UMASS/AMHERST *

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DATE DUE

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UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS
LIBRARY

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355

T26

1859

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TYSON PEAK

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/^MERICAI FRUIT CULTUEIST,

CONTA.ININQ DIRECTIONS FOR THK

PROPAGATION AKD CUITDRE OF FRUIT TREES

NLKSERY, ORCHARD AND GARDEN.

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TII'C

PRINCIPAL AMERICAN A\D FOREIGN VARIETIES CULTIVATED I*
THE UNITED STATES.

BY JOHN J. THOMAS

rLLTTSTSATED WITH THEKB HUNDRED ACCUEATE FIQITBE3.

NEW YOEK :

0. M. SAXTON, BARKER & CO.,

No. 25 PARK RO VV.

1859.

Entered according to act of Congress in the year 1849, by

JOHN J. TUOMAS,

In the Clerk's Office for the Northern District of New York.

THIS EDITION
Contains Forty pages of New Matter, with full directions for the Pruning and
Management of Dwarfs and Pyramids, and with some hundreds of smaller additions,
and many New Engravings.

^^° For description of New Varieties, see Appendix.

PREFACE.

An eminent pomologist lately remarked to the author
that " to give a complete description of fruits, one should
live a hundred years, and spend his whole time in examina-
tions in all parts of the country." But fruit-raisers are un-
willing to wait so long, and desire at once the best informa-
tion to be had, that they may keep pace with the astonish-
ing progress made of late years in fruit culture. The book
now before the reader is an attempt to supply in some de-
gree this demand.

Its object is two-fold — first, to furnish such rules for cul-
tivation and management as shall enable every one to secure
the highest excelleace and the most abundant crops ; and
secondly, to give distinct descriptions of the hundreds of
sorts which have been widely and profusely scattered
through the country, and to point out the good from the
bad, and the genuine from the spurious.

In the description of varieties, the attempt has been made
to supply a deficiency existing in other works, by enabling
the reader to perceive at a glance the character and value
of each sort, by means of the kind of type used for the name.
All xaluahle fruits are printed in large or small capitals or
in italics ; while those which are decidedly inferior or worth-
less, are given in Roman type. Some of the latter may
however, prove worthy of cultivation in particular localities ;
but experience, so far, is generally against them.

In designating the quality or flavor of fruits, the terms
"good," "fine," and "excellent" or " very fine," are sy-
nonymous with the terms good, very good, and best, adopted
by the American Pomologicai Congress. But it is the
general value, and not the flavor mei'ely, that is exhibited

PREFACE.

by the kind of type. For example, the Khode Island Green
ing, with a quality at least one notch below the highest, is
given in large capitals on account of its productiveness,
value, and wide reputation. On the other hand, the Dyer,
greatly its superior in flavor, but deficient in bearing quali-
ties, is in small capitals. Again, the Amire Joannet pear
is marked in italics, for its unequalled earliness, while the
Rousselet de Rheims, far excelling it in quality, but ripen-
ing in the thickest of the pear season, is rejected as value-
less. These distinctions are more particularly pointed out
on pages 112 and 115.

No little embarrassment arose in deciding upon the pre-
cise character to assign to some sorts, more especially with
those doubtful fruits which seemed to approach or rest upon
the boundary lines between these successive classes. In
this difficulty, however, the author has been freely and
generously assisted by several of the most eminent and
skilful pomologists in different parts of the Union ; and the
variations wrought in fruits by soil, climate, culture, and
even by the time of gathering and mode of ripening, have
not b°en overlooked.

The author cannot close these prefatory remarks without
oiTering his grateful acknowledgments to those who have
at different times so liberally aided him in this work, and
whose names are referred to upon its pages ; among whom
more especially he feels bound to mention the names of
Marshall P. Wilder, of Boston; Samuel Walker, of
Roxbury ; Robert Manning, of Salem ; Charles Downing,
of Newburgh ; Dr. William D. Brinckle, of Philadelphia,
Thomao S. Pleasants, of Petersburgh, Va. ; A. H. Ernst,
of Cincinnati ; and Dr. John A. Kennicott, of Northfield,
Illinois. He is also eminently indebted to his father Davip
Thomas, of Aurora, N. Y.

INDEX

Part i. General Principles and Practices.

CHAPTER I.
Introductor>' remarks, 15— Profits and advaiuages of Fruit Culture, 16— Markets. 17—
Beneficial effects, 19.

CHAPTER II.
Leading principles m growth, 20.

CHAPTER III.

Production of new varieties, 24— Van Mons' experiments, 26— Knigh: s, 27— Mode
of crossing, 26.

CHAPTER IV.

Propagation of sorts, 30— Cuttings, 32— Eyes, .34— Layers, 34— Grafting, 36 — Budding,
42— Limits of Budding and Grafting, 46— Best stocks, 47.

CHAPTER V.

Changes wTOUght in fruits by external causes, 50— Climate, 51— Sorts declining Dy
old age, 51— Influence of culture, 52— Soil and Stock, 53— Productiveaess, 56.

CHAPTER VI.
Soils, 57 — Manures, 57 — Special manures, 53 — Situation, 62 — Enclosures, 66 — Fruit
stealing, 67.

CHAPTER VII.

Transplanting, 68— Shortening-in, 69— Preparing the ground, 72— Preparing the roots,

73 — Setting, 74 — Watering, 75 — Muicinng, 76 — Season for transplanting, 77.

CHA^'TER VIH.
Cultivation of the soil. 30— Experimeui-s, 81— How performed; 82.

CHAPTER IX.

Distances for planting trees, 86.

CHAPTER X.
Prunmg, 83— Pyramids, 90— To promote fruitfulness, 92.

CHAPTER XI.
Implements — pruning-knife, saws, chisels, 95— Budding knife, grafting tools, 9&-
Shears, ludders,"97— Trellis, 98— Labels, 99.

CHAPTER XII.

Terms used in describing fruits, 101 — 112.

INDEX APPLES.

Part II. The different kinds of fruits.

Introductory Remarks, 115

CHAPTER I.
The Apple.— Profit', 117 — Propngaiioii— Budding, 1 IS— Root Grafting, 119— Planting
orcliards, 121 — Renovating old orchards, 124 — Gathering and preserving, 126 —
Insects, 12S.

Varieties * — Albemarle Pippin, 177.
Alexander, 146
Alfriston, 177.

American (io'den Russet, 178, 190
American Pippin, 163.
American Red Juneaurg^ 139.
Amenran .Summer Pearmain, 136, 190.
Autumnal .Swaar, 145.
Bailev Swet't, 159, 191.
Baldwin. 160, 163.
Beautv of Kent. 146.
Beauty of the West, 144.
Bedtbrdsliire Foundling, 177
Belmont, 177, 176.
Ben, 167.
Bei^oni, 136.
Bevan's Favorite, 136.
Black Apple, 163.
Black Coal, 164.
Black Detroit, 164.
Black Gill; flower, 104
Blenheim Pippin. 144.
Blue Pearmain, 164.
Borovitsky, 137.
Borsdorff. 178.
Bough, loS, 142.
Bourassa, 179.
Bral.'ant Bellflower, 164
Bracken, 144.
Broadwell, 161.
Buffington's Early, 142
Bullock's Pippin, 178, 190
Canada Reinette, 178.
Cane, 150.
Cann, 161.
Carthouse 164, 189
Cathead, 179.
Chandler, 164.
Cole, 137.
Cooper, 147.
Cornisn Aromatic, 147.
Corni.sli Gillifiower, 165.
Cos, 165.

Court of Wick, 179.
Court Pendu, 165.
Cranberry Pippin, 179.
Cumberland Spice, 179, 188.
Danvers .Sweet, 161.
D'-troit, 161, 183.
Devonshire Quarrenden, 137
Dewin. 147.
Doctor, 147
Domme, 165.
Downlon Pippin, 153.
Dowse, 156.

Drap d'Or, 153.

Dumelow's Seedling, 165

Dutch Codlin. 153.

Dutch Misnoinie, 165.

Dutchess of Oldenburgh, 147

Dyer, 153, 154

Earlv Chandler, 137.

Early Harves;. 142.

Early Joe, 1.37. 138.

Early Red Margaret, 137, 189.

Early f-trawberry, 139, 140.

English Codlin, 155.

English Golden Ru.ssett, 179.

English Russett, 180, 190.

English Summer Pearmain, 147.

Esten, 155.

Eustis, 167.

Fallawater, 180.

Fall Cheese, 155.

Fall Harvey, 155.

Fall Orange, 155.

Fall Pippin, 155, 188.

Fameub^e, 147, 189.

Fenouillet Gris, 180.

Fenouillet Jaune, 180.

Fenouillet Rouge, 180.

Fort Miami, 181.

Franklin Golden Pippin, 156.

Garden Royal, 139, 190.

Gale, 177.

Gilpin, 164.

Gloria Miindi, 182.

Gloucester Cheese, 149.

Golden Ball, 181.

Golden Harvey, 181.

Golden Pippin, 181, 189.

Golden Reinette, 167.

Goldtn Russet, 179, 178.

Golden Sweet, 136.

Golden N.il.le, 156.

Gravenstein, 149, 148.

Graniwmkle, 145.

Green Seek-no-further, 181, 191

Green Sweet, 162.

Greening, 184.

Hagloe, 141.

Hartford Sweeting, 159.

Haskell Sweet, 145, 192,

Hawley, 156, 154.

Hawtliornden, 156, 191.

Herefordshire Pearmain, 167, 188.

Holland Pippin, 1.55, 156, 188.

Hoary Morning, 167.

Hubbard.ston Non.'Och, 166, 167.

Hunter, 149.

• The standard names are in Roman letters, synomvms in Italics.

INDEX APPLES.

vn

Ingestrie, Red, 151.

Ingestrie, Yellow, 159.

Iri.li Ptach. 139.

Jeffries, 149.

Jersoy Greening, 183.

Jersey Swtetin?, 145, 190.

Je wen's Red, 149.

Jonathan, 167, 189.

July Branch, 142.

Jun'e Apple. 139.

Juneatnig. 137, 139.

Kane, 150.

Kenrick's Autumn, 150.

Kentish P^lba.sket, 168.

Kerry Pippni. 150.

Keswick Codlin, 156.

Kilham Hill, 150.

King- of the Pippins, 150.

Kirk's Lord Nelson. 168.

Ladies' Sweeting, 159, 160.

Lady Apple. 181, 182, 189.

Laquier, 168.

Large YtUow Bough, 1.35.

Late Strawberry. 150, 190.

Leland 8pice, 151, 190.

Lemon Pippin, 157

Limber Twig, 163.

Loudon Pippin. 182.

Lowell, 157.

Lucombe's Seedling, 168.

Lymans Large Summer, 142.

Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet, 145-

Lyscom. 151.

Maiden's Blush, 157, 191.

Male Carle. 157.

Mank's Codlin, 143.

Margin, 163.

Marston's Red Winter, 168.

May Apple. 144.

McLellan, 169.

Melon, 151.

Menagere. 157.

Michael Henry Pipoin, 182.

Minister, 169

Monstrous Pippin. 182.

Moose, 182.

Mother, 169, 192.

Mouse, 182.

Murphy, 169.

Newark King, 183.

Newark Pippin, 183.

Newtown Pippin, 182 187, 172

Nonsuch, 151, 171.

Norfolk Beaufin, 169.

Northern Spy, 169, 174.

Old Nonpareil, 183.

Old-Town Crab, 162.

Orange, 157, 155.

Orne's Early, 157.

Ortley, 183, 188.

Oslin, 143.

Patterson Sweet, 159.

Peach Pond Sweet, 145, 190

Pearmain, 167, 175.

Peck's Pleasa; it, ?3.

Hemiock, 170

Phillips' Sweeiing, 161.

Picknim, 154.

hoiiime de Neige, 147.

Pomme Grise, 184.

Pointne Royale, 153.

Porter, 157, 148.

Pound, 170.

Priestly, 170.

Pry.>r'sRed, 170.

Pumpkin Russet, 146.

Putnam Russet, 185.

Quiiice. 158.

Ranibo, 151.

Rambour d" Ete, 141.

Ram-^deU's Sweeting, 161.

Rawle"s Jaiiiiet. 170.

Red and Green Sweet, 135.

Red A^hmorc, 15S.

Red Astrachaii. 143.

Red PauMda 171, 166.

Rome Beauiy, 171.

Red Juneating, 137.

Red Quarrenden, 137.

Redstreak, 171

Republican Pippin, 151.
Rhode Island •■reening, 184.

Rihston Pippin, 152.

River, 139.

Rotnanite, 151, 164.

Roman Stem, 185.

Ross Nonpareil, 152, 189.

Koxhury Russet, 185, 190.

Saint Lawrence, 152.

Sam Young. \-^o.

Scarlet NoiipHreil, 171.

Scarlet Pearmain, 152.

Seeknofurther, 175, 181, 186, 191

Sliippen"s Russet, ISo.

Siberian Crab, 158.

Sine Qua Non, 143.

Smokehouse, 152.

Sops of Wine. 141.

Spencer Siveeting, 159.

Spice Apple, 162

SpiCe Sweeting, 136.

Spitzenburgh, Esopus, 171, ITJ,

Spitzeiiburgh, Flushing, 173.

Spitzenburgh, Newtown, 173.

Spitzenburgh, Kaighn's, 173.

Strawberry, 13'^, 150, 190.

Stroat, 15S.

Sugar-loaf Pippin, 144.

Summer Bell flower, 143.

Summer (lolden Pippin, 144.

Summer Hagloe, 141.

Summer Queen, 141.

Summer Rambour. 141.

Summer Rose, 138, 141.

Summer Sweet Paradise, 146, 19%

Surprise, 153.

Swanr, 176, 1S5.

Sweet Baldwin, 161, 192

Sweet and Sour, 186.

Sweet Poxigh, 135.

Sweet Pearmain, 161.

Sweet Russet, 146, 164

nil

INDEX APPLES PEARS.

S'^.ceet Stcaar, 145.

Tallmar. Sweeting, 1G2.

Tart Bt.uffli, U2.

Tetofsky, 141.

Tewkshurv Blush. ISO

Tiffi Sweeting. 146.

Tonipkin<, 138.

Twenty Ounce, 153.

Vfindevere, 173.

Victorious Reinette, 1S6.

Victuals aiici Drink, I'lS.

Wagener, 173, 174.

■Warner Russet, IS"^.

Watson's Dumpling, 173-

Waxen, 177-

Wells Apple, 173.

Wells Sweeting, 162.

Westfield Sceknofurther, 175, 191.

White Juneaiing, 144, 189.

Figures of comparative

Wliite Pippin. 178.
White Steknofuriher, 186, IflL
White Winter Calville, 186.
Williams" Favorite, 142, 138.
sVillow I'wig, 175.
"Wine, )7'5
VN'inesup, i/5.
Winter Ch.ese, 1S7.
Winter Pearmain, 175, 188.
"Winter Queen, 177.
Wood's Greening, 187.
Woodstock Pippin, 144.
}Vooi77mn's Early, 141.
Wormsley Pippin, 159.
Yeilow Belltiower, 1S7.
Yelloic Harvest, 142
Yellow Newtown Pippin, 187.
"^ orkshire Greening, 777.

forms of apples, 1S8, 192.

CHAPTER II.

The Pear. — Propagation, 193 — Seedlings, 194 — Dwarfs, 196 — PjTamidal Peaim
199— Gatheringa-.id Keeping the Fruit, 20n— Diseases, 201

Varieties.— Abbott, 233.
Alpha, --34.

Aithorpe Crassane, 249.
Amande Double, 226
Ambri'sia, 2.34.
Amire Joannet, 214. 215.
Andrews, 226 Ananas. 234
Angleterre, 226
Ast' n Town. 251.
Autumn Col mar, 227.
Banletl, 206, 207.
Belle el Bnnne, 247.
Belle of Hru-=sels, 207.
Belle Lucrntive, 234, 268.
Bellisimed'Ele, 20?.
Belmont. 234.
Bergam.t, Autumn, 251.
Bergamot, Farly. 217.
Bergamot. Ilamidens, 217.
Bergamot, Large Summer, 217.
Bergamot, Summer, 219
Bergamotte Cadetle, 2.34, 249, 270.
BerganK)tie d'Automne, 251.
Beurre Bosc, 218, 219.
Beurre Rronzce, 265.
Beurre d'Amalis, 2:31.
Beurre d"Anjou, 231, 238
Beurre d'Aremberg, 253.
Beurre Col mar, 2.35.
Beurre Crapand. 2-35.
Beurre de Beaumont, 235.
Beurre Diel, 220. 270.
Beurre Duval, 227.
Beurre Grisd'Hiver Nouveau, 260.
Bt-urre Kenrick, 2:}5.
Benrre Knox. 231.
Bcurre Preble, 235.
Beurre Ranee, 2.57.
Beurre Romain, 234
Beurre Van Marum, 227

Beurre Van INIons, 227.

Bezi de la Moite. 248.

Bezi de Moiuigny, 235.

Bezi d'Heri 265.

Bezi Vaet 260.

Bilboa. Golden Beurre of, 238, 239.

Bishop's Thumb, 220.

Black Worcester, 254.

Bleeker's Meadow, 251.

Bloodgood, 206, 210.

Bon Chretien Fondante, 236.

Boucquia, 236.

Brande's St. Germain, 260.

BranJywine, 208, 268.

Broompark. 265.

Brown Beurre, 231, 269.

Buffnm, 2:36.

Burnett, 22, >.

Butter Pear, 2i0, 211

Cab. t, 2.36.

Caen du France, 260, 27tt.

Caleba^se, 227.

Calhoun, 249.

Capiaumoiit, 227.

Capsheaf, 245.

Capucin, 2.32.

Catillac, 2.54.

Chapman, 232.

Chancellor, 2-32.

Charles of Austria, 348.

Chaumontel, 254.

CheiiTisford, 220

Citron, 217

Citron dc s Carmes, 211.

Clara, 223.

Col mar, 2.5S.

Colmar d'Aremberg, 220

Columbia, 259.

Commodore, 236.

Comprette, 22S.

INDEX PEARS.

Compte de I-amy, 289.

Coinsiock, 2G0.

(.'opia, •2;32.

Coicr, 2u(), 270.

Countess of Lunay, 223.

Crij.«saiie, 248.

Crawford, 210.

Croft Castle, 251.

Cross, 266.

Cumberland, 220.

Cashing:, 237.

Dallas, 2;37.

Dearborn's Seedling, 214, 215.

Del ices d'Hardenpont, 228.

De Louvain, 237

Dix, 221. 270.

Doyeinie Boussock, 237, 240.

Doyenne, Gray, 240, 241.

Doyenne. Summer, 216.

Doyenne, White, 240, 244.

Duehesse d'Angouleme, 221, 270

Ducliesse de Alars, 2.37.

Duchesse d'Orleans, 221, 269.

Dumorlier. 24-5.

Dundas, 237.

Dunmore, 232.

Early Catherine, 209.

Early Rousseiei, 209.

Easter Bergainot, 261.

Easter Beurre, 259, 264

Ec'hassery. 2t;i.

Edward's Elizabeth, 239.

Edwards' Henrietta, 215.

Edwards' U illiam, 228.

Emerald. 261.

Enfant Prodigue, 239.

Epine d' Ete. 208.

Eptne Rose, 217

Eye wood. 231, 268.

Figue, 223. 269

Fig of Niiples, 2.39,269.

Fine Gold of .Su.mmer, 217.

Flemish Beauty, 222. 232.

Flemish Bonoretien, 261.

Fondanie d'Auiomne, 234.

Fondante du Bois, 261.

Forme de Delices, 2-39.

Forelle, 229

Foriunee, 266.

Franc Real d'Hiver, 266.

Frederick of Wunemburgh, 221

Fulton, 2-32. 268.

Gan-el's Bersjamot, 248.

Gendeslieim, 221.

Gilogil. 26.5.

Glout Moreeaux, 253, 255.

Great Citron of Bohemia, 233

Green Chi.sel, 211, 215.

Green Yair, 241.

Hacon's Incompatible, 248

Haddnigton. 262.

Harvard, 229.

Heaihcoi.24l. 268.

H,-nkel, 241.

Henry TV., 246, 268-

Hericart 241.

Hessel, 216.

Holland Bergamot, 2G5.

Howell, 2.3.

Hugeiiot. 250.

Hull, 242

Jalou'-ie, 233.

Jalousie Fontenay, 242, 268.

Jammelte, 258.

Jargonelle, 2J7, 267.

Jargonelle, French, 208, 267

Jersey Graiioli, 229

Johonnot, 246.

Jones, 239.

Josephine. 253.

Julieiuie, 210.

Kirtland, 246.

Knight's Monarch, 259.

Knight's Seedling, 242.

Las Canas, 258.

Lawrence, 269.

Leech's Knigsesshig, 210, 263

Leon le Clerc, 262.

Lewis. 263.

Limon, 211.

Litile Musk, 216.

Locke, 262.

Lodge, 229.

Long Green, 223.

Louise Bonne, 255.

Louise Bonne of Jersey, 222, 223.

Madeleine. 211, 214.

Madoite, 223.

Mainiing's Elizabeth, 216, 267.

Mane Louise, 221, 270.

McLaughlin, 262.

Messire Jean, 242.

Michaux, 250.

Moccas, 262.

RIoor-fowl Kgg, 251

Mou'Jncattr, 223.

iMuscadine, 211.

Muscat Robert, 216.

Napoleon, 229, 269.

Naumkeag, 250.

Neill, 224.

\e Plus Meuri.s, 266.

Nouveau Poiteau, "^42.

Oliver's Kusset, 242.

Onondaga, 224, 267.

Usband's Summer, 211, 215.

Oswego Beurre, 2-12, 269.

Ott, 216, 2G7.

Pailleau, 229.

Paquency, 243.

Paradise d'Automne, 213, 2Si.

Fassans du Portugal, 219.

Passe Colmar, 258.

Pennsylvania, 243.

Petre, > 13. 268.

Piqneri , 226.

Pitt's Prolific, 230.

Plumbs astel, 225.

Pope's Quaker, 2-30.

Pope's Scarlet Major, 343

Pound, 255.

Pralt, 243, '-67

A*

INDEX — PEARS QFIXCES PEACHES.

Primitive, '716.

IViiK-e's M. Gennain. 256, 2G3.

Princess of Orange, -Jo:;.

Queen Caroline, "230.

Queen of the Low Countries, 225

Quilleite. 252.

Ro*tiezer. 2)2. 213.

Rousselei lie Mee^^^er, 250.

Roasselei de Rheims, 246, 263.

Sansjieait, 209.

Seckel. 246. 263.

Shenk.^. 233

Sieulle, 250, 270.

Skinless, 200. 267.

Snnith's Moyamen«ing, 210, 268.

Soidat Lal)Oreur, 254.

Spani<li Bonclnelien, 255

Steven.s' Geiie.see, 249.

St. Germain, 257.

St Ghislain. 23(1.

Si. Mirhael, 241.

Styrian, 230.

Sugar of Hoverswcrda, 213.

Sugar Top. 213.

t^uHivan. 230.

Summer Bell. 203.

Summer Boi chretjpn, 225.

Summer Doyeinie, 214, 216.

Summer Frankreal, 212, 213.

Summer PortU2:il. 219.

Summer Rose, 217.

P'igures of Comparative

Summer i^i. Germain, 213

Sunmier Thorn. 203.

Swan's Kg?. 217.

Swans Dranre, 224, 267.

Sylvange 250

St. Andre, Thompsons. 244-

Triomohe de. Jodigne, 225.

Tyson! 209, 212

rrbaniste. 226, 269.

Vallee I'ranche, 215.

Van Assene. 233

Van Bureii, 2.33.

Van Mons' I.eon Le Clerc, 226, 270.

Vicar of Winkfield, 256, 257.

Vicomp;e de Spoelberch, 258.

Virgalieu. 244.

Virgouleuse, 263.

Washingion, 2.33, 244.

Wesicotl. 244

"Wliito Doyenne, 240. 244.

Wilbur, 245.

Wilkinson, 245.

Wi Hams'' Bonchretien, 207.

Williams' Early, 219, 247.

Windsor, 20S

Winship's Seedling, 209.

11 inter Bell. 255.

Winter Cra.ssane, 266.

Winter Nelis, 263, 264.

Yat, 230.

forms of Pears, 267—271.

CHAPTER III.

TuE Quince.— Propagation— Soils, 272— Pruning, 273— Enemies, 274 — Varieties,
275.

CHAPTER IV.

The Peach.— Extent of culture, 276— Budding, 277— Stocks, 279— Orchards, 279—
Transplantini:, 280 — Pruning, 281 — Training, 282 — D ying and Preserving
293— Insects, 2S4— Arrangement, 288.

Varteties— Acton Scott, 292.
A-tor. 293

Baltimore Beauty, .300.
Uarrineton, 293.
Belle de Vitrv. 291.
Bellegarde, 293.
Bergen's Yellow, 302.
B^ood Clingstone, 305.
Brevoort. 29S.
Catherine Cling, 303.
Chancellor. 298.
Clinton. 293.
Cole's Early Red. 294.
Cole's While Melocoion, 299.
Coolediie's Favorite, 294.
Columbia. 302.
Crawford's Early. .300.
Crawford's Laie. 300.
Double Mountain. 239
Druid Hill, 294.
Early Admirable, 293.
Early Anne, 289.

Early Barnard, 301.
Early Newington Freestone,
Early I»urple,'^293.
Early Tillolson. 291.
Early York. 290, 295.
Emperor of Russia, 292.
Favorite. 294.
Fox's Seedling, 294.
Garlande. 203.
George IV., 294.
Green Catherine, 295.
Grosse Mignonne, 293.
Heath Cling, 303.
Incomparable, 304.
Jaques' Rareripe, 300.
Kenrick's Heath, 299.
La Grange. 299.
Large Early York, 295.
Large Red Rareripe, 292
Large White Clingstone, 303
Late Admirable. 295.
Late Red Rareripe, 295

:NDEX PEACHES NECTARINES APRICOi'S PLUMS.

Late Yellow Alberp-e. 304.
Lem 11 Clinestune, 304.
Miifrdaleu of Courson, 2S9.
Malta, '2ft0.

Morris Red Rareripe, 296.
Morris W hue. 299.
Morrissania Pound, 296.
New- York Rareripe, 295.
Nivelte. 206.

Oldinixoa Clingstone, 304.
Oklmixon Freestone, 296.
Old Newingion. 302.
Orange Clingstone, 304.
Pavie Admirable, 304.
President, 296.
Red fheek Melocoton, 300.
Red Rareripe, 292.
Rosanna, 301.
Royal 1 harlotie, 292.
Royal Georse. 292.
Scott's Early Red. 296.
Sooit's Nonpareil, 301.
Serrate Earlv York, 290.
Smith's Newington, 302.
Snow, 299.
J^trawberry, 299.
f^weetwater, 291.
Teton de Venus. 295.
TippecEinoe, 304.

Van Zandt's Superb, 297.
Waller's Ear! v. 2'j7
Ward's Late Free 297.
Washington, 297.
Washinston Clin stone, 304.
White Blossomed Incomparable, 296
White Imperial, 297.
White Nutmeg, 290.
Yellow Admirable, 301.
Yellow Alberge, .301.
Yellow Rareripe, 301.
Nectarines.— Varieties. 305.
Bo.ston, 307.
Broom field. 308.
Downton, 306.
Due de Telliers, 306.
Early Newington, 308.
Early Violel, 306.
Elruge, 306.
Fairchild's, 307.
Golden. .308.

Hard-wieke Seedling, 308.
Hunt's Tawnv, 307.
Murray, 306.
Newington, .308.
New White, 305.
Peterborough, 307.
Pitmaston Orange, 307.
Red Roman, 308.

CHAPTER V.
The Abkjcot —Culture, 309.
VARIETIES. 310— Alberge, 313. Musch, 311.

Black, 310.
Breda, 310.
Brussels, 312.
Dubois, 311.
Early «?olden, 311.
Hemskirke, 311.
Large Early. 312.
Moorpark, 311.

Orange, 310.
Peach, 312,
Red Masculine, 313.
Roman, 313.
Royal, 312.
Shipley's, 312.
Turkey, 310.
White Masculine, 313

CHAPTER VL

The Plttm.— Raising the yoang trees, 314— Soil and manure, 315 — InseCUh-^CvCSi
lio, 315— Black excrescences, 320 — Drying prunes, 322.

■Varieties. — Albany Beauty, 327.
American Wlieat. 346.
Apricot, 327.
Aniumn Gage, 327.
Bingham, 331.
Bleecker's Gage, 326, 328.
Bleecker^s Scarlet, 345.
Blue Gage. 341.
Blue Imperatrice, 344.
Blue E'erdrigon. 344.
Brevoort's Purple, 343.
Buel's Favorite, 331.
Byfield, .334.
Cherry, 346.
"Heston. .341.
J'u.^Kasaw .347.
^'^.oo's Golden Drop, 132
Gcs's Late Red, 33ti, i-T-

Columbia, 334.
Corse's Admiral, 345.
Corse's Field Marshal. 345.
Corse's Nota Bene, 337.
Cruger's Scarlet, 337.
Damson, 342.
Dana's Yellow, 333.
Denniston's Red, 337.
Denuiston's Superb, 328.
Diam'Mid, 335.
Domine Dull, 345.
Downton Jmperatrice, 333.
Drap d"Or. .329.
Duane's Purple, 343.
Early Scarlet. 346.
Early Tours, 347.
Elfrey, 342,
Eme/ald Drop. 333

XI\

INDEX — PLUMS — CHERRIES.

Flushing Gage, 325.

FoUierin^ham, 337.

Frosl Ga>e. 347.

German Prune, 3:35. 345.

Ghision's Early, 325.

Goliath, 34.3.

Green Gape. 3'26, 329.

Gwalsh, 343.

Holland. 33S

Horse plum. 333.

Ho weirs Early. 342.

Hudson Gnge, 328.

Huling:'s Superb. 3.32.

Ickworth Iniperalrine, 315.

Imperial Gage, 325. 326.

Imperial Ottoman, 325, 330

Isabella. 33S

Italian Damask. .338.

Jaime Native, .33'i.

Jefferson. 325, 326.

Juilson, 342

Kirke's. .3.38.

Large Green Drying, 332.

L/i Rot/ale, 341 .

Lawrence's Favorite, 325, 326.

Lombard, 345.

r.ong Sc.irlet. 346.

I.ncombe's Nonsuch, 3-33.

Mainiing's Lone Blue, 335.

McLauffhlin. 332.

Mirabeile, 330.

Morocco, 333

Mnlberry, 332.

Nectarine 344.

Orleans, a39.

Orleans. Earlv, 339.

Peach Plum, 335.

Pcoly's Enrly Blue, 3it

Pond's .Seedling, 339.

Primordial!, 330.

IViiice of Wale.-s, 339.

Prune d'Agen. 339.

Purple Favorite, -339.

Purple Gage, .339.

Queen Mother, 342.

Qielsrhe, 3.35.

hed Apricot. .340.

Red Diaper. 335. 336.

Rfd Egg, 33G.

Red Gage, 340

Red Mairnum Bonum, 336.

Red Perdrigon. 341.

Red St. Mnrtin. 337.

Reine Claude de Bavay, 328

Royale, 311.

Royale Hative. .341

Royal Pours. 344.

Schenectady Cntherine. 342-

Schuyler's Gage, 330.

Semiana, 344.

Sharp's Emperor. 3.36.

Smith'.* Orleans. 343.

St (-atheriue. 333.

St. Martin's Quetsche, 328.

Suis.^e. 346,

Thomas, 333.

Wa-^hington, 326, .327.

White or Yellow Damson, 334.

While Egg, 3.33.

White Imperatrice, 329.

White Perdrigon, 334.

W^ild Plum. 348.

Yellow Gage, 329, 330.

CHAPTER VII.

Thk Cherry.— Propagation— Stocks, 349— Budding, 350— Dwarf cherries, 'm?*
Birds excluded by nets, 352— Diseases and insects, 353.

Varieties. — Amber Gean, 362.
American Amber. .359
American Heart. 366.
Arch Duke. 303.
B' He de Choi.sy, 368.
Belle Magnifique, 3C8.
Blgarreau. .303
Bigarrenu Gros Ccrvret, 362
Black Fligarreau, .363.
Black Co rone, 358.
Black Eaple, .356.
B'ack Heart, 357.
Black Mazzard, 358.
Black Tartarian, 357.
Bleeding Heart, 358.
Burr's Seedling, 366.
Buttner's Yellow, 367.
Carnation, .370.
China Bi?arre;iu, 367.
Cleveland Bigarreau, 364.
Cluster. .371.
Coe's Transparent, 3.59.

Doctor. .3.59.

Downer's Late, 360.

Downiiig's Red Cheek, 367.

Di 'Wilton. 359.

Early May, 37L

Early Purple Guigne, 358.

Early White Heart, 360.

Elkhorn, 363

Elliot's Favorite, 36L

Elto:i, 3&1

Florence, .365.

Gascoine's Heart, 358.

Gridley, 36.3.

Graffion, .363.

Hilde-heim, 367.

Holland Bigarreau, 365.

Honey, "62.

Hvde's F?ed Heart, 361.

Jeffrey's Duke, 370.

Kennsh, .37 L

Kiriland"s Mary, 365.

