesirable tendency to limit the number of competitors in a posi- tion to bid at timber sales. (3) Large Losses to Revenue—In the absence of accurate knowledge as to the amount of standing timber on a limit, the purchaser must bid on the FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION November basis of an amount which he is confi- dent is there and availably located, after discounting for all uncertain fac- tors. Should there prove to be twice or three times as much merchantable timber found before he is through cut- ting—as has repeatedly occurred—the difference between the market of this “found” timber and the nominal stumpage dues finds its way into the pocket of the operator instead of the provincial treasury, as would have been the case had the amount of the dues been the consideration dcter- mined by public competition. A similar condition obtains on limits on which the right to cut extends or is extended over a long period of years. Advances in market prices, together with changes in uses, methods of man- ufacture and means of transportation, are constantly adding to stumpage values. These influences, together with the natural increment by growth, have made valuable much _ timber which because of its small size or un- favorable location was thought to be wholly unmerchantabie at the time of the sale, and as such failed to have any influence on the amount of bonus paid. The whole value of this timber belongs in equity to the province, but under the bonus system of sale the nomi- nal stumpage dues only, representing in many cases but a small fraction of the market value, reach the treasury. On the other hand, it is true that if the amount of merchantable timber should prove to have been overesti- mated by the purchaser and he should fail to find as much as he paid for, the province stands to gain at the expense of the lumberman. Such a contingency is rare indeed, and is quite as unde- sirable as the reverse. (4) Bonus System Means Close Cutting—Quite overshadowing any objection which may be taken to the bonus system of sale, from the stand- point of present revenue returns dis- cussed above, is its baneful influence on the future production of the forest. Its whole tendency is toward clean cutting as contrasted with the opposite tendency where the amount to be paid 1906 per thousand feet cut is made the basis for the auction. Assume, for illustration purposes, a pine stand estimated to cut ten million feet of mature timber, which has an average market value of ten dollars per M as it stands, or a total of $100,- ooo. If sold at public auction on a stumpage basis for S$io per M, the operator will cut no trees which when manufactured will not yield at least $10 per M over and above the cost of manufacture. Suppose, however, that $80,000 of the purchase price be paid cash in advance in form of “bonus,” with the stipulation that the remain- ing $2 per M be paid as stumpage dues when the timber is cut. The same operator who in the first case found it in his interest to cut no trees which were not worth S$1o per M on the stump will now find it in his interest to cut whatever may have a stumpage value of $2 per thousand. The cut- ting of the young pines having a stumpage value of between two and ten dollars per M may under some cir- cumstances be the main difference be- tween good forestry and destructive lumbering. (5) Bonus System Places a Prem- tum on Violation of Cutting Regula- tions—Should it have happened that in the sale of this biock of pine the province should have reserved trees required for seed purposes, or all trees below a set diameter limit that they - might form the basis of future cut- tings, it is evident that a purchaser under the bonus system having ad- vanced $80,000 in cash, and being in a position to reap a large profit from cutting the reserved trees (because of the low dues,) would be under a very great and constant temptation to do so. It may indeed well be doubted if the enforcement of reasonable cutting reg- ulations be at all practicable under this system. Certain it is that up to the present it has not been successfully accomplished. AUCTION SALE BY THE THOUSAND FEET. The placing of the whole payment of the lumberman’s price for the logs as stumpage dues of so much per thou- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 593 . sand feet, to be paid when the logs are cut, and the determination of the amount of the price by public com- petition meet every objection which can be taken to the bonus system of auction, whether viewed from the standpoint of the operator or that of the province. Large capitalists who can command sufficient credit to deal in timber lands under the bonus system of auction would very probably not look with favor on a change to a form of auc- tion which would divert a much larger proportion of the natural increase in stumpage values to the provincial treasury. It would, on the other hand, be warmly welcomed by operators of limited capital and would work in- justice to none. Its practical application on a very large scale on both public and private lands has abundantly proven its prac- ticability and efficiency and its special value as an aid to conservative forest management. It will bear emphasizing here that what is said below in regard to the de- sirability and necessity of defining and protecting the rights and duties of both parties to sale contracts applies equally to sales on a stumpage basis. Experience has shown that the point to be especially cared for under this form of sale is the prevention of waste of inferior material in the woods. Neglect of this matter may lead to serious loss and bring undeserved dis- credit on the system. CUTTING REGULATIONS. Wherever State or private forests are managed with a view oi continued wood production, the most important feature of a sale of standing timber is the agreement as to the rights and duties of the contracting parties. This usually takes the form of a code of regulations specifying what trees are to be cut, the care to be taken in the felling and removal of the timber and similar matters. These cutting regulations are, of course, drawn up in advance of the sale, and the prospective purchaser 504 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION makes his bid with a full knowledge of what will be required of him should he be the successful bidder. A feature of these agreements is usually the giv- ing of a bond by the purchaser as se- curity for the faithful performance of the contract in a accordance with the regulations. A FATAL OMISSION. The dearth of any effective meas- ures to control the cutting on Cana- dian limits is an outstanding feature of the present forest policy or lack of policy. Perhaps the forest departments have acted on the theory that the lum- berman’s interest in future supplies of logs would insure careful and con- servative cutting. Perhaps it has been because there has been no public le- mand for it—the public knowing noth- ing whatever about it. Be the cause as it may, the absence of such regula- tion has long since ceased to be a danger merely. To-day it is nothing short of a disaster; a disaster alike to the future of the lumbering industry and to the future forest revenue. RETROACTIVE CUTTING REGULATIONS. The reservation by the provinces of the right to change from time to time the terms under which the timber al- ready sold might be logged is of inter- est in this connection. If I mistake not, British Columbia has also adopted this feature in her recent forest legis- lation. In so far as the rights reserved by this provision are exercised for the general public good in meeting unfore- seen or unforseeable contingencies, the reservation serves a just and use- ful purpose. In so far, however, as it is merely an aftersight method of providing regulations for the control of logging operations which ordinary foresight would have provided in ad- vance of the sale, it must be regarded as unwise and unjust, and, therefore, impotent. Certain it is, were the pow- ers thus reserved at all frequently called into requisition, it would quickly transform the purchase of public tim- ber from a business proposition to a November mere gamble, with a vast deal of lob- bying and wire-pulling thrown in. Needless to say, such a state of affairs would work great injury to the lum- ber interests and to the forest. GROUND RENT TAXATION. — A feature of all Canadian timber sales is the imposition of a land tax or “ground rent”- per unit of area. British Columbia has made the impo- sition of a very high land tax a dis- tinctive feature of her forest policy. _If the province grows the timber and merely sells the stumpage when it is mature, distinctly specifying what trees are to be cut and how, and when they are to be cut, there can be no ob- jection to the payment in this way of a small portion of the market value of timber sold, and it may indeed serve a very useful purpose in preventing purchase for speculative purposes by others than bona fide operators. Should, however, the responsibility for caring for future wood crops be left to the lumberman, as it has been in the past, it will be necessary for him when planning logging operations to consider carefully whether it will pay him to cut with care that he may re- turn again after a period of years for a second crop—reasonable safety from fire being assured—or whether the tax will eat up the profit of any yield that he may hope for over and above what can now be realized by cutting clean without regard to the future. This is the only point of view from which the lumberman as a business man can re- gard the logging of lands under his control. The following table gives the an- nual “ground rent’? payment per square mile for the different provinces and on Dominion lands, and the sums to which these annual payments amount for different periods of from 30 to 100 years. In this computation money is reckoned to be worth 6 per cent compounded annually, which is below rather than above the mark for capital invested in immature forests on wild lands. SE A 1906 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 505 RELATION OF “GROUND RENTS” TO CONSERVATIVE LUMBERING. Ontario and Quebec.... $3 $251 Ontario (recent sales) and Dominion lands easuormale, Ba Cirle) 5 Ao New Brunswick........ S= "e070 Dominion lands west of AWW) Pig eR ee a 322/062 Bris: Columbia... 3... 140) 11,732 From this table a lumberman may see at a glance what his tax will be when he returns for a second logging on his lands. To make a second log- ging profitable he must find on his return a stumpage value, over and above the then government stumpage dues, sufficient to offset the two fol- lowing items before he can reap any ‘return other than interest for his in- vested money: (1) The value of the trees which he refrained from cutting at the first log- ging, together with compound inter- est on this value at, say, 6 per cent. (2) The tax bill, which at $5 per annum per mile, will have amounted to $419 at 30 years, 1,539 at 50 years, 9,352 at 80 years, 30,697 at 100 years. Particular attention is directed to the manner in which the tax bill runs up the longer the time between log- gings. This is the most significant feature of all taxation where the tax is annual and the return periodic. Where the lumberman is the for- ester the whole influence of a ground _rent is toward early utilization and clean cutting, with the abandonment of the land after the destruction of the forest. The practical effect of this tendency in any given case will be in proportion to the amount of the tax. In Ontario and Quebec, where the rate is $3 per square mile over large areas, the injury is least; in British Colum- bia, where recent legislation has placed it at $140 per mile, it will be greatest. Taxation at $140 per mile can but have one effect: Lumbermen will aim $492: $923 $1,686 $5,611 $18,418 820 1,530 2,800) 940,352) 30,607 1,312 2,462 4,495 14,964 49,114 5,150 9,848 17,979 59,856 196,458 22,907 43,085 79,118 259,195 836,759 to remove at a single cutting whatever will earn a dollar at the moment, with- out regard to the future, for under such a policy of taxation it would be impossible to hope for satisfactory re- turns from conservative lumbering. The imposition of a ground rent has been defended as a means of forcing the lumbermen to relinquish their holdings of cut-over lands to the prov- ince. If the lumbermen have any property rights in limits from which they have removed the purchased tim- ber, it would surely be unfair to take this means of dispossessing them. If, however, their rights terminate with the removal of the purchased timber, other means can surely be found by which the province can obtain posses- sion of its own. Certainly, it cannot be expected that lands will be sur- rendered on account of “ground rent” taxation without first stripping them of whatever might be marketed at a profit. The policy of selling vast blocks of timber and pulp wood decades in ad- vance of trade requirements, to be the happy hunting grounds of timber land speculators, has cost the forest revenues millions of money-and will cost them many millions more. The province of Ontario has been very much more conservative in this regard than others which might be mentioned. And yet it would probably be safe to say that the average log cut in 1905 in the province of Ontario was sold a quarter of a century ago. ‘This, of course, means that the average 1905 log is paid for at a price which has long since ceased to represent more than a fraction of its market value. A reasonable time must of course 506 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION be allowed for the removal of timber sold, but there is no justification for the enormous sacrifices in ultimate rev- enue made by the provinces by this practice. Occasionally sales in advance of trade requirements have been prompt- ed by a demand for the land for the purpose of agricultural settlement. More rarely the motive has been to utilize timber especially endangered by fire, but without question the con- trolling motive in the great majority of cases has been to secure for present revenue the comparatively trifling sums to be paid as “bonus.” A SALE POLICY. To insure that my criticism be con- structive rather than destructive, I sub- mit in conclusion an outline of a method of disposing of Crown timber which appears to me to offer a simple, practical and businesslike solution of the problem. It might be added that this method of sale in all its essential features has already proven its effi- ciency in practice in large transactions and under conditions not unlike those obtaining on the Canadian timber lands. Preparatory—A first step in the pre- paration for a sale of timber should be to make an estimate of the quantities of the defferent kinds to be sold, for publication with the advertisement of the sale. An estimate of the value would also be made, this latter for the use of the forest department in deter- mining their reserve bid. Advertisement—The advertisement in the case of large sales should be published at least a year in advance of the auction, that ample opportunity tay be given for completing business arrangements looking to purchase and for the exploration of the tract by prospective purchasers. The advertisement should state the location: and area of the tracts offered. the approximate stand of the differ- ‘ent kinds of timber and the time and place of auction. Intending pur- chasers should be invited to apply for information regarding the rules and November regulations governing the cutting and removal of the timber, the manner of payment and other details. Cutting Regulations—The cutting regulations should be prepared with special reference to the individual tracts offered for sale and would be governed by local conditions. In general they would include: The designation of the timber to be cut and, conversely, specifically pro- hibit the cutting of timber not offered for sale—for example, immature tim- ber under a set diameter limit. Provision for care in the felling and in the removal of the timber. Provision for the prevention of waste by limiting the height of stump, by prescribing the use of the saw where practicable and by providing for the utilization of inferior materials. Provision regarding the disposal of the debris—such as lopping tops, burn- ing brush, etc. The time limit for the final removal of all timber sold. Specifications as to measurement of timber logged. Adequate penalties for violation of cutting regulations, as, for example, payment at double the regular purchase price for any merchantable timber left in the woods by the loggers. Time and manner of payment. Provision for a bond to insure the faithful performance of the contract by the purchaser. Method of Sale—By pubiic auction, bids being asked on the amount to be paid per thousand feet when the tim- betAsreut: Ground Rent—To prevent specula- tive purchase by others than bona fide operators a fairly high ground rent per mile might with advantage be pro- vided for. The payment on account of ground rent for any particular year might be made to apply on the stump- age dues account for the same years. This would throw the whole weight of the ground rent taxation on the pur- chaser who failed to operate, and would at the same time provide auto- matically for release from taxation 1906 immediately that he actively undertook to carry out his obligations. Unit of Area—The square mile forms a desirable sale unit. This would give lumbermen of limited capi- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 507 tal and jobbers an opportunity to do business on the public forest lands, and if the number of miles which any one concern may purchase be un- limited no injustice will be done the largest operators. COURSE IN PRACTICAL LUMBERING AT YALE Fund of $150,000 Being Raised by the National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association for Endowment of Chair of Lumbering—Course Is Now Offered ale HE, new catalogue of the Yale For- est School shows a number of very important changes, chief of which is the institution of acourse in practical lumbering. It wiil be remembered that the National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association has undertaken to raise an endowment fund of $150,000 for a chair of practical lumbering at the Yale Forest School. This fund has not been completed, but an arrangement. has been made by which the new work in lumbering has been started this year. No full professor of lumbering will be appointed until the fund has been completed, but the work for the pres- ent wiil be under the direction of a committee of lumbermen, consisting of Mr. N. W. McLeod, of the Grayson & McLeod Lumber Co. of St. Louis, and President of the National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association; Mr. C. I. Millard, secretary of the Chicago Eimmber and Coal’Co.) St.Louis, and Mr. F. FE. Weyerhaeuser, of Weyer- haeuser & Co., of St. Paul. The Iec- tures and the class work will be con- ducted by practical lumbermen from different parts of the country who are especially expert in different branches of the business. Arrangements are now being made to secure these special lectures, and an announcement will be issued later of the men secured and the subjects which will be taught. In ad- dition. to the special lectures, instruc- tion will be given at New Haven in the economics of the lumber industry in the nation; its position in commerce; industries dependent on it; stumpage prices; upward movement of wood prices; future source of timber sup- ply; transportation of exports and im- ports; markets; cost of logging of New England second growth and in the longleaf pine, white pine, loblolly pine, southern hardwood, cypress, spruce, hemlock, and Pacific Coast regions. This work, as well as the field work, is in charge of one of the new instruc- tors; (Mr Rs Co Bivanta Mire Bryant also has charge of the organization of the field instruction. This field work will consist of the preparation of a de- tailed plan for lumbering a specified woodlot in the vicinity of New Haven. The students estimate the amount of timber on the tract; investigate local methods and cost of logging and mill- ing; inquire into the character of ma- terial demanded by the local markets, and the value of such material. A lumberman who operates portable saw- mills in the vicinity of New Haven assists in the field work. He visits the woodlot in company with the stu- dents, discusses the most economic uti- lization of the various kinds and forms of trees, and criticizes the estimates and the methods of logging made by the students. 508 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Ordinarily the senior class has been sent into the woods at Thanksgiving for a trip of three weeks, and again about the middle of April, for the final field practice of the course. This year the class will be held in New Haven during the entire fall term, but will be sent into the woods about March Ist, where the students will remain until graduation, thus confining the field work to one trip. This field work will be conducted in a place where the cli- mate is favorable for work as early as March, and where the conditions are satisfactory for instruction. During the spring term the students will be given final practice in timber estimating; topographic surveying; laying out logging roads, (both rail and wagon); selection of logging camp sites; construction, equipment and maintenance of logging camps; methods of logging; transportation to mill; handling logs at mill; sawmills, their character, capacity, and manage- ment; mill yards, their character and management; practical work in grad- ing lumber; methods of handling and November piling lumber; methods of seasoning or kiln drying; shipment of lumber; markets ; business conduct of lumber- ing operations, including logging camps, sawmills, etc.; fire protection, and other phases of forest manage- ment. The work in lumbering during this term will be organized by Mr. Bryant, and the topographic and other work in forest management will be in charge of Mr. H. H. Chapman. It is expected that Mr. Henry Gannett, geographer of the Geological Survey, will codp- erate in instruction in topographic sur- veying. Inasmuch as the progress of this new course in lumbering is under the immediate direction of a committee of practical lumbermen, the instruction will be of an unusually high character, and eminently practical in character. The best feature of the course lies in the fact that it will afford instruction along a line of practical usefulness which has heretofore only been gained by the graduate forester after a num- ber of years of working experience. THE - EASTERN FOREST RESERV is Resumption of the Campaign for the White Mountain — Southern Appalachian Bill N Boston, on October 31, at the of- fice of Messrs. EF. H. Rollins and Sons, an important meeting was held. Its object was to resume the campaign for the White Mountain-Southern Ap- palachian Forest Reserve bill. The Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests was repre- sented by former Gov. Frank W. Rol- lins of New Hampshire; its president, Montgomery Rollins, his brother, member of the executive committee; Philip W. Ayres, its forester, and Gen. George T. Cruft, its treasurer, and also president of the White Mountain Board of Trade. New Hampshire was still further represented by Mr. Rob- ert P. Bass, its newly appointed forest commissioner. The Massachusetts Forestry Association was represented by Mr. Edwin A. Start, its secretary. For the White Mountain Club ap- peared Messrs. Allen Chamberlain, its president, Harvey M. Shepard, and Prof. J. Rayner Edmands. The Amer- ican Forestry Association sent its sec- retary, Mr. Thos. EK. Will. The meeting was brief, but intense. Mr. Shepard reported that the condi- tion of the Presidential range, includ- ing Mounts Jefferson, Adams, and Madison, was most discouraging, and that the northern slopes were already practically denuded. Between Mounts Adams and Madison there still re- mains a beautiful valley, but the lum- OV ee 1906 bermen are at work upon it, and, at the present rate, its timber will have disappeared before spring. Through Mr. Shepard’s intercession with the owners of the forests about Glen Ellis Falls, these forests will be spared this winter. The situation throughout the entire northern portion of New Hamp- shire he reported as most grave. Mr. Ayres, on the authority of Mr. C. C. Goodrich, president of the Hart- ford and New York Transportation Company, stated that the situation on the Connecticut River is becoming serious. Because of the cutting of the trees on the upper courses of the river, and the consequent denudation of the mountain slopes, silt is coming down at a rapid rate, and the channel of the river and the harbor at Hartford are filling. In consequence, navigation is becoming seriously impeded, the sail- ing of boats being rendered virtually impracticable when the mills up stream close their dams and so hold back the scanty supply of water. On the other hand, floods occur, to the serious dam- age of all concerned. The Merrimac is also seriously affected. ‘These facts, it was argued, showed the problem to be one concerning not only New Hampshire, but New England as a whole. The status of the bill was discussed, and satisfaction was expressed that so much had already been accomplished ; it was, however, brought out, first, that if the bill is not passed by March 4th next, all the ground gained will have been lost, and, second, that much of the timber which it is hoped to save will, before legislation can again be secured, have been irretrievably de- stroyed. The matter thus becomes one of “now or never.” That the desired legislation might be effected it was deemed of prime im- portance that the bill be given a favor- able place on the calendar, that it may be reached before the close of the ses- sion. To this end, the good offices of the Speaker were felt to be indispensa- ble, while at the same time it was rec- ognized that hitherto he has been un- friendly toward the measure. It was FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 509 argued that, to bring home to him the importance of the measure, strong men from New England should be en- listed and brought to use their influ- ence, in all right ways, upon him; also, that all interested should make plain to their representatives the vital im- portance of the bill. That the progress thus far made was due primarily to the energetic, faithful work of friends of the meas- ure largely outside of Congress was recognized, and strong appreciation was expressed especially for the efforts of Gov. Glenn of North Carolina and his co-laborers from the South. The efforts of Mr. James H. Cutler, of the executive committee of the American Forestry Association, were also felt to have been invaluable. For handling the New England side of the work a committee of three, con- sisting of Messrs. Allen Chamberlain, E. A. Start, and Philip W. Ayres, was appointed to meet on the Monday fol- lowing to formulate plans for a gen- eral conference in Boston of repre- sentative men from all the New Eng- land States, including Congressmen Weeks and McCall of Masachusetts. Secretary Will, of the American Forestry Association, was asked to communicate with the South, with a view to co-ordinating the efforts of that section with those of New Eng- land in a concerted effort. The Boston Transcript of October 31st gave practically a column report of the meeting, wholly sympathetic. Copies were at once sent by Secretary Will to Gov. Glenn and the Forester, Mr. Gifford Pinchot. On Saturday, November toth, Mr. Cutler returned from Illinois, where he had gone in the interest of the bill. Secretary Will reported to him the re- sults of the Boston meeting, and, on the Monday following, Mr. Cutler proceeded to Raleigh, N. C., with the view of seeing Gov. Glenn and others. On Saturday, November 17th, Mr. Cutler was again in the national office of the American Forestry Association with the report that he had twice seen Goy. Glenn and that the latter was in- 510 tensely interested, and agreed to do his utmost to arouse the people of his State to the importance of promoting the proposed legislation ; and, in addi- tion, to come in person to Washington and use every effort to secure the pas- sage of the bill. Mr. Cutler will re- turn to Raleigh in December, and again in January, in the interest of the measure. Secretary Philip W. Ayres writes that the committee is planning a FOR A FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION November meeting of important business men and congressmen before the end of November, and that they are bringing other New England States into line. In Portland he met the governor of Maine and a number of prominent men who will write their representa- tives and will otherwise aid. Secre- tary Ayres is also in touch with other New England people who helped last year: NATIONAL WOOD--TESTING LABORATORY Meeting Held in Washington to Foward the Movement— Many Prominent Organizations N November 16th an important conference was held in the Atlan- tic Building, Washington, D. C., to consider the establishment of a na- tional wood-testing laboratory. There were present Messrs. Edward Stinson, of Baltimore, Md., representing the National Hickory Association; Max Robinson, Martinsburg, W. Va., rep- resenting the National Wagon Manu- facturers’ Association; Henry C. Mc- Lear, Wilmington, Del., representing the Carriage Builders’ National Asso- ciation; Rufus K. Goodenow, of Bal- timore, Md., representing the Nation- al Association of Box Manufacturers ; ©. B. Bannister, of Muncie, Ind., rep- resenting the Western Wheel Manu- facturers; Geo. K. Smith, of St. Louis; representing the National Lumber Mantfacturers Association sale Moffett, of Cincinnati, Ohio, repre- senting the National Hardwood Lum- ber Association ; Gifford Pinchot, Wil- liam L,. Hall, and others, representing the Forest Service, and Thos. FE. Will, representing the American Forestry Association. This conference was held as a result of action taken by a large number of associations of manufacturers and users of forest products strongly fa- Send Representatives voring the establishment of such a laboratory. Mr. Gifford Pinchot, responding to the request of the conferees for a state- ment, expressed his warm apprecia- tion of the interest taken in the pro- ject by the visitors present and the industries they represented. Two points, he said, are absolutely necessary to conserve the timber re- sources of the United States: one is the greater economy in the use of tim- ber—to get the most out of it—and the other is the conserving of present forest resources by elimination of waste and fire, and wrong methods of lumbering. Mr. Pinchot next explained that he was not in position to push the bill for the establishment of the laboratory, but that if the thing was to be done it would have to be done by the gentle- men present and their friends. He ex- pressed the belief that there should be no great trouble in securing the ap- propriation if the conferees would say emphatically that they wanted it. Mr. Wm. L. Hall, who has given much thought to the matter of estab- lishing a national wood-testing labor- atory, then outlined the work to date and the plans for