ov Oe oe OR: hn tae day Pvt eS 1 0 On ee Oe ae ae a re ern nerd 2 RR ARR Te > ae ‘Tiyescwnwre a eeep eres 73 ct Paha ee Ie Fg Cogn A ith Roth fim = Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from | Microsoft Corporation rare) http://www.archive.org/details/americanforests28natiuof “4 sf ts » a ‘De Vee co -- as 2 hy. “- ed — AMERICAN FORESTRY THE MAGAZINE OF 7 > THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION Pos WASHINGTON, D. C. VOLUME XXVIII—JANUARY TO DECEMBER, 1922, INCLUSIVE = = S u AUTHOR'S INDEX stip a 6 eee cl | : muabright, Horace M,- article bY..2....6.00-sc0e0sceecaee 2 Lyle, Fannie Fee ODOC ADV ic crags oraresaiave pisialnis sities visjerasinre seis 459 BPMPIEEDS. © OUSAT «9p PAL EICIC UDY cide vient cc see see diceceescee 343 Martin, C. S., article DVicowran cotverctiGen waters or este taee ae 125 PCR TTNE RON ree eIOUe POV a ie, c dia.6 diaiclbie'e s sdlewe so oes 731 Martin, FE. S., article by. Be Sota sk cree Sie oh Gere we Nee Dee ee 118 Anderson, Otto MePOCUME a a)s soaicice yg Se avnieghee deena get 616 Mattoon; Wilbur.R:; articles by.cacs veous saassentceaus 8; 181 Andrews, E. F., article DV acacteat erase noes. aserteeeee 609 Maxwell, “Fu; article iby: Saaccriacs creas aveteernees aaairinoa sie I5I Ashe, W. W., article USPS Re ae Cee ATE eee 521 McCallicnou Waa piCle DY eat amteaee ic, in mane pean 304 Barnes Will C., 2S RA pat lade ob 09 es att ge ie ne re 387 McDowell, L. G., article by. - Sees Ber ee AAC ee 421 Barrett, i; A;-artcle by:................. WAS IN EF MICE OY ccc cos s.eccressscnstaieresianenss 531 Bartlett, iainey Poss. poe ‘Dy. s cles lek Useveds nness 243 Metcalf, Woodbridge, ALCICIE Dye asec othe ota eee 643 Baxter, Samuel Newman, article by...................-. 232 Moir, Stuart, article DYresorinep scien toros Ce tiirienrieiie e cjbalels 520 ISIE Tg 20 a 78 Montgomery, Roselle Mercier, poem by..............005. 231 MMR ATUICIS, DY < ds vo ow vie cvs gee esbcvesijeess 175 Mulford) Fisk warticlés: bya ten isn case enoteeees 99; 235 MEET FALTICIE DY cen 's.coauave see @ eae cise ccnnres 341 Nusbaum, Jesse ye, e ADCICIEN Dare micrscarcigrs oes ai sistoseieierafearsiee's 408 Butler, Ovid M., articles by................ 4333 5423 5903; 725 peishiae _ ay cpeae sin Lobeytvai oislt oa slave's tats loacns Gua euE ares Ye: PAC PARTICLE: BY, coicistve sca Ae a ose Dek eds eta 375 wen, Mary Alicia, poem by.............ssereeer eee eees Connbel ie é. article et RD Et ee PIE 603 Pack, Arthur Newton, articles by....3; 67; 142; 172; 195; 250 Carhart, Arthur H., articles by Pepi 31; 89; 219; 263; 469 Packard, Winthrop, AULICL EADY Sinrexe'e rtsste’si cusiaia Bishan sige tate = 203 MURMNRMPPRENIY SAF EICIE “PET: ote Mose, ccd cab e cee gccssssuece 44 Paine; Veeder B,, articles by cri isjsce.00 oe penclne ean tes accawe 131 Cheyney E. G., article WON ie ie Fae Lstead aes be bale 323 Parkes molan al santicle sDys sistem aactacoon eiceemcrnan cise 42 Conser, Marta ‘Scott CON idle 8 Se ag See tee 299 Person; EH. By articles, by ss ¢:-ja.4 cmc aisieieetrs onesie as 628; 665 Cox WwW T., article by oes. FOS he eee ae ae 708 Peters, J. G., article by... Ae LR ee TOM see DONTE ee 412 Crosby, W. W., article by..........-..ssscccececceeeces 405 Pulling, Albert V. S., article by.......0..eccecuccece sees 211 Curtis, Mary Isabel, articles by................. 305; 502; 562 Recknagel, Aw By Article bys casaqaeees haljanana nc naw ates . 611 oo CRE SERS (8 SS ae Se 72 ECON tos Ja, panCles DY Wie eeclneccmet ne uate ins kar a 235; 481 Demaray, A. E., articles by..................-.+..-. 309; 554 Reuodes;: Georges EL article DY. acamas eesti wert eal eine 515 Mtailer (SOB aiticle by. 2.2. sd cece ccc cccceceee. 07 Richards, Edward C. M., article by....0,..0.cseeeteseees 579 Dorr George B.; article by. saci: kee... ec cce cee sceeees 401 Ross Atihia: | Nwarticlerbyn-s Siig ALCIO IG oa yy 9b so sca Cos eccivcccuecs 748 ZAmimermat Esch. vartiCle wDyicsmeiioraese mite nia ee cas 559 GENERAL INDEX Africa, Logging Mahogany in Tropical West—Veeder B. Alaskan Pulpwood dor sdlecasssceseedetes te thier cae 62 Meenas no exer cF4 3 00 Beek d 6 Fedde vakkc leks 131 Alaska’s: Forests, The Fight for: hsccsa cepes ie once oeee ls 201 Airplane to Locate Alaska’s Lost Lakes................. 569 WIReKais Ponestsr oe Serumiccn re sien ne wee eee 25 Airplane—“Watch-dog of Canada’s Forest Resources,” Alaska’s Interior Forests—John D. Guthrie.............. 451 OPP OMREMEDET 65 5055 case vine d.6ccsrccecesct thke. 526 Alaska’s Lost Lakes, Airplane to Locate................. 560 Airplanes for Forest Work—Ellwood Wilson............ 199 AIDINOMDCED staat asthe cue Net rns os By Be oe 766 MAE IHICE SHIETONHORE Goo 56. k 07.6.0 0 os 5 pone nc vreacscsnns 128 AlcotroliMade: from: Wood )o0 ssi chascacedecvtscaaapecoee (0) 57 Alaska, Shall the Forest Service be Eliminated from..... 37 Almond Tree Blossomed, Why the—Mary Isabel Curtis. . 502 “A\ GENERAL INDEX__Continued American Forestry Association, The: Amendments: to the By-laws, Proposed............++ 39 Announcement of Annual Meeting..............00++ 7 New ParCBtOh 05 oie che 5 5.cd sisibslnns a taseeices.ue mn Sie's 130 Nominations’ fot? OMCOrssids waa alee ccs s coe eisetien 108 Anpitial : Meeting: 5.055 saimease ck aGlecnseebine eed een 169 Financial) Report/fO0) 1920 00.5.5 icc svcks:d ean aicinie tists ere 171 The Work of thecBorestets..cccccw ease sci Pale baie ge 290 Newly Elécted Oficers 5 258 2 scs.es cs aestceaccwaes 292 Committee on Bectionss.cc.45/04 sc sister serainisie ca evyate na ten 502 Directors ReSigiss «co sacs sai clei sliercioe wise easels Nominations for New Offcers............ceseceeee 734 OM Cer: RES EINE ois scree ioricloars ad ase sraidtrrse id ose a 735 American Forestry Guides Department—Solan 1. Parkes... 42 Why the Forestry a cr a ss Rothivies: 2.34506 114 What Prominent People Say of the Guides.......... 115 Question Box. sacks doce adeasieeosastenles salen sae aan 115 American Lumber Supply, The Future of the—A. B. Reck- (ih tal MG Se ROL iis otk eau CED Oued bacutac fac ort American Tree, The—Marta Scott Conser............... 299 Annual Meeting of The American Forestry Association... 169 Announcementsol the yes sso pat theirs scent acsw iets Seater 7 Antedeluvian Steed (?) An..............05. de reales) eenete 507 Apples, A Tree with Strange—Mary Isabel Curtis....... 560 Arbor Day’ Observance’ Pratsed.% 5s sies..30s'0 cl sree eae 308 Arbor Days, Fifty Years of.......... Pd apteiataceinte cote were 279 Arboretum for the Nation, A Botanic Garden and—W. k. Mattoant haces ec tt bites lease ae ene tie mines peers eee 8 Association, Georgia: BP OLeStry so vas ois (oeoeia eo Oa cesta ec ay 470 Association Reports, The Pennsylvania Forestry—F. L. SARL GY cats etal ee aces a cheleln omic al cicero Gr aI 78 Association, The Missouri Forestry..............-..00005 71 Avalanches in the Pyrenees—Arthur Newton Pack....... 259 Badgers and Wolverenes—R. W. Shufeldt............... 105 Barkbeetles Menace Forests. 2.5... cssecscveesewecee ence 765 BarnjumPrizes Awarded s..c.c5 6025 eeee ce sesh cees 573; 702 Basswood, 525 Uses Known ford ick do dance tiniaieticconres 762 Battle-Ground Oak at Guilford Courthouse.............. 2 Beeches: Chea. (Slick ae ee ca aes fleas aire Sets 546 Beech “Crees Lowy tieading ens siaste ssc oan ames 64: Berry Schools, Farm Forestry. at the......0..0.5scsnacses 672 “Be 'the Best of Whatever You Are” .....:.000..cs0000bes 524 Big Buffalo Bull Goes to Uruguay....................0.. 666 Bi ree? LOW IR UISNa stiyenras ona oe airntatee anemic aoe 585 Bavctiés, The JS) Wick. on 522 ics Sie ac a oere soto a Gans 355 Bird Friends of Our Forests, The Woodpeckers :—R. W. MIELE N soS creraere Aura eis onia cata Taste oo ene dt oe 684 Bird Guardians of the Trees—Edward H. Forbush...... 150 Birds and Flowers of Early Summer—R. W. Shufeldt.... 283 Bit of Old Wisconsin, A—Asa K. Owen................. 721 Binck Porest..43 Wearst Apo. in thes. s fascias on cne ocas 198 Blight, Trees to Take the Place of Those Destroyed by— RET a ROMA ee reileeke oo Ohler ae ee 500 Blister Rust Appears in the Puget Sound Region—S. B. Detwiler 25.5 otceasos wind ee aac lantaweabe osu 07 Blister Rust Found in Pennsylvania..................... 57 Blister Rust in British Columbia.....................00 12 Bogalusa, The Forestry Committee at—Austin Cary..... 44 Book Reviews: Down the ee mrapkes Ae bag awk Pi ahightaints 60 Forest Mensuration—By H. H. Gig ei ote Wants oa 60 A’ Text-book of Wood—By Herbert Stone...... rae MOG: Pahsades Interstate. Park #4 :006 0 uae. aormeneeoce 60 The Drama of the Forests—By Arthur Heming...... 121 City Homes on Country Lanes—By Wm. E. Smythe.. 121 Handbook of Field and Office Problems in Forest Mensuration—Winkenwerder and Clark......... 308 Studies of Trees in Winter—By Annie Oakes Hunt- INRLON cen we rete ais VOTO coat outs 308 Interesting Neighbors—By. O. P. Jenkins............ 308 American Forest Regulation—By T. S. Woolsey, Jr.. 308 Birds of Field, Forest, and Park—By A. F. Gilmore.. 308 Agricultural Conference Report...............0.0005 308 Watched by Wild Animals—By Enos A. Mills....... 308 The Valuation of American Timberland—By K. W. WiGod ward's a<4 tic ietere cats Sea een ae te 308 The Cowboy—By Philip Ashton Rollins............. 308 Timber—By Harold itis occ. ss eee tee 444 Government Forest Work........................... 444 che ores y Robert TT; Morse eee treet sts 507 2 ah les recepw es Aiete Mwiny 8 (e.8 6ra, OLB a8 Bele. daria ah ates "507 Trudy and Timothy and the Trees—By B. C. Porter 507 Shade and Ornamental Trees of California—By M. B. Pratt ....5.i.%0 nese te ites cahiviiea naee ea ei 507 The Decay of Ties—By C. J. Humphrey............. 507 Field Manual of Trees—By John H. Schaffner....... 760 Lumber—Its Manufacture and Distribution—By R. C. Bryant 187; 254; 510; 574 « Policy Assures Greatest Timber Growth, Forest 48 Policy, Lumbermen Endorse Forest.................0005 63 Possibilities of Northern Minnesota, Forest—T. Schantz NTIS Sof dc ba acres Pde Med Rei ie wsisie dda, oieieeavers 742 Potatoes, Pine Roots and—-Arthur Newton Pack......... 172 Practical Mahogany Planting.................ccceeeeeees 561 Predatory Animals Killed, Many............c0c0cccee00: 243 ECS TE CGO) SO) 573; 702 Producing the Recreation Commodity—Arthur H. Carhart 219 Products, Novel Trees and Forest—S. J. Record..... 235; 481 DECADE CROPAD etme. so bic icovrcsacdccneevaceses 46 . Proposed Memorial Tablet to Dr. Joseph Trimble Rothrock 654 Protection in Georgia, Forest Fire—J. G. Peters......... 456 MMEMENOS ARTUDS 5 355 acetic s des aieadeds ves sccsocerees ss 316 Publicity in State Forestry Work—Henry C. Campbell... 603 Puget Sound Region, Blister Rust Appears in the—S. B. EAT SSE Pa a 97 ulpwood Forests, 14,000 Fires in...............00cee0es 12 Z eanwood is} Pennsylvatiia..........0.c00scccsessesecees 443 _ Pyrenees, Fighting Avalanches in the—Arthur Newton % as SR ea 250 _ Ranger, The Forest—Stanley Foss Bartlett.............. 242 _ Rattle Snakes—Will C. Barnes..........0.....0eeeeee ees 387 , ), Forest, The—E. G. Cheyney...........02:.eeeeeees A230 “Peace Time Uses of Sitka Spruce........--.....+0.0-+5- 503 Pennsylvania Forestry Association Reports, The—F. L. EROS 25 Sal toa ence leeigns a wale gin RECs eric ane deems reese 78 "Pennsylvania National Forest..............+0e-seeeeeees 62 Pennsylvania Selects Forester for Governor...........-. 758 Pennsylyania Trees, Demand for...........-..-.+eeee ee: 764 Pennsylvania's New Forester.........c.0c.eceeeeceeeees 342 -Pennsylvania’s New National Forest.............+.-+-++ 511 Perpetual Timber Supply for Lumbermen................ 609 -Persia—The Wood Famine Country, West—Edward C. M. NaS MAM SEW, a ye BG Caceres obcta + Bisln 3.6 Fisiaie 4 eS oe i 5 579 METER CE EDO 5 soe sp cicc s6 op Reese sec kives joecass 38 Picture That Walked, The—Harold Titus............... 715 _ Pigeons and Doves, Wild—R. W. Shufeldt............... 617 Pinchot on Stopping Forest Fires.............22.022000 61 Pinchot on the Snell Bill, Gifford................0e ce eeee 244 Pine Blister Rust-in British Columbia................... 125 Pine Plantation, The Faxon White............-.....064- 432 Pine Roots and Potatoes—Arthur Newton Pack.......... 173 Pine Strong as Douglas Fir, Southern................... 570 IMECHE MICOUAUT «Go dee ccs be exces eee cae bee ewasien 342 Pines, The Call of the White—Eleanor F. Fullerton...... 150 mee. The Double—C. S. Martin...65.....0.000c-eceeeee 12 mumpioneer Grove, The Cutter............-c0ccsececeeeeeees 480 |» Pioneer in Forestry Dies............--0seeeeeecceeeeeees II Summnape, Making 2 Wooden... .....0....ccccereescectereres 354 i _ Pitch Pine, A Word for the—J. M. G. Emory............ 500 » Plant Me a Tree—Mary Alicia Owen.................06% 418 See rlantations, Christmas Tree...........--...0seeeeeeee ees 753 Plantation, The Faxon White Pine.................-000- 432 EEA SE ANAC SL EEC. 2 5 sisi sss cascode secccscecrsede 112 Planting of Trees, The—Albert Stoll, Jr................. 509 GENERAL INDEX_Continued Pr ne Recreation Department: Arthur H. Carhart Minimum Requirements in Recreation............+65 31 A Federation of Outdoor Clubs..........-..eeeeeeee 89 Producing the Recreation Commodity.........-.+.+4+ 219 To the Green Tree Fraternity............... eat tr 263 Curious Glaciers and Craggy Peaks—D. K. Swan.... 264 . By Auto, Rail, Horse, Foot or Canoe—H. N. Wheeler 266 Sunshine Playland—Joseph C. Kircher..........+.-+- 2608 Grand Teton to Grand Canyon—Jas. E, Scott........ 260 The Call of California’s Forests—L. A. Barrett...... 270 Caves, Crags and Trails—J. D. Guthrie.............. 271 From Maine to Florida—Thos. H. Gill............... 273 Alaska—The Alluring—John D, Guthrie............. 273 ‘The Fool andthe Demonscsaiesea, 10 caaiel ce sults scureyoiens 469 Answering the Call—John McLaren...............- 471 The Ranger Tells the Judge a Few—E. P. Ancona.... 472 Red Dragoon, The—Lew Sarett..........eceseeceeeeeees 30 Redi. Scourge, Dheyc.hcociacn sos ngalg ememtanne cos nd ad 3h oe 700 Redwood! Grove Dedicated 2 .i....055i63.60020 00 sobs 2 Seaeaeins 190 Reforestation Clubs, Boys’-—V. H. Sonderegger.......... 496 Reforestation Pay? Will—W. H. Johnson................ 317 Reindeer in Michigan—Albert Stoll, Jr............--0-55 755 Remembrance, Roads of—G. A. Whipple.............+-4- 415 Requirements in Recreation, Minimum—Arthur H. Carhart 31 Resign, Association Officers.........00..00ccesesseoes 608; 735 Road to Wisconsin’s Greater Outdoors, The—Henry C. Campbell 27. cas we esac sat Kee achnes MNOS Thee 732 Roads, Money for National Forest................0+e00- 64 Roads of Remembrance—G. A. Whipple...............-- 415 Rocky Mountain National Park—Roger W. Toll......... 413 Rothrock, An Appreciation of Dr. J. T..............04: 262 Rothrock: Dead) Dr Joseph T.sei.cohss.ncscteces ste nscics 414 Rothrock: Memorial, (Ube yichws ata tects os ocersateet ae 654; 719 Royal Palm, Phe—Hollister Sages co.cc atime aetiowe ase 85 Russo-American: Oak; THGs ¢ 0 cin. s.pa ects oa arenes saln ee ess 30 Rust Appears in the Puget Sound Region, Blister—S. B. Wet walet*...catindacacee ion p eae s se Caen we nainaks ase erere 97 Scouts*Adoptia Drees Boy ataa cota een res 866 tales a sat 164 Seeds for France and Great Britain, Tree............... 291 Seeds of International Friendship—Arthur Newton Pack 3 Sequoia National Park—John R. White................. 410 Serious Hire. Menace; The s sccc css aivniscaren @ 05% ace gis owrensnveie'’ 570 Seven Hundred Year Logging Company, A—Arthur New- fei) WA at: Tol ere bane Mtoe Ine Reina citi Obi pric Oe 195 Shade Trees—Before and After, Street-—W. R. Mattoon.. 181 Sherlock Holmes of the Forests—G. H. Dacy............ 72 SHE pyr S GGES, GN coca. oscts aa sin otetel sleet Siar tera aenia, no BSuui7 he Clee 623 Shrubs for the South, Broad-Leaved Evergreen—F. L. Mithtotd isc Sacemck pan isece os ties veils tarosesiape sr drejaais G/vioiaye Rew 99 Shrisbs, (Praning Ob. scr dancis agacntoaionn te st ne Se cane voce 316 Sierras, In the Giant Forest of the—Alexander Blair ADA We arcicstee Tarn bala. ber Abuslarasialalaele-asd aie ie brhnenotusnazeverertsl eee 04 Simple Forest Conservation—Albert V. S. Pulling........ 211 Sitka Spruce; Peace’ Time sUsesidf wiiiics secoass sense ae 503 Skunks Defend Themselves, How—R. W. Shufeldt...... 26 Snakes, Rattle—Will Co Barnesiieccc 04s eco ean sees mene 387 Snell Bul GolaGravesions thes... aisiiiens a ispacniterie erase ates tars 179 Snell Bill, ‘Gifford’ Pinchotvon- the. 3. oi0..0 22 Se sce s Secuerte 244 Snell Forestry Bill Hearings: 2ace eae create eG sacra eerie 76 Song ofthe “Drees DOCtOh. cael ccoss ohtunecras sianeninas 505 South, Broad-Leaved Evergreen Shrubs for the—F. L. Dean A tae ree races in a sie alee ss Soe seats eras 99 South Carolina, Forestry Meeting in..................005 695 Southern Commerce, What Forestry Means to—Ovid M. BUtleh stra oot tea TANG iee estate alae atrie tate lone exatonel GiaeySe 433 Southern Forestry Congress, Fourth................006- 122 Sport, Tree Felling as a—W. Gilman Thompson......... 661 Spreading the Forestry Idea—Philip W. Ayres.......... 624 Spruce, Peace Time Uses of Sitka... ....c.ccssseseeces 503 Stage Coach Days, The End of the—Earl H. Emmons.... 275 State Foresters in Minnesota—Ovid M. Butler........... 503 State Forestry Work, Publicity in—Henry C. Campbell... 603 States P orests;: CAMPS atlonc.1¢ cas ase sin is aol ne surcaitraatr racers States Notesi gs vaccrs satire Lie areca wiahsnsoasate Warainyelag srsralsuealy 445 States,” The “Forest of—L. G. McDowell............... 420 Steed 07); Amu Ahtedelavidninnisc.qacciemesn rane naratcyeas 507 Streamflow) -POrests ands dratreaaa. atte tices ads oe ego 61 Street Shade Trees—Before and After—W. R. Mattoon.. 181 Summer, Birds and Flowers of Early—R. W. Shufeldt... 283 Summer in California—Fannie K. Lyle..............0008 459 Sycamores; “Dhe—Tis Se Ulich sc cs ek ea come eased owes 145 Taxation; MoVest dacsic masa sny Ge ova ies sani ats treme ors 655 Timber -Shottage, Business Seesar a6 se tins'e ase ee bg Osc Timber, Supply, Our’ Vanishing: ¢,.5.c0ii0 ssc sewi sees eae s 08 Tip, A Hot—John Lewis To sUsevAlaska se Oreste; ncssineeociiainsinos sine a ghiace 25 i GENERAL INDEX_Continued Tombstone, An Unwritten—Otto L. Anderson........... 616 Topping, Harvesting Christmas Trees by—C. R. Anderson 731 Town Forests—J. W. Toumey... 6.5... ceeds sesensianes 06 Tragedy of Carelessness, The—Orville Leonard.......... 468 Trail Ahead—How to Put Forestry in Wisconsin on a Sound Basis, The—C. L. Harrington................ 712 Trail, The Moonlight—D. L. Goodwillie................. 186 Trail, The Vanishing—Arthur Newton Pack............. 67 Transplanting —F iL. Mulford sc oc icicccccseedsece atvies LeaU: sDreaty: Oakey 2 NG ccd gases sei oneGi cle sec wilscesteeine ote 66 ‘Tree Centuries Old: Grant 9: sian fais hepato st ces en cao 637 Tree Day, Memorial Day—The Nation’s................. 419 Pree DoctOt: SOngsOL {he. on iocoonecetes oe accives tense 569 Tree Felling as a Sport—W. Gilman Thompson.......... 661 ‘Breer Howe Biguisia Big ceca ates tates ccnnndes oe 585 Tree, Plant Me a—Mary Alicia Owen................... 418 Tree Seeds for France and Great Britain................ 291 Tree Stories for Children—Mary Isabel Curtis: Phe Gittarsthe Ouves bree sina ost-tcccccenpeenrenieen: 5 Why the Almond Tree Blossomed................... 503 Atltee: with otranee.A pplesic. eck cnt ades eons 562 Tree, The Memorial—Marta Scott Conser............... 420 Tree Tragedy, A—Guy C. Caldwell....................0- 375 Trees and Flowers in the United States Botanic Garden— UW OnUCCIOG: (cn alanis ecm er cee eee 225 Trees and Forest Products, Novel—S. J: Record......... 481 Trees and Natural Grafts, Twin—E. F. Andrews........ 609 ebrees inv Prance,-y ake aoc wen map ae tone 416 Trees in Winter—Henry Thew Stephenson.............. Trees to Take the Place of those Destroyed by Blight— Md DROMAS cA iaccrsoric neces Teena a ee 500 Tribute’to, Franklin. By Hough s..s.o3 5526.00.04 ¢ccnan sens 431 Bribute touloyal Services's nce tet no cece teen ke 677 nts tate Conferences... crhritsc Conc ok oe caine wee eee 255 Twin Trees and Natural Grafts—E. F. Andrews......... Unwritten Tombstone, An—Otto I. Anderson........... 616 Uruguay, Big Buffalo Bull Goes to................0 cee ee 666 Value of Trees, The Landscape—I’. W. Kelsey........... 47 Vanishing Trail, The—Arthur Newton Pack............. 67 Vanishing Wild Flowers—Winthrop Packard............ 203 Vermont, An Industrial Community at Forestdale,—Aus- ne RS Mawess aie eaicaatcas see ore ote nok on 477 Walked, The Picture That—Harold Titus............... 715 Washington, Forestry Awakening in—John D. Guthrie... 51 Welcome Camper, The—Susan S, Alburtis............... 343 West Persia—The Wood Famine Country—Edward C. M. Richards 3s si THE BATTLE-GROUND OAK “Just so, they say, old violins Soft echoes long have borne, To touch and thrill, and moving skill Of masters dead and gone.” This famous old tree, also known as the “Cornwallis Oak” and the “Liberty Oak,” is located only a few hundred yards from where the battle of Guilford Courthouse was fought in 1781, in North Carolina, and tra- dition has it that during this battle General Green tied his horse to this tree, and that the horse nipped the top out of it, causing the multitude of branches. Aside from its historic interest, this tree is notable for its sym- metrical beauty alone. It now has a spread of over one hundred feet and a circumference of twenty-one feet at the base. It has been nominated for the Hall of Fame by Mrs. Dorian H. Blair, of Greensboro, North Carolina; by Mark C. Mills, of Guilford College, and by Mr. Paul Lindley, of Pomona, North Carolina. AMERICAN FORESTRY VOL. 28 JANUARY, 1922 NO. 337 . SEEDS OF INTERNATIONAL FRIENDSHIP By Arthur Newton Pack European Commissioner of the American Forestry Association This is the second of a series of articles by Mr. Pack. It tells what was done by Great Britain, France and Belgium with the American tree seed donated to these countries by the American Forestry Association to aid in restoring the forests which were destroyed by the war.—Editor. N considering plans for future world peace it must be recognized that what creates the ability of peoples to understand and appreciate one another and makes for a real “entente cordiale” between nations is only the sum total of many small international courtesies and friendly acts. The gift of tree seeds from the American Forestry Association to the governments of France, Great Britain AN EXPERIMENTAL NURSERY Fifteen different species of tree seeds presented by the American Forestry Association are here being tried out in this nursery in Northern France. and Belgium, made, as it was, shortly after the signing of the Armistice, had this point in view, and its reception and use by these governments illustrates even more clearly the value in which they hold not merely the gift but the spirit which it showed. Great Britain’s present planting program calls for not less than one billion two hundred million tree seeds per annum. France can hardly do with a smaller amount, Paris, France, Septembe>, 1921. while the loss through drought has made it equally nec- essary for little Belgium to acquire large additional sup- plies. Nearly every accessible tree-growing country in the world will have to furnish its share: Germany, Aus- tria, Holland, Poland, Serbia, Italy, Corsica, Japan, and last but not least, the United States and Canada. Ours will be a very large portion, and the forestry heads of each of the allied governments are asking whether the American Forestry Association cannot again help in its procurement. In an area extending southward from the Belgian border near Valenciennes down through the fearful deso- lation marking the once famous Hindenburg line to Laon and Soissons, occurred as one might expect the greatest devastation and destruction of French forests. It was ONE OF THE NEW NURSERIES IN NORTHERN FRANCE The French foresters gladly point out the tiny seedlings of Douglas Fir, which are soon to be transplanted to permanent locations. 