Knight's Early Black, 357

INDEX CHERRIES— GOOSEEKKRIES RASPLERRIES. ETC. XII

lj{u]y Soutliamplon's Yellow, 3(57.

Large Heart-siiuped liigarreau, 3G:2

Large Hed Higarreau, 3(J5.

Late Duke, .3!il>

Le Mercier, 3G9.

Madison Bigarreau. 367.

Man iiig's Lale Black. 362.

Manning's Mottled, 3GI.

May liiga^-eaii 3JS

M:.yduke, 3'J9

Moreilo, S70.

Napoleon Bigarreau, 365, 366.

Ohio Beauty. 359.

Oxhearl, 357.

Pie Cherry, 371.
Plumstoiie Aiorello, 370.
Remington, 3G7.
Koberl's Red Heart, 359.
iiockport Bigarreau, 365,366.
Royal Duke. 309.
Ruinse 's Luie Moreilo, 370.
Sparhavvk'.s Honey, 361.
Sweet Montmorency, 36!.
Transparent Guigne, 362.
Waterloo. .357.
Wendell's Bigarreau, 363.
White Tartarian, 36L

CHAPTER Vin.

The Gooseberry A>fD Ccrrant. — The Currant, 372 — Propagation and cultun^
372 — preservmg fresh, 373.

Varieties.— Black Naple.s, 374.

Champagne, 373.

Chenv. 373.

Common Black. 374.

Knighfs Early Red, 37.3.

Knight's Sweet Red, 373.
The Gooseberry, 374 — Productiveness, 374-
Varieties. — Crown Bob, .376.

Houj;hiou's ^eedlin , 377.

Park.nson's Laurel, 377.

Red Warrington, 376.

May's Victoria, 373.
Red Dutch, 373.
Striped Fruited. 373.
White Grape, 373.
While Dutch, 373.

-Propagation, 375.
Roaring Lion, 376.
Willington's Glory, 377.
Whitesmith, 376

CHAPTER IX-

The Raspberry.— Propagation and culture, .378— Pruning and training, 379.

Varieties— American Black, 330.
Ame.rican Red, 350
American White, 330
Barnet. 3SU.
Black Cap^ 330.
Col. Wilder, 3S0
Cretan Red, 380.

Fastolff, 380
Franconia, 330.
Ohio Everbearing, 3S1
Red Antwerp, 33 L
Tliinxble-berry, 330.
Yellow Antwerp, .381.

CHAPTER X.

The Strawberry. — Soil and culture, 332 — Alternate strips, 383 — Pi oductivencM,
334 — Stamniate and pistillate flowers, 384.

Varieties — Austrian Scarlet, 336.
Bishop's Orange, 387.
Black Prince, 339
Boston Pine, 338.
Brewer's Emperor, 388.
British Queen. 339.
Burr's New Pine, 390.
Burr's Siaminate Seedling, 387.
Bu-h Alpine, .391.
Crimson Cone, 3*8.
Deptford Pine, 339.
Duke of Kent, 336.
Dundee, 338.
Elton, 337.

Grove End Scarlet, 357.
Hovey's Seedling, 390.
Hudson, 388.

Keene-s Seedling, 339.
Large Early Scarlet, 3S7.
Meihven, 338.
Myati's Eliza, 389.
Neck Pme, ,390.
Old Pine, 389.
Prince Albert, 389.
Prolific Hauibois, 391.
Red Alpir.e, 391.
Rf-d Wood, 391.
Roseberry, 333.
Koss Phoenix, 339.
Swainstone Seedling, 339.
White Alpme, 391
While Wood, 391.
Willey, 338.
Wilmot's Superb 391.

XIV

INDEX GRAPES.

CHAPTER XI.

The Grape.— Propagation — Soil, 392-
meni, 395.

Varieties— Alexander, 396.
American Muscadine, 398.
Black Clusier. 393-
Biack Hamburg, 398.
Black Portugal, 399.
Black Prince. 399.
Black St. Peter's, 399.
Bland. 306.
Burgu..dy, 398.
Camhridge Black, 399.
Cannon-Hall Muscat, 400.
Cape Grape, 396.
Catawba, a'j6.
Cliarleswortli Tokav. 399.
Chaj^selas de Bar Siir Auhe, 400
Clinton, 397
Diana, .397.

Early Filack July, 399.
Earli/ Siveetwnter, 401.
Early White Malva>ia, 390.
Elsinborough, 397.
tlsui burgh, 397.

-Pruning, 393— Grape houses, 394 — Manage

Grizzly Frontignan, 401.

Herbemont, 397.

Hyde's Eliza, 397.

I.sabeila, 397.

July, 3i9.

Lenoir, 397.

Missouri, 397.

Norton's, 397.

Ohio, 398.

Pitmasion White Cluster, 309.

Pou-ell. 396.

Red Hamburgh, 398.

Koyal Muscadiiie, 399.

Scuppernong, 398.

Syrian, 400.

Totienhum Park Muscat, 400.

While Froniisnan, 401.

White Muscadine, 401.

While Muscat of Alexandria, 40k

White Nice, 401.

White .^^weetwater, 401.

While Tokay, 401.

CHAPTER XII.

Select Lists of Fruits, adaoted to difterent localities, 402.
Trees to supplv a family with fruit, 409.
Glos.sarv of terms used in Fruit Culture, 406.

Appendix.

Additional notes, 411
Notices of new fruiis, 41^

CHAPTER 1.

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.

The climate and soil of our country afford unequalled fa
cilities for the cultivation of fruit. A rich treasure lies
within the reach of its inhabitants, in the profusion of de-
licious kinds, which successive months may be made to sup-
ply. Yet, a small portion have availed themselves fully of
these advantages. Even the existence of most of the finer va-
rieties, are but partially known. The rapid increase of fruit
culture within the past few years, has but thinly spread
its bounties over a widely expanded and thickly peopled
territory.

In traversing the country, neat cottages and comfortable
farm-houses are seen everywhere interspersed, and plenty
is indicated by loaded orchards and abundant harvests. But
how many of the prosperous owners are aware of the rare
delicacies their fertile lands are capable of yielding ? How
many of them, for instance, are familiar with that perfumed,
golden, midsummer fruit, the apricot ? What portion cul-
tivate enough of the best peaches to obtain " from the loaded
bough the mellow shower," for ten successive weeks?
What number know that plums, rich, juicy, and bloom-
dusted, may be had fresh from the tree, from early wheat
harvest till the ground freezes in autumn ? Who among
them partake of the twenty best melting pears, out of the
thousand varieties which have borne fruit in this country?
And especially, who practically knows, that a whole yearly
circle of fruits is within his reach, beginning with the most
refreshing strawberries, raspberries, and cherries, for early
summer ; including the richest plums, apricots, peaches, and
nectarines, for summer and autumn ; and closing with high-
flavored pears and apples, extending their season of ripeft
ing through all autumn and winter, and far into the sue-

16 PROFITS OF FRUIT CULTURE.

ceeding year ? Happil\', the number of cultivators is rapidly
increasing-, who may place upon their tables many delicious
sorts, on almost any day of the entire year.

The cultivation of fruit has been retarded by a mistaken
estimate of the time required for young trees to come into
bearing. But this error is fast disappearing before skilful
culture. It is become well known, that he who plants trees,
plants for himself, as well as for his children. Bad treat-
ment ma)^ long retard the growth and bearing of a tree.
Enveloped in weeds and grass, what young plant could
flourish ? What farmer would think a moment of raising
good corn in the thick and tall grass of a meadow? No
wonder, then, that a young tree, similarly treated, lingers
in feebleness and disease. But give it for a few years a
mellow, clean, and fertile soil, and vigorous shoots, and ex-
panding branches, will soon bend under copious loads of
fruii. To adduce instances, — in a single garden, apple
trees, the fifth year from setting out, yielded a bushel each ;
peach trees, the third summer, bore three pecks ; and a
Bartlett pear, two years from transplanting, gave a peck of
superb fruit; none of them were an inch in diameter when
transplanted, nor was their treatment better than that wiiich
every good farmer gives his carrots and potatoes.

PROFITS.

It can be hardly necessary, with our present rapidly in-
creasing commerce in fruit, to point out the pecuniary pro-
fits resulting from its culture. But those who have only
raised the more common, or second-rate sorts, can hardly
appreciate the heavy returns from the finest, under the best
culture. To such, a few examples may be interesting.

C. A. Cable, of Cleveland, Ohio, obtained in 1S45, from
an orchard of one hundred cherry trees, twenty years old,
more than one thousand dollars. The trees were twenty-
five feet apart, and no other crop occupied the ground, which
U'as enriched and kept well cultivated.

Hill Pennell, of Darby, Pa., sold in 1846, two hundred
and twenty-five dollars worth of early apples, from half an
acre.

A farmer near Fishkill, N. Y. sold fifteen hundred dol-
lars worth of plums in a single season. Richard I. Hand

PROFITS OF FRUIT CULTURE. 17

of Mendon, Monroe county, N. Y., sold in 1845, four liun
dred and forty dollars worth of Roxbury Russet and Nor-
thern Spy apples from one acre of orchard.

James Laws, of Philadelphia, sold three hundred dollars
worth of Isabella and Catawba grapes, the fourth year from
planting, from three-eighths of an acre, or at the rate of eight
hundred dollars per acre.

Hugh Hatch, of Camden, N. J., obtained from four trees
of the Tewksbury Blush, one hundred and forty bushels of
apples, or thirty-five from each tree ; of these ninety baskets
(of about three pecks each) sold late in the following spring
for one dollar per basket.

Examples almost beyond number may be given where sin-
gle trees have yielded from five to ten dollars a year in fruit
and many instances where twenty or thirty dollars have been
obtained. An acre of such would be equal to any of the
preceding instances. If one tree of the Rhode Island Green-
ing will afford forty bushels of fruit, at a quarter of a dollar
per bushel, which has often occurred, forty such trees on an
acre would yieid a crop w^orth four hundred dollars. But
taking but one quarter of this amount as a low average for
all seasons and with imperfect cultivation, one hundred dol
lars would still be equal to the interest on fifteen hundred
per acre. Now, this estimate is based upon the price of
good winter apples for the past thirty years, in our most pro-
ductive districts ; let a similar calculation be made with
fruits rarer and of a more delicious character. Apricots, and
the finer varieties of the plum, are often sold for three to six
dollars per bushel ; the best early peaches from one to three
dollars ; and pears, from hardy and productive trees, for an
equal amount. Of the three former kinds, tv;o to five bushels
per tree, with good management, is a frequent crop ; and
on large pear trees five times this quantity. An acquaint
tance received eight dollars for a crop grown on two fine
young cherry trees, and twenty-four dollars from four young
peach trees, of only six years growth from the bud. In
western New- York, single trees of the Doyenne or Virgalieu
pear have often afforded a return of twenty dollars or more,
after being sent hundreds of miles to market. An acre of
such trees, well managed, would far exceed ic profits a fine

hundred-acre farm.

2

18 PROFITS OF FRUIT CULTURE.

But the anxious inquiry is suggested, " Will not our mar-
kets be surfeited with fruit?" This will depend upon the
judginent and discretion of cultivators. With the excep-
tion of the peaches of Philadelphia, and the strawberries
of Cincinnati, a great deficiency is still felt in all our large
cities. Of these two fruits, large plantations are brought
rapidly into full bearing. The fruit, when ripe, quickly
peri.'^hes, and cannot be kept a week ; yet thousands of acres
in peach trees, bending under their heavy crops, are needed
for the consumption of the one city, and broad fifty-acre fields,
reddened with enormous products, send many hundred bush-
els of strawberries daily into the other. If, instead of keep-
ing but three days, sorts were now added Avhich would keep
three months, many times the amount would be needed.
But the market would not be confined to large cities. Rail-
roads and steamboats would open new channels of distribu-
tion throughout the country, for increased supplies. Nor
would the business stop here. Large portions of the eastern
continent would gladly become purchasers, as soon as suffi-
cient quantities should create facilities for a resonable sup-
ply. Our best apples are already eagerly bought in London
and Liverpool, where nine dollars per barrel is not an unu-
sual price for the best Newtown pippins. And by packing
in ice, Doyenne pears, gathered earl}'' in autumn in New-
York, have been sold at mid-winter in Calcutta — peaches
have been safely sent to Jamaica — and strawberries to Bar-
badoes. The Baldwin apple has been furnished in good
condition in the East Indies, two months after it is entirely
gone at Boston.

Good winter apples always command a market. For the
past thirty years such fine varieties as the Swaar, Rhode
Island Greening, and Esopus Spitzenburgh, have scarcely
varied from twenty-five cents a bushel in some of the most
productive portions of the country, remote from market.
Late keepers are sold early in the summer for more than
triple that sum. An acre of forty trees, with good culture,
will average through all seasons not less than two hundred
bushels, or fifty dollars a year. Instances are frequent of
thrice this amount. The farmer, then, who sets out twenty
acres of good apple orchard, and takes care of it, may expec

PROFITS OF FRUIT CULTURE. 19

it no remote period a yearly return of five to fifteen hundred
dollars a year, and even more, if a considerable portion is
occupied with late keepers. This is, it is true, much mort
than the majority obtain; but the majority wholly neglect
cultivating and enriching the soils of their orchards.

It is not, however, merely as a source of income, that the
cultivation of the finer kinds become profitable. The family
which is at all times supplied with delicious and refreshing
fruit from its own gardens, has within its reach not only a
very important means of economy, but of real domestic com-
fort. An influence is thus introduced of an exalted charac-
ter ; a tendency is directly exerted towards the improvement
of the manners of the people. Every addition to the at-
tractions of home, has a salutary bearing on a rising family
of children. The difference between a dwelling with well
planted grounds, and well furnished with every rural enjoy-
ment, and another where scarcely a single fruit tree softens
the face of bleakness and desolation, may, in many instances,
and to many a young man just approaching active life, serve
as the guiding influence between a useful life on the one
hand, or a roving and unprofitable one on the other — be-
tween a life of virtue and refinement from early and favora-
ble influences, or one of dissipation and ruin from the over-
balancing effects of a repulsive home. Nor can any man,
even in the noon or approaching evening of life, scarcely
fail to enjoy a higher happiness, with at least an occasional
intercourse with the blossoming and loaded trees which his
own hand has planted and pruned, than in the noise of the
crowd and tumult of the busy world.

CHAPTER II.

LEADING PRINCIPLES IN THE GROWTH OF TREES CIRCULATION

OF THE SAP.

During the growth of a tree, a most interesting process is
going on, which should be well understood by every one
engaged in cuUivation. The sap enters from the soil into
the spongioles, or the minute spongy extremities of the
finely-branched fibres;* it passes up these fibres or fine roots,
through the thousands of minute tubes or sap vessels, (which
are minuter than the smallest hair,) until united into the
larger roots ; the union of these little currents of sap some-
what resembling that of the innumerable rills which con-
stitute a large river. On reaching the trunk or stem, it
flows upward through the myriads of little vessels in the
alburnum or sap-wood, and reaching the branches, becomes

again subdivided through them,
and is sent out into all the ex-
tremities of the smallest shoots.
A young apple tree an inch in
diameter, consists of about one
million of these little sap-tubes
united together, and a single one-
year shoot contains more than ten
thousand. The annexed figure
represents a greatly magnified"
cross-section of a small portion of
a peach-shoot, showing the sap
vessels.

Passing up the leaf-stalks from
the shoots, the sap emerges for the
Cross-scciion of the sap-vessels of a first time to the light, through the

VOU112 shoot of the peach, greatly . -, -, • • •

maRmfied-a,bark;6,wood;c,pith. innumerable microscopic veins

* For a magnified representation of a spongelet, see p. 31.

CIRCULATION OF THE SAP. 21

all over the leaves, and is exposed to the full action of the

sun's rays and to the air, in these thin and broad organs

It here undergoes a great change. A large

portion evaporates through the pores of the

leaf, (which are so small that 30,000 are found

on a square inch of the pear or apple leaf;)

the remainder absorbs carbonic acid from the

air, which is decomposed, the oxygen being

given off again, and the carbon retained for Pores in the under

the manufacture of the solid substance of the leafrgTeady mag-

w^ood. The light of the sun is necessary to ^"^^^•

effect this decomposition, — for in the dark it will not take

place ; hence the reason that the branches of trees grow

feebly or cease growing when their leaves are densely

shaded.

This newly formed juice, greatly reduced in bulk, but
enriched with materials for the new w^ood, now begins to
descend. It flows downward, not again through the sap-
wood^ but through the tubes in the i7iner hark., and in its
passage deposites on the outer surface of the wood, next to
the bark, a soft, mucilaginous substance, called cambium,
which gradually hardens into new wood. This commences
in spring as soon as the leaves open, and continues till the
cessation of growth in autumn, by which time a new layer
of wood has been deposited.* The distinct successive por-
tions thus laid on by each season's 2:rowth, indicate with
accuracy the age of the tree, when cut across and counted.
This may be proved by the simple and interesting experi-
ment of slitting down the bark of a hardy young tree, care-
fully loosening the bark back from the wood, and slipping
in around the freshly stripped stem a sheet of tin-foil, and
again replacing the bark without injur}^ The cambium is
then deposited outside the tin-foil ; the new wood forms
around it ; and at any subsequent year, by cutting down the
tree, the number of concentric layers outside the foil will be
found to indicate w^ith precision the number of years since
the operation. The ages of large forest trees are thus in-
delibly recorded, and the author has counted the rings of a

* All ordinary trees in temperate climates, known as exogenous^ (which means
growing outside) are formed in this way; but palms and other endogenous trees, oi
tnside growers, have their new wood deposited at the centre, which swells out the
exterior.

22 CIRCULATION OF THE SAP.

gigantic tulip tree in Western New- York, which was found
to be ninety years old at the discovery of Columbus. The
pines on the Californian coast, which attain such enormous
dimensions, have in some instances numbered nine hundred
rings. Consequently, they would have served as bean-poles
as far back as the time of Genghis Khan, and must have
been towering forest trees of two hundred years of age
during the conquests of Tamerlane.

The reader will perceive that the roots and leaves perform
each a most important part in the growth of the tree — ope-
rating as they do at the opposite extremes of this wonderful
piece of machinery. The roots are indispensible in receiving
and furnishing the liquid portions, — the crude material, —
from th« soil ; the leaves are the manufactory, equally ne-
cessary, for working up this crude material into the new
wood ; while the microscopic tubes become the carrying
agents for conveying first the material to the leaves, and
afterwards to the store-house along down the branches and
stem where it is deposited.

Hence, neither of these organs can be destroyed or re-
moved without the destruction of the plant or tree. The
roots, however, being placed beneath the soil, are safe from
ordinary accident ; but unless properly supplied with moist-
ure, with the minute portions of the soil, as potash, lime,
&c., in solution, so essential to growth, they cannot furnish
*he leaves with what they need. This explains the reason
that in a good bed of mellow earth, which receives and
holds a due quantity of water, and admits the free extension
of the minute and delicate roots, any tree will flourish so
much better than in a hard soil, overcharged perhaps at one
time and destitute of water at another, or in grassy and
weedy ground where the soil is robbed of a large portion of
the necessary materials before the tree can get its due sup-

py-

If destitute of leaves, nourishment, however abundantly
furnished by the roots, cannot be manufactured for the
growth of the wood nor of the fruit. Hence, trees kept
simply stripped of their foJiage for a length of time, perish ;
leaf-eating insects in this way do great injury; and leaf-
blight, or any other disease of these organs, is always more
or less detrimental to growth, if not fatal to the tree. Seve-

CIRCULATION OF THE r.iif 23

ral interesting cases in illustration of this principle, will be
found in the marginal note on page 32.

The perspiration of leaves, or the evaporation of the sap
from their surfaces, has been already alluded to. The de-
gree of this perspiration may be very readily shoAvn by cut-
ting off two small branches from a tree at midsummer, and
throwing them down in the sun's rays after having stripped
one of its leaves. The branch furnished with foliage will
become sensibly shrivelled in a few minutes, while the other
will remain unchanged for a long time. For this reason
watering should be given to trees but sparingly while yet
only in bud, but copiously when in full leaf and in vigorous
growth. For the same reason a tree losing most of its roots
in digging up for transplanting, may continue apparently
fresh and healthy till in full leaf, Avhen the few remaining
roots cannot supply with moisture the entire crop of leaves,
which soon drop and wither, and the tree perishes. A cor-
responding reduction of the buds when the tree is set out
would prevent this disaster.

After the fall of the leaf in autumn, all action in the tree
is nearly suspended, and every part stationary. On the
approach of warm weather, however, the roots begin to
drink in the moisture from the earth ; but having yet no
escape through the leaves, every part is filled. While in
this state, cutting into the wood causes an instant flow of
the sap from the distended ves'iels. But as soon as the
leaves open, they form a rapid drain on this superabundant
water, and the regular circulation as before explained com
mcfxces.

CHAPTER III.

PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES.

The tendency is more or less common with all plants, when
successively produced from seed, to depart from the charac-
ter first stamped upon them. These departures give rise
to new varieties. In their native forests, many trees and
plants do not exhibit these changes, either because they are
slight and obscure, or in consequence of the inflexible nature
of the species. With others, varieties are conspicuous
examples of which may be seen in the White Spruce, a part
of the trees presenting rigid, erect branches, in contrast
with the drooping aspect of others ; in the American Elm,
the branches, in rare instances, being as pendant, as the
weeping willow ; in the more brilliant glow of red flowers
on some trees of the Red Maple ; and in the diversity oi
size, form, and flavor of the wild plum of the woods.

This tendency to vary is increased as plants are removed
from their native localities ; and in an eminent degree by
cultivation. Planted in gardens, and subjected to high
culture, repeated and successive sowings often develope
striking changes from the appearances which for previous
centuries had remained unchanged. By a constant selec-
tion of seeds from the best, a gradual improvement on the
original is effected. Most of our finest fruits, doubtless owe
their existence to this improving process.*

" If," says Downing, " we sow a quantity of seed in gar-

* The distinction between species and varieties should he well understood. A sins:le
species, or orisjiual, distinct, individual pi tnt, often includes many varieties All the
VHrielies of one species, are tVom the .s-anic orijrinal plant; the lliou<ands which
have been narnt-d of the single species, the iipple, are hut a small pciriion of Uie myn-
ads which have bet n actually produced. Successive planlnijrs have given us snrts
as different in size as the Monstrous Pippin and the mitrnte Lady Apple; or as
remote in flavor hs the harsh and astringent Hewes Crab, and the rich and honied
Bough. But widely different as these may be, they can never pass the boundary of
the species— an apple can never be changed to a pear, a cherry to a plum, nor a
jrooseberry to a currant.

HISTORY, IMPROVEMENT, AND NOMENCLATURE. 25

den soil, of the common black mazzard cherry, we shall
find that, in the leaves and habit of growth, many of the
tieediings do not entirely resemble the original. When they
come iato bearing, it is probable we shall also find as great
a diversity m the size, color, and flavor of the fruit, though
only a few, perhaps only one, may be superior to the origi-
nal species.

" Exactly in proportion as this reproduction is frequentl}'*
repeated, is the change to a great variety of forms, or new
sorts, increased. It is likely, indeed, that to gather the
seeds from the wild mazzard of the woods, the instances of
departure from the form of the original species would be
very few ; while if gathered from a garden tree, itself some-
time cultivated, or several removes from a wild state, though
still a mazzard, the seedlings will show great variety of
character.

" Once in the possession of a variety which has moved out
of the natural into a more domesticated form, we have in
our hands the best material for the improving process. The
fixed original habit of the species is broken in upon, and this
variety which we have created, has always afterwards some
tendency to ^nake further departures from the original form.
It is true that all or most of its seedlings will still retain a
likeness to the parent, but a few will differ in sorne respects,
and it is by seizing upon those which show symptoms of
variation, that the improver of vegetable races founds his
hopes."

While a few of the seedlings from such improved variety,
may become still further improved, a far greater number
will probably approach towards the original or wild state.
The more highly improved the fruit, the greater the diffi-
culty to find one of its progeny which shall excel or equal
the parent. In ten thousand seedlings from those, high-
flavored apples, the Swaar andEsopus Spitzenburgh, it may
be quite doubtful if any shall equal in quality those fruits
themselves, while most may fall considerably below them.

The improvements effected in former ages were doubtless
the result of accident, as the ancients were ignorant of the
means for their systematic accomplishment. The greatest
progress in the art made in modern times, was effected by
Van Mons in Belgium, and Knight in England.

B

56 niSTORV, IMPROVEMENT, AND iS'OMExXCLATURE.

Van Mons, who directed his labors chiefly to the pear, pro-
duced many new and excellent varieties, by a constant and
successive selection of thebest seedlings. He first made a
large collection of natural stocks, or wild pears, choosing
those which, from the appearance of the wood and leaf, he
had reason to believe, would be most likely to produce the
best fruit. As soon as the first of these bore, he selected the
best, and planted the seeds. Selections were again made,
from the first, of these, and so on in continued succession ; the
best and soonest in bearing were uniformly chosen. He
thus obtained fruit from the eighth generation ; each suc-
cessive experiment yielding an improved result on the pre-
ceding. At the fourth generation many of the fruits were
good, several excellent, but a smaller number still bad. He
had, in the early part of this series of experiments, no less
than eighty thousand trees ; hence in selecting from so large
a number, his chance for fine sorts was far greater than from
a small collection ; and hence too the reason why, after sev-
en or eight improving generations, he had obtained so many
good varieties. In the early stages of his operations, he
found " that twelve or fifteen years was the mean term of
time, from the moment of planting the first seed of an an-
cient variety of the domestic pear, to the first fructification
of the trees which sprung from them. The trees from the
second sowing, yielded their first fruit at an age of from ten
to twelve years ; those of the third generation, at an age of
from eight to ten years ; those of the fourth generation, at
an age of from six to eight ; and those of the fifth genera-
tion at the age of six years. Van Mons, being actually at
the eighth generation, has informed me that he has obtain-
ed several pear trees which, fruited at the age qffouryears.^^^
When his seedlings were at the age of three or four years,
he wa§ able to judge of their appearances, though they had
not as yet borne ; such only were taken for further trial, as
enhibited the strongest probability of excellence. It is hard-
ly necessary to remark that in all these trials, the young
trees were kept in the highest state of cultivation.

Van Mons maintained that by selecting and planting the
seeds of the first crop on the young tree, the product would
be less liable to run back to the original variety, than where

• Poitean.

NEW VAKIETIES BY CROSSING. 27

ihe seeds were taken from the fruit of an old bearing or graft-
ed tree ; and to this practice he chiefi}^ ascribed his success.
The many instances, howeA^er, of fine seedlings from old
grafted sorts, throw a shade of doubt over this theory.

NEW VARIETIES BY CROSSING.

A familiar instance of cross-impregnation in plants occurs
in the Indian corn. The pistillate or seed-bearing flowers
covering the young ear, are remotely situated on the plant
from the staminate or fertilizing flowers on the summits or
tassels. Hence, from this remote position, the pollen or fer-
tilizing dust from the summits may not certainly fall on the
ear ; and if difTerent sorts grow near, a mixture will proba-
bly result. It is well known to farmers, that if different sorts,
as white, yellow, and purple, are planted in the same field ;
or, if common and sweet corn are planted together, each
sort no longer remains distinct, but each ear the second year
is speckled with a promiscuous assemblage of white, yellow,
and purple, and of common and sweet corn, of various grades.
In fruit trees, the stamens and pistils are in the same flower,
and the chances of accidental mixture from other trees, be-
come very small, unless affected by insects, which, becoming
thickly dusted with powder from one flower, plunge into the
recesses of another, and effect a cross-fertilization. Where
many varieties grow in one garden, in close proximity, cases
of promiscuous intermixture are constantly occurring, which
can be developed only by raising fruit from the seedlings.
In the annexed figure of the pear blossom, (fig. 1,) the
^f; five central organs, a, are the pistils ;

the upper extremity of each is the
stigvia. The surrounding thread-like
organs, h, are the stamtns, surmount-
ed by the anthers. The anthers are
little bags or cases filled with the
pollen or fertilizing dust. When the
flowers open, the anthers burst, and
^'o- ^' discharge the pollen on the stigma,

which operates on the embryo fruit at its base.

The production of new varieties is greatly facilitated by
cross-impregnation, or by fertilizing the pistil of one variety
with the pollen of another. This was performed with great

2S NEW VARIETIES BY CROSSING.

success by Knight. Selecting two varieties, while yet ear«
.— _^ Iv in Hower, and before the anthers had
burst and discharged the pollen, he cut
out with a fine pair of scissors all the
stamens, leaving the pistils untouched,

( --^^/i5-"'\ Y^^^ (^?- ^-^ When the stigma became
^ " sufficiently mature, which was indica

ted by its ghitinous surface, he trans
ferred the pollen of the other sort, on
the point of a camel's-hair penciL The fruit, thus yielded,
was unchanged ; but its seeds partook variously of the nature
of both parents, and the trees growing from them bore new
and intermediate varieties.

For the success of such experiments, several precautions
are requisite. The flower must be deprived of its stamens
before it has fully expanded, or before the anthers have
already burst and scattered their dust ; the pollen must be
procured from a bursting or fully matured anther, when it
will be dry and powdery ; the stigma must be inoculated
as soon as it becomes adhesive or glutinous, otherwise it
may be fertilized from another source, and then the intend-
ed pollen cannot possibly take effect. For a stigma once
inoculated, cannot be inoculated again. It is safest, whrre
practicable, to force the trees b}' artificial heat into flower-
ing a few days earlier than others, so as to be secure from
accidental inoculations of pollen floating in the air; and to
prevent its spread by bees, to apply a temporary covering of
gauze. A want of attention to these minutiae, has led some
experimenters to fancy they had obtained crosses, when
they had only natural seedlings.*

To obtain new varieties of certain desired qualities, select
two which possess those qualities separately, and seedlings
from crossing will be likely to exhibit these qualities com-
bined. Thus, a very early pear deficient in flavor, as the
Amire Joannet, might furnish one of superior quality by a
cross with a better and later sort, as Dearborn's Seedling.
Or, a small and very rich pear, as the Seckel, might give
us one of the larger size by fertilizing the Bartlett. A slow-
growing and tender peach, as the Early Anne, might be
rendered hardier and more vigorous by an intermixture with

♦ Pollen may be kept witho-U injury for monthS; if sealed air-tight in a small vial.

PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES. 2'J

die Early York or Cooledge's Favorite. But it must be
.-emembered, that there is a tendency in such highly i]n
proved sorts to deteriorate, and that out of a large number
jf seedlings, perhaps only one or two may be equal in fla
ror to the original.

Some of our best fruits have resulted from artificial cross-
ng. Coe's Golden Drop plum was obtained by planting
seed of the Green Gage, impregnated with pollen from the
White Magnum Bonum ; the Elton cherry, from the Graffion
)v Bigarreau, fertilized with the White Heart ; and Knight's
Early Black and Waterloo, from the Mayduke and Gralfion.
The first crop of a young seedling is not always suffi-
ciently developed to exhibit its true character. Some years
jf bearing are often essential. Thus, the Black Eagle, one
jf the finest cherries, when exhibited the first time before
the London Horticultural Society, was pronounced worthless.
When a cross is obtained between two different species,
nstead of between mere varieties, it is termed a hybrid. But
«^hile varieties of the same species intermingle freely, the
operation rarely succeeds between fruits of different species.
The gooseberr}^, currant, and black currant, species of the
same genus, and nearly related, have never produced a hy-
brid. Neither have any ever been obtained between the ap-
ple and the pear, or the pear and the quince. But different
species of other plants, as the Heaths, and some of the Cacti,
intermingle freely. The Rhododendron will fertilize the
Azaleas, and the Red Cedar has been made to inoculate the
American Arbor- vitae, though both these examples are be-
tween plants of different genera. Hybrids are frequently
sterile ; or if they possess the power of re production by seed,
the progeny returns to the state of one or the other of its
parents.

CHAPTER IV,

fROPAGATION BY BUDDING AND GRAFTING BY LAYERS AND
BY CUTTINGS.

When trees are raised from seeds, as before stated, there
is no certainty that the same identical variety will be re-
produced. In many cases, the shade of variation will be
scarcely perceptible ; in others it will be wide and distinct.
It hence becomes desirable in preventing a return towards
the original wild state, or, in other words, to perpetuate the
identical individual thus highly improved, to adopt some
othepmode of propagation, for the purpose of multiplying trees
of such varieties as possess a high excellence, instead of con-
stantly creating new ones, with the hazard of most of them
proving worthless.

It will be distinctly remembered, that new varieties must
always spring from seeds ; but the same individual variety
can be multiplied only by separating the buds, or shoots bear-
ing the buds, of such individual plant. As an example, the
Fall Pippin, when first produced from seed, was a single
tree of a new variety. The myriads of trees now existing of
this variety, are only multiplications of the branches of the
original. This multiplication or propagation of varieties, is
effected in several wa^'s : 1, Cuttings ; 2, Layers ; 3, Graft
mg ; 4, Budding. Without these means of propagation,
such delicious sorts as the Green Gage plum, the Elton cher
ry, and the Seckel pear, could never have been tasted ex-
cept as picked from the single parent tree.

In the multitude of different modes of grafting and bud-
iing, success must depend on the observance of certain fun-
iamental principles ; a brief recapitulation in part, of some
)f the principles laid down in the second chapter, may liot
•36 out of place.