the future. He said: 1906 “I can give you a brief history of the work as it has developed, and out- line the work as we think it ought to be handled from this time on. “In 1890, when the Division of For- estry was a very small affair, consist- ing of six or eight men, the testing of timber was begun in connection with Washington University of St. Louis, and some tests were made on, I think, thirty-two different kinds of wood, most of which were pretty well known at that time and in general use. Those tests were very useful, as I think most of you who know about them will bear me out, useful to engineers and to lumbermen who wanted to know about the value of the timber that they had to work with and the timber they had in view to work with. Those tests went on for five or six years. There came a time when other work pressed and the testing work was stopped, not to be resumed for several years. In 1902 plans were devised for beginning this testing work again. The man who prepared the plans and who has had charge of practically all of the work done in testing since that time is Dr. W. K. Hatt, of Purdue University, where we have our main laboratory. In addition, a very small laboratory has been furnished the service by the Forest School at Yale University and small laboratories by the Universities of California, Washington, and Ore- on. “Some of the tests we made were on large timbers, such as bridge timbers, up to the size of 8x16 and 16 feet long. About a year ago we began to see a field for doing good, useful work, in co-operation with the manufacturers who use wood. We saw that there was great waste through not having definite information about timbers so that they could be put to the uses that they were actually useful for. For in- stance, in the manufacture of wagons, we found that there was a great need for reliable information on what tim- ber can be used for different parts of a wagon—spokes, hubs, rims, tongues, axles, and boxes, and everything that goes into a wagon. With definite in- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 511 formation the wagon builder could use wood that he is not now using, and still have just as good a wagon. We found that the manufacturer was tied down to a considerable extent by the demands of the trade as to the kind of wood that should go into a wagon. “We also saw need of studying other questions in connection with the man- ufacture of wood into salable products. The question of kiln-drying has come to be a most vexatious problem. We find need of making studies of the question of drying. It is a pretty in- tricate question, as most of you know, and it is far from solved. And there is, in addition, the problem of finding the woods which we have not hereto- fore used which might be used for dif- ferent things. These are questions which come in right along the lines we have been discussing. There are other problems of vital importance which we can work out in a laboratory of this kind. The problem of using up waste by means of wood distillation is one which confronts the lumber manufac- turers, and we should provide for ex- periments in wood distillation, and similarly for experiments in the pre- servative treatment of timber, which is a problem of great importance. “This will indicate to you the work that we see ahead in connection with this project. The point of view of the Forest Service is this: That to do this work in the most valuable way, we must do it not only in close co-opera- tion with your associations—we must do it directly under the supervision of your associations. If this laboratory is secured there should be a general advisory committee of the different associations to help us outline the work of making the tests and to see that we do not work entirely on the theoreti- cal side and leave out matters of prac- tical importance. There ought to be that close connection between us right along.” The delegates of the various associ- ations showed that the co-operation of the Forest Service has already helped their industries in pointing out good substitutes for disappearing species, in 512 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION establishing new uses for less com- monly known woods, and in demon- strating improved methods of eradine their material. The members of the Conference ex- pressed themselves freely and unani- mously to the effect that the laboratory should, by all means, be established, and that every effort should be em- ployed to secure the necessary appro- priation. After discussion it was agreed that the appropriation should be $200,000. The following resolution was then adopted : “Resolved, That it is the unanimous sense of this conference that a labora- tory for testing the strength and other characteristics of wood, and for solv- ing problems connected with its eco- nomic use, is absolutely essential to the manufacturers and users of forest November products of this country; that we ask these interests to petition Congress for an appropriation of $200,000 to estab- lish such a laboratory, and that it be under the control of the Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture.” A permanent organization was next effected by the choice of Rufus K. Goodenow as chairman and Thos. E. Will as secretary. These officers were authorized to take such steps as, in their judgment, migh be necessary to carry out the resolutions adopted. The formal session then adjourned. The delegates took lunch at the Cosmos “Club. at =r. o clock.= and? amet the Secretary of Agriculture at 2:30 o’clock. Active steps have since been taken to promote the purpose of the confer- ence. UNCOMPAHGRE VALLEY PROJECT How Work is Progressing on One of the Most Interesting Government Irrigation Works BY MORRIS BIEN Consulting Engineer, U. S. Reclmation Service HIS is one of the striking pieces of work which has been taken up by the U. S. Reclamation Service. It is intended to irrigate about 150,000 acres of lands in the valley of the Un- compahgre River in southwestern Colorado. The Uncompahgre River itself fur- nishes but a small amount of water and is wholly inadequate for the irrigation of more than a small fraction of this area. In an adjoining valley to the North, is the Gunnison River flowing through one of the most magnificent canyons in the world. The river gorge at this place for 20 miles is a narrow cleft with almost vertical sides, the river bed being in many place from 2,500 to 3,000 feet below the uplands at the summit of the cliffs. This river for practically its entire length passes through narrow mountain valleys, af- fording little opportunity for the use of its waters in irrigation. The Gunnison, which is but little more than six miles in a direct line from the valley of the Uncompahgre, seemed inaccessible for the irrigation of the arid lands in the Uncompahgre Valley because of the intervening mountain range whose summits are more than 4,000 feet above the valleys on either side. By means of a tunnel through this mountain the waters of the Gunnison are to be brought to the Valley of the Uncompahgre. ‘The tunnel will afford a waterway of about 10 feet by 12 feet and will deliver about 1,300 cubic Ee 1906 feet of water per second. About 17,- ooo feet of the 30,000 feet of the tun- nel have been built. In the excavation for the tunnel the work was begun at both ends and from a shaft about one-half mile from the western end. The work at the west- ern end has now been connected with the work from the shaft so that all the excavation at the west end is carried on from the west portal. The material is transported by -means of small electric locomotives, which haul ten cars of rock and ma- terial, amounting to twenty cubic yards for each train load. The east portal can be reached only by a wagon road, ten miles in length, which was constructed by the Govern- ment. All the machinery and material used at that end of the tunnel is hauled over this mountain road. The western portal is located close to the line of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad so that the material and machinery are conveniently delivered for the work. At either end of the tunnel a camp has been established and each is now a village of some 500 people. These settlements are provided with water works, electric lights, sewerage sys- tems, school houses, telephone and postoffice facilities. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 518 From the west end of the tunnel a canal will carry the water of the Gun- nison River into the Uncompahgre Valley and from its’ various main canals and laterals will branch out until the entire irrigable area of the valley has been covered. The lands in the Uncompahgre Val- ley lie at an average of about 5,000 feet above sea level. ‘These are prac- tically surrounded by high mountain ranges and the climate in the valley is exceptionally mild and even.. The soil is unusually rich, and apples, peaches, apricots, prunes, cherries, wheat, oats, potatoes and sugar beets produce in abundance. The principal towns in the valley are Montrose and Delta, located on the Denver and Rio Grande. ‘They are thriving and progressive communities and the towns are well built with many attractive office and residence build- ings. The construction of the tunnel and the ditches has been under way since the beginning of 1905, and excellent progress has been made. It is prob- able that water can be furnished under the project in 1908, and that a system will be running in fully completed form in 1909. Mle RIO -GRANDE: PROJECT Work to be Rushed on What will be One of the Government’s Greatest Irrigation Works HE Secretary of the Interior has executed a contract on behalf of the United States, and approved the bond of Contractor P. Nelson, of San Antonio, Texas, for the construction and completion of a diversion dam and canal for the Rio Grande irrigation project, New Mexico. The contract calls for the construction of six miles of canal, with 321,000 cubic yards of excavation, the furnishing and driv- ing of 35,000 linear feet of round piles and 170,000 feet board measure of sheet piles, and 2,600 cubic yards of concrete for the sum of $100,187.50. The letting of this contract launches the Government on the great work of constructing the Rio Grande project, one of the largest and most expensive of the irrigation works undertaken by the Reclamation Service. This project contemplates the con- struction of a huge dam near Engle, New Mexico, to store water for the irrigation of 180,000 acres, 110,000 of which lie in that territory. The cost 514 of the entire system is estimated at $7,200,000. The main item of cost is the dam, which will require 300,000 barrels of cement, a large amount of machinery, gates, etc., entailing a heavy outlay for freight. It is esti- mated that the dam will cost approxi- mately $5,300,000. It will be 225 feet high, 120 feet thick on the bottom, and 20 tteet on! top. If will be 1,150: feet long on top of crest. The reservoir thus created will have a capacity of 2,000,000 acre-feet, or twice that created by the Assuan dam in Egypt, and will be the largest artificial lake in the world. Owing to the great demand made FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION November oh the reclamation fund in other lo- calities, the money for this entire pro- ject is not yet available. Recognizing the importance of early action in this section, however, the Secretary of the Interior, on December 2, 1905, allotted the sum of $200,000 for the immediate construction of that portion of the pro- ject known as the Leasburg diversion. It is this dam with a canal to connect it with the old Las Cruces system for which contract has just been let. Work will be pushed repidly during the win- ter, and it is hoped the water can be supplied to 15,000 acres in Mesilla Valley during the irrigating season of 1907. THE RED: PINE “Pinus Resincsa XII—Notes on Forest Trees Suitable for Planting in the United States T HE RED, or Norway, pine gen- erally attains a height of be- tween 70 and 90 feet, and a diameter of 2 or rarely 3 feet. When grown in the open, the tree is relatively short, and branched close to the ground. In the forest the stem is commonly clear for 40 to 60 feet, and the crown is short and open, but broad-spreading. The distinguishing features of red pine are its thin, scaly, reddish-brown bark, and its slender and_ flexible leaves 5 to 6 inches long in clusters of two. RANGE. The natural range of the red pine is along the northern border of the United State as far west as Minnesota, and southward through the Northern States to eastern Massachusetts, the mountains of Pennsylvania and north- eastern Ohio. It reaches its best de- velopment in the northern portion of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. The red pine is adapted for plant- ing throughout most of the northeast- ern part of the United States. It will not do well where droughts are fre- quent or severe. * Data furnished by Forest Service. SILVICAL QUALITIES. The red pine grows best on sandy loam soil, well drained and of mod- erate fertility, but it also thrives on poor sands when other conditions are favorable. The tree is very intoler- ant of shade at all ages and therefore suitable for pure plantations only, or for mixtures in which the other species are distinctly slower growing. Its rate of growth is fairly rapid. Meas- urements made in several New Eng- land_ plantations show an average height of 35 feet and diameter of 6 inches at 30 years of age. Red pine suffers little from insects or disease. It is moderately fire-re- sistant and quite free from destructive fungi. When young, the tree is some- times injured by a white grub which feeds on the tender roots, but the ma- ture tree has few enemies. ECONOMIC USES. The wood is somewhat like white pine, though a little heavier, harder, and stronger. It is only moderately durable. It is distinctly valuable for all kinds of house lumber, and when 1906 chemically treated makes good posts and ties. In most of its qualities it compares with the shortleaf pine of the South, and with western yellow pine. PROPAGATION. Red pine grows only from seed. While the trees do not produce large quantities of seed, and seed years oc- cur at intervals of from two to four years, there is usually a sufficient na- tural reproduction wherever there are old trees. The seeds ripen in the fall of the second year after the flowers appear, and may then be gathered and kept over winter in any cool, dry place. The seeds should be planted in the spring in well-prepared beds, either in drills about 5 inches apart extend- ing across the beds, or broad-cast, and covered lightly with earth well pul- verized and pressed down firmly. When the seedlings are two years old they, may be transplanted to nursery rows, or set in their permanent places in the plantation. It is desirable to keep the nursery beds moderately moist, for if too dry the plants will either die or send their roots so deep in search of water that they will be difficult to transplant. One pound of seed contains about 75,000 grains, and, under average con- ditions, will plant about 400 lineal feet in drills, or 100 square feet broadcast. The young seedling develops a strong taproot, but later produces sey- eral stout laterals which firmly anchor the mature tree, unless the soil be very shallow. PLANTING. For planting red pine it is best to use seedlings two or three years old which have been raised in nursery beds. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 515 The young trees should be set out in the spring, late in April or early in May. They may be planted in fur- rows or in. holes made with a spade. mattock, or planting bar. As a rule, the proper spacing is 4 feet each way, although this will vary in different localities. It is usually advisable tq plant red pine pure, though on good soil sugar maple, beech, or elm might be mixed with it. Any associate must be of slower growth than the red pine, or the latter will be overtopped and sup- pressed. Mixture with white pine has generally proved satisfactory. CULTIVATION AND CARE. If red pine is planted on cut-over lands, more rapid-growing species such as jack pine, aspen, and birch must be prevented from choking it out. No cultivation is needed, and the protection necessary is from fire and grazing. The red pine, being intolerant of shade, very readily clears itself of its lower branches when close-grown, and never requires pruning. EXAMPLES. Several plantations of red pine have been made in New England, where this species makes more rapid growth than the planted white pine, since it is unaffected by the prevalent white pine weevil. A most instructive example of a suc- cessful red pine plantation is found near Lake Winnepesaukee, New Hampshire, where it was planted pure and also in mixture with white pine, about thirty years ago. Measure- ments made in a twenty-seven-year- old stand of these two species show that the red pine has an average height of 34,9 feet and is taller than the white pine. The Month in Government Forest Work Assistant Forester Olm- sted returned on Sep- tember 20 from a trip through the Alaska reserves, the par- ticular purpose of his visit being to investigate complaints. He found that most of the complaints were based on misunderstanding of the objects of the reserves, but, since conditions in Alas- ka differ from those in the Western States, special regulations are appa- rently necessary. Mr. Olmsted reports that the diffi- culties of administration in Alaska are great, since there are no roads, but few trails, and a very sparse popula- tion. All travel is by boat. General Inspection os Forest Supervisor Bar- orest Management ‘fum has secured the clearing of a portion of a fire break around the Ashland For- est Reserve in the vicinity of the city of Ashland (Oregon) by confining free use to this strip. The forest along the reserve boundary is an inferior stand of yellow pine and red fir. The ground is nearly everywhere covered with a dense growth of chaparral, making fires especially hard to fight. In sales and free-use cases the cutting and piling of the underbrush has been required, as well as the piling of the brush from all trees cut. The ground so cleared has then been burned over at safe seasons. The result is a clear strip of ground, across which no fire can run, and from which back fires may be started with perfect safety. The break has already proved itself useful by stopping two fires, supposed to have been set by lightning, which would otherwise have been almost im- possible to control before they burned through a considerable stretch of tim- ber to a ridge top. Certain portions along the fire line, however, belong to the Southern Pa- cific Railroad Company, and the com- pany has given permission to the For- est Service to clear a line on its lands, since this will protect these lands as well as the reserve, and will be a great benefit to the city of AsKland and the country tributary to the lands of the railroad. Forest Reserve officers, Water Shed 5 Scnnies in response to Reserve Order No. 17, recom- mended examinations of city water- sheds in the Mount Graham, Pinal Mountains, Chiricahua, Santa Rita, Santa Catalina, and Tonto forest re- serves in Arizona. During the sum- met Mr. i: C. ‘Miller examined the first three of these reserves and also part of the San Francisco Mountains Reserve. He found no important city watersheds in need of planting, but ad- vised certain utilization planting, and established two small nurseries. The city watershed work on the other Ari- zona reserves will be continued this fall. It is found that the Pocatello For- est Reserve offers a watershed project much needed for the city of Pocatello. A nursery, 48 by 72 feet in size, will be started this fall under the direction of Mr. AL 2Oniant Mr. J. M. Fetherolf, who has been ee 1906 conducting field work in the Uinta Forest Reserve, finds that the drainage basins upon which Ogden, Provo, Lo- gan, and several smaller towns depend for their water supply, can be greatly improved by forest planting. A good nursery site is available near Kansas. A city watershed project in the Pecos River Reserve has been report- ed on favorably in a preliminary re- port by Mr. H: P. Baker and Mr. F. J. Phiips. The Gallinas River and Santa Fe Creek drainage basins con- tain several good planting sites. Piant- ing will benefit the water supply of Las Vegas and Santa Fe. Mr. John D. Guthrie, who has been conducting watershed studies and es- tablishing rangers’ nurseries in Idaho, has been transferred to the San Fran- cisco Mountains Forest Reserve to take up rangers’ nursery work. After he has covered this reserve he will go to the Tonto Forest Reserve for simi- lar duty, and, in addition, make a spe- cial study of the conditions in the ' vicinity of the Roosevelt dam of the Salt River irrigation project. Plans for rangers nurs- eries. are beginning to come in from the techni- cal men who have been assisting in starting these nurseries during the summer. Wherever possibie, shade frames have been constructed and the ground prepared for seed sowing next spring. The plans submitted will be edited and copies sent to the rangers concerned. Actual work is being un- dertaken this fall only where perma- nent headquarters have been estab- lished. The nurseries thus started un- der technical supervision will serve as models for the rangers in undertaking similar work in the future. Rangers’ Nurseries The Forest Service will experiment this month to determine the _ best method of treating fence posts cut from dead lodgepole pine on the Hen- ry’s Lake Forest Reserve. Large bod- ies of burned lodgepole pine exist on Forest Products FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 517 many reserves. Should these tests prove successful, similar work will probably be carried on in other places. The preservative treatment of west- ern yellow pine telephone poles with creosote oil has begun at Los Angeles. Several different methods of applica- tion are being tried, and excellent re- sult§ have already been obtained, both with a special butt apparatus and in open tanks. Two experimental pieces of track are now being laid in Washington and Montana on the lines of the Northern Pacific Railway. These are laid for the purpose of testing the effect on ties of metal and wooden tie plates, and the durabilitv of red fir and tama- rack ties treated with zinc chloride and creosote as compared to seasoned and green untreated ties of the same spe- cies. Mr. A. F. Potter, In- spector of Grazing, has attended stockmen’s meetings at Butte and Helena, Mont., and Aibuquerque, N. Mex., in the ef- fort to make clear the policy of the Forest Service relative to grazing in the reserves and to correct misunder- standing regarding it. A resolution was adopted at Butte, Mont., in which the ‘stockmen expressed satisfaction with the information given. Grazing A great many more ap- plications for agricul- tural land under the act of June 11, 1906, are being received than were expected, and Mr. Kent, who is in charge of the field examina- tion of the lands applied for, has asked for four more men to assist him in the work. Already two reserves—the Priest River in Idaho and the Bitter- root in Montana—have been covered. In the former reserve all but a very few claims were approved and recom- mended for listing, but in the latter the applications were found to cover heavy timber land and were purely of a spec- ulative character. If cleared, they would, with irrigation, produce good crops, but no water for irrigation was Reserve Boundaries 518 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION available, as evidenced by the thous- ands of acres of cut-over lands outside the reserve, which are not and can not be placed under cultivation. An investigation will be General 3 Reserve Work made to determine the extent of damage being done to forest reserves by fumes ¢rom smelters in the copper region of Mon- tana. Upon the results of this investi- gation will depend the action to be taken in a number of smelter cases throughout the West.’ Forest Supervisor Coleman, of the Shasta Reserve, has been instructed to build a telephone line on the western portion of his reserve. The proposed line will connect five ranger stations with the office headquarters and will simplify the administration and fire protection. A special feature of the line is a branch connecting with a lookout point, where fires can be seen over a large portion of the reserve and reported to headquarters. Four miles of telephone line have been completed in the Salt Lake Re- November serve, connecting the rangers’ head- quarters and the nursery with the su- pervisor’s headquarters. Eighteen- foot red fir poles, 7 inches at the top ends, were used and were set 4 feet in the ground. Forest Supervisor Charlton, of the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Re- serves, will undertake this winter a large amount of fire-line work for the protection of the country in the imme- diate vicinity of Riverside, and the lo- cal residents have subscribed some $2,000 to aid in this work. The burn- ing of a fire line on each side of the Santa Fe line crossing the Cajon Pass and the burning of wide fire lines through dangerous grass country at the foot of the mountains outside the San Bernardino Reserve probably ac- counts for the excellent protection ac- corded the reserves during the past season. ‘The rangers burned this fire line at night when the wind was blow- ing away from the reserve line, and four or five men sometimes burned two to three miles in one night. _ UNITED STATES Government Irrigation Work During the Month The Reclamation Ser- vice has been authorized to purchase the property of the Jesse D. Carr Land & Live- stock Company, for use in connection with Klamath irrigation project, Ore- gon-California. The authority carries with it permission to make a payment of $170,000, or about 90 per cent of the total purchase price. Although the natural advantages of the project are great, there have been many annoying delays in adjusting Klamath Project the details of acquiring property of corporations and land owners required by the Government in connection with the Klamath project. This step will therefore be hailed with much satis- faction by all parties concerned, as in- dicating material progress. The prop- erty acquired by this purchase em- braces the Clear Creek reservoir and certain other lands essential to the pro- (eee A large part of the delay was due to the failure of the company to per~ EEE o 1906 fect title to the property which it de- sired to sell. Until proper abstracts of title were presented to the Depart- ment of the Interior of course no pur- chase could be consummated. The re- tention of 10 per cent of the purchase price by the Government is only pend- ing the perfection of title to a small portion of the property. Another difficulty encountered in the construction of this project was FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 519 possible before severe weather sets in, and with this idea in mind have put every available man, including the carpenters, ‘on the concrete work. Twenty-five hundred cubic yards were laid during the month of October. There was one week of continuous stormy weather, and during the en- forced idleness sixteen laborers left the camp. The labor problem does not improve, and on this account only half Tule Lake, Oregon and California; the future site of 1,000 farms of 80 acres; to be drained and irrigated as part ofthe Klamath Project by the U. S. Reclamation Service. the lack of transportation facilities. Railroad men have about completed arrangements for the extension of a line into the basin, and indications point to a remarkable development in this section in the near future. The contractors on the he Pathfinder pathfinder dam, North Platte irrigation project, Wyoming-Nebraska, are making every effort to get the masonry as high as the capacity of the plant for laying masonry was reached during the month which has just come to a close. Work on the Interstate canal and lateral system was also somewhat de- layed by stormy weather and the in- ability to obtain men and teams, but fair progress was made. Concrete work for the seven lateral outlets on the first 45 miles of canal were com- pleted and rye was sown on the em- 520 bankments to protect them from ero- sion by wind and rain. A field party is at work making preliminary location of the third fifty miles of the Interstate canal, and about twenty-five miles were completed in October. 26th the On October Gunnison Tunnel first of the concrete lin- ing was placed in the Gunnison tnuuel, Uncompahgre irri- gation project, Colorado. Work was FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION \ November crete floor in the west end of the tunnel is already completed. The concrete piant promises to be a very economi- cal one. Gravel is obtained on the top of the hills surrounding the main shaft, which is located 4,950 feet from the west portal. The gravel beds con- tain gravel and sand of excellent quality in about the right proportion for ‘concrete, and the material is handled only twice between the pit and the well of the tunnel. Sage brush lands in Klamath Basin, O:egon, to be reclaimed under Klamath Project begun on this tunnel on January I1, 1905, and on the first of the present month 16,788 feet had been excavated, Se Aadlard 757 feet having been excavated during October. The progress made the past month is considered exceptionally good when the character of the ma- terial encountered is considered. Several hundred feet of the con- Plans are being prepared for an im- proved form of drop for the South Canal and for the headgates of the Gunnison tunnel. All outside work suffered considerabiy from the unpre- cedented snow storms, and it is re- ported that many thousands of dollars worth of fruit which still remained on the trees was ruined. 1906 Bianbeny pe ere cates Valley of the Strawberry Val- ley irrigation project, Wialeerrepots that 120) fect tobe the tunnel were completed on the first of the month. Only one shift of eight hours was worked on the tunnel dur- ing the greater part of October, as the men were busily engaged in getting ready the buildings necessary to house the men and animals during the winter season. An engine house, power house and blacksmith shop also have been erected. The road is completed to the east end of the tunnel. This road was one of the important preliminaries to con- struction, as everything had to be hauled twenty-four miles from the railroad to the west end and about thirty-one miles to the east end of the tunnel. The electric drills which are being given a trial are dong very good work; and it is hoped they will prove a success. A great deal of difficulty is experienced in procuring the ser- vices of miners for tunneling. Large quantities of dead wood which is plentiful on the hill sides have been hauled into camp in antici- pation of the heavy snows which may be expected in that latitude. The Secretary of the In- terior has authorized the punehase; vot four . 