4 AMERICAN OUR SEED IN FRANCE The shipment of American tree seed to France was not received as early as that sent to Great Britain. Hence the difference in height. quite natural, therefore, that the French government should decide to use our entire gift of twenty-five million seeds for re-afforestation in that region, and it is in the newly constructed tree nurseries here that the French foresters gladly point out the tiny seedlings of American Douglas Fir which are soon to be transplanted to perma- nent locations. All reconstruction in France goes ac- cording to a carefully arranged plan and every site which A BIRD FEEDING STATION IN FRANCE The wholesale destruction of the forests succeeded 1n driving out most of the song birds. The New York Bird Society came to the rescue by supplying scores of bird houses and feeding places, which are looked after by the foresters. FORESTRY will in the future be crowned with a little woodland of American trees, has already been carefully chosen. One cannot fail to appreciate the fine sentiment which actuates the French ministry as expressed in the general order which covered the selection of those sites: “The planta- tions made from the seed presented to us by the American Forestry Association,” says the order, “should be located in places readily accessible to the main travelled roads and if possible on or near well-known sites, with the view that such future forests shall remain as a monu- ment to the partnership of France and America in the Great War.” Next to the defense of Verdun the battles fought over the famous Chemin des Dames were among the bloodiest of the war. So awful was the artillery fire that hardly even a charred stump remains of the once thick forest RECONSTRUCTING A FOREST NEAR THE BELGIAN BORDER The French forest officer is indicating a spot where a few of the seeds presented by the American’ Forestry Association have been sown. along its slopes. This was one of the first sites chosen for a plantation of American Douglas Fir, and it is in- deed a particularly appropriate spot; not only to com- memorate the part played by our troops in the last of those terrific struggles, but to mark the region supervised by the American Committee for Devastated France, whose splendid work of co-operation with the French government and people still continues as one of the finest examples of American confidence and encourage- ment. The forest of Saint Gobain, the famous ruins of Coucy-le-Chateau, dynamited by the retreating Ger- mans, and many other places chosen for American tree plantations are hardly of less historical interest, and will be visited by tourists from all over the world. Farther north there was very little fighting, but the German army cut every stick of available timber for its own use, In the forest of Mormal stand nineteen forest- ‘pera ers’ houses. Once upon a time these guarded twenty-five thousand acres of beautiful pine and beech forest, of which nothing remains today except the smaller saplings. Heath and gorse bushes con- ceal even the carelessly cut German stumps. So vast an undertaking is involved in re- planting everywhereyat once that here the French have adopted a somewhat different system—clearing and spading up only a little circle here and there wherein our seed has been sown directly without the intermediate nursery stage. The loss may be heav- ier, but the labor of reforesta- tion should be lightened. This experiment with our seeds is SEEDS OF INTERNATIONAL FRIENDSHIP 5 THE RUINS OF COUCY-LE-CHATEAU The French government has selected such well known places as this for the plantations of American trees, to the end that these small forests may commemorate the partnership of France and America in the Great War. foresting our own eastern areas need be sought. The American Forestry As- sociation does not stand alone in this region as the only con- tributor to the future welfare of French forests. In a tiny woodland in the Mormal for- est somehow neglected by the Germany army, is a sign erected by the New York Bird Society and scores of bird THE FAMOUS CHEMIN DES DAMES essen, Sep rene stAn One The dense forest which once stood here was totally destroyed by shell-fire. Twenty years testify to the manner in which from now this spot will be crowned with a fine young forest of American Douglas Fir. these other Americans too are of unusual interest to us in America, where planting labor costs are so high, and it may be that an experiment made with American Douglas Fir in France will prove to have real value to forestry in America. The whole northern district, Lille, Valenciennes and Hir- son, is part of the great coal mining and manufacturing center of France which the German army so thoroughly demolished, and because of their location at the door of reviving industry the wood- lands here, splashed with patches of American trees, will hold some of the highest commercial value of any for- ests in the world. No better proof of the importance of re- IN THE “ZONE ROUGE” The French government is confronted with the necessity of reforesting nearly two million acres of land upon which the forests were destroyed by shell fire or cut by the occupying German army. 6 AMERICAN IN THE NEW FOREST, ENGLAND Douglas Fir from seed presented by the American Forestry As- sociation is making good progress in these plantations. striving to sow seeds of international good will. All of Europe has suffered very severely this summer from the worst drought known in many years. It has not only given a serious setback to the reconstituted agri- cultural regions but has meant a fearful loss in tree seed- lings and young plantations. In this respect Belgium has suffered even more than her neighbors, for of a gift of an equal number of tree seeds which appear to have been planted with no less care and skill, very few seed- AMERICAN DOUGLAS FIR SEEDLINGS IN IRELAND The larger portion of the seeds presented to England by the American Forestry Association have been sent to Ireland. The splendid showing here is the result of a planting made in the spring of 1920, the seedlings already having attained an average height of nine inches. FORESTRY lings remain. Both France and Belgium are greatly pleased with our American Douglas Fir, which with us is found in the greatest abundance on the northern Pa- cific coast. The first Douglas Fir was introduced on the continent of Europe 25 to 40 years ago. M. Crahay, who has for some years been the very active head of forestry in Belgium, is a great believer in this tree, which because of its rapidity of growth and the commercial value of its wood, he believes will go far to help meet the serious problems of afforestation. The Belgian Ministry of Waters and Forests once boasted of several fine small plantations of Douglas in the Ardennes, but today not a stick remains from the axes of the German army. It is in the beautiful Ardennes Mountains bordering on the YOUNG DOUGLAS FIR IN EUROPE The American Douglas Fir was introduced in Conti- nental Europe some 25 to 40 years ago. old Duchy of Luxembourg that most of the Belgian for- ests were formerly located, and this is the area which will be replanted with patches of American Douglas mixed with European pine and spruce. The policy of intermingling of kinds and planting in small groups com- mon to both France and Belgium is intended as an as- surance against serious loss from insect or other pests which might be particularly likely to attack a foreign species. Also it must be recognized that even if a good THE ANNUAL MEETING average crop of seedlings from the twenty-five million seeds presented by the Association to each of our former 7 number of American submarine chasers were mobilized at will either in the Irish Sea or the North Sea. Almost allies were to be planted in.a single block, the resulting ‘within sight of one of these future American tree plan- forest would not be likely to cover in all more than five or six thousand acres, while France, for ex- ample, is con- fronted with the necessity of reforesting not less than two million acres. Across the channel in England the use of our seeds is of more than or- dinary interest because of its connection with Great Britain’s new forest pol- icy. Here again the favorite American species is the Douglas: Fir, although Sitka spruce (the spruce of Alaska and our northern Pacific coast) is much desired. As a moisture loving tree it would seem to be especially suited to the British climate. About a hundred pounds of American seed were allo- cated by the British Forestry Commission to the inter- esting work of afforestation along the route of the Cale- donian Canal in Scotland. From the point of view of sentiment few better places could have been found than this, since that canal was the route by which a large The seed of American Western larch presented to the British government by the American Forestry Association has suffered very much from:the drought of the past summer. tations lie today row upon row of these same chasers, now the prop- erty of the British gov- ernment and awaiting sale or demolition. Douglas Fir is being planted in almost évery section of the British _ Istes, but by far the larger portion of the seeds which came from the American For- estry Associa- tion were dis- patched by the commission tc Ireland. These were planted in nurseries in County Tyron, about eigh- teen months ago and have shown a surprisingly rapid growth. It is a fact one of the best nursery showings that may be seen anywhere, and the local foresters may well be proud thereof. This disposition of the seeds was quite without any suggestion from the American For- estry Association and in view of the Irish problem we can only hope that here too their dedication as seeds of good will will bear fruit in helping to establish the desire for broad-minded co-operation and understanding. A NURSERY IN WINDSOR FOREST ae i ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION The annual meeting of the American Forestry Association will be held in Washington, D. C., on Thursday, January 26, 1922, at 2 P. M., at the New Willard Hotel. At this meeting the amended by-laws, which are published on Page 39 of this magazine, will be submitted to the members, and they will be asked to adopt the amendments. There will be addresses by prominent speak-' ers on forestry topics at the general session in the afternoon, and in the evening there will be speeches and a smoker at the University Club. BOTANIC GARDEN AND ARBORETUM FOR THE NATION By W. R. Mattoon, United States Forest Service F ORESTERS and lovers of trees the country over will be interested in the movement on foot to establish a great national botanic garden and arboretum in the su- burbs of Washington. Few botanic gardens exist in the country; the best known are the Arnold Arboretum near Boston, the New York Botanical Garden and the Mis- souri United States Government has no real botanic garden. The present plot of about_12 acres, located on Pennsylvania Avenue just west of the Capitol grounds is used chiefly Botanical Gardens at Saint Louis. The to produce cut flowers and decorative plants for official use, and attracts little public attention. There is a demand for a real botanic garden where the public may examine of Plant Industry of the Department of Agriculture needs some means of retaining and growing thousands of plants brought here through the efforts of its agricultural ex- plorers. The Biological Survey of the same Department is interested in a bird refuge which the uplands of the pro- posed site and some islands in the river will adequately provide. ial Professor N. L. Britton points out that botanic gardens are important factors in public education and at the same time places for recreation and enjoyment. They are mu- seums of living plants, arranged and labelled for impart- ing information direct to ‘he public. Economic features are brought out by food plants, drug plants and fiber LOOKING living species of the great variety of trees, shrubs, vines and herbaceous plants native to the District of Columbia or capable of growing there. The plants should be clas- sified and the public given free access to the grounds for recreation and study. The climate of the District makes possible the grow- : a want lavce © at nian “jee nt 3 of a very large number of plant species of the temper- lhe Forest Service has for several years been interested in securing a location for establishing an ex- h 7 : ibit of the tre es of this and other countries. The Bureau EASTWARD ACROSS THE ANACOSTIA RIVER On the proposed site of the national arboretum are approximately twenty-seven different soil types, and thirty-six native species of forest trees now grow there. plants and the arboretum illustrates the subject of forest products. Many phases of biological relationships, phy- siological features, and geographical distribution of plants can be studied. The general public, however, taking a real interest in the educational features of botanic gar- dens, is more interested in landscape effects and in plants from the standpoint of beauty. Woodlands thickets, and meadows appeal to people as attractive places to visit, while developed flower gardens and well-kept public grounds, with a system of paths, carry instruction in the beautification of the home grounds, BOTANIC GARDEN AND ARBORETUM * 5g "% SSM sel Bae 3 pare. CHESTNUT OAK ON THE ROUNDED TOP OF MT. HAMILTON of this proposed site for a botanic garden and aboretum makes possible the growing of a very large number of plant species and its proximity to the Capitol makes it an ideal location. RICH AGRICULTURAL LANDS SURROUNDED BY FOREST These lands offer excellent sites for experimental and propagating gardens. Diversity of natural soil and topographic conditions make this an ideal spot for a national arboretum. 10 AMERICAN FORESTRY Comparing the United States with other countries in respect to the number of botanic gardens, it is found that Great Britain and its colonies have 65, Germany 35, France and its colonies 25, Italy 23, Russia and Serbia 17, Austria 13 and the United States 12, with all other countries falling below. The first botanic garden was es- tablished at Padua, Italy, in 1533 and the second at Pisa in 1544. In France the oldest garden was started at Paris in 1597, and the Oxford garden in England was begun in 1621 with an initial area of 5 acres. The famous Kew Gardens in London have been in process of develop- ment since 1760. Largest in the world are the Rio de Janeiro gardens, with an area of some 2,000 acres. The plan for the development of a great national ar- boretum and botanic garden at Washington is backed strongly by the National Commission of Fine Arts and various scientific and other bodies. It consists, first, in Under existing plans for the improvement of Wash- ington, provision is made for an Anacostia River Park as an integral part of the general park system that is be- ing developed. The changes in this plan that would need to be made in order to provide for the Botanic Garden consist essentially in eliminating extensive and very cost- ly filling and reclamation of tidal river flats and in re- taining the wild rice lands, partly as a bird refuge and partly for conversion into water gardens along lines that will prove entirely harmonious with the develop- ment of the adjacent uplands. If carried out this plan will make possible one of the world’s greatest arbore- tums and botanic gardens. Incidentally, the saving in cost due to the proposed change in the present plan of river improvement has been calculated as sufficient to cover the cost of purchasing the entire Mount Hamilton tract. Ss, PRESENT Berane 0} K % oe aq ware 22 8 <| Ss, 2 SQ) mr over \ 4 we CEME/ERY a4 ar K "e c g 1.) 2 yy Ce , Y= Ge db enning sS GARDENS.ANEA #12 ACRES NATIONAL ARBORETUM AND BOTANIC GARDENS Map showing the location of the proposed National botanic gardens and arboretum, including Mount Hamilton and Hickey Hill and lands adjacent to Anacostia River in the Northeast Section of the District of Columbia. bringing about a radical change in the present approved plan for the improvement of about 400 acres of low- lands owned by the Government lying along the Anacos- tia River, and secondly in the addition by purchase of a hill known locally as Mount Hamilton together with surrounding lands. The proposed addition has an area of about 367 acres and adjoins the Government land for a distance of some 9,000 feet along the Anacostia River. The entire tract of some 800 acres in turn adjoins other lands under government ownership along the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers, so that approximately 1200 acres of continuous park area will be available. The site lies in the northeast section and just within the boundary of the District of Columbia, two and one- quarter miles from the Capitol building. From the latter it may now be reached directly over Maryland avenue. The lands, as shown on the accompanying map, includ- ing Hickey Hill and the intervening section occupy the central area between Benning and Bladensburg Roads on the south and west, and the Pennsylvania railroad tracks and Anacostia River on the North and east sides, respectively. The tract lies, it may be added, on the main highway line between Baltimore and Washington. The Lincoln Highway could with little difficulty be brought : along the shores of the proposed Anacostia water gardens and thence by way of Maryland Avenue to the Capitol Building, affording an entrance to Washington of un- equaled beauty. Mount Hamilton, a hill of considerable importance in a flat country, rises in one-half mile from the Anacos- _ tia River (tidewater) to an altitude of 239 feet. Its elevation above the surrounding country southeastward is nearly 200 feet, and is attained within a distance of one-quarter mile. he other sides the difference in main Bladensburg Road where the rise is some 140 in about one-eighth mile. The location in surround- land of low altitude gives Mount Hamilton a setting lich tends’ somewhat to exaggerate its elevation and appearance; these are enhanced by the general symmetry of its form. The top consists of a ridge which connects ie summit marking the apexes of a right angle triangle. The ridge consists of shallow soil overlying and con- taining sandstone conglomerate rock impregnated with iron, which clearly accounts for the topographic forma- tion. The hill is altogether a striking feature in the ~ Mount Hamilton is well wooded to the lower slopes, which have partly been cleared for agriculture, though cultivation of much of the cleared land has been aban- -doned. Altogether about 210 acres of the tract are for-: ested. Thirty-six native species of forest trees have been identified by Dr. Ivan Tidestrom, the botanist, Mixed oaks, with white oak predominating, hickory, black wal- nut, yellow poplar, black gum, and a few other species compose the slope type, giving away gradually with in- creasing elevation to chestnut oak, which occurs over the summit in almost pure stand. The tract has been an ‘unmanaged woods largely open to the public and subject to timber trespass and frequent fires. As a result there _has been considerable injury and loss of good trees. Yet the canopy strikes one as being practically complete over much of the area, the trees rising to a height of proba- ably 40 to 50 feet near the top and 60 to 80 feet at the BOTANIC GARDEN AND ARBORETUM though less is still striking. It is least along . II base of the slope. Much of the timber is mature. The topography and forest cover give one the impression of a high oak ridge in the Alppalachians—a very agreeable surprise. A hearing before the joint Congressional Committee on the Library, held on May 21, 1920, resulted in Senator Brandagee, as chairman of the Committee, presenting to the Senate a land acquisition bill providing for the taking over of the Mount Hamilton tract. It had two readings before adjournment but failed of enactment. In the last session’ Senator Brandegee re-introduced his bill (S. 1560), and Congressman Cooper, of Wisconsin, has placed the matter before the House in a bill lic a oe 6683) which aims at accomplishing the same purpose. A soil survey made by the Bureau of Soils, presented at the hearing, shows approximately twenty-seven differ- ent soil types on the tract proposed for purchase. In this connection one of the Government experts has stated that, with the possible exception of Rio de Janerio, such a diversity of natural soil and topographic conditions fav- orable to establishing an extensive botanic garden close to a national capital probably exists nowhere else. Some no- table people interested in scientific research and civic improvement were brought together at the hearing. These included Dr. N. L. Britton, Director of the New York Botanic Garden; Dr. David Fairchild, in charge of the office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction and Dr. F. V. Coville, Botanist of the Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture; Col. C. A. Ridley, in charge of the District of Columbia Office of Public Buildings and Grounds; Mr. Frederick L. Olm- stead and Mr. James G. Langdon, landscape archi- tects; and Mr. Charles Moore, Chairman of the National Commission of Fine Arts. The finding of the Con- gressional Committee should be of national intérest to scientists and the public at large, for such a garden and arboretum properly equipped and administered affords a wide variety of possibilities in the fields of education and enjoyment of plant life, in turn leading to results of far-reaching importance in the economic life of the Na- tion. PIONEER IN FORESTRY DIES Through the death of Mr. S. T. Kelsey, at the home of his son Harlan P. Kelsey, on November 5th, forestry in America has lost one of her best and most devoted advocates. Mr. Kelsey was in his 89th year, and through "his long and active life his zest for trees and tree plant- ing, and his activities in the interest of forest conserva- tion never abated. He was one of the first to foster forestry in America, doing all that he could to advance ts interests in every way, through his writing, attendance at conventions all over the country and through his wide and influential personal acquaintance. In his passing he is recorded as a true pioneer of the profession of fores- THE PROSTRATE JUNIPER Much attention is being paid in American publica- tions to the trees of Greenland ; especially to the prostrate juniper. This tree is indeed prostrate. Its trunk often meas- ures as much as forty feet. But its height? Twenty- four inches! These measurements sound’ out of all proportion, but it is this very fact which makes this Greenland juniper unique among trees. Perhaps it was the sight of the juniper in Greenland which suggested to some gardener the unique idea of dwarfing trees, a custom that has been prevalent in. Eastern countries for many years and prevails almost unfailingly in the landscaping of formal gardens. THE MAPLES By J. S. HE Maples are among the best known trees found in the Northern Hemisphere. They are abundant in China and Japan, common in Europe, and widely distrib- uted in North America. There are seventy distinct spe- cies of Maples known in the world, of which number thirty-five are native to China and Japan, and thirteen occur in North America. That Japan is the ancestral home of the Maples is now an accepted belief among botanists. In the Island Em- pire of the Orient one may Illick ness, the American Maples are unrivaled in size and beauty by the Maples of any other part of the world. Of the thirteen Maples native to the United States, nine oc- cur east of the Rocky Mountains, and four are native to the western part of our country. No other group of native trees show a wider varia- tion in their form and structure than do the Maples. Their leaves may be simple or compound, range in size from large to small, and have a smooth or hairy surface. find traces of the original |) maple stock, and some of the most attractive and best bred maple trees now grow- ing upon the face of the earth. To the Maples, the forests of Japan owe much of their variety, beauty and interest. The people of Ja- pan are proud of their Maple trees. For centuries they have been breeding them in order to develop varieties with striking and unique _ characteristics. Their efforts along this line have been successful, for now the Japanese Maples are famed all over the world for their attractive form, gorgeously colored foliage and delicate leaf textures. Among the most striking accomplishments of the Japanese in the breeding of the Maple is the develop- ment of miniature Maples. These tiny trees are grown in pots and exemplify the highest degree of tree breeding that has yet been attained by man. These miniature trees have been bred and cultivated for centuries. Their leaves show a wide variation in form, color and texture. At a certain season of the year it is a fashion for the Japa- nese to hold Maple Shows. Many different varieties are exhibited, and the people turn out and view them with interest and award prizes for the best exhibits. The prac- tice is similar to the rose shows in America. While the Japanese Maples excel in variety and unique- (Eat ee aE A BIG SUGAR MAPLE The best known of our native hardwoods and a tree entirely de- voted to the service of man. Their twigs range from slender to stout, and may be green, gray, brown or ted in color. Their flow- ers may occur in small lat- eral clusters, in long droop- ing tassels, or in erect spikes, and appear before, with, or after the leaves. The fruit of all the Maples consists of a pair of winged seeds known as a maple key. Each kind of Maple bears a distinctive key which can readily be dis- tinguished from that of all other closely related spe- cies, The Maples occur on a wide range of habitats. The Ash-leaved Maple grows at its best along the banks of streams and ponds or lakes. The Sugar Maple prefers well drained, rich soil, and the Striped Maple is well satisfied in shaded situations and moist places, while the Mountain Maple thrives on dry, rocky hill- sides and mountain tops. The Maples have so many and such striking distinguishing characteris- tics that it is not difficult to recognize them. There is little chance of confusing them with each other or with other forest trees. The best way to get acquainted with them is to learn their names. It may be helpful to know not only their common names but also their scientific names, for some of