During the growing season of a fruit tree, the sap enters af

PKOPAGATION.

31

tlie spongioles, or minute spongy extremities of the fibrous
roots,*' at which time it consists merely of water, with minute
portions of other substances in solution. It passes up through
the alburnum or sap-wood, dissolving mucilage in its pro-
gress ; it becomes further charged in a very slight degree,
and acquires a saccharine character. It ascends to the ex-
tremities of the branches, and is distributed through the
leaves. Emerging thus from the dark and minute vessels
of the wood, it is spread out and exposed to the action of
the light, by means of the fine web or net-work of veins
, running from the mid-rib to all parts of these broad
and thin organs. Here it becomes essentially chang-
ed in character, it enters into new combinations, ana
is charged with the materials for the newly forming
wood ; it now descends, not through the sap-wood,
but through the inner or living bark,t and deposits
a new layer between the bark and the wood. This
new layer being soft and fresh, interposed between
them, causes that separation known as the yeding
of the bark.t

The sap is capable of flowing sidewise, through

lateral openings in the vessels or microscopic tubes.

Hence some trees may be cut at one point more

j. i u than half through on one side, and at another point

W V more than half through on the other side, without

pi.il intercepting the upward flow of sap, as in fig. 3.

Fig. 3. This lateral motion explains the reason why a graft

set in the longitudinal cleft of a stock, receives the

sap from the split surfaces of the cleft, and succeeds as well

as when cross-sections of both are brought into contact.

* A greatly magnified representation of one of these spongelets is shown in the
z::r-irL,' ,__j^— annexed figure, (fig. 4.) the cen-
"~~ tral or dark part being woody.

and the point of the exterior being
cellular and spongy.

t The liber, or inner bark, con-
stitutes almost the whole Lark in
young trees, but often not one-
half on very old and rough- barked
forest trees.

t The importance of leaves to
the growth and even life of the
tree, is exhibited in various ways.
Fjo-. 4. A tree stripped of its leaves

''' ' at mid.«ummer, instantly cease*

K^rowing. A succession of ?ncli strippi.igs, during the course of the season, eoor

32

PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS.

I. CUTTINGS.

When a ligature is bound closely round a branch, the ob-
struction which it imposes to the descending juices, causes
an enlargement or swollen ring above the ligature, as in

fig. 5. The same result
is produced if a small ring
of bark is cut out, as in
fig. 6. If a shoot is taken
from the tree before the
leaves expand, and plung-
ed into moist earth till il
commences growth, the de-
scending current exuding
from the lower extremity,
forms a callus or ring oi
the newly formed wood,
as in fig. 7; and under
favorable circumstances
the granulations forming
the callus emit roots into
the soil, (fig. 8,) and thus
a new plant is formed.
Every leaf bud on a fruit tree may be regarded as an em-
bryo branch, and capable of forming a tree when supplied

kills it. "Weeds which spread rapidly by the roots, as the Canada thistle, may be
totiilly destroyed in one summer, if constantly kept cut off below the surface.

For the same reason, trees which become divested of their foliage by lenf-bH^ht
while the fruit is partly grown, do not perl'ect the ripening process. An interestin,^
in fiance occurred during the pa-t season : — A plum tree lost all its leaves, when the
fruit was about two-thirds grown, aud before it had attained in the slightest rtegree
its flavor. The plums remained stationary, densely loading the naked branches,
for three Weeks, when a new crop of leaves came cut. The fruit immediately ri'-
commenced growing, and subsequently acquired full size, and a fine, rich, honied
flavor, about a month later than the usual period of ripening.

Hence also the reason why the removal of large portions of the foliaofe, to favor
liie ripening of grapes and other fruits by admitting the sun, does not alwaj-s effect
the intended purpose.

Another case, illustrating the same principle, was reported by the late President
Knight: — '" A peach tree in my garden, of which I was very anxious to see the
fruit, had lost by the severity of the weather, all its blossoms except two. which
grew upon lenjiess brnnrhes. I therefore endevored to derive the necessary returning
sap [to inature the fruit] from another sonrce. To attain this object, the points o(
the branches, which bore fruit, Avere l)rought into contact \vith other branches of
the same age, which bore leave" ; and a part of the bark, extending in length about
four times their diameters, was paired off immediately above the fruit. Similar
wounds were then made upon the other branches, with which these were brouglit
into contact; the wounded surfaces were closely fitted and tightly bound together
A union soon took place, and the fruit, in consequence, acquired the hi^jhest state
of maturity and perfection."

I'ROPAGA-^ION BY CUTTINGS.

33

)'

witli separate roots. But single buds do not contain within
themselves sufficient nutriment to sustain vegetation till
roots are formed, without a considerable portion of the al-
burnum or sap-wood attached; hence the superior advan-
tage of taking an entire shoot or cutting.

Propagation by cuttings is the simplest mode of multiply-
ing a variety. It consists simply in the insertion of a shoot
of one year's growth into the soil ; the moisture of the soil
renews the supply of sap, the buds swell, the leaves expand,
and the descending juices expend themselves in the produc-
tion of new roots, which shoot downwards into the soil, fig.
9. Under ordinary circumstances, or in open
ground, this mode is only applicable to such
species as readily throw out roots, as the currant,
gooseberry, quince, and grape. Cuttings of the
apple and pear ma3^be made to strike root, only
gi;w^by confining the moisture under glass, while ar-
f^"- tificial heat is applied. The stories of empirics,
of making peach and apple shoots grow by *tick-
ing them into potatoes, or covering with wax,
have no foundation in fact.

It may be stated, in general, that cuttings
made of the ripened wood of such trees as have
a large pith, succeed best when taken off with
a portion of the preceding year's wood, such as
the gooseberry, currant, vine, fig, &c. With
large and 'strong shoots, the best success will re-
sult if cuttings are separated at the point be-
tween the one and two years' growth. When
small side-shoots are used, they should be cut
closel}^ to the main stem, so as to secure the col-
lar or enlarged portion of the wood at the base of the branch.
Roots are more readily thrown out, if the cut is made imme-
dately below a bud.

The best time to take off cuttings, in ordinary cases, is in
autumn and winter. The autumn is preferable, by giving
time for the wounded section to cicatrise, preparing it for the
early emission of roots in spring. But where the soil is
heavy or liable to heave by frost, or where the cuttings are
of tender trees, they should be kept lA damp mould in a cel-
lar, to be planted as soon as the frost disappears from the
3 B*

Fiff. 9.

34

PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS.

-7| (1
Hi

i

Fii

ground. If not taken off till spring, the operation must be
, performed as early as possible. In ordinary m-

stances to prevent drying, about two-thirds or
three-quarters of the shoot should be buried be-
neath the surface ; and the moisture may be still
2^ further retained by a covering of leaves or moss,
or by placing them under the shade of a wall or
close fence. P^ailure often results from a neglect
to press the soil closely about the cutting.

To procure young plants of the gooseberry and
currant with straight, clean stems at the surface,
and free from suckers, it is only necessary to re-
move every bud except a few at the upper end, fig.
10. The length may be eight inches to a foot.
In propagating the grape, scarce sorts are in-
creased by single buds with a portion of adhering wood, each
^..v>r^^-='^rf^o .^-?.^->">'"-^ being placed separately in a pot, about
-^'~'^"'^";frTi,<.v>" halfan inch deep, under glass in a
hot-bed, fig. 11. They are found
to root better when a portion of the
pith is removed by splitting length-
wise, as in fig. 12. The plants from
single buds are weaker in growth,
but are usually better rooted for rais-
ing vines in pots. A similar mode oi
propagation, familiar to all, is adopt-
ed with the potato, the tubers of
w^hich are only enlarged underground
stems, covered with eyes or buds.

II. LAYERS.

A layer is a low side-shoot
bnnt down and buried at the
middle in the soil, fig. 13. The
buried portion strikes root,
when it is taken off and plant-
ed separately. Its advantage
over a cutting, is that it is
nourished while the roots are
forming by the parent plant.
Hence many plants which
cannot be increased by cut-

Fig. 13

PROPAGATION BY LAYERr

'36

tings, a'ld indeed with great difficulty by buda ng and graft-
ing, nia}^ be propagated readily by layers.

When roots are freely emitted, as from the grape, simply
bending the middle of the branch into the soil is enough to
ensure success. But in cases of difficulty, other expedient?
are resorted to ; one of the most common is to split a portion
upwards, immediately under a bud, (fig. 14,) which enable?

the newly forming roots to
pass freely and at once into
the soil, without the resistance
of the thick bark which they
otherwise must pierce. Some-
times the branch is cut partly
off to intercept the downward
passage of the fluids, and in-
duce them to form into roots.
At other times a wire ligature,
or the removal of a narrow
ring of bark effects the same purpose. Burying the layer
several inches under the surface is necessary, to keep it in
moist earth ; ana in drouth, moderate watering would be
beneficial. A small excavation of the soil at the spot is
convenient ; and when the branch is stiff', it must be fasten-
ed down with a forked stick.

The excavation should be made with a spade. Use both
hands in bending the shoot, so that it may not be bent too
short, and break. If properly done, it will press against the
nearest side of the hole, rest on the bottom, and rise up,
pressing against the opposite side, when it should be fasten-
ed upright, and if necessary, to a small stake. At the time
of bending, a sod or other weight may be laid on to keep it
down till the hole is filled ; and if the mellow earth be;
pressed firmly down with the foot, no forked stick will bo
usually necessary.

The most favorable state of a plant for layering, is w^hen
the bark is somew^ hat sqft and not too ripe ; and the worst
shoots are those which are stunted, and with a hard bark.
There are however, no shoots whatever, not actually diseased,
that will not root by layers, if sufficient time be given.
Layers, lilce cuttings, may be made of the ripened w^ood in
autumn or spring ; or qf the growing wood at or a little be-

36 PROPAGATION BY GRAFTING.

fore mid-summer, when the part intended to root is some,
what mature and firm in texture. The pear, the apple, and
the quince, if layered early in the spring ; or the grape in
summer — will usually be well rooted in autumn.

A moist season is the most favorable to the rooting ol
layers, by preserving a softer bark. For this reason, many
plants may be more easily propagated in England than in
the United States ; and more readily in Ireland than in
England.

Layering is largely made use of in propagating the grape,
occasionally for the quince, and sometimes for the apple.
It is also of very extensive application in propagating many
ornamental trees and shrubs.

Suckers may be regarded as spontaneous layers, the new
shoots being sent up from buds on the roots or portions oi
the stem beneath the surface of the ground. They are the
only mode of multiplying most species of the raspberry.
The runners of strawberries may be regarded as layers or
suckers above ground.

III. GRAFTING.

Upwards of twenty different modifications of grafting were
mentioned by the ancient Roman writer, Varro ; and Thouin,
of Paris, has described and figured more than a hundred
kinds. The great number of modes described in books, has
tended rather to bewilder than to enlighten beginners ; the
following remarks, therefore, are more for the purpose ol
laying down reasons on which success depends, than foi
pointing out the peculiar modes of operation, which may be
varied according to convenience, provided attention is given
to the essential particulars.

Propagation by grafting differs mainly and essentially
from increasing by cuttings, by inserting the cutting into
the growing stock of another tree instead of directly into the
soil. The stock thus supplies the sap, as the soil does in
the case of a cutting ; and the graft, instead of making roots
of its own, extends its forming wood downwards, at the in^
ner surface of the bark, into the stock itself. Hence there
are two chief requisites for success : the first, that the graft
be so set in the stock, that the sap may flow upward with-
out interruption; and the second, that the forming wood

PROPAGATION BY GRAFTING. 37

may flow downward uninterruptedly through the inner bark.*
To efTect these two requisites, it is needful, first, that the
operation be performed with a sharp knife, that tlie vessels
and pores may be cut smoothly and evenly, and the two parts
be brought into immediate and even contact. Secondly, that
the operation be so contrived that a permanent and considera-
ble pressure be applied to keep all parts of these cut faces
closely together. Thirdly, that the line of division between
the inner bark and the wood, should coincide or exactly cor-
respond in each; for if the inner bark of the one sets wholly
on the wood of the other, the upward current through the
wood and back through the bark, is broken, and the graft
cannot flourish nor grow. And, fourthly, that the wounded
parts made by the operation, be effectually excluded from
the external air, chiefly to retain a due quantity of moisture
in the graft, but also to exclude the wet, until, by the growth
of the graft, the union is effected.

1. The first requisite is best attained by keeping a keen,
flat bladed-knife to cut the faces, and another knife for other
purposes.

2. The second requires that the jaws of the stock in cleft-
grafting, press with some force, but not too much against,
the wedge-shaped sides of the graft. A stock one-third of
an inch in diameter will sometimes do this sufficiently ; but
three-quarters of an inch is a more convenient size. In
whip-grafting, the tongue and slit should be firmly crowded
or bound together.

3. The third requisite is attained by close examination
with the eye.

4. The fourth is accomplished by plasters of grafting-wax
Dr by the application of grafting-clay. Grafting-wax may
be made by melting together rosin, tallow, and beeswax, in
such proportions as to admit of being easily applied when
softened by warmth, but not liable to melt and run in the
sun's rays. An excellent grafting-wax is made of 3 parts
of rosin, 3 of beeswax, and 2 of tallow. A cheaper composi-
tion, but more liable to adhere to the hands, is made of 4
parts of rosin, 2 of tallow, and 1 of beeswax. But one
of the best and cheapest consists cf 1 pint of linseed oil, 6
pounds of rosin, and 1 pound of beeswax. These ingredi-
ents, after being melted and mixed together, may be ap-

3S

PROPAGATION BY GRAFTING.

plied in different ways. The wax may be directly applied
when just warm enough to run, by means of a brush ; or it
may be spread thickly with a brush over sheets of muslin, oi
thin, tough paper, (" post-office paper" is best,) which are
afterwards, during a cold day, cut up into plasters of con-
venient size for applying; or, the wax, after cold, may be
worked up, with wet hands, and drawn out into thin strips oi
ribbons of wax, and wrapped closely around the inserted
graft. In all cases success is more certain, when the wax
is closely pressed so as to fit. closely to every part, and
leave no interstices ; and it is indispensible that every por
tion of the wound on the stock and graft be totally ex
eluded from the external air. In cool weather, a lantern,
chafing dish, or hot brick, will be found necessary to softer
the plasters before applying them.

Fig. 15, Fig. 16 Fig. 17. iig. IS.

The annexed figures represent the two most common
modes of grafting fruit trees ; figs. 15 to 18, representing
successive stages oi ichip or tongue grafting, from the slop-
ing cut of the scion and stock, to the completion of the ope-
ration by the covering with the wax plaster. Fig. 19 shows
a stock cut off for cleft-grafting with the upright cleft sepa-
rated by an iron or steel wedge, ready for the graft ; fig. 20,
cut wedge-form to fit it; and fig. 21, the graft in its place

PROPAGATION BY GRAFTING,

39

after the wedge has been withdrawn, the pr'-'jectrng angk
of the stock sloped off with a knife, and the whole ready for

the application of the wax.

Whip grafting is particu-
larly applicable to small
stocks, or where the graft
and stock are nearly of equal
size ; and cleft-grafting to
stocks considerably larger
than the scion. In all cases,
where the tock is in any de-
gree larger, the graft must
be placed towards one side,
so that the line between the
bark and wood may exactly
coincide at one point at least
in both, as in the cross section of cleft-grafting, fig. 22. A
useful implement for the rapid and perfect
performance of cleft-grafting, is described
in the chapter on implements.

Therq are other modifications of grafting
which are often useful. In saddle grajting^
the stock is sloped off on each side, giving
't the form of a wedge, fig. 23, a ; the graft is split in the
middle, and each side thinned away
with the knife, as in fig. 23 b, until
it will closely fit when placed like a
saddle upon"^ it, fig. 24. The most
perfect way to fit the graft, is to
make a long sloping cut from the
outer edge or bark, by drawing the
blade from heel to point, till it reach-
es the centre of the graft ; and then
another similar cut completes the
acute cavity for fitting the wedge of
the stock. A sharp, broad, and thin
blade, is needed for this operation.
A wax plaster, drawn closely round
the place of union, completes the
work. When the stock and graft

.22

Fig. 23

are very nearly of equal s ze, this is a very perfect mode of

40

PROPAGATION BV GRAFTING.

grafting, as large corresponding surfaces are made
to fit, and the graft receives freely the ascending
sap.

In all these modes of grafting, whenever a wedge
is made to enter a cleft, it should be thickest on
the side where the fit is made between the two
parts, so as to receive the full pressure of the cut
faces at that side, as shown in fig. 22.

A modification of saddle grafting, vcr\' suc-
cessful in its results, is thus performed — Late
in spring, after growth has commenced, the scion,
which is much smaller than the stock, is split up,
„. „ nearer to one side, more than half its leng'th,

jrjo- 25 o '

"■ ■ (fig. 25.) The stronger side is then sharpened into
a wedge at its point, and introduced between the bark and
the wood, a slight longitudmal slit being made through the
bark of the stock, that it may open slightly and admit the
graft. The thinner division of the graft is fitted to the op-
posite sloping side of the stock. The whole is then cover-
ed with wax. The great length of that portion of the graft
in contact with the bark and fresh wood, greatly facilitates

their union : while the cut face of the stock is

>pecdi!y

vered with a new growth by that part of the graft which
rests upon it.

In grafting the peach, which, from its large pith and
spongy wood, scarcely ever succeeds as commonly performed,
it is found advantageous in selecting the grafts, to leave a
quarter of an inch of the more compact two years' wood at
the lower extremity.

Root-grafting is performed by taking up the stocks by
the roots, and inserting the grafts immediately into the part
below ground after the tops are cut ofT, after which they
are again planted out, with the tip of the graft onl}- above
ground. This mode is successful with the apple, and oc-
casionally with other trees, and is adopted on a large scale
by many nurserymen, the work being performed in Avinter
or early spring within doors, and the grafted roots kept in
cellars till the ground is ready to receive them. It will
be found fully described in the chapter on the apple.

In grafting the plum and cherry, success is found to be
much more certain, when the work is performed very early

PROPAGATION BY GRAFTING. 4]

in spring, before the buds commence swelling, or even be-
fore the snow has disappeared from the ground. Apples
and pears may be grafted later, and if the scions have been
kept in good condition in a dormant state, they will mostlv
grow if inserted after the trees are in leaf.

After a graft is inserted, and as soon as the tree commen-
ces growth, the buds on the stock must be rubbed oft^, in
order to throw the rising sap into the scion. If large trees
are grafted, the buds need only rubbing off the single branch.
The practice of allowing leaves to expand on the stock near
the point of union, to "draw up the sap," appears to be
founded in error ; for the sap thus drawn up, passes only
into and is elaborated by those leaves, and is again imme-
diately returned to the stock below, without ever reaching
the graft. Each separate branch or portion of the stock,
cannot be nourished by the leaves of an opposite branch, foi
a leafless stump left by pruning off a limb, wholly ceases^
growing. In the spring of the year, when the sap vessels
are in a state of impletion, if the sap is permitted to be con-
sumed by side leaves, less will flow towards the inserted
scion. Experience fully confirms this view of the sub-
ject.

"Where it becomes desirable to preserve rare sorts, which
have been grafted late in spring, a loose wrapper of white
paper round the graft will protect it from the drying and
scorching rays of the sun ; or shrivelling and failure will
often be prevented by covering the whole graft with a wax
plaster ; or by encasing it in moss kept damp by occasional
applications of water.

Grafts are usually cut during the latter part of winter oi
early in spring ; but if well kept they may be taken froHi
the tree at any time between the cessation of growth in late
summer or autumn, and the commencement of vegetation
in spring. They may be kept safely if buried in moderate
ly moist earth ; the best way is to place them in a box open
downwards, and buried on a dry spot, the scions being kep'
from actual contact with the earth by sticks across the box
They may also be conveniently preserved in a box of damj
powdered moss ; or still better in moderately moist peat o"
black muck. Sawdust answers the same purpose, if not ii
large quantities so as to become heated.

42

PROPAGATION BY BUDDING.

Grafts which have become dry, may be restored if the
moisture is applied so gradually that its absorption may re
quire several weeks. In one instance shoots cut early in
autumn, and subjected to thorough drying, were restored to
perfect freshness by the next spring, by wrapping them well
in moss and burying them in a dry spot of ground ; and be-
ing set, they all grew.

Scions for sending to a distance, are usually packed in
damp moss, saw-dust, or fibrous peat. They may be sent
by mail, within a very small compass, with great safety, by
enwrapping them with oil-silk or thin oil-cloth, drawing it
closely round them to exclude the moisture, by means of
>mall thread.

IV. BUDDING.

Budding consists in introducing the bud of one tree.
.vith a portion of bark, and a little adhering wood, beneath
.he bark of another, and upon the face of the newly forming
ivood. It must be performed while the stock is in a state
of vigorous growth. An incision is made lengthwise through
the bark of the stock, and a small cut at right angles at the
iop, the whole somewhat resembling the letter T., fig. 26

H

ll

Fig. 30. Fig. 29. Fig. 27. Fig. 28. Fig. 26.

4. bud is then taken from a shoot of the present year's
f^rowth, by shaving off the bark an inch or an inch and a
half in length, with a small part of the wood directly be-
neath the bud, fig. 27. The edges of the bark, at the in-
cision in the stock, are then raised a little, fig. 28 and the

PROPAGATION BY BUDDING. 43

iDud pushed downwards under the bark, fig. 29. A band-
age of bass, corn-husk, or other substance, is wrapped round,
covering all parts but the bud. The pressure should be
just sufficient to keep the inserted portion closely to the
stock, but not such as to bruise or crush the bark, fig. 30.
The shoots containing the buds should be cut when so
.nature as to be rather firm and hard in texture ; they are
usually in the best condition after the terminal bud has
formed. To prevent withering, the leaves must be imme-
diately cut off, as they withdraw and exhale rapidly the
moisture from the shoot ; about one quarter of an inch ol
the footstalks of the leaves should remain, to serve as handles
to the buds while inserting them, fig. 31. i-^fter being
thus divested of leaves, they may be safelv kept
a week in a cool damp place, or sent hunJreds
of miles in damp moss, or encased separately in
thin oil-cloth.

When by growth, the bandage cuts into the
stock, usually in ten da3^s to three weeks, it must
be removed. The bud remains dormant till the
following spring, when the stock is cut off two
inches or more above it. If cut closer, the end
of the stock becomes too dry, and the bud often
perishes. All other buds must be then removed,
and all the vigor of the stock or branch thrown
into the remaining bud, which immediately
commences a rapid growth.
>, (' / To secure a straight and erect growth, the

'^ ''' new shoot, when a few inches long, is tied to the
remaining stump of the stock, fig 32. By ano-
ther month, no further support will be needed, and the stump
may be wholly cut away, and the wound allowed to heal by
the rapid formation of new wood.

Buds inserted by midsummer, may be made to grow the
same season by heading down the stock when adhesion ha?
taken place ; but although often attempted, no advantage
has resulted from this practice, as the growth is compara
lively feeble, and in consequence of its badly matured wood
often perishes the following winter. Even where it escapes
it does not exceed in size at the close of the second season
the straight and vigorous shoots of the spring.

44

PROPAGATION BY BUDDING.

The essential requisites for success in budding, are first,
a thrifty, rapidly growing stock, so that the bark will peel
very freely. Seco?idiy, a proper time ; not too early, when
there is little cambium, or mucilaginous cement between
the bark and the wood, for the adhesion of the bud, — nor
too late, when the bark will not peel freely, nor the subse-
quent growth sufficiently cement the bud to the stock.
Tnird/y, buds sufficiently mature. Fourthly, a keen flat
knife, for shaving off the bud, that it may lie close in con-
tact upon the wood of the stock. Fifthly, the application oi
a ligature with moderate pressure, causing
the bud to fit the stock closely.

Various modifications have been proposed
for the improvement of budding. One is to
make the cross-cut at the bottom of the loiig
slit instead of at the top, as the latter is sup-
posed to impede the descent of nourishment.
Another is, to raise the bark all on one side
of the slit, making a small notch in its
edge for the bud, this mode being supposed
to avoid the bad consequences of the muti-
lation of the wood by the knife. But these
modes are both inconvenient, and are found
to possess no advantage in practice ; the
supposed evils they are intended to obviate
being too small to take into account. Making
a square cut from the upper end of the bark
of the inserted bud, so that it may fit in
close contact with the bark of the stock al
the horizontal incision, to receive the re-
turning sap, though strongly recommended,
has been found of no utility in practice, as the union takes
place wholly between the two faces in contact.

The English practice of taking out the small portion of
wood cut from the shoot, has been found in the climate of
this country not only useless, but really detrimental. In-
deed it often happens that buds of the cherry and other
trees of rather spongy growth and slow adhesion, succeed
much better when a thick portion of wood is taken off with
the bud than otherwise ; the wood in such cases assisting
in the retention of moisture until cemented to the stock

Fig. 32.

PROPAGATION BY BUDDING.

45

When stocks are in the best condition, it is unnecessary
to raise the bark any further than to admit the lower point
of the bud, which, as it is pushed downwards, performs this
operation in the most perfect manner. When the bark does
not peel freel}^ enough for this purpose, success becomes
very uncertain.

Budding is performed in summer, grafting in spring, and
both have their advantages. Budding is a simpler opera-
tion, and more successfully performed by a novice. It is
the best means to multiply the peach and nectarine, grafting
very rarely proving successful. It is more rapidly per-
formed, and at a season not crowded with the labors of
transplanting. It admits a repetition the same summer, in
cases of failure, the stocks remaining uninjured. But in all
".ases thrifty stocks are needed, while grafting will succeed
on those older and less vigorous. Grafting requires less
:are subsequently, as no ligatures need removing, nor stocks
leading down, and may be conveniently employed as a re-
Tiedy for failures in the previous summer's budding. In
England, where most fruit trees do not make so rapid a
rrowth as here, budding is less esteemed ; w^hile from the
noisture of the climate preserving grafts from dying, graft-
ng becomes more successful.

Terminal Budding. — It sometimes happens, w^here buds
ire scarce, that the terminal bud on the shoot may be used
0 advantage. In this case, the wood is cut sloping down-
•-'ards, and the insertion is made as usual, fig. 83, except
that it becomes necessary to apply the
whole of the ligature below the bud.
The buds on small side shoots which are
not more than an inch or two long, ma}'
be successfully used in this way, as the
terminal eyes are stronger than any of
the others. This practice ma}^ sometimes
be adopted with much advantage with the
peach, where scions of feeble growth only
can be obtained, as such buds usually es-
cape the severity of winter 'when most of
the others are destroyed.

Spi-zng buddi?ig is successfully practiced
as soon as tre^^re in leaf, the buds hav-

Fig. 33.

46 LIMITS OF BUDDING AND GRAFTING.

ing been kept dormant in an ice-house or cool cellar. As
soon as they have adhered, the stock is headed down, and
a good growth is made the same season. Peacht . .iocta-
rines, apricots, and the mulberry, all very difficult to propa-
gate by grafting, may in this way be easily increased by
budding. If the buds are kept in a cellar, it will be found
very important to preserve with them as unitorm a degree
of moisture as possible, and in as small a degree as will
keep them from wilting.

Annular budding is applicable to trees of hard wood, or
thick or rigid bark, as the walnut, and mag-
nolia. A ring of bark is removed from the
stock, and another corresponding ring, con-
taining the bud, slit open on one side, is made
to fit the denuded space. Fig. 34.

Trets ivhich have been girdled in winter by
mice, may be preserved by a process similai
to annular budding, by cutting awE^y evenly
the gnawed portions, and applying one or
more pieces of bark peeled from the branch of another
tree, so as to restore the connection between the two severed
portions. This is done as soon as the bark will separate
the same end may, however, be accomplished early in spring
by cutting away portions of the sap-wood with the bark, and
connecting the tw^o parts by several pieces of a branch, care
being taken that they coincide accurately, as in grafting
The whole, in either case, is then covered with wax.

LIMITS OF BUDDING AND GRAFTING.

In former ages of the world, it was erroneously supposed
that grafting could be performed between every species of
tree and shrub. " Some apples," says Pliny, "are so red
that they resemble blood, which is caused by their being at
first grafted upon a mulberry stock." Roses, it was said, be-
came black when grafted on black currants, and oranges
crimson if worked on the pomegranate. But the operation
is never successful unless the graft and stock are nearly al-
lied, and the greater the affinity the more certain the suc-
cess. " Varieties of the same species unite most freely, then
species of the same genus, then genera of the same natural
order; beyond which the m^wer does not extend. Form
stance, pears work freelvl^on pears, very well on quinces.

BEST KINDS OF STOCKS. 47

ess willingly on apples or thorns, and not at all upon plnms
or cherries; \Yhile the lilac will take on the ash, and the olive
on the phillyrea, because they are plants of the same natu-
ral order. M. De Candolle even says that he has succeeded,
notwithstanding the great difference in their vegetation, to
work the lilac on the phillyrea, the olive on the ash, and
the Bignonia radicans on the Catalpa (in all cases of the
same natural order;) but plants so obtained are very short-
lived."*

There are, however, some exceptions to this rule. Thus,
the cultivated cherry, and most species of wild cherry,
though of the same genus, will not agree. The pear suc-
ceeds better on the quince than on the apple, although the
apple and pear are within the same genus, and the pear and
quince are by most regarded as of distinct genera ; the
superior firmness of the wood of the quince, a quality so
important to successful grafting, more than making up the
difference in affinity.

Lindley mentions also some exceptions which are appa-
rent only. In one case, the fig was supposed to grow on
the olive. But the graft, being below the surface of the
soil, rooted in it, independently of the fig stock. "I have
seen," says Pliny, "near Thulia, in the country of the
Tiburtines, a tree grafted and laden with all manner of
fruits, one bough bearing nuts, another berries ; here hung
grapes, there figs ; in one part you might see pears, in
another pomegranates ; and to conclude, there is no kind
of apple or other fruit but there was to be found ; but this
tree did not live long." This is .explained by the process
now sometimes performed in Italy, for growing jasmines
and other flexible plants, on an orange stock, by the in-
genious trick of boring out the orange stem, through which
the stems of the other plants are made to pass, and which
soon grow so as to fill it closely, and to appear as if growing
together. Such a crowded mass of stems must, of course,
soon perish.

THE BEST KINDS OF STOCKS.

As a general rule, fruit trees succeed best when grafted
on seedlings of their own species. Apples are best upon
seedling apple stocks ; pears on seedling pears ; and plum?

* LLndley, Theory Ilort.

4S BEST KINDS OF STOCKS.

and cherries on seedling stocks of their own kinds re
spectively. Suckers, when their roots diverge evenly on
all sides, sometimes make good stocks ; but the uncertaini}
of finding such roots, and the inconvenience of crooked
one-sided, or stunted trees, so often produced from suckers,
renders them on the whole greatly inferior to seedlings, and
they should never be used, except from absolute necessity.

In some cases, stocks of a different kind from the grafi
are chosen, where certain objects are to be attained. When,
for instance, dwarf trees are wanted of the apple and pear,
that they may cover less ground, or bear sooner, stocks ol
smaller size or of diminished growth, are chosen. The
quince is used for dwarf pear trees; the small paradise and
tne Doucin or French stock, for dwarf apples. These will
bear crops in one-half the usual time. Besides increasing
the early productiveness of some varieties, the quality too is
changed and sometimes improved, as in the Angouleme and
Beurre Diel pears.

Sometimes different stocks are used as a protection from
the attacks of insects. For example, the peach and apricot,
which are very liable to attacks of the peach-ivonn, are
budded upon the plum, which very seldom suffers. The
quince is often destroyed or injured by the borer, but the
pear is exempt from this injury; hence the former may be
grafted on the latter. But such expedients sometimes fail
Instances have been observed where the peach-worm, no'
to be thwarted in this way, had attacked the apricot at the
place of union on the plum, even as high as three feet from
the ground.

Tender kinds are sometimes placed upon hardy stock?
with good effect. Thus, the peach budded on the plum has,
in some instances, done better in cold climates, and made
an earlier growth in spring. This is not to be ascribecT"^^^
any alteration in the character of the peach, but to tl^^E
simple fact that the plum is aroused by a less degree d
warmth from winter's sleep, and exerts an earlier influence
by its supply of sap.

Benefit has resulted from superior hardiness in stocks
during wet or severe winters. The winter of 1846-7
accompanied in some parts of the country with unusual
wetness, followed by intense cold, destroyed large quan-

BEST KINDS OF STOCKS. 49

tities of young pear trees on roots of their own species,
while those on quince nearly all escaped.

Sometimes a change in the character of the soil renders
certain stocks desirable for particular localities. The White
Doyenne pear flourishes finely on the quince in some places
where it is otherwise cracked and worthless. Dr. Lindley
found that in the chalky soil at Rouen, the peach on plum,
and cherry on cherry, were languid and sickly ; while in
ihe same garden, the peach was healthy and vigorous on the
limond, and the cherry on the Mahaleb stock. But in rich
^r'.ificial soil, composed of other ingredients, the two latte'*
were again feeble in their turn.

CHAPTER V.

CHANGES -VNROUGHT IN FRUITS BY EXTERNAL CAUSES.