10- inch by 16-inch locomotives of thirty- six-inch gage, at $3,000 each, from the American Locomotive Company of New York City. These locomotives are to be used as a portion of the con- struction plant for hauling excavated materials for the Cold Springs dam, Umatilla irrigation project, Oregon, which is to be constructed under the direction of the Reclamation Service by force account. Authority has been given for the purchase of a seventy-ton steam shovel for use in the construction of the Cold Springs dam, Umatilla irrigation pro- ject, Oregon. Early in October the Department authorized the Reclama- tion Service to construct this dam by force account, and in order that no Purchasing Equipment FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 521 time might be lost in initiating the work emergency bids were obtained on steam shovels for early delivery. The shovel is to be delivered Novem- ber 20th, and will cost the Govern- ment $9,000. It will be furnished by the Marion Steam Shovel Company of Marion, Ohio. The Secretary of the Interior has also authorized the Reclamation Ser- vice to purchase forty-four-yard dump cars from the Kilgore Peteler Com- pany, of Minneapolis, Minn., at $168.75 each; sixty-five tons of rails from the Hoftius Steel and Equip- ment Company, of Seattle, Wash., at $34 per ton, and 125 tons of rails from the Kilgore Peteler Company at $33 per ton. Also the purchase from the Ernst Wiener Company. of New York City, of ten switches at $35 each. This equipment is to be used in the construction of the Cold Springs dam, Umatilla irrigation project, Oregon, which is being carried on under force account by the Reclamation Service. The Reclamation Service has been authorized to purchase from J. F. Donahoo, Washington, D. C., two grooved embankment rollers for roll- ing puddled material, at $300 each, the rollers to be used as a portion of the plant required for the construction of Cold Springs dam, Umatilla irriga- tion project, Oregon. The Secretary of the In- terior has granted an ex- tension of time to May 31, 1907, to the Deadwood Construc- tion Company, of Deadwood, South Dakota, for the completion of their eContract., tor. structures, Division 4, main canal, Lower Yellowstone irri- gation project, Montana-North Da- kota. According to the terms of the contract this work was to be completed on December 1, but owing to the oc- currence of excessive rains, difficulty in securing labor, and additional work required under the specifications, it be- came necessary to extend the time of completion. An extension of time has also been granted to W. O. Morrison, of Den- Extension of time 522 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION ver, Colorado, for the completion of his contract on structures, Interstate canal, North Platte irrigation project, Nebraska. According to the terms of the contract the work was to be com- pleted by December 1, 1906. Owing to the difficulty in securing material and labor the work has been delayed. The engineers also report that the actual amount of work involved ex- ceeds by about 30 per cent the amount estimated at the time the contract was awarded. The Secretary of the Interior has therefore extended the time on the work, as follows: Seventy per cent of the amount covered by the original contract to be completed by December 1, 1906; One hundred per cent of the work covered by the original proposal, which covers the completion of all structures which would in any way in- terfere with the flow of water in the canal, by April 1; The entire work, covering the com- pletion of other structures, such as bridges, overflows, etc., by July 1, 1907. An extension ,of, time: toy junest, 1907, is given W. D. Lovell, of Min- neapolis, for the completion of his con- tract for structures under the Huntley irrigation project, Montana. Since the date of making this contract the amount of work required has been greatly increased, and the equivalent of the work called for in the contract was completed within the specified time. Three months’ extension of time has been granted to the United Iron Works, of Oakland, California, for the completion of their contract for fur- nishing gates and lifting devices for use in connection with the Payette- Boise irrigation project, Idaho. This extension is allowed by reason of the fact that the manufacturers were not furnished with the details and designs in time to comply with the original agreement. The Secretary of the Interior has granted an extension of time for 45 days from October 15, to Orman & November Crook for the completion of the work under their contract for the construc- tion of dam and canals, Belle Fourche irrigation project, South Dakota. The scarcity of labor is responsible for the delay in the work, and the engineers report that the extension of time will not interfere with their plans. The D’Olier Engineering Company, of Philadelphia, has been granted an extension of time until March 15, 1907, for furnishing an electric power plant for the Garden City irrigation project, Kansas. According to the terms of the contract the power plant was to be installed by January 20, but owing to some delay in the design work has not yet begun on the power house, and the project engineers recommended the extension. The Secretary of the In- terior has executed a contract with Thomas Jaques, of Pilot Rock, Oregon, for the construction and completion of about fifteen miles of main canal and lateral ditches, Umatilla irrigation pro- ject, Oregon. The work involves about 165,000 cubic yards of excava- tion, and, according to the terms of the contract, must be completed by May 1, 1907. The amount of Mr. Jaques’ bid was $20,212.50. The Secretary of the Interior is also advertising for proposals for furnish- ing high pressure gates for the stor- age of water for the Shoshone and North Platte irrigation projects, Wyo- ming. The work consists of furnish- ing and installing complete in the ex- cavations furnished by the United States, at the Shoshone dam _ near Cody, and the Pathfinder dam near Casper, seven gates of the sluicing type arranged at the Shoshone dam in a group of three, and at the Path- finder dam in a group of four. The bids will be opened on December 20, at 876 Federal Building, Chicago. Par- ticulars may be obtained at the office of the Chief Engineer, Reclamation Service, Washington, D. C., or from H. N. Savage, Supervising Engineer, Huntley, Montana. Contracts and Bids a Steam Shovel and Derrick Cars in operation on Belle Fourche Project, South Dakota 524 A contract has been made with the Billings Billings, Montana, for the construction of the Corbett dam and auxiiiary structures under the Shoshone irriga- tion project, Wyoming. The Corbett dam is a reinforced concrete structure located on Shoshone River about 8 miles northeast of Cody, Wyoming, and the contract involves about 10,- 000 cubic yards of excavation, 8,000 cubic yards of concrete, 9,000 cubic yards of earth and gravel embank- ment, and the placing of 250,000 pounds of steel reinforcement. The bid of the contracting company was $66,750, and, according to the terms of the contract, the work must be com- pleted on or before April I, 1907. Proposals are being asked for the construction of structures on the main canal and laterals from the headworks to the town of Newlon, Lower Yellow- stone irrigation project, North Da- kota and Montana. The work involves approximately 10,000 cubic yards of excavation, 1,400 cubic yards of con- crete, 2,200 cubic yards of -rip rap, 99,000 pounds of square steel bars, and 300,000 feet board measure of lum- ber. The bids will be opened at Glen- dive, Montana, December 15. The Secretary of the Interior has executed a contract with the Pacific Portland Cement Company, Consoli- dated, of San Francisco, California, for furnishing 27,000 barrels, more or less, of Portland cement for the Sun- nvside and Tieton irrigation projects, Washington. The cement is to be fur- mished at.52 per barrel; f..0: by carseat the company’s mills, Tolenas, Califor- nia. A report has been received by the Chief Engineer of the Reclamation Service from the board of consulting engineers recently convened at Mitch- ell, Nebraska, to open proposals for the construction of a diversion dam and headworks, North Platte irriga- tion project, Nebraska-Wyoming. No bids were received on Schedule 1, consisting of the earth embankment, and but one bid on Schedule 2, the concrete structures. Mr: G) } aAt= FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Construction Company, of. November kinson, of Colorado Springs, Colora- do, was the contractor who submitted a proposal for the work of Schedule 2, and the aggregate of the several items was $142,720. The Reclamation Service is adver- tising for proposals for the construc- tion of laterais and waste ditches near Glendive, Montana, in connection with the Lower Yellowstone irrigation pro- ject, Montana and North Dakota. The work consists of about 74 miles of lateral ditches and about 34 miles of waste ditches, involving the exca- vation of approximately 800,000 cubic yards of earth, and furnishing such material and doing such other work as may be necessary for the completion of the work. The bids will be opened at Glendive, Montana, on December I5. The Secretary of the Interior has executed a contract with Pickering & Rush, of Morrill, Nebraska, for the construction and completion of Sched- ule 13 of earthwork of distributing system, Interstate canal, North Platte irrigation project, Wyoming-Nebraka. Schedule 13 consists of about 8 miles of material and 1,000 cubic yards of overhaul. The bid of the contracting party was $6,052.50. The Secretary of the In- terior has authorized the Reclamation Service to construct under force account or by small contracts to be entered into by the engineer, 13.3 miles of canal on the Okanogan irrigation project, Washington. This work consists of an extension of the main canal for a distance of 5.6 miles, and of the lower main canal for a distance of 7.7 miles. The region is remote from railroad transportation and it is difficult to se- cure satisfactory bids. It is, therefore, believed to be to the best interests of the government to carry on the work as above outlined. The Secretary of the Interior re- cently advertised for bids for the con- struction of a diversion dam and head- works, North Platte irrigation project, Nebraska-Wyoming, to be opened No- Work by Force Account 1906 vember 1. The only bid received was one on Schedule 2, by G. F. Atkinson, Colorado Springs, Colorado. The Secretary of the Interior has rejected this bid as excessive, and has authorized the prosecution of work at the headgates by force account. It is necessary to advance this portion of the work as rapidly as possible in or- der that water may be delivered in the spring of 1907. The remainder of the work wil be readvertised. The Secretary of the In- terior has temporarily withdrawn from settle- ment, entry, or other form of with- drawal under the public land laws, ex- cept Homestead Law, the following described tracts for use in connection Land Withdrawals FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 525 with the Grand River irrigation pro- ject, North Dakota: Fifth Principal Meridian, N. Dak. gliett 20 eee ROS Wie, SeCS.. 275,26; 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 and 30. 20a Nii OO) Wi oecs: 20; 20; 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 and 36. (Sig) NER. 100 W .,°eCs., 19,120) Zi 2520, 27) 20,.20), 30, 32,133,134, 35 and 36. Black Hills Meridian, S. Dak. All fractional townships 23 N., R. 8 o.and 10, E, The following public lands under this project are withdrawn from any form of disposition whatever under the public land laws: Fifth Principal Meridian, N. Dak. Tei2ooNy oR] LO We Secs) FO TT, 13, 14, 15, 23,24, 25, 26, 27, 34 and 35. ORGANIZATION WORK What Members of the American Forestry Association Can Do to Help the Organization THE question frequently comes to the Secretary of the American Forestry Association, “What can I do if I join the Association ?” There are several things a member can do. Let us note one or two. Make of yourself a center of influ- ence for the saving and extension of the forests. How powerful and far- reaching one’s influence may be must depend, in part, upon himself and, in part, upon his circumstances; but all have some influence. Moody, in il- lustrating his talk with the tobaccon- ist’s sign, used to say, “Even a wooden Indian has some influence.” Preach the gospel of forestry. Scatter the light. Urge the importance of action. Show that, to be effective, this action must be concerted, organized. Urge your friends, therefore, to become members of the American Forestry Association, to supply its treasury, and to cooperate with it in pushing the great work to which it is committed. But you are “not well informed,” you say, as to the facts, and hence cannot so present your argument that it will carry conviction. Very well. Why not enlarge your knowledge? The literature of forestry is extensive. Provide yourself with, at least, a few representative books, and study them. What books? Let us name one in particular: The “Proceedings of the American Forest Congress.” This congress, the most notable and representative, perhaps, ever assembled in America in the interest of forestry, met in Washington January 2-6, 1905. The speakers included many of the chief forestry authorities and workers in the United States, and some from other countries, together with promi- nent representatives of the great wood-using industries. Out of sixty of these may be mentioned, as types, President Roosevelt, Secretary Wil- son, J. J. Jusserand, French Ambas- sador ; Gifford Pinchot, the U. S. for- ester; B. L. Wiggins, vice-chancellor, University of the South; F. H. Newell, chief engineer, U. 5. Reclamation Ser- vice; N. W. McLeod, president, Na- BIs1I00 5d ‘d[[tAsi10z1e9 Jesu ‘sureyunoy ueiqoereddy oq} jo pus usayinog oy OF Beis, i i 4 tan ravine on west slope of the Great Smoky in moun Eas ing Large Poplar Tree grow ern Tennessee + c Mountain, 1906 tional Lumber Manufacturers’ Asso- ciation ; J. E. Defebaugh, editor Amer- ican Lumbermen, Col. Geo. H. Emer- son, vice-president, | Northwestern Lumber Company, and Gen. Chas. F. Manderson, generai solicitor Chicago, 3urlington and Quincy Railroad Com- pany. This book has been called ‘The most comprehensive and authoritative pub- lication on the subject of forestry that has yet been issued in the United States.” For the general reader who wants to know what the forestry ques- tion is and what to do about it, there is no book which, on the whole, we deem so useful as this. The book is printed on good paper, in clear type; it is well bound in cloth, and contains 474 pages; it sells at $1 per copy. To members of the American For- estry Association this volume is now offered at 50 cents per copy, post-paid, with the hope that it may be largely ordered and widely used for propa- ganda. A copy will make an excel- lent Christmas present. Again, to make converts, you must have literature for general distribu- tion. “The Need for the Forestry Movement,” is a neat, four-page folder containing acompilation of telling facts and testimonials, published by the American Forestry Association to- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 529 gether with a list of its officers. Every member of the Association should carry a supply of these in his pocket, hand them to friends whom he would in- terest, and enclose them in his letters. They can be had from the national of- fice of the Association at 50 cents per hundred, post-paid. Here is an opportunity for the for- estry worker. Stock up with books and folders, and set to work. Some who may not care personally to hand out circulars are in position to mafi them from their offices to friends whom they would influence. You be- long, perhaps, to some society or as- sociation whose members should be reached. Send them the folders; or send their names to the national office of the Association, with remittance to pay for folders. It will then mail them out. The national office is working to the limit; but others, too, must work if the forests are to be saved. The As- sociation has now approximately five thousand members. If each of these will do what he can there will be rolled up a tidal wave of public sentiment whose potency no man can estimate. Let each do his part. Tuomas ELMER WILL, Secretary, American Forestry Asso- ciation. tee PLATA RROJECT. Consulting Engineers Recommend Temporary Abandonment Owing to the Excessive Cost BOARD of consulting engineers which recently made a thorough field examination of the lands under the La Plata irrigation project has submitted a report to the chief engi- neer of the Reclamation Service in Washington. The La Plata project is located along the northern side of the San Juan River in northwestern New Mexico, the greater portion of the land lying along the La Plata River, a trib- utary of the San Juan. Farmers in this valley formerly re- ceived an adequate water supply from the La Plata River, but recent appro- priations in Colorado divert all of the normal flow before it reaches New Mexico. ‘The normal flow has been greatly decreased in late years by the deforestation of the mountain slopes 530 of the drainage basin, so that the river in this section is now practically dry after the spring run off, except during passing storms. As a result orchards are dying and many farms have been deserted, and the settlers who remain are receiving a very inadequate water supply. When the attention of the Reclama- tion Service engineers was called to the situation in 1904, it was thought ossibly the water supply might be regulated by storage reservoirs, or supplemented by a diversion from Las Animas River, which lies just to the east of the La Plata drainage basin. A feasible reservoir site was located on the La Plata River at the state line. An investigation of the Las Animas valley disclosed a good reservoir site just above the town of Durango, but the site is traversed by a railroad, and the heavy cost of moving this railroad would fall upon the irrigators. The diverting canal would have to be car- ried through town lots and over valu- able mining property, making the right FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION November of way through Durango alone an ex- pensive one. Then the dividing ridge between the two drainage basins pre- sents another obstacle, and a tunnel three miles long through the moun- tains would add further to the ex- pense. ~ The soil in the La Plata valley prop- er and on the various meses which could be irrigated is unusually well adapted to the sucessful growing of all kinds of grains, grasses, vegetables, deciduous fruits, and melons. The yield in all cases when sufficient water is properly applied is large, and the products of fine grade, but the engi- neers have found the cost to be in ex- cess of anything that the limited area with its present lack of transportation facilities could bear. In view of the limited fund avail- able and the many more attractive schemes which are being presented for consideration, the engineers have rec- ommended that this propject be aban- doned for the present at least. FORESTRY “Al FORT hiked The Commandant Recommends Forest Work as a Help for Maneuver Grounds es the Annual Report of the Com- mandant of the School of Applica- tion for Cavalry and Field Artillery at Fort Riley, Kans., for 1906, the fol- lowing reference to forest work is made: “As the greater part of this reser- vation of nearly twenty thousand acres is open, treeless country, intersected by numerous ravines bordered by rim rock, the opposing forces, during ma- neuvers, come in view of each other at long distances and thus come in con- tact much sooner than would be the case in actual hostilities. Moreover, a force exposing itself but a short time to the fire of modern artillery, is pre- sumed to suffer great loss. The award- ing of many casualties at maneuvers interferes with the exercise and, there- fore, in order to increase the tactical value of the terrain, it is desirable to screen the operations as much as prac- ticable. ‘This can only be done, on this reservation, by forestry. “On December 8th, last, a request was made to the War Department for the assistance of the Bureau of For- estry of the Department of Agricul- ture for advice and assistance in mak- ing comprehensive plans to carry on this work. ‘The latter deparment cor- dially co-operated, and this spring sent Mr. Charles A. Scott, assistant forest- er, to the post. Mr. Scott examined the reservation and made a report with map and plans and added practical suggestions as to the work. Unfor- tunately, this report did not reach me until June—too late to procure the 1906 necessary tools and implements and prepare the soil. As much as is prac- ticable at present is, however, being done, pursuing the general plan fur- » nished, following along the numerous ridges, plowing a belt a short distance from the military crest, with the inten- tion of planting from three to five rows of trees in each belt. The total length of these belts, when completed, will be betwen twelve and fifteen miles and the belts will contain about fifteen thousand broad-leaved trees and about five thousand pine trees. The latter will FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 531 be furnished by the Bureau of For- estry, and the former will have to be purchased from nurserymen in this state and in Nebraska. It is aiso proposed to plant many thousand acorns, blackberries, pignuts, etc., on the slopes of the ravines below the rim rock. ‘This plan pursued systematical- ly and intelligently for several years, will greatly increase the military value of the reservation and, incidentally, this plan will also beautify the reser- vation and, in time, bring some return infuele/: STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS OF WOOD How It Is Affected by Moisture—Expenments by Forest Service ERY little is definitely known about the influence of moisture on the strength of wood, even by those experienced in handling the material. Since the whole subject is one of great importance, the Forest Service has been making a thorough study of it during the past three years and is about to publish the results of its in- vestigation in an exhaustive technical bulletin entitled “Effect of Moisture Upon the Strength and Stiffness of Wood.” The chief points presented by the study are: 1. The relation of moisture: to strength follows a definite law which can be graphically expressed. Proper drying very greatly increases the strength of all kinds of wood, the amount of increase in strength de- pending upon the species and the dry- ness. The increased strength given to green wood by thoroughly drying it is so great that it will surprise many. kor example, the strength of a piece of unseasoned red spruce may be in- creased over 400 per cent by a thor- ough drying at the temperature of boil- ing water. Strength decreases again, however, as the wood reabsorbs mois- ture. Air-dried wood, protected from the weather, and containing 12 per cent of moisture, is from 1.7 to 2.4 times stronger than when green, vary- ing with the species. Stiffness is also increased by drying. ‘These conclu- sions, however, are drawn from small- sized pieces not exceeding 4 by 4 inch- es in cross section such as are used in vehicle work, tools, etc. Large tim- bers require years of drying before the moisture is reduced to the point where strength begins to increase. It must also be taken into consideration that more or less checking always occurs when large timbers dry; and if this checking is excessive it may cause weakness to counterbalance, partially or entirely, the strength gained in dry- ing. Consequently, it is not safe to assume that the average strength of large, so-called seasoned timbers is much greater than that of green or wet ones. 2. The fiber saturation point of a number of species has been determined. This point, which varies with condi- tions and species of wood, designates the percentage of water which will sat- urate the fibers of the wood. It has been found that, under normal condi- tions, wood fiber will absorb a definite amount of moisture; beyond this the water simply fills the pores of the wood like honey in honeycomb. Only that water which permeates the wood fiber has an influence upon the 532 strength. For the following species, the saturation point occurs at the giv- en percentage of moisture based on the dry weight of the wood: Per cent moisture. Wotiedeate pines? sane: 25 RecduSpEUCE lA otyi eine Seki. 31 Wie simi pave ee Steet ars 25 Loblolly pine sapwood... 24 Re Gig Oia Pipe eo ele. 25 [ERE STE Reet Aan ey oe 22 NWariibemraiSInefs.elos.cod ee Boece 20.5 INGi way ApINes Ff espa s's 30 Western tamarack......” 30 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION November 3. Prolonged soaking in cold water does not reduce the strength of green wood below that of its fiber saturation point, provided it remains in perfect condition. When wood has been dried and is re-soaked it becomes. slightly weaker than when green. 4. Wood soaked in heated water ab- sorbs more moisture because the amount of water which the fiber will contain is “increased. This causes a reduction in strength and stiffness, as in wood that is heated or steamed for bending. THE FORESTRY EDUCATION ire Measure of Wide Importance Now Before Congress—Should Be Passed At This Session BY SAMUEL B. GREEN Professor of Forestry, University of Minnesota ERHAPS the most important piece of new forestry legisla- tion on which Congress will be asked to pass at its next session is the bill (H. R. 10,100) introduced by Con- gressman Davis of Minnesota, which provides funds for the support of a chair of forestry in each of the agri- cultural colleges and for experimental forestry work in each of the experi- ment stations of all the states and ter- ritories. This bill was introduced in the last session and has not attracted the attention that is due to it. There can be no question but what the best way of educating the people to the importance of forestry and forestry matters is through some measure of this kind that will make a center of in- telligent forestry ideas in every state. If one will note the great advance in agricultural science, due to appropria- tions for a similar purpose and ex- pended in a similar way, I think he can get an idea of the possibilities of such legislation for the encouragement Of forestry. The subject of forestry has attracted much attention during the last few years, and the help of President Roose- velt has been of the greatest assist- ance to the movement, as his words in regard to it have been quoted widely. As a result of this a large number of bright young men are look- ing for opportunities in this line and it would seem as if for the welfare of the whole country, as well as of the several states it is important that they be furnished with the training they so much desire. The bill in question is so drawn as to require the appropriation it carries to be used entirely for work in for- estry. There is not a state or territory in the Union but what is greatly in need of the assistance that would be rendered by the passage of this bill. It is to be hoped that the friends of forestry will rally to the support of this measure and push it through Con- gress the coming winter. // Forestry and Irrigation H. M. SUTER, Editor nee en SSSR === aE EA Re ay AR SAS Oe as ETE See Ea CONTENTS FOR DECEMBER, 1906 FOREST ABOUT GRANDFATHER MOUNTAIN . Frontispiece sy ge cera OF AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIA- 535 NEWS AND NOTES: (lllustrated). Michigan Forests. . . . 536 Michigan Forest Fires. . . 538 Prof. Roth’s Opinions . . 536 Stream Pollution . . 538 Trouble With Poles. . . 537 Washington Irrigation Notes 540 In Northern North Dakota 537 Forestry Building Improved 540 New Forestry Instructor . 538 MontanaCode .. . . 541 Experiments in Forestry . 538 Georgia School of Korea . 541 PRESIDENT CALLS FOR IMPROVED LAND LAWS : . 541 NEW NATIONAL FOREST RESERVES. (HTilustrated) By Dr. Thomas Elmer Will : 541 SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR FOREST INVESTIGATIONS. By Treadwell Cleveland, Jr. : : 548 PROGRESS ON PUMPING PROJECTS. “By F. H. eNowell E . 551 ALL INDUSTRIES FURTHERED BY NATIONAL FORESTS. 5852 THE RECLAMATION FUND . : . 556 CONSERVATIVE LUMBERING IN CANADA. By E. ‘Stewart . 5907 U.S. FOREST SERVICE. (Jllustrated) . ; 560 PALO VERDE: THE EVERGREEN TREE OF THE ‘DESERT. - By Professor Francis E. Lloyd : ; : : . 568 AMERICAN FORESTRY HONORED ABROAD : F : 5 Al U. S. RECLAMATION SERVICE. (Illustrated) . : : . 573 FORESTRY IN COLORADO. By W.G. M. Stone. ; : . 579 HAS AUTHORITY BUTNO MONEY . ; . 580 GRAZING FEES WILL BE COLLECTED ON RESE RVES _ 7 08! FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION is the official organ of the American Forestry Association Subseription price $1.00 a year; single copies 10 cents. Copyright, 1906, by Forestry and Irrigation Publishing Co. Entered at the Post Office at W ashington D. C., as second-class mail matter. Published Monthly at WASHINGTON, D. C. dAIOSOY JSoIO UBIyde[eddy ussq}nO0g pasodoid day} Jo 3189y 943 UT payed0] puB O3pry oN[g 243 UO 3UTOd ysoySIY 94} ‘UIeJUNO;| J9NIeJpUuRID VoL. XII. DECEMBER, 1906. No: 12 ANNUAL MEETING OF 2 THE” AMERICAN “FORESTRY 7 ASSOCIATION alg HE, Annual Meeting of the Ameri- can Forestry Association will be held at Washington, D. C., on Jan- uary 8 and 9, 1907, On Tuesday even- ‘ing, January 8, a reception will be held -at the residence of Mr. Gifford Pin- -chot, the Forester, and on Wednesday, January 9, at 10 a. m., the public meet- ‘ings will begin at the New Willard Hotel. On arriving in Washington, mem- ‘bers are requested to register at room 108, Atlantic Building, 928-30 F street, northwest—the offices of the Forest Service. Programs and _ invitations ‘to the reception will be issued at the ‘time and place of registration. Further information will be found in the following letter to members ‘sent out by the Secretary. ‘To the Members of the American For- estry Association : In its entire history, no period has equaled, in prosperity and usefulness for the Association, the twelve months vending November 30, last. There have been added 2,503 an- ‘nual members, 47 sustaining and 63 ‘life, a total of 2,613. As shown by the Treasurer’s books, ‘there were, on the date named, 5,378 amembers on the rolls of the Association. But at no date in the history of America have conditions so demanded such an association as to-day. The need for forest preservation and ex- tension, long existing, has become im- perative. Extravagant consumption, reckless waste, and failure to provide for continuing of our forests require our most active efforts if a crisis is to be averted. With this situation the Association should resolutely grapple; so serious, however, is the problem, and so great are the difficulties that, to do so ef- fectively, its organization must be im- proved and its membership and funds substantially increased. A momentous task now confronts this organization; it is the enactment into law of the Appalachian-White Mountain bill. This measure has unanimously passed the Senate of the United States; it has been recommended by the House Committee on Agriculture without a dissenting vote; it has been approved in advance by the President, and a majority of the House are under- stood to favor it; yet it may not be permitted to come to a vote. - The American Forestry Association is absolutely committed to this meas- 536 ure. From now until March 4, next, each member should feel it his impera- tive, personal duty to exert his utmost effort to insure its passage. On January 8 and 9, next, occurs the annual meeting of the Association; a broadly educational program is in pre- paration; it bears especially upon the policy of national forests, and the prime object of the meeting will be to push the Appalachian-White Mountain bill. Every member should, if possible, attend; he should come prepared to remain, if necessary, till the following week, and to work as he never worked before to write this bill upon the Federal statutes. That the Association may rise to FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION Decembe the situation before it, each member is. urged to I. Continue his membership by promptly forwarding his dues to the Treasurer ; 2. Advance his membership, if an- nual, to the rank of sustaining or life; 3. Enlist at least one new member for the Association. 