them are very appropriate and may be helpful in fix- ing their distinguishing characteristics. The common and scientific names of six of our common Maples follow: AMERICAN FORESTRY 13 SCIENTIFIC NAMES Acer saccharum, Acer saccharinum. Acer rubrum. Acer pennsylvanicum. Acer spicatum. Acer negundo. COMMON NAMES (1) Sugar Maple (2) Silver Maple (3) Red Maple (4) Striped Maple (5) Mountain Maple (6) Ash-leaved Maple; Elder. Box The Sugar Maple is probably the best known hardwood tree native to North America. All who have visited the North woods kn@w its beauty, stateliness and healthy appearance. Lumbermen all over the northern hardwood forest region are familiar with its value, and the wide range of uses of its wood; and the farmer boy regards this tree as a real friend, for when tapped it produces large quantities of sap, from which the delicious maple sugar and maple syrup are manufactured. At all seasons of the year this prince of forest trees may be distinguished with little difficulty. The grayish to black bark on old trunks roughened by shallow fis- sures is distinctive and the slender brown twigs marked with pale dots are positive means of identification. In summer its large, simple and opposite leaves with coarse- ly toothed lobes and delicate texture are also distinctive. The fruit of the Sugar Maple does not mature until September. It often persists far into winter, while that of the Red and Silver Maple ripens in early summer. The seeds of Sugar Maple germinate soon after falling to the ground and develop into small seedlings, which often. form dense mats upon the forest floor. As many as 50,000 seedlings have been counted by the writer on a single acre of woodland in northern Pennsylvania, and similar pictures can be found in New York, Michigan, Wisconsin and other regions where the Sugar Maple is common. There is no more positive distinguishing characteris- tic of the Sugar Maple than its buds. They are brown in color, sharp-pointed, conical and covered with eight to sixteen exposed scales. They are clustered at the ends of the twigs and occur solitary along the side of the twigs. If once recognized they cannot be confused with those of any other tree. Four of the six Maples native to the eastern United States reach a size sufficiently large to classify them among our important timber trees. They can be distin- guished from each other by the characteristics given in the key on the following page. A ROADSIDE LINED WITH SUGAR MAPLES The sugar maple is being used in many sections in planting highways and “Roads of Remembrance” and this picture shows how perfectly the tree is adapted to this use. 14 AMERICAN FORESTRY The wood of the Sugar Maple is well known, It touches our hands and satisfies our wants almost daily. We use it more frequently and in a greater number of ways than any other wood. It may be classified as an all-around wood, for it is used in the manufacture of not less than five hundred distinct articles of commerce. It is one of our article which is not sometimes made from Maple wood. The Sugar Maple deserves to be protected and propa- gated for forestry and ornamental purposes. It pro- duces valuable wood, yields delicious syrup and sugar, lives long, furnishes excellent shade, and possesses some of the cleanest and most beautiful features of any Ameri- flooring furniture Large are chief and woods. quantities also used for broom handles, re f rigerators, kitchen —_cabi- nets, tooth picks, c hil- dren’s toys, musical instru- ments and ag- ricultural im- plements. Most wooden picnic platters and bowling pins are made of Maple wood. It is indeed diffi- cult to think of any c o m- mon household THREE COMMON NATIVE MAPLES sugar maple. At the left, ash-leaved maple, in the center, silver leaf maple, and to the right the leaf of the can tree. As amemorial tree the Sugar Maple has few equals, and as an avenue or roadside tree it ranks among the best. The Silver Maple is also an important timber tree. It is one of the best known of our native Maples, for it has a wide nat- ural distribu- tion and has been _ planted extensively as a shade and or- namental tree. In summer it is HOW TO RECOGNIZE THE FOUR IMPORTANT NATIVE MAPLES OF THE EAST NAME LEAVES FLOWERS FRUIT BUDS BARK SUGAR MAPLE. Simple, usually 5- Appear with the Matures in au- Brown, s har p- Grayish brown on 793 lobed, coarsely leaves. Occur in tumn, Medium- pointed, with 8 to gray to toothed, pale green drooping clusters. sized maple key 16 exposed scales. black on main on lower surface. borne on long Occur solitary stem, not scaly. stalks and clus- along twigs. tered. SILVER MAPLE. Simple, 5 - lobed Appear before Matures in early Red, blunt-point- Greenish to red- RED MAPLE. ASH - LEAVED MAPLE. silvery white on lower surface, leaf clefts deep and round ‘based. Simple, 3 to 5- lobed, whitish on lower surface; leaf clefts shallow and’ sharp - pointed at base. Compound, with 3 _ to 5 leaflets. leaves. Occur in dense clusters along twigs. Appear before leaves. Occur in dense clusters along twigs. Appear with leaves. Occur in drooping clusters and spikes. summer, Large maple key with rather divergent wings. Matures in early summer. Small maple key, ar- ranged in short lateral clusters. Matures in late summer. Medium - sized maple key with converging wings; arranged in long drooping clusters. May re- main on trees over winter. ed, clustered along twigs. Red, blunt-pointed, clustered along twigs. Short - stalked, blunt - pointed, white wooly; only a few bud-scales visible. dish brown on twigs, dark gray and scaly on main stem. Reddish with white dots on twigs, grayish and somewhat scaly on main stems. Smooth and purp- lish green on twigs, grayish brown and _ fur- rowed on main stem. THE MAPLES 15 A SUGAR MAPLE TREE WITH A HISTORY It was planted in 1876 and when 30 years old had a breast-high diameter of 14 inches. always easily distinguished by the silvery white under surface of the leaves and by the deep clefts in the leaves, the bases of which are round, while those of the Red Maple are sharp-angled. The Silver Maple is usually found along the banks of rivers and other streams. It occurs from New Brunswick and Ontario south to Flor- ida and west to Oklahoma and Dakota. In its wide range it has a number of common names. Among them are White Maple, Soft Maple and River Maple. The Silver Maple blossoms very early in spring be- fore the leaves have made their appearance. In fact, it is among the earliest of our native trees to blossom. In most localities the flowers appear before those of the Red Maple. The flowers are crowded towards the ends of the branches, each lateral bud containing from three to five blossoms. They range in color from reddish to crim- son, and are favorites for the honey bee which swarm about them in great numbers on the first warm days of spring. Its fruit matures early in summer and is larger than that of any of the eastern Maples. The bark is somewhat furrowed and separates in long scales which are loose at both ends and attached at the middle. This is a helpful distinguishing characteristic at all seasons of the year. The bending down of the branches and the distinct upward swoop of their small ends is also a posi-, tive means of identification. The Silver Maple may attain a large size upon favor- able situations. It is not unusual to find a specimen one a hundred feet in height and from three to four feet in diameter. The wood is much softer than that of the Sugar Maple, but is used for a wide range of purposes. It is especially prized in the manufacture of fruit baskets and berry boxes. The wide spreading crown and the drooping branches also recommend this tree for orna- mental planting, and a beautiful cut-leaf variety with a weeping habitat has been developed. Before planting it for ornamental purposes one should know that it is short-lived and that its branches are so brittle that they are readily broken off by the wind and by snow and ice pressure. The Red Maple is ever mindful of its common name. At all seasons of the year some part of it is distinctly red. In winter the beautiful red twigs are marked with conspicuous white lenticles and dotted with clusters of reddish buds. Early in spring, before the leaves have made their appearance the red clusters of flowers appear, and in early summer the red winged fruit is conspicuous and hangs down from the branches on long drooping MAPLE SEEDS Red Maple % Suger Maple Mountam Maple r | Striped Maple Nor way Maple Ash-\eah Mole FRUIT OF THE.MAPLE With a little study one may soon readily distinguish the maples by their fruit. 16 AMERICAN FORESTRY planting sites for this : tree. T h e Ash- leaved Maple, also known as Box Elder, differs from all other Maples in that it has com- pound leaves with three to five leaflets, instead of simple leaves. It also bears the pollen - bearing and seed - producing flowers on separate trees, while the other Maples usually have A DISTINC- both kinds of flow- aks biter ers on the same tree. hadi of the These striking differs Sugar Maple are unmistak- able. ences were formerly regarded important enough to place this tree in a _ distinct , group by itself, but FLOWER AND FRUIT OF THE SILVER MAPLE now it is again veins of the leaves, d ith th and in autumn this The flowers of the Silver Maple occur in clusters along the twigs and ap- groupe wit the s > pear before the leaves. Its maple-key fruit is the largest of our native maples other simple - leaved superb tree is at its and the leaves are silvery white on the 1ower surtace, with deep and round- best. Just as the based leaf-clefts. Maples. stalks. In summer there is often a tinge of red along the leaves of many of our trees are beginning to fall, one may look across a meadow and see a gorgeous Red Maple completely clothed in scarlet, or one may find a solitary specimen on a hillside standing out as a flaming torch among its green associates. It is not only in summer and autumn that the Red Maple is true to its common name and recognized with- out much effort, for at other seasons of the year it also stands out with an individuality for its stem is gray and stately, and its branches clean and smooth, and its twigs dotted with white lenticles and knotted clus- ters of distinctly red buds. Its scientific name is Acer rubrum. This name is quite appropriate, for the word “ru- brum’” means red. Sometimes this tree is called Scarlet Maple because of the scarlet autumnal color of its leaves. Other common names are: Soft Maple, Swamp Maple and White Maple. If there is one maple that excels all others in beauty in the forest it must be the Red Maple. One usually finds it in wet places. It is commonest in swamps and along river banks, but also thrives in moist soil on moun- tain slopes. It thrives well when planted along village streets and in parks, but it is short- lived and needs plenty of moisture. These SUGAR MAPLE FLOWER, FRUIT AND LEAVES characteristics and requirements suggest that The flowers of the Sugar Maple appear with the leaves and occur in clus- great care should be taken in the selection of ters on long, slender stalks. The leaves are large and coarsely toothed. THE MAPLES 17 There are now recognized seventy different species of Maples in the world. No other group of trees are better known or have a wider range of uses. As a group they satisfy many human wants by the valuable products which they produce and by the pleasing effects which - they make upon the human eye. It would be hard for us to get along without the Maples. They do so much for us. We use them every day in many ways while at work and at play. Their protection and perpetuation is our duty. If we do this task well there will flow forth from it worthy credits to us and needed benefits to thousands yet unborn. MOUNTAIN MAPLE FLOWERS AND FRUIT The flowers of the Mountain Maple occur in erect spikes and its leaves are sharply toothed on the margin and 3 to 5-lobed. mental tree, being attractive, vigorous and hardy, and practically free from insect and fungous foes. These two European Maples have few characteristics in common with our American Maples, and may be dis- LEARN TO KNOW THEM BY THEIR LEAVES At the left is the leaf of the Norway Maple and at the right A RED MAPLE GIANT that of the Sycamore Maple. ‘ : ‘ A Many huge old maples are found in the State of Pennsylvania. tinguished from each other by the characteristics given This one is four feet in diameter and is free of branches for forty in the previous table. feet from the ground. 18 AMERICAN FORESTRY NAME aE LEAVES FLOWERS. FRUIT BARK HABITAT MOUNTAIN Shrub or small Usually 3-lobed, Occur in erect Small maple key On twigs reddish Prefers rocky sit- MAPLE. tree, rarely over coarsely toothed, spikes, 3 to 4 in- about 1-2 of an brown to gray; uations on moun- 15 feet high. 3-5 inches long, ches long. inch long, ar- on stem reddish tains. light hairy on ranged in droop- brown dotted lower surface. ing clusters. with gray blotches. STRIPED Small tree, usu- Goose-foot - like, Occur in droop- Small maple key On twigs red- Dislars mao MAPLE. ally 15-30 feet 5-6 inches long. ing tassels, 3 to about 3-4 of an qish; on stem situation in dense high. 3-lobed at apex, 4 inches long. inch long, af- reqdish brown woods. finely toothed, ranged in Open ctreaked with prominently drooping clUS- jong white lines. veined, rusty ters. hairs on lower surface. Two European Maples have been widely introduced in- to the United States. They are the Norway Maple and the Syca- more Maple. Among the shade trees which have been introduced into America from Europe, the Norway Maple easily stands in the first rank. Thousands of speci- mens are found throughout the East- ern United States. It is difficult to find a single town in which this tree has not been planted. It is a very fungous proof. It satisfies most of the requirements of an ornamental tree, and in spite of the fact that it is a foreigner deserves to be planted extensively as a street and lawn tree. It is attractive from early spring to late in the fall, and during the ‘winter presents a pleasing form and an attractive trunk. TheSycamore Maple has also been introduced into the Eastern States on a rather extensive scale for shade and orna- mental purposes. It has many advantages hardy species, grows rapidly, and is prac- FLOWER AND LEAF OF THE STRIPED MAPLE The flowers of the Striped Maple occur in drooping tassels and the leaves. tically insect and are goose-foot like. as a shade and orna- NAME BARK LEAVES FLOWERS FRUIT BUDS NORWAY Black, fissured, Flexible, large Arranged in yel- Large maple key Large and red. MAPLE not scaly. coarsely toothed, lowish green clus- with widely diver- almost entire on ters. gent wings. margin, smooth on lower surface; leaf stalks contain milky sap, re- sembles sugar maple. SYCAMORE Brown, not fis- Firm, 3 to 5-lobed, Arranged in erect Small maple key Large and green. MAPLE sured, scaly. sharply toothed on spikes, about 3 with almost paral- margin, slightly inches long. lel wings. hairy on lower surface; leaf-stalks do not contain milky sap. ; Aa THE MAPLES 19 BARK OF THE SILVER MAPLE Shallow furrows and scaliness constitute the main characteris- tics of the Silver Maple bark. Perhaps the most attractive feature of the Ash-leaved Maple is found in the rich color of its twigs.. They are a glorious olive green, usually covered with a white bloom, and stand out boldly against the sky-line. This tree is one of the fastest growing and most hardy of our native hardwoods. As a shade and ornamental tree it has the advantages of rapid growth, dense foliage, pleasing color, and comparative freedom from insect and fungous attack. It holds a very prominent place among the shade trees planted in the prairie states. In the older settled portion of the United States it is gradually giving place to other more desirable trees. The chief objection to it is the fact that it is always shedding something, and early in life defects frequently develop. The leaves fall both in and out of season, blossoms litter the ground in spring, and the seeds drop from early winter until spring. The Ash-leaved Maple is distributed over most-of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. related species is native to California. Recently a num- ber of special varieties with distinctive colored foliage A closely; have been developed. They are now offered by nursery- men for ornamental planting. This tree is worthy of a place in our forests, and deserves being used for orna- mental planting, but great care should be taken in choos- ing suitable sites upon which to plant it. It does not de-- velop satisfactorily upon unfavorable situations. The two “Tom Thumbs” of the Maples are the Striped Maple and the Mountain Maple. Neither of these trees attain a size sufficiently large to classify them as timber trees, but both of them are so attractive and have such striking distinguishing characteristics that they deserve a place in our forests, and in our ornamental planting program. The Striped Maple reaches the size of a small tree and loves shaded situations and moist soil, while the Mountain Maple is usually a shrub, and thrives well upon dry rocky hillsides and mountain tops. Both of these small forest trees are satisfied to take their places in the under- story of the forest, while others of their kind reach up high and struggle for a place in the upper-story of the forest. The following table gives the striking distin- guishing characteristics of these two beautiful Maples which are common in the northwoods, and extend along the Allegheny Mountains as far south as the Carolinas, Tennesse and Georgia. ¥) Sh SQ WS ) Le QY \ \ RED. MAPLE FLOWERS AND FRUIT The flowers of the Red Maple appear in clusters before the leaves are out. The fruit is a small winged key and the leaves are 3 to 5-lobed, with sharp based clefts. THE FOUNDATION FOR FORESTRY IN NEW JERSEY By C. P. Wilber, State Fire Warden of New Jersey T is difficult to criticize the woodland owner who is indifferent to the practice of forestry, or even to forest conservation in a community where public opinion and public funds are either one or both indifferent or luke warm to forest fire prevention. Recognition of this fact has grown by leaps and bounds lately, yet, to far too many, fire prevention is still too largely a remote though interesting public problem, instead of a live per- sonal concern, even in the localities where the work is best organized and oldest. To all right-minded, think- ing people the national total of damage done by forest fire each year is appalling, the toll exacted by the demon flame in life, in property, in welfare is staggering, but the sense of individual responsibility to guard against their own and others ignorance or carelessness lies dor- mant while the waste goes on and want draws nearer. The protection of forests from fire is not the whole of forestry as some timberland owners profess by their practice. But fire protection is the fundamental with- out which forestry is foolishness. Planting trees for fu- ture timber, where fire is likely, is a long-shot gamble. Improvement work in standing timber, not guarded against fire, is a questionable business venture. Post- ponement of cutting for bigger and better timber in young merchantable woodlands exposed to fire is hazard- ous. Reservation of part of the merchantable stand in cutting for reproduction, with no safeguard against serious fire damage, is “bad business” practice. Holding cut-over land for future forest growth is “poor practice” from any business standpoint, unless the fire danger is provided against. These things might do for a faddist or a millionaire or both; but, if cutting timber and sell- ing it were my life work and livelihood, I don’t believe I’d. do them. Would you? New Jersey owes a deep debt of gratitude to those who started forestry in the state, for the far-sighted wisdom which built her whole program on adequate, compulsory, state-wide forest fire protection. After more than 15 years under this program it may be of interest and per- haps be instructive to consider what has been done and how and to point out the strength and weaknesses which experience with the system used have shown. There are two million acres of land now forested or growing up to forest in the state. This is almost half IT’S SPLENDID TO PUT OUT FOREST FIRES BUT BETTER TO KEEP THEM FROM STARTING Forest fires in New Jersey are almost invariably man-made and so the State is making strenuous effort to acquaint her citizens with the true conditions and thereby make them more careful. THE FOUNDATION FOR FORESTRY IN NEW JERSEY 21 its total area. A large part of this land is not suitable for agriculture or similar uses. It will grow timber, but always will be waste land otherwise. The part now forested, but fit for other uses should be developed into FIRE BLACKENED RUINS Until this sort of thing is stopped it is hard to blame the man who won't improve his woods or take a chance on future timber crops. farms, pastures, orchards, home sites, etc., but much of such land will be undeveloped long enough to grow one crop of timber if not more. Meanwhile it will lie idle and depreciate unless it does grow forest. Given the chance, throughout New Jersey nature will retrieve waste land by spontaneous forest reproduction and will maintain a forest cover of valuable species per- manently, without artificial planting or other expensive treatment. The retreating sources of virgin supply and the imminence of its exhaustion have emphasized to New Jersey, in common with every Eastern state, not only the wisdom of, but the necessity for home grown timber. Though the vast demands of the densest center of population in the world, within and on New Jersey’s borders, can never be wholly met from the state’s limited woodland area, yet the state should not and need not import most of the raw forest products used, as it now does, and a unique market awaits her home grown tim- ber. There is practically no barrier between the present low production and the sorely needed and highly profit- able maximum but fire. Because of this, as the forestry movement has grown in scope, in public interest and in achievement in New Jersey, its slogan has always re- mained “Stop Forest Fires.” Granting that fire-proofing the forests is worth while, the obvious necessities are a knowledge of what causes the fires and facilities for remedying these causes and for stopping fires which start. New Jersey has taken up these problems through a cooperative system of Fire Wardens in the appointment, supervision and mainten- ance of which both the state and the local municipal gov- erning bodies share the responsibility and expense. A force of five fire wardens is maintained by the state, un- . der the direction of the Forestry Division of its Depart- ment of Conservation and Development. These fire war- dens have general supervision of all forest fire work either throughout the state or in a large section called a “Division.” Their time is given to law enforcement, to direction of fire fighting at the larger fires, to fire pre- ventive work, to oversight of fire lookout and patrol and to general supervision of the work and business of the local fire wardens. Subject to the approval of the State Fire Warden, the townships (or local municipalities) appoint their local fire wardens. This force of local war- dens numbering from 350 to 400, now covers 170 town- NATURE WILL DO HER BEST Even after a burn; but repeating the dose prevents maturing a crop and makes barren land before long. ships, towns and boroughs embracing practically the en- tire forested area of the state. The expense of maintain- ing this organization and of the actual fire-fighting is paid by the local governing bodies, subject to refund of one-half the cost from the State Treasury after the bills have been paid. Each township (or chief) Fire Warden is paid $20 per year and his assistants or District Fire Wardens $10 per year as salary or retainer. All wardens receive $2 for the first two hours or less at each fire and 50 cents per hour for all time over two hours. These local wardens are the backbone of the fire-fighting system, with authority to compel the use of any equipment necessary and the service of any one for fire-fighting. 