The importance of attention to the variation in fruit
wrought by a change in climate, soil, and cultivation,
appears to be much underrated. While the peculiar or
essential character of a variety remains unchanged, the
quality, or degree of excellence, is variously modified.
This is sometimes so great that serious disappointment
results ; and high expectations, caused by success in one
case, are defeated by different circumstances in another.
Hence the necessity of understanding these modifying
influences.

The changes produced by climate, are greater in some
classes of fruits than in others. The cherry varies but
little in character and quality; the fine varieties originated
by Thomas Andrew Knight near London, are also among
the finest when removed to the northern states of America.
This may be owing in part to their period of maturity,
which, occurring early in summer, could not be influenced
oy the length of the seasons. But with the apple, pear, and
peach, the case is quite otherwise. Very few of the whole
British catalogue of apples, are first in quality here. The
White Astracan, an apple of high reputation in Russia,
becomes very inferior in England ; and a similar loss takes
place on the removal to England of some of the finest
apples of Italy. Some of the best peaches in the neighbor-
hood of Philadelphia, become second or third rate in
western New York, the shorter and cooler summers of the
.alter region not being sufficient to give full flavor to many
of the more southern varieties. American peaches taken
to England lose still more. Of fifty sorts, from the middle
and western states, tested at the great Chiswick garden, all
but two were pronounced " worthless."

CHANGES WROUGHT BY EXTERNAL CAUSES. 51

But the influence of seasons alone produces f^ometimes
Rxtraordinary results. In the year 1842, the Wurtemburg
pear was regarded in western New York as the finest
foreign pear among several which had then just fruited ;
but the two succeeding seasons it was nearly worthless.
The Bezi de la Motte> about one year in seven, in some
localities, is a delicious melting pear, and at other times
dry and tasteless ; in other localities, it is uniformly good.
Some striking cases were mentioned by the late Eobert
Manning of Salem. The Beuire Duval, which has a high
reputation in Europe, produced, the first year of bearing,
beautiful fruit ; but on ripening, they were found tasteless
and worthless. The next 3"ear the same tree produced
fewer pears, half the size, different in shade of color, and
delicious in flavor. In another case the Hericart yielded
fruit which proved melting and high-flavored. The next
year it not only varied in size shape, and color, but was so
tasteless as to be immediately rejected. Again, the Calabash
pear produced in two seasons, oblong fruit with projecting
ridges, the color being bright russett, and the flesh break-
ing, melting, and very good. The next year the fruit was
more abundant, of larger size, of a bright yellow color,
without ridges, and the flesh very insipid.* But these were
unusual cases. They serve to show, however, the extreme
caution to be used, both in describing fruit, and deciding
upon the merits of new kinds. They also show the pro-
priety of aiming to select such as are little affected by such
influences, as the Madeleine, Bartlett, and Seckel.

It is this liability to change, and occasionally to become
valueless, that has induced the opinio?! lhat varieties are
worn out by old age; but this is disproved by the fact that
the same varieties flourish elsewhere with undiminished
excellence ; and that some of the new sorts, when removed
to ungenial localities also exhibit precisely the same symp-
toms of " running out" and decay.!

* Hovey's Magazine, vol. 8, p 87

t The English Gold Pippin, which originated centuries ago, was long since cited
as an example of an old and defunct variety; while even at the present day, in all
fHvorable soils, both in Europe and America, it flourishes us well as ever. The
Doyenne pear has been many years since. rejecteJ in some parts of New England
as worthless, where it once proved fine. But as proof that this deterioration is to be
ascribed to some defect in tlie soil, and not to the age of the variety, Jt needs only to
be stated that in central and western New- York, it is cultivated extensively and

52 INFLUENCE OF CULTURE.

INFLUENCE OF CULTURE.

The efTect of keeping the soil mellow by repeated stirring,
on most of the finer and delicious fruits, can be hardly be-
lieved by those who have only seen it on the more commor.
varieties of the apple. " No stunted tree bears fine fruit
Even the Seckel pear, of all sorts the highest flavored, is so
inferior in some situations, as to be scarcely worth gathering.
Some other pears, however, lose their distinguishing traits
entirely, and bear nothing suitable for human lips. Of this
class has been the St. Ghislain in my grounds, where the
tree stood neglected for several years, and caused me to
wonder how any thing so insipid could have passed through
the hands of Robert Manning. Yet that eminent and worthy
pomologist was not to blame. An accidental improvement
of its condition, caused it the last season to bear excellent
fruit, increased some in size, but immensely in flavor.

" It would seem that jiavor is the last touch of perfection
that some pears receive ; and that if the nourishment of the
tree be exhausted with their growth, so that nothing is left
for the last finish, they are tasteless and worthless. This is
not the case however with all sorts of fruit ; and exceptions
may be found in the Madeleine, Seckel, and Virgalieu; but
I think we have no right to condemn any variety of the
pear, until the tree has done its best — that is, borne fruit in
a thriving condition."*

"No estimate," says Samuel Walker, " can be made of
the true character of any fruit, more particularly of the
pear, unless the specimens are fair, well grown, of full
Size, and quite ripe ; or, in other words, in the highest state
of perfection the variety will attain under the most skilful
management and favorable season. Some varieties, under
the care of a lover of fruits, well cultivated in a congenial
Boil, may be compared to ' refined gold,' while the same
variety in unskilful hands, the trees neglected, in grass
land, or in wet and impoverished soil, may prove as 'dross.'"

with great success, and is there regarded as the most valuable of all known pears.
k\\ interesting example occurrt-d llie past sea.son in the garden of Dr. Wendell of
Albany, wiiere trees of this variety, in ."^oils of dilferent qualities exhibited ail the
grades of difference from blighted and worthless fruit, to rich goldt-n specimens.
Further evidence on this subject is t'urnished by the fact that the Beurre JJiel and
other sorts of quite recent origin, have in unfavorable localities already exhibited the
cracked and blighted appearance falsely ascribed to old age.

* David Thomas, in Ohio Cultivator, 1845, p. 6.

INFLUENCE OF THE SOIL AND STOCK. 53

INFLUENCE OF THE SOIL AND STOCK.

There was much truth in the remark of Bacon, that "the
scion overruleth the stock quite, the stock being passive
only." The change which takes place when the sap is con-
verted into the descending juices, and thence into fruit, is
effected entirely by the leaves; that is, when a pear is
grafted on a quince, the entire elaboration of the juices
is effected by the leaves of the pear, and the perfect fruit
of the pear is the result, and not a cross or mixture of
the two fruits. Hence the error of the notion formerly held,
that the stock might produce a distinct specific change, ana-
logous to that in hybrids.

But although one species, or even variety, cannot be
changed to another by the stock w^hich supports it, a slight
modifying influence may be exerted by the shade of differ-
ence between the sap of one species and that of another.
The sap of the quince may exert a sensible effect, small in
degree, even after it has undergone the great change which
is efiected by the leaves of the pear. We accordingly find
some sorts of pear improved, and others deteriorated on the
juince.

There is doubtless an analogy in the influence exerted by
different stocks, and by different soils. As the earth is
:older in summer a few feet below than near the surface, it
IS highly probable that such soils as variously favor the
downward extension of roots, may modify the character of
fruits like the changes of seasons. Different trees of the same
variet}^ are known to be affected by slight shades of differ-
ence, which are often ascribed entirely to the stock, though
the soil doubtless has a large share of influence. This view
is further indicated by the increased or diminished luxuri-
ance of some kinds when growing in a light or a heavy soil.
Different degrees of fertility often produce material effects,
both in productiveness and flavor.

There is no doubt that stocks on which trees are grafted,
operate in some degree in a similar way. Some, like a
rich soil, assist the more rapid growth of the branches ;
others, like a sterile one, retard it ; hence corresponding re-
sults on the fruit may be expected.

Stocks ma)^ hasten or retard ripening ; they may affect
the size, color, and quality of fruit. The temperature,

54 l^■FLUE^•cE oi" nii: soil a.nd stock.

depth, and other chara'Uers of soils may do the samt^. Toiv
der kinds are made hardier on hard}* stocks, not because of
any specific intluence, but the usual supplies of sap are im-
parted sooner in spring and withheld earlier in autumn, and
the tender wood has more time to mature — precisely similar
to the planting of tender trees on sterile or rocky soils, which
cause an earlier cessation of growth.

Although, as a general rule, the change in quality is so
small as to be rarely taken into account in practice, it is in
some rare instances considerable, and is worthy of investiga-
tion and experiment. Early fruits have been sometimes
retarded a few days in ripening when grafted upon late va-
rieties of their own species, and their maturity has been
hastened on early stocks. In one case, the Red Magnum
Bonum plum ripened ten days earlier when grafted on the
Cherry plum, a variety which matures at midsummer, tJian
when worked upon a late prune. In another instance, late
peach stocks were found to retard a few days the sorts bud-
ded upon them.*

In one instance, related by President Knight, a very
marked change was effected. His garden contained two
trees of the Acton Scott peach, one growing upon a stock
of its own species, and the other on a plum, other circum-
stances being the same. The fruit of that upon the plum
was larger and much more red to the sun ; but its pulp was
coarse, and its flavor so inferior that he would have denied
the identity of the variety had he not himself inserted the
buds. Such remarkable instances are to be regarded as of
very rare occurrence.

Salt peaches or plums, show that foreign substances may
enter the juices, and modify or change the quality of the
fruit, as well as poison or induce disease in the tree. Solu-
ble substances in the soil may thus exert a sensible influ-
ence. In the same way, the peculiar character of the sap
and secretions of a stock may produce a like result.

The increased productiveness effected by dissimilar stocks,
is often so great as to become a very important object in
practice. "In proportion," says Lindley, "as the scion
and the stock approach each other closely in constitution,
the less effect is produced by the latter j and on the contra-

• Hort., III., p. 191.

INFLUENCE OF THE SOIL AND STOCK. 5b

ry, in proportion to the constitutional difference between the
stock and the scion, is the effect of the former important.
Thus, when pears are grafted or budded on the wild species,
apples upon crabs, plums upon plums, and peaches upon
peaches or almonds, the scion is, in regard to fertility, exact-
ly in the same state as if it had not been grafted at all ;
while on the other hand, a great increase of fertility is the
result of grafting pears upon quinces, peaches upon plums,
apples upon white thorn, and the like. In these latter cases,
the food absorbed from the earth by the root of the stock, is
communicated slowly and unwillingly to the scion ; under
no circumstances is the communication bet^veen the one and
the other as free and perfect as if their natures had been
more nearly the same ; the sap is impeded in its ascent, and
the proper juices are impeded in their descent, whence ari-
ses that accumulation of secretion which is sure to be at-
tended with increased fertility." This view is strongly cor-
roborated by the striking similarity between the swollen
portion of a grafted limb on a dissimilar stock, as a plum on
the peach, immediately above the place of union, and the
swollen portion of an ungrafted tree bound with a ligature.
From the preceding remarks, we may arrive at the fol-
lowing conclusions : —

1. That the difference in the soluble matter contained in
the sap of dissimilar stocks, may exert a modifying influence
in the fruit ; and that soluble matters in the soil, or their
absence, may in a slight degree do the same.

2. That a further change is at the same time effected by
increasing or lessening the supply of sap from the stock to
the graft ; and that a similar change may result from a fer-
tile or sterile soil.

3. That both early productiveness and early maturity may
be produced by a stock or a soil which lessens the luxuri-
ance of the tree ; dwarf trees and those of old or diminished
growth maturing their crops perceptibly earlier than those
possessing great thriftiness and vigor.

As a general rule, the influence of the stock is not to be
taken into account in ordinary practice, except with kinds of
very different natures. Cultivation and fertility of soil are
of incalculably greater importance. And while the effects
of climate are to be attentively observed in makintr a selec-

66 INFLUENCE OF PRODUCTIVENESS.

tion of varieties, the improvement of those selected sorts,
to the highest degree of perfection, is only to be attained by-
skilful culture.*

INFLUENCE OF PRODUCTIVENESS.

When fruit is thick upon the branches, both size and fla-
vor are diminished. Many kinds are rendered nearly worth-
less by overbearing. It is often observed that early apples
and peaches, remaining last on the tree, are much more de-
licious than the earlier portions which ripened on crowded
limbs. With some varieties, the effect of productiveness is
so great as wholly to alter the character. A tree of the
Heath Cling, before unknown to the person who raised it,
bore the first year a very abundant crop ; and the fruit,
which had been recommended as of great size and excel-
lence, was small, green, with only a disagreeable, bitter
taste. In the warmer and longer summer of the following
year, the fruit, which had been thinned by the frost, was
three inches in diameter, very handsome, and of sweet and
excellent flavor. The importance of understanding these
influences, before deciding on the quality of a new fruit, is
at once evident. The advantages of pruning are to be as-
cribed in part to the same cause.

* The influence exerted by the graft on the stocky although not strictly within the
JmiU of thi« chapter, offers an interesting subject for inquiry. The extension of
the wood of the stock, by successive depositions from the leaves of the graft, and
through the cellular system of the bark, so as to preserve the strict specific identity
of the wood of ihe former, is familiar to every practical cultivator.. But the graft
often ext-rts a modifying influence. The same seedling cherry stocks, grafted with
sorts of different degrees of vigor, soon vary in the amount and size of the fibrous
•joots. Trees of the Imperial Gage and Jefferson plum, a few feet high, when bud-
ded on the wild plum, were found to have only half the amount of roots possessed
by the unbudded .stock, of the same age. " A graft of tlie Green Newtown Pippin,"
•ays Dr. Kirtiand, " will invariably render the bark of the stock rough and black
(the habit of the variety,) within three years after its insertion."

CHAPTER VI.

SOIL, MANURES, SITUATION, AND ENCLOSURES.

The SOIL for fruit trees, as well as for farm crops, should
be of good quality. Whatever will produce a vigorous
growth of corn and potatoes, will in general be the best for
fruit trees. Sterile soil is unfavorable for both ; but doubly
so for the latter, for while it only lessens in quantity the
growth of farm crops, it lessens the quantity and greatly in-
jures the quality of fruit.

Good soils vary in many particulars ; but as a general
rule, one which is dry, firm, mellow, and fertile, is well
suited to the cultivation of fruit trees. It should be deep,
to allow the extension of the roots ; dry, or else well drain-
ed, to prevent injury from stagnant water below the surface;
firm, and not peaty or spongy, to preclude disaster from
frost.

Very few soils exist in this country, which would not be
much benefitted, for all decidedly hardy kinds, as the apple
and pear, by good manuring. Shallow soils should be
loosened deeply by heavy furrows and manure ; or if the
whole surface cannot be thus treated, a strip of ground eight
feet \vide, where the row of trees is to stand, should be ren-
dered in this way deep and fertile for their growth. The
manure should be very thoroughly intermixed with the soil
by repeated harrowings. An admirable method of deepen-
ing soils for the free admission of the fine fibrous roots, is
first, to loosen it as deeply as practicable Avith the subsoil
plow ; and then to trench-plow this deeply loosened bed for
the intermixture of manure. The previous subsoiling ad-
mits the trench-plow to a greater depth than could be at-
tained without its aid. The only trees which will not bear
a high fertility, are those brought originally from warmer
countries, and liable to suffer from the frost of winter j as

C*

58 SPECIAL MANURES.

the peach, nectarine, and apricot ; for they are stimulated to
grow too late in the season, and frost strikes them when the
wood is immature. It however happens, in the ordinary
practice of the country, that where one peach or apricot tree
is injured by too rich a cultivation, more than a hundred
suffer by diminished growth from neglect.

Clayey and light soils in some cases require opposite ma-
nagement. The former, for instance, is much benefited by
the admixture of chip-dirt, which renders it looser, lig^hter,
and more retentive of moisture. But on light soils the
effect is not so beneficial, and is sometimes positively inju-
rious.*

Peaty and spongy soils are particularly injurious to tender
fruits. Such soils become very warm by day, and radiate
the heat rapidly in clear frosty nights ; hence peaches and
apricots generally perish when growing in them, the heat
of the sun promoting a rapid succulent growth, which is the
more easily destroyed by the succeeding intensity of cold.

SPECIAL MANURES.

Besides the more common and universal ingredients of
soils, sand and clay, there are others essential to the growth
of trees. Among the more important of these are potash,
lime, and phosphate of lime.

Now, whatever earthy ingredients are found in the wood,
bark, and fruit of trees, must be derived from the soil ; and
if the soil in which they are planted does not contain all
these ingredients, the trees cannot flourish. It therefore
may become important to supply such deficiencies by the
applicaiion of the particular or specific manure needed.

But it is not to be expected that cultivators generally will
be able to analyze their variously differing soils, nor to pro-
cure it done by a skilful chemist. t The next thing, then,

* A !?rcat (leal of m suitlerstand ii{!^ has arisen from an indefinite u<e of terms.
We often notice m 'i rcjrioii of coun;ry wliere a i eavy. liaKing- clay prevails, cer-
tain >pols of ground locally designated as " quite sandy ; and in a sandy region, por-
tions which are pointed out aa '• heavi/ rlai/.'^ Yet we not u.ifrequently find tiiat
the sandy soil of tlie clay region aciually co ilains more c ay than tiie cluy so'i\ of the
suidy district Tne terms, as commonly used, iire relative; and to decide correct-
ly on siati-ments made by others, we are compiHed to inquire where the autlioj-s of
Buch stJil'-menis re-id--. and with what ^'Oils liiey have I een familiiir. The I. est sim-
ple rule, for disiinguishing, applicable to all localities, is to regard such soils as in
any case are found to crack in drouth, as heavy, ajid those which never crack, as
light soils.

t Con-iiderable difficulty exists in procuring perfect analyses of soils In examining
one of the most fertil*' soils of Monroe Co., N.Y , Dr. Eirmons did not discover even

SPECIAL MANURES. 59

,hat can be accomplished is to ascertain the component
parts of the different kinds of trees, which are nearly the
same in all localities. If it is found that a particular
species contains an unusual quantity of some certain ingre-
dient, we may safely conclude that such ingredient would
oe useful generally as a manure.

As instances, analysis has shown that the pear, the
apple, and the grape, contain, of 100 parts each of earthy
ingredient?, the followmg proportions of potash, lime, and
phosphate of lime : — *

Pear.

Sap-wood. Bark.

Potash 22 6

Lime 13 30

Phosphate of lime 27 6

Apple.

Potash 16 5

Lime 19 51

Phosphate of lime 17 3

Graye.

Potash 21 2

Lime 17 39

Phosphate of lime 15 5

The proportions of these ingredients, although not exceed-
ing the quantities found in some other plants, are so large
as to show conclusivelv the importance of a proper supply
in the soil. They already exist in all soils adapted to the
growth of fruit trees; but their small amount in particular
localities, from natural deficienc}', or from long cultivation,
may render their application a matter of the greatest impor-
tance. Such application may be partially made by common
vard manure, which contains them in considerable propor-
tions ; but wood ashes, in which they mostly exist in large
quantities, will furnish them more freely and with a more
speedy effect ; as from the large proportion of animal matter
in yard manure, too much succulence of growth or even

a ifiice of phosphates when KiO grains, and afterwards 400 grains, of the soil were ope-
r:iifd upon, and it was only wheji 1000 grains were used, thai a fivc-thousandm part
w-i- detected Yet this minute proportion is equal to about ten cubic feet per acre
w.ih a depth of one foot, and supphes the necessary ingred.ent tor heavy crops
* Acording- to the experiments of Dr Einmo!!*.

60 SPECIAL MANUKES.

surfeit would result from its abundant and exclusive appli
cation, an evil in no wise resulting from the use of ashes
But over-doses, even of these, should be avoided.

The large proportion of lime in the wood and bark of the
apple, indicates its value as a manure for this fruit ; we
ccordingly find* that leached ashes, which contain much
lime, are often very useful. Leached as well as unleached
ashes may indeed be applied with great advantage to nearly
all fruit trees. Bones contain much phosphate of lime, and,
pulverized, they would undoubtedly in many cases produce
an excellent effect on the pear, and other species.

Iron is found only in minute quantities in the wood and
bark of trees ; yet the speedy restoratu n from pale and
sickly to deep green and luxuriant foliage, Dy its application
to the roots in some instances, proves that however small
its proportion may be, its presence is essential.

An interesting experiment is stated in the Horticulturist,*
upon a large pear tree, bearing blighted, cracked and worth-
less fruit, which resulted in its perfect restoration to health
and the production of smooth and fair crops. This change
was affected by digging, three feet distant from the tree,
a circular trench four feet wide and twenty inches deep ;
filling this with fresh, rich soil and turf, and intermingling
two bushels of scoriae from a blacksmith's forge, two bushels
of charcoal, and two pounds of potash. The fresh soil and
potash, doubtless contributed largely to success. Other
experiments of a similar character have been equally
successful.

Dr. Kirtland states that orchards on the limestone hills of
Ohio, invariably afford the best apples — a remark fully
corroborated by other observations. The same eminent
cultivator gives the following account of his success with
specific manures : his pear trees on worn out land, made
but two to six inches growth in a single season, and the
fruit was blighted, knotted, and deficient in flavor. They
aoon began to exhibit evidences of disease and old age. Au
analysis of the soil was made by Dr. Emmons, indicating
its deficiencies. Dressings of phosphate of lime, [in pulr
verised bones,] ashes, and barn-yard manure, with a limited
supply of common salt, effected a complete renovation.

• Vol. I., p 226.

SI ?:CIAL MANURES, 6-1

These cases are very interesting, and are given more in
Uustration of the principle on which special manures are
applied, than as examples to be followed in ordinary prac-
tice. For, however successful the applications may have
been in those instances, they have entirely failed in some
others. The subject is one of great importance, but is yet
in its infancy, and many years of 'careful experiment must
elapse, in connexion with close and laborious analysis, be-
fore it can be understandingly applied in general culture.
A number of mixtures have been recommended for general
use, founded on the analysis of each kind of tree, and va-
riously composed of lime, potash, peat, bone-dust, different
kinds of salts, and other ingredients, in various measured
proportions, — and where the soil happens to be destitute of
those ingredients, they may prove of much value. But to
apply them indiscriminately in all localities and to all kinds
of soils, as some have suggested, would be preposterous in
a high degree. Suppose, for example, a soil already con-
tains an unusual quantity of vegetable mold. To add to it
a mixture, of which peat forms a large component part,
would be like watering plants during an equinoctial rain-
storm ; or to apply large doses of lime to a soil alread\^ rich
in calcareous matter would be equally useless. Hence the
recommendation of specific compounds for universal use,
must be regarded as empiricism.

If, however, certain kinds of trees are found by chemical
examination to consume more of those ingredients than
vegetables do generally, this fact would point out the ex-
perimental use of such ingredients, as giving more 'promise
of success, than trials made wholly in the dark. It is chiefly
with this view that the subject is commended to the atten-
tion of cultivators, and the following applications, founded
partly on analysis and partly on successful experiment,
recommended for trial: —

The Apple. Lime, which enters largely into the compo-
sition of the apple tree, may be spread broadcast ovei an
orchard, at the rate of one hundred and fifty to three hun-
dred bushels per acre, or at the rate of a peck to a half-
bushel for each half-groAvn tree, and for smaller ones in like
proportion. Or, a similar quantity of ashes, which contains
much lime, may be used. Both may be harrowed or lightly

62 SITUATION.

plowed in. The}'- would perhaps be best if applied in au
tumn, but would do in spring.

The Pear. As this contains a large quantity of phosphate
of lime, it gives strong promise of being benefitted by bone-
dust. For applying, the bones ma}' be broken and dissolved
into a paste in a large tub by means of sulphuric acid. The
acid should be diluted with two and a half times its bulk
of water, and successive portions then added for three or
four days till the bones are dissolved, for which purpose
their bulk of the diluted acid will be required. The bone
paste is then mixed with several times as much old manure,
peat, or compost, and applied so as to give eight or ten
pounds of the paste to each large tree, and to smaller ones
in proportion. If groiuid bones onl}' are used, twice that
quantity may be applied. As the pear contains also much
potash, twice as much ashes as bone may be used in the
compost.

The Grape. For this, nearly the same may be used as
for the apple, except a larger supply of potash.

These experiments are easily tried, and may often be
found very successful. But in all experiments of the kind
it must not be forgotten that nothing for general use is equal
to stable manure, and in ordinary cases it will be found to
give the most uniform and satisfactory results — more espe-
cially if it is made the basis of a compost with peat, muck,
or turf from old pastures, with a tenth or a fifteenth of
leached ashes, and half that of bone dust. If these are
thoroughly mixed with the soil, down to a depth of twenty
inches or two feet, by subsoiling, trench plowing, and cross
plowing, in connexion with repeated harrowings, fine trees
and excellent fruit may be confidently expected. A well
drained subsoil will of course be all-important, for all manure
is nearly lost on land kept soaked with water.

SITUATION.

After a suitable soil is obtained, hardy trees, such as the
apple, will usually succeed in almost any situation. But
with tender fruits, as the poach and apricot, the case is very
different. In many localities in the northern states, they are
soon destroyed by the severity of winters, and their cultiva-
tion is accordingly not attemptoi. In others, crops are not

SITUATION.

63

l.j St

yielded oftener than once in two years. But some situations
50 favorable, that a failure scarcely ever occurs. In plant-

_ out tender fruits, it is consequently very desirable to know
what places will prove the best. Even the apple, in re-
gions where the winters are rigorous, is sometimes destroy-
ed by frost, and in some very unfavorable places rarely
escapes.

It is familiar to many cultivators, that warm, low valleys
are more subject to night-frosts, than more elevated locali-
ties. Objects at the surface of the earth become chilled by
the radiation of heat to the cold and clear sky above, and
they cool by contact the surrounding air, — which thus be-
coming heavier, rolls down the sides of declivities and set-
tles like tho waters of a lake, in the lowest troughs. This
coldness is .urther increased by the stillness of those shel-
tered places favoring the more rapid cooling, by radiation of
the exposed surfaces ; while on hills the equilibrium is par-
tially restored by currents of wind. Superadded to these
causes, vegetation in low, rich, and sheltered places, is more
luxuriant, and wood less ripened, and hence particularly
liable to injury from frost. The mucky soil of vallies ra-
diates heat rapidly from its surface. The warmth of low
places, during the mild weather, often occurring in winter,
often swells fruit-buds, and succeeding cold destroys them.
On more elevated lands, vegetation escapes all these disas-
trous influences.

The existence of colder air in valleys, on still, clear nights,
is often plainly observed in riding over a rolling or broken
face of country. The thermometer has often shown a dif-
ference of several degrees between a creek bottom and a
neighboring hill not fifty feet high. A striking proof was
exhibited a few years since, after a severe night-frost early
in summer. The young and succulent leaves of the hicko-
ry were but partially expanded; and where the trees stood
in a valley, twenty feet deep, all the leaves had been frost-
ed, and were black and dead, up to the level of the banks
on each side, while all above the surface of this lake of cold
air, were fresh and green.

In the winter of 1845-6, when the cold on a clear night
sunk the thermometer several degrees below zero, after ;.he

64

SITUATION.

peach buds had been swelled by a few warm days, trees
which stood on a hill thirty feet higher than the neighbor-
ing creek valley, lost nine-tenths of their blossoms, while
on another hill sixty feet high, nine-tenths escaped. The
lake of cold air which covered the top of the smaller hill
did not reach the summit of the larger.

The cultivation of the peach :"s rarely attempted in the
southern tier of counties in the state of New-York. Proofs
are not wanting, however, that it might be entirely suc-
cessful on selected ground. In the valley of the Conhoc-
ton, which is flanked by hills 500 feet high, peach trees
have been completely killed to the ground. But on one ot
the neighboring hills, 500 feet above, and probably 1,200
feet above the level of the sea, an orchard planted in good
soil, yields regular crops. In the town of Spencer, Tioga
county, near the head of Cayuga inlet, peaches have with-
stood the climate and done well, at an elevation of 700
feet above Cayuga lake. In the northeastern partof Penn-
sglvania, probably 1200 or 1500 feet above the level of the
ocean, in the summer of 1835, after one of the severest
winters for twenty years, the only two peach trees observed
in travelling many miles, were full of peaches ; while after
the same winter, a large tree in Stroudsbiirg valle)', was
noticed killed quite down to the ground. While those hills
are usually covered with snow throughout the winter, and
vegetation consequently remains uniformly dormant, the
valleys are subjected to occasional thaws, and are more un
favorable to tender vegetation.

These cases show the importance of elevated sites. A
dry, firm soil, is however, of great consequence. The in
fiuence of a compact knoll, rising but slightly above the
rest of the field, has been observed to save from frost the
corn which grew upon it ; while on the more mucky or
spongy portions of the rest of the field, radiating heal more
freely, the crop has been destroyed. Cultivators of drained
swamps have found it necessary to plant such lands with
tender crops two or three weeks later than the usual period
on upland. The successful cultivation of the peach and the
grape, on the gently swelling hills called mounds, in the
in the western prairies, while the crops are destroyed on
the adjacent dark and porous soils of the plains, afTords ano-

SITUAT ON. 65

ther example. In Lycoming county, Pa., on the banks of
the Loyalsock, a creek so rapid that no muck is deposited,
but fine dry soil, peaches have been raised, though the cold
is often intense.*

Sometimes the eflect of unfavorable soil more than over-
balances that of situation. In some of the hilly parts of
western New- York, where the highest land is peaty, spongy,
or springy, and the valleys dry and firm, the latter are found
best for the peach. " Some years ago, we drained a shallow
swamp ; and though the situation is high and airy, peach
trees of the best bearing kinds planted there, have always
been unproductive." 1

The preceding facts furnish strong reasons for believmg,
that in large portions of the northern states, where the cul-
tivation of the peach has been entirely relinquished in
consequence of the only attempts made having been in the
warm vallies, abundant crops might be regularly obtained
by a proper selection of soil and locality. Even much fur-
ther south, the occasional destruction of tender fruits, points
out the great importance of careful attention to situation.
The death by frost of large orange trees in Florida in 1835,
proves that all parts of the country are liable to such disas-
ters, and that no means of prevention are to be overlooked.

Occasionally crops are saved by the artificial application of
a remedy, which may be briefly glanced at in connection
with this subject. In one case, a bank of snow covering
the lower limb of a peach tree, saved the fruit, while all on
the rest of the tree perished. In another, a row of peach
trees close along the north side of a fence, where snow-
drifts lay, were more fruitful than the other trees. Hence
the practice of piling snow round them has been recom-
mended, and in somxC cases practiced with success. It can-
not be considered infallible in any situation. It is only
useful where a slight reduction of temperature is sufficient
to prevent the starting of the buds. We can easily conceive
such a time, when a part of the buds start, and a part do
not. In one season, the lower buds on the tree, which re-

^ The skilful cultivator, as he values the size and quality of his fruit, will readily
iistinguisli betweesi a rich soil consisting chiefly of spo'.gy muck and peat, ajid a dry
and firm soil rendered fertile by a due admixture oi' these subsiiir/C es, and potash,
Vime, and good manure.

t D. Thomas, Trans. N. Y State Ag. Society, vol. I.

66 INFLUENCE OF DEEP LAKES AND RIVERS,

ceived the reflected heat from the ground, nearly all started,
and were killed, while those on the tops of the trees were
not injured. It is evident that a very slight depression of
temperature would have been sufficient to have prevented
the lower buds from starting. But the warmth may be so
great, either late in autumn or in mid-winter, that no check
of the kind would be sufficient.

It has often been observed that woods or thick trees,
buildings, high board fences, or steep hills, on the east side
of peach orchards, protect the crop. Hence the erroneous
opinion, that it is the east ivind which does the damage. It
is the sunshine upon the frozen buds which destroys them ;
hence, a clouded sky after a clear frosty night, by prevent-
ing sudden thawing, sometimes saves a crop. Covering
trees of rare kinds with mats, to shade them from the morn-
ing sun, after an intensely frosty night, might sometimes
be highly beneficial.

hijlumce of deep Lakes and Rivers. — Large bodies of un-
freezing water in the bottoms of valleys, will reverse some
of the preceding rules, and the banks of such waters are pe-
culiarly adapted to the cultivation of tender fruits. They
soften the severity of the cold, by the large and warmer
surface constantly presented ; on the other hand, they chill
the dangerous warm air which starts the buds in winter;
and they afford great protection by the screen of fog which
they spread before the morning sun. Along the borders of
the lower parts of the Hudson, and on the banks of the
Cayuga and Seneca lakes, tender fruit trees often afford
abundant crops, while the same kinds are destroyed only
two or three miles distant. Along the southern shore of
Lake Ontario, the peach crop scarcely ever fails, and the
softening influence of that large body of unfreezing water,
extends many miles into the interior.

ENCLOSURES.