4. Write his Congressman to push the Appalachian-White Mountain bill, and 5. Come to the annual meeting re- solved that this bill shall pass. THOS. Ee WILE, Secretary.. NEWS AND NOTES “Michigan should derive an income of about $30,- 000,000 annually from the 6,000,000 acres of unproductive lands within her borders which at pres- ent are going to ruin through denuda- tion of her forests. This amount would be more than sufficient to pay all the expenses of the State, and would take a tremendous tax burden from her #citizens,: said “Carles. Schmidt in addressing the Detroit branch of the Association of Collegiate Alumne at their last monthly meeting. Mr. Schmidt, Prof. Filbert Roth, Professor of Forestry at Ann Arbor, and State Forestry Warden, and Miss M. Baldwin, of Birmingham, chairman of the forestry committee of the State Federation of Women’s Clubs, ad- dressed the alumnz on the subject of forestry. Miss Baldwin stated that as a result of the work of the committee, 184 women’s clubs in Michigan have re- ceived literature bearing on the fores- try question, and each has given from two to three meetings to its considera- tion. Miss Baldwin said: Michigan Forests “We women must see to it that no member of the legislature goes to Lansing this year without a knowledge that the women of the State want a reform in our land laws. Our committee has endeavored to reach every candidate before elec- tion and we have tried to pledge them to forestry reform. The candidates from Wayne county have not been in- terviewed, and I urge you to see them after election and get pledges from them in this matter. See your town- ship road commissioners also, and get them to plant trees, as the law pro- vides, along the public roads.” The alumnz agreed to work to this end. Prof. Filibert Roth, after saying that the women of Michigan havecreated the sentiment that lies back of the for- estry movement, said: “President Roosevelt has stated that forestry re- form is the most important general problem in the United States at the present time. Michigan has 2,000,000: persons dependent on the forests for their living. She will have 5,000,000: before the century ends. She uses an- nually one thousand millions of feet: Prof. Roth’s Opinions 1906 of lumber, exciusive of railway ties, poles and the like. In New England, with soil similar to much of ours, of all land cleared up to 1880 40 per cent had been abandoned to the forest be- fore 1900. For the same reason this thing is going on in Michigan. Farm- ers have found by experiment that tim- ber is the only profitable crop that can be grown there. “There are nearly 4,000,000 acres of unimproved land in the settled portion of lower Michigan. Of the northern peninsula only 5 per cent is cultivated. Twenty million acres of the state are woods or waste lands. When it is real- ized that lumber is being brought into the state now from the Pacific coast at a cost for freight per car of $250, and that supplies are also brought from the South, the importance of utilizing the waste land is evident. “When farmers sell a farm in Mich- igan they throw in the wood lot—the most valuable part of the farm. The state has not properly protected lum- bermen in either life or property in the forests. I see no way to stop their slaughter of the forests they own, but the state can do much on its own lands. “Michigan now owns outright from 600,000 to 1,000,000 acres of waste land. It is practically owner of all delinquent tax lands, which constitute about one-quarter of the state area. Most of the delinquent tax lands, un- der the wretched system now in force, are sold from five to six times in a quarter-century. The wood is cut off, the taxes lapse again, and the state is the poorer by the process. “In the ten years ended in 1905 the state spent $1,500,000 trying to get rid of these waste lands, as the auditor general’s report shows. In one year the state paid out $65,000 for useless advertisements. Land may now be bought for ten cents an acre. Divided ten lots to the acre it is sold to city buyers, who, when they find out its character, let their rights lapse. These lots must then be advertised year after year. Each advertisement costs the state forty cents. Clerk hire for look- ing after each lot costs eighty cents. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 537 In other words, the state pays out year after year, in many cases, $1.20. for looking after what is from one to eleven cents worth of land. Such is the working of.the present land law. “A state forest reserve of ten mil- lion acres could be formed with advan- tage to every citizen. It would in time give employment to hundreds of small saw mills. Had this been done twen- ty-five years ago we would now be get- ting a handsome revenue from what is now useless and a great expense. The state forest of Ontario is now paying all the Province’s expenses. Inside of fifteen years a forest reserve can be made self-supporting. Inside of twen- ty-five years it is profitable. “The state land laws should at once be amended to prevent the sale of any state lands at less than a designated price per acre. At present they may be sold by state officials at any price. The state should be required to make a survey of the material on the land before this price is fixed. At present the state never knows what it sells. Reform of the state land laws is im- peratively necessary. Let us work for corrective legislation at the state capi- tol this winter.” A. B. Gahan, assistant state entomologist of Maryland, was recently called to Annapolis to investigate in- sect damage to chestnut telephone poles, set 5 to 7 years. At the point of contact with the ground the honey- combing of the outer portion by worms, followed or preceded by rot, had rendered the pole unsafe for fur- ther service. The worm is bluish-white in color and from an inch to an inch and a quarter long, and the borings are about one-sixteenth of an inch in di- ameter. The poles had been treated. Trouble with Poles Organization of the edu- cational work at Botti- neau, N. Dak., has re- cently been effected, under the law passed a few years ago providing for a state school of forestry (pp. 242, 243, “Federal and State Forest Laws.”’) In Northern North Dakota 538 Prof. R. R. Thompson, who is in charge of the school, writes that very much in the way of experimentation must be done, so that a forest seed bed and nursery will be instituted at once. The state experimental station is lo- cated in Cass county, near the Minne- sota line and much farther south, so that the results of investigations there can not be safely applied to the more rigorous climate farther west on the Canadian line. Mr. F. H. Sanford has been appointed instruc- tor in forestry at the Michigan Agricultural College. He graduated from the forestry course at the -same institution with the class of 1904, since which time he has been conducting a forest nursery in con- nection with other business. New Foresty Instructor A correspondent of the Paper Mill tells of an in- teresting experiment in reforestation being made at the Stur- geon River farm of S. W. Bridges, in Houghton county, Michigan, which gives promise of excellent results. The pride of the farm, which comprises 1,280 acres, is a grove of about 600 second growth pine, which Mr. Bridges has trimmed up and the underbrush removed from among them. The trees have grown nearly two inches in di- ameter and thirty inches in height dur- ing the past year. It is Mr. Bridges’s intention to trim up 1,000 more young pines this year. He is so well satisfied with present results that he thinks there wiil be money made in cultivat- ing second growth pine. Experiments in Forestry According to the annual report of; “States Pine Warden H. H. Ryerse, of Allenville, Mackinac county, forest fires in Michigan during the past sea- son destroyed timber and other prop- erty of estimated value of $460,482. There were 368 separate and distinct fires of which report was made to him, and of these 48 occurred in Marquette county, the greatest number in any county in the state. Mackinac had 32; Michigan Forest Fires FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION December Emmet, 31; Menominee, 26; Ontona- gon, 24; Schoolcraft, 22, and Cheboy- gan, 19. There was expended by the department in fighting fires the sum of $2,330, and in addition $687 was ex- pended in posting notices. The great- est havoc was done in Luce county, where there were nine forest fires which caused a total loss of $101,380. The value of the property destroyed in Presque Isle county, where twelve fires occurred, was $75,575 ; in Menom- inee, $69,700; in Delta, with fifteen fires, $59,040; in Dickinson, with four fires, $50,000; in Marquette, $42,075; in Mackinac, $19,265; Emmet, $12,- 275, and in Ontonagon, $10,995. The remainder of the loss—$19,477—-was sustained in Antrim, Alger, Alcona, Alpena, Baraga, Benzie, Charlevoix, Cheboygan, Chippewa, Gogebic, Iosco, Iron, Kalkaska, Keweenaw, Leelanaw, Manistee, Missaukee, Montmorency, Oscoda, Ogemaw, Roscommon, Otse- go, and Wexford counties. According to the Paper Mill, a scrutiny of the es- timated losses leads to the conclusion that the returns made to the State Warden have been very conservative. The value of the property wiped out in Chippewa county is given at $2,805, - when in the Troup Lake district alone forest fires raged for several weeks, and on more than one occasion threat- ened small towns and settlements. No losses are recorded for Houghton county, which had a number of bad fires during the summer, and the dam- age in Iron county, given at $1,525, appears much too low. The same may be said of the destruction in Alger, recorded at only $330, when a consid- erably greater loss is said to have been occasioned by one fire alone, this in the vicinity of Grand Marais. The esti- mate for Gogebic—$300—likewise ap- pears very conservative, and the loss of but $1,410 in Schoolcraft is certain- ly not too high. A discussion of stream pollution by acid-iron wastes, based on investi- gations made at Shelby, Ohio, has re- cently been published by the United Stream Pollution A Western Valley that will make a Prosperous Community when Irrigated. 540 States Geological Survey as Water Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 186. The author, Mr. Herman Stabler, gives the history of the pollution and the attendant litigation, explains the effect of acid-iron liquors upon sewer- age purification processes, describes the conditions along the streams, and discusses methods of disposing of acid- iron wastes without discharge into wa- tercourse or sewerage system. The in- vestigations conducted by Mr. Stabler were made under a co-operative agree- ment between the United States Geo- logical Survey and the State Board of Health of Ohio, each bureau partici- pating equally in the expenses in- volved. Stream pollution by ironworks efflu- ents has always been an important question in countries where the iron industries are prominent. The pollu- ting liquors, commonly known as “acid-iron”’ liquors, are derived from the “pickling process” common to gal- vanizing, tin plating, tube and sheet iron treatment. This “waste pickle” is not a desirable addition to streams (1) because it produces a reddish dis- coloration and turbidity, making the stream waters, bed, and banks unsight- ly; (2) because, by reason of its avid- ity for oxygen, it robs the waters of their natural supply of this essential gas and thereby, when it is present in comparatively large quantities, causes the death of fish, and (3) because it gives rise to a large quantity of iron in the stream, and thereby impairs the usefulness of the water for domestic and laundry purposes and for certain manufacturing processes. Members of the Sunny- Washington 5 Giosten side Water Users Asso- Notes ciation met at Prosser, Wash., west of Spokane, recently for the purpose of inducing holders of wa- ter contracts with the Washington Ir- rigation Company to sign contracts with the Government,- which will ex- tend the Sunnyside canal. ‘The main- tenance fee will be reduced to 60 cents per acre, as against $1.50 charged by the Washington Irrigation Company. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION December The proposition was well received and most of the members joined in the federal plan. Work has been begun on the Gov- ernment irrigation scheme in Okano- gan county, west of Spokane. The di- rect benefit of the project will be for Alma, Riverside, and all river towns. Conconully will be the supply end of the system, furnishing the water, the reservoir, and the altitude to give flow and power. Jay Lynch, agent of the Yakima In- dian reservation, west of Spokane, has received advices from Washington, D. C., that the Indian Department has ap- propriated $15,000 to extend the irri- gation work on the reserve. This means that 20,000 additional acres of the richest and in the Yakima Valley will be put under cultivation. J. E. Tupper, surveyor of Garfield county, south of Spokane, says the federal appropriation will be asked to make a survey and determine the feas- ibility of diverting water from the up- per Tucannon near the mouth of Cum- min’s Creek for irrigation. It is planned to construct several large reservoirs in the mountains by which an immense quantity of water can be stored during the freshest sea- son. Mr. Tupper believes the water can be conducted to the reservoirs at a reasonable cost. From these reser- voirs water could be distributed over the Dutch and Dataha flats, irrigating some of the best lands in the state. The general land office has just giv- en out a statement that nearly $500,- 000 was contributed by the State of Washington to the reclamation fund last year. The receipts from all sources were $4,822,084, much larger than the estimate made less than a year ago by the Secretary of the Interior; when that official was trying to determine the probable extent of the reclamation fund between than and 1908. A substantial foundation nee has been placed under Improved the Forestry building at the Lewis and Clark Exposition grounds, Portland. J. J. Hill showed 1906 his interest in forestry by contribut- ing $10,000 to cover the cost. The building is of great interest to tour- ists, and attracts as many as 500 vis- itors a day. F. H. Ray, assistant state bank examiner and member of the irrigation code commission of Montana, recently announced the details of a code sub- mitted to Gov. John K. Toole to be sent to the incoming legislature. These points are emphasized: The just and early adjudication of the many conflicting, uncertain water rights now recorded, and this at the least possible cost; the full and prompt protection of water right users with- out costly litigation ; to afford the per- sons of companies now owning or Montana ‘Code FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 5414 hereafter acquiring a water right clear and indisputable title to the same; to make of beneficial use the basis, meas- ure and limits of rights; to prevent waste; to have all records relating to water rights tabulated by stream sys- tems to the public at the State Engi- neer’s office, so that the title may be easily ascertain. A Department of For- Georgia ; Scnoolot estry was inaugurated at Forestry the University of Geor- gia on November 21. At the invita- tion of Chancellor Barrow, of the Uni- versity, Mr. Alfred Gaskill, of the For- estry Service, delivered an address on the “Progress of Forestry in the United States.” Mr. Alfred Akerman, formerly State Forester of Massachu- setts, will be in charge of the courses. PRESIDENT CALLS FOR IMPROVED LAND LAWS Ringing Special Message to Congress Shows Flagrant Abuses and Suggests Remedies PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT, in his special message to Congress, trans- mitted December 17, puts up to Con- gress directly the matter of furnishing relief from the workings of the pres- ent pernicious land laws. This message is of such wide importance that it is giv- en in full herewith: To the Senate and House of Represen- tatives : PUBLIC LAND LAWS. The developments of the past year emphasize with increasing force the need of vigorous and immediate action to recast the public land laws and adapt them to the actual situation. The tim- ber and stone act has demonstrated conclusively that its effect is to turn over the public timber lands to great corporations. It has done enormous harm, it is no longer needed, and it should be repealed. The desert land act results so fre- quently in fraud and so comparatively seldom in making homes on the land that it demands radical amendment. That provision which permits assign- ment before patent should be repealed, and the entrymen should be required to live for not less than two years at home on the land before patent issues. Oth- erwise the desert land law will con- tinue to assist speculators and other large holders to get control of land and water on the public domain by inde- fensible means. The commutation clause of the homestead act, in a ma- jority of cases, defeats the purpose of the homestead act itself, which is to facilitate settlement and create homes. In theory the commutation clause should assist the honest settler and doubtless in some cases it does so. Far more often it supplies the means by which speculators and loan and 542 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION mortgage companies secure possession of the land. Actual—not construc- tive—iiving at home on the land for three years should be required before commutation, unless it should appear wiser to repeal the commutation clause altogether. These matters are more fully discussed in the report of the public lands commission, to which I again call your attention. TO PREVENT LAND FRAUDS. I am gravely concerned at the ex- tremely unsatisfactory condition of the public land laws and at the prevalence of fraud under their present provis- ions. For much of this fraud the pres- ent laws are chiefly responsible. There is but one way by which the fraudulent acuisition of these lands can be defi- nitely stopped, and therefore I have directed the Secretary of the Interior to allow no patent to be issued to pub- lic land under any law until by an ex- amination on the ground actual com- pliance with that law has been found to exist. For this purpose an increase of special agents in the general land office is urgently required. Unless it is given, bona fide would-be settlers will be put to grave inconvenience, or else the fraud will in large part go on. Further, the Secretary of the Interior should be enabled to employ enough mining experts to examine the validity of all mineral land claims, and to un- dertake the supervision and control of the use of the mineral lands still be- longing to the United States. The present coal law limiting the individ- ual entry to 160 acres puts a premium on fraud by making it impossible to develop certain types of coal fields and yet comply with the law. It is a scan- dal to maintain laws which sound well, but which make fraud the key without which great natural resources must re- main closed. The law should give in- dividuals and corporations under prop- er government regulation and control (the details of which I shall not at present discuss) the right to work bodies of coal land large enough for profitable development. My own be- lief is that there should be provision December for leasing coal, oil and gas rights un- der proper restrictions. If the addi- tional force of special agents and min- ing experts I recommend is provided and well used, the result will be not only to stop the land frauds, but to. prevent delays in patenting valid land claims, and to conserve the indispen- sable fuel resources of the nation. RIGHTS OF WAY AND PRIVILEGES. Many of the existing laws affecting rights of way and privileges on public lands and reservations are illogical and unfair. Some work injustice by grant- ing valuable rights in perpetuity with- out return. Others fail to protect the grantee in his possession of permanent improvements made at large expense. In fairness to the government, to the holders of rights and privileges on the public lands, and to the people whom the latter serve, I urge the revision and re-enactment of these laws in one comprehensive act, providing that the ‘regulations and the charge now in force in many cases may be extended: to all, to the end that unregulated or monopolistic control of great natural resources may not be acquired or mis- used for private ends. PRIVATE HOLDINGS IN NATIONAL FORESTS. The boundaries of the national for- est reserves unavoidably include cer- tain valuable timber lands not owned. by the government. Important among them are the land grants of various railroads. For more than two years negotiations with the land grant rail- roads have been in progress looking toward an arrangement by which the forest on railroad lands within national forest reserve may be preserved by the removal of the present crop of timber under rules prescribed by the forest service, and its perpetuation may be assured by the transfer of the land to the government without cost. The ad- vantage of such an arrangement to the government lies in the acquisition of lands whose protection is necessary to the general welfare. The advantage to the railroads is found in the propos- ae 1906 al to allow them to consolidate their holdings of timber within forest re- serves by exchange after deeding their lands to the government, and thus to cut within a limited time solid bodies of timber instead of alternate sections, although the amount of timber in each case would be the same. It is possible that legislation will be required to au- thorize this or a similar arrangement with the railroads and other owners. If so, I recommend that it be enacted. WORKING CAPITAL FOR NATIONAL FORESTS. The money value of the national for- ests now reserved for the use and bene- fit of the people exceeds considerably the sum of one thousand millions of dollars. The stumpage value of the standing timber approaches seven hun- dred million dollars, and, together with the range and timber lands, the water for irrigation and power, and the sub- sidiary reaches an amount equal to that of the national property now un- der the immediate control of the army and navy together. But this vast do- main is withheld from serving the na- tion as freely and fully as it might by the lack of capital to develop it. The yearly running expenses are sufficient- ly met by the annual appropriation and the proceeds of the forests. Un- der the care of the forest service the latter are increasing at the rate of more than half a million dollars a year; the estimates of appropriation for the pres- ent year is less than for last year, and it is confidently expected that by 1910 the forest service will be entirely self- supporting. In the meantime there is the most urgent need for trails, fences, cabins for the rangers, bridges, tele- phone lines and other items of equip- ment, without which the reserves can- not be handled to advantage, cannot be protected properly and cannot contrib- ute as they should to the general wel- fare. Expenditures for such perma- nent improvementsare properly charge- able to capital account. The lack of reasonable working equipment weak- ens the protection of the national for- ests and greatly limits their produc- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 548 tion. This want cannot be supplied from the appropriation for running ex- penses. The need is urgent. Accord- ingly, I recommend that the Secretary of the Treasury be authorized to ad- vance to the Forest Service, upon the security of the standing timber, an amount, say, $5,000,000, sufficient to provide a reasonable working capital for the national forests, to bear inter- est and to be repaid in annual install- ments beginning in ten years. TRANSFER OF THE NATIONAL PARKS. The national parks of the West are forested and they lie without exception within or adjacent to national forest reserves. Two years ago the latter were transferred to the care of the Secretary of Agriculture, with the most satisfactory results. The same reasons which led to this transfer make advisable a similar transfer of the na- tional parks, now in charge of the Secretary of the Interior, and I recom- mend legislation to that end. INDIAN LANDS. Within or adjoining national forests are considerable areas of Indian lands of more value under forest than for any other purpose. It would aid great- ly in putting these lands to their best use if the power to create national forests by proclamation were extended to cover them. The Indians should be paid the full value of any land thus taken for public purposes from the proceeds of the lands themselves, but such land should revert to the Indians if it is excluded from national forest use before full payment has been made. GOVERNMENT CONTROL OF GRAZING. The control of grazing in the na- tional forests is an assured success. The condition of the range is improv- ing rapidly, water is being developed, much feed formerly wasted is now saved and used, range controversies are settled, opposition to the grazing fee is practically at an end, and the stockmen are earnestly supporting the Forest Service and co-operating with it effectively for the improvement of the range. 544 The situation on the open govern- ment range is strikingly different. Its carrying capacity has probably been reduced one-half by over grazing and is still falling. Range controversies in many places are active and bitter, and life and property are often in dan- ger. The interests both of the live stock industry and of the government are needlessly impaired. The present situation is indefensible from any point of view and it should be ended. I recommend that a bill be enacted which will provide for the government control of the public range through the Department of Agriculture, which alone is equipped for that work. Such a bill should insure to each locality rules for grazing specially adapted to its needs and should authorize the col- lection of a reasonabie grazing fee. Above all, the rights of the settler and FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION December home-maker should be absolutely guar- anteed. Much of the public land can only be used to advantage for grazing when fenced. Much fencing has been done for that reason and also to prevent other stock owners form using land to which they have an equal right under the law. Reasonable fencing which promotes the use of the range and yet interferes neither with settlement nor with other range rights would be thor- oughly desirable 1f it were legal. Yet the law forbids it, and the law must and will be enforced; I will see to it that the illegal fences are removed un- less Congress at the present session takes steps to legalize proper fencing by government control of the range. THEODORE ROOSEVELT. The White House, December 16, 1906. NEW NATIONAL FOREST RESERVES’ Plea for Preservation of Important East- ern Regions by Federal Government BY DR. THOMAS ELMER WILL Secretary American Forestry Association MONG the bills to be considered by Congress at the present ses- sion few, perhaps, if any, are of more far-reaching importance than that pro- viding for national forest reserves in the Southern Appalachian and White Mountains. That the “Switzerland of America” should be preserved should require no argument. The Southern Appa- lachian region, greater by far and much less appreciated, will receive chief attention in this paper. Beginning in Maryland and extend- ing southwestward through portions of Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Tennessee, is a narrow strip of mountain land including from four million to seven million acres. Here lofty mountains, forty-three of them six thousand feet and upward in altitude, gorges with perpendicular sides from five hundred to two thou- sand feet in height, cascades and waterfalls without number, and vast stretches of noble forest trees of be- wildering variety, produce a scene of surpassing magnificence. Within twenty-four hours’ ride of sixty million people we have here, in possibility, a national park and recrea- tion ground more generally useful than any other in the United States. On the material side, also, this re- gion is of great importance. Of the four great timber areas of the United States two alone remain; the North- western and the Southern Appalach- ian. In the latter is found our last *Reprinted by permission from the Review of Reviews. 