22 AMERICAN FORESTRY Their helpers all are paid $1 for the first two hours or less and 40c per hour thereafter. This provision for a fixed minimum pay for short service, whether for 10 minutes or two hours, at first blush has the appearance of extravagance. In practice, however, it makes the pay sufficient to encourage men to drop their work and give a fire attention at once while it is still a one-man job of a few minutes. It also has proven the spur to “quick work” by the wardens and their crews, by offering a bonus for “winding up” the work quickly for big pay, instead of working a longer time for less than the pre- vailing rate of wages in most localities. It therefore has helped to prevent both the damage and expense entailed in long continued fires. Under this system an average total of 1,000 fires per slowly by a purely or large “state-owned and operated” system. As the starting point in forest protection this has unquestionably been a real asset. But, despite real progress in her forest fire campaign, fires of from 500 to thousands of acres in area each are still too common in New. Jersey. Periods of severe dan- ger yearly make conditions which the semi-volunteer system cannot adequately handle. Local wardens in their activity are tempted to observe political boundaries which fire does not respect. Local jealousy and pride are common weaknesses. Localities where help is scarce, communication poor and transportation difficult are plentiful. And we are still ignorant of how nearly one- half of our fires start. Therefore, as a state-wide propo- sition, timber which requires a minimum of from 30 to I DIDN’T MEAN TO— But this will not undo the damage which external vigilance only will prevent. Fire not only spoils the looks of things but is responsible for the loss of much valuable young timber. year are dealt with so effectively that more than one- quarter of them never become two-acre fires and over half of them burn less than 10 acres each. With this organization supplemented by the work of the State’s wardens, from 50 to 70 per cent of each year’s fires are definitely fixed upon the person or agency responsible, a record which has earned for New Jersey an enviable place among the agencies working on the forest protec- tion problem. Also this feature of the work has proven to be a tremendous power as a deterrent and educational factor in preventing fires. The local nature of the or- ganization has aroused a local public interest and sup- port which would certainly have been secured more 50 years to mature, is not yet assured that it can reach maturity, even though it may escape fire damage for the greater part of its growing period. What’s the answer? Closer supervision. In the first place by a state-wide fire lookout system, so that fire can’t sneak out into the woods and grow up before someone knows that he is in the neighborhood. Second, by enough more state fire wardens to supplement and supervise the local organi- zation so that prompt and well-coordinated attention will be assured to every fire while it is still in short trous- ers, and so that someone who has the time, as well as the desire, may be on hand to know how all fires start and to know of the remedy, any places or condition which ee ee co 7 TT THE FOUNDATION FOR FORESTRY IN NEW JERSEY 23 1s a fire menace, before the necessary spark has found it and done its damage. Unlike some sections of the country, in which natural forces like lightning cause many fires, forest fires in New Jersey are almost invariably man-made. Whether it be the 30 per cent caused by the railroads, or 15 per cent from brush burning and campers’ fires, or smokers set- ting from 15 to 50 per cent, or the small proportion of the total number from many other miscellaneous causes; someone’s carelessness, ignorance or indifference is re- sponsible. It is because of this that adequate facilities for watching the woodlands and those who frequent them will certainly stamp out the damage done by forest fire. It is because of this that New Jersey is extremely for- tunate in that her schools are all required to teach the lesson of fire prevention, including the how and why of keeping fire from the woods. It is because of this that particular stress has always been laid upon ascertaining who or what started every fire, so that it might be made expensive and uncomfortable to set the woods afire and people thereby be made more careful. In dealing with a number of the major causes of for- est fire, the New Jersey legislation and practice differs from that in many states. From the first it has been rec- ognized in New Jersey’s forest protection work, that, as long as coal-burning locomotives were used, the most perfect mechanical devices on the locomotives were but partly effective at best and were always subject to de- terioration or careless handling or both. Because of this, the entire matter of locomotive inspection and the dis- cipline of personnel has been left unrestricted in the hands of the railroad companies and the whole forest fire prevention effort has been centered on fire-proofing the rights-of-way, so that not only locomotive sparks, but carelessly discarded matches and smoking materials might not be able to start forest fires. In addition, per- sistent and apparently successful effort has been made to fix responsibility for all of its fires upon each company and to apply a penalty for each, as in the case of fires from any other cause. Under this policy there have been established permanent “fire lines,” so called, along the greater part of the forest trackage in the state, which, where maintained in right condition, provide effective protection save in abnormal danger periods. These lines vary from a cleared zone on which all surface growth and litter are destroyed with a strip of exposed material soil on the outer margin, to a simple burning off of the ground growth and litter frequently enough to keep it clear of inflammable material. They vary in width with surface conditions, with the topography and with the character of the traffic. Also practice has varied from complete clearing of all growth, trees included, to the encourage- ment of the densest tree shade compatible with a clean ground surface. The best results, however, appear to require a belt of from 100 to 200 feet in width from the nearest rail with a maximum of shade to intercept a falling spark, to discourage vegetation on the ground and to maintain soil moisture. A natural and advantageous outcome of the fire line policy is the interest and activity of the section crews in stopping fires. If fire prevention is “up to” the section boss, bad locomotive maintenance and operation or no, responsibility is not divided and fire is given the least possible chance to develop. Within the last ten years railroad fires have dropped from over ° 50 per cent to less than 30 per cent of the total fires start- ed and “big fires” from railroad operations are now ex- tremely rare. May I see your fire permit? This question has em- barrassed great numbers who were using fires for work or pleasure, for New Jersey has from the first required that no open fire be built in or near the woodlands without a written permit from the local fire warden. But, while a nuisance to the experienced camper, an annoy- LITTLE SURFACE FIRES MAKE TREES LIKE THESE And it is a very serious matter in view of the rapidly diminish- ing stands of virgin timber. ance to the careful picniker and sometimes almost a handicap to the trustworthy farmer or settler, this restric- tion has been of tremendous advantage to the State in keeping fire from the woodlands. It has reduced the needless use of fire, although the permits are issued free and made easily available to all responsible applicants. It has curtailed the careless use of fire because the person whose fire is “tagged” will not take chances, as when his fire is built haphazard and unknown. The foreigner, the new settler, and the inexperienced camper is re- strained from doing himself, his neighbors and the com- munity harm by coming into touch with a word of ad- vice and warning before his fire is built. The proven reckless or incompetent can be denied the use of that 24 AMERICAN which, in his hands, is a public menace. And all burning can be banned in a locality or throughout the state when conditions of peculiar danger make any use of open fire a menace. It is needless to say that, though generally enforced, the strictness of the enforcement has varied with the local situations and different local wardens. But the result of rigid observance of the regulations has al- ways shown emphatically and at once in a reduced num- ber of forest fires. Also the permit law is only operative in townships where there are fire wardens appointed. Because of this the introduction of the warden system into new communities has almost always met with ob- jection, but in no instance of which there is knowledge has the protection which the permit requirement afforded failed, within a short time, to transform. the opposition to hearty appreciation of its value. By other legislation the State can provide against or eliminate seri- FORESTRY plainly shown. Because of this, there are almost no cases taken into court, and the penalties imposed assume an educational as well as punitive character because the unfortunate but necessary imposition of a severe penalty for a minor offense, if it is to be dealt with at all, which is so common under many penalty procedures, is avoid- ed. A man can tell the truth, point out his ignorance or bad judgment and its result to friends and neighbors and yet not be “strung up” in consequence, if it is reasonable that he should not be. The annual expenditure for all the work done now averages from $35,000 to $45,000, or from 1% to 2% cents per acre of forest protected. The variable item is the sum spent for fighting fire, for which the local communities and the State each pay from $5,000 to $10,- 000 per year, dependent on the severity of the fire sea- son. Considering this low cost the State is getting a surprisingly ef- ous fire m e n- aces by requir- ing patrol or remedial meas- ures at the ex- pense of the property owner or of the agent responsible for the condition. In this way threatened trouble from areas of log- ging slash, un- kempt and dan- gerous road- sides, areas ad- joining active steam machin- ery, improper- ly — protected railroad rights- of-way, perma- nent camp sites and___ colonies, etc., is tempor- arily guarded against or per- manently dis- posed of as the need requires. One other feature of: New Jersey’s forest fire law deserves particular .mention: Under the law there are provided statutory fines for violation that is the flexibility of its penalty procedure. of its provisions, which make responsibility for forest fires, whether by accident or intent, a violation, which compel continual watch over all fires built and require fire permits and fire-fighting service as above described. However, the ‘State is given the power to remit or to reduce the statutory fine, ‘where circumstances justify such action, even though the violation is admitted or IT “EATS ’EM ALIVE!” This sort of treatment tends to discourage trees from growing.. The young growth is either this completely destroyed or stunted and—carelessness causes most forest fires. fective result in fire preven- tion and con- trol. But a “good show- ing” or “great improvement ” in one year over another in one or many ways has not and will not make forestry practiceor woodland own- ership attrac- tive or even wise in New Jersey or any- where. The State can wise- ly and should raise its annual expenditure for forest fire pro- tection to 4c per. acre. At figure a measure of safety can be assured to woodlands which will eliminate the present tisk and take timber growing and timberland holding out of the class of hazardous investment, and make it a safe and profitable business venture. A statement of the work done and results accom- plished in stopping forest fires in New Jersey would be incomplete if it did not give recognition to the great bene-. fit derived from the allotment of Federal Funds, under the so-called Week’s Law, for the protection of the water- sheds of navigable -streams.. Though available for use only in the northern third of the State, these funds have (Continued on page 30) © <<, TO USE ALASKA’S FORESTS FOR the first time in our history we have an oppor- tunity, in Alaska, to guide the development of an immense forest region from the standpoint of permanent national interests,” declares Col. W. B. Greeley, chief of the Forest Service, United States Department of Agri- culture, in his annual report. “This,” says the Forester, “does not mean putting the forests of Alaska under lock and key. It means the expansion of her forest industries as rapidly as there is a market for their products, but within the limits and under the control necessary to keep the land productive and make the supply of raw material for manufacture into lumber and paper perpetual. “In considering ways and means for bettering condi- tions in the Territory, it is important that we do not lose sight of the bearing of her resources upon the national timber supply. The National Forests of Alaska contain 20,000,000 acres and over 75,000,000,000 feet of timber of a quality suitable for general consumption. This is equivalent to nearly 6 per cent of all the timber in the Continental United States. It includes 100,000,000 cords of pulp wood, whose serviceability for the manufacture of paper is fully established by existing commercial prac- tice. Wisely handled, a paper industry can be developed in Alaska as permanent as the paper industries of Scandi- navia, and capable of supplying a third of the present paper consumption of the United States. This is an op- portunity which should not be thrown away by inviting unrestrained and destructive exploitation. “There has been much loose and ignorant criticism of the National Forests of Alaska,” continues Col. Greeley, “as imposing bars and locks upon the development of her timber resources. Since these National Forests were placed under administration in 1906 they have been open freely for the use of timber and other commercial re- sources under regulations of an exceedingly liberal and simple character. They are being cut today to the ex- tent of about 45,000,000 board feet annually. They fur- nish 86 per cent of all the timber used in the Territory ; they supply every sawmill on the Alaskan coast with logs; they furnish a large proportion of the piling, lum- ber and box shooks used in Alaska’s fish industry; they supply the great bulk of the timber used in the mines in their portion of the Territory. Sites have been readily and freely obtained within them for a large number of salmon canneries, sawmills, villages, fox farms, and commercial establishments of every character adapted to this region. “The Forest Service has labored steadily to promote the establishment of a paper industry in Alaska, which promises to be one of its most important industrial de- velopments. The terms offered to paper manufacturers are, indeed, more flexible and more favorable to the operator than in the case of any public timberlands in - Canada, with whom comparisons have frequently been drawn. Two sales of pulp timber, aggregating 700,000,- 000 feet, have been made, and there are many pending applications and inquiries from responsible sources. Just as rapidly as bonafide undertakings for the building up of forest industries in the Territory take form, they are receiving and will receive every form of encouragement from the Forest Service consistent with the public in- terest in maintaining permanent production from Alas- ka’s forests. “The primary needs of Alaska are transportation, par- ticularly marine transportation, and a decentralized ad- ministration of public resources and affairs in the Terri- tory itself,” asserts the Chief Forester. “The National Forests of Alaska have always been administered in all respects, except the more important transactions and questions of policy, by supervisors and rangers in the Territory. In recognition of the need for the fullest de- centralization, however, a separate National Forest dis- trict covering the Territory was created on January 1, 1921, under the direction of a resident District Forester. Ninety-five per cent of the business of these National Forests does not pass beyond Alaska. A further step is desirable. There is need for correlating closely the local administrative activities of the Forest Service with those of other Federal agencies in Alaska and of the Territorial Government for settling currently any questions of over- lapping jurisdiction and for securing coordinated action as new developments involving different agencies present themselves. This can be accomplished readily by or- ganizing the chief local administrative officers of the Fed- eral Government, together with the Governor, into an Alaskan council. The existence of such a body could not fail to facilitate the efforts of the Forest Service to make the National Forests in Alaska as beneficial as possible to the people of the Territory.” The Forester points out that in the administration of the National Forests of Alaska the fact must not be over- looked that the Territory is part of the United States, and that its forests are part of our National Forest re- sources, just as its agricultural problems are related to our national agricultural development and its fish are part of our national food supply. “There is no more reason,” he says, “why a separate and different system should be set up for dealing with the public forests of Alaska than there is for setting up such a system for each State. Alaska needs the application to her forests problems of the experience, technical knowl- edge and organization provided by the Forest Service; while the policy followed should be at one with that of the entire country, of which Alaska is simply a part.” HOW SKUNKS DEFEND THEMSELVES By R. W. Shufeldt, C. M. Z. S., American Society of Mammalogists, etc. MONG the peculiarities of the otters, sea otter, skunks, badgers, and their near allies, constituting the North American Mustelidae, there is no one thing that has created the interest that their odoriferous glands have. This is particularly true of the skunks, and the very mention of this animal’s name is immediately asso- ciated with its power of rendering itself excessively ob- noxious or even dangerous to man and to all other ani- mals. We say dangerous, as there have been well-attest- ed cases where complete blindness has followed the in- jection of the fluid into the eyes, and also dangerous to property, for many things have been utterly ruined by having been defiled in the same manner. These remarkable structures or glands are present, in SKUNKS HUNTING IN THE DAYTIME This unusual picture is from a photograph by Mr. Rollin E. Smith, who presented it to the writer. Skunks are wonderfully agile and elusive in such a situation as here shown, but they are not known to climb trees. one form or another, in all the true musteline mammals, and through their use these animals possess a means of defense quite equal to the teeth and claws of any of the other small animals. This is the chief use to which these glands and their acrid secretions are put. The idea still prevails among those poorly informed in such matters that this secretion of the glands comes from the kidneys, to be stored in the bladder. Nothing could be further from the truth. Prudism and false modesty are responsible for the masking of much truth in this world, thus fostering many a danger which is the outcome of ignorance. It is no more indelicate to write about the characters, prop- erties and functions of the remarkable fluid of defense than to speak about or describe the odor of the skunk cabbage, the namesake of the skunk in the vegetable kingdom. If the skunk makes a complete discharge, emptying both glands, he is rendered quite harmless, until such a time as the glands become refilled. According to the majority of authorities, the fluid may be thrown by the animal in two distinct streams, spray-like in character, for a distance of eight feet. Upon a calm day or night the odor may be detected over an area of half a square mile, and if carried by the wind, for a distance of more than a mile. How often the animal is compelled to empty the glands the writer is unable to state—that is, when the creature is not irritated in any way and there-is no occasion for it to defend itself. Instances have been known where they have been kept as pets for a year or more, with not a drop of the fluid escaping, or there being the slight- est evidence of the animal possessing such a disagree- able organ. If a weasel or a skunk is undergoing any pain, or is suddenly frightened or irritated in any way, they will emit the secretion, when the odor becomes very apparent. THE NORTHERN SKUNK This northern form of the skunk tribe typifies the genus as a whole as they occur in the eastern sections of the country. The animal generally holds its tail as here shown, or else perfectly erect. Skunks are not very rapid runners. The writer is more or less familiar with the glands as they occur in the weasels, sables and the mink, and has dissected them out in the latter animal, but he has never examined the odoriferous glands in the Fisher or Pekan, nor has he ever seen a good account of them any- where. In the Marten these glands are small, compared with HOW SKUNKS DEFEND THEMSELVES 27 SKULL OF A SEA OTTER This is the front view of a sea otter skull, a rare animal now, and almost extinct. what we find in the Skunk. The animal has the power of throwing it only a very limited distance, and often it merely exudes upon the neighboring parts. In fact, it would seem that it is by no means employed as a fluid of defense, and it is, in some instances, by no means disa- greeable and rarely-highly offensive. Dogs and other animals do not especially shun the Marten. In the American sable or pine marten, the gland is not nearly as highly developed as in other mustelines—in ° SKULL OF A FISHER This is a fine specimen of the skull of an adult male fisher. Both of these fine skull specimens are in the collection of the National Museum, at Washington, and are published through the. courtesy of the Division of Mammals of that institution. (Photographed by the Author). the mink, for example; hence the characteristic odor is far less noticeable. In fact, captive martens become quite tame, and the odor given off by them is very mild. It is reduced to a mere musky taint, not altogether unpleas- ing to man—certainly it offers no protection for them po THIS FISHER HAS STALKED A RABBIT There is a certain character about tne drawing of one of the Fisher is from a photograph by the writer of a plate in the work of C. B mammals by Mr. Leon L. Pray which is unusual as well as attractive. This . Cory on “The Mammals of Illinois and Wis- consin.” In some parts of the country Fishers are now entirely exterminated. 