The skilful cultivator, after having prepared his ground,
procured the best trees the country affords, carefully trans-
planted them, and watched over them, and given them
careful and laborious attention for years, feels a very
natural desire to partake of their fruits. But this he can-
not do, in many places, unless his fruit ^rarden is protected

Ei\CLOSUR£S. 67

from idle boys' rambles. It cannot be concealed that our
country is rather remarkable for its fruit pilferers. It is
feared it will continue to be so, until public opinion shall
place the young man who steals a pocket-book, and the
depredator of fine fruit, which has cost the owner as much
care and labor, and which money cannot replace, on pre-
cisely the same level.*

This formidable evil has deterred many from planting
fru t-gardens. The most quiet and secure protection is af-
forded by a good thorn hedge. The English hawthorn, far
to the north, will generally succeed quite well for this pur-
pose ; the Washington and Newcastle thorns are less lia-
ble to disaster from drouth and hot summers, and the at-
tacks of insects ; but the Buckthorn, which gradually thick-
ens m crmour as it becomes older, appears to be the only
perfectly hardy and reliable hedge plant for severe climates.
The Osage Orange, however, where the winters are not too
cold, will be found best of all. Its numerous and terrific
thorns render it perfectly impassable. It is sufficiently har-
dy in all places where the peach crop generally escapes.
Further north than 41 or 4^* degrees of latitude, it cannot be
expected to succeed in low valleys ; but on elevated ground,
the winter-killing of its smaller shoots, v.'ill only tend to
thicken it below, like trimming with shears. The Michi-
gan rose, in connexion with a high board or picket fence,
which it has covered and interlaced, has been found an ef-
fectual protection to a fruit garden. It grows as freely from
layers and cuttings as the grape vine.

* " The native fruit of a thickly populated country, growing without culture
and free for all, has doublless had its share in producing diis laxity of morals ' I
would sooner have a hundred Irishmen round me than one Yankee,' was the declarn-
tion < fa sutTerer. whose fruit liad been plundered near the line of the Erie canal,
when that great work whs in progress. But Europeans are generally more exen:-
plary on this pom: than Americans — ehame on us I When Professor t>iowe was in
Prussia, where the roads are lined with truit trees by order of the government, he
observed a wisp of straw attached to particular trees, to protect the fruit ; a sufficient
guard; but he suggested to the coachman, thni in America, ii might only prove an
invitation to plunder. ' Have you no schools?' was the significant reply.

•' Yes. we have schools ; but how many where the child is taught to respect his
neighbor's property ? Too often he acquires literature and vice at the same time.
The state of New- York is famous fi>r her schools and her prisons; the latter to supply
the dei"ecis of the former system, which they do however, very imperlectly. Ketter
let the mandate go forth that the morality of the Bible shall be one of the chief objecis
of Instruction. Teach her children to be honest, and then with science ami
literature, a foundation for true greatness and prosperity would be laid-" — David
Thoinas, in Trans. N. Y. State Ag. Soriety, Vol. 1, p. 223.

CHAPTER MI.

TRANSPLANTING.

'V EARLY every fruit tree must at some period be removed
from the nursery, and transplanted into the orchard or gar-
den. When it is remembered thai in a large number of
instances, where hastily performed, the trees perish from
the act; and that in a still larger number, including a great
majority, a severe check is given to their growth, it needs
no argument to show the importance of transplanting well.

This removal is from necessity, an act of violence. As
frequently performed, it is so severe that it either results
in death, or a lingering recovery. But with the skilful
operator, the rigor of the operation may be so softened, as
to be not only attended with perfect safety to the tree, but
with scarcely an abatement in the thriftiness of its growth.

It may indeed sometimes happen, that careless manage-
ment from an accidental combination of favorable causes,
is followed with success. The entire failure of similar
treatment in other cases, proves the superiority of the mode
which shall invariably accomplish the object, with the same
certainty that cause is followed by effect. The most skilful
cultivators, who have the whole operation at their control,
never expect to, and actually do not, lose one tree in a
thousand.

Taking up the tree, and shortening -in. Every person,
about to transplant a tree, should remember that the roots
and the leaves both perform very important offices, the one
constantly dependent on the other. The first collects food
for the tree ; the other elaborates and prepares this food for
use. Without the roots, the leaves and rest of the tree
perish. Without the leaves, the root cannot grow, and
eventually dies.

It is obvious that if a tree c )uld be removed with all its
roots, including all the numer us thread-like radicles, and

TRANSPLANTING.

69

placed in its new situation precisely as it stood before, it
would suffer no check in growth. The nearer then, we can
approach this, the greater will be our success.

There is no difficulty in saving the leaf-bearing branches.
All our attention must accordingly be directed to the roots.
The spade should be set into the earth at a distance from
the tree, and the whole carefully lifted, not forcibly with-
drawn, from the soil. Or, so much of the earth should be
separated in a circle by the spade, that when the tree is
withdrawn, a large portion of the soil may be lifted with
it with the small fibres.* The roots of a young tree usually
extend in a circle quite equal to its height; the workman,
therefore, who cuts off all within six inches of a tree which
is itself eight feet high, deprives :t of a large portion of
y y its means of sustenance.

^ In the annexed figure,

a indicates the trunk of
the tree ; hh the circle
of roots cut off witl the
spade in a hasty re-
moval ; and without tnis
circle, the rest of the
roots which are left in
the earth. Fig. 35.

But in ordinary, or
even very careful prac-
tice, a part of this wide
network of fibres must
necessarily be separated
from the tree. It is evi-
dent then, that the usual supplies of sap to the leaves must
be in part cut off. Now the lea^ es are constantly (during
day) throwing off insensible moistJie into the air; and good
sized trees thus give off daily, n any pounds. Keduce the
supply from below, and the leaves cannot flourish; and if
the reduction is severe, the tree withers and dies.

The remedy consists in lessening the number of leaves,

* Some cultivators liave adopted the opinion i!;a.t the small fibres are unimportant,
and may be cut olf without lessenins: the chances of growing But tins chu only be
ti ue with verv small trees or seedlings, wliich quickly reproduce a muliuude of small
r.)0'*. after the lop is removed for 'the insertion of a graft; or where the fibres of
larg.r trees have been killed by exposure after removal, and which are followed by
a necessary lopping of the branches.

TRANSPLANTINC.

4

.-^c^

W

Fig. 37

SO as lo correspond with the diminished supf l3^ This ma}^
be done in two ways : one, b}' shortening back every shoot
of the pre v^ious year, to one quarter of its length/and in
extreme cases, every shq.f may be shortened back to one

hud^ just above the previous
year's wood. The other mode,
attended with more labor, but
preserving the full size of the
head, is to leave all the shoots
entire, and remove every al-
ternate bud, leaving the ter-
minals, or remove two-thirds
or three-quarters of the buds
in the same way. Neither of
these modes can in the least
degree destroy the natural sym-
metry of the tree. Cutting
off large branches at random
often quite spoils the shape.
Fig. 36, represents an unpruned
tree, and fig. 37, the same with the shoots shortened back.
Where peach and other trees have
been once a year trimmed up to a single
stem, while in the nursery, the mode of
shortening is shown by figs. 38 and 39.

A few experiments only are needed
to convince any one of the advantages
of thus cutting in the shoots. In 1846,
an orchardist on the Hudson, carefully
transplanted 180 apple trees into good
mellow soil. The roots had been cut
rather short in digging. One-half had
their tops shortenod back, so as to leave
only one bud of ihe previous season's
wood ; the heads of the other half were
''W' suffered to remain untouched. The season
Fig 38 Fig. 39. pj-Qved favorable. Of the ninety which
had their heads pruned, only two died, and nearly all made
fine shoots, many beinor eighteen inches long. Of the
ninety unpruned, eight died ; most of then, made but little
growth, and none more than six inches. Both the first and

TKANSl'LANTING. /I

second year, the deep green and luxuriant foliage of the
pruned trees afforded a strong contrast with the paler and
more feeble appearance of the other.* A similar experi-
ment was made with 78 peach trees, of large size, three
years' growth from the bud. One-half were headed back
so as to reduce the buds one-half ; the rest were unpruned.
The sea^ion was rather dry, and twelve of the 39 unpruned
trees perished ; and only one of those which were headed
back. The unpruned, which survived, lost parts or the
whole of the upper portions of their branches ; the pruned,
made fine bushy heads of new shoots.* It has been found
useful to shorten in the shoots of peach trees so severely as
to reduce the heads to only one quarter of the original number
of buds. This was tried with great success the past season.
Trees, only one year's growth from the bud, transplanted
in the usual manner unpruned, w^ere placed side by side
with others of four years' growth, and with trunks an inch
and a half in diameter, the heads being pruned to one
quarter their size. The growth of the former w^as feeble ;
the large trees, with pruned heads grew vigorously. Again,
trees set out before the buds had opened, and without
pruning, presented a more feeble growth than others re-
moved when the leaves were an inch long, with a copous
shortening-in of the branches.

The degree to which this shortening should be carried,
must depend much on climate. In the cool moist atmos-
phere of England, the leaves perspire less, and a larger
number may remain without exhausting the supply from
the roots. In this country, the perspiration is more ^-^pid,
and fewer leaves can be fed, until new roots furnish
increased supplies.

But in no case should the lopping be excessive ; for as
the reproduction of roots depends upon the action of the
leaves, a disproportionately small number of the latter,
would fail to produce a speedy renewal of the former.

And especially, no one should unnecessarily mutilate the
roots, with the hope that lopping the head will remedy the
evil ; for it rarely happens, that with the most careful
digging, more than one half the entire amount of roots will
be secured, which would in that case, require the remova*

* Hort , Vol. II., p. 219.

72 TRANSPLANTING.

of at least half the head. A badly mutilated root may Le
saved alive, b}- a severe lopping of the shoots ; but it can-
not possibly succeed so well as a tree with a fine large mass
of uninjured fibres.

Trees which quickly reproduce new shoots, as the
peach, may be more closely shortened back than others
having a less reproductive power, as the apple. The cherry
throws out a new growth still more reluctantly, and hence
more care is needed in digging up the roots entire.

A very mistaken notion prevails with many who purchase
trees for orchards, that the most important requisite is to
obtain large straight stems and handsome heads, while the
condition of the roots is regarded as entirely subordinate.
It is far preferable that the limbs be mutilated than the
roots ; for though the tree may have a bad appearance when
first transplanted, well preserved roots will soon restore the
loss.

Preparing the grou7id and manuring. Ground intended
for trees must be secure from danger of being flooded in
wet seasons, and from all liability of becoming water-
soaked beneath the surface. If not naturally dry enough,
it must be thoroughly underdrained.

The next requisite, and it is one of the greatest impor-
tance, is to deepen and enrich the soil by trenching. In
the garden this is done with the spade ; but in the open
orchard, it is cheaply and thoroughly effected, by first
loosening the earth to a depth of at least twenty inches
with a subsoil plow. Next, to intermix the whole loosened
bed of soil thoroughly together, it is trench-plowed. It
would be impossible to attain this depth with a common
plow, without previous subsoiling ; and subsoiling fails to
accomplish a proper admixture without trenching. Manure
is to be applied in sufficient quantity to render the whole
fertile ; the amount to be graduated by the character of the
ground. Trenching or deepening must in no case be
omitted ; for if the soil is exhausted, if it is poor, if liable
to suffer from drouth, it is a remedy which applies in all
cases. If this deepening and enriching cultivation can be
continued for a year or two, in connexion with root crops,
before planting, the ground will be brought to the finest
condition.

TRANSPLAXTING. 73

In setting out large orchards, if the whole field cannot be
deepened, a strip of land ten feet wide extending across
the orchard, may be treated in the same way, in the centre
of which each row is to be set ; and the intermediate
spaces, constituting two-thirds or more of the whole, may
be prepared afterwards, by the time the roots have passed
the boundaries of the first.

Now, when it is recollected that a good orchard is worth
annually a hundred dollars per acre, and that this thorough
preparation will bring trees into plentiful bearing, in con-
nexion with good subsequent culture, in one third of the
time required where trees are crowded into small holes in
hard ground, it must be perfectly plain to every one that the
former is by far the cheaper treatment.

Where, from any unavoidable cause, trench-plowing can
not be accomplished, the holes should be seven or eight feet
in diameter, and from one and a half to two feet deep. The
earth should be mixed with a liberal allowance of well-rotted
manure, or still better with a compost made and worked
over some weeks previously, consisting of two or three
parts of muck or peat, one of barn manure, and a fifth pnrt
of leached ashes. This is indeed an excellent manure for
fruit trees in all cases with ordinary soils. If the subsoil
is sterile, it should be scattered back out of the way.

In rare cases, where rotted manure or compost is not at
hand, and it becomes necessary to use fresh manure, it
must be thoroughly incorporated with an iron rake into the
soil, and this mixture not ^placed in contact with the roo'cs
but at such a distance that they may not reach it till after
some months of growth, when it will have become v.eil
combined with the soil. One quarter manure will be au
abundant proportion in any case.

Preparing the roots. Before a tree is set in the eartli,
all the bruised or wounded parts, where cut with the spade,
should be pared off smoothly, to prevent decay, and \o
enable them to heal over by granulations during the
growth of the tree. Then dip them in a bed of mud,
which will coat every part over evenly, and leave no por-
tion in contact with air, which accidentally might not be
reached by the earth in filling the hole. The bed of mud

74 TRANSPLANT JNG.

is quickly made by pouring into a hole a pail of water, ana
mixing it with the soil.

Setting the tree. It should not be set deeper than it stood
before removal. Deep planting injures the tree, and when
excessive, may cause its death. Setting it upon the surface
of the ground without any hole, and placing a bed of fine
earth upon the roots to the usual depth, is preferable, and on
shallow or unprepared soils, or such as are quite clayey and
rather wet, has been quite successful. When placed m the
unfilled hole, if it is found to be too deeply sunk, a mound
or hillock is to be made under the centre, to raise it suffi-
ciently, and the roots separated and extended to their full
length. Fine rich mould is then to be sprinkled or sifted
over, taking care to fill all the interstices, and using the
fingers to spread out all the fibres during the operation. The
mellow earth should rise two or three inches above the
surrounding surface, to allow for its subsequent settling. ^

In nearly all soils, the use ofioater in settling the earth among
the roots will be found eminently serviceable. Dashing in
a few quarts before the hole is quite filled, is the more com-
mon way : but an admirable mode is to settle the fine earth
as it is constantly sifted in, by a regular shower from a
watering pot, one man holding the tree, a second filling in
the earth, and the third applying the water. By this pro-
cess the roots are not disturbed in their position, and every
cavity about them is filled in the most perfect manner. The
trees will be found to maintain their position better than
whei pulverised earth alone is used ; for although it may
at first be easily moved while surrounded by the half liquid
> mass ; in a few hours the earth around it will

^ absorb the superabundant moisture, and it will

1 become as firm as when it has stood for weeks
"V in its new position.

\j4 Stiffening against the loind. — Newly planted

>* trees, being acted on as levers by the wind,

often press aside the earth about their stems,

and make an opening down to the roots, which

in consequence suffer from both drouth and

disturbance. There are two waj^s to prevent

_^^^^ this disaster. In autumn transplanting, the

i"i;rr4u. best way is to embank a mound of earth about

■ •SeeAppendix.page4ll.

TRANSPLANTING. 75

the stems, from ten to eighteen inches high, as the size of
the tree may require, fiir. 40. This mound performs the
triple offce of stiffening the tree, excluding mice, and cover-
ing the roots from frosx Onl}^ a few seconds are required
to throw up one of these conical heaps of earth. After the
tree commences growing, the mounds are removed. Trees
which have had their heads lightened by the shortening pro-
cess, already described, will not often need any other pro-
tection.

But when the trees are large, or the situation is windy,
stakiiig becomes necessary. If driven before the roots are
\^^i covered, they may be erect, as in fig, 41 ; if driven
afterwards, they may be slanting; and in both
cases, straw bands should be first wrapped once
round, to prevent the trees from chafing

Watering. A very common error is the belief
that trees need frequent watering before they are
in leaf. Deluging the roots, while in a partially
dormant state, is as hurtful to trees as to green-
house plants, and a continued repetition of it is al-
most certain death. When a plant is in a state of
rapid vegetation, large quantities of moisture are
drawn up by the leaves and thrown off* but while the buds are
unexpanded, the amount consumed is very small. Fruit trees
sometimes remain with fresh and green branches, but with
unswollen buds, till midsummer. Instead of watering such
at the roots, let the tops be wet daily at evening, with a
watering pot, and it will in nearly all cases bring them into
active growth. In extreme caseSj shading the stem in ad-
dition to the watering, will be found beneficial.

The following successful treatment in transplanting, in
cases that appeared almost hopeless, was practiced by the
late S. G. Perkins, of Boston : —

" Some ten years ago, I imported from Paris two hun-
dred and ten pear trees on quince stocks, whose roots, on their
arrival, I found to be entirely black and dead. I shaved of!
with a drawing knife all the roots down to the stump. These
I planted in trenches, tying them to cross-bars to keep them
firm, and then filled up the trench with good soil. The
heads and bodies of these trees were regularly washed in
dry weather until thev began to sprout which most of them

76 TRANSPLANTING.

did in abundance during the summer, and I final!}' saved out
of the whole number, one hundred and seventy-four, which
became as well rooted and as good trees as any in ni}
garden.

" This has happened more than once. Three or foui
years ago, I imported among other trees, twenty plum trees,
from six to seven feet high, the heads of which had been
budded the previous year in France. These buds had
grown from nine to twelve inches long, and were perfectly
fresh \vhen they arrived; but the roots on examination were
found entirely dead. Two of these I gave away. One was
good for nothing, and the other seventeen I planted in my
garden, having cut out all the roots that had fibers, they be-
ing entirely dead. One of m}^ men said I might as well
plant my walking stick. Sixteen of these are now flourish-
ing trees, well grown and well rooted, new roots being in-
duced by means of washing the upper part of the tree."

Watering the roots, even of fast growing trees, will rare-
ly become needful if the soil is deep and is kept mellow
But whenever it is performed, the surface earth should be
thrown off, the water poured in, and the earth replaced.
This will admit the water at once to the roots, and leave the
surface mellow ; while by watering the top of the ground,
the water will perhaps fail to reach the dry soil below, but
only serve to harden and bake the surface.

Midchino;^ or covering the ground about the tree with
straw, coarse barn-yard litter, or, what is still better, leaves
from the woods, will in nearly all cases obviate the necessity
of watering. It is an excellent protection against mid-summer
drouths, which so often prove destructive to newly trans-
planted trees, after they have appeared in leaf. A corres-
pondent of the Horticul.urist, mulched 50 trees out of 150,
all of wliich had commenced growth alike. Those v/hich
were mulched, all lived. Of the hundred not mulched, fif-
teen perished. The weather was hot and dry at mid-
summer.

Tjees received Jrom a distance, and injured by drying,
should immediately have their roots coated by immersion in
a bed of mud ; and then the whole stems and branches buried
in moderately moist earth for a few days. They will gradual-
y absorb moisture, through the pores in the bark, and re-

TRANSPLANTING. 7

y^^e their freshness. Plunging into water, as sometimes
piacnced, is more liable to induce decay by water-soaking.

b>eason for transplanting. Much discussion has arisen on
the relative advantages of autumn and spring transplanting.
When the work is well done, both are successful. For
apple and other hardy trees, autumn is perhaps the best, as
the soil becomes well settled about the roots, and the trees
commence growing without interruption in spring.* The
more tender trees, as apricots and peaches, removed to
a colder region, may be in more danger, especially if the
roots have been much mutilated and the setting out badly
done. A neighbor purchased fifty peach trees in the
autumn, and lost half of them the following severe winter;
another bought fifty the next spring, and lost only one.
Was this a conclusive proof that spring planting was best ?
By no means ; for in the former case they were set out in
grass land, and received no culture ; in the latter, they had
the best care. The same autumn a neighbor saved all his
peach trees by good management ; while the same spring
another lost most of his by neglect. We may hence infer
that good management is of incomparably more importance
than the season of the year.t

But there are many things to be taken into account in
drawing conclusions. It has been remarked that tender
trees taken to a colder climate may be in danger of winter
frosts. Good, thrifty, and well ripened wood, however,
where the trees have grown on high, dry, firm soil, even
from a warmer region of country, are much safer than trees
of succulent growth and badly ripened wood, from a colder.
So again, trees equally hardy, might perish when set out
on a low, sheltered place, or on a wet soil, while they would
endure the severest rigors of our winters on a drier and
more elevated piece of ground.

Again, success has sometimes attend ed careless trans-
planting ; while on the other hand, the greatest care has

* The remark of Dr. L-ndley that early fall transplanting is decidedly best, by
permitiins the formation of small roots and a consequeiat establishment of the tree
in the soil before winter, though applicable to the moist {.-limate and long mild
autumns of England, is not so here where the growth while it la-ts is more r;ipid,
its cessation more sudden, and the dryness of the air unfavorable to removal before
growth ceases.

t Embanking round the tree, as described on a preceding page, is an excellent
protection from frost for tender uees set out in autumn.

I'"'* TRANSPLANTING.

resulted in loss. In the first instance, the trees may h -e
been in the best condition, the roots uninjured, the soil just
right, and every attending circumstance favorable. In the
other, every thing may have been done right, but some acci-
dental disaster proved ruinous. A neighlDor, as an instance,
set out several peach trees in autumn in the best manner;
but his soil was low, and became soaked with water in
winter, causing their death. Eemoval from high and
exposed, to low and frost}^ ground, or the reverse, may often
influence the result. Even a wet subsoil, where the sur-
face has been dry, has destroyed tender trees in winter, as
the apricot, without removal.

Again, when the soil is a heavy clay, and holds water
like a tub, tender trees are in great danger from autumn
transplanting, unless provision is made for draining the
holes ; which may be efl^ected by running a deep furrow
from one hole to the other, along the line of trees, and
using brush, cornstalks, or straw, as a temporary under-
drain for the water to soak away.

As a general nde^ the proper season for the removal of trees
is at any period between the cessation of growth in autumn,
— usually a little later than mid-autumn in the northern
states, — and its recommencement in spring. The earlier in
spring the better; but if deferred till the buds are much
swollen, the roots should be coated immediately with mud,
and kept moist till again set out. Transplanting may
be performed in winter, whenever the ground is open,
and the air above freezing; but roots which are frozen
while out the ground, will perish unless they are buried be-
fore thawing.

When it becomes necessary to keep trees through winter
without setting, as often occurs where they are received from
a distance, the roots may be placed sloping in a trench on
a dry spot of ground, and fine earth thoroughly sprinkled in
among them, filling up all interstices ; and if theyare of ten-
der kinds, one-half of the stems may be covered with earth.
Trees are often badly kept from neg-lect to fill up the cavi-
ties, which may be prevented by dashing in water, as in
transplanting:.* If received late in autumn, after having

* Trees packed for <!ista't conveyance, should always }iave tlie root'' coated with
mud: for if u fprinq-. it will tend to prevent their drying, as warm weathtr approach-
es; and if in autumn,, it will assist the more gradual and safe abstraction of liio inist it

TRANSPLANTING. 79

been frozen, the roots should be buried as speedily as pos-
sible before thawing takes place, the gradual abstraction of
the frost by the soil being perfe:tly safe, in the same way
that it takes place every spring when the frozen roots of
standing trees are thawed with the thawing of the ground.

2'he size for transplanting, must vary with circumstances.
Six to seven feet high is large enough under ordinary cir-
cumstances, but those much larger may be successfully re-
moved if they have been previously prepared by shortening
the long roots to induce the emission of a mass of smaller
fibres near the centre or stem. This is done one year pre-
viously, by running a spade into the earth in a circle about
the foot of the stem, if the tree yet stands in the nursery, or
by cutting a circular trench around the tree if it is a large
standard in open ground.

Trees not over four or five feet high would usually suc-
ceed best with the usual hasty mode of digging, as a proper
balance between the top and the root would be more near-
ly preserved, the danger of dying would be lessened, and
the vigor of growth being less checked, they ^vould as soon
attain a bearing state.

On a review of the essential requisites for successful
transplanting, they may be summed up briefly as follows :

1. A previous preparation of a rich deep bed of mellow earth
to receive the roots, and land which cannot be water-soaked.

2. Removing the tree with as little mutilation of the roots
as practicable.

3. Paring off the bruised parts.

4. Shortening-in the head, in a greater or less degree, to
correspond with the necessary loss of roots.

5. Immersing the roots in mud.

6. Settling the earth with water.

7. Planting no deeper than before.

8. Staking or embanking to prevent injury by the wind.

9. Watering the stems and branches only, before the ap-
pearance of the leaf.

10. Mulching, w^here danger of mid-summer drouth is
feared.

they should happen to be frozen. In addition to this, they should be copiously packed
m damp moss, which retai:iS moisture a long-time, and does not heat. For sea^
voyages, however, the moss should not be damp, as the sea- iir will preserve the
- Quisite degree of humidity, which otherwise would be exce.'sive aud injurious.

CHAPTER VIII.

CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL.

The cultivator, having transplanted his trees in the best
manner, and secured them from disaster by every means
which skill can dev'se, has a still more important task yet
to perform, — the cultivation of the soil.

It is more important, because it is not commenced and
finished in a day, but needs constant attention for years ;
and in ordinary practice it receives greater neglect. For,
of the thousands of trees which are every year transplanted
in all parts of the country, the assertion may be made with
safety, that more are lost from neglected after-culture^ than
from all other causes 'put together.

To purchase and set out fine fruit trees of rare sorts, in
a baked and hardened soil, whose entire moisture and
fertility are consumed by a crop of weeds and grass, might
very aptly and without exaggeration be compared to the
purchase of a fine horse, and then perpetually to exclude
him from food and drink.

Here is the great and fatal error with a large portion who
attempt the cultivation of fruit. "We may not incorrectly
divide these into three classes :

1. Those who, having procured their trees, destroy them
at once by drying them in the sun or wind, or freezing them
in the cold, before setting out.

2. Those who destroy tliem by crowding the roots into
small holes cut out of a sod, where, if they live, they main-
tain a stunted and feeble existence, like the half-starved
cattle of a neglectful farmer.

3. Others set them out well, and then consider their
labors as having closed. They are subsequently suffered to
become choked with grass, weeds, or crops of grain — some
live and linger, others die under the hardship \ or else are
demolished by cattle, or broken down by the team which
cultivates the gfround.

CTJLTIV^ nON OF THE SOIL. S]

A neig-hbor purchased fifty very fine pearti f.rees, hand-
somely roofed, and of vigorous growth; thev were well set
out in a field containing a fine crop of heavy clover and
timothy. The following summer was dry; and a luxuriant
growth of meadow grass nearly obscured them from sight.
What was the consequence ? Their fate wa? precisely what
every farmer would have predicted of as many hills of corn,
planted and overgrown in a thick meadow, — very few sur-
vived the first year.

Another person bought sixty, of worse quality in growth ;
he set them out well, and kept them well hoed with po-
tatoes. He lost but one tree ; and continuing to cultivate
them with low hoed crops, they now afTord yearly loads of
rich peaches.

Another neighbor procured fifty good trees. Passing his
house the same year late in summer, he remarked, " I
thought a crop of wheat one of the best for young peach
trees ?" — " Just the reverse ; it is one of the worst — all
sown crops are injurious ; all low hoed ones beneficial." —
" Well," answered he, "I have found it so — my fifty trees
all lived it is true^ but I have lost one year of their growth
by my want of knowledge." On examination, they were
found in excellent soil, and had been well set out. All the
rows were in a field of wheat, except one which w^as hoed
with a crop of potatoes. The result was striking. Of the
trees that stood among the wheat, some had made shoot?
the same year, an inch long, some two inches, and a very
few, five or six inches. While on the other hand, on
nearly every one that grew w^ith the potatoes, new shoots
a foot and a half could be found, and on some the growth
had been two feet, two and a half, and three feet. Other
cases have furnished nearly as decisive contrasts.

An eminent cultivator of fine fruit, whose trees have
borne for many years, remarks: "My garden would be
worth twice as much as it is, if the trees had been planted
in thick rows two rods apart so that I could have cultivated
them with the plow. Unless fruit grows on thrifty trees,
we cen form no proper judgment of it. Some that we have
cultivated this season, after a long neglect, seem like new
kinds, and the flavor is in proportion to the size."

The thick rows, here alluded to, may be composed o'
6 D*

83

CULTIVATION OF THE 30.L.

trees from six to twelve feet apart in the rows. This mode
admits of deep and thorough cuhivation, and the team
can pass freely in one direction, until close to the row,
where the soil need not be turned up so deeply, or so o.^ to

*****

* * * * *

* * * * *

* * * * *
* * * *

*****

Fiff. 43.

*********
Fig. 42.

injure the roots. Fig. 42 exhibits this mode of planting ,
and fig. 43 another mode, where the trees are in hexagons,
or in the corners of equilateral triangles, and are thus more
equally distributed over the ground than by any other ar-
rangement. They may thus be cultivated in three direc-
tions. For landscape effect, this is undoubtedly better than
by any other regular order.

Trees are frequently mutilated in cultivating the ground
with a team;* to obviate this difficulty, arrange the horses
when they work near the line of trees, one before the other,
ad landem. Let a boy ride the forward une, use long tra-
ces arid a short whipplc-tree, and place the whole in the
charge of a careful man who knows that one tree is worth
more than fifty hills of corn or potatoes, and no danger need
be feared. In the absence of this arrangement, oxen will be
safer than horses.

When it becomes necessary
for trees to stand in grass, as in
some instances near dwellings,
a circle of several feet round
each tree must be kept mellow
by the spade, fig. 44. The work
should be shallow near the tree
to prevent injury to the roots,
and gradually deepen as it re-
cedes. This operation when re-
peated several times during sum-
mer, has been known to increase
the growth five fold. But a not less important result is the

* When bark is accidentally rubbed o.T, if in eirly summer, the fresh surface
shoilld be left untouched, and a new bark will soon form and cover the surface. Rub
bin? the wound with eurth. spoils thi$ surface, and leaves a bad wound

CULTIVATION or THE SOIL.

S3

exclusion of the mice, for which this is by far the most ef-
fectual method, if the surface is raised nine or ten inches
round the tree just before winter, fig. 45.
The grass no longer affords these animals
any hiding place, and when they reach the
bank of fresh earth, they are immediately
diverted from their course, and never attack
the stem.

Such a circle of dug earth facilitates the
application of manure, which may be spread
____^ about the tree late in autumn, when the
'l^fTL'"" " " soluble portions are carried down among the
Fig. 45. roots by the autumn and spring rains, after

which it is turned beneath the soil with the spade. Unless,
how^ever, this circle is of large size, it can afford but very
partial benefit. The size should increase as the tree ad-
vances in growth. In very small trees, most of the roots
are within a foot or two of the stem, but their circumfe-
rence forms an annually increasing circle. Hence the fre-
quent practice of applying manure, or digging the ground
closely about the base, as exhibited in the annexed fig-
ure, (46,) is com-
paratively use-
less. Hence, too,
the practice of
plo\ving a few
furrows only on
each side of a row
of large trees in
an orchard, is
greatly inferior to
the cultivation of
the w^hole sur-
face.
Among the crops
which are best
suited to young
trees, are pota-
toes, ruta

beets, carrots, beans, and all low hoed crops. Indian corn,
*'~-oug:h a hoed crop, is of too tall a growth shadino- younir

•H CULTIVATION OF THE i-OlL.

trees oo much by its formidable stalks. All sown crops are
to be voided, and grass is still worse. Meadows are ruin-
ous. An acquaintance who purchased a hundred peach
trees and placed them in meadow land, lost most of them
by the overgrowth of the grass ; and the following winter,
the mice, who avoid clean culture, destroyed the remainder.

Every one was lost. A clean, mellow, cultivated piece
cf ground, kept so a few years, might have saved the whole
of them, and brought them into bearing.

A chief reason of the fatal effects of sown crops, is the
impossibility of mellowing the ground by repeated culti-
vation. For this reason, a low crop of peas has been found
much worse than a heavy growth of Indian corn. A large
peach orchard was sown with peas, and bordered on one
side with corn, in which one row of the peach trees stood.
Such was the benefit derived by them from the hoeing
given to the corn, that the single row was most con-
spicuously visible by the deeper green of its foliage, at the
distance of half a mile.

Low" hoed crops have been recommended. But the more
frequently the plow or cultivator passes among them, the
greater w^ill be the benefit to the tree. A friend, who well
understands thorough cultivation, found that his young and
newly planted standards w-hich stood among the small
seedling trees of his nursery, and which received the
benefit of constant and continued w^orking till autumn,
made twice the growth of those in a field of beets, and
which was kept well hoed only through the early part of
the season, or till the crop covered the ground. Some of the
former made shoots the first year four feet in length. The
best peach orchard for market crops in western New "V ork,
is kept mellow by deep and thorough tillage without any
other crop, and the improved quality and amount of ihe
fruit is found of greater consequence than any other wc-
duct of the land. The same course is pursued with the
^est of the great peach orchards which supply the city of
Philadelphia.

A very mistaken policy is the selection of uneven or
stony ground for orchards, which cannot be cultivated or
occupied with any thing else. The truth should be unal
lerably fixed on every farmer's mind, that the orchard

CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL.

95

should have the best piece of land on the farm, so long as
clean, thrifty trees, loaded with fair, large, and high-
flavored fruit, are to be preferred to light crops of what is
half grown and distorted, with deficient flavor; with the
addi'ional diffe fence that the former ma}^ be brought into
full bearing in one-third of the time required for the latter.

Note. In connexion with the cultivation of the soil, the
restoration of trees of feeble growth will be much hastened,
if the trunk and principal branches are scrubbed several
times in a season, with a brush dipped in soap-suds, first
scraping the bark, should it be rough or mossy.

CHAPTER IX.

DISTANCES FOR PLANTING TREES.

Persons about to plant orchards and fruit gardens, are often
at a loss to know the most suitable distances to place the
trees. The guiding rule should be to allow space enough
that when the trees attain the largest size, the sun's rays
may freely enter on every side. The roots as well as the
tops should have free space. As a general rule, the tops
should never approach nearer than one-half their diameter.