1906 remaining important stand of hard woods. ‘lhe heav.est and most beauti- ful of such woods on the continent grow here. As stated by Secretary Wilson, “they contain many species of the first commercial value, and fur- nish important supplies that cannot be obtained from any other region.” Industrial interests of immense magnitude radiate from the Southern Appalachian Mountains. These moun- tains constitute the watershed of prac- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 045 ton mills, with capital stock of over forty million dollars. A half million of horsepower are already developed and being developed in the entire re- gion concerned, and millions more are available This power is, in places, applied di- rectly; in increasing measure, how- ever, it is being transmuted into elec- tricity, Subject, in that form, to trans- mission for great distances, electricity developed by. water power and utilized Landslide stopped by the Forest in the Southern Appalachians tically the entire South east of the Mississippi; for almost all important rivers of that section rise here. The valleys of these rivers include much of the best agricultural land of the South. Again, the cascades and falls above referred to represent not only beauty but use. As a motive force for driv- ing machinery they are of transcend- ent value to the South and to the whole country. ‘The Carolinas and Georgia alone employ over one hun- dred five thousand horsepower in cot- in manufacturing promises to work in the South an industrial revolution hardly second to that effected by Whit- ney’s cotton gin. Upon these forests three foes are concentrating their attack. First is the small farmer, who, crowded from the rich valleys, is endeavoring to hew for himself and his dependents a liv- ing out of the mountain side. To do this he clears a space, farms it in rude fashion and, in from five to twenty years, exhausts it; he now moves up the mountain side and repeats the pro- 546 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION cess. Erosion follows his operations, and the land becomes a series of worthless guliies. Next may be mentioned the profes- sional wood-cutters, inciuding tan-bark men, pulp men and lumberers. The first seek only the bark; but, like the hunter of flamingoes’ tongues or butf- falo hides, they leave behind them to rot, after collecting their tribute, a huge but worthless residue. The pulp man cuts clean, good, bad, large, small, old and young, thus making natural reproduction of the forest impossible. The lumberman takés what he wants, much or little, but by methods that destroy almost as much as he takes, and practically insure fires, which complete the work of denudation. Having conquered and burnt Carth- age, Scipio passed the plow through its site. The corresponding final touch is given to the deforested mountain slopes by the rains. While the forests remain, these regulate the run-off, holding back the water, passing it into the underground circulation, and in- suring, throughout the year, a sub- stantially equal stream flow, greatly to the advantage of agriculture, com- merce, manufactures and all other in- terests concerned. But the forests gone, and the very soil—a vegetable mold—eaten away by the flames, this conservative influ- ence no longer operates. ‘Torrents now rush down the mountain sides, filling streams and harbors, producing overflows, denuding farms of their soils or burying them with sand, de- stroying water powers and sweeping away railroads, bridges, factories, houses, even villages. In this way, as by the Pacolet disaster, property valued at four and a half million dol- lars has been destroyed in a single day; while, as in I9o1-’02, eighteen millions, have been carried away in a year. The continuation of this pro- cess means, as in vast areas in the Old World, the rapid transformation of the region affected into a desert. And the remedy? Experience, Euro- pean and American, teaches but one. Private initiative, and the individual December struggle for life and profit, necessitate the onward march of the forces of de- struction. A reversal of policy is es- sential. Laissez faire must give place to national ownership and administra- tion. On this, all concerned are agreed. The following testimonials are typical: “Tf no steps by the Government of the United States are taken the entire tree system of these states will be ob- literated, leaving the peaks and valleys of six great States of the Union di- vested of timber and foliage.’’—New York Tribune. “Tt is most sincerely to be hoped that this admirable scheme will be quickly and cordially taken up by Congress and carried to success. It is a case of now or never.’’—Boston (Mass. ) 7ran- Script. “Here are rich forests, capable, under Federal ownership and management, of producing a constant and increas- ing supply of valuable and necessary timber, fuel, and paper supplies, but which, under private ownership and control, are slowly but surely being converted into centers of widespread disaster.’’-Governor John McLane, of New Hampshire, before House Com- mittee on Agriculture, April 25, 1906. “The preservation of the forests, of the streams, and of the agricultural interests here described can be suc- cessfully accomplished only by the purchase and creation of a national forest reserve * * * Federal ac- tion is obviously necessary, fully justi- fied by reasons of public necessity, and may be expected to have most fortu- nate results.’’ Secretary of Agriculture Wilson, quoted with approval by Pres- ident Roosevelt. The bill now before Congress has the approval of all friends of the for- est. It appropriates $3,000,000 for the purchase of lands from which are to be created two national forest reserves, one in the Southern Appalachians and the other in the White Mountains. One million dollars is to be expended in New Hampshire and two million in the South. The authority to select the land and make the purchases is vested 1906 in the Secretary of Agriculture. The sum named will not complete the necessary work, but it will make a good and indispensable beginning. This bill has passed the Senate with- out dissent, and has been favorably reported from committee in the House. Members North and South, regardless FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 547 for it. This, in his address at Raleigh, N. C., he showed most clearly ; declar- ing, “Neither State nor nation can af- ford to turn these mountains over to the unrestrained greed of those who would exploit them at the expense of the future.” Whether or not this bill shall be- Forest Destruction in the White Mountains of party affiliations, are for the meas- ure; while for the West, with its vast reserve area, equal to the combined areas of all the States east of Ohio and north of Virginia, to oppose it, would seem peculiarly ungracious. In fact, the majority of the members of the House are understood to favor the bill. President Roosevelt is strongly come a law depends simply upon whether or not it may come to a vote in the House. The decision of this vital question lies with the Speaker. Thus far, he has opposed the bill. As the Boston Transcript well says, fer the Southern Appalachian-White Mountain bill it is “a case of now or never.” With the lands in question 548 the story of the Sybilline books is be- ing repeated. Their values are mount- ing by leaps and bounds. Again, action already had on the bill is good until March 4, next. After that, with failure in this session, it will be neces- sary to begin de novo. Beginning FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION December then, however, will be like locking the stable door after the horse is stolen, for the woods are falling now like au- tumn leaves. The time for decisive action is at hand. If we would save these forests we must save them now. SOME SUGGES 1 Oe see. FOREST INVES Ge es BY. TREADWELE CEEVEEAND I: U_ S, Forest Service HE, need of action set American forestry going before there was time for thorough investigation of the laws on which American forestry must be based. From the experience of other countries it was seen to be im- perative, here, to snatch the brand of our forest wealth from the burning of haste, business, and national short- sightedness, but proof was at first largely wanting, so far as our own con- ditions were concerned, to show the working of the causes which elsewhere had produced such dire effects. This new country, so large, crowded with so much diversity of life, climate and opportunity, presented problems far more numerous and comp.ex than did any of the smaller nations whose ob- ject-lessons we reaiized it would be very advantageous for us to follow. But we rightly assumed that the natural and economic forces which had brought calamity in Europe and Asia and Africa would make themselves felt in the Western Hemisphere, and we saw that it was good to oppose those forces, to avert that calamity. And ever since we were first convinced of this, and the leaders of American forestry called upon the country to hold up their hands in the new work, we have pressed on with the character- istic national vigor and hurry, insist- ing on forestry first and content large- ly to justify it afterwards. To the alertness, energy and sagac- ity which enabled us to do this without a firm scientific foundation for much of our work, we owe it that as a na- tion we have established American for- estry where science can now defend it, expand it, and gradually complete it. Had we delayed in order to possess ourselves in advance of every least local detail, American forestry would have taken its place in the realm of the might-have-been. This is the inces- sant paradox of American c.vilization —the wisdom of taking a leap in the dark, sure that the leap wi.l land us in the light. Thus we find ourselves with over half a billion acres of forest lands, of which 127,000,000 acres are now na- tional forests, representing the widest divergence of soil, climate and topo- graphy, and the richest variety of for- est flora in the world. In place of the single dozen commercial trees of Eu- rope we have at least seven dozen in America, and the same species are found growing in so many different localities and situations that within their natural range they show wide va- riation in form, size, and rate of growth. Every one of these commer- cial trees we must learn to know as in- timately as the European forester knows his spruce or his larch, his beech or his Scotch pine. We must know not only what kind of wood it 1906 produces but how it grows in the for- est, how well it succeeds in holding its own, unaided, in competition with other, less valuable, rival trees. Upon this knowledge depends our choice of control of species in forest manage- ment, and the details of the manage- ment. Without it, we can make but a sorry showing as technical foresters and can expect only loss in the long run in our account with the forest as business men. No amount of time in- telligently given to silvics can be wast- ed; the very fullest opportunities should be found, or made, to facilitate the investigation and classification of the forest habits and behavior of our commercial species. It is largely by his superior wisdom in this lore that the forester is able to show the way to the lumberman, who in most of the other branches of practical forestry has the clear advantage which comes of experience learned in the school of necessity. It is the lumberman’s busi- ness to know everything about the business side of the forest. As soon as the forester is prepared to show him the business of silvics, lumberman and forester, as wood growers, will stand evenly abreast. Without full knowledge of silvics grave mistakes easily occur in forest management. A little misunderstand- ing as to the comparative reproductiv- ity, growth-rate, tolerance, or root- firmness of two species may too surely result in the supremacy of an inferior tree and heavy financial loss in the eventual yield of a vast tract. A little misjudgment in the selection of a di- ameter limit, based on false silvical facts, may, by its effects on the after forest, prove far costlier than clean cutting would have been, with all the expense of planting and the longer wait for the new crop duly counted in. Our silvical knowledge, though growing, is still very incomplete. By whatever means may prove most effi- cient and economical, every effort should be made to add to it, to give it due weight, and to draw upon it sys- tematically. In the Forest Service sil- vics has long been eagerly pushed, and FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 549 now that the reserves offer such excel- lent experimental areas, it is hoped that the science will gain added im- petus. Our silvics has been first mentioned because it stands first in importance for the science and practice of forestry considered as the means of controlling the production of wood. Quite as im- portant economically is the problem of forests and water supply. In foreign countries this has been studied ex- haustively, and the invaluable function of the forest in impounding and gradu- ating to a useful rate of run-off the rainfall on a given area has been es- tablished and reduced to conclusive figures. No competent and impartial person doubts for a moment that this function of the forest is as active and vital in our own country. Without reference to the general physical laws on which it is based—laws which are, of course, broadly the same every- where and always—it has been abun- dantly verified by observers in regions where the forest, once normal, has been depleted or destroyed. But here again the newness of the conditions, differences of topography, climate, soil, and soil-cover, confront the Amer- ican forester virtualiy with a fresh problem, the details of which in their local significance he must work out for himself. Investigations of rainfall and run-off from well forested and from sparsely covered or denuded slopes, particularly over our western area of scant or unequal precipitation, are much needed as a means of devel- oping to its fullest capacity the ac- knowledged usefuiness of the forest as a water conservator. Another line of investigation, close- ly allied to the last, is more purely scientific, less directly practical, but of very high universal economic value. This is the relation of the forests to climate. Though it is generally accept- ed by European foresters that climate is not appreciably affected by the pres- ence or absence of forests, it may be that this position is supported only within the area limits covered by the foreign investigations. It is perfectly 550 obvious that any climatic influences which forests may exert must depend upon the extension of the forests over very large areas. A slight acquaint- ance with the laws of meteorology suf- fices to show this. In view of the ex- tended area of the United States, is it not within the bounds of possibilty that observation and historic research- es, supplemented by well-planned in- vestigations, may lead to results in this country which were not to be expected within the narrow boundaries of Eu- ropean states, results showing that for large regions the soil-cover, and con- sequently the forest most of all among the various sorts of soil-cover, is not without its measurable influence on the total distribution of moisture, on wind currents, on mean and extreme temperatures, in short, on the charac- teristic conditions of heat and atmos- phere which, together with geographic location, constitute climate? A rich field for investigation lies in wood utilization. This fact is already keenly appreciated, and manufacturers of lumber and wood products are most desirous of learning all there is to learn about the strength of our commercial woods and the best ways of handling them, and about the economies which can be effected in manufacture and construction work. They have ex- pressed an urgent desire to see inves- tigations of this character pressed by the Forest Service. The timber tests already completed and now being car- ried on by the Service, though as ex- tensive as funds and facilities permit, cannot begin to supply the full facts which wood users of all classes are calling for. They suffice to show, how- ever, that very much is to be expected from more exhaustive tests. It is vain to hope for a slackening FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION December in the demand for the better timbers, and equally vain to count on finding a’ supply indefinitely. The severest econ- omy is therefore urgent, and this can be safe only when the true strength of the desired woods is known. Where the end of supply is plainly in sight it is necessary, if possible, to draw upon little used woods as substitutes, and the less a given wood has been used the greater, naturally, is our lack and need of knowledge regarding it. All investigations leading to saving and substitution will prove of priceless value when we begin to enter, as soon we must, the period of scarcity that is to intervene between the exhaustion of our prime virgin timber and the coming to merchantable size of the second growth, for which our exces- sive early cutting has prepared the way so ill. The suggestion of some of the novel and useful data which this country may be destined to contribute to the science of forestry naturally leads to the subject of the benefits which are assured on both sides of the Atlantic through the affiliation of the United States with European countries in the International Association of Forest Experiment Stations, noted elsewhere in this issue. Each of the lines of in- vestigation just mentioned will be greatly furthered by the increased mu- tual exchange of knowledge and criti- cism between American and European foresters. With this step, the field of investigation has become practically world-wide; whatever is undertaken here, whatever is undertaken abroad, all forest science will have a share in the glory and all forest practice, di- rectly or indirectly, a share in the benefit. PROGRESS ON BUMPING, PROJECTS Unique Irrigation Works Being Constructed in Middle Northwest BY FANE WEEE Chief Engineer U. S. Reclamation Service At TER a recent visit to the Dakotas and Montana I am able to say that rapid progress has been made on the several pumping projects in North Dakota. These projects contemplate taking water from the Missouri River for use on adjacent lands. A thorough reconnaissance of the state has been made in co-operation with the State Engineer, Mr. A. L. Fellows, and it has been found that there are very few localities where any considerable area of land can be irrigated in the ordinary way by gravity ditches. There are tracts of from 5,000 acres to 10,000 acres and upwards scattered along the stream in the western part of the state, but in each locality it will be necessary to store the water at considerable ex- pense, more than can be considered at present, owing to the distance from lines of railroad. A general review of the situation in North Dakota indicates that develop- ment though irrigation must be along’ lines which are somewhat unique, namely, by pumping water from the river instead of taking it out by grav- ity. It is fortunate that throughout the part of the state where pumping is feasible there are considerable beds of lignite, thus affording a cheap fuel. ‘Taking advantage of this the Reclama- tion Service is endeavoring to make a demonstration of the feasibility of pro- curing water in this way. One of the chief difficulties encoun- tered in pumping from Missouri River is the fact that the stream is continu- ally cutting its banks, and thus it be- comes almost impossible to locate any structure like a pump on the banks un- less enormous expense is incurred in protecting it from the scour of the stream. This 1s particularly the case where the banks are somewhat low as they are along the irrigable areas. The engineers of the Reclamation Service have, however, attempted a solution of this difficulty in a very ingenious man- ner. They are building the power house and placing the heavy machin- ery for developing power at the coal mines, and are conveying the power by electric conduits to pumps which are located, not in substantial buildings on the banks, but upon barges moored to the shore. It is the intention during the winter season to draw these barges out of the river and haul them to points where they will be safe from ice gorges and sudden freshets. After the spring floods have subsided the barges can be launched and_ suitable connections made so that the pumps will deliver the water into several basins located at sufficient distance from the shore to be safe from encroachment by the shift- ing river. The work on construction of settling basins, power houses, and distribution system is well advanced, and it is ex- pected that the machinery will be put to the test in the spring. The difficul- ty, however, of securing labor and of getting machinery is such that it is im- possible to make predictions with any degree of assurance. There is a body of land of about 20,000 acres which will be placed un- der irrigation by gravity. This tract lies in the extreme wes‘ern end of North Dakota between the Yellow- stone and Missouri rivers. This land 552 will be reached by canals which head on the Yellowstone River about 20 miles below Glendive, Montana. The land is of excellent quality, and will be susceptible of a high degree of devel- opment. Reclamation work in Montana has advanced rapidly in spite of the diffi- culties of securing adequate labor. Many of the contractors have failed or have been on the verge of bank- ruptcy owing to the difficulty of se- curing laborers and the advance in price of the necessities of life. On the Huntley project, which is situated on the northern end of the Crow Indian reservation, the main canal and distributing system are near- ly completed. About 2,000 small struc- tures have been built for distributing the water, these consisting mainly of headgates, drops, turn-outs, culverts, and bridges. ‘On the Lower Yellowstone, in the extreme eastern end of the state, the headgates of the main canal have been FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION December constructed, these being placed flush with the bank of the Yellowstone Riv- er in a high bluff, in such position that it is not believed that ice gorges will injure them. The dam on the Lower Yelowstone has been let after much delay, owing to the difficulty of secur- ing favorable contracts. The main canal is reaching completion and a considerable part of the distributing system is also well along. On the Sun River work is progress- ing favorably on the subdivision of the lands and the preparations for early construction. ‘There are a large num- ber of legal questions and matters con- nected with rights of way yet to be settled. On the St. Mary River the canal construction is well under way, both by Indian labor.and by machinery. This work is not only of great magni- tude, but it is situated at an altitude such that the long winter seriously in- terferes with rapid progress. Al INDUSTRIES FURIE REID nie NATIONAL FORESTS Secretary of Agriculture in His Annual Report Clearly Shows Their Lasting Benefit to the West THE Report of the Secretary of Ag- riculture for 1906 contains a highly interesting exposition of the National forest policy now taking shape in the development and use of the reserves. The broad principle on which this policy rests is to secure to all the people, equitably, through public ownership of a great natural resource, the fullest and most lasting benefit from it. It is the same princi- ple in accordance with which the Pres- ident, in his message to Congress, rec- ommends the withdrawal and use of the public coal lands. “The withdraw- al of these coal lands,” writes the President, “would constitute a policy analogous to that which has been fol- lowed in withdrawing the forest lands from ordinary settlement. The coal, like the forests, should be treated as. the property of the public, and its dis- posal should be under conditions which would inure to the benefit of the public as a whole.” The report concerning the work of the Forest Service was partly as fol- lows: GROWTH OF RESERVE BUSINESS. In area the reserves were increased during the fiscal year 1905-6 from 85,- 693,422 to 106,999,138 acres. In reve- nue they brought in $767,219.96, as against $60,142.62 for the previous year. In timber sales there were dis- 1906 posed of for immediate or early re- moval nearly 300,000,000 board feet of lumber at stumpage prices ranging up to $4 per thousand (besides other ma- terial to a large value), as against 96,- 060,258 board feet, with a maximum price of $2.50 per thousand in 1904-5, and 69,257,710 board feet in 1903-4. The number of free-use permits grant- ed in the same years also showed progressive increase. In the year 1904-5 the reserves were under Forest Service control only after February I. One fiscal year of full control has established two important facts—that the reserves advance the present inter- ests of the people of the West and that they will speedily pay the cost of ad- ministering them. BENEFIT TO INDUSTRY. These national forests are being made useful now. The benefits which theyedtent@ secure are: not deterred benefits. Through Government con- trol the interests of the future are safeguarded, but not by sacrificing those of the present. Far from handi- capping the development of the states in which they lie, the reserves will powerfully promote development. They work counter to the prosecution of no industry, and retard the bene- ficial use of no resource. The wealth of the West lies, and will long lie, in what the soil will pro- duce and in what the earth hides. La- bor and capital will here find employ- ment mainly in turning to use the farm land, grazing land, timber land, and mineral ands of the region, and in the commerce to which these great productive industries will give rise. That the reserves beneficially affect all of these industries is becoming clearer to the peope of the West every day, and in consequence the policy of pub- lic administration of our unappropri- ated timber lands becomes more and more firmly etsabiished in the ap- proval of a united public sentiment. Local sentiment has sometimes been unfavorable to the creation of reserves before their effect upon the public wel- fare was understood; but opposition FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 553 has always dissolved under the test of actual experience. PROMOTION OF AGRICULTURE. ‘The reserves do not withhold land from agricultural use, but greatly in- crease the amount of available farm land. Though they were made from the most rugged and mountainous parts of the West and were intended to include oniy land unsuited for agri- culture, by the act’of_ June 11, 1906, the right is given settlers to home- stead within the reserves wherever strips and patches of tillable land can be found. At the same time, through their water-conserving power, these forests fix in regions of scanty rainfall the amount of land which can be brought under the plow, since at best much otherwise fertile land must go uncultivated for want of water. With- out forest preservation much of theland now under irrigation would have to be abandoned again to the desert. Thus the promotion of agriculture 1s one of the main ends of the forest-reserve policy. SUPPLIES FOR MINING. Mining in the West is mainly in re- gions surrounded by reserves or. in- cluded within them; but the reserves do not impede the development of mineral resources. On .the contrary, by guaranteeing future supplies of tim- ber they are indispensable to the fu- ture development of these resources, as the great mining interests well know. They do not interfere with the prospector, who has the same right to prospect and locate in forest reserves that he has on any other part of the public domain. PROTECTION OF GRAZING. Administrative control of the forest reserves is beneficial to the grazing industry. The sentiment of stockmen throughout the West is unitedly in fa- vor of such control, because of the gain to them now that the reserve ranges are safe from overcrowding and deterioration. Thus the rights of the individual user are respected, and 554 the permanence of this great resource is assured. JI wish to commend par- ticularly in this connection the hearti- ness and good spirit with which the as- sociations of western stockmen have co-operated in our efforts to enforce fair and just measures for the regula- tion of grazing in the interest of the public. to whom these forests belong. The charge of a grazing fee, made for tle first time during the past year, though reasonable in view of the ad- vantages of grazing regulation to the stockmen and the cost of reserve ad- ministration to the Government, and justly due in the interest of the public, might have been expected to cause dissatisfaction and friction. On the contrary, as soon as the reasons for the charge and the method in which it would be applied had been ex- plained, it was generally approved and paid willingly and promptly. It was followed by no falling off in the num- ber of stock grazed in the reserves. In some cases the associations of stock- men have voluntarily aided the Ser- vice in settling local difficulties. Their whole conduct has shown remarkable moderation, far-sightedness, and read- iness to recognize and accept what is in the permanent interest of their in- dustry, even though it involves the sacrifice of immediate personal advan- tage. LUMBER FOR USE. Finally, Forest Service administra- tion of the reserves is beneficial alike to the lumber industry and to the tim- ber-consuming public. There is now standing on the reserves not less than 300,900,000,000 board feet of mer- chantable timber. This is not locked up from present use as a hoarded sup- ply against future needs; it is ready for the immediate demands of a de- veloping country. It will not be rushed upon the wholesale market in compe- tition with the cheap stumpage prices of private owners anxious for ready money, and it will not be disposed of under a shortsighted policy of utiliza- tion which would leave a gap between the end of the present supply and the FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION December oncoming of the second crop; but it is and will continue to be available, first for the small user—home-builder, rancher, or miner—and then for the needs of lumber concerns, large min- ers, and railroads for which a timber supply is indispensable, and which in turn are indispensable to = prosperity of the West. WOOD FOR THE FUTURE. The supply of timber furnshed by the matured crop now on the ground is SO vast in proportion to the present demand that there might seem to be no need for caution in its use. Were no more cut than last year it would suffice for four hundred years. In the mature forest production is at a stand- still, so that from the point of view of the largest possible production of tim- ber lumbering under such methods as will insure a second crop is highly de- sirable. The demand upon the re- serves, however, is as yet insignificant in proportion to even the present need, most of which is met by the supply from private holdings. The reserves form the heart of the western timber lands. They are generally less acces- sible than the private holdings which surround them, and would naturaliy form the last resource of the lumber- man. They must be so maintained as first of all to be ready to meet the fu- ture demands of the regions in which they lie. With a growing population and expanding industries these de- mands will far exceed those of the present. The crucial problem of man- agement will be to insure a timber and water supply for the great West, and to conserve the summer stock ranges. To meet it successfully will require careful foresight and the best techni- cal information. Timber sales are now made with strict attention to the wel- fare of the forest, and at stumpage prices often decidedly in advance of the market. RESERVES SOON SELF-SUSTAINING. The income from the reserves is as yet but a small fraction of what may be expected as they approach full util- 1906 ization. Yet their administration is already on a sound business basis. Not only are they meeting from their re- ceipts a very large part of the cost of their maintenance; they are even now beginning to show a decided decrease in net expense to the Government. My estimate of the appropriation necessary to meet the general expenses of the Forest Service is less by $100,000 than the appropriation of last year, notwith- standing that the total area of the re- serves has been substantially enlarged by executive action; that increasing use necessitates greater expense of ad- ministration, and that in general the work of the Service is growing very rapidly. Though the administration of the reserves forms but a part of the field of work, it may confidently be ex- pected that within five years from the transfer of the reserves to this depart- ment the Forest Service will cost the taxpayer nothing whatever. REVENUE FROM PRIVILEGES. In reaching this result no unjust burden will have been laid on any in- terest. As public property the nation- al forests should yield to the public a reasonable return for whatever of value private individuals secure from them for their own profit. In accord- ance with this principle, applicants for special privileges—as rights of way, reservoir sites, powerhouse sites, and similar concessions—have been called upon to pay for such privileges on the basis of their commercial value. For example, in the case of water powers duly located under the state laws, but which can not be developed without the occupancy of reserve land, besides a charge for the land occupied, based on its value as forest land, a small charge per unit of power developed is made, not for the use of the water it- self, which is clearly private property, but for the conservation of the supply which the preservation of the forests furnishes, and which, were it not for the existence of the reserve, the water- power owner could secure only by himself acuiring great bodies of forest land. Such a charge is essentially FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 555 similar to the charge for stock grazed upon the reserves. It is a return for actual value received, and throws upon those who profit by public control of the reserves a share of the cost of maintaining that control. LOSS IN TAXES OFFSET. By wise and just provision of Con- gress in encating at its last session that Io per cent of the gross receipts from the national reserves shall be made over to the several states in which they are situated, for the benefit of the counties which would otherwise re- ceive no revenue from a part of their area, a real grievance was redressed. Even with the present use of the re- serves the benefits thus reaped from them by the communities in their neighborhood are of substantial im- portance. As time goes on the impor- tance of this provision will increase, and eventually the counties will find themselves far better off than they would have been without the reserves, for private ownership followed by ex- ploitation would have destroyed the sources of revenue by leaving little or nothing of permanent taxable value, whereas now every resource is con- served and will be made to pay its just share of income. Since the fundamen- tal purpose for which reserves exist is to secure the best permanent use of all resources, their effect is to add to property value, and by turning over Io per cent of their gross receipts to local use they will contribute far more to the local public needs than the taxes they would pay if they were pri- vate property. PROTECTION FROM FIRE. Protection of the reserves from fire has been the most important. task laid upon the Forest Service. It is cause for congratulation that the loss by fire during the year was so slight. In- deed, the saving which resulted from the organized care of the reserve force was undoubtedly worth more than the whole cost of administering the re- serves. Only about eight fires of any consequence occurred on the reserves 556 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION during the calendar year 1905, a sea- son of extreme dryness and one in which under ordinary circumstances the damage from fires should have been unusually large. This small num- ber was due in large part to the sys- tem of patrol, which leads to the dis- December covery of fires before much damage has been done. So far during the cal- endar year 1906 the damage from fire has been extremely small, even in com- parison with that in 1905. Increased efficiency of the patrol system, has led to this favorable result. THE RECLAMATTON: @lltip Table Showing Increase During Past Year and Total Amount Available for the Con- struction of Government Irrigation Works. According to a recent Land Office report the present status of the Re- moneys received from sales of public lands in the Arid States and Terri- clamation fund, composed of all tories, is as follows: Increment to : fund during Total reclama- | Recearadbeeaal Setevor hernitony fiscal year} tion fund to Ripeneent : ending June, to June 30, 06. : 30, 1906. PAT AZOMA We eran es sss oo Sie 2 shel] AED ROO 07 Leelee 298,417.90 | $ 152,193.13 Calirornias ? 