28 against their enemies. Passing to the weasels, ermines, sables and the mink, we again find these glands more highly developed, and the odor of their secretion more or less powerful when the animals are ex- manner, as through The emission of the cited in fear or anger. secretion is voluntary as in the case of the skunk; and, although not as offensive as in that animal, it is nevertheless very penetrating and extremely unpleasant. It is not as lasting as the scent of the skunk, and it is not in the least noticeable when the creatures are at rest and not aroused. The scent of the secretion of the glands in the case of the mink is especially ranking prob- ably next to that of the skunk in characteristics; but to many this odor is entirely different from that of the skunk, and by no means disagreeable; it would not any strong, its several especially deter some from remov~ ing the animal alive from a trap or from capturing it by other means. The minks being largely aquatic by nature is another reason why their odor is not as likely to be perceived, as the glands would not be brought into use while the animal was in the water. Coues stated that “it is used with advantage by trappers, to in- crease the efficacy of their bait. It belongs to the class of musky odors, which, in minute quantities, are not disagreeable to most persons ; and, indeed, a moderate amount of mink scent is less undesirable than the rank odor of the she-wolf for instance. The former is special and peculiar ; the latter seems to convey all that is bad in the nature of the animal.” AMERICAN FORESTRY SKIN OF A YOUNG SKUNK This skin of a skunk with broad white markings was collected and prepared by the writer; it was taken many years ago at Fort Fetterman, Wyoming, and is a western species. With respect to the badgers, lit- tle or nothing has been done in the direction of description of the glands as they occur in the species in this country. For the-sake of completeness, we may now devote the remainder of this article to a consideration of these musteline animals—that is, to their habits, distributions and kinds; for, taken in its entirety, the family can hold its own with any other family of mammals’ in North America in the matter of the inter- est it has for us, and certainly in its economic importance. As a group of the order Carnivora, it is an unusually well defined one, made up of many species, and being rep- resented in nearly all parts of the world with the exception of the Australian region. The most typ- ical musteline mammals are the mar- tens and weasels, while the other forms making up the family vary to a considerable extent, such as the otters, the skunks, and the badgers. The belt in which the greatest number are found lies in the North- ern Hemisphere, especially in the sub-boreal zone and in the northern girdle of the North Temperate. Typical weasels make up the great bulk of the mustelines, it being the largest genus or the one containing the greatest number of species; nioreover, they have the widest geo- graphical distribution. | Weasels may be said to typify the family, and zoologists recognize all the way from fifteen to twenty genera as composing it. We have discovered that this family may naturally be di- vided into quite a number of subfamilies ; some of these contain but a single genus, and this genus but a single 6 a WESTERN Of the many species of skunks in tne United small white spots on their black bodies: ’ ai ax: SKUNKS ARE REALLY BEAUTIFUL ANIMALS States none is handsomer than the western ones. Some are entirely black, with if _ Spots 0 others are marked as here shown, which is from a photograph by the writer of a row of five on exhibition in the Mammal Hall of the United States National Museum. ee Pigeon an i een = — — Oe wt fae Tae HOW SKUNKS DEFEND THEMSELVES 29 FISHERS ARE FOND OF BEING NEAR WATER The name of the animal is a misnomer, as it does not catch living fish, but it will eat them when occasion offers. It has been known to kill deer and prey upon rabbits, foxes, porcupines and other mammals. species. From man’s earliest history down to the pres- ent time, the economic value of the family has ever been on ithe increase, and this has only slackened when, through man’s agency, the animals giving rise to it have been, to a greater or less degree, destroyed and exterminated. Dur- ing this rise and decadence, however, simply untold mil- lions of the pelts have been collected, bought, sold, met the demands of fashion, formed food for billions of moths, been worn out, and gradually passed out of exis- tence. To a large extent, this trade and this sequence of OTTERS TYPIFY THE AQUATIC MAMMALS Our common otter is now becoming very scarce; like its cousin, the mink, it is very fond of fish, and it is extremely expert in catching them. Note the webbed feet of the animal, which is from A. C. Gould’s “Where to Find American Game.” things is still going on. The statistics of the sales of the pelts by the Hudson Bay and Canadian companies alone is something stupendous. No family in the Class Mammalia is better defined than the present one, or more clearly distinguished through its zoological characters in the order Carnivora, to which it belongs. And, notwithstanding the great apparent differ- ence between a badger and a. weasel, or a skunk and a sea otter, the comparative anatomy of the group fur- nishes the best proof of the true relationships of its fam- ily members. As to their place in the system, the writer is of the opinion that the musteline assemblage is, above all oth- ers, most closely related to the Bears (Ursidae), this FINE PICTURE OF A BADGER This remarkable photograph of the American Badger was made from life by Mr. Elwin R. Sanborn, and is here used by his per- mission. Note the median white stripe on the head of the ani- mal, agreeing with what we see.in some skunks. through the family Eluridae (the Panda,) and primarily the Racoons. On the other hand, a remote, though not so very distant a kinship, is seen in the dogs and their various allies. Upon examining the main and anatomical characters, it would appear that this family is easily divisible into no less than eight subfamilies. Of these eight five are represented in the United States, the martens and weas- els (one subfamily) ; the badgers ; the skunks ; the Ameri- can otters, and the sea otters. Nine genera make up these five subfamilies—that is, the otters, ithe sea otters, three kinds of skunks and three in the marten group—as the minks, weasels and wolverene. Various fossil forms of these animals have been dis- covered from time to time. The skunks are strictly of North American distribution, but widely known in other more (Continued on page 41) THE RED DRAGOON LEW SARETT Among the brittle needles of the pine, A harmless ember, casually flung— Smoldering in the tinder of the soil— Writhing crimson vipers Redly licking at the leaves, Bellying into the amorous wind With flickering venomous tongues, And sinking blue fangs in the heart of the night. Il Lo! blazing mane and streaming bridle, Bursting out of the lurid hills, A stallion, A livid-crimson stallion, A lightning-winged stallion, Crashing out of the billowing smoke On a flaming crimson trail. A ghastly shriek in the canyon, An echoing moan in the pines, A wild red rush of flying red feet, And a hand at the charger’s bit. A flame-shod foot in the stirrup, A phantom hand on the reins. And lo! a rider in scarlet, A swaggering rider in scarlet, The ghost of a Red Dragoon! A war-brawling wild cavalier, With a cackle sardonic and grim, A bite in his wind-whistling arrows, And a blight in his lethal breath !— Careering he charges the timber With resin-hot lances of gold, And he shouts a demoniac laughter When his blood-bleary eyes behold, Scurrying out of the riotous hills A rabble of shadowy things,— Oh, the clatter of whistling deer, The patter of feet in the rushes, The bleat of the panting fawn!— Flung out of the timber like leaves, Like burning leaves in the wind Whirled over the hills and the valleys And out to the fringes of night. A bloody-gripped red cavalier! A blasphemous dread cavalier! Galloping into the blue-templed hills With a wild ribald song on his lips, And a curse for the gray-bearded pines That complain of his searing hot breath; Sundering their boles with a swift molten fist, Cleaving their suppliant branches, With a jeer as they go to a thundering death Enshrouded in bellowing flame, As they wing their gray souls on the spiralling smoke Up to the ultimate stars. Galloping over tumultuous clouds To tilt at the livid-lipped stars; Galloping on through the turbulent sky And over the rim of the world. Ill Oh, the toll of the rider in scarlet! The toll of the Red Dragoon! Windrows of charred black bones Strewn over a gutted land; . Skeletons,—once draped in the green Of leaf and the silken sheen of moss,— Bare skeletons, bitter of laughter, Clattering through long white nights,— Gray ghosts in a land of gray dead dreams, Playing the bow of the wind futilely Over the once resonant fiddle, Striving again to beguile old melodies, Bemoaning the old sweet Aprils. O, fiddlers, scratching over the shattered box, And scraping over the tattered strings, Pray, conjure me a tune!—the low call Of the last singing bird that is gone! THE RED DRAGOON FORESTRY IN NEW JERSEY (Continued from Page 24.) made possible what state support has not yet been will- ing to undertake, the beginnings of an adequate fire look- out system and an effective patrol. The fire risk is less in the hardwood forest of the northern hill country than in the pines of the southern sandy coastal plain. But the extreme advantage from every angle which the record shows to North Jersey is not wholly or even mostly due to this, but to the fact that Federal aid has here made more adequate facilities available, than State initiative has granted elsewhere or anywhere in the State. ‘The New Jersey situation differs in many ways from that in many places. Methods and means required in the wilderness such as for the conditions met in the north woods or on the Pacific Coast are not applicable where steam and electric railroads and good public high- ways penetrate the forests in every quarter. The treat- ment required for safeguarding woodlands which are all easily accessible and continually used as the playground of the densest organized population centre in the world, is different from that demanded in the trackless wilder- ness of the “Big Country. In a section where ignorant, though well intentioned city popvlations and swarms of new home-makers fresh from foreign shores create the fire problem while at work or play, and where the forest industry is at low ebb because of century long forest abuse and neglect, a different approach is needed than that available where timber spells livelihood to and wood- craft is the primer of a great part of those who frequent the woods. Yet everywhere it is people with whom we must deal, it is public opinion which must prevail against the needless waste by forest fire, and folks must learn to hate and fear the scourge of fire so that their interest and their activity may swallow up the Arch Fiend of the Forest—Fire. Bice: production of spruce lumber and pulpwood in ~ Canada in 1919 reached a value of $72,000,000, the value of the lumber being $44,000,000 and of the pulp- wood $28,000,000. About one-third of Canadian standing timber is estimated to be of spruce. The amount lost by fire and insects during the last two decades is said to have far exceeded the amount used. A TON of sandalwood yields an average of 100 pounds of oil. fi HE bamboo sometimes grows two feet in 24 hours. We cannot succeed perfectly but we can and do strive and hope. Our success requires the support of all your public-spirited friends. Nominate them for membership. There is strength in numbers—the more real Ameri- cans we have talking about forestry, the more success- ful become the activities of your Association. Talk for- estry to your friends. FOREST RECREATION DEPARTMENT Arthur H. Carhart, Editor EATH and Destruction consort with Play in many of our forest recreation areas. realm only because preventative measures against them They should be naturally foreign to re- are not taken. creation grounds but inevitably come if the laws of sani- tation and fire pre- vention are disre- garded. Do you walk in the open? Have you auto-camped in rural forest play places ? Have you picnicked under leafy shade trees or spicy pines and firs where the outdoor lure calls you to come and linger? -|) If you have I want to talk to you, or if you, or your friends ever expect to vacation in our great forested areas, this message is for you. Consider the de- struction wrought! Firealone each year destroys $17,150,- 000 worth of tim- ber. Money ex- pended in fighting fire in 1920 was more than $1,000,- 000. Business year- ly suffers to the ex- tent of $400,000,- 000! Good — business and common sense demand stoppage of this waste. Fires originating on camping areas constitute a not large portion of the fire loss ; every bit of prevention should be brought into play to stop even this portion of the yearly fire toll. Another phase of this problem is the fact that a camp- Minimum Requirements In Recreation They invade Play’s GOOD CAMPERS The campers in this picture have built their own fireplace in a good location. But many who are not versed in outdoor usage will not do so. direct their firebuilding and perhaps prevent forest fires. the highest. A built fireplace will ing spot once burned by fire is never again desirable re- creation grounds. As camp spots are often in the most pleasing locations this loss is many times larger than if the same amount of land, not so used, were burned over. The timber loss plus the aesthetic loss in smoke when a camp ground burns is greater than the price of prevention. Have we in the great majority of cases taken preventative measures on these areas? We have not. The human life loss is more ap- palling. Every year deaths occur which might have been _ prevented with the most ele- mentaity sanitary provisions. A very simple spring de- velopment costing in the neighbor- hood of twenty or thirty dollars might save several lives. Doctors sally testify that the typhoid rate increases appre- ciably when camp- ing time comes around. It is so common a_ thing that it is called “vacation typhoid.” In the National univer- Forests of the West the death rate is probably Here there are few sanitary installations. No safe water supply is available at many camps and people die from drinking out of open streams that ap- pear crystal pure. FIGHTING A FIRE This man with another worker could build about seven small fireplaces a day. of those fireplaces might prevent such a fire as this. This annual casualty list cannot be charged to the blindness or inattention of the Forest Service. Effort has been made in making camping places safe. Funds have not been appropriated to carry on this much needed protection program. No one realizes the dangers better than the Forest Service, but without authorization and funds with which to do this work they are helpless. Statements from Boards of Health show the real men- ace to life lurking in this lack of sanitation in camping areas. During the past three AMERICAN FORESTRY of life or incapacitate. One other re- port will suffice to illustrate the condi- tion in other western states. The state of Washington reports for the last three years as follows: Typhoid Enteritis Goitre Dysentery 1918 hoc 102 296 47 0 1919 . 55 249 41 0 1020) 303 76 502 62 16 1922s 16 69 24 0 (Including Month. of April) The bulk of our western mountain playgrounds are in National Forests. Other magnificent areas are in the Na- tional Parks. While not all of the ty- phoid and allied death causes reported to the state Boards of Health can be traced to the use of contaminated water while the patient was on a camping trip in these areas, it is certain that if a check were possible scores of deaths each year would be directly chargeable to the lack of proper sanitation in these moun- tain playgrounds. Auto touring is becoming more and more popular. The highway leads to open country and the big timber calls more people each year to the mountain places of the west. With this condition exist- ing there is increasing need of proper preventative measures against fire and disease. With the increase of population in a forest camp comes the increase in menace from these two agencies. One years there were 331 deaths due to typhoid in the one state of |f Colorado. There were 79 of | these in the city of Denver. Every case reported from Den- ver was traced directly to some outside infection. None came from the city water or milk sup- ply. Nearly all could be traced to a camping trip in the moun- tains. The same. ratio of loss will not hold for the entire state, but beside these 331 deaths it is safe to estimate that there are scores of cases contracted by tourists from outside the state that are never reported to the Colorado Board of Health. It is another point to consider that in this list only deaths from typhoid are listed and not the total number of cases. Still another fact that typhoid represent only one water born is statistics given disease. Paratyphoid, dysen- * < 7 . zy .” tery and others yearly take toll worth a pourid of cure. ; OO We oat: faers eb) aaa OE: THE FIRE DEMON’S SMOKE BANNER “Preventative Medicine” is a rational method now advocated, “An ounce of prevention is A fireplace will perhaps be the ounce of preventative medicine to cure the fire ill at some point in our forests. FOREST RECREATION The life loss is just as preventable as the fire loss. This is the sad feature of reviewing the past. Not only millions of dollars worth of timber and other values have been ruined because of inadequate fire protection in camping areas but millions of dollars worth of lives have been taken also—if -you can so value human life. There are minimum standards which every camp should meet. Without these the camp is unsafe; con- versely, with the most simple and practical fire and sani- tation measures in operation, the camp is as safe as a residence in the avéragé small town or village. What are the minimum requirements? And what is their cost? For if the cost for protection is less than the loss only the grossest indifference will prevent the allotting of funds for the purpose of stopping our yearly loss of property and life. One of the most effective fire prevention agencies is a small fireplace structure. The entire use of an area can be directed by proper placement of this recreation improvement. If the fireplaces exist people will use them if rightly located. By placing them in a perfectly safe yet pleasing place there is no danger of the fire built in them getting away. The very form of such a fire- place will encompass the fire and not allow it to spread. A guard on a public camping place costs from seventy to one hundred and twenty-five dollars a month. One fireplace costs from three to seven dollars. One fireplace may prevent the forest fire that the guard could never stop. Six dollar fireplaces have been built on certain of the western forest recreation places. They are used wher- ever properly placed. In good locations they will almost eliminate the forest fire hazard from a camp ground. They are made of native rock, half a sack of cement an: nine steel bars, a half inch thick and sixteen inches long. Two twelve-inch walls rising from a stone and concrete base. These walls are thirty inches long, about six inches thick and twelve inches apart. The steel bars are built into the wall forming a grate about nine inches above the base. Nothing could be more simple or more DEPARTMENT 33 NEITHER SANITARY NOR SIGHTLY Such a spring as this while it is not the old “sunk barrel” type is not a guarantee of pure water. The development may be good for stock on the range but not the best thing for the tourist camper. ; SANITARY BUT NOT SIGHTLY This spring development fulfills the demands of being sanitary. a little time and money would have made it attractive also. serviceable, nor is there any one fac- tor which could do more to prevent campfires spreading. Consider this as strictly a fire pre- vention measure. A real service to the camper exists but eliminate that from this reasoning. A fund of $60,000 would build more than ten thousand fireplaces. If in five years of serv- ice they would yearly prevent twelve fires costing a thousand dollars each for suppression and loss they would pay for themselves. This estimate is not unreasonable. Such a fund would go far towards making safe the wes- tern camping areas in our National Forests. Equal appropriations for several years would make all western forest camping places reasonably fool fireproof. But an addition of The lose of life centers around 34 AMERICAN FORESTRY water supply. The drinking of stream water is the only alternative offered the camper at thousands of camps in the west. He has no choice about the matter. No other water supply is available. Two measures are necessary to make and keep the water supply clean. First it is essential to supply prop- erly located and properly constructed sanitaries. Human occupancy demands their presence. Otherwise rains will inevitably wash human excrement into streams used for drinking purposes. Rules or signs cannot stop human body functions, but sanitaries will stop insanitary prac- tices: While it is reasonable to expect the presence of clean, well-placed — sani- taries will prevent con- tamination of streams, an- other simple development will make clean water doubly sure. A box which is essentially a miniature filter arrangement built on the principle of city water supply filters should be sunk out of sight in the bed of a stream and water conducted from it to the camp supply point. Water protected from contamina- tion by convenient sani- taries will be doubly safe- guarded by passing through a foot or more of sand or charcoal in this ar- rangement. Any slight contamination will stand little show of passing through this box and to the lips of camp visitors. Sanitaries can be built at various locations in a sat- isfactory manner for thirty dollars or less. A maxi- to $140,000. The “10-1-1” combination is ten fireplaces to one sanitary to one water development. There are three minimum “prevention” needs. The first is the fireplace, properly built and properly placed. The second is a good sanitary for each group as well built and placed. The third is additional assurance of good water supply through the installation of a filter box. As compared to the loss from fire each year this total cost is very small. One per cent of the annual fire loss exceeds the entire cost of construction of these perma- nent improvements. If we were to place the human lives on a dollar ba- sis this loss alone would justify the spending of $140,000 on camp develop- ment, Insurance com- panies, public service cor- porations and like institu- tions figure the settlement price of a human life at about $5,000. On this ba- sis $1,655,000 were lost through typhoid fever in in the one state of Colorado during the past three years, no small per cent of this due to insanitary condi tions: in the mountain areas. Ten per cent of the loss of life in one state dur- ing three years reduced to the dollar basis exceeds the entire cost of a thousand camps supplied with “mini- mum protective require- ments.” The recreational use of all forest areas can never be curbed through laws or edicts. No one would wish to do that in our national mum cost might be sixty dollars per structure. A thousand would cost a maximum of $60,000, or a cost equal to the fireplace BOTH SANITARY AND SIGHTLY This spring guarantees pure water supply at all times. While it does not show, there is considerable construction work insur- ing this, but it is all masked by a native stone wall set with- out cement and in the cracks of which moss and other moisture- loving plants are growing. or state properties. Peo- ple will come more and more to the outdoor places. They will come in numbers causing congestion at many estimate. A ratio of six to twelve fireplaces to one sanitary has been found good so that a thousand camp units couldebe constructed in our western forest play places for $120,000. Probably a filter box has never been built for service in our western forests. There never has been Federal money available for such life savers, yet they would cost in the neighborhood of only fifteen to twenty-five An average of twenty dollars would show that one pure water supply for each group on the “10-1-1” basis would bring the total cost of a thousand camps up dollars each. points. Only through the installation of proper improvements will these camping places be made safe for human occupancy. Most of our existing forest camp grounds lack proper protective im- provements. The cost of each unit or each camp is nomi- nal when compared to the service in protection from fire or life loss. All rural play areas present these problems of fire prevention and sanitation. A minimum standard must be met in development to make them safe. Any public organization which has charge of such areas should be FOREST RECREATION A SHELTER AND FIREPLACE This structure will localize the camping on any grounds and by doing that localize the fires built. By placing it in a proper location the building of fires can be readily regulated. responsible to the people for loss of property through fire or life through insanitation. They are accessories before the fact when they do not provide for protection in these two fields if able to do so. The most outstanding case of protective needs lies in the National Forest camps of the west. The Forest Service has this problem to meet. But they cannot solve it without recognition and provision for these needs by Congress. A modest annual appropriation for recre- DEPARTMENT 35 ational development for the next few years will save many dollars and lives. The National Park Service meets the same problem. Here again the need must be recognized and provided A LOW-COST FIREPLACE This is not only one of tne most serviceable of all camp improve- ments, but it saves its cost in lowered patrolling expenditures alone. for. State Forests and Parks, and great rural parks of municipalities have developed the same problems. Park and forest boards of these divisions of government must ] DESOLATION No one would argue the fact that it would be a good investment if one six dollar fireplace would prevent such a disaster as this. 30 AMERICAN FORESTRY i provide in some manner adequate protective features. The annual loss of fire has been computed. The annual ments will not make finished camps for complete camp- ing service, but the public using such camps will be in- loss from disease is sured against fire strikingly indi- cated. Both can be prevented in all ru- ral recreation areas by the installation of the minimum fire and sanitary preventative meas- ures. These are simple. They are, properly placed simple open fire- places; well con- structed properly located sanitaries, and __ fool - proof, pure water sup- plies. All people who directly or indirect- ly use the outdoors should insist that public agencies charged with the care of rural recreation areas see that these standards are met. These develop- ventative improvements in many camps. A DESTROYING FIRE The cost of one such fire in loss and funds spent in fighting it would build many pre- One such camp might eliminate such a fire. loss and that great- er loss—deaths from _insanitary conditions Finally, these sinster conditions set forth are not visionary. They exist. A brief sur- vey of the sitta- tion will convince the most skeptical that there is need of action. Action, and funds to back it, we must have if the Nation is to go into the out-of- doors secure from fire loss by camp- fires and life loss from impure water supply. Lets have decent forest camps for Americans! (Photographs by U. S. Forest Service.) THE RUSSO-AMERICAN OAK N the “Ha‘l of Fame” is the Russo-American Oak planted in the White House grounds April 6, 1904, by President Roosevelt. The relations between this country and Russia have changed somewhat from the time when acorns from the tree at the tomb of George Washington were planted in tthe grounds of one of the palaces of “His Imperial Majesty, the Emperor of All the Russias.” The tree in the White House grounds is still standing, and as far as known the trees in the palace grounds may be but the government of “the emperor of all the Russias” has changed to a great extent. Much history has been written since Charles Sumner, senator from Massachusetts, sent the acorns from the tree at Mt. Vernon to the Czar of Russia. These trees grew and acorns from them were in turn sent back to America and on April 6, 1904 Presi- dent Rooseve't, Secretary Wilson and Secretary Hitch- cock planted this Russo-American oak on the lawn east of the west terrace of the White House. Little did they know that on another April 6, the United States of America would declare war on Imperial Germany, a war in which Russia would be involved and as a result of which “the emperor of all the Russias” would be de- throned and pass into an exile and death around which much mystery has been thrown. In the files of the army we find the following notation made by E. A. Hitchcock. “While ambassador at the court of St. Petersburg I made inquiry with respect to the disposition .of some acorns that the Hon. Charles Sumner, while United States Senator from Massachusetts, is said to have sent to His Imperial Majesty the Czar, the acorns having been taken from a massive oak shading the original tomb of Washington at Mt. Vernon. “These acorns were planted on what is known as ‘Czar- ina Island’, which is included in the superb surroundings of one of the palaces of His Imperial Majesty near. Pe- terhof, and there I found a beautiful oak with a tablet at its foot bearing a Russian inscription, the translation of which is as follows: “*The acorn planted here was taken from an oak which shades the tomb of the celebrated and never-to-be-forgot- ten Washington; is presented to His Imperial Majesty, the Emperor of all the Russias, as a sign of the greatest respect—By an American.’ “T was fortunate at the time of my visit, which was in the fall of 1808, in finding a number of acorns on the ground that had been dropped from this historic tree. Gathering a handful, I sent them home, and secured from the seed thus planted a few oak saplings, one of which is here and now planted, with the kind permission of President Roosevelt, in the grounds of the White House, while another is to be planted in a few days nearby its grandparent, which is still in existence at Mount Vernon, both of which young trees, I hope, will reach such age and strength as will, for years to come, typify the con- tinued friendship of the Governments and people, re- spectively of the United States and Russia, each for the other.” a omy _ FP. HE time has come for plain speaking about the forests _~ of Alaska and the efforts to remove them from the jurisdiction of the Foxest Service. Very wisely about 1902, ‘the Government set aside the buk of the dense spruce hemlock forests that fringe the coast and cover the nds of south-eastern Alaska. These forests comprise of the largest bodies of accessible timber in our coun- No less than seventy-five billion feet of merchanta- timber stand in the Tongass and Chugach Nationai ests, enough ito furnish. annually over one billion of pulp wood and other material to our industries all time if the forests are hand'ed under the right hods of forestry. : Under the jurisdiction of the Forest Service these for- have not only served local requirements for lumber, already two large sales of timber have been made for e manufacture of pulp or paper in Alaska, and there is cellent promise of several additional large sales which establish new manufacturing enterprises. Just at the when the Forest Service is succeeding in making e forests a large factor in the building up of this fron- cut off the administration of the Alaskan forests from Forest Service and place them in untried hands in the rior Department. This proposal is contained in the y Bill, which at the recent hearings before the Senate ittee on Territories was strongly endorsed by the etary of the Interior. The argument advanced in favor of the Bill is that ic _Tequires the consolidation of all federal land mat- -s in Alaska under one Department in order to avoid sion In point of fact there is no real duplica- nat the present time. The Forest Service administers the lands and provides for the use of the resources, and ¥ - does this acceptably to the peopie of Alaska who are ctly concerned with the public undertaking. The legal atters pertaining to land titles are handled by the Gen- “aly Land Office whose functions are primarity those ‘land disposal and titles. The amount of this class of work in the National Forests of Alaska is insignificant thpared with the business of administering the land for timber production and other uses. The two lines of , are so distinct that there is no embarrassment from duplication or overlapping. On the other hand, nothing could be more illogical than the proposal to elimi- mate the Forest Service from Alaska, for it would im- diately be necessary to build up in the Interior De- iment a new forest bureau which would be a dupli- EDITORIAL | SHALL THE FOREST SERVICE BE ELIMINATED FROM ALASKA? cation of that already in the Agricultural Department. There would thus be two federal Forest Services hand- ling identical matters and involving the worst sort of duplication of effort and unnecessary large overhead costs. The change would be fraught with grave danger to the public interests, for the forests would be taken from a bureau that has carried the work for over fifteen years, has established a competent and efficient decen- tralized organization, has developed sound and workable policies, and has the confidence of the country at large. The forests would now be taken from this competent organization and placed in the hands of a Department which must build up a similar bureau to administer them. Inevitably the proposed action would result in changes | of policy as well as in duplication of effort. Two gov- ernment policies in forestry certainly would lead to con- flict and public injury. The next step naturally would be to transfer the entire Forest Service from the Depart- ment of Agriculture to the Interior Department. This was shown in the editorial appearing in the October number of American Forestry to be a step of great dan- ger to the National Forest enterprise and to the whole movement of forestry in the country. For many years efforts have been made to break down the National Forests of Alaska. At one time it was the ‘frank proposal to abolish these Forests and to throw open the lands ‘to the old system which in the rgth cen- tury was accompanied by so much fraud and scandal. Later the proposal was to abolish the Chugach Forest alone. Then came the proposal to have all federal mat- ters in Alaska, including the National Forests, handled by a potitically-appointed and substantially irresponsible commission. Now comes the proposal to eliminate the Forest Service from Alaska and to place the work, which is being so efficiently done, under another Department. It is unnecessary to draw any inferences regarding the purpose of the present move. The fact of importance is that the effect would be to lose to the public the great value of the National Forest system that is operating so well in the west and in Alaska itself. The effect of this move on the National Forest sys- tem may easily be conceived. It would jeopardize the whole enterprise which has been built up during the past fifteen years or more and is serving in so many ways the public interests. The welfare of the public, in our opinion, demands that the Alaskan National Forests re- main under the jurisdiction of the Forest Service in the Department of Agriculture, and we urge ithe vigorous support of this principle on the part of our readers and of the country at large. 38 AMERICAN FORESTRY NEWSPAPERS ENCOURAGE FORESTRY Pe CAVICE has become the big word in many news- paper editorial rooms throughout the country and the American Forestry Assogiation, at the opening of a new year, wants to be the first to extend congratulations to the people of those states in whose service so many newspapers have enlisted. Many examples come to the Association of a feature of this service which means the forwarding of the importance of forestry in the minds of the readers. Forest products are the backbone of all business. It is the furthering of this thought that has become the cornerstone of the service. The Milwaukee Journal for example is doing a real work for the state of Wisconsin. The Journal sends a bulletin sheet to every newspaper in Wisconsin every week. This bulletin sheet puts before the papers infor- mation about the campaign for forestry and other con- servation measures in their state. The bulletin is now de- manded by chambers of commerce, civic clubs and wo- men’s organizations throughout the state. ' The Chicago Tribune makes a big feature of forestry matters and is carrying on an educational campaign day by day for forestry and for the planting of memorial trees. The Courier Journal of Louisville has long raised its voice for the things for which the American Forestry As- sociation stands. © The Democrat-Chronicle of Rochester, The New York Evening Mail, the Boston Transcript, the New York Times, the Trenton, N. J. Times—but space forbids any- thing like a newspaper directory, so we can but mention here and there the leaders in the service of the state. One conspicuous example is the Pittsburg Post, another is the Detroit News which has sent out a quiz sheet to ascertain just what people think should be done about forestry. The Grand Rapids Herald tells how a trade extension tour brought to the attention of Grand Rapids business men the miles upon miles of unproductive forest land in the state. The St. Clair Republican says we have heard about forests “since Hector was a pup” but are “we going to continue to crucify the press of the United States upon the cross of paper package goods and go back to the hammer ~ and stone chisel for education?” Added to this the Sault Ste. Marie News says “Mr. Pack speaks truly when he says idle land in this country must be put to work and the quicker the voice of the people is heard in this con- nection the better for all concerned.” The Bay City Trib- une takes the view that “the present generation will not see it but the next will, that is the exhaustion of the standing timber of the United States. Lumber will be a luxury in the next generation.” In quoting the New York Financial Chronicle, the Tawas City Herald points out that “the gospel of forestry and reforestation is not a matter of times and seasons; it is for all times and all seasons.” Such views from a state — where they know what they are talking about certainly call for action such as the Association is campaigning for. _ So it goes all along the line. As never before the news- papers are cooperating with the American Forestry As- sociation and pushing the idea of forestry needs with the result that the association’s work is more widely known and more widely encouraged and commented upon than ever before in the forty years of its life. THE PETRIFIED FOREST NE of the greatest wonders in the geological world is the petrified forest of northern Arizona. This forest is in the middle of the Painted Desert which received its fanciful name from the many opales- cent colorings of its clays, shales and sandstones. The trees are of the coniferous variety. Some had at- tained the height of two hundred feet; many were over one hundred feet. Diameters ranging from one to four feet. Trees, and yet not trees! For now they are won- derful specimens of agate, jasper, and chalcedony—in the form of trees! Much of North America’s scientific data on archaeology, anthropology, climatology—that to- day are considered highly autheritic—has been ferreted out from an exhaustive research among these fallen trees. Fallen and petrified. Relics of the Glacial Period, when all life and vegetation bowed before the merciless ice-rivers which swept down from the North. Scientists believe that immediately following the ice flow in this western part of the continent there was a voleanic eruption of lava which covered the trees, and aided by the action of the air, petrified and preserved them. Since neither skeletal nor fossil remains have been excavated in this Desert, it is safe to deduce that the oc- currence ttook place long before the time of man upon this continent. One geologist puts it at least fifty mil- lion years ago! Mystery and more mystery surround these fallen mon- archs. Not all their secrets have they yet divulged. But like the famous Forest Bed of Gromer at Norfolk, England, each year more and more important data are being gleaned. Visitors to this spot experience a queer, uncanny feeling. There is something forbidding at the sight of so much devastation; as forbidding as the en- trance into the famous Black Forest of Germany. Yet, after all, something compelling. The handiwork of High Wisdom. Sly hints to those of the Present, to those who have eyes to see—of who and what, of who not, and what not, dwelled here in the Past. To protect this valuable and sacred spot from the overzealous curio seekers, the Government has set it aside as a National Reservation —Viola M. Overman. The following amended by-laws of the American For- estry Association will be presented to the members for adoption at the annual meeting to be held in Washing- ton, D. C., on January 26, 1922. The amended by-laws were submitted with the follow- ing letter to the Board of Directors at a meeting on De- ccember 8, 1921, by a committee composed of Col. W. B. _ Ayres, Henry S. Drinker, Chester W. Lyman, Nelson C. Brown and P. S. Ridsdale, and with some slight changes . “a the wording, picnic dcsent: = Washington, D. C., December 2, 1921. fo the President and Board of Directors, American For- __estry Association, Washington, D. C. Gentlemen : The Committee designated by President Pack to con- r and recommend a revision of the existing by-laws f the American Forestry Association, respectfully rec- PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO THE BY-LAWS ommends the adoption by the Association of the follow- ing by-laws. For simplicity and clarity it has seemed preferable to recommend a complete set of by-laws, in which certain changes have been incorporated. The purpose of these changes is two-fold: (1) To put into effect the general principles approved by the Board of Directors on August 30, 1921, following the recommendations of the conference committee. (2) To improve the language and scope of the by-laws in certain other particulars, in the belief that the present opportunity for revision should be utilized to render the by-laws as adequate and effective as practicable in all re- spects. Two special sections have been included to provide for changing over the Association from the existing to the new procedure in the matter of elections (Section 3 of Article 4), and in the terms of the existing Directors of the Association (Section 2 of Article 6). J ARTICLE I—Name The name of this Association shall be "THE AMERICAN FORESTRY _ ASSOCIATION.” d ARTICLE Il—Objects _ The objective of the Association is to _ bring about a better handling of the forests of the country in order that these may ren- der their highest service in the economic, in- dustrial, and social development of the na- tion. The Association aims to foster in- _ yestigation, research, and experimentation in the science of forest production, manage- ment, and utilization; to assemble infor- ‘mation regarding the economic and indus- ‘trial aspects of forests and regarding the “service of the forest in protecting lands and waters; to secure from the forest a larger service isi outdoor recreation, in perpetuating wild life, and in other general public benefits; to encourage and further the practice of forestry by individuals, _ municipalities, states, and the federal gov- ernment; to promote educational, legisla- tive, and other measures tending to the accomplishment of these objects; to publish a magazine and other literature for the ed- ucation of the public as to the meaning _and importance of forestry and for the dis- _ semination of a knowledge of forestry! _ in its various branches; to place before the people of the country various problems and issues in forestry and to forward, in _ the interests of the public, specific policies of forestry; to aid in the coordination of the efforts of state forestry associations _ and other organizations interested in prob- lems relating to forests; to establish and maintain a library; to acquire by purchase. gift, devise or bequest, and to sell, maintain and operate forests and forest lands, for the furtherance of the foregoing objects; to acquire by purchase, gift, devise or be- quest such property, real or personal, and to erect thereon such building or buildings, as may be necessary or advisable in the pro- “motion of these objects, and in general to So ee a a nn ee The Amended By-Laws do and perform all things necessary to fur- ther the foregoing objects. ARTICLE I1I—Members and Dues Section 1. Any person or organization may become a member of the Association upon his or its application for membership being approved by the Secretary. Section 2. There shall be seven classes of members: (1) Honorary Members, who shall be such individuals as may be elected by the Board of Directors because of their con- nection with other forestry associations or their interest in the aims of the Association. (2) Patrons, who shall be individuals or organizations who shall contribute One Thousand Dollars or more at one time to the permanent fund of the Association. (3) Life Members, who shall be individ- uals or organizations who shall contribute at least One Hundred Dollars at one time to the permanent fund of the Association. (4) Sustaining Members, who shall be individuals or organizations who shall pay annual dues of Twenty-five Dollars. (5) Contributing Members, who shall be individuals or organizations who shall pay annual dues of Ten Dollars. (6) Subscribing Members, who shall be individuals or organizations who shall pay annual dues of Four Dollars. a (7) Annual Members. who shall be in- dividuals who shall pay annual dues of One Dollar. Section 3. Honorary Members, Patrons and Life Members shall be exempt from the payment of annual dues. Section 4. The dues for the ensuing twelve months shall be payable when an application for membership is approved and annually thereafter. The membership of all those in arrears for one year shall automatically cease. The Board of Di- rectors, however, may, in their discretion, remit the dues of any member. Section 5. All members, except Honor- ary Members, shall be entitled to one vote each at the meetings of the Association, or by mail as so provided, and to hold office therein. Section 6. The periodical magazine pub- lished by the Association shall be sent reg- ularly to all members except annual mem- bers, its price being included in the dues. The price of the magazine to non-members shall be fixed from time to time by the Board of Directors. ARTICLE IV.—Board of Directors Section 1. The Board of Directors shall consist of fifteen elected members together with the President and Treasurer of the Association serving as ex-officio members. It shall have the direction and management of the affairs of the Association and the control over and disposition of its funds and property. All members, except. Hon- orary Members, shall be eligible as direc- tors. Section 2. The Board of Directors shall select each year a Committee on Elections, whose names and addresses shall be pub- lished in an issue of the magazine not later than during the month of October. The Committee on Elections shall consist of three members of the Association in good standing for at least three years, who are widely known for professional or industrial attainments or public service in forestry, and who represent as far as practicable the professional. industrial, and public inter- ests embraced in the work and objects of the Association. Not more than one mem- ber of the Committee on Elections shall be, at the time of selection, an officer of the Association other than Vice President, Sug- gestions for nominations for any officer of the Association to be elected at the next an- nual meeting may be submitted to the Com- mittee on Elections by any member of the Association; nominations for such officers may be made by not less than twenty-five members of the Association, signed by the members submitting them. All sugges- tions and nominations should be addressed 40 to the Committee on Elections at the main office of the Association and must be re- ceived by the Committee on or before No- vember 1. The Committee on Elections shall nominate a candidate for each officer to be elected at the next annual meeting of the Association. The candidates nomi- nated by the Committee on Elections, to- gether with any other nominations made by not less than twenty-five members of the Association, which must have reached the Committee on Elections prior to No- vember 1, shall be published in the Decem- ber issue of the magazine, with the names of the members of the Association making the nomination appended to the nomina- tion of any such candidates. The Secre- tary of the Association shall cause a ballot to be printed containing the names of all candidates nominated by the Committee on Elections and by any group of twenty-five or more members of the Association as hereinbefore provided and shall mail such ballots to all members of the Association having the right to vote at least four weeks in advance of the annual meeting. The members of the Association, except Honor- ary Members, shall elect the officers by mailing to the Secretary in sufficient time to be received one week before the annual meeting a ballot containing the names of the candidates to be voted. for. Every ballot shall contain the name and address - of the member submitting it. The ballots shall be counted by three tellers appointed by the Committee on Elections, who shall decide any question as to the ballots sub- mitted and’ who shall officially certify the total vote cast. A majority of the ballots cast shall be sufficient for election. Section 3. Immediately following the adoption of these By-Laws, the Board of Directors shall designate a Committee on Elections to conduct nominations for all officers to be elected for the year 1922 and shall announce such Committee before the adjournment of the annual meeting. Sug- gestions for nomination by any member or nominations for such officers by any group of twenty-five or more members shall be submitted to the Committee on Elections in accordance with the foregoing preced- ure not later than February 10, 1922. The Committee on Elections shall cause all nominations duly submitted, together with its own nominations, to be published in the March issue of the magazine; and a ballot containing the names of all candidates nominated shall thereupon be sent to ‘every member of the Association, except Hon- orary Members. Ballots must be received at the office of the Association within four weeks from the mailing thereof by the Secretary; such date to be promptly certi- fied by him to the Committee on’ Elections. Tellers shall be appointed by the Commit- tee on Elections and shall report the vote to the Board of Directors which shall an- trounce the names of the officers elected in AMERICAN FORESTRY the next issue of American Forestry and notify such officers by mail. Section 4. Any vacancy among the offi- cers, whether occasioned by death, resig- nation or otherwise, may be filled for the remainder of the year by the Board of Di- rectors by ballot at their next meet- ing after the happening of such vacancy. If a Director shall be elected as President or Treasurer of the Association, the va- cancy in the Board of Directors thereby! created shall be filled for the balance of the year in ‘the regular manner. Section 5. Seven members of the Board of Directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. Section 6. Meetings of the Board of Directors may be held, either at the office. of the Association in Washington, D. C., or at such other place in the United States as the President may determine. Meetings of the Board shall be held upon five days’ notice, whenever called by the President or by three members of the Board, and a meeting of the Board should be held at least once every three months. ARTICLE V.—Committees Section 1. Executive, Committee. The President may appoint seven members of the Board of Directors to act as an ex- ecutive committe, which shall have and exercise such powers during the intervals between the meetings of the Board as the Board may delegate to it. Section 2. Finance Committee. The President may appoint three members of the Board of Directors to act as a finance committee in advising with the Secretary and Treasurer with reference to financial matters, and to exercise whatever powers are conferred upon it by the Board of Di- rectors. Section 3. The annual financial report shall be printed in the next issue of the periodical magazine published by the As- sociation after the annual meeting. ARTICLE VI.