Some varieties of the same kind of fruit grow to a much
greater size than others, but as an average, the following
distances may be adopted, varying with the amount of land,
and with the wishes of the owner, whether to obtain imme-
diately a large amount from a small space, or to make a
permanent orchard that shall long continue without becom-
ing crowded.

Apples. In fertile districts of the country, Avhere the
trees may attain great size, and where there is plenty of
laiid, 40 ^eet is the greatest distance required. The usual
distance is two rods or 83 feet. Where the most is to be
made of the land, and where thinning-in the limbs is prac-
ticed when the trees become too large, 25 feet distance may
be adopted. For pyramids on apple stocks, 10 feet ; for
pyramids or dwarf standards on Doucain stocks, 8 feet ; for
dwarf round-headed trees on paradise stocks, 6 feet.

Pears. Large growing standard varieties, on pear stocks,
20 feet ; dwarf standards on quince (with stems pruned up
2 or 3 feet, the heads with natural growth, or slightly thin-
ned by pruning but once a year, for orchard culture,) 8 feet ;
pyramids on pear stocks, 8 to 10 feet ; on quince, 6 feet.
It should never be forgotten that pears on quince should be
so placed as to admit of high or enriching cultivation. It
is quite useless to plant them and then neglect giving them
the best care.

Peaches. It is usual lo allow about 20 feet for peach
trees that are never short ?ned-in, but permitted to spread
out and take their natural 'ourse. But if shortened-in an-

86

STANCES FOR PLANTING TREES.

niially as they should be, or even triei^nially, by cutting
back three-year branches, they may occupy only 12 feet.
Peach trees budded on the plum, which reduces their growth
a little, may be kept cut back so as to require a space of
only 8 or 9 feet.

Cherries. Common standards, 20 feet apart ; pyramids
on common stocks, 10 feet ; on Mahaleb stocks, 6 feet.
Dukes and Morellos require only three-fourths of this space.

Plums. Standards, 15 feet ; pyramids 8 to 10 feet.

Apricots. One-fourth more space than for plums.

Quinces. 6 to 8 feet.

Grapes. Most vigorously growing native sorts, on a
trellis 8 feet high, 2o feet apart ; on a 12 feet trellis, 16 feet
apart. Foreign grapes one-half this distance.

Gooseberries and Currants. 4 to 5 feet.

Raspberries. 3 or 4 feet.

For the above distances, the following is the number of

trees required for an acre :

40 feet apart, 27 trees.

33 " 40 "

25 " 69 "

108
193

] 2 feet apart, 302 trees.

10 '« 435 "

8 « 680 "

6 " 1,208 "

4 '' 2,720 "

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Arrangement to facilitate cultivation. The above is an
arrangement of kinds of different sizes, into rows for culti-
vation both ways with horse-labor. The larger sorts are in
wide rows as explained on page 81. Fruits which are stung
by the curculio are planted at one end, aud when the fruit
is forming, pigs and geese are confined to that part, by the
hurdle fence a a, run across for the occasion.

CHAPTER X.

PRUNING.

JS 0 well managed fruit tree is ever allowed an ur disturbed
natural growth. If the knife should never approach it after
its first removal from the seed bed, it Avould become a dense
mass of branches, shoots and leaves, like a bush in a hedge-
row, and produce small and imperfect crops. Pruning is
therefore resorted to by every cultivator, but by many with
so little knowledge of its true principles, that the remedy is
sometimes even worse than the disease.

Pruning has two principal objects; one, to give form to
the tree, and to promote the vigorous growth of the shoots
and branches ; and the other, to check the growth of certain
parts in order to favor the production of crops.

1. To direct the growth. This department of pruning
should be commenced in the earliest stages of growth. By
watching in time the course that the tree or branches are
taking, it becomes very easy to alter an}^ objectionable form.
" Just as the twig is bent the tree's inclined," will apply
throughout in giving form to every young tree. Crooked
and crowded branches may be prevented without using any
tool larger than a small pruning-knife, by the early removal
of superabundant shoots, or by altering the growth of others.
It is even better to dispense altogether with the pruning
knife, and merely pinch off the fresh shoots while yet soft
and green. The strength of the soil and the energy of the
tree is not then expended in producing what is after all to
be cut and thrown away as useless.

This branch of the subject will perhaps be more distinctly
understood by an explanation of a feAV practical details in
connexion with these principles.

Every young tree needs attention as soon as it commences
growing from the bud or graft, near the surface of the earth.
If, as is the case with most trees, they are intended for
standards, that is, trees with a naked stem three to five feet

JS PRUNING.

high, tne side-shoots of this stem must be pruned off neitlier
too soon nor too late. If too soon, the trees become slender,
top-heavy, and bend over and assume a crooked form. If
too long neglected, they then become low, bushy, and much
of the vigor of the tree is uselessly expended in producing
what has to be cut off and thrown away. Instead, therefore,
of pruning off the side-shoots closely and at once, it is better
to remove only a very few of the larger ones at the bottom,
and pinch off the ends of all the rest, which directs the sap
into the leading shoot., and the tree thus advances more
rapidly in height, at the same time enough is left to form
wood on the stem and stiffen it, and to furnish stout well
proportioned trees. These stumps are all afterwards pruned
closely. Sometimes a side-shoot will be disproportionately
large, in which case it should be cut off closely at once,
before it makes a crooked stem, and renders a large wound
necessary in its removal.

By treatment similar to this, any form may be given to a
tree ; for as the sap tends naturally to all parts of the tree,
and more strongly to the growing points or summits, by
pinching off or cutting back any part, we throw the sap and
vigor of the tree into the rest. If we wish to alter the form
of the tree but slightly, shortening the tips of the shoots will
be sufficient ; but if a decided change is wanted, the shoots
must be freely cut back or wholly removed.

An even, well-balanced, and properly thinned head for
standards, may be obtained by an early application of the
preceding rules ; varying their adaptation to the peculiar
form of growth of each variety. For example, the Early
Strawberry and Northern Spy apples, and the Madeleine
and Louise Bonne of Jersey pears, are remarkable for the
tendency of their leading shoots to run straight upwards,
and it is consequently requisite, in most cases, to cut back
the upright leader in order to form open and spreading
heads. With other sorts of more diverging growth, the
only care needed is to keep the head evenly balanced, and
properly thinned.

The mode of pruning old neglected apple trees, with a
view to restoring the vigor and fruitfulness of the trees, is
more particularly pointed out on page 124-5; it maybe
only necessary here to remark that the chief requisites to

PRUNING. 89

fceep steadily in view during the operation, is, 1. To avoid
cutting off large limbs except in cases of absolute necessity.
2. To admit light equally into all parts of the tree by thin-
ning out the branches. 3. To remove all crooked or badly
gro\\ing limbs, and preserve a handsome evenly distributed
top. 4. To do the work gradually, or in successive years,
and commencing by preference at the top or centre, which
will favor an open top. 5. To give a coating on all fresh
wounds an inch or more in diameter, of the composition
made of shellac dissolved in alcohol, just thick enough to
be of the consistence of paint. It is applied with great ease
and rapidity, adheres firmly, keeps out the air, and not being
a heavy application, but only a thin coating, it offers no
impediment to the forming-lip of the new growth as it
closes over the wound. A bottle of this composition at all
times at hand, would be found a great convenience. A
shilling's worth of gum-shellac dissolved in a quart of al-
cohol, is all that is necessary, and is immediately ready for
use. If too thick, it is at once rendered more liquid by the
addition of alcohol, and vice versa. The most convenient
way to use it, so that it may be instantly ready at all times,
is to fit into the cork of a large-mouthed bottle, a brush of
convenient size, the cork thus forming a sort of handle to
the brush, which remains within the bottle when not in
use.

The season for pruning old orchards is late in autumn or
in winter, or at mid-summer ; but not in spring when the
flow of sap is apt to injure and cause the decay of the wood
at the wounds.

Pyramids. For pyramids, (a form of training applied
most frequently to dwarf pears,) the early treatment is quite
different from that of standards. As the sap tends to the
summit of the tree, producing the strongest side-shoots to-
wards the top, and the shortest and most feeble towards the
bottom, the natural form of the tree gradually becomes a
trunk or stem with a branching head. To prevent this
result, and give a strong broad set of branches at the bottom,
a thorough and regular system of shortening-down must be
adopted at the outset. The following is a brief outline of
tlie course usually pursued.

90

PRUNING.

J.

After the single shoot from the bud has grown one sea
son, (fig. a,) it is cut down so a^
to leave not over one foot, and
if the tree is weak not over six
inches, (fig. b.) As a conse-
quence, the buds on this remain-
ing portion, receiving all the
sap, make a vigorous growth.
The upper one must be convert-
ed into a leader, by pinching
ofl^ early the tips of the others,
beginning first with the upper ones which will be the
strongest, and gradually descending as the season advances
to the lower ones, which should be left the longest in order
to give them the most strength, (fig. c.) Six inches of
naked stem below the branches should be left, by rubbing
oflfall shoots below ; and if in a region liable to deep snows,
this space should be a foot, to prevent splitting ofi'the limbs
by the weight of the snow, and for which object the tree
should not be cut down lower than eighteen inches at the
close of the first season. The pruning after the second
year's growth, consists in cutting down again the leader for
a second crop of side shoots ; and these side shoots, and the
new lea'der, are to be treated precisely as those below were
treated the year before. At the same time, the last year's
side shoots, on the lower part, are to be
cut back, (the longest at the bottom so
as to give a pyramidal form,) in order
to insure the growth of the buds upon
them. The new side shoots thus caused,
are to be pinched off' so as to convert
them into fruit spurs, (according to the
process described hereafter in this chap-
ter,) except one shoot left on each as a
leader, and another, if needed, to fill up
the space made by the widening limbs.
The pyramid may now be said to have
been fairly formed ; and it is only re-
quisite to continue and prolong the same
process for successive years. Fig. d^
represents a four-year pyramid three

Fpur-year pyramid.

PRUNING.

91

times pruned, each section being shown at the figures 1, 2,
3, and the cross-lines indicating the place for the fourth
pruning. Fig. e represents a per-
fc'-tly pruned pyramid in bearing.

After the tree has attained suffi-
cient size, its further extension is
prevented by pruning back the
shoots. If the fruit spurs become
too numerous, a part of them are
to be pruned closely out, so as to
give an even and not crowded crop.
When spurs become too old, they
may be mostly removed for new
ones to spring from their bases.

Some varieties of the pear throw
out side shoots spontaneously the
first year. Such trees may be
treated in a manner not unlike the
ordinary two-year pyramid. On
the contrary, such sorts as have >
small or flat buds, may need a «•

more severe cutting back than others, in order to arouse the
buds into action and induce them to break into shoots.

Throughout the whole process of pruning and training
pyramids as well as every other tree, the frequent error of
allowing the shoots and branches to become too thick and
to crowd each other, should be carefully avoided. The size
and beauty of the fruit, and its perfection in richness and
flavor, where there is plenty of room for the full, vigorous,
and healthy development of the leaves which supply all
the material for the growing fruit, will repay well the labor
required for this excellent result.

Dwarf apples on (paradise stocks) are usually trained to
a round and rather spreading open head, the same principles
to be applied as in forming dwarf pears, with the exception
of the form given to them, and being more dw^arfish in
growth, less shortening of the shoots is required.

Small, slow growing varieties, as the Melon, Early Joe,
Red Canada, Hawley, Jonathan, Ladies' Sweet, Summer
Pearmain, Dyer, Lady Apple, Lowell, and Wagener, may
be pruned into pyramids and kept small, so as to stand not

9^

PRUNING.

further than twelve feet apart. Thriftier varieties, on Dou-
cain stock, may be treated in the same way.

The Cherry and Plum may be pruned in the form of
pyramids on the same principles as the apple and pear.
The Morello and Duke cherries may be treated either as
pyramids or as smaller, rounded, open-headed dwarfs.

PRUNING TO PRODUCE FRUITFULNESS.

Leaf and fruit buds. The distinction between leaf and
fruit buds, and a knowledge of the causes tending to the
formation of each, lie at the foundation of this important
department of pruning.

Fruit-buds are in general distinguished by their rounded
and obtuse form ; while leaf-buds are slenderer and more

acute. In the accompa-
nying figure, A represents
a portion of the branch
of a pear tree ; b b b are
fruit-buds on the extrem-
ities of short spurs ; c is
a leaf-bud, on a one-yearV
shoot. The fruit-spur?
are nothing more than
stunted shoots, originally
produced from leaf-buds,
but which, making but
little growth, become fruit
bearers. In the pear and
some other trees, they are
never less than two years
o d, and they often continue to bear for many years. B
exhibits the appearance of the two kinds of buds as seen
on the cherry; b b being the rounded fruit-buds ; and c c the
.eaf-buds, distinguished by their slender and acute points.

Cause of the formation of each. Whatever tends to a free
circulation of the sap, and consequently to a rapid growth,
causes the formation of leaf-buds rather than fruit-buds.
On the contrary, whatever tends to retard the motion and
increase the accumulation of sap in any part, induces the
production of fruit instead of leaf-buds. Thus, in the ex-
amples just given, as soon as small stunted shoots are

PRUNING. 93

.ormed, they become furnished with fruit-producing buds.
The vigorous one-year shoot of the cherry (B) is mostly sup-
plied with leaf-buds ; but the short spurs on the second
year's wood, which are but shortened branches, are covered
with fruit-buds, with only a leaf-bud in the centre.

This also explains the chief reason that young and vigor-
ous trees, whose wood and bark are comparatively soft and
yielding, and through whose large and unobstructed vessels
the sap flows without restraint, do not bear so freely as
those whose older and more rigid parts impede the circula-
tion. A young tree kept in a very thrifty condition may
not produce fruit-buds for many years ; while if checked in
its groAvth by imperfect culture, it will bear at a much earlier
age. Some free-growing varieties, as the Bartlett pear,
from a constitutional peculiarity, will bear at one-third of
the age required for others, as the Dix and Tyson.

The production of fruit-buds may be accomplished artifi-
cially by checking the growth of vigorous trees ; but such
treatment, out of the ordinary course of nature, though some-
times useful, should be cautiously applied, as the first crop
gives still another check, and often materially injures the
tree and the quality of its subsequent crops.

Summer pruning. Another and an unobjectionable mode
of attaining the same end, is summer pruni7ig, which is
effected by pinching off the soft ends of the side-shoots after
they have made a few inches growth. In these the sap
immediately accumulates, and the young buds upon the
remainder of these shoots, which otherwise would produce
leaves, are gradually changed into fruit-buds. To prevent
the breaking of these buds into new shoots by too great an
accumulation of the sap, a partial outlet is left
for its escape through the leading shoot of the
branch, which at the same time is effecting the
desired enlargement of the tree. In the an-
nexed figure (c) a branch is represented with
its side-shoots thus undergoing conversion into
fruit-spurs, the dotted lines showing the position
which these shoots would have taken if left
unpinched.

It will be seen that two great objects are here
attained, — the fniitfulness of the tree, and the

94 PHUNING.

increased vigor of the leading-shoot, by directing the sur-
plus sap to its growth.

This constitutes essentially the art of summer pruning
dwarf and pyramidal trees, more especially the pear and
apple. It may be applied with great advantage to young
standards, to produce early fruitfulness.

It often happens, and especially when the pinching is
done too early, that the new buds send out shoots a second
time the same season. When this occurs, these second
shoots are to be pinched in the same manner as the first,
but shorter ; and third ones, should they start, are to be
similarly treated. The bruising given by pinching off with
the thumb and finger, is more apt to prevent this result than
clipping with a sharp knife.

Pruning the roots. This has been tried to a limited
extent only, and has proved useful in checking over-luxu-
riant growth attended with unfruitfulness. Its tendency,
by lessening the supply of sap, is to render trees more
dwarfish, and operates not unlike grafting on dwarf stocks.
ft should be attempted only in connexion with deep, rich
cultivation. It is performed while the tree is dormant, by
means of a spade, ground sharp, and thrust down through
the soil at a suitable distance from the stem."**

For full directions in all the departments of pruning, the
reader is referred to Barry's " Fruit Garden,^' the most
complete work on this branch of the subject, which has yet
appeared in this country.

* The particular modes in which pruning; and training are applied to various kinds
of fruit trees, will be found described on the pages which separately treat of those
fniils-

CHAPTER XI.

IMPLEMENTS, ETC.

Th»< .iiore common tools needed, are the shove^ the spade,
ana we hoe, for digging holes, transplanting, and cultivating
the f/«oinid. Tho rake is useful in mixing manures with
the b(»il lor filling the remote part? -^r large holes.

INSTRUMENTS.

Th » prureing-knife^ fig. 47, is a large hooked knife, for

removing useless branches.

The pruning-saw is needed

in taking off larger limbs ;

^attached to a handle seve-

Fig. 47. ral feet long, it will reach

those at a distance from the ground. The direction of the

teeth should be the re-
verse of the common
saw ; that is, they should
Fig- 48. point towards the ope-

rator, constituting what is called the draw-saiv, fig. 48. Be-
ing thus omy subject to a -pulling strain, it does not require

so thick a blade as a
thrust-saiv^ with ikP
teeth in the usual wa
For this reason it
less liable co become
broken or twisted. The
Fig. 43 how-saw^ fig. 49, is a

[ight saw fo* cTJtting near the ground.
The pruru?ig chisel may differ but little from those of a

common carpenter, fixed

I to the end of a long pole

or handle, for cutting off

small branches at a con

^^^^•^ siderable height. It i?

placed against a Jimb, and the stroke of a mall t separates it

96

IMPLEME.VTS.

Small shoots are removed by the hooked pait, show, in fig. 50
The hudding-knijey fig. 51, should have a broad, fiat blade

the edge of which is to be

rounded outwards, for the
more read}^ incision of the
Pi^ 5i_ bark. The thin ivory blade

or haft at the extremity of
the handle, as the budding-knife is commonly made, may
be dispensed with in nearly all cases, the bud when set m,
Wfting the bark as it slides downwards, more perfectly than
by any other mode, after the corners of the bark are' lifted
vvith the point of the blade.

The gtaf ting-tool (fig. 52) is useful in cleft-grafting

\ ^^ ^^^^^^x large apple trees. It

IL V3i ^ ^^y ^® made of iron,

' ^ the edige set with steel

Fig. 52. It is used for splitting

the stock, after it is sawed ofTand pared. The part a should

be two inches broad with a sharp edge, which should curve

inwards, that the bark, in splitting, may be cut fir^t, to give

it a smooth fiat face. The wedge b opens the stock to

receive the graft. By the hook c it is hung on a twig

close at hand, when not in use. Grafting wedges for common

use, may be made by grinding down large cut nails.

The grafting -shears^ a recent invention, have effected a
great improvement in cleft-grafting, rendering the work
much more expeditious and perfect. They consist of a

short thin blade oJ
the best steel, a, fig.
53, two or three
inches long, set at
an angle of about a
hundred and twenty
degrees with the
handle Z>, which
moves it against ?
The anfjle wjiicn the

sawi?ig

motion to the knife, which renders it more ef^Jr/e. It
may be used on slocks an inch or an inch and lOKilf in
diameter. Pressing the top of th? stock from the operator
with one hand, it is cut off with remarkable ease by a single

Fig. 53.

concave bed in the wooden piece, c.

olade and its bed form with the handles, impa

.MPLEMENTS.

97

Fig. 54.

wooden hook

stroke given to the shears with the other hand. Another
perpendicular stroke slits the stock for the graft, leaving a
perfectly smooth face cut for its reception. The expedition
and perfection of the work is thus greatly facilitated.

Small shears attached to a "pole and worked by a cord,
^fig. 54,) are useful for cutting grafts on tall trees ; in
removing the eggs of caterpillars, (see
chapter on the apple ;) and in taking off fine
fruit to prevent bruising, by attaching a
basket to the pole immediately under the
shears. The blades of these shears, forming
an oblique angle with the shaft at a little dis-
tance above the pivot, make a draw-cMi in-
stead of a crushing-cut , and are for this reason
more effective. Apples, and some of the
harder fruits, may also be gathered with a
in the end of a pole, to draw the fruit from
the branch, caught in a basket just underneath.

In using the long handled pruning-saw, the pruning-
chisel, the graft-cutter, or the fruit-gatherer, the operator
may stand on a ladder or high stool, as an additional assis-
tance in reaching the higher parts of the tree.

Self-sustaining fruit-ladders are very useful in gathering
fine fruit, to prevent mutilation and
bruising of the bark and branches.
Fig. 55, is one of small size and simple
construction, is easily carried in one
hand, and will raise one's feet a yard
or more from the ground. It consists of
a small piece of light plank at the
top, supported on legs not larger than
common chair legs. Fig. 56, repre-
sents one from eight to twelve feet high,
the two single legs moving on joints, for
closing against the ladder in carrying, and
spreading like a tripod in setting up under
the tree.

The folding-ladder may be closed toge-
ther with the facility of a pair of com-
pnsses ; it then becomes a round stick, easily
carried in one hand. It is made of strong
light wood, and its construction may be

93

IMPLEMENTS.

r

/

/

/^^ \

(J

i

/

\ ■

r

/

•■■■■■' 0 ;

ij

1

\ :

readil}' understood bv the annexed figure, (57,) representing
the ladder as open, as half closed, and as closely shut. An
enlarged longitudinal section shoAvs the manner in which
the rounds lie in the grooves or concave beds in the sides or

styles ; above which is a
cross-section exhibiting the
semi-oval form of the styles.
The ends of the rounds turn
on iron pins, slightly riveted
outside. The rounds rest-
ing on shoulders, when the
ladder is opened, render the
whole stifT and firm. A lad-
der of this construction is
found very useful, not only
in fruit-houses, where a com-
mon ladder could not be
conveniently carried, but in
pruning standard trees, be-
FiR. 57. cause it can be thrust through

the branches like a round pole, without the least difTiculty,
and win n once there, it is easily opened.

The orcliardisVs hook consists of a light rod, with an iron

hook at one end, and a
piece of wood made to
slide along it. In using it
the fruit-gatherer draws
down the end of a branch
with the hook, and fastens it by the sliding piece to another
rj ranch below. The slider passes freely along the rod, but
ceases to slide by the friction of the side-strain whenever it
is in use, fig. 58.

Trellis, for scrapes and espaliers. Cedar, or other du-
rable posts should be used, set four or eight feet apart. The
horizontal bars or strips should be let in the posts, and should
be from six to twelve inches apart.

Net screens are useful in preventing the attack of birds
Dn rare and valuable fruits on voungr trees. The net should
oe dipped in tan lo prevent mildew when rolled up wet.

Labels for standard trees are useful in retaining the
names of the varieties. Purchasers of trees usually neglect

t

Fi-. 53.

LABELS.

99

the names, and the labels received with the trees being soon
lost, nothing more is thought of them till they begin to bear.
Curiosity is then excited to know the " new kinds." Con-
jecture is set on foot, and the greatest confusion follows.
Serious and innumerable mistakes are made and perpetuated
in this wav in all parts of the country.

Permanent labels are therefore important and necessary.
The simplest is made of a slip of wood, three inches long
and half an inch wide, suspended to the branch by a loop
of wire, of which copper is best, fig. 59. The name will
last three or four years, if written with
a pencil on a very thin coat of fresh
white paint. Better and more durable
labels are made of small pieces of sheet-
zinc, written upon with a mixture of two
parts (by weight) of verdegris, two of
sal-ammoniac, one of lamp-black, and
thirty of water. The ingredients are to
be mixed in a mortar with a small por-
tion of water at first, and the whole added
afterwards. Preserve the mixture in a
well corked bottle, shaking it repeatedly at first, and keep
the cork downwards to prevent the escape of ammonia, and
it will remain fit for use for years.

If the pieces of zinc are suspended by copper wire, it
should be firmly twisted round the zinc so as not to remain
loose (fig. 60,) or else the constant motion from wind, will
soon wear off the wire. The wire should be
nearly as large as a small knitting needle, to pre-
vent cracking off by long use. The loop should
be large, and pass round a side-shoot, instead of a
main branch to prevent the danger of cutting in
by the growth of the tree ; and should be attached
below a small fork, to prevent its blowing off the
end of the branch.

The wire may be wholly dispensed Avith by the
following contrivance : cut the zinc into long
triangular strips, half an inch wide and six to ten
inches long. Draw the narrow or slender end
Fig. 60. round the twig, bring it through a hole punched
mid-way between the ends, and clinch or twist it with the

Fig. 59.

100

LABELS.

fingers or a small pair of pinchers. These labels may be
cut and punched by a tinman at a cheap rate.

Sheet tin maybe used instead of zinc, using a sharp awl
to write the name, and being particular to cut through the
tin coating. Oxidation soon renders the letters distinct.

Lead labels, (fig. 60,) stamped with type, and suspended
with copper wire, well twisted against the hole, to prevent
wearing by the motion of the wind, are very durable.
Fig. 61, shows the mode of stamping, by sliding the sheet
lead between two plates of iron,
c, b, screwed together, and setting
the types successively against the
upper plate, a, and stamping one at
a time. The letters are thus kept
in a straight line. The imprinted
end of the sheet lead is then cut ofT,
and forms the label.*

No person, who plants an orchard
or fruit garden, should depend
wholly on labels, w^hich may be lost off, to distinguish the
names of his trees. The rows, and the kinds in each row,
should be registered in successive order, in a book kept for
the purpose. This will facilitate the replacement of any
lost label.

* It is sometimes a matter of conveniei ce to mark the names on specimens of the
fruit itself. This is quickly and permane tly done by tracing the name wiih a blunt
fctick, or a pencil., pressing hard enougl; to indent the surface, but not to tear the
skill. It succeeds best on pears, ihe w :iting soon changing color and becoming
conspicuous.

B

1 MOORPARK

w

i A i®

Fig. CL

CHAPTER XII.

TEB.^IS USED IN DESCRIBING FRUITS.

It is only by a uniform and definite use of terms, thai
descriptions can be made intelligible to the reader. A full
explanation of these terms hence becomes a matter of im-
portance. Distinctive characters should be permanent, and
not liable to variation with a change of locality,soil, season,
or climate ; or, if variable, the nature of such variation
should be distinctly pointed out. To assist the cultivator
the more fully to understand written descriptions, the devo-
tion of a few pages to a clear explanation of the terms usee
in this work, ma}' prove useful.

/. Growth of the tree, shoots, and leaves.

The form of growth often affords a good distinctive cha-
racter of varieties, not liable to great variation. Young
trees, only a few years old, usually exhibit peculiarities of
growth more conspicuously, than old trees, of irregular
spreading branches. Hence, in all cases, where this cha-
racter is mentioned, it refers to young trees not more than
three or four years from the bud or graft, unless otherwise
expressed.

1. Shoots are erec^ when they rise nearly perpendicularly
from the main trunk or stem, as in the Early Strawberry
apple and Bartlett pear, fig. 62.

Diverging, when they deviate from the perpendicular at
9n angle of about forty-five degrees, considerable variation
oeing found in the same tree ; as in the Domine and Ribsto7t
Pippin, fig. 63.

Spreading, when they more nearly approach ^ horizontal
direction, as in most trees of the Rhode Island ^^reening,
fig. 64.

Drooping, when they fall below the horizontal, a jorn

102

TERMS USED.

which many spreading shoots assume, as they grow into the
large branches of older trees.

j^scendin^^ when they curve upwards, as in the Graven-
stein apple, and smal^ Red Siberian Ciab, fig. 65. Erect
trees usually partake more or less of this quality, but the
Early Harvest is iree from it.

Irregular^ when they assume no very distinct growth
but more or less a mixture of the preceding, as Black
Gilliflower, and Summer Bonchretien pear.

Straggli/ig, similar to the next preceding, but with shoots
more slender and curved, as Winter Nelis and Black
Worcester pear, i\g. 6(j.

Fig. G-2. Fig. r.3. Fig. 64. Fig. 65. i'ig. 66.

Shoots are straight, as in the Early Harvest and Northern
Spy apples ; Jlexuous, or more or less deviating from a
straight line, as in the Swaar and Roxbury Russett. This
distinction is very apparent and uniform in young and very
thrifty trees, but not in older ones of feeble growth.

They are stout, as in the Red Astrachan ; slender, as in
the Jonathan apple, and Winter Nelis pear.

Trees with erect straight shoots when young, usually
form more regular and compact heads in older trees ; and
those of a spreading habit, more irregular or drooping
heads.

Some trees which grow very rapidly when young, are
small when of full size, examples of which are found in
the Late Strawberry and Tailman Sweeting. Others at
first g (j\v more slowly, but ultimately become large, as
Esop'.»s Spitzenburgh. Some varieties, again, continue

TERMS USED. 103

to increase rapidly in size at all periods, as the Northern
Spy ; while others of feeble growth wl en small, never
attain much magnitude, as the Early Joe and Sme Qua
Non.

2. The color of the shoots varies greatly in the same
variety at different periods of the year, as well as with dif-
ferent degrees of exposure to the sun, and with a change
of soil, climate, and season. When fresh or very young,
all have a greenish color, but gradually assume various
shades of yellow, olive, brown, red, purple, and nearly
black, as the season advances, and as they become bare
and are exposed to the sun and weather. For this reason,
in describing the color, the terms must be relative, and can
only be correctly applied by a comparison at the time \vith
the color of other sorts. During winter, and early in the
spring, the shoots of most trees become so much darker
than at other times, that it is only practice and by placing
the different sorts side by side, that accuracy may be
attained. Skilful culturists will readily distinguish, by a
glance at the color of the shoots, many of the kinds they
cultivate ; but the peculiar cast is hard to describe in words,*
in the same way that it is impossible to describe the hand-
writing of an individual, so as to be known from fifty
others, although many can, at a glance, know the pen-
manship of hundreds of different persons. A few of the
most strongly marked cases, however, present peculiarities
of color, which form useful points of distinction. No one,
for instance, could easily mistake the yellow shoots of the
Bartlett and Dix pears, for the dark brown or purple of the
Tyson and Forelle ; or the light greenish cast of the Bough
and Sine Qua Non apples, for the dark color of the Northern
Sp)', or dark brown of the Baldwin ; nor the downy or
greyish appearance of the Ladies' Sw^eeting and Esopus
Spitzenburgh, for the clear shining brown of the Gravenstein
and Red Astrachan.*

3. The Buds sometimes afford distinct characteristics. As
examples, the large, compact, and projecting buds of the
summer Bonchretien, always contrast strongly with the
smaller, more rounded, and softer buds of the Madeleine.

* Nearly all shoots are more or less downy at first, but the down disappears as
liey giow older. Hence the term must be used relatively. In plums, the smooth, oi
lowiiy shoots, afford in most cases good distinctive points.

104

TERMS USED.

Buds are large on the Swaar and Golden Sweet ; small on
the Tallin an Sweeting and Rhode Island Greening.

4. The Leaves in a large number of instances, are of use
in distinguishing different varieties.

They are ei-en, (not wrinkled,) as in the Bartlett pear and
Baldwin apple, fig. 67.

Fig. (i

Fig. 63 Fi?. 69.

Fig. 70.

Pig. 71.

Waved^ as in the Tallman Sweeting, and Beurre d'Au-
malis pear, fig. 68.

Wrinkled^ when the waves are shorter and more irregu-
lar, as in Green Sweet, fig. 69.

Flat, as in the Madeleine and Skinless pears, fig. 70.
' Folded and recurved, as in the Easter E^arre .ind Bon-
chretien Fondante, fig. 71.

Large and wide as in the Red Astrachan and Huling's
Superb.

Narrow, as in Dyer apple, and Van Mons Leon le Clerc
pear.

Erect, as in Early Strawberry, fig. 72.

Drooping, as in Dominie, fig. 73. But
these two last are indistinct characters,
and only to be resorted to in a few very
^-remarkable instances, as most leaves are
erect on new shoots, and become spread-
ing or drooping as they grow older.

The color of the leaves may sometimes
assist in description, as light green in the
Yellow Bell flower and Rambo ; deep greef/,
as in the Rhode Island Greening ; and hlueish green, as in
Peck's Pleasant.

The fte?-ratures, or saw-teeth markings on the wargins of
leavf'S, are characteristics of importance, in many varieties
of the apple, and on the peach they are so well defined as

Fig. 73.

TERMS USED.

lOi

w form a basis of the classification of varieties. The latter
will be found particularly described in the separate chapter
on the peach.

Leaves of apples are,

Serrate, or cut with teeth like those of a saw.

Sharply serrate, when ever}^ serrature ends in a sharp
point, as in the Fall Pippin, fig. 74.

Doubly serrate, when the serratures themselves are again
Hiinutelv serrated, as in the Vandevere and Drap d'Or,
lie-. 75.'

Coarsely serrate, as in the Swaar.

71— Sharply Serrate. 75— Doubly Serrate. 76— Crenate.

Crenate, when the teeth are rounded, as in the Esopus
Spitzenburgh, fig. 76.

Obtusely crenate, when the teeth are unusually rounded,
as in the Bough.

Finely crenate, when the teeth are small, as in summer
Queen.

When the serrat ires are partly rounded, and irregularly

106

EXPLANATION OF I'lCRMS.

they become toothed, as in Ladies
Sweetintr, fin-. 77.

Many varieties present inter-
mediate degrees, as,

Serrate-crenate, partaking some
what of both, as Jersey Sweeting,
Summer Rose.