2% 2 248,647.12 2,571,704.81 1S SOO sles Colorad Owe oes tees ee 508,866.67 2,478,600.56 | 1,264,086.29 et atON ee ne a ae A 301,234.62 2,335,934. 14 1191; 326.41 KEATISAS Meee cton ein eet Some 7155370200 PS ans call) 109,775.05 Montana wie a. a cuenerce antl 500,746.32 2,647 ,433.77 15350 0h? MNebraskat errr at cree seen (PRS? 749,222.69 382 103eo7 INVA al een oe ioe tertiee Lo 45,597.92 110,527.04 56,368.79 New Mexicot 36: - rats) 202,015.97 (23730921 368,916.29 Worth Dakotas 933,803.07 5,374,395.01 | 2,740,941.46 Oklgh oma’ si) nce sen eee 411,050.35 SP DSSey Doane 1,804,764.40 Oregon: Fay cee eae 461,281.65 | 5} 2305661599". 2,667,607 01 South Dakota...) 262, 3084125) 1,285,480.85 655,595.23 Wiah?: 26 ee 70,211.56 | 432,287.95 220,466.85 Washington ....... 494,182.57 | 3,545,615.58 1,808, 263.95 Wyoming... 234,744.23 1,420,545.65 724,478.28 TPotal. we ee $4, 882,084.10 | $ 32,958,192.12 | $16,808,677.98 rYA . The figures representing moneys received during the past fiscal year may be slightly revised when the re- ports have been finally audited by the Treasury Department of the United States. CONSERVATIVE VUNBERING IN CANADA * Would It Be Practicable for the Owners of Canadian Timber Limits to Practice BY Conservative Cutting ? E. STEWART eee asked a question here which cannot be correctly answered by sites or «No. Itimay, however, be safely said that it would be as imprac- ticable for the lumbermen of Canada as a whole to adopt the intensive sys- tems of Germany and other European countries, admirable as they are there, as it would be for them to introduce all the timber trees of those regions into this country and expect them to flourish under the changed conditions prevailing here. On the other hand I think the day has arrived when im- proved methods would be practicable and profitable in very many of our white pine forests. In the few remarks I make to-day I wish to deal with this question, not as a forester desiring to see forestry prac- tised for the benefit of the whole com- munity, for the conservation of the wa- ter supply and the enormous advan- tages which the perpetuation of this supply will render in the future for motive power, important as these mat- ters are, nor do I wish to deal with the question of a timber supply for future generations. ‘These considerations we will leave entirely aside, for the sake of brevity, and simply look at the ques- tion as business men, owning property and desiring to make the most possible out of it. *Address delivered at the Summer Meeting of In the first place let me ask you to take a pine tree, say eleven inches at the stump, growing on a limit two or three hundred miles from a mill here in Ottawa. That tree will per- haps make two twelve foot logs of an average diameter of nine inches. Ac- cording to Doyle’s rule that tree will yield thirty-eight feet board measure of lumber, principally sap. The cost of handling these small logs from the time they leave the dump till they pass through the saws is very nearly equai to that of two logs two or three times their size, to say noth- ing of the number of them that sink on their way down the streams. Does it pay even after these logs or poles have reached one of our large mills to keep the large number of men there employed waiting while they are going through the saws, especially when the product is not valuable? But provided there is a small mar- gin of profit, the question I wish to bring before you is whether it pays best to cut such timber or to allow it to stand till the yield from the same tree will be say five times as great, and the product of a much better quality, not to mention the increased price of the product which, with some fluctuations, is constantly increasing and will continue to increase. the National Wholesale Lumber Dealers’ Association of the United States, held at Ottawa, Canada. 558 I am quite aware that there are many things to be taken into account before it can be decided whether it will pay to reserve the smaller timber and maintain a constant supply by rotation cuttings. ‘This is a matter for investigation by the owner. I am of the opinion that on many of our white pine limits this practice could be put into immediate operation to the great advantage of the owners. In other cases where there is very little young timber the reverse might be the case. What I would do if I owned a limit on which there was a stand of pine of all ages, as is usually the case, would be to have a careful examination of it made, giving an approximate estimate of all the pine down to say twelve inches in diameter at the stump and of the quantities below that size, spe- cifying the number of trees at from twelve to ten inches, from ten to eight inches, from eight to six inches and from six to four, and all under that size, with a stem analysis to ascertain the rate of growth per annum. By this means it would simply be a matter of calculation whether I should cut such a limit close, or cut down only to say twelve inches at the stump, taking care to destroy as few as possible of the younger trees in felling. Barring one factor, namely, forest fires, no surer basis for calculation can exist. We would have as one factor annual growth definitely ascertained ; another would be the present value of this small timber if marketed at the present time; and the whole question resolves itself into this problem: Will the value of the increment of growth exceed the compound interest on the present value of this sapling stock? But in favor of the conservative meth- od we should also remember that in- terest is declining in our new country, while the value of stumpage is in- creasing, There is, however, another matter which should not be lost sight of in endeavoring to foster the younger growth. In removing the large pines we allow more light into the forest which will be followed by a faster KORESTRY AND IRRIGATION December growth of the young trees that have suffered from too great shade; but these large pines really do not cast nearly as much shade as the broad- leafed trees that usually grow mixed among the pines, and in the examina- tion to which I have referred it would be well to have those doing the great- est injury in this way to the young pines marked, and where possible, re- moved. In this work of survey or examina- tion of the limit and marking of the timber it is quite unnecessary to mark every pine that is to be immediately cut. With intelligent men instructions to cut nothing under a certain diame- ter should be sufficient. The lumbermen now conduct their affairs with great attention to details. They know the cost of logging, driv- ing, sorting of logs, milling, piling, and shipping, to the minutest detail, but it seems to me that they should commence one step further back and in their profit and loss account be able to state the value of the timber on their limits, not only that which is im- mediately merchantable, but that crop which is constantly growing and on which they can rely with the greatest certainty, if proper care is taken to prevent its destruction by fire. The farmer values his growing crop, but a grain crop is liable to be destroyed by rain, or by lack of it, by rust and other destructive agencies which sel- dom affect the growing pine. High as stumpage is now, when the increased use of timber is taken into account and the decrease in the supply, it seems inevitable that it will con- tinue to greatly increase in the future. It was thought by many that with the increased use of iron, brick, stone and cement in structural works the de- mand for timber would decrease, but statistics not only show an aggregate but a per capita increase in recent years. When we consider this and take a survey of the visible supply in the northern hemisphere we cannot but regard the warnings of a timber famine as procaimed by the ablest for- 1906 esters of the founded. M. Mélard, in a recent work enti- tled The Insufficiency of the World’s Supply of Timber, says: “There are but few countries in the north tem- perate zone at present able to supply large quantities of timber. Five are in Europe, namely, Austria-Hungary, Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Rus- sia; two are in North America, name- ly, Canada and the United States., It has been shown that the available sur- plus of Austria-Hungary, of Russia, and the United States, is seriously threatened by increase of population and by industrial development, and that of Norway by the abuse of the axe. There remain only three sources in which confidence can be placed for yet a little while; these are Sweden, Finland, and Canada. ‘They are ab- solutely and hopelessly insufficient. If Sweden, Finland, and Canada were to attempt to supply all the countries which reach out their hands for tim- ber their normal production, and their forests, too, would be disposed of completely in a very short time, reve- nue and capital alike.’ He concludes with the remark that “ a timber fam- ine is thus within sight.” Considering all these facts it seems to me certain that not the least valu- present day as well Bristow Adams. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 559 able part of many limits is the younger growth which at present, as I have endeavored to show, scarcely pays the cost of cutting, and that the owners of timber, especially of white pine, would only be acting with the fore- sight they show in other details of their business if they gave greater at- tention to this matter than heretofore. The time has arrived when the man who directs the lumberman’s opera- tions in the woods should have, in ad- dition to his practical knowledge of how to cut and take out logs to the best advantage, also some knowledge of the tree itself, the manner and rate of its growth and how to cut the other timber so as to foster that growth. In other words, he should be a forester as well as a practical logman, and it is fortunate that many young men, a majority of whom have been brought up in our rural districts, are now studying forestry in the colleges of the United States and Europe and spending their vacations in our lum- ber. woods, studying the practical part of the business; and I would strongly adivse our lumbermen to avail them- selves of the assistance of such men where in addition to their theoretical knowledge they prove themselves to be practical as well. The Month in Government Forest Work The investigation of al- leged illegal mining mining claims will be ex- tended to the Prescott Reserve, Ari- zona, during the month of December. The work will be performed by Geolo- gists L. G. Gillett, W. L. Walker, and S. H. Ball. They will probably exam- ine claims of like character in the Lin- con Reserve, New Mexico, after con- cluding work in the Prescott. The Forester has directed the super- visor of the Tahoe Forest Reserve, Cal., to seize any timber cut from the vacant odd sections of land returned as mineral by the survey, within 10 miles of the line of the Central Pacific Railroad. This timber was originally granted to the railroad company by the acts of July 1, 1862, and July 2, 1864, and the Forester held, as a basis for his direc- tions to the supervisor, that the failure of the railroad company to remove the timber within a reasonable time termi- nated its rights, since it could not be presumed that Congress intended to grant to the railroad company a per- petual easement in the land for the purpose of growing timber. This decision will apply to timber on mineral odd sections within the 10- mile limit of the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads. The Attorney-General has been re- quested to begin suits in the following cases: Orenshaw, saloon, Aexander Archipelago Reserve; Thomas Shan- non, contempt proceedings to punish for violation of injunction, Little Belt Legal Matters Reserve; Merin Marshall, fire, Weiser Reserve. In the case of J. H. Schworer, privi- lege trespasser in the Bitter Root Re- serve, the Forester rejected the appli- cation of a defiant trespasser for the classification, listing, and opening to homestead entry under the act of June II, 1906, of land held by him in tres- pass. Simon Romero was arrested on Oc- tober 28 for grazing trespass on the Jemez Reserve and held in default of bail in the sum of $250. On Novem- ber 21 Romero’s offer of $108.15, in settlement for the civil damages was accepted. . In the following cases offers of set- tlement for the civil damages have been accepted: M. H. Knapp, eject- ment, Blue Mountains Reserve; Ben- ton R. Bailey, timber trespass, Kla- math Reserve; Alta Russell and John Russell, timber trespass, Mount Rain- ier Reserve; Andrew Norrell, grazing trespass, Park Range Reserve. The following special privilege per- mits for power-developing projects were issued by the Forester between October 15 and November 15: Stanislaus Electric Power Compa- ny: Dam, conduit, and power house on Deadman Creek; dam, conduit and power house on Upper Stanislaus Riv- er ; dam and reservoir on Relief Creek ; dams and reservoir at Kennedy’s Meadow, on the Stanislaus River; a wagon road and camp site to be used in the construction work carried on by 1906 the company ; all in the Stanislaus Re- serve, California. Nevada Power Mining and Milling Company: Reservoir and pipe line in the Northern Division of the Sierra Reserve, California. Tuolumne. Eectric Company: Al- pine, Tamarack, and Las Vegas reser- voirs, together with a camp site to be used in construction work in the Stan- islaus Reserve, California. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION s 561 nal Company, reservoir, Battlement Mesa Reserve, Colorado; Washington Irrigation Company, reservoir, Uinta Forest Reserve, Utah; Colorado and Grand River Railroad Company, rail- road, Medicine Bow Reserve, Colo- rado. The following rules are being carried out in marking timber on the Allen Gold Mining Company sale of Forest Management MEETING OF SUPERVISORS ON ARIZONA RESERVES AT FLAGSTAFF. Reading from left to right beginning with front row—Harold Marshall, J. B. Adams, R C. McClure, L. C. Miller, J.S. Holmes, J. W. Farmer, T. F. Meagher, L. F. Kneipp, W. H. Reed, John Kerr, J. H. Allison, E. F. Morrissey, Mrs. Moris- sey, Mr. Breen, F. S. Breen, F. C. W. Pooler, A. J. Norton. The following right-of-way cases, referred from the Department of the Interior to the Forester for report, as to whether the projects would inter- fere with forest-reserve interests, were returned to that Department between October 15 and November 15 with favorable reports by the Forester: Harry Hale and G. A. Pulver, res- ervoir, Battlement Mesa Reserve, Col- orado; Mesa Creek Reservoir and Ca- 50,000,000 feet in the Hell-Gate For- est Reserve: (1) Cut in alternate strips of 150 and 75 feet in width, respectively, va- rying the location of these strips to conform to the nature of the stand, the strips to run with the slope. (2) Cut everything merchantable from the 150-foot strips. (3) In the 75-foot strips leave groups of seed trees covering at least 562 one-half the area of the strip and sep- arated by openings running across the slope. (4) Leave for seed, trees from 7 to II inches in diameter, inciusive, con- sidering the ideal seed tree as a I10- inch tree. Trees of 12 inches and over are to be left for seed only when smaller trees are lacking. (5) Leave for seed sound trees so far as possible, but remember that in- jured lodgepole decays slowly, and that it is far more important that the groups should be full than that they should consist of perfect trees. (6) To state Rule 5 differently, cut from the groups everything that will make lagging, converter poles, or I0- inch stulls, except when the scarcity of other material makes the leaving of some stull trees necessary. (7) All trees to be thrown and brush to be piled outside the groups. In no case need refuse larger than 6 inches in diameter be piled for burning. Wherever possible, spruce should be favored in the reproduction as against lodgepole pine. The forest is mainly a.pure stand of lodgepole pine substantialiy even-aged but of various diameters. ‘These rules do not apply to those portions of the stand where old trees are standing in the midst -of even-aged’. younger growth, or where the condition of the forest makes scattered seed trees nec- essary. ‘ A numberof lumber companies which have suffered heavy losses by windfall of boxed trees and by reduc- tion of grade through deep chipping have abandoned turpentining their pines before lumbering. The Kaul Lumber Company, of Birmingham, Ala., among others, is looking earnest- ly to the possible application of the im- proved method of chipping with which the Service has been recently experi- menting in Florida, and has applied to the Service for information and ad- vice. The Service herbarium now includes specimens of most of the tree species indigenous to the United States. In Dendrology FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION December order, however, to make it complete and of fullest use it is necessary to ob- tain specimens of the species still un- represented, as well as duplicate speci- mens of the represented species from different parts of their range, so that as far as possible variant as well as typical characters may be illustrated. The specimens on file have been gathered almost entirely by members of the Service. A circular of instruc- tions and requests to field members of the Service is shortly to be issued as an aid to collecting specimens now lacking. - A. structural study of wood from “dead” trees has been undertaken for the purpose of finding a_ practical means of distinguishing such wood from seasoned or partly dried wood from live trees. Consumers of pole and tie timber are having difficulty in separating “dead” and “live” wood stock which is purposely or otherwise made up of dead and live timber. Moreover, for many purposes, the dead wood of some species is very in- ferior in durability and strength to the wood of live trees. The special influence which the pro- tective covering of tree fruits and seeds have upon the germination of seeds is being carefully studied, microscopic- ally and otherwise, in order that bet- ter directions may be given in the stor- age and planting of such seeds. Wide variation exists in the time and _ per- centage of germination of seeds of the same species, though they have similar coverings. A like variation ex- ists between seeds of different species but with similar coverings. Their be- havior under the same storage condi- tions is also strikingly variable, with- out apparent reason. It is expected that the investigation now under way will throw light upon the many prac- tical difficulties connected with the handling and germination of tree seeds. Reports on watershed studies in the Elkhorn ind Helena reserves have been received from J. F. Bond. He fnds that forest planting will not be Forest Extension 1906 advisable to benefit city watersheds in either reserve, since they are fairly well forested, and such small areas as occur are unimportant or are unfa- vorable for planting. He recommends, however, that intensive fire protection be given, that grazing be restricted, and that no timber cutting be allowed except for local use on the watersheds of Basin Creek in the Helena Reserve FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 5638 Plans for nine rangers’ nurseries in the Jemez Reserve have been sub- mitted by F. J. Phillips. Most of the sites are at elevations of from 7,000 to 9,000 feet. The recommendations cover the preparation of the ground, seed collecting, and planting. Yellow pine, red and white fir, and Engelmann spruce are to be used. J. D. Guthrie has reported that there MEETING OF SUPERVISORS OF OREGON RESERVES AT PORTLAND. Reading from left to right, beginning with front row—A. S. Ireland, M. L. Erickson, J. B. Adams, D. D. Bronson, G. B. Coleman, F. E. Olmsted, H. K. O’Brien, S. S. Terrill, D. B. Shuller, S.C. Bartrum, W. H. B. Kent, E. T. Allen, G.F. Allen, Fred Hanson, H.F. Potter, John M. Schmidt, G. W. Milham, E. E. Carter and of McClellan and Beaver creeks in the Elkhorn. S. N. Spring, who has been con- ducting watershed studies on the Lead- ville and Sevier reserves, finds that while the general water supply for towns depending on reserve drainage basins is adequate, planting is much needed to improve the stream flow for irrigation purposes. are few desirable sites for rangers’ nurseries in the San Francisco Moun- tains and Grand Canyon (South) re- serves. One site has been selected in the latter reserve and a small nursery established and two sites have been selected in the former. As noted in the November program, a promising watershed planting pro- ject has been found in the Pecos Re- 564 serve. Headquarters for a nursery and station will probably be estab- lished on Santa Fe Creek, about six miles from Santa Fe, on the Amanda Boardman ranch, which the president of the Santa Fe Water and Light Com- pany has offered to purchase and place at the disposal of the Government for nursery purposes. About 50,000 seedlings from the Henninger’s Flat nursery will be plant- ed by rangers in the San Gabriel and San Bernardino reserves as soon as the rainy season begins. Rangers will receive about 1,500 trees each, with instructions for planting them in fa- vorable situations in their districts. In this way the seedling output will be increased at slight expense and a large number of experimental plantations will be started throughout the reserves. Work on the new station building at the Halsey station is progressing rapidly. It is.expected that the build- ing, which is to be a 1%-story concrete block structure, will be completed dur- ing the winter. As part of the new record-keeping system for the planting stations a set of cards has been issued covering ‘‘seed sowing,” “seedlings,” “transplants,” “field planting,” “‘field plantations.” The cards, which give a complete rec- ord of nursery and planting operations, seedlings on hand, and condition of plantations, are to be filled out in du- plicate on May 15 and November 1 each year. One set is to be sent to Washington and the other retained for the station files. An examination of the lands of the Lehigh Coal and Navigation Com- pany in Monroe, Carbon, and Schuy- kill counties, Pa., has been completed by A. S. Peck. These comprise four separate tracts of about 60,000 acres and offer an interesting variety of forest conditions. The Monroe county lands are held to protect the headwaters of the Le- high River. Most of this region has been denuded of merchantable species, so that forest planting is necessary, and in order to make this practicable the fire danger must be reduced. The FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION December planting plan for about 1,100 acres in the vicinity of Tobyhanna, Pa., already submitted to the company, provides for the planting of Scotch pine, short- leaf pine, red pine, pitch pine, white pine, European larch, Norway spruce, tamarack, and red oak, with a view to demonstrating the best treatment for the remainder of the lands in this re- gion. Its recommendations include a fire patrol, the clearing of fire lines, the use of old roads in fire fighting, and the building of a watch tower. The Carbon county and Schuykill county lands are naturally favorable for chestnut, red oak, European larch, and Scotch pine. The demand for tim- ber of ail sizes for use in the mines will make forest planting profitable, provided that fire is prevented. A re- port will be submitted later recom- mending planting for a small typical area capable of being protected from fire at slight expense. It will be ad- vised that a forester be employed to have full charge of this tract and to assist the superintendent of the Mon- roe county lands, who has himself had some training in practical forestry. The study of tree planting in agri- cultural regions in California, in co- operation with the state,.is practically completed. S. J. Flintham, who has been engaged in this work, 1s now pre- paring-a report on eucalyptus planting, which is part of the general planting study, and before returning to Wash- ington will secure the additional data needed for a report on planting on nonagricultural lands. A series of experiments are now in progress at Escanaba, Mich., to fur- ther test the open-tank method for treating telephone poles. Arborvite poles are now being tried to supple- ment last year’s tests on chestnut and white cedar. An average penetration of three-fourths of an inch, with a maximum of over an inch, has already been secured on the arborvite. Brush treatments with carbolineum and creosote are also being tried on the arborvite poles. At the comple- Forest Products 1906 tion of this series of tests poles will be set in an experimental line for the pur- pose of obtaining comparative results. The Forest Service has recently been investigating the method of treat- ing tamarack and hemlock ties used by the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad at its plant at Escanaba, Mich. A number of ties have been cut at various seasons of the year and allowed to season, and are now being t FORESTRY AND [IRRIGATION 565 with seasoned untreated and green un- treated ties, will later be placed in an experimental tract for comparative tests. C. G. Crawford, after an inspecting trip to the mines of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal and Iron Company, reports highly encouraigng progress in the experimental treatments which the company is carrying on to ascer- tain the best methods of handling and MEETING OF SUPERVISORS OF CALIFORNIA RESERVES AT NORTHFORK. Reading from left to right, beginning with front row—E. S. Mainwaring, J. B. Adams, M. B. Elliott, S. L. N. Ellis, C. H. Shinn, Geo. A. Coleman, J. R. Bell, R. L. P. Bige- low, W. M. Slosson, L. A. Barrett, A. H. Hogue, Coert DuBois. treated in a series of experimental runs at the Escanaba plant. It has been found that green tamarack and hem- lock weighing as much as 48 and 50 pounds per cubic foot can not be treat- ed successfully, but that when the tim- ber is seasoned to a weight of 38 to ° 42 pounds per cubic foot good results can be obtained. Both the Burnettiz- ing and the Wellhouse processes have been used. The treated ties, together treating mine props. Though the treat- ed timbers have been in the mines only about four months their superiority is shown by the fact that they remain free from the decay which has attacked the untreated timber. Plans are now under way for the erection of a small commercial plant to test further the advisability of using treated timbers on a larger scale. W. E. Herring, formerly connected 566 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION with the Irrigation and Drainage In- vestigations of the Department of Ag- riculture, has been placed in charge of the Section of Reserve Engineering and will have general supervision of all engineering work on reserves done by private interests or by the Forest Service. Tests to determine the relative strength of the various timbers on the reserves are in progress at the Service testing station at Seattle, Wash. The test material now on hand includes AI- pine fir and Engelmann spruce from the Pecos