—Officers Section 1. The officers of the Association shall be a President, twenty-one Vice Presidents, fifteen elected and two ex- officio Directors, a Treasurer, a Sec- retary, and a Forester. The President, Vice Presidents, and the Treasurer shall be elected annually; three Directors shall be elected annually for terms of five years each. The Secretary and the Forester shall be chosen by the Board of Directors to serve for whatever term they may desig- nate. The President and Treasurer shall be ex-officio members of the Board of Di- rectors. All officers shall serve until their successors are elected. Section 2. The Directors designated as permanent or elected for stated terms by the members of the Association under the By-Laws adopted in February, 1921, are hereby reinstated for the terms for which such Directors were elected prior to the adoption of said By-Laws, that is: The terms of Henry S. Drinker, Chester W. Lyman, and “Charles F. Quincy shall expire at the annual meeting of 1923. The terms of E. F. Baldwin, N. C. Brown, Standish Chard, J. H. Hammond, and Addison S. Pratt shall expire at the annual meeting of 1924. The terms of all other Directors now serving shall expire at the annual meeting of 1922. There shall be elected at the annual meeting of 1922 seven Directors who shall divide themselves into three classes by lot to serve for the following terms: three for five years, three for four years, and Se one for three years. There shall be elected at the annual meeting of 1923 three Di- rectors who shall serve for five years. There shall be elected at the annual meet-_ ing of 1924 five Directors who shall di- vide themselves into two classes by lot to ~ serve for the following terms: three for — five years and two for one year. annual meeting of 1925 and at each annual meeting thereafter three Directors shall be elected for the full term of five years. If At the — vacancies occur in the Board of Directors, — Directors shall be elected at the next an- nual meeting to fill such vacancies, in each case for the unexpired term of the Direc- tor whose position has become vacant as shall have been determined by the original election of such Director or by lot as pro- vided herein. ARTICLE VII—The President The President shall be the chairman of the Board of Directors and shall preside at all meetings of the Association and of the Board of Directors. In his absence the members present at any meeting of the As- sociation or of the Board of Directors, as’ the case may be, shall appoint one of their ~ number to act as chairman of the meeting. — The President shall be ex-officio a member of all committees. ARTICLE VIII.—The Treasurer The Treasurer shall have the custody of the funds of the Association, shall counter- sign all checks, shall perform such other duties in connection with the finances of the Association as the Board of Directors may order, and shall present to the Board of Directors at their first meeting each year a statement showing the receipts and dis- bursements of the Association for the pre- ceding year and its assets and liabilities. The Board of Directors may appoint an Assistant Treasurer to countersign checks, in the absence or disability of the Treas- urer,or during any vacancy in that office, and to perform such other duties in con- nection with the finances of the Association as the Board may require. ARTICLE IX.—The Secretary. The Secretary shall be the managing of- ficer of the Association, shall keep the minutes of all meetings of the Association and of the Board of Directors, shall have ‘the custody of the seal of the Association of all documents, books and collec- , shall sign all checks, shall conduct correspondence of the Association not vise provided for, shall keep a list of members of the Association with their dresses, shall notify members of the As- ciation and of the Board of Directors the time and place of all meetings, d shall perform such other duties as the d of Directors may require. _ ARTICLE X.—The Forester Association shall employ a Forester | shall be a man of recognized attain- ts and high standing in forestry mat- He shall be the expert of the Associa- 1 its technical work and a representa- £ the Association in its public forestry s. Under the direction of the Board Directors, he shall hold a responsible ionship toward the editorial policy of ie magazine published by the Association to forestry matters, shall promote the set forth in Article II of these By- ‘shall advance such public forest pol- as the Association may endorse, shall ent the Association in supporting 1, state, municipal, and private for- ; PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO BY-LAWS estry developments, and shall perform such other duties as the Board of Directors may require. ARTICLE XI.—Meetings Section 1. The annual meeting of the members of the Association for the election of officers and for the transaction of such other business as must be transacted by the entire Association shall be held in Wash- ington, D. C., or at such other place, on such day in January and at such hour as the - Board of Directors shall determine. Section 2. Special meetings of the mem- bers of the Association may be called at any time by the Board of Directors. Section 3. Notice of the Annual Meet- ing, and of any special meeting, shall be published in the magazine of the Asso- ciation at least three weeks before the date fixed for the meeting. Section 4. The presence of thirty mem- bers of the Association shall constitute a quorum. ARTICLE XII—tLocal Representatives and Affiliated Organizations Section 1. The Board of Directors may designate such representatives of the As- sociation in various portions of the United States and under such conditions as to hy 41 compensation or payment of traveling ex- penses as it shall deem wise and desirable in furtherance of the objects of the Asso- ciation. The local representatives so des- ignated shall perform their duties under the direction of the Secretary or Forester of the Association as the Board may deter- miné. Section 2. The Board of Directors may, by resolution, recognize and designate as organizations affiliated with the American Forestry Association such State Forestry Associations or other local organizations whose objects are in accord with those of the Association as shall request such re- cognition and designation, and as_ shall, in the judgment of the Board, in view of their character, membership, and purposes, make affiliation desirable in furtherance of the common objects of the Association and of the local organization. ARTICLE XIII.—Amendments These By-Laws may be amended at any annual meeting of the members of the Association by a two-thirds vote of the members voting by mail, provided that no- tice of the proposed amendment has been published in the magazine together with the notice of the meeting. HOW SKUNKS DEFEND THEMSELVES— Continued from Page 29 ies, their extraordinary means of offense and de- having rendered them famous. Skunks are animals of moderate size, and in some in- inces would be considered small. In form they are it, with very bushy tails. The colors of all are black, set in the various species by white, the markings being stripes, bands, spots or patches. Pelage of such a strik- character as this renders the animals very conspicu- and this is especially the case when they are seen on the snow or upon very light colored soil. Skunks possess unwebbed toes, and these are of the ordinary umber, their feet presenting nothing peculiar. ; In their movements skunks are slow and deliberate, and they are not capable of attaining a very high rate speed in running. They have teeth of the ordinary fern of the smaller carnivora, there being about y-two or thirty-four. The very long and rather coarse hair of a skunk leads one to suppose that the animal is stouter than it really is. They have somewhat long bodies, with small head, and rt and rounded ears, and they become inordinately fat t t good feeding seasons of the year; at such times they ppear very stout and ungainly. “We have a very distinct species of skunk formerly en: as the White-backed Skunk, which is found from = i Texas to Arizona, from whence it-ranges down through Mexico, Central America and into Patagonia. The writer has never seen this animal alive, and authors are at va- riance in their descriptions of its specific characters. One of the chief features in the external anatomy of this animal is its nearly straight, remarkably long and power- ful claws. Its tail is quite unlike the tail in other skunks, being anything but bushy. The hair is very brittle, re- sembling the hair on our Prong-buck. It is said that in nature this animal is quite fearless, is very easily trapped, and will even make no endeavor to escape when simply approached and taken by hand. As it commands all the powers of offense and defense, however, possessed by its kin throughout this country, such an operation is fraught with no little annoyance, to say the least. If near its burrow, or some other convenient hollow in rock, log or tree, it will avail itself of the same and make good its escape. This skunk has feeding habits very similar to those of other skunks, and it is likewise found both in the tim- ber and upon the plains. Hunters say that its tail is usually held erect when walking, and, being very conspic- uous in its color, it is an easy matter to discover the ani- mal as it passes through low vegetation of any kind. AMERICAN FORESTRY GUIDES DEPARTMENT SOLAN L. PARKES, ED'TOR THIS DEPARTMENT IS CONDUCTED ESPECIALLY TO INSTRUCT THE YOUTH OF AMERICA TO AID IN CONSERVING AND PRESERVING THE FORESTS, TREE, PLANT, BIRD AND HARMLESS ANIMAL LIFE. W* have secured expressions of opinion from forest- ers, conservationists and other public-spirited citi- zens representing every state in the Union as to the best service which the American Forestry Guides can render to their country. As a result of this we have arranged a pledge which is taken by each Guide. It is as follows: “Believing as an American Forestry Guide that every citizen should endeavor to see that our forests and other trees, wild plants, birds and other harmless wild life, should be protected and conserved for our common good, I do hereby pledge myself to do nothing willfully or, carelessly to injure any forest or other trees, wild plants, birds or harmless animals, to do all in my power to pro- tect and preserve the same, to prevent and extinguish forest fires, to obey the laws of the United States and the State wherein I may be, and to urge others to do like- wise.” A small manual is being prepared to tell the Guides how to do their duty without being hindered in school studies, and at the same time receive an abundance of ex- ercise and pleasure. The fulfillment of this program will result in building up health and in acquiring simplified knowledge about trees, birds and animal life. We are receiving many letters in reference to the War- den Guide and are happy to state that many of the boys and girls who are remotely located and hitherto have lacked opportunity to become a member of a National Organization are willing to help the forests. It is gratifying to know that educators, scientists, natu- ralists and the heads of State Departments have opened their vast treasure houses of knowledge for us to help the boys and girls of the American Forestry Guides, to get a better understanding of the great out-doors, and the benefits that we derive by the wise use of the things we will find there. A committee of writers of boys and girls’ books com- posed of men and women who know what boys and girls should read, will carefully review the books which we are recommending to our members. In this same man- ner every committee is being carefully organized and we can assure our membership and the American people that the greatest care is being exercised to make avail- able only that which will bring about a better, more beau- tiful and resourceful United States through the educa- tion of the youth. We want the boys and girls living in the rural districts of the country to join the growing family of the Ameri- can Forestry Guides. School teachers may find it a very good plan to organize posts of Forestry Guides in their schools, It will help them in their nature study work. Boy and girl groups in villages, towns and cities should organize themselves into the American Forestry Guide Posts, and help in the prevention of forest fires. Never let a forest fire burn, if you can possibly prevent it. The American Forestry Guides have been helpful to the State of Pennsylvania in getting two of the largest railways in the state to place forest fire prevention cards in all their stations. One company even had posters placed in all of their coaches in the state. The Guides have also started a tree-planting cam- paign to help the State Forestry Department in planting its four million seedling trees on waste lands, which are producing nothing. The Guides also helped to build a big Forestry exhibit for a big educational event in Pennsylvania. They as- sisted a number of Manual Training departments in High Schools throughout the country in preparing tree exhibits. We want to back up our President, who desires to see an elementary Forest Course taught in the public schools of the various states. Let us make this one of our objectives and follow the example set by the State of Tennessee, where a compulsory Forestry course has been introduced into the public schools. Address communications to The American Forestry Guides, 1214 Sixteenth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C., or 431 Elm Street, Reading, Pennsylvania. $e a oe We want the American Forestry Guides to build bird houses, and erect them, in order that when our feathered friends visit us next spring they will find a house ready for them to move into. Guides will be surprised what a difference it will make in their home surroundings if they have a family or two of native birds making their home there too. It has often happened, however, that houses are built, and erected, but not used by the birds. This is because the nesting box is not of the right size, the diameter of the entrance is too large or too small, or placed too high or too low. The following table, pre- pared by Ned Dearborn, Assistant Biologist of the United States Biological Survey, on the proper dimen- sions for various species of birds, will be found helpful in the building of bird houses: AMERICAN FORESTRY 43 Floor Depth Entrance Diameter Height j Species of of above of above ae Cavity Cavity Floor Entrance Ground Inches Inches Inches Inches Feet Bluebird«. 5 by 5 8 6 1% 5 to 10 Robin ..... > 6 by 8 8 (*) (*) 6 to 15 Chicadee ....... 4 by 4 8 to 10 8 1% 6 to 15 a Tufted titmouse 4 by 4 8 to 10 8 14% 6 to 15 3 White-breasted nuthatch ..vccmnennnnnnnnmn| 4 by 4 8 to 10 8 1% 12 to 20 - House wren 4by 4 6 to 8 lto 6 wh 6 to 10 Bewick wren 4by 4 6 to 8 lto 6 1 6 to 10 Carolina wren 4 by 4 6 to 8 lto 6 1% 6 to 10 Dipper 6 by 6 6 1 3 lto 3 Violet-Green swallow 5 by 5 6 1lto 6 1% 10 to 15 Tree swallow 5 by 5 6 lto 6 1% 10 to 15 Barn swallow 6 by 6 6 (ed (*) 8 to 12 = Martin 6 by 6 6 1 2% 15 to 20 5 Song sparrow 6 by 6 6 (4) (t) lto 38 House finch 6 by 6 6 4 2 8 to 12 Phoebe 6 by 6 6 (*) (*) 8 to 12 ; Crested flycatcher 6 by 6 8 to 10 8 2 8 to 20 Ben Flicker 7 by 7 16 to 18 16 24 6 to 20 : —— Red-headed woodpecker onccscismnmnnnnss 6 by 6 12 to 15 12 2 12 to 20 | Golden-fronted woodpecker eccrine 6 by 6 12 to 15 12 2 12 to 20 Hairy woodpecker 6 by 6 12 to 15 12 1Y 12 to 20 5 Downy woodpecker 4by 4 8 to 10 8 1% 6 to 20 Screech owl 8 by 8 12 to 15 12 3 10 to 30 4 Sparrow hawk 8 by 8 12 to 15 12 3 10 to 30 © Saw-whet owl 6 by 6 10 to 12 10 24 12 to 20 Barn owl 10 by 18 15 to 18 4 6 12 to 18 Wood duck 10 by 18 10 to 15 3 6 4 to 20 *One or more sides open. 7AIl sides open. RC. E, I11.—We will see to it that the pamphlet asked for will be mailed to you. A. B., Penna—The information you asked for you will ind i in the bird house building schedule. _V. B., Col—We will send the information desired. ‘ ag W. B., Penna—We will try to get the map for you, of ie National Saga asked for. _A.H.B., N. J—Will try to find out the name of the publish- 2 of the book you desire. _T.M. B., Jr. Md—As soon as we receive, from the printer, t material you ask for, we will forward it to you. it T. C., Penna—After going more fully into your letter we endeavor to help you on your problems. 6 C., Tenn —What you ask for is now in the printers hands. We will mail same shortly. ‘ae ‘D. C., I11—You will find your answer in the Dearborn bird house survey. H. C.,, N. Y. C—Certainly you can enroll as a Warden le, we you. Pag B., Mass.—As soon as we get the matter from the printer, -." ask for we will mail same to you. QUESTION BOX G. J. D.,Penna—Will forward the book. Yes, you can organ- ize a post. J. W. G. D., Minn.—We will get the information for you. L. F. D., Ken.—You are right. The forest fires must stop burning. We will send the information desired. H. H. F., Mich—As soon as we get the material from the printer we will mail you a complete outfit. H. G. D., N. Y.—We are glad to see you interested in forest fire prevention the way you are. Will get you a copy of the pamphlet for you. W. B. F.,Penna.—Certainly an American Forestry Guide can go hunting, recognizing of course the laws of your State. Hunt like a true sportsman. Give the game a chance. W.I. E., N. Y.—Eurely, it is every ones duty to keep our for- ests in good condition You can not help your State better, than by preventing forest fires. I, L. H., Wash. D. C.—We are glad to accept your services. Hope there are more like you. W. W. L., Ohio.—Glad to have your letter. Thanks for the names, THE FORESTRY COMMITTEE AT BOGALUSA By Austin Cary HE picture shown was taken on November 16th last, at a place already well known in connection with its forestry development, and that promises in future times to be still more famous—Bogalusa in Louisiana, the town built around the manufacturing plants of the Great Southern Lumber Company. For two days previous the Forest Policy Committee of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States had been holding hearings in New Orleans. Gravely and no doubt with the sense of responsibility weighing on them, they had listened to complaints, to statements of condi- tions, to men’s ideas of what ought to be done; then came a day that must have been as welcome as it seemed well earned, of refreshment, of being entertained, of seeing actual achievements that gave substance to the ideas they had been considering. Hospitality is an idea not naturally connected with the lumber industry perhaps, but here it was generous, lavish even. Nor are large-scale plans reaching far into the fu- ture commonly attributed to it. Here, however, there was clear evidence of such foresight and visible achieve- ment in that direction. The spectacle of men of many kinds working harmoniously together in a common pur- pose was manifested too. It was give and take in the matter of good will and entertainment for which Col. W. H. Sullivan of the Com- pany, in charge of arrangements, could be trusted to provide channels. Arriving in the early evening, the Committee found itself face to face with a gathering of a hundred or more, the foremen of all the Company’s’ operations, the officials and business men of the town. That at Bogalusa meant a banquet; at its close Mr. David L. Goodwillie, Dr. Hugh P. Baker, Dr. Henry S. Drinker and Harvey N. Shepard of the Committee had interesting things to say. Then the next day as they walked about the busy town or were taken to different points in its neighborhood by automobile, the following things are what the gentle- men of the Committee were shown or realized. Of the two divisions into which they fall the human naturally comes first as both most interesting and important. A management with broad outlook and possessed of large means settled on the idea of the permanence of their town on the industrial basis of paper manufacture. Top Row—Mrs. M. M. Willmott; M. L. Alexander, Louisiana State Conservation Commission; Hugh P. Baker, Member of the Committee, New York City; O. M. Butler, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin; Dr. Henry S. Drinker, Member of the Committee, Pennsylvania; C. F. Quincy, Member of the Committee, New York City; D. L. Goodwillie, Chairman of the Committee, Chicago; William H. Sullivan, Mayor of Bogalusa, President Southern Lumber Company, H. N. Shepard, Member of the Committee, Boston; W. DuB Brookings, Secretary of the Committee, Washington; Mrs. J. H. Cassidy; Roy L. Second Row—J. E. Hogue, Manager Interior Lumber Company, Jackson, Mississippi; Rhodes, Secretary-Manager, Southern Pine Association; Walter Parker, General Manager, Association of Commerce, New Orleans, Louisiana; Mr. Frank Sullivan; Lenthall Wyman; H. J. Stahl; Mr. F. Salsman, Presi- dent Salsman Lumber Company, Slidell, Louisiana; H. P. Mills, District Forester; J. K. Johnson, Forester, Great South- ern Lumber Company; E. G. Flanders; A. T. Lower Row—James T. A. Hauss, President Alger-Sullivan Lumber Company, Century, Florida; G. A. Townsend; W. Sherrell; J. H. Cassidy, Assistant General Manager, Great Southern Lumber Company; Ward, Secretary Mississippi Conservation Commission, Wayne ‘County, Mississippi; V. H. Sonder- egger, Louisiana State Forester ; R. D. Forbes, Director Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans; I. F. Eldredge, United States Forest Service, Washington; D..T. Cushing, Great Southern Lumber Company, Bogalusa; Austin Cary, United States Forest Service, Washington; James H. Jones, Land Agent, Century, Florida; L. Palmer, Lumber World Review, New Orleans, Louisiana. IMPORTING WOOD Taking the lead in the execution of this plan as fores- _ ter a native of the region, for many years connected with the Company’s affairs, fulfilling a lifelong ambition to promote the growing of timber, and because he sees in it prosperity not only for his Company but his people, putting his whole mind and heart into the work. Ad- _ justments of interests involved are easy in his hands. Enlightened and made friendly through employment, BEirough personal contact, through the schools, even by ication to their soldier dead of an area of newborn sleaf pine, the country people follow him as they would other. And under him the Company’s men playing several parts, safeguarding against fire, designating trees to be reserved for seed, and a whole logging w of the usual stamp, men of all sorts and of different ors, but each to whom a share falls doing his work or nipulating his machinery in a fashion to best carry out far-reaching plans of the Company. And as to the woods themselves these things :— A stock of virgin timber sufficient to last the great plants until new grown wood can be supplied. Young growth half way along in its development, not _ general over the county indeed, but in some abundance, nevertheless, and showing clearly what the soil will do. Close to town 800 acres fenced, protected from fire, sk ving now the plants grown from seed of three species inaies that were sown nearly a year ago, to be the show -e and site of trial and experiment. astly 5,000 acres on which fell and germinated the eaf mast of 1920, fenced and protected too, green with a shade that is characteristic. men whose minds were turned that Way, and so pen to: receive impressions, those had here must have 7 araly inspiring. And the thought that this enter- is alone of its kind in the South or the country d not have been allowed too much weight ; such men commission know that the times are changing in ‘or of those with broad vision, who throw off the ckles of past habits and ideas and look strongly into future. And the spirit of the thing, too, is of a kind lat is self propagating. — Our country and its prosperity are bound up in its Toests It is a big idea, worthy of an effort and allegi- ance. But let us be sane and cheerful as we go about SoD Te i a ee ne eg paery a on 4h 5 FOR NEWSPRINT 45 its propagation, seeing the good where we may, giving credit where it is due, believing in a fortunate outcome in spite of difficulties and setbacks. About forty leading lumbermen, timber owners, State and Federal forestry and conservation officials and others interested in perpetuating the forests of the South, put in a busy two-day session at New Orleans. Fire protec- tion and tax relief were the dominent questions discussed. The advanced laws of Louisiana and the nationally known experiments of Henry E. Hardtner at Urania, Louisiana, and of the Great Southern Lumber Company at Boga- lusa were also topics fully covered. On: the return from Bogalusa, the party stopped off at Slidell and inspected the excellent reproductions of the Salsman Lumber Company. On return to New Orleans, the Committee left for their homes. A party consisting of J. E. Rhodes, Secretary, and Man- ager, Southern Pine Association, W. DuB. Brookings, © Secretary of the Committee, J. W. Watzek, Jr., of the Crosset Lumber Company, and A. G. T. Moore of the Southern Pine Association made a special visit to the properties of Hon. H. E. Hardtner, where they spent a day in inspecting the results of this pioneer project in reproducing Southern Pine. Members of the National Forestry Policy Committee who attended the meeting were: D. L. Goodwillie, Chair- man, Vice-President Goodwillie Brothers Box Manufac- turers, Chicago; Dr. Hugh P. Baker, Vice-Chairman, Secretary-Manager American Pulp and Paper Associa- tion; F. C. Knapp, President Peninsula Lumber Com- pany, Portland, Oregon; H. N. Shepard, President Mas- sachusetts Forest Commission, Boston, Massachusetts ; Dr. H. S. Drinker, Director of the American Forestry Association and President Emeritus of Lehigh Univer- sity, Philadelphia; C. F. Quincy, Director of the Ameri- can Forestry Association and President Q. & C. Com- pany, New York; W. DuB. Brookings, Manager Natural Resources Department of United States Chamber of Commerce, Secretary of the Committee. The Committee in its investigation of forestry con- ditions has traveled 9,999 miles and passed through thir- ty-four states. The Committee will shortly submit a report to the Chamber of Commerce on its nation-wide study of the whole forestry question. WO-THIRDS of the newsprint used in the United - States in 1920 was made from wood grown on foreign soil. Out of more than 4,500,000 tons of wood pulp con- sumed for all purposes 35 per cent came from foreign markets. Over $191,000,000 was paid for the pulp wood, _ wood pulp and paper imported. To this extent the United ‘States has become dependent upon markets outside its control. This country can no longer draw its supply from our rapidly disappearing eastern forests. As a result primarily of forest depletion the cost of pulp wood rose more than 110 per cent in the five-year period 1916- es Importing Wood For Newsprint 1920, and of wood pulp 35 per cent since 1918. These and other facts are presented in a bulletin “Pulp Wood Consumption and Wood Pulp Production, 1920,” pre- pared by the Forest Service in cooperation with the American Pulp and Paper Association of New York. Prior to 1909 practically all the paper consumed in this country was manufactured here. This is no longer true. The paper-making industry in the United States has grown until its capitalization approaches the billion dol- lar mark. “The trouble in brief,” says the bulletin, “is that we have mills without forests in the East and for- 46 AMERICAN FORESTRY ests without mills in the West.” In New England and New York where the forests have been largely worked out, there is the heaviest concentration of mills. In Alas- ka, where there is enough spruce and hemlock to supply present American news-print requirements indefinitely, there is only one mill. The industry has remained sta- tionary in the East while the lumber industry has moved West. “In Minnesota, for instance, where domestic spruce forms 95 per cent of the consumption, pulp wood cost $10.40 per ton less than in New York. If New York pulp mills could have bought their spruce from native forests at a saving of $10 a cord the savings on their imports alone would have been $5,000,000 during the year 1920.” Expensive Eastern mills can not be moved West nor can the great forests of Alaska and the Pacific slope be set down in New England and New York. Nor can the United States count upon reducing the amount of pulp wood necessary to meet present requirements. Further, Canada can not be depended upon indefinitely as a source of supply, for Canadian forests are no more limitless than those of the United States. The remedy is two- fold: locate more mills on the Pacific slope and reforest the East. “Reforestation will take not only skill, energy and — money,” say the foresters, “but most serious of all, many years must elapse before the East can be put on a thoroughly self-supporting basis. Yet there is no choice left to us. The work must be undertaken. We must have pulp and for every year of delay we must pay increasingly heavy penalties for neglecting to restore the forests as fast as the wood is consumed.” As the result of unregulated lumbering, it is pointed out, followed by fire, more than 60,000,000 acres of po- tential forest lands, most accessible to Eastern and Lake State mills, are now producing nothing or supporting a growth of little use except for firewood. If they were producing only a third of a cord of pulp wood an acre, every year, the total yield would be 20,000,000 cords or approximately twice the amount needed to supply the entire American consumption at the present time. A PROFITABLE CROP | Wkebas aeatrasile was early a leading enterprise in New England, and up to 1840 white pine made up almost the entire softwood cut. By 1870 the original white pine was practically all removed, and by 1880 the second- growth pine forests were yielding an annual cut of 200 to 300 million board feet. With the extensive use of low grade pine for boxes and matches, this has increased to 600 million feet. The New England States produced more than one- pine will do much to solve our timber supply problem. Our idle lands must be restored to timber production, and no other tree is so valuable for this purpose as the white pine. Massachusetts is to be congratulated on establishing a new principle in State forest conservation. The recent law which provided for the planting of white pine on 100,000 acres of idle lands in this State, as rapidly as such lands can be acquired, means that such : lands will soon fourth (28.7 per cent) of the total out- put of white pine lumber cut in the United States in 1918. Maine is today producing more white pine lum- ber than Idaho, the great white pine State of the northwest. Not so many years ago, Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Wisconsin were producing enormous quantities of pine. In 1918 these three States combined, cut only approximately one-third as much white pine as was cut in the New England States. White pine has come back in the New England States and it will come back elsewhere. The second-growth stands of white ee eS eS Photograph by A. B. Brooks. THE RESULT OF “NEGLECTING” A PASTURE FIELD be returning revenue to the State far above their cost. White pine not only adds the crowning touch to the average New England land- scape, but it is also a crop that yields larger profits than any other crop that can be grown on a large pro- portion of the poorer soils of New England and New York. It is a crop that furnishes winter work on the farm, and supplies the material required in operating numerous factories. Its rapid growth on lands that would otherwise be waste has paid off mortgages, im- proved farms, and given the children college educations. } 1 H / i i With the growing interest in forestry the landscape _ effect of the trees used for reforesting purposes should ‘not be overlooked. As country homes increase in number _ the aesthetic features in both cultivated areas and wood- lands become more and more important. Progress in this : direction i in the United States may be classified into three distinct periods. : ri a. f First: The early clearing of the native woods growth ‘ith waste and destruction alike of the natural foliage fects and the irreparable loss of the timber supply, with- it consideration being given to future needs. ‘Second : The awakening to a realization of this suicidal y as manifested in the conservation movement which now become a subject of nation-wide importance. _ Third: The prospective period when the beauty of the forest growth will in the treatment of forest land be _ recognized as an important factor of development in con- j nection with the utilitarian purposes of the forest. _ The fact is now everywhere appreciated that a treeless , pe is like a treeless city, an unattractive and de- pressing sight. That it is extremely detrimental from an economic viewpoint as well as from that of health and material Progress is axiomatic, and forcibly demonstrated in the arid regions in China and other parts of the world, while we have already convincing examples of it in por- tions of this country where forest land is lying idle and unproductive. Now, that the conservation and reforesting movement, Bical, state, and national, has assumed such comprehen- _ sive proportions, growing public interest will go steadily _ forward toward remedying as far as possible the errors _ of the past and providing for the future. ‘It is to the use of attractive trees where practicable in _ connection with reforesting developments, I would call at- tention. The necessity of suitable trees in variety of size, form, foliage, and flower for all landscape effects in pri- vate and public parks, country estates and other ornament- al grounds as planned or planted, calls for no elaboration discussion here. The conditions are obvious, and ef- _ fective object lessons are matters of common observa- _ In the broader field of forest planning, how many Stop to consider what the future appearance of the plant- _ ed area is to be? No one should be, or if well informed - could be so visionary or impractical as to contend that _ beauty of the forest should be primal rather than a sec- ondary or collateral consideration. Yet is there any valid or tangible reason why, in the selection of the kinds _ of trees for such planting, the varieties suitable for the soil and situation should not be chosen and the appearance of the forest plantations in future years considered? The rugged pioneers, from the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers to the wood choppers and timber cutters from LO SEIN ALINE, A A a RO Ie ME I GER. te Pe pm ng OPT SE EE ea eee THE LANDSCAPE VALUE OF TREES By Frederick W. Kelsey New England to the Pacific Coast, could see no harm to future generations yet unborn following in the wake of their cuttings. The active hustling man of today, wheth- er the get-money-quick type, the staid business or pro- fessional man of affairs, or the industrial worker, as a rule apparently loses sight of the important part art and beauty play in national life as a country attains age and as cul- ture and wealth reach toward higher civilization. In cities and urban communities this fact is becoming more and more recognized. Attractive buildings, art museums, fine parks, embellished parkways, municipally planted streets and other attractive features, indicate the trend of thought and effort to make both town and coun- try beautiful. Trees in the picture cannot be overlooked; and in some respects and in many places are the crowning feat- ures of the landscape attractions. The builders of the future a decade or more ago had the imagination to see in advance of their time what these plans and construc- tions would mean to the public, as we now see them and enjoy them. There is no more beautiful and mysterious thing in nature than the unfolding and growth of the hardy trees. A combination of the deciduous and evergreen varieties produces from the unfolding of the new buds and flowers in spring until the incomparable tints and colors in au- — tumn one constant succession of marvelous effects. Whether in lawn, park, or forest the contrast in form and beauty attracts the beholder and enchants the lover of nature. In forest planting in some locations it may be, not infrequently is, necessary to use a single variety, resulting in a monotonous and sombre appearance. But in many locations where the general eflect is noticeable from far or near, there would seem to be no difficulty in arrang- ing the planting for the best attainable forest growth, and at the same time making the plantation, at least in some respects a thing of beauty as well. Even where no deciduous trees are admissable, a se- lection of the evergreen varieties as commonly used for forest planting, such as the Scotch Pine, Red Pine and White Pine, the different spruces, Balsam and Doug- las Fir, Hemlock, etc. interspersed with Larch, give a variety of coloring which adds a picturesque feature to the area as a whole without in the least detracting from the forest growth required. For the encouragement of forest planting, the requi- site trees are now grown in nurseries as well as in the state forestry department in very large quantities. They are produced at low cost and are sold at relatively low prices. Tree seeds are also becoming more and more an important business both for the use of nurserymen and state nurseries, also for private forestry projects. FOREST POLICY ASSURES GREATEST TIMBER GROWTH QO* the policy of sixteen years standing, National For- ests of the United States at the present time are ad- ministered by the Department of Agriculture in such a way as to promote the greatest possible utilization for all purposes and at the same time the greatest possible growth of timber, the Secretary of Agriculture states in his annual report to the President. The administration of the forests under the policy developed by the department, the Secretary states, includes provisions for the follow- ing: Protection from fire. Regulation of cutting, tree planting and forest man- agement to secure the maximum growth of timber. Full utilization of forage resources for live-stock raising. Classification of the forest lands and the elimination of areas most suitable for farming. The use of the lands for a wide range of purposes, in- cluding industrial developments and recreation. The fullest possible development of water powers. The readjustment of boundaries to include forest lands and to exclude other lands. In the administration of this policy, the Secretary states, the well-being of local communities, largely agri- cultural, is a primary consideration. The policy also con- templates, in the language of the Secretary: “The extension of the National Forests through the purchase of lands which will protect the watersheds of navigable streams. The National Forests established by Executive order or by legislation now cover the head- waters of nearly all the important streams beyond the Mississippi and protect enormous investments in irriga- tion works, irrigable farms, and hydro-electric develop- ment. They are now slowly being extended by purchases over the watersheds of navigable streams in the eastern States and should be extended still further as rapidly as possible. “This policy represents today the most striking appli- cation of public foresight to land problems in the history of the United States. “Scientific research with a view to— “Ascertaining and demonstrating through the activi- ties of forest experiment stations the cheapest and most effective methods of growing the maximum timber crops of the best species. ; ‘Products investigations centered mainly at the Forest Products Laboratory at Madison,*Wisconsin, to ascertain and demonstrate means of preventing waste and the most effective means for the manufacture and utilization of our forest resources. These investigations are designed to extend the life of our present resources, reduce to a minimum the production necessary to meet future re- quirements, and indirectly to make the growing of tim- ber more profitable. “Investigations of timber resources, the extent of for- est lands, and other economic questions, such as timber taxation, in order to secure data which must underlie the development and application of a National Forest policy. . “Dissemination of information and cooperation with States, timberland owners, and farmers in the protection and management of public and privately owned forests and farm woodlots. These activities include— “Fire protection through cooperation between the Fed- eral Government, the State governments and private owners, “Cooperation with the management of privately owned timberlands to check their devastation and assure the continued use for timber growing of lands not better suited for other purposes. “The dissemination of information which will make possible greater and better production on the 200,000,000 — acres of farm woodlots owned by the individual farmers of the Nation. Woodlot products now rank in value as one of the first three or four principal farm crops of the country. The yield of these farm woodlots can be im- mensely increased by better methods. “Publicly owned forests with the greatest additions which can be anticipated can not alone meet our require- ments for wood. The department is therefore attempt- ing by all means at its disposal to secure the adoption of a national policy for the production of timber on the privately owned lands most suitable for this purpose.” — An administrative force remarkable for its efficiency has been built up and trained in this work, the Secretary says. He continues: “Methods of cutting timber have been developed under which the forest reproduces naturally, and these require-_ ments have been so harmonized with practical limitations of lumbering that the demand for National Forest timber has grown steadily. The condition of the National Forest _ ranges has been very greatly iniproved and at the same time the stock which they can support without damage ~ has been increased by approximately one-third. A sys- tem of fire protection has been established which has and is serving as a model to State and private agencies alike. In general, all National Forest resources have been brought into use. Western public sentiment, at first de- cidedly hostile, now almost universally supports the pres- ent form of administration, and western stockmen have even gone so far in many instances as to demand the ex- tension of the National Forest system of range manage- ment to the remaining public grazing lands; in short, the National Forests are now vindicated by their fruits. “Some 2,000,000 acres of ferest lands have been pur- chased at the headwaters of navigable streams in the East, and these have been placed under an administration arable with those of the western forests. Favorable ess in purchases was made during the past year. orest products investigations, which at their initia- 1 were ignored by the forest industries of the coun- , have through the demonstration of their benefits neated the forest industries almost without exception have given an entirely new conception of the pos- ties in the conservation, manufacture and utiliza- ion of forest products. A beginning has been made in the establishment of forest experiment stations which should as rapidly as possible be extended to cover at all of the principal forest regions of the country. FIRES ON THE NATIONAL FORESTS 49 Notable contributions have been made to our knowledge of remaining timber supplies and related economic sub- jects. “Information on the need for timber growing and the best methods for growing and utilizing timber have been widely disseminated. Public opinion has been aroused until now there is a powerful Nation-wide support for the adoption of a national policy which will bring about the growing of timber on privately owned lands to sup- plement that which can be produced on National Forests and other public holdings.” VHE area of National Forest lands burned over in the * fiscal year 1920 was 342,193 acres, as against 2,007,- | in 1919; the estimated damage was $419,897, as st $4,919,769; and the total cost of- fire-fighting ‘exclusive of the time of Forest officers) was close to 1,000 0,000, as against $3,039,615. District 1 (Montana 1 northern Idaho) had much the largest number of 2s (1,716), and had 25 of the 99 fires which caused nage in excess of $1,000. District 6 (Washington and on) had 1,385 fires, and District 5 (California) } Together, these three districts had 73 per cent of ll the fires—exactly the same percentage as in 1919. _ The figures given reveal some instructive contrasts. /hile the total number of fires decreased 10.6 per cent, 1c number of lightning-caused fires increased 40.2 per sent. The decrease in man-caused fires was very marked, a drop of 35 per cent. The number of campers’ s decreased 28.2 per cent, and this in spite of the fact hat recreational use of the forests is growing by leaps ind bounds. Rein, not quite nine-tenths as many fires were fought, it about one-third the cost; they covered one-sixth the , and did one-twelfth the damage. The number of which burned less than one-fourth of an acre was derably greater than in 1919, while less than one- id as many covered 10 acres and did over $1,000 nage. “Any attempt at intepreting these data must take into ount the great differences in the character of the two sons. The general character and history of the 1920 son were summarized in last year’s report. In con- t with the season of 1919, which both in length and ity was one of the worst that the West has ever Tuomas B. Wyman. “Tn my opinion, AMERICAN FOREST- Y is one of the most interesting and val- lable magazines published. The articles on animals, and reptiles are especially sting, and the work of conservation arried on by the Association, and pro- noted in its well edited magazine, deserves the support and cooperation of every think- person in the country.” J. M. Hetser, Jr. “T find a great deal of interest in this ine which is very helpful to me in my It is indeed a splendid publication.” AxeL O. OxHoL”m, Chief Lumber Division, Department of commerce. “Your work in the past has been so in- structive that I look forward to every issue of the AMERICAN FORESTRY.” Joun F. SHANKLIN. “It’s a wonderful book and I couldn’t get along without it.” Quentin R. Hatts. “T am well pleased with American For- EstRY. It is a splendid journal.” Harotp WoopLanps. (Australia) —— “The magazine, AMERICAN FOREST- RY, is, I think, lovely in every way.” Mrs. J. H. Tapert. “T wish you success in the work of per- petuating our forests.” Vincent S. STEVENS. “The Forestry Club at the University is a subscriber, as well as many of the in- dividual members, and the magazine is a distinct help to us in several of our For- estry courses.” Revusen W. Smiru, Jr. “T want to express my appreciation of the very interesting articles by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt which have been appearing in AMERICAN FORESTRY. I always read them with great interest and with keen enjoyment.” Etmer Lewis Kayser, Secretary, George Washington Universi- ty. “IT shall never cease to desire member- ship in the Association.” GLenwoop E. Jones. “I have been an interested reader of the AMERICAN FORESTRY MAGAZINE for at least ten years, and along with my connection with the Trexler Lumber Com- pany it has helped me wonderfully.” Howarp F. Apams. “American Forestry seems more inter- esting than ever!” Mary D. Hussey. “Wish every farmer would take your magazine. These dry days when forest fires are common everywhere I do my best to see that they are put out, and if only people would just read your magazine they would learn the value of our forests.” Nick B. Bopprre. |The One Man Fire Engine Throws 20 gallons per minute thru 1500 ft. of hose—AND ONE MAN CAN PACK IT. The sturdy dependability of Fire Apparatus construction is combined with the necessary light weight and easy portability in The Northern Forest Fire Engine Designed by Forest Rangers and Built by Fire Apparatus Experts ee 4 / ees through the longest hose line. Nozzle Pressures the nozzle opening. Specifications lons at 90 Ibs. Pressure. ORDERS FOR SHOULD BE PLACED NOW. Minneapolis, Minn. Ample Capacity of Fire Stream is assured by the wide range of this unit, even From 20 gallons at 85 pounds to 10 gallons at 150 pounds is the guaranteed performance. as high as could possi- bly be needed cari be secured by reducing and price on application. Write to-day. The two Cylinder NORTH- ERN FOREST FIRE ENGINE is twice as powerful as the one cylinder. It weighs 125 pounds—Throws 35 Gal- SPRING DELIVERY Northern Fire Apparatus Co. oe ee 56 1337-1339 F STREET,N.W. WASHINGTON,D from its distribution and abundance, as la- * MEMORIALS IN BRONZE For Memorial Tree Planting When planting Memorial Trees care should be taken in the selection of the tablet to commemorate the event. Towns, cities, associations and indi- viduals who have planted, or who con- template the planting of Memorial Trees, or. who are interested in. the national plans for Roads of Remembrance, are invited to write to us for information. J. W. FISKE IRON WORKS 87 PARK PLACE NEW YORK CITY 58 AMERICAN FORESTRY phe BOOKS ON FORESTRY =z ———————————————e=—eEe———ee—eee—e—e—e——e——_—__=_=_=_==[={"Za]_a__—a_—_—_——_ AMERICAN FORESTRY will publish each month, for the benefit of those who wish books on forestry, Poneto ew arenes ete a hese liom These may be ordered through the American Forestry Association, Washington, D. C. Prices are by mail or express prepaid. Forest by James Oliver Curwood is on sale to our members Price $2.00 Illustrated A breathless story of life in the Canadian north woods. Back from the Last Outpost of Romance has come—the Greatest Ad- venture Novel of our time. Order from AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 1214 16th Street WASHINGTON, D.C. SCHOOL IN YELLOWSTONE PARK On Monday, October 10, the first public school for children in Yellowstone Nation- al Park was opened at headquarters with 14 children of Government employees in attendance. One of the rooms of the for- mer Post Exchange Building of old Fort Yellowstone was remodeled by the Govern- ment and set aside for school purposes but this was as far as the park officials could cooperate towards providing school ac- commodations. The parents of the children FOREST VALUATION—Filibert P nig eeeee deeeeecceeesees Se secceccedandceeess eenese eecccncessevcncce FOREST REGULATION—Filibert R ceeceeee PRACTICAL arian PAIR—By Elbert Peets............ LUMBER MANUFA TURING lentes, Arthur FOREST Pane ees H. H. Chapman................. CHEMISTRY OF PUL. D PAPER. "MAKING—B Edwin ,Sutermeister. CHINESE FOREST TREES AND TIMBER SUPPLY—B TREES, SHRUBS, VINES AND HERBACEOUS PERE NIALS—B a cegaard..--..-