Crenaie-toothedy as in Bevan's
Favorite.

Sir rate, slightly approaching
toothed, as in Rambo.

Flowers. — In ajiples, pears,
cherries, and most other kinds,
but little difference exists in the
flowers. In the peach and nec-
tarine, however, an important
^^s-'^T- division in classification is made

by the great difference between those with large and
small petals ; one class, including the Early Ann, Grosse
Mignonne, and others, having large showy flowers ; and
another class, comprising Early Crawford, George IV., and
many more, having flowers with small narrow petals.

II. FORM OF THE FRUIT.

In the following pages, the base of a fruit or any other
part or production of a tree, is the portion towards the branch
or root. This is in accordance with the language univer-
sally adopted in describing plants. It has, however, been
more or less departed from in the common language used to
describe fruits, and especially so as applicable to the pear.
This deviation from scientific accuracy tends to confusion,
and if simplicity of expression is sought, ambiguity must
be avoided. The apex of the stalk of a fruit, however, to
avoid the chance for a mistake, may in
all cases be termed the insertion.

The term apex should be understood as
applying to the part most remote from
the branch or root. In fruits, it is the
part opposite to the insertion of ihe stalk
In pears, this part is usually denominated
the crovm.

£XFLANAT10^' OF TE113IS.

10?

The axis is a line connecting the base and apex.

A longitudinal stctioa is made by cutting an apple from
base to apex.

A transverse section, by cutting it at right angles to the axis.

The length is the longitudinal diameter ; the breadth^ the
transverse diameter.

A fruit is round when nearly spherical, as Fameuse,
Green Sweet.

Roundish^ when varying slightly from round, or when
the length and breadth are nearly equal, as Dyer and Gra-
venstein.

79— Oblate. 80— Conical. 81— Ovate. 82— Obconic.

Oblate^ flat^ ox flattened, when the height is much less than
the breadth , as Rambo, Maiden's Blush, fig. 79.

Co7Z2ca/,when tapering from the base to the apex, as Bul-
lock's Pippin, fig. 80.

Ovate, or egg-shaped, when the length rather exceeds
the breadth, with a rounded taper from base to apex, as in
Esopus Spitzenburgh, fig. 81.

Obco7iic* or reversed conical, when the smaller end is at
the base or stalk, as in the Tyscn pear, fig. 82.

Obovate, or reversed ovate, is when the smaller end of an
egg-shaped fruit is at the base, is the Buflfum and Dearborn
Seedling pears, fig. 83.

83— Obovate. 84— Oblong. 8.3- Round-ovate. 86— Oblate-conical.

Oblong, when the length exceeds the breadth, and the

♦ This term is chiefly applied to pears, and is nearly equivalent to pjTJVuidal, but
9 more precise in its meaning.

108

EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

sides are nearly parallel, as Kaiehn's Spitzenburgh
fig. 84.

Obtuse, when the parts are rounded or blunt.
Acute, when any part, as the neck of a pear, tapers to
nearly a point.

Fruits may partake of forms variously combined, as,
Roimd'ovate, when nearly round, with a slight rounded
taper to apex, as Lady's Sweeting, fig. 85.

Rou7id- conical, nearly the same as the last, but with the
taper less rounded.

Oblong' conical, as Yellow Bellflower.
Oblo7ig-ovate, as Black Gilliflower.

Ob I ate- conical, as Rhode Island Greening, and Hawthorn-
dean, fig. 86.

Depressed, pressed down, sunk, or shortened, applied to
the apex of peaches, strawberries, &c.

Flattened at the ends when the base and apex only are
flattened, as Winter Pearmain. An oblong fruit, though
not flat, may be flattened at ends ; a conical fruit may be
flattened at base.

Co/7/pressed, pressed together, when the sides are flattened,
as in some apricots, plums, &c.

The CAVITY is the hollow in which the stalk or stem of a
fruit is placed.

The BASIN is the depression
whijh contains the calyx, eye,
or remains of the blossom.

A cavity may be shallow,
narrow, deep, or broad.

It may be obtuse, or some-
what blunt or rounded at bottom,
as in the Petre pear and Pomme
Grise apple, fig. 87.

Aaite, when simply ending

in a sharp point at bottom, as

Baldwin, fig. 88.

Acuminate, when ending in a long drawn out taper, as

Fall Pippin, fig. 89. The Holland and Fail Pippin are

distinguished from each other by the rather obtur:e cavity

of the former, and acuminate cavity of the latter.

The BASIN is always narrow in any fruit having a narrow

EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

109

Fig. 87— Obtuse. Fig» 88. Fig. 89.

or pointed apex, fig. 90 ; it is usually wide in fruits having
a wide or obtuse apex, as Rambo, fig. 91 ; but where the
rim or boundary is broad and obtuse, the basin may be
narrow, as in the St. Lawrence and Gravenstein, fig. 92.

It is distinct when well defined.

Abrupt, when the depression breaks off suddenly from the
rim, fig. 93.

Fig. 90 Fig. 91. Fig. 92. Fig. 93.

Emn^ when not furrowed or wrinkled.

Angular, with several corners.

Wrinkled, having small irregular hollows and ridges.

Waved, with gentle and irregular undulations of surface

Furrowed, when more regularly channelled.

Plaited, having small, straight, and regular ridges.

Ribbed, with larger and more obtuse or rounded ridges.

The peculiar forms of pears render some additional terms
necessary :

Many pears have a neck, or narrower part towards the
stalk, and a body, or larger part towards the crown, fig. 94.

They are distinctly pyriform, when the sides formed by
the body and neck, are more or less concave or hollowed in,
as in fig. 94, shown by the dotted lines.

Turbhiaie, or top-shaped, when the body is nearly round,
and a short rounded acute neck, as in the Bloodgood, fig^. 95

110

EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

The form of different pears is further distinguished by the
form of the different parts :

The neck iv.uv be Irmg, as in Calebasse.

Narrow, as in Beurre Bosc, fig. 96.

Short, as in Glout Morceau, fig. 97.

Obtuse, as in Bartlett.

j^cute, as in Jargonelle, fig. 9S. '

Fi<r.94. Fig. 95. Fig. 96. Fig. 97. Fig. 98.

Ohconic, as in Capiaumont.

Distinct, as in Beurro Bosc.

Obscure, as in Seckel.

The body may be heavy or large, when greatly exceeding
in size the neck, as Catillac.

Light or small, when not much larger than the neck ; s
Washington ; in which case the fruit approaches oblo g
in form.

Ob ate, or flattish, as in Frederick of Wurtemburg.

RouJid, as in Jargonelle.

Conical, as in Vicar of Winkfield.

Ovate, as in Marie Louise.*

Cherries may be round, cordate or heart shaped, or ovate.
' Stone Fruits usually have a furrow on one side, extend-
ing from the stalk to the apex, termed a shture. (literally
meaning a seam,) which sometimes occurs on both sides. It
is large, when wide and deep; distinct, when clear or well
defined ; obscure, when faint ; obsolete, when not existing,
or only a faint line on the surface.

Color of Fruit. — The lightest colored fruit is white, as
the Snow peach ; next, yellowish white ; pale yellow ; yel-

* CultivMiion .nfluences consideral)Iy the form of pears. Thus, on a young thrifty
tree, llie St- ckel pear has a sliglit neck ; on an old heavily laden tree, the neck i3
obsolete. The body, when ovate or slightly conical on young trees, becomes
-ounded on older trees, and even fiuttened in rare instances.

EXPLANATION OF TERMS. Hi

low ; and deep yellow. The addition of red produces suc-
cessively, orange yellow, orange, orange red, rich warm red.
Shades of red, clear red, crimson when darkened, purple
when blue is added, violet, less blue than in puiple. Am-
ber is a very light yellowish brown. Fawn color is a light
reddish brown, with a slight admixture of grey.

A fruit is striped ^ when in alternating broid lines of
color ;

Streaked, when the lines are long and narrow;

Marbled, when the stripes are wide, faint, irregular or
waving ;

Blotched, of different abrupt shades, without any order or
regularity ;

Clouded, when the blotches are broader and more softly
shaded;

Stained, the lighter shades of a blotchedor clouded apple;

Splashed, when the stripes are much broken and all
sizes ;

Mottled, covered with nearly confluent dots;

Dotted, Avhen these dots are more distinct;

Spotted, when the dots become larger.

Texture of Fruit. Hard, those which need the artifi
cial aid of cooking to soften them sufficiently, as the Catil-
lac pear.

Breaking, when tenderer than the preceding, but not
yielding to the simple pressure of the mouth, as Summer
Bonchretien.

Buttery, when the flesh forms a soft mass, yielding to
the pressure of the mouth, as in the White Doyenne and
Seckel pears.

Melting, when the flesh becomes nearly or entirely liquid
by this pressure, as in the Madeleine. These qualities may
be combined, as breaking and melting, in the Washington;
breaking and buttery, in the Onondaga ; buttery and melt-
ing, in the Tyson, and in most of the best varieties of the
pear.

The texture may be fine, granular, coarse, gritty, fibrous,
tough, crisp, or tender.

The Flavor may be sweet, neutral, slightly sub-acid, or
mild sub-acid, sub-arid, acid, very acid, or austere ; aro??iat'
8

11^ EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

or spicy ; 'perfumed or possessing odor and with more or less
of a shade of musk; astringent, usually a defect, but some-
times an excellent quality, if in a very minute proportion;
rough, astringent and austere ; vinous, rich, high-flavored,
and rather acid ; sugary or saccharine, sometimes nearly
sweet, possessing the qualities of sugar, which may be
mixed with acid.

The Quality is designated by first, second, and thira
rates ; and fruits perfectly worthless by still lower grades,
A second rate fruit, to be \\ xthy of cultivation, must
possess other good qualities in a high degree, as hardi-
ness, productiveness, fair appearance, &c. Very few fruits
as low as third rate, can ever be worth retaininc^, and only
for extreme earliness or other uncommon quality. Fruits
that possess desirable qualities, are usually designated by
three degrees of flavor; the lowest, including the best of
second rate fruits, or " good second rate," are termed good;
the lower grade of first rate fruits are termed very good, or
fine; and the highest qualitj?- of all, are best, very fine, or
excellent. Examples, — Maiden's Blush apple, Napoleon
pear, Lombard plum, and Crawford's Early peach, are ^ood ;
Rhode Island Greening, Bartlett pear, Graffion or Bigarreau
cherry, and Red Gage plum, are very good ox fine ; and
Swaar apple, Seckel pear, Downton cherry, and Green Gage
plum, are excellent or best.

PART II

ON THE

D]""

FFEKENT KINDS OF FRUITS.

PART II.

ON THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF FRUITS.

Throughout the following part of this work, to enable the
reader to perceive at a glance, the character and quality oi
a fruit, without the trouble of reading every separate de-
scription, the different degrees of excellence are indicated
by the type used for the name. Those varieties which have
been admitted as eminently worthy of cultivation, by a large
vote in many different parts of the country, are printed in
LARGE CAPITALS ; those next in quality and value, and
in nearly all cases fruits of first quality, are designated by
SMALL CAPITALS ; those worthy of a place only in large col-
lections, or whose character has not yet been fully estab-
lished, are in Italics ; while such as have been superseded
or are unw^orthy of cultivation except on the trial grounds-
of the Pomologist, are in common Roman type. A few new
rarieties of high excellence, which promise to become
general favorities, are given in ITALIC CAPITALS.

It is scarcely necessary to remark that the task of thus
^1 ssing the numerous varieties, is one of extraordinary
d fficulty. The diversities of tastes, the changes wrought
by soil, culture, and climate, and the different estimates
pla:ed upon delicious flavor alone, productiveness, handsome
appearance, early maturity or long keeping, would wholly
preclude entire unanimity in any one case. The author has
endeavored to weigh properly all the different objections
and recommendations, according to the best information to be
obtained ; and in this labor he has been generously assisted
by several of the most eminent Pomologists of the country.

It has been the aim to admit, in no instance, any new
variety, that cannot deservedl)^ rank among those of high
excellence ; all others being such as have either been known
ly extensive dissemination or by descriptions in books.

1 l6 NAMES AND SYNONYMS.

Names and Synonyms. When more than one name for
a single variety has been widely known, it has been the aim
of the author to select the one most commonly used. Fci
this reason, those adopted in Downing's " Fruits and Fruit
Trees of America," have in nearly all cases been retained,
a work more extensively circulated than any of a similar
character.

It happens, in some instances, that the original or correct
name may have been for a long time partly or \vholly thrown
aside and a new one substituted; thus, William's Bonchre-
tien has given way to the name Bartlett ; Pomme Royal to
Dyer ; Epargne to Jargonelle ; Williams to William's
Favorite. In such cases, it can be hardly proper to tax the
whole community to make a change, to rectify the error of
an individual ; and the more common name has been
retained. A pomological writer, like the compiler of a dic-
tionary, should confine himself as nearly as practicable
to general usage, and not to the manufacture of new names.
Old and popular names, as Bough and Pennock, have hence
been preferred to the newer ones of Large Yellow Bough
and Pennock's Red AVinter.

In a few instances, however, to prevent mistake or con-
fusion, it becomes necessary to choose the appellation the
less widely known. Preference is also given to English
names. Thus, the example of Downing has been followed
in the adoption of such names as Blue Gage, Purple Gage
and Echassery, as used by Lindley, instead of Azure
Hative, Reine Claude Violette, and Echasserie, by Thomp-
son. The course pursued with foreign names is more fullj
explained on a future page.

Cases of difficulty occur where usage differs with a
change of locality. The fruit known as the Butter pear
of Penns3dvania, the Virgalieu of New York, and the St.
Michael of New England, evidently requiring a genera'
name, the original European appellation of White Doyenna
has been chosen. The Ortley or White Detroit apple, fur
nishes a similar case. Decisions can hardly be satisfactory
to all parties, however carefully opposing claims may have
been weighed ; and the voice of the public at large can
only finally settle such disputed questions.

CHAPTER I.

THE APPLE.

" The apple," says Downing, " is the world-rexiowned fniit
of temperate climates." Although less delicious than the
peach or pear, it possesses, from its great aardiness, easy
cultivation, productiveness, its long contir .ance through the
whole twelve months, and various uses, an importance not
equalled by any other fruit.

Its value as a table fruit, or for cooking, and its increasing
importance as an article for exportation, are well known.
But its great value and cheapness as food for domestic animals
is very imperfectly comprehended or understood. Take for
example, a brief estimate : — Where land is fifty dollars per
acre, an acre of good productive apple trees may be planted
and brought into bearing for as much mpre, making the
entire cost one hundred dollars. These will yield, as an
average, four hundred bushels annually, or ten bushels per
tree, if the lest cultivation is giY en. The annual interest of
the orchard, at six per cent., is six dollars ; the annual cultiva-
tion will not exceed six more, or twelve dollars as the cost
of the whole crop on the trees, or three cents per bushel. In
many f'^rtile parts of the country, where one plowing and
two or three harrowings each year would be all the cultiva-
tion needed, the cost of the ungathered crop would be only
a cent and a half per bushel. The value of sweet apples
for cattle and swine has proved to be fully equal to the
best root crops. No land-owner need therefore fear to plant
extensively, with a view of being furnished with a copious
supply of food for domestic animals, needing not, like other
crops, the yearly attention and care of procuring seed and
planting.

lis PR0PAGAT10.>* OF THE APPLfi.

%
PROPAGATION.

liaising ike Seedlings. The seeds are most easily ob-
tained from the pomace of cider mills. They will make
the most thrifty plants, if the apples are selected from the
most rapidly growing sorts. The pomace is to be broken up
fine, in a large wash tub, mixed with water, stirred, and
allowed to stand a few seconds, when the seeds will settle
to the bottom, and the apple pulp is then racked off. A man
will thus wash out half a bushel of seeds in a day. The
clean seeds are more evenly and conveniently sown than in
the pomace, which may be done either in autumn or spring.
U not done till spring, they should be kept through the win-
ter, mixed with clean, moist sand, or with fine peat or pul-
verised muck, ti ^d exposed to the frost, which will tend to
split the exterioi horny covering. If mixed with soil or
loam, it will be more difficult to separate the seed in dropping.

The seeds may be sown in drills from one to two feet
apart, to be kept clean with the hoe. Or where land can
be afforded, the}' may be sown in wide drills, three feet
apart, for the cultivator to pass between. When sown in
the autumn, on soils which have a large admixture of clay,
the seed should be covered with fine muck or peat, to pre-
vent the formation of the crust on such soils, often so hard
that the young plants cannot rise through it. A compost
made of peat and one quarter of its bulk of ashes, is still
better. If sown in the spring, the seed should be mostly
covered with soil, with only a sprinkling of muck on the
surface ; otherwise the seeds or young plants may perish by
becoming too dry before they are well established. A
sprinkling of fine manure will accomplish nearly the same
purpose.

The seedlings are treated in three different ways. They
may be set out into nursery rows in the spring, when a year
old, to be budded the second summer ; they may be taken
up and root-grafted as soon as large enough ; or they may
be planted into rows and grafted at any subsequent period.

1. Budding. When the young plants are vigorous and
the land fertile, the budding may sometimes be done the
first year after removal to the nursery rows, but usually
the second summer will be found best, when the trees are
of sufficient size, and in the highest state of vigor, and

PROPAGATION OF THE APPLE. 119

when, as a consequence, the bark will separate freely, and
ihe work be expeditious as we 1 as sure of success. These
are headed back the following spring, according to the treat
ment described in the chapter on budding.

2. Root-grafting. This is done by whip or tongue
grafting, already described on a previous page. When per-
formed on a large scale, by nurserymen, the season selected
is the latter part of winter, and before the commencement
of the usual spring operations. It is wholly performed
within doors, and consequently the seedlings must be taken
up the preceding autumn. Most of the part a.bove ground
is cut off, to save room, and they are then packed in tight
boxes, to be secure from mice, in a common cellar. The
usual practice is to fill the interstices among the roots with
moist earth ; but pulverised muck is better, as it admits a
more easy separation of the trees, and they are less covered
with grit, and more easily washed. Trees of two years'
growth are usually quite large enough, and sometimes one-
year seedlings will do.

When ready to commence grafting, roots enough for one
day's work are taken, the side roots trimmed within about
a quarter of an inch of the main root, and they are cut in
pieces about four inches long ; the upper piece may have a
portion of the stem attached. They are then Avashed by
stirring them in a pail of water, leaving them in the water,
and taking out small quantities to dry, as wanted for use.
Scions for half a day's work are then cut about four inches
long, and a portion prepared for setting by cutting the usual
slope and tongue at the lower end. The roots are then cut
one by one in the Fame way, and the grafts inserted. The
place of union is then covered with ' grafting wax. This
may be applied, either directly in a melted state, with a
small brush, which is best and most expeditious ; or by
rolling tightly round, a small strip of w^ax plaster. Tying
with strings is wholly needless, if the grafting has been
properly done by crowding the tongue and cleft closely
together, so that the parts cannot be easily displaced. Wax
for this purpose, being placed always beneath the surface of
the soil, should be softer than for other grafting, to facilitate
its more ready application, and to prevent any danger ot
Rcorchiner the bark by heating it in melting. A larg^er

F

120 PROPAGATION OF THE APPLE.

portion of tallow or oil in the wax described under grafting
will accomplish this purpose.

When the grafting is completed, the grafted roots are *o
be packed away in boxes, till the ground opens. Raisin
boxes, or those of similar size, will prove convenient. Fine
mould or peat, from the box in Avhich the roo's were packed,
is sprinkled over the bottom, the grafts are placed in, slant-
ing, in successive layers, and all the spaces filled with
mould or peat, A strip of board, with a length equal to
the width of the box, to press against each successive layer
whi^e applying the mould, is found convenient. The mould
should reach within an inch or two of the tops of the grafts,
and should be compactly filled among them. During the
whole of the work, each heap of grafts must be kept with
a label, and every box sufficiently marked, to prevent all
possibility of mistake.

It is a practice with many cultivators to place the boxes
in so warm a place, that the grafts may make a growth of
a few inches before setting out. But unless the soil is very
favorable, the result is often unsuccessful. As a general
rule, for all localities, the grafts should be set out as early
as practicable in spring, and before they have made much
growth.

Waxing is sometimes omitted ; but in light or gravelly
soils, and especially if dry weather succeeds, the omission is
attended with great loss.

The most favorable soils, are rich, rather moist, and
rather heavy loams. If light or gravelly, there is more dan-
ger from midsummer drouths, which often prove quite de-
structive. Grafting the whole root entiie will much
lessen the difficulty.

The grafts are most expeditiously set out with a
dibble, or a sharp tool, shod with iron or steel, about
an inch and a half in diameter, one stroke of which
into the mellow soil forms a hole for the roots, and
two or three lighter strokes press the earth closely
Fig. 100. about them. Fig. 100 represents a convenient form
for this instrument, which may be made of the handle of a
broken spade. Fig. 101 shows the graft and root, ready for
setting out. To keep the whole moist, till sufficient growth
takes place, the place of union between the root and gfraft

PROPAGATION OF THE APPLE. 121

should be at least three inches below the surface. Espe-
cial care is needed to fill up closely the hole made by the
tool, and that no cavity is left about the lower part of the
root, which is sometimes done by the inexperienced
workman.

The chief care afterwards is to keep the ground
constantly cultivated, and perfectly clean, which will
increase the growth during summer, and exclude
mice in winter; the trees are to be trained up to
one leading stem, not trimming so closely as to make
them slender ; they are to be kept straight, by ty-
ing them when necessary to upright stakes ; and all
Fi^ 101. destructive insects must be watched and destroyed.
If the ground is rich and kept perfectly clean, they will
grow from one and a half to two feet the first summer after
grafting ; to three or four feet, the second summer ; five to
six or seven feet the third summer, when many of them
will be large enough for removal to the orchard, and most
of the remainder in one year more. If suffered to remain
longer in the nurser}^ they should be taken up and set out
again, for the purpose of shortening the long roots, without
which subsequent transplanting would be attended with
too great a check in the growth, if not actual danger to the
tree.

Root grafting is extensi^^ely performed in large nurseries,
but on unsuitable soils, budding is found the most certain of
success, the buds being rarely de.^troyed, and only by the
most unfavorable winters. The bud remaining dormant the
first summer, the growth is one year later than on grafted
stocks of the same age ; but this difference is made up by
the more rapid growth of the shoot from the bud, which
is usually twice as great as that of a graft on the root. To
obtain handsome and good trees, the bud should be set within
two or three inches of the ground.

An industrious man will set and wax in a day 500 r-oot
grafts, or the same number of buds, tying them in for him-
self. If a careful boy ties the buds after him, 1000 per day
will not be a severe task.

PLANTING ORCHARDS.

Soil. The apple is a vigorous and hardy tree, and will
grow upon most soil?. It does best however, on those tha

122

PLA.MING APPLE ORCHARDS.

are deep, rich and fertile, such as will give good crops of
Indian corn. Hard, shallow, and wet grounds are to be
avoided. Improvement by manuring, and deep cuhivation,
IS desirable, as a great ditference in quality and productive-
ness results from a difference in fertility. The application
of lime, where not abundant in the soil, is of great impor-
tance.

Distance. Where the quantity of ground is limited and
in rare cases, trees may for a time stand within fifteen or
twent}' feet ; but for large and permanent orchards they
should not be nearer than thirty feet. There is however,
a material difference in the size of varieties, hence a varia-
tion may be allowed. But this variation in distance should
not break the rows which are to be preserved for con-
venience in cultivation. The rows may be kept entire, by
varying the distance in one way only, as in the annexed
figure. The middle portion is for trees of the largest size,
as the Spitzenburgh, Fall Pippin, and Rhode Island
Greening ; those of smallest size, as Bough, Yellow Har-
vest and Sine Qua Non, are on the left ; and those of middle
growth, as the Swaar, Black Gilliflower, and Tallman
Sweeting, are on the right.

* * * * * # * * # ####

***** * # * * ####

***** * * * * ###*

***** * ## ^ i/f ii( -iff n

***** * * * * **#*

This distinction in the size of the trees, is only necessary
in the most extensive orchards.

Transplanting. Full directions have been given in a pre

reding chap'.er, where the superior advantages of broad,
deep, and loose beds of earth, made by heavy subsoiling
and manuring, have been pointed out; or in the absence of
this excellent preparation, by digging large holes to be
filled with rich mould, or manured surface-soil. This care
is often thought unnecessary with so hardy a tree as the
apple. But a just comparison of the two modes would
exhibit its eminent advantages. Take, for instance, the

east efficient of the two modes, that of digging large holes.
A hundred hole?, six feet in diameter, may be dug by a

RENOVATING OLD ORCHARbS. 123

man in eight days, — and filled with muck or rich mould
in four days more ; the cost with team, eleven dollars. A
hundred small holes may be dug in four days ; cost, three
dollars ; difference, against large holes, eight dollars. The
trees planted in the large holes would probably yield with
good attention, a bushel a tree, in five years, making 100
bushels ; the sixth year 120 bushels ; the seventh, 150 ;
the eighth, 190 ; the ninth, 240 ; the tenth, 300 ; total 1000
bushels, — worth, at 20 cents, $200. The other would not
probably produce 100 bushels in less than ten years, which
would be worth $20. Difference in favor of large holes,
$1S0, to balance $8, against them. Although the calcu-
ation cannot be precise, it is probably a tolerable ap-
proximation, and must appear moderate when the increased
size of the trees and superiority of the crop for many years
afterwards is taken into account.

The objection that such work must be done at a very busy
season of the year, may be obviated by digging the holes
and filling them at some other time.

CULTIVATION.

The importance of thorough cultivation, has been already
noticed, and cannot be too well understood. If two speci-
nens could be exhibited side by side, the one showing the
Uunted, lingering, mice-eaten and moss-covered trees,
jaused by neglect; and the other, the vigorous and thrifty
Trowth, and the fair and abundant crops, resulting from
^ne and clean culture ; none could fail to be satisfied of the
superiority of the one and impolicy of the other.

RENOVATING AND PRUNING OLD ORCHARDS.

As soon as the first symptom of failure in old orchards
ppears, they should, in addition to good cultivation, be
freely manured in connexion with the application of lime or
leached ashes, as directed already under the head of Special
Manures. The change which may be thus wrought, can
hardly be understood byonewho has not witnessed the result.
The following experiment, similar in nature, but differing
m the mode of performance, described by H. W. Rockwell
of Utica, N.Y., cannot fail to be interesting :*

• Horticulturist, Vol. TJ., p. 267.

124

PRUNING OLD TREES.

"The expeiimpnt was performed upon three trees stand-
ing in my grounds, none of which were less than thiriyyears
old. One of these trees, an old-fashioned [Newtown] Pippin,
and a great favorite, had borne moderately ; the other two
made out between them, to " get up'' about a dozen apples
a year, just to let me know, I presume, that they " could
do it," but were perfectly indifferent hoiv it was done.

" I, last summer, undertook the renovation of these trees
For this purpose, I opened between them trenches, say ten
feet in length, two feet in depth, and about eight feet equi-
distant from tree to tree. The roots which were encoun-
tered in this operation, were, of course, all cut off, the
trenches filled with wtll rotted manure, and closed. 1
finished by giving each of the trees about a peck of char-
coal r^ixed with the same quantity of ashes, and now foi
the result. I have this j^ear gathered from the " two out-
casts" just mentioned, instead of my annual dividend of a
dozen apples, from six to eight bushels a piece of as hand-
some fruit as you ever saw, with about the same propor-
tion from the third, which has always been a moderate
bearer."

• Pruning. The mode of treating large trees, has been

already adverted to
in the chapter on
^ pruning. There are
some owners of or-
chards who most er-
roneously suppose
that when trees be-
come old, heavy pru-
ning will restore
their vigor in the ab-
sence of good culti-
vation ; while the
correct mode of treat-
— -'" ment, is, ver\' mode-
rate and gradu'^.
pruning in connex-
The foregoing correct por-
traitsof actuallyexistingspecimens of bad pruning, unhappily
have too many originals over the country ; fig. 102. This

Fig. 102.

ion with the best of cultivation.

GRAFTING OLD TREES.

125

most unsightly mode of trimming is often adopted when a
removal of the top by grafting is intended.

Grafting new tops on old trees. It often happens that
fruit on large trees is worthless, and it becomes an import-
ant object to change the top by grafting or budding it with
some better variety. In this case, instead of cutting off
large branches and grafting them at once, it is better to
prune the top in part, as shown
by fig. 103, which will cause an
emission of vigorous shoots. —
These are thni budded or grafted
with ease and success. And, as
the grafts gradually extend by
growth, the remainder of the top
may, by successive excisions, be
entirely removed. Where trees
are not too old, and the ground is
kept cultivated, good sized trees
are thus obtained much sooner
I ban by setting out young ones.
To give a well shaped head to such newly formed trees,
and to prevent the branches from shooting upwards in. a
close body near the centre of the tree, the old horizontal
boughs should be allowed to extend to a di.stance in each
direction, while the upright ones should be lopped. This is
distinctly exhibited in fig 103.

The following judicious mode of renewing the old lops
of trees formerly reofardeJ as worthless, is given by George
Olmsted, of Hartford, Ct., in the Horticulturist : —

"These trees I commenced grafting six years ago last
spring. I began on the top^ and grafted one-third oj the tree
eazh year. It therefore required three years to complete the
entire heads of the trees.

" I like this method better than any I have ever tried fo;
grafting large trees, as it gives the grafts a good opportuni-
ty to get well started. Cutting off and grafting the top first,
gives the grafts there the best possible chance, v\'hile the
necessary reduction of the top throws the sap into the re-
maining side branches, which fits them well for grafting
the following year; and the third year, the lowest branches
beih^ made ready in the same way, maybe grafted success-

126 GATHERING AND PRESERVING APPLES.

fully. By this mode, it will be seen that when the grafts
are put in on the side branches, they are not shaded by the
heavy shoots above them, and they have an unusual supply
of nourishment to carrry them forward. Those who have
attempted to graft the whole head of a large tree at once,
are best aware of the great difficulty in the common mode
of getting the grafts to take on the side limbs.

" One of these large trees so treated, is probably more than
75 years old, and has now an entirely new and vigorous
head, grafted with this excellent variety. When I began
with it, the fruit was only fit for cider, and it was question-
able whether the tree should not be cut down. By grafting
it in this manner, I have added surprisingly to its value.
Two years ago, (the bearing year,) 1 obtained from it 10
bushels of apples ; last year eight bushels, and this year,
(only six years from the lime I began to graft it,) I gathered
23^ bushels of excellent fruit !

" I consider this tree now worth SlOO ; the cost of grafting
it was about $5; and the latter was all repaid two years
ago — the first season the grafts bore fruit."

The hearing year of apple trees which yield excessive crops,
is only every alternate year ; but by thinning out a large
portion of the fruit while yet small, the exhaustion will not
be so great as to render the tree barren the second season,
and it will bear annually. By picking off all the young
fruit, the bearing year may be entirely changed, or one
bough may be made to bear one year, and another bough
the second year.

GATHERING AND PRESERVING.

It is of great consequence in gathering all kinds of [m'i
fruit, to avoid bruising ; the high quality of some sorts is
nearly destroyed by carelessness, and they are rendered
unfit for home use or for market. Hence careful hand
picking becomes indispensible.

Preserving in barrels is usually most convenient. They
should be filled sufficiently to cause a slight pressure when
the barrel head is put in, to prevent rattling ; and the bar-
rels should rest on their sides and not on the ends. Winter
fruit has been preserved with great success and with much
freshness, by alternating the layers of apples in the barrel

Gathering and preserving apples 127

with layers of dry chaff mixed with a small portion of dry
pulverised lime. Apples may be well kept till spring, if
buried late in autumn; but to prevent swelling, cracking,
and a loss of flavor, they should be placed in a box or on a
bed of straw, and entirely excluded from contact with the
damp earth. Where cool cellars are at hand, they are kept
best for winter use on large shelves.

The mode of gathering and packing apples for exporta-
tion, as practiced by R. L. Pell, of Ulster county, N. Y.,
who obtams nine or ten dollars per barrel for his Newtown
Pippins in the English markets, will serve as a model for
the care taken to prevent bruismg : — "In autumn, when the
apple harvest commences, men are employed, each with a
hand basket and hook, to attach the basket to a limb of a
tree, and a step ladder. The apples are picked one at a
time, and laid into the basket. When the basket is full
the man comes down from the tree and takes two apples at
at a time and places them in two-bushel baskets. When
there are enough large baskets filled for a load, they are
lifted by two men on a sled, and drawn by oxen to a large
building, where they are taken from the sled and put on the
floor, two apples at a time. They are piled up 18 or 20
inches high, where they remain three weeks. At the end
of this time, the apples having become dry, they are taken
two at a time and packed in new barrels, the size and kind
of those used for flour. The barrels being headed up are
lifted on a sled and drawn to the North River ; they are
then carried by men on board a steamboat and taken to
New- York. When shipped on board a vessel for London,
the barrels are hoisted one at a time from the steamboat,
and when lowered on board the vessel are caught on a man's
shoulder, and then taken by two men and placed in the
coolest part of the vessel.

" Upon the arrival of the vessel in London, the barrels are
hoisted from the vessel and lowered on a hand-barrow, and
then carried by two men to the warehouse, in the same
manner that we carry a looking-glass.

" It is seen that by the foregoing precautions the apples are
never shakt7i, jolted, or jarred, and they arrive in London
m far better order than apples usually taken to our city mar*
ȣets. Q

128

INSECTS I^^JURIOUS TO APPLES.

"Apples for shipping have sometimes been ^^acked in char
coal dust, dry sand, — and at other limes separately wrapped
in paper, in the same manner as oranges are shipped, — but
they can be shipped with as much success without anything
with them, if only managed with care in other respects.

"In shipping fruit, none but the very best should be sent;
all that are small, imperfect, or the least bruised, should be
rejected. Those persons who pay from nine to twenty-one
dollars per barrel for apples, expect to have the best.*"

DESTRUCTIVE INSECTS.

7he Caterpillar^ (Cliszocampa A?nericana.) This has
been a most serious enemy to the apple in most parts of
the country. It has its seasons of increase and decrease.
Some years it has nearly stripped whole orchards ; and
again it has diminished in numbers in successive years, till
few could be found.

There are many species which feed on the apple leaf;
but the only one of importance, is that known as the com-
mon orchard caterpillar^ which is hatched in spring as soon
as the leaf buds begin to open. At this time, it is not the
tenth of an inch long, nor so large as a
cambric needle, but it continues to increase
constantly in size for several weeks, until
two inch'- s long and a quarter of an inch
in diameter. It then spins a cocoon and
passes to the pupa state. In the latter part
of summer, it comes out a yellowish
brown miller, lays its eggs and dies. The
eggs are deposited in cylinders or rings,
containing three to five hundred each,
encircling the smaller branches, and
usually within a few inches of the ex
tremity. The accompanying figure (fig
104,) represents one of these masses o.
eggs of the ryitural size. They remain
through winter, protected from the wea-
ther by a vesicular water-proof varnish, ar.d
hatch in sj-ring, as just stated. Each collec-
tion of eggs, makes a nest of caterpillars

• B G. BosweU.

Fig. 101.

INSECTS INJUKIOUS TO APPLES. 129

One nest is enough to defoliate a large branch, and when
several are on a tree, the size and quality of the fruit is
seriously lessened.

The best mode for their destruction, is to cut off the smaL
branches which hold the eggs during autumn or winter,
and commit them to the fire. The most convenient imple-
ment is a long pole, armed with a pair of clipping-shears,
worked by a cord ; or a sharp hooked knife, on the end of
a pole, will answer nearly as well. The eggs are seen at a
glance, after a little practice ; a cloudy day should be
selected to prevent pain to the eyes. If this v/ork is done just
at the moment the eggs are hatching, it will be equally
efficacious, and the webs or downy covering of the young
insect? render them conspicuous. Ever/ nes' of eggs thus
removed, which is done in a few seconds, totally prevents
a nest of caterpillars in the spring, and is far more expe-
ditious and effectual than the usual modes of brushing off
the caterpillars with poles, brushes, or washing them with
soap-suds, ley, or white-wash.

The Borer. (Saperda hivittala.) This insect enters the
tree and cuts into the solid wood near the surface cf the
earth. It is a dangerous enemy; for while only a few small
holes are perceived in the bark outside, it may have per-
forated the wood internally in all directions and reduced it
to a mass of powder.

It has not yet become very extensively spread, but in
some parts of the country it has become a mo.3t serious
evil, and has been allowed to multiply till it has destroyed
whole orchards.

The perfect insect is a brown and white striped beetle,
about half an inch long, which flies at night. It deposits
its eggs late in spring or the first of summer, in the bark
near the surface of the ground, and sometimes in the forks
of the branches. The first indication of its presence, is the
appearance of numerous small round holes, as if the bark
had been perforated by buck-shot. These holes will soon
become more visible by the ejected dust.

It is nearly impossible to save a tree, unless taken early.
At the first, the insect may be cm out with the point of a
knife. If deeper in the wood, it may be extracted by a
flexible barbed wire, or punched to death in it3 hole h\

130

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO APPLES.

a flexible twig. To prevent the insect from emeiging and
laying its eggs, it is d( ubly imporiant that this be done
early in the spring ; but the trees should be repeatedly
examined at other periods of the year.

To prevent the entrance of the borer, remove the soil a
little about the roots, and then wash the whole trunk and
larger forks of the branches, with a mixture of tobacco
water, soft soap, and flour of sulphur. The proportions are,
a pint of the sulphur, a gallon of soft soap, and enough
tobacco water to reduce the whole to the consistence of
paint. This should be done in spring, before the insect
lays its eggs. It is stated by A. J. Downing, that this mix-
ture is so offensive to the insect in its winged slate, that no
tree was touched which had been coated with it ; — although
ihe coating had been on for several weeks. He also recom-
mends injecting, by a syringe, this liquid into the holes;
and plugging up the holes in spring with pieces of soft pine
dipped in tobacco water, to prevent the escape of the perfect
insect.

Not only the apple tree, but the quince, mountain ash,
and hawthorn, suffer greatly from the attacks of this insect.
The Ca7iker worm. (Anisopteryx 'pometaria.) This
caterpillar appears to have been as
yet chiefl}' confined in its destructive
ravages, to portions of New-England.
The accompanying figures represent
the perfect insect, the male with
wings, the female nearly destitute.
(Fig. 105.) The canker worm at-
tacks both fruit and leaves ; when
numerous, the small webs they make,
added to the destruction of the
foliage, give the tree the appearance
of having been scorched. The re-
medies consist in various contrivances to prevent the female
insects ascending the tree, but none have been yet dis-
covered of easy, safe, and efl^ectual application. One of the
best is to encircle the trunk with a canvass belt, coated*
with a mixture of tar and train oil. The mixture needs
repeatedly renewing. Applying the tar directly to the bark
endangers the life of the tree.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO Al'PLES

13!

The Apple-worm, (Carpocapsa pommitina^) attacks the fruit,
oy entering at the blossom, and feeding at the core. In sonit'

Fig. lOG.

years, it has been so common, as seriously to injure the
quality of the crop. The best preventive is to allow swine
to pick up the wormy fruit as it falls, thus destroying the
enclosed insect, and preventing its spread.

The above figures, (106,) exhibit the apple-worm in its
different stages ; «, the larva ; b, the same magnified ; c,
the cocoon ; «/, the pupa within the cocoon ; e, /, the perfect
msects ; g, the young larva, just hatched, after having been
deposited within the calyx ; A, z, A", Z, the progressive work
of the larva within the apple, till it escapes.*

The Wooly Aphis, [Aphis la7iig(ira,) a European insect,
falsely termed American blight, is a species of aphis or
plant-louse, covered with long, white, cottony hair. In
England it has proved very destructive ; and on young trees
in this country it has done some injury. It is destroyed
by whale-oil soap, and by lime-wash. Other species of
aphis often infest the young leaves ; they are easil}'- killed
by a solution of whale-oil soap, which may be applied by a
syringe or by immersing the branches.

* The curculio or plum weevil, wlien very numerous, attacks the apple, and its pe-
culiar cre?ccnt-*haped incisions may be perceived on the skin of lender varieties
The larva, however, rarely reaches the core. But the apple worm never attacks the
plum, which has no permanent calyx for the lodgmenv of its eggs.

132 EFFECT OF CLIMATE AND SOIL.

The Blight, whi(;h sometimes kills the terminal shoois of
the branches, has been variously ascribed to the sting of an
insect, and to the effects of weather. The cause does not
appear to have been satisfactorily ascertained. It rarely
proves a formidable disaster, although trees are occasionally
much disfigured by it, and temporarily checked in growth.
T\\e Bark-louse {di species of Coccus) which infests the bark
of apple and pear trees, may be destroyed by soap-wash or
ley, applied early in summer.

THE DEPREDATIONS OF MICE,

May be prevented by a small mound or bank of fresh earth,
thrown up to the height of a foot around each tree, late in
autumn, to be removed in spring. Trees laid-in or buried
in a trenchf for keeping through winter, are sometimes seri-
ously injured by the attacks of mice. This may be safely
guarded against by placing the trees more nearly in an up-
right position, and banking up a foot high on- all sides.

CHANGES WROUGHT BY CLIMATE AND SOIL.

This subject has been treated,' as applied to fruits gene-
rally in a former part of this work ; a few brief remarks on
the variations in the apple may be interesting.

The winter apples of the northern states, when cultivated
further south, are changed to autumn apples ; and as far
south as Georgia, some of our good keepers ripen nearly by
the end of summer. The Baldwin and Rhode Island Green-
ing at Cincinnati and at St. Louis, cease to be winter fruits.
There are few or none of the northern apples which succeed
well as keepers as far south as Carolina. This is owing to
the long southern summers. It has been found that varie-
ties originated in the southern states are generally best
adapted to the climate of that region.

Some varieties are greatly influenced by a change of cli-
mate, and others but slightly. The Ribston Pippin, so ex-
cellent at Montreal, is of little value a few degrees further
south. The Rhode Island Greening and the Roxbury Rus-
set, on suitable so Is, throughout New- York and New-Eng-
land, present the same characteristics of flavor and appear-
ance • the Baldwin, so fine at the east, greatly deteriorates

EFFECT OF CLIMATE AXD ^OIL. 133

in northern Ohio ; and the Belmont, which has been pro-
nounced the most valuable of all apples at Cleveland, is un-
worthy of cultivation at Cincinnati. These changes in
the latter instances, may perhaps be ascribed to a difference
.in soil ; and the application of special manures, as lime
potash, &c., on those unfavorable soils, has improved the
quality. The periods of ripening, given in the foilowinfr
pages, are intended to apply to the northern states. A dif-
erence of about two or three weeks exists between fruits
cultivated at Boston and Rochester, and in central Ohio and
southern Pennsylvania and other differences of latitude
nearly m the same ratio.

VARIETIES.

SYNOPSIS OF ARRANGEMENT.

Division I. Summer Apples.

Class I. Sweet Apples.

Section I. Color striped wiv a red.
Section II. Color not striped.

Class II. With more or less acidity.

Section I. Color striped with red.
Section II. Color not striped.

Division II. Autumn Apples.

Class I. Sweet Apples.

Section I. Color striped with red.
Section II. Color not striped.

Class II. With more or less acidity.

Section I. Color striped with red.
Section II. Color not striped.

Division III. Winter Apples.

Class I. Sweet nipples.

Section I. Color striped with red.
Section II. Color not striped.

Class II. With more or less acidity.

Section I. Color striped with red
Section II. Color not striped.

The characteristics which constitute these divisiont ind
subdivisions, arc not in all cases perfectly distinct, him-
nier apples gradually pass into autumn, and autumn into
winter apples. A few, but the number is extremely smaL

SUMMER APPLES. 136

possess nearly a neutral flavor between a dead sweetness
and slight acidity. Again, apples classed with those that
are striped, some&imes present a nearly uniform shade oi
red ; and, in rare instances, the brown cheek of a green
or yellow variety exhibits faint stripes.

But these may be regarded rather as exceptions to general
characters, which are on the whole as clearly defined as any
other distinctive points of the different varieties. Controll-
ing circumstances will produce changes in all fruits, a:ia
descriptions are not founded on extreme exceptions, but on
average characteristics.

The SIZE is designated by comparison ; — for example, the
Swaar and Baldwin are large; Herefordshire Pearmain
and Tallman Sweeting are medium ; English Golden
Pippin and Lady Apple are small. Qualifying terms give
a more precise meaning, — as the Fall Pippin and Monstrous
Pippin, are very large ; Hawley and Dutch Mignonne, are
qyite large; Bullock's Pippin and Early Strawberry are
rather small ; and the Siberian Crab is very small.

DIVISION I.— SUMMER APPLES.

Class I. — Sweet Apples.

Section I. — Striked with red.

Red and Green Sweet. Very large, long conical ; stripe*'
with li^iht red; stalk short, basin narrow, flesh swee.,
with a second or third rate flavor. Baking. Late
summer.

Section II. — Not striped.

BOUGH. {Syn. Large Yellow Bough, Sweet Bough,
Early Sweet Bough.) Large, roundish, remotely conical-
ovate, sometimes distinctly conical ; pale greenish yelow,
stalk one-half to an inch long, basin narrow, deep ; flesh
white, very tender, with an excellent sweet flavor. Ripens
from the middle to the end of summer. A moderate a!;d
regular bearer. Shoots yellowish, somewhat irregular,
ascending; tref round-headed; lej> /es r^>usoly crenate.

136 SUMMER APPLES.

Golden Sweet. Medium or lather large, rornjdish,
sligluly flattened ; greenish, becoming pale yellow; .«talk
an inch or more long, slender; caviiy acuminate; basin
moderate ; flesh very sweet, good, hardly first rate. The
fruit is always fair, the tree a free grower, and very pro-
ductive. Buds large ; leaves sharply serrate. Late in
summer. Valuable for domestic animals.

Spice Sweeting. Large, roundish, flattened at ends ; coioT
whitish green, becoming whitish yellow, with white specks
beneath the skin ; stalk rather short and thick ; basin very
smooih and round, wide and distinct, rim quite obtuse
flesh rather firm, very sweet, but not wholly pleasant.
A good baking apple, but very subject to black spots or
scabs. Late summer and early autumn. Cultivated
in New- York and New-England. There are several
sorts known by this name.

Class IL — With more or less acidity.

Section L — Striped with red.

American Summer Pearmain. (Syn. Early Summei
Pearmain, of Coxe.) Medium in size, oblong, slightly
inclining to truncate-conical; nearly covered with fine
broken streaks and dots of red ; stalk nearly one inch
long; basin round, even, distinct; very tender, often
bursts in falling, sub-acid, flavor fine. Continues to
ripen for several weeks in late summer and early
autumn. Needs good and rich cultivation. Growth
rather slow. This is distinct from 'he English Summer
or Autumn Pearmain, in its larger size, hijiher red, more
oblong form, and superior quality. Fig, 145.

Bevord. Medium in size, roundish, sometimes obscurely
conical ; deep red, in distinct broken stripes and dots
stalk half an inch long; basin small; flesh yellow, ten-
der, rich, sub-acid, of good flavor. Late summer. Good
bearer. Has not succeeded well in all localities. A
native of Dedham, Mass.

Beran^s Favorite. Medium in size, roundish, slightly
riat'cned, obscurely conical ; color with broad distinct
brilliant red stripes ; stalk long, rather stout ; cavity

SUMMER APPLES. 13?

shallow, rather o"btuse; calyx large, bnsin slightly plaited;
flesh rather firm, flavor pleasant and sub-acid. Two weeks
later than Early Harvest. A native of New Jersey. Suc-
ceeds better at Cleveland and in New Jersey than in
w'estern New- York.

Borovitsky. Roundish, slightly angular ; pale green, trans-
lucent, sunny side faintly striped; basin large; flesh
white, firm, juicy, sub-acid, agreeable. Late summer.
Russian.

Cole. (S2/71. Scarlet Perfume.) Medium in size, roundish-
flattened, sometimes slightly conical ; bright crimson in
obscure stripes ; stalk slender; basin broad; sub-acid,
second rate flavor. Late summer. English.

Devonshire Quarrenden. (Syn. Red Quarrenden.) Size
medium, variable; round-oblate, remotely conical ; striped
with rich crimson ; stalk short, deep set ; basin very
shallow, plaited ; flesh crisp, juicy, sub-acid, pleasant,
second rate. Late summer and early autumn. English.

Early Chandler. Medium in size, roundish, slightly
flattened, striped light rich red or greenish yellow ; stalk
half an inch long; basin rather wade, shallow^ wrinkled;
rather acid, not rich, second rate, flesh very tender, skin
thin. Variable in appearance. Middle to end of summer.
Growth erect, vigorous. Origin, Conn. ; cultivated
mostly in Ohio.

Early Joe. Size medium or rather small ; oblate, some-
times obscurely approaching conical ; smooth and regular ;
color, with numerous short, broken, red stripes on yellow
ground, a nearly uniform deep red to the sun, with con-
spicuous white specks ; stem three-quarters of an inch
long, rather thick ; cavity shallow, acute ; basin small
even ; flesh fine grained, very tender, slightly crisp, juicy,
sub-acid, spicy, excellent. Ripens the last two weeks ol
summer. Shoots dark, growth slow. A profuse bearer
Origin, East Bloomfield, N. Y. Fig. 109.

Early Red Margaret. {Syn. Red Juneating, Striped June
ating, Early Red Juneating.) Rather small, round-ovate
lightly striped wdth dull red, and somewhat russeted

138

SUMMER APPLES.

SUMMER APPLES. 139

stalk half an inch long, thick ; basin plaited, narrow, very
shallow ; flesh sub-acid, tender, good when fresh. Ri-
pens at wheat harvest, scarcely earlier than Early Har-
vest. Shoots erect, downy. Moderate bearer. Fig. 133.

Early Strawberry. {Sy?i. American Red Juneating, of
MaJining.) Rather small, roundish, varying to round-
ovate, and sometimes quite conical; surface indistinctly
and finely striped with bright and deep red, tinging faint-
ly the flesh ; stalk tender, three-quarters to an inch and a
half long ; basin sniall and narrow ; flesh white, tender,
sub-acid, rather brisk, pleasant, not very rich. Ripens
one to three weeks later than Yellow Harvest. Growth,
very erect ; leaves erect, finely crcnate. Productive. Good
in all localities.

Garden Royal. Belo-v medium, roundish, slightly flat-
tened at ends, even and regular ; surface with small, bro-
ken, red stripes on yellow ground, deep red to the sun ;
stalk short, or half to three-fourths of an inch long, slen-
der, cavity acute ; calyx large, open ; basin very shallow;
flesh yellowish-white, exceedingly tender and fine grained;
flavor mild, sub-acid, fine. A poor grower, cut a first-
rate dessert fruit. Late summer. Origin, Sudbury, Mass.

Irish Peach. Medium in size, roundish, slightly flattened,
obtusely ribbed ; yellowish green, washed and streaked
with brownish-red ; stalk short ; flesh white ; flavor second
rate, sometimes third rate

Tune Apple, of Virginia. Size medium ; striped with
red ; stalk attached to a large protuberance on one side
of the cavity ; flesh white. Growth vigorous, a profuse
bearer alternate years. Ripens in southern Virginia the
last of 6th month, (June.)

River. Size medium or large, slightly oblate, ribbed ; color
yellowish-green in the shade, purplish-red, striped with
darker red, next the sun, with some blue bloom ; cavity
deep ; flesh greenish-white, juicy, a little coarse, pleasant,
sub-acid, variable in quality, often fine. Tre" of vigo-
rous growth, a poor bearer. After Early Harvest. Mass

140

SUMMER APPLES.

^

k'. ^

SUMMER APPLES. I'l]

Sops of Wlne. Medium size, round-ovate, dark red ; stalk
long, slender; flesh white, often stained red, moderately
juicy, sub-acid, of good flavor. Valuable for its free
growth and fair fruit. Late summer. The Sapson is
smaller, firmer in flesh, and less valuable.

SuDimer Hagloe. Size medium, roundish-oblate ; streaked
with bright red on yellow ground; stalk rather short and
thick ; flesh very soft, rich, of fine quality. Ripens at the
end of summer — an excellent culinary variety. Shoots
dark, strong, thick ; terminal buds very large.

This is wholly distinct from the Hagloe Crab, a late, small,
ill-shaped, ovate fruit, cultivated only for cider.

Suvuner Queen. Rather large, roundish-conical, somewhat
ribbed ; striped with bright red on rich yellow ground ,
stalk an inch and a half long; cavity small, acute; basin
small, furrowed; flesh yellowish, rather acid, spicy, very
rich. Fine for cooking. Late summer. Good on warm,
sandy soils, poor on cold clay. Shoots light colored, leaves
finely crenate.

The Early Pennock, of Ohio, resembles the Summer
Queen, but is much larger, and inferior in quality.

Summer Ramhour. {Sy?i. Rambour d'Et ', Rambour Franc.)
Medium or large oblate, pale greenish yellow, slightly
streaked with red ; stalk short ; calyx large, deep set ;
slightly sub-acid, good. Middle to late summer. Good
bearer. Dry, if over- ripe. May prove the Oldenburgh.

Summer Rose. {Sr/n. Woolman's Early, "Woolman's Striped
Harvest.) Medium or rather small, roundish-oblate,
yellowish, blotched and streaked with red ; stalk rather
short ; basin round, slightly plaited ; flesh ver}'- tender,
slightly crisp, texture fine, mild sub-acid, juicy, excellent.
Begins to ripen with wheat harvest, and continues a
month. Fine in all localities. Better in quality for the
table than Early Harvest, but less productive. Fig. 107,

Tetofsky. Size medium ; roundish, or round-oblong ; hand-
somely striped red on yellow ground ; flesh white, juic}',
sub-acid, good second rate. End of summer. Russian.

142 SUMMER APPLES.

Williams' Favorite. {Sijn. AViiliams, Williams' I^ed.
Williams' Favorite Red.) Size medium, sometimes ratiiei
large ; oblong-ovate, remotely conical, very smoolli ; colu,
mostly fine dark crimson stripes; stalk three-qmrlers t;j
one incli long, enlarged at insertion, cavity shallow : ba-
sin small and shallow, even or somewhat ribbed; flesh
yellowish white, moderately juicy, with sometimes a tinir-f.
of red near the surface, mild, agreeable, fine. Ripens lor
several weeks late in summer. Its handsome appearance
has partly contributed to its high reputation. Origm,
Roxbury, Mass. Fig. 108.

Section 11. — 'Not Striped.

Buffington^s Early. Medium or rather small ; oblate, slipfhl-
ly ribbed ; surface smooth yellowish white, with a faitu
blush; cavity wide, deep; basin shallow, slightly furrowed ;
flesh very tender and delicate, with a rich, sub-acid, ex-
cellent flavor. Two weeks later than Yellow Harvest.
Equalled in quality by few summer apples, but a mode-
rate bearer. Origin unknown.

EARLY HARVEST. {Sy7i. Yellow Harvest, Prince's Har-
vest, Early French Reinette, July Pippin.) Size medi-
um, roundish, usually more or less oblate, smooth; bright
straw color, when ripe; stalk rather short and slender ;
calyx moderately sunk ; flesh nearly white, flavor rather
acid, fine. Ripens at wheat harvest, and for three weeks
afterwards. Shoots erect, slightly diverging, straight,
often forked. Very productive. Needs rich cultivation
to be fine. Good throughout the northern states. 110.

The Tart Bough is similar, but two weeks later, and infe^
rior in quality ; the growth more vigorous and upright.

July Branch, of Virginia. Size medium ; bright ye'low
very handsome ; flesh yellow, flavor sprightly. Bears al
ternate years, and moderately in the intermediate years
Growth luxuriant. Ripens in southern Virginia at mid-
summer.

Lyman^s Large Summer. Large, roundish, flattened al
ends; pale yellow; sub-acid, high flavored, rather fine in

SUMMER APPLES. 143

quality. Ripens at the end of summer. Tree a poor
bearer till large. Conn.

Mank's Codlin. Size medium ; roundish, oblong-ovate ;
pale yellow, with an orange blush ; stalk fleshy ; basin
shallow, plaited ; flesh firm, brisk, sub-acid. Culinary.
English.

Oslin. Rather small, roundish-oblate, lemon yellow mm-
gled with some green ; stalk short, thick, cavity rather
shallow ; basm shallow, a little plaited ; flesh fine, crisp ;
flavor spicy, good, hardly first-rate.

Red Astrachan. Rather large, sometimes quite large,
roundish-oblate, slightly approaching conical, rather
smooth ; nearly whole surface brilliant deep crimson,
with a thick bloom like a plum ; stalk one-half to three-
fourths of an inch long ; calyx in a small slightly uneven
basin ; flesh white, rather crisp ; good, rather acid, very
slightly austere. A few days after Early Harvest. Ex-
cellent for cooking. Shoots stout, dark brown, diverg-
ing and ascending ; leaves broad. This apple, although
of second-rate flavor, is rendered by its earliness and very
handsome and fair appearance, by the vigor and pro-
ductiveness of the tree, and its excellent culinary quali-
ties, worthy of general cultivation.

Sine Qua Non. Size medium ; roundish, inclining to co-
nical ; smooth, pale greenish yellow, shaded with reddish
brown to the sun ; stalk quite slender, nearly an inch
long; basin smooth or very slightly plaited; flesh green-
ish white, fine grained, delicate, very tender, moderately
juicy, of a fine, agreeable, sub-acid flavor. Shoots green-
ish yellow, growth slow ; fruit always fair, tree very pro-
ductive. Ripens two weeks after Early Harvest. Origin,
Long Island. Fig. 111.

Summer Bellflower. Rather above medium, round-ovate,
slightly oblong and conical, yellow, with sometimes a
faint orange blush, stulk an inch long, cavity shallow ;
basin small, smooth, slightly five-sided ; flesh white, fine-
grained, tender, rich, sub-acii, fine. Shoots vigorous
upright; bears well everyyear. Origin, Dutchess county
N, Y. New. 10

144 A-UTUMN AFIL^S-

Summer Golden Pippin. Small, ovate, flattened at apex,
bright yellow, stalk short ; flesh firm, crisp, and rich.
Last of summer. English.

Sugar Loaf Pippin. Rather large, long ovate-conical, regu-
lar, handsome, smooth, pale yellowish white; stalk short,
sub-acid, second or third rate. Admired in England;
good for cooking, fair, productive.

White Astrachan. Medium in size, roundish, slightly coni-
cal, ribbed at apex, smooth, nearly white ; stalk thick
and short ; flesh white, pellucid, sub-acid, dry. Of little
value here ; fine in England. Russian.

White June at big. (S?/?i. Bracken, of Ohio.) Small, round,
sometimes slightly oblate, smooth, very regular; pale
greenish } ellovv, or light yellow ; very thin russet round
the stalk ; stalk slender, three-quarters of an inch long,
set shallow ; basin very shallow ; tender, sub-acid, not
rich, becoming dry, second or third rate flavor. Ripens a
little before Yellow Harvest. Growth upright, rather
stout. Productive. For cooking only.

The May apple, of Virginia, is a fruit similar in character
and quality to the White Juneating, where it ripens about
the first of summer, bearing every year. Large quanti-
ties are sent to Baltimore for tarts.

DIVISION II -AUTUMN APPLES

Class 1. — Sweet Apples.
Section I. — Striped with red.

Beauty of the West. Large, round, smooth, m.arkcd with
small stripes of red on greenish yellow ; stalk short ;
sweet, second rate.

Blenheim Pippin. {Syn. Woodstock Pippin, Blcinhim
Orange.) Large, roundish-conical ; mottled and striped
ornnge-red on yellow cfronnd ; stalk short ; sweet, second
or third rate flavor. Used for baking. English.

AUTUMN APPLES. 145

Graniwinkle. Size, medium ; roundish, slightly oblong,
dark red, somewhat roughs flesh yellowish orange, sweet,
rich. Cider. N.Jersey. Late autumn aiid early winter.

Jeksey Sweeting. Size, medium ; round-ovate, often
oblong-o\'ate, somewhat conical ; thickly striped with fine
red on greenish yellow ; stalk one-half to an inch long ;
cavity rather irregular; basin wrinkled, distinct; flesh
whitish, very sweet, juicy and tender, good second rate
or nearly first rate in flavor. Good in all localities. Early
and mid-autumn — immediately follows Golden Sweet.
Shoots stout, short jointed ; leaves crenate-serrate. 143.

Peach-Pond Sweet. Size, medium ; roundish-oblate, re
motely conical ; delicately striped light red on pale
greenish yellow ; stalk slender, varying in lengih from
half an inch to an inch ; tender, rich, sweet. Nearly
or quite first rate. Mid-autumn. Origin, Dutchess
County, New- York. Fig. 142.

Section 11. — Not striped.

Autumnal Swaar. (Syn. Sweet Swaar.) Large, oblate,
sometimes very slightly ribbed ; rich yellow ; stalk an
inch or more long, varying from long and slender, to
thick and fleshy at insertion ; cavity and basin wide and
slightly ribbed ; flesh tender, yellowish, not juicy, with
a very sweet, spicy, agreeable flavor. Mid-autumn.
Growth vigorous, shoots diverging, tree spreading. One
of the finest autumn sweet apples.

Haskell Sweet. Large, oblate, regular, greenish, a warm
brown cheek ; stalk one-half to three-fourths of an inch
long, moderately sunk; basin rather deep, nearly even,
flesh tinged with yellowish browm, very tender, sweet,
good. R. Manning says this is the best of autumn sweet
appies. Fig. 155.

Lyman^s Pumpki7i Sweet. Very large, roundish, ribbed
most towards the stalk ; pale green ; stalk short ; calyx
small, basin abrupt ; flesh white, sweet, tender, not juicy;
second or third rate. Ripens through autumn, into win«
ter. A valuable culinary sort.

146 AUTUMN APl'LES.

Pumpkin Russet. [Syn. Sweet Russet.) Large, round,
slightly flattenad, yellowish green partly russeted ; cavity
wide, shallow ; basin small ; flavor rich and sweet.
Through autumn. Distinct from the Sweet Russet cul-
tivated through western New- York, which is a more
conical fruit.

Summer Sweet Paradise. Large, roundish, sometimes
remotely oblong, and slightly flattened at the ends, regu-
lar, pale green; stalk rather thick, three-quarters of an
inch long; basin large, distinct; flesh, tender, sweet, rich,
aromatic, of first rate flavor. Ripens first of autumn.
Siioots spreading, leaves sharply serrate. Origin, Penn.

This is totally distinct from the Dwarf Paradise, used for
stocks, which bears a small, third rate, sweet, summer
fruit. Fig. lo4.

Tifft Sweetijig. Medium in size, fiat, greenish yellow,
with russet network, and a warm, light brown cheek;
stalk one inch long, cavity wide, obtuse ; flesh yellowish,
rich, sweet, fine in flavor. First rate, but a light bearer.
New England.

Class IL — With more or less Acidity.

Section I. — Striped with red.

Vlexander. Very large, conical, flattened at base, regular ;
streaked with bright red on greenish yellow ; stalk small,
cavity rather deep ; calyx large, basin deep, even ; flesh
rather crisp, sub-acid, second or third rate in flavor. A
moderate bearer. Late autumn. Very showy, its only
recommendation. Russian.

Beauty of Kent. Very larire, roundish, somewhat flattish-
conical, fair, smooth, and rather obtuse; nearly the whole
surface striped with ri -h purplish red ; stalk three-fourths
to an inch and a half long, slender, cavity acuminate ;
calyx small, ba:in deep, narrow; flesh tender, slightly
sub-acid, third rate in flavor. One of the most beautifu^.
and magnificent in appearance of all apples. Late

AUl FMN APPLES. 147

autumn. Growth stiong and upright, shoots dark.
English.

Cooper. Rather large, round-oblate, sides unequal, greenish
yellow and pale red; stalk slender, deep set; basin deep;
flesh crisp, juicy, pleasant, but not very high flavoi Mid-
autumn. Cultivated in central Ohio.

Cornish Aromatic. Medium in size, roundish, angular;
rich red on a pale russet ground ; stalk short, cavity
deep ; calyx small, basin narrow ; flesh yellow, sub-acid.,
aromatic ; quality fine, but the fruit not fair. Late
autumn. English.

Doctor. (Syn. De Witt.) Medium in size, or large; regu-
lar, oblate ; yellow, clouded and streaked with red ; stalk
and calyx deep set ; flesh breaking, tender, aromatic,
brisk, fine flavor. Late autumn and early winter. Suc-
ceeds well in Pennsylvania and Ohio ; less esteemed
further north. Origin, Pennsylvania.

Dutchess of Oldenhurgh. Medium or rather large, roundish,
a little flattened at the ends ; light red in broad broken
siripes and splashes on yellow ground ; stem short, in an
acuminate cavity ; basin deep and narrow ; flesh yellowish
white, sub-acid, second rate, very handsome. Good for
cooking. Early autumn. Shoots dark, ascending.

English Summer Pearmain. {Syn. Autumn Pearmain,
Summer Pearmain.) Size, medium ; roundish, slightiy
oblong-conical; streaked and shaded with light dull red;
stalk short ; basin broad, shallow, slightly plaited ;
moderately juicy, rich, high flavored. Growth slender,
slow, becoming somewhat irregular. Early autumn.
Distinct from tlie American Summer Pearmain, and from
the Winter Pearmain. With the latter, this has been
confounded, the name Autumn Pearmain having been
applied to both.

Fameuse. {Sijn. Pomme de Neige.) Medium in size,
round, often oblate, even ; handsomely striped and
blotched with fine deep red on whitish ground, — where
much exposed, a deep, nearly uniform red; stalk three-
fourths of an inch long, slpnder cavity small; basin

14S

AUTUMN APPLES

AUTUMN APPLET. 149

quite small, slightly wrinkled ; flesh very white,* juicy,
sub-acid, a little spicy, pleasant, but not very rich. Late
autumn. Shoots dark, diverging, somewhat flexuous.

Gloucester Cheese. Large ; bright red, with some indistinct
stripes; flesh while, crisp, flavor high. Growth strong.
A native of Virginia, where it is one of the best early
autumn apples, beginning to ripen by the end of summer.

JRAVENSTEIN. Rather large, roundish, slightly oblate,
obtusely and obscurely ribbed, surface a little wavy j
striped and splashed with bright red on a yellow ground;
stalk three quarters of an inch long, cavity rather deep ;
calyx large ; basin deep