Reserve, New Mexico; red fir and western yellow pine from the Pikes Peak Reserve, Colorado; Alpine _ fir, Engelmann spruce, and lodgepole pine from the Medicine Bow Reserve, Wyoming. J. B. Knapp, in charge of the Ser- vice timber-testing station at Eugene, Oregon, has accepted the directorship of the testing laboratory of the Uni- versity of Oregon, where the testing station is located. During the past six months M. Cline has spent a month or more at each of the timber-testing laboratories, in or- der to bring the testing methods up to a uniform standard of efficiency. The following addresses on forestry subjects were delivered in November: Northeastern JTowa Horticultural Society, Charles City, lowa, November 20 to 22); HP. Baker National Slack Cooperage Manu- facturers’ Association, Chicago, IIL, November 21; Findley Burns. National Hickory Manufacturers’ Association, Chicago, IIl., November Bo lense Holroyd. University of Georgia (opening of course in forestry), Athens, Ga., No- vember 27; Alfred Gaskill. Wm. L. Hall has accepted an invita- tion to address the Railway Club of Pittsburg, Pa., on the evening of De- cember 28. His subject will be “Econ- omy in Using Railroad Timber.” Addresses Dr. A. L. Dean attended a meet- ing of the Leather Chemists’ Associa- December tion in New York City November 22 and 23. The chemists state that all oak extracts are now adulterated. A. F. Potter, inspector Grazing of grazing, returned to Washington November 25. The grazing arrangements and authorizations for 1907 will be taken up and acted upon without delay. merece The Ekalaka Reserve, Organization Montana, established No- vember 5, has been placed under administration, with Supervisor J. F. Smith, of the Black Hills Re- serve, in charge, with headquarters at Deadwood, S. Dak. Supervisor Ira E. Todd, of the Lit- tle Belt Reserve, Montana, has as- sumed charge of the Snowy Mountains Reserve, Montana, created November 5, with headquarters at Neihart, Mont. The Big Hole Reserve, Montana, es- tablished November 5, is now under administration, with Supervisor J. B. Seely, of the Madison Reserve, in charge of the Southern Division, with headquarters at Sheridan, Mont., and Supervisor E.. A. Sherman, of the Hell Gate and the Montana Division of the Bitter Root reserves, in charge of the northern portion, with headquarters at Missoula, Mont. The Sierra Madre Reserve, Wyo- ming, established November 5, has been placed under administration, with Supervisor L. G. Davis in charge, with headquarters at Saratoga, Wyo. The Crazy Mountains Reserve, in Montana, established August 10, has been placed under administration, with FE. C. Russell, Forest Supervisor, of the Absaroka Division of the Yellow- stone Reserve, in charge. The Super- visor’s headquarters will be at Living- ston, Mont. The Pryor Mountains ReServe, in Montana, established November 6, has been placed under administration, with W. H. Pearce, Forest Supervisor, of . the Shoshone Division of the Yellow- stone Reserve, in charge. The Super- visor’s headquarters will be at Wapiti, Wyo. J. E. Burton and P. T: (Coolidge, 1906 Technical Assistants, on the Bitter Root Reserve, in Idaho, and the Big Horn Reserve, in Wyoming, respect- ively, have been temporarily detailed to the Wyoming Division of the Medi- cine Bow Reserve. They will mark timber on the 165,000,000-foot sale to the Carbon Timber Company. F. A. Fenn, Supervisor of the Pay- ette and Sawtooth reserves, in Idaho, has been temporarily detailed to or- FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 567 W. B. Greeley, formerly Forest In- spector, has been transferred to the office of Reserve Organization and made Supervisor of the Sierra Re- serve (South), California, November 17, to replace Harrison White, re- signed. R. H. Charlton, Forest Supervisor, of the San Gabriel and San Bernar- dino reserves, reports that the fire- ‘breaks through the chaparral have SUPERVISORS’ MEETING, COLORADO RESERVES, AT GLENWOOD SPRINGS. Reading from left to right, beginning with front row—W. T. Cox, J. A. Blair, S. N. Spring, J. B. Adams, W.R. Kreutzer, O. C. Snow, D. Brembry, F. C. Spencer, E. R. Hodson, F. R. Sherwin, H. K. Porter, H. French, David Anderson, Harry Gibler, S. N. Husted, F. A. Morrill, Eugene Williams. ganization work, and will start the administration work of the Coeur d’Alene Reserve, established Novem- ber 6. Arrangements have just been made to purchase a 60-foot 40-horsepower boat for the use of Supervisor Lan- gille, of the Alaskan reserves. The irregularity of the country and _ the long coast line render this necessary for administration purposes. ‘The boat will carry a crew of two men. proved effective in stopping fires. On November 5 a large fire, carried to- ward the San Gabriel Reserve by a heavy wind, was stopped completely by a 40-foot fire line which had been thor- oughly cleaned and grubbed out. Robert J. Selkirk has been paced in charge of the newly created Hauchuca Reserve, in Arizona, with headquar- ters at Patagonia. David Barnett has been appointed Ranger in Charge of the Charleston 568 Reserve in southern Nevada, which has just been organized, in order to prevent timber stealing. To assist Mr. Barnett, Deputy Forest Supervisor D. S. Marshall has been temporarily transferred from the Uinta Forest Re- serve, Utah. H. J. Brown, formerly Technical Assistant on the Sierra ‘Réserve (North), has been sent to assist W. J. Weigle-in marking timber on the Wyo- ming Division of the Medicine Bow Reserve. F. S. Breen, Forest Supervisor of the Black Mesa, San Francisco Moun- tains, and Grand Canyon (South) re- serves, Arizona, has been temporarily detailed to assist in the Office of Re- serve Organization at Washington. T. S. Woolsey, Assistant Forest Inspec- tor, will take charge of these reserves during his absence. On November I to 3 a joint Ran- gers’ meeting was held at Monte Vis- ta, Colo. F. C. Spencer, R. W. Shel- labarger, and Eugene Williams, For- est Supervisors of the San Juan, Coch- etopa and Wet Mountains, and San Isabel reserves, respectively, with ran- gers, attended. The following techni- cal men were present: R. S. Kellogg, E.R. Hodson, H. SS) Sacketts and John T. Wedemeyer. FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION December A. W. Jensen, Forest Supervisor of the Manti Reserve, Utah, reports a very sucessful rangers’ meeting at Ephraim, Utah, October 21 to 27. W. C. Clos, Inspector of Grazing, was present and took part in the discus- sions on grazing. Thirteen ranger stations have been established in the San Francisco Moun- tains Reserve, 18 in the Battlement Mesa, 38 in the Medicine Bow, I1 in the Montezuma, and 14 in the San Isabel. J. W. Farmer, Forest Supervisor of the Mount Graham Reserve, has been temporarily detailed to examine appli- cations for lands in Arizona made un- der the act of June 11, 1906. H. A. FE. Marshall will assume supervision of Supervisor Farmer’s reserve during his absence. O. -C. Snow, Forest ‘Ranger in Charge of the La Sal Reserve, Utah, has made arrangements with the Blue Mountain ‘Telephone and_ Electric Company by which, in consideration of 500 poles, the Service will be allowed free use of the telephone lines to be constructed between La Sal and Moab, with the additional privilege of attach- ing to this line at any point. PALO VERDE: THE EVERGREEN Riga OF THE DESERT; BY PROFESSOR FRANCIS E. LLOYD O the artist and botanist alike the play of colors in the desert is most fascinating, and not a small part in the change of coloration from month to month is taken by the flowers, which develop in great numbers and with remarkable rapidity after the seasonal rains, which occur in early spring and in the late summer. The fact that there are two rainy seasons in our *Reprinted from The Plant World. southwestern deserts results in what we may very well describe as two springs, instead of spring and autumn. It is noteworthy, however, that the plants which develop into flower and fruitage after the summer rains are not in general the same as those which develop during the spring. It is my purpose in this article to speak particularly of a plant which, 1906 during the latter part of April and early May, supplies the dominant note of coloration in such regious as the desert about Tucson, Arizona. I re- fer to the palo verde, of which there are three species, known as Parkinso- mia microphylla, P. aculeata and P. Torreyana. According to Sudworth’s check list of forest trees of the United States,* the name Cercidium Torreya- num (Wats.) Sargent, is given to the last mentioned species, but for reasons of which I shall speak later it would hardly seem justifiable to separate generically P. Torreyana from the other two species. I shall describe first the small leaved palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) (Fig. 23), which is found growing upon the rocky foothills of southern Arizona, California and Sonora, Mexi- co. This plant is as distinctly charac- teristic of this habitat as are the Giant cactus or Suguaro, the Ocotillo (Fou- quieria splendens) and a considerable number of other plants, which in this connection need not be mentioned. It is a small, somewhat irregular tree, ten or twelve feet high, with more or less twisted and contorted limbs clothed with a green bark, this feature being common to all the species, and by which the name “palo verde” is very properly suggested, the name be- ing Spanish for “green tree.’ The tree usually grows quite plentifully upon the stony hillsides, and in some places, at the time when other vegeta- tion is less conspicuous than usual, has the aspect of a small apple tree, the whole formation looking rather orchard-like. During the early spring the smaller branches, which are lithe tapering twigs, are clothed with bi- pinnate leaves of a rather curious char- acter. The single leaf has a very short rachis, so small indeed as to escape observation at first. From this spring two slender pinnae an inch or so long, which bear six or eight minute orbicular pinnules, scarcely an eighth of an inch in diameter. So small are the leaves that when they fall, as they FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 569 do during the latter part of April, very little difference is to be noted in the general aspect of the tree, although of course this will depend upon the density of the foliage, which varies with different individuals. ‘The leaves, as is true of the Leguminosae in gen- eral, are capable of “sleep” move- ments, the leafllets of the third order folding together upwardly upon the approach of night. When the leaves wither and fall away the pinna as a whole separates from the main, though very small, rachis, the pinnules some- times remaining attached but usually falling away separately. The taper- ing twigs are, when young, slightly pubescent and as they mature their ends develop into thorns. On _ ac- count of the tapering form of the nu- merous twigs, and their whip-like flexibility, the tree has an exceedingly graceful form. Its delicate evergreen hue always gives its habitat a note of color, even during the dryest seasons of the year when most, if not all, of the remaining vegetation has become more or less neutral in tint. The flowers, which are borne in great numbers, are almost radially symmetrical, the only evidence that the flower is of the type of the Legu- minosae being seen in the vexillum or upper petal, which is of a somewhat different form from the rest, being supplied with a longer claw, and white in color, while the rest are light, lemon yellow. The presence of the white petal is sufficient to modify the total color of the flower masses into a rath- er pale, greenish yellow, distinguish- ing it at once by this feature alone from the other species. The dorsiven- trality of the flower is also marked by the unequal stamens and by their posi- tion, and also by the form of the pod, which of course is quite true to the family type. As soon as the insect life in the desert is set in motion by the rising sun the flowers are visited by myriads of insects of all kinds, so that as one stands near a tree their buzzing is very loud. The fruit, which *Bulletin No. 17, U. S. Dept. of Agri culture, Division of Forestry, 1898. 570 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION develops rapidly during the early sum- mer, consists of a papery pod bearing from one seed to a half dozen, each one of which is separated from its neighbor by a marked constriction of the pod, which at its outer end is con- tinued into a slightly curved, rather long beak. The whole of the pod when ripe splits into two layers, the inner of which consists of a narrow strap of tissue which extends through- out the whole length of the pod, and is no wider at any point than is the constriction which occurs between the seed chambers. ‘The outer layer, on the other hand, is the part which gives the form to the pod, and it will be seen therefore that during the ripening the inner layer or endocarp takes no part in the secondary enlargement of the pod, which accompanies the enlarge- ment of the seeds. This feature dis- tinguishes this species and P. aculeata from P. Torreyana, in which latter the whole pod develops without constrict- ing between the seeds, and has a form very like that of an ordinary pea pod. P. Torreyana, known also as the green-barked acacia, is a larger tree than P. microphylla, with, however, the same general habit of growth. save that the branches are somewhat less twisted and the terminal twigs longer. This tree grows in ‘“‘washes,” and apparently needs more water than its neighbor. It flowers very abun- dantly, the tree becoming a mass of brilliant yellow when in full bloom. The twigs are usually armed with short thorns, which are very short, leafless branches. The leaflets of this species are considerably larger, and the prominent petal, which in P. mi- crophylla is white, is here yellow dot- ted with red, though slightly different in form from the rest of the petals. The pod of P. Torreyana, superficially regarded, differs materially from that of the other species, inasmuch, as above pointed out, there is no constric- tion between the seeds, or at any rate, very little, and this not constant. The ovary wall is papery, however, and while similar in general appearance to that of the common pea pod, differs December from it in the splitting of the outer and inner layers of the wall. In the region of the seed, where the pod has under- gone a litte further growth accompa- nying the growth of the seed, the inner layer, or endocarp, is found to have been arrested in its development, and so is not as wide as the ectocarp, and in this the plant is like the other spe- cies, differing from them only in de- gree. The non-adherence of the lay- ers of tissue of the ovary wall results in a lack of tension which is to be found in many other species and which is related to the expulsion of the seeds, the setting free of which in these plants is accomplished by the mere splitting of the pod without any marked twisting of the fruit wall. The third species, P. aculeata, is a still larger tree, confined to a some- what narrower zone from Yuma, through northern Mexico to Texas. The nearest station to Tucson where it has been found by me is on the west- ern slopes of the Baboquivari and Coyote Mountains, about seventy-five miles away to the southwest, although it may of course occur nearer. It is, like P. Torreyana, confined to the washes, which are the river beds, dry for the greater part of the year. When in flower it has much the appearance, too, of P. Torreyana, the flowers being wholly yellow with red markings on the upper petal, which turns brown with age. The pod is very similar in structure to that of P. microphylla. The most striking feature of P. acu- leata is the leaf which conforms to the type described above for P. muicro- phylla, but has two pairs of very much elongated pinnae, along the margins of which are inserted a few small, ob- long leaflets, so small that they are scarcely noticeable at a short distance. The rachis becomes a sharp thorn, and on the rapidly growing shoots the stipules are also in the form of spines. The pinnae are green and strap-shaped and sometimes reach the length of one and a half feet and being persistent » they give by their pendulous habit a graceful, willow-like form to the tree. Another matter that is especially I ee 1906 worthy of note in this connection is the fact that plants of this genus are among the few Leguminosae the seeds of which are provided at maturity with an endosperm, and are therefore de- scribed in most systematic works as albuminous. ‘This endosperm is re- duced, in the ripened seed, to two horny, translucent layers parallel to the cotyledons, joined together by a small piece which forms a collar about the caulicle. From the physiological point of view the green branches of plants in which the leaves are very much re- duced, or absent, are so much leaf surface, just as in the cactus, which is entirely devoid of functional leaves, the green tissue supplies their want. Therefore we may regard the green bark of the palo verde as so much leaf surface. “A transverse section cut through one of these twigs shows a highly organized system of green cells, FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 571 having an arrangement quite. similar to that found in the leaves of many plants exposed to strong sunlight, as they are in the desert. The stomata are similar in type to those of many cacti, being immersed below the sur- face, each at the bottom of a pit. Al- though the twigs are slender and eas- ily bent and so give readily to the wind, they are nevertheless very strong and tough, almost like strands of leather. This is accounted for by the presence of so-called bast, which in this plant is peculiar in that it tra- verses the pith longitudinally. This, however, is supplemented by similar strands found in the rind. All three species are well worthy of cultivation, although I believe that the long-leaved species is the only one which has thus far been introduced into cutivation and is known through- out the most of the warm regions of the earth. AViERICAN FORESTRY HON@RED ABROAD Forest Service Becomes a Member of the Interna- tional Association of Forest Experiment Stations "THE Forest Service of the United States Government is to become a member of the International Asso- ciation of Forest Experiment Stations. Other countries represented in the as- sociation areGermany, Austria, France, Italy, Russia, and Switzerland—the leading countries in the practise of scientific forestry. The purpose of the association is to standardize experi- mental work generally, so that the methods of investigation in each coun- try will be uniform, and to collaborate in researches affecting two or more of the countries interested. That the Forest Service should be able to enter this association on equal terms with the European countries through whose researches, conducted for many years, a science of forestry has been built up is evidence of the rapid progress we are making in this science. Material development and the practical problems which it has presented have absorbed most of our energies, and our contribution to the world’s progress along scientific lines has been in the field of invention and applied science rather than in discoy- ery and research. The science of forestry has until very lately been altogether foreign to us. It is hardly ten years since the first attempt to introduce scientific for- estry upon American soil was made, and the opening of the Cornell School of Forestry in 1898 was a pioneer step in American education. Nor was it possible in this field to import a devel- oped science and start abreast of Euro- 572 pean investigators by borrowing their results. Both the natural and the ar- tificial conditions which determine for- est utilization are so different from those found abroad that a new science had to be built up from its founda- tions. Americans may well feel proud of the rapid progress made. ‘That such results have been secured is primarily due to the liberality and foresight of Congress, which has steadily support- ed and provided for the work by in- creasing appropriations as success has been attained and capacity for expand- ing usefulness has been proved. The country is fortunate in the outcome, for it is now in position to utilize wise- ly one of its greatest resources and to do what may be done to avert the na- tional peril threatened by forest de- struction, We have now a science and practise of forestry based upon Amer- ican conditions, and are ready to enter upon the stage of higher scientific re- search with the other nations repre- sented in the International Associa- tion. Affiliation with foreign workers will materially aid us on the way toward further goals. Better and better meth- ods of practical management can be devised as knowledge of the underly- ing scientific problems becomes fuller. The United States will profit also through the criticism of its published results by the older and more experi- enced foresters of Europe, since a part of the plan of co-operation is the mu- tual exchange and discussion of forest publications. The conventions of the association wiil give opportunity for the discussion of international prob- lems, for personal contact with foreign leaders, and for promoting the feeling of fellowship among workers in a com- mon field which helps to draw the whole civilized world together. Foreign forestry will profit from our investigations, because no other country has so wide a variation in cli- mate or such a wealth of forest flora as America. As we advance in knowl- edge of silviculture we shall place at the disposal of Europe facts which FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION December may well prove of importance for the management of European forests. New species will doubtess be made available for commercial use abroad, the vexed problem of the influence of forests on climate should be brought toward so- lution, and new methods of practise will be brought to light. Official recognition of the progress achieved in experimental forestry in the United States was made in the in- vitation extended to the Forester by Dr. A. Buhler, Director of the Royal Wurttemberg Forest Testing Labora- tory at Tubingen, Germany. In his letter Doctor Buhler said: “In inviting the United States to join the associa- tion I am but expressing the general desire. You have accomplished so much and have taken so capable a hold on investigations that the work of the association would be furthered by your membership.” The Forester’s letter of acceptance, approved by the Secretary of Agricul- ture, is in part as follows: ‘The Forest Service has always been deeply interested in the admirable work of the European experiment stations, which have been such an important factor in raising forestry from pure empirics to the position of a true science. Our own problems, though exceedingly vital to us, have until re- cently had only a limited, local interest, and for this reason I thought best to refrain from participating in the gen- eral scientific work of the International Association. Now, however, a num- ber of wood-testing stations are well organized, other laboratory work is well under way, and the 127,000,000 acres of forest reserves with whose management the Forest Service is charged offer opportunities for many investigations which may contribute to the progress of our science. “T shall therefore be very glad to have the Forest Service of the United States Department of Agriculture be- come a member of the International Association of Forest Experiment Sta- tions, and promise as active participa- tion in its work as circumstances will permit.” UNITED STATES — WEAR Et pit Sid ee i alll NTL Government Irrigation Work During the Month A message was received at the office of the Recla- mation Service Decem- ber 14 stating that a flood carrying about 60,000 second feet of water had swept down upon the Roosevelt dam in Arizona. The contractor saved al- most all of his machinery. Another report received the following day con- veys the assurance that no actual dam- age to the dam itself was sustained, but that there would be a delay in the work of about a month in clearing out ee pit. Probably no engineering work in this country has attracted more atten- tion than the construction of the Roosevelt dam, which is being erected by the Government in Salt River. The contractor, J. M. O’Rourke, of Gal- veston, Texas, laid the first stone of the dam on September 20, and the Government officials have watched with almost breathless interest as block by block the great curve of stone has steadily grown, and it is with a sense of relief news is received that the dam has reached a point where it can withstand with little damage the sudden floods which have repeatedly The Roose- velt Dam destroyed the works during the past - year. The dam wil be 294 feet high and 800 feet long on top, and will form a lake 25 miles long with a capacity of 1,300,000 acre-feet. The work is pro- gressing rapidly, and it is expected that water will be furnished for irri- gation during the season of 1907, al- though the completion of the dam will require a much longer time. A brief summary of the work completed to date shows that a power canal 19% miles long, with a drop of 220 feet is completed and furnishing power to operate the cement mill and for use in constructing the dam. Of tunnels 10,- 400 linear feet have been constructed, 40 bridges built, and 68 structures, such as headworks, filumes, and cul- verts, completed. A cement mill with a capacity of 350 barrels a day has been erected and 43,000 barrels of first class cement have been manufactured. The saw mill 30 miles up the canyon has cut about three million feet board measure of lumber for use in the va- rious structures. One hundred and thirty-five miles of road have been built and about one hundred miles of telephone installed. The work so far accomplished involved the excavation of 975,000 cubic yards of material, the -laying of 38,000 cubic yards of con- crete, the driving of 20,000 linear feet of piling, and drilling and boring 3,560 feet. When completed the project will reclaim more than 200,00 acres of des- ert land. = Owing to the cold weath- elle Fourche Work ¢?, work on the dam em- bankment, Belle Fourche irrigation project, South Dakota, has been discontinued and probably will not be taken up again before April. The total progress on this embank- ment to date is 219,000 cubic yards. The closing down of work on the dam made available a large force of men for other work. The men employed by different contractors, as well as those under the direct supervision of the Government engineers, have been 574 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION placed on canal excavation, finishing structures, etc., as soon as unfavorable weather made concrete and embank- ment work impossible. In many respects this is one of the most remarkable irrigation projects yet undertaken by the overnment. It involves the construction of one of the greatest earth dams in the world, a structure over one mile long, 100 feet high in the highest place, and 90 feet wide on top. Its cubical contents will be nearly half those of the Pyramid of Cheops, which is estimated to have occupied 900 years in construction. The Belle Fourche dam will be com- pleted in less than one year. This dam will create a reservoir 60 feet deep with a water surface of about 9,000 acres when full. More than 1,000 new farms will be created by this project in a valley where the principal product has been low grade range cattle, and the value of lands which now ranges from $5 to $10 per acre will be increased to $75 and upwards. With assured forage crops the ranch- men can greatly increase their herds, and with winter feed the quality will be materially improved and the prices correspondingly better. Small grains such as oats, wheat, rye and barley, and such fruits as apples, pears, plums, cherries and small fruits can be raised. Sugar beets will also prob- ably prove a profitable crop. ‘The de- mand for farm and garden products is great on account of the proximity of the mining regions of the Black Hills. The mining industry will un- doubtedly undergo a fresh boom, as food supplies at a reasonable price and increased transportation facilities make the working of low grade ore profit- able. New lines of ‘railroad are already being built which will connect this valley with Minnesota’s Twin Cities, and already the population of Belle Fourche has more than doubled. The Government officials hope to be able to furnish water for about 10,000 acres during the season of 1907. December Bi The engineer in charge unnison . : Tuadel of operations on Gunni- son Tunnel, Uncompah- gre irrigation project, Colorado, re- ports that 17,374 feet were completed December 1, and nearly a mile of ma- sonry floor was laid in the west end. The progress on tunnel work during November was 586 feet, less than that made any previous month. This fall- ing off was due to the unusual difficul- ties encountered. In the east end the material is quartzite of such a degree of hardness that it is very difficult to drill. In the west end the strata changed several times, necessitating change of tools. Men who were ex- perts with coal augurs, for instance, had scarcely any knowledge of piston drills. A great deal of pumping was necessary to remove the water which came into the headings. Experienced drillmen are very scarce. Wages are high, but the unusual activity in the mining industry makes it difficult to. secure assistance. It is believed that better progress will be made during the present month. Canal work is being pushed as rapidly as possible in order that when the tun- nel is completed the distributing sys- tem will be ready to carry the water over the land. It is expected that the tunnel will be ready for operation in June, 1908. The recent unusual and aon unprecedented floods in Damage the Cascade Mountains, in Washington, did but little damage to the works of the United States Re- clamation Service. The principal dam- age was to the roads which had been constructed to take in the heavy ma- chinery, and the total loss will prob- ably not exceed $10,000. The dams being constructed at the mouths of several lakes were but little injured, while the large dam in the Yakima River was not injured at all. The Government was exceedingly fortunate, as the flood which came down the Yakima Valley, was the largest ever known in the history of the country, and caused the loss of 1906 property probably in excess of half a million dollars. The railroads and power companies were the principal losers. A great deal of farming prop- erty was flooded. It is not expected that the flood will cause any serious loss of time in the progress of the Government’s construction work in the Yakima Valley. The Secretary of the In- _terior is advertising for proposals for the con- struction of the diversion dam and headworks, in connection with the Advertising for Bids FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 576 This work was previously adver- tised and but one bid received, and that for only part of the work. The Secretary of the Interior rejected this bid as being excessive, and authorized the prosecution by force account of certain work near the headgates, which was necessary in order that water may be delivered in the spring of 1907. The Secretary of the Interior is also advertising for proposals for furnish- ing steel and cast iron for use on the North Platte irrigation project, Ne- braska. The bids will be opened at Initiating a recent recruit into the mysteries of irrigation engineering i North Platte irrigation project, Wyo- ming-Nebraska. The work involves the excavation of about 90,000 cubic yards of earth and rock, furnishing and placing in structures about 10,000 feet board measure of lumber, and the construc- tion of about 8,000 cubic yards of con- crete masonry. The bids will be opened at Mitchell, Nebr., January 9, 1907. Mitchell, Nebr., January 24, 1907. About 125,000 pounds of steel bars for reinforcement of concrete, about 16,000 pounds of structural steel, and about 50,000 pounds of cast iron gates, guides, stands, etc., are required. The Secretary of the In- terior has also granted authority to the Recla- mation Service to construct by force Work by Force Account 576 account a canal approximately three miles in length, to be used in connec- tion with the power p.ant to be con- structed for the generation of elec- tricity at the mouth of Spanish Fork River, Strawberry Valley irrigation project, Utah. Owing to the fact that no bids were received for the construction of a dam at the outlet of Bumping Lake, Wash- ington, in connection with the Yakima irrigation project, the Reclamation Service asked authority for the con- struction of this work by force ac- count, and same has just been granted by the Secretary of the Interior. As the point where this work is to be done is very remote from the rail- road, the work evidently was not at- tractive to contractors. As there seems to be no probability that readvertis- ing would result in receiving bids, and it being certain that such readvertis- ing would cause the loss of an entire season, it is extremely important that the work should begin at once by force account. The estimated cost of the structure is about $140,000. Piper Bros., of Pueblo, Colo, con- tractors in charge of canal construc- tion on the Huntley irrigation project, Montana, have formally transferred to the Reclamation Service their. con- tract, plant, material, supplies and commissary. ‘The Government will complete the contract by force ac- count, and has already organized a force and work is under way. The Secretary of the In- terior has granted an ex- tension of 60 days time to the Canton Bridge Company, of Canton, Ohio, for the construction of five highway bridges over the main supply canal, Belle Fourche irriga- tion project, South Dakota. The con- tractors were delayed by the failure of the manufacturing companies to promptly deliver the structural ma- terials. An extension of time to June I, 1907, has been granted to William D. Lovell, of Minneapolis, Minn., for the completion of Division 2, main canal, Extension of Time FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION December Huntley irrigation, project, Montana. Owing to the unusual floods which have occurred on the western side of the Cascades, and which practically suspended railroad traffic for a time, rendering it impossible for contrac- tors to present bids on the date fixed, the Secretary of the Interior has ex- tended the time of opening bids on the main canal of the Tieton project and on the dam on Bumping Lake. The Secretary of the In- terior has awarded a contract to the Midland Bridge Company, of Kansas City, Mo., for furnishing steel and cast iron for reinforcement and structural uses in connection with the Rio Grande irri- gation project, New Mexico. The contract calls for 55,000 pounds of steel bars for reinforcement of con- crete, about 12,800 pounds of struc- tural steel, and about 9,000 pounds of cast iron gates, guides, and stands to be delivered within 60 days after award of contract. The bid of the Midland Bridge Company was $2,885. A board of consulting engineers of the Reclamation Service recently con- vened in Portland, Ore., to open bids for the construction of about tweive miles of main canal in Tieton Can- yon near North Yakima, Wash., with diverting dam, headworks, tunnels and other appurtenant structures, received but one proposal. This was submitted by Mr. Theodore Weisberger, of North Yakima, Wash., for the work of Schedules 5-A, 6-A, and 7-A. The Secretary of the Interior has awarded Schedules 6-A and 7-A to Mr. Weisberger, and authorized the construction of Schedules 1-A, 2-A, 3-A, 4-A, and 5-A by force account. Mr. Weisberger’s contract amounts to $230,381.10, and calls for the fur- nishing, distributing, and laying of | concrete shapes in open canal, flumes and tunnels. The Secretary of the Interior has executed a contract on behalf of the United States and approved the bond of the Kansas Portland Cement Com- pany, of Iola, Kans., for furnishing Contracts Awarded 1906 5,000 barrels of Portland cement for the Garden City irrigation project, Kansas. This cement is to be furnished for $1.60 per barrel, f. o. b. cars at Tola. A contract on behalf of the United States has been executed and the bond of Nels L. Olson, of Butte, Mont., ap- proved for the construction of Divi- sion 1, Garland canal, Shoshone irri- gation project, Wyoming. This wori involves the excavation of about 600,- 000 cubic yards of earth, about 96,000 cubic yards of rock and shale, and the construction of incidental structures about 15 miles northeast of Cody, Wyo. Mr. Olson’s bid was $270,- 740.60. The Reclamation Service has pur- chased two lots in the town of North FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 577 Yakima, Wash., upon which it pro- poses to erect an office building in con- nection with the Yakima project. In order to expedite work on the Milk River irrigation project, Mon- tana, the Secretary of the Treasury has appointed L. R. Stockton, assist- ant engineer in the Reclamation Ser- vice at Browning, Mont., inspector of customs, without compensation, to be under the direction of the collector o7 customs at Great Falls, Mont. The Reclamation Ser- estes Water vice has formally re- See leased three cubic feet of water per second of time, from the Clealum River, for the use of the town of Clealum, Wash., and its inhabitants for domestic and municipal purposes. Vie iwGs OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS WO very interesting meetings of the Society of American Foresters were held on the evenings of Decem- ber 6 and 13, at the home of the presi- dent, Mr. Gifford Pinchot, 1615 Rhode Island avenue, Washington. On the earlier date Inspector EK. T. Allen pre- sented a paper on ‘““How to Make For- est Reserve Work Attractive.” Mr. Allen showed the importance and value of the supervisors and ran- gers’ meetings, inaugurated the past year, to afford opportunity for ex- change of experience and a chance to learn more of technical and office methods. Mr. Allen said: “The average super- ‘visor is charged with the administra- tion of 2,000,000 acres, worth intrins- ically $6,000,000, and as a protector of public interests worth many times more. He should be not only an ad- ministrator, merchant, and lawyer, but stockman, miner, lumberman, and for- ester, and these suggest only a few of his technical requirements, without considering the general strength ard integrity which go with such a respon- sible position. I do not think it is too much to say that in private business a man actually competent to fill it, would be considered cheap at $5,000 a year.” On December 13 the subjects, “Brush Burning as a Protective and Silvicultural Measure,” by Mr. Thos. H. Sherrard, in charge of Forest Man- agement. in the Forest Service, and “Forest Conditions in Southeastern Alaska,” by Supervisor W. A. Lan- gille, engaged the attention of the for- esters) What is the best disposition of deé- bris after lumbering is a burning ques- tion because the reproduction of the best trees and therefore beth the per- petuity and improvement of the forest depend so largely on the adaptation of logging methods to the silvicultural re- quirements of the trees which should form the future stand. The differ- ences in conditions—character of the trees, climate, soil, extent of grazing, etc.—make it impossible to prescribe set rules for the disposition of slash. Mr. Sherrard spoke from his own wide experience and read extracts from let- 578 FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION ters received from forest officers in charge of the reserves. From the let- ters and the discussion it appeared that the lopping of tops and cleaning up débris following lumbering is a nec- essary measure, both as a precaution against fire and to encourage repro- duction. In insect-infested timber, brush should be burned at the proper season to destroy the young pests which harbor in the branches. In the lodgepole pine regions burning 1s usu- ally advisable, choosing seasonable times when the danger of losing con- trol of the fires is least. In the Pacific Northwest brush can be burned, by carefully raking it away from the seed trees, without piling. In California piling is essential In Arizona and New Mexico and elsewhere brush, in many cases, should be thrown in gul- lies to stop further erosion, and it is also useful in protecting seediings from stock. In Colorado and Utah brush is often an aid to reproduction in conserving moisture and as a pro- tection from the sunlight. Where careful removal of the slash is required it is observed that lumber- men more fully utilize the material contained in the tops, cutting about two feet farther into the crown of the tree. Where the tops are piled: for future burning from six to seven per cent of the ground is occupied by the piles. If, in the winter, burning pro- ceeds along with lumbering, the area thus occupied may be reduced to 2 per cent, and teams and mechanical appliances can be more easily handled when the brush is out of-the way. Mr. Langille, who is in charge of the Alaskan forest reserves, covering an area of 6,000,000 acres, chiefly is- lands, in southeastern Alaska, gave an interesting description of the tree spe- cies, physiography, and lumbering methods: of that region. The islands range from three to four thousand feet high, the drainage basins are short, with scarcely any valleys, and with the excessive precipitation much December of the organic soil is swept into the sea as it is formed. Consequently road building over the rocks is difficult. An- imals are scarce; there are probably not over twelve cows and five horses within the reserves, and but three horses and one mule in Ketchikan. Coal imported at $6 a ton is cheaper than the cost of cutting standing tim- ber, but in cases the natives depend upon drift logs for fuel. However, a large amount of valu- able timber awaits increased demand, and along the beach timber sales are increasing rapidly. Sixty to sixty-five per cent of the timber is western and black hemlock; 20 per cent is Sitka spruce, and this at present forms near- ly the whole of the logging trade; the balance is red and yellow cedar and jack pine. Hemlock attains a maxi- mum diameter of four feet, but. its weight endangers transportation by water 30 to 150 mies to the mills at Juneau and Douglas. Rafts of spruce logs averaging 767 board feet or of trees averaging 4,000 feet are common. Trees of 3 feet diameter are those or- dinarily cut, and those reaching 9 feet and towering to a height of over 200 feet are found. Government stumpage is 50 cents per thousand; logging costs $4.50 per thousand; towage, $1 to $2 per thou- sand. The lumber brings—$12 for common, $17 to $20 for dimension, and $25 for finishing. Sixty per cent of the best grades goes into salmon cases» and there is a demand at Seat- tle for clear spruce for counter tops and shelving, and for fruit and berry boxes, for which being odorless and free from resin, it is well suited. Mr. Langille has found much diffi- culty in securing transportation by wa- ter to the various portions of the re- serves, and inspection of the lumber- ing jobs, some of them 60 miles apart, will be greatly facilitated by the use of a new 60-foot gasoline launch, the pur- chase of which has recently been au- thorized. PORes TRY IN COLORADO—SOME RE- CENT PROGRESS BY W. G. M. President Colorado State HEN Colorado was first settled “the woods’ were free for all and for forty years our chief interest in forestry appeared to be to destroy, nor did we seem to care particularly! | how much forest burned. At any . 1 | no direct, rational attempt was made to save the forests. So thoughtless and reckless were we that scarcely less: STONE Forestry Association against the reserves as anybody, both in Congress and out, contributing fuel ‘to the fire of opposition which, at first, was never too low to burn. But the leaven of reform, in the public mind, was working, and the _last two or three years have witnessed ‘remarkable changes in both public sen- ,timent and forestry conditions, so that View Showing Result of Repeated Fires in Colorado Forests than 25,000 square miles of forests were permitted to be swept from our mountain sides. Soon after the passage of the act au- thorizing the forest reserves there were nearly 3,000,000 acres set apart for this purpose. For a decade little was done except to curse the law and curse the reserves. Some of our own sena- tors and congressmen were as bitter forestry in Colorado, in the language of Samuel Kirkham, is “marching on- ward with gigantic strides.” Within two years there have been added to the forest reserves of the state nearly 10,000,000 acres. The State Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion has established forty-nine experi- ments in tree-planting in different parts of the state, employing 30,900 580 utility trees—black locust and hardy catalpa. Also by the munificence of General Palmer and Dr. Bell a fores- try school has been established in Col- orado College, at Colorado Springs. Within three years the forestry senti- ment has developed so rapidly that the State Agricultural College has added “forestry” to the program of subjects in farmers’ institute work, and will open a Short Course in Forestry for the second half of February, to be pre- sided over by Prof. H. P. Baker, of Ames, Iowa; and if sufficient funds can be found availabe the State Agri- cultural College will establish a De- partment of Forestry the coming year. The State Federation of Womens’ Clubs has taken up forestry as a sub- ject of study during the last two years. A Forestry Section has been thorough- ly organized and is doing able and ad- mirable work, one very remarkable feature of which has been the discov- ery and development of one of the HAS AUTHORITY, FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION December most successful and aggressive lectur- ers on forestry the country has known, Mr. Enos A. Mills, of Estes Park, Colo., who recently competed a two months’ tour from Peublo, Colo., to Boston, filling fifty appointments, many of them of unusual importance, is a striking incident in the progress of forestry. Then, too, the Colorado State For- estry Association is to the front with an appeal to the approaching General Assembly for a radical revision of the forestry laws, asking for a Board of Forestry, a State Forester, a state nur- sery and various other important things which if put on our statute books will mark a notable era in the progress of forestry in Colorado. Im- patient as many of us are to see more things done, a careful survey of the situation reveals a degree of progress that to the reflective mind is gratify- ing in the extreme. BUT NO MONEY Minnesota State Forestry Board Needs an Appropriation— Legislature Will Be Be Asked to Provide Funds for Car- rying Out Law of 1903 Relating to Forest Reserves HE Minnesota State Forestry Board, at its meeting in the capi- tol December 11, decided to recom- mend an annual appropriation of $25,- ooo for carrying out the provisions of the law of 1903, which authorized the board to purchase certain lands for forest reserves but for which no ap- propriation has been made. The board will recommend also that an examina- tion of the remaining vacant land be made for the purpose of ascertaining what tracts would be suitable only for forestry, with a view to having such lands used for forestry purposes. The report, in part, follows: “On the Pillsbury reserve, in Cass county, the board has established a nursery now containing the estimated number of about 700,000 evergreen seedlings, principally Norway spruce, and each has cost to date not exceed- ing one mill apiece. They will be three years old next spring, and being now crowded ought then to be planted. There are enough to plant 250 acres, and as much of the land is somewhat brushy and the spots for planting re- quire little clearing, the. expense Of planting probably wiil average $io per acre. ‘There should, therefore, be an appropriation of $2,500, to be avail- able next spring, to do this planting. There are now five pulp paper mills in Minnesota, ahd it is believed the ex- periment of growing spruce on this Pillsbury reserve for paper pulp will prove valuable. 1906 IMPORTS PINE SEEDLINGS. “In the spring of 1906 the board imported from Germany and_ had planted on the Pillsbury reserve 20,- 000 white pine seedlings two years old. They were received well packed in moss and heather and cost at the reserve 14 cent each. As there was some doubt of their being in a per- fectly fresh condition they were plant- ed four in a spot, the spots four feet apart, where the ground was bare, and in brush two in a spot, the spots six feet apart. There were enough, there- fore, to plant only six and a half acres. In October last they were found to be almost all of them in a thrifty condi- tion. “During July, August and Septem- ber of 1905 an examination of the so- called Burntside forest, being the 20,- ooo acres granted to the state for for- estry purposes by act oi Congress, April 28, 1904, was made for the state by T. L. Duncan, of Northome, with the aid of three assistants, and a for- est working plan for the tract has been published. A number of government stakes ought to be restored on this land, a nursery started, some buildings erected, trails—and if possibe roads— opened. The board regards any money well spent on this or any reserve as an investment. ASK ANNUAL APPROPRIATION. “The law of 1903 authorized the FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION 581 Forestry Board to purchase for forest reserves at not exceeding $2.50 per acre land adapted for forestry, but not to exceed in any one township one- eighth of the area thereof. No money has been appropriated to carry the law into effect, and we recommend an ap- propriation of not less than $25,000 annually to make the law effective. “We recommend that provision be made for the examination by expe- rienced and competent land examiners of the remaining vacant public lands of the United States within this state, a portion of which are supposed to be adapted for forestry, for the purpose of ascertaining what tracts therein will be available for agriculture and what tracts would be only suitable for for- estry, with a view of having the for- estry lands, if any, turned over to the state or administrated by the United States Government for forestry pur- poses. “The undersigned believe the time has come when reforestation should be undertaken by the state in a business- like manner and on a larger scale than at present, and that it would be wise to make a suitable beginning during this period of prosperity.” The board is composed of the fol- lowing members: S. M. Owen, presi- dent; C. C. Andrews, seeretary; A.C: Wedge, M. M. Williams, Samuel B. Green, F. Weyerhaeuser, and W. B. Douglas. CheAING FEES WILL BE COLLECTED ON RESERVES Regulations Unmodified by Recent Decision of Federal Judge — Misapprehension Corrected ARECENT decision of a federal judge has been widely comment- ed upon throughout the West on the supposition that it deciared illegal the regulation of grazing on forest re- serves and the system of charging for grazing permits. As a matter of fact, the decision, which was handed down by Judge Whitson, of the United States District Court for eastern Wash- ington, in the case of the United States vs. Matthews, has no bearing what- ever upon the legality of the grazing regulations or of grazing fees, which 582 stand precisely as before. The legal question involved was simply this: Does the law authorizing the Secretary of Agriculture to issue regulations make the breach of those regulations a crime? Judge Whitson’s decision merely an- swered this question “No.” It was in substance that the objection to the in- dictment against Walter Matthews was the absence of a law defining the act therein charged as a criminal of- fense. Upon that ground the court held that the demurrer must be sus- tained and the defendant discharged. Though the point was simple and clear enough, it was entirely miscon- strued in the press reports of the de- cision and in editorial comments upon it. For instance, in the Wyoming Tri- bune of Tuesday, November 6, news of Judge Whitson’s action was given under the headlines: “Grazing Fees Illegal Decides Federal Judge,” and the article declares that “As a result of the decision, Matthews, who en- tered the Mount Rainier Forest Re- serve without the permit required by the Secretary, is still using the reserve and is not paying the fee imposed by the Secretary.” As a matter of fact, Mr. Matthews’s sheep were immedi- ately removed upon notice by the for- est officers and have not since entered the reserve. In the Sheridan, Wyo., Post it is said: “A decision fraught with impor- tance to Wyoming stockmen is that ap- pearing in this issue, wherein it is held by the United Statés District Court that the collection of fees for grazing live stock is illegal. * * * Since its im- position this fee has been regarded as illegal and arbitrary by many well-in- formed Wyoming people, and the views expressed by the court in this decision meet with general approval here. * * * The litigant is still running his sheep on the Rainer Reserve with- out paying the fees.” Decisions like Judge Whitson’s had before been made by the federal courts in three other districts, one of them six years ago, but none of these inter- feres in the slightest with the right of FORESTRY AND IRRIGATION December the United States to institute civil ac- tion against trespassers violating the grazing regulations, or with charging the grazing fee. The United States Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit decided definitely, in the case of Dastervignes vs. United States, that the provisions of the act of March 4, 1897, delegating to the Secretary the power to make regulations, is consti- tutional, that the regulation prohibit- ing the pasturing of sheep on forest reserves without a permit is valid, and that the federal courts will enforce the regulation by injunction. The Su- preme Court of Arizona, three judges sitting, in the case of Dent vs. United States (76 Pacific Reporter, 455), went still further, under circumstances which made the decision most em- phatic. Dent was criminally prose- cuted for grazing sheep on a forest reserve without a permit, in violation of the regulations, and the court had held that his act was not a crime; but as soon as the Dastervignes case was decided for the Government the Ari- zona court granted a rehearing of the Dent case and held that the Daster- vignes decision was binding on_ all courts in the Ninth Circuit in criminal as well as civil cases, and that Dent was therefore guilty of a crime. So far, therefore, the court decis- ions as to the criminality of trespass contrary to the forest-reserve regula- tions are conflicting. Final adjudica- tion of the point can not be had until the ruling of a higher court has been secured; but no court has questioned the right of the Secretary of Agricul- ture to make regulations and to re- cover damages for trespass through civil action. Grazing trespassers will be re- strained from violation of the regu- lations by injunction proceedings and sued for civil damages until the higher . courts shall have reached a decision as to the criminal character of such trespasses. The Forest Service will continue to exclude unpermitted stock from all forest reserves and to collect grazing fees for all stock under per- mit. mere ENP eee reATIONS In Forest Land. By Douglas Malloch. Cloth, gilt top, illustrated in tint, $125 a copy. American Lumberman, 315 Dear- born street, Chicago. Among recent offerings of the publishers appears a new book of poems by a new author and, very happily, with a new theme. It is “In Forest Land,’ by Douglas Malloch, and it celebrates in verse for the first time a character rugged and appealing, the “lum- berjack,” as the woodsmen is colloquially known. The forest, its beauties, its people and its utilities are the author's all-pervad- ing thought, and into the forest and of the forest he has woven more than a hundred poems whose originality is striking. There is nothing obscure about Mr. Mal- loch’s verse. He apparently has written for the great public heart, confident that his field is new, his knowledge exact and his inspiration genuine. When he speaks his faith, he does it simply. When he is hu- morous, it is the humor of good cheer. When he is philosophical, his philosophy is flecked with sunshine just as are the path- ways of his delightful woods. It is safe to say that many readers who have not known Douglas Malloch in the past will extend a welcome to him in the future. Here is a young man who has dedi- cated his genius and his best efforts to writing of a region in which the public feels an affectionate interest. There are men to whom the forest is a home and an occunation. They come into contact with the outer world but little. But their labors and their environment give them nobility and picturesqueness. These the author of “In Forest Land” has por- trayed with feeling and success. He has given to us a character almost unknown to literature and has put into that character’s mouth a delightful philosophy, a quaint hu- mor and simple and yet heroic ideals. Its vivid interest makes “In Forest Land” de- serve to rank at once with the season’s best literary offerings. The forest, the lumber camp the saw mill, the deck of the lumber schooner, and the river—these are the places to which Mr. Malloch has gone in search of his material, and he has given to the world a little vol- ume which will rank among the best books of the year, not merely because of its lit- erary merit, but because it strikes a new note in American poetry. He has brought home to us not only the forest with its peaceful calm and inspiring beauty, but he has taken us into the recesses of the wood and set us down among the swampers and skidders and opened up a mine of in- genuous sentiment. Camp Fires in Canadian Rockies. By William T. Hornaday, Sc. D. With illus- trations and maps. New York: Chas. Scribner's Sons. Price, $3 net. Two men of very different kinds are com- bined in Dr. William T. Hornaday, whose “Camp Fires in the Canadian Rockies” has just been published. One is the accurate, careful, patient and trained observer of all the phenomena of nature, animate or inani- mate, whose wide knowledge of animals and their habits made him the man best suited for the directorship of the New York Zoo- logical Park. The other is the buoyant, breezy, unconventional liver of outdoor life and adventure, with a positive genius as a story-teller, the master of a style of narra- tive as fresh and racy as the winds. which blow through the» forests and across the snow-clad slopes of the mountains that form the scene of his new book. Pedentary and dry-as-dust facts have never been welcome at Mr. Hornaday’s library table, and the re- sult is that they are happily absent from his books. And yet one is subtly conscious that the whole superstructure of his narrative of his experiences, observations and adven- tures, however familiar, light-hearted and even gayly humorous the form may be, rests upon a frundation as sound and as true as abundant scientific knowledge can make it. In the preface to “Camp Fires in the Canadian Rockies,” Dr. Hornaday, with his accustomed modesty, declares that his book “is merely a story of recreations with big game, with a few notes on nature.” Next, he says, to the necessity growing out of the state of his health, of a strenuous trip into mountain wilds, his chief object was to get into the home of the mountain goat and to learn at first hand something of the strange personality of that remarkable ani- mal. With characteristic generosity, Dr. Hornaday goes on to say that the most valuable result of the trip was the collection of photographs of a live mountain goat se- cured by his campmate, John M. Phillips, of Pittsburg. at risks to life and limb that few photographers would take.. Mr. Phillips, however. was no ordinary photographer. “True sportsman, game protector (his voca- tion is Pennsylvania Game Commissioner), mountaineer, photographer, and genial gen- tleman, all in one”’—that is Dr. Hornaday’s portrait of his companion during the two months which they, with several guides, spent in the mountains of British Columbia. And certainly the collection of photographs which Mr. Phillips brought out of the wilderness, and which, to the number of more than three score. are used to illustrate Mr. Hornaday’s spirited narrative, has never, we believe, been equaled. A Few Points on Automatic Water Supplies for Irrigation, Mining and Town Water Notwithstanding that a properly con- structed and installed hydraulic ram has the highest efficiency for converting a given hydraulic power into work, in the way of automatically elevating water to a height considerably greater than the fall from point HYDRAULIC ENG! NE-}} Goss: ChE SyER e i of intake to location of engine, yet, this de- vice is often overlooked when considering — the problem of an economicand dependable water supply. This is probably due to the fact that the ordinary hydraulic rams pos- sess certain defects in construction, which, although not important in plants of small capacity, are naturally increased in large en- gines in proportion to their size so that their construction has been heretofore limited in capacity. The accompanying cut illustrates a Ni- agara hydrokinetic engine which is es- pecially designed for installing where large quantities of water are desired. They will take from a minimum of 400 gallons to a maximum of 12,000 gallons per minute to operate them, and will work under a head of from 18 inches to 50 feet, elevating water 35 feet high for each foot fall. The quantity delivered, of course, depends on the difference in ratio between the number of feet fall under which the engine is in- stalled and elevation from it to point of delivery, the maximum elevation being 800 feet. The working expenses are purely nominal as they consist in the renewal of two comparatively small rubber rings and painting once every twelve or thirteen months. If readers of ForESTRY AND IRRIGATION are interested in this engine, the under- signed will take pleasure in sending them full particulars on the subject. NIAGARA HypRAULIC ENGINE Co. 140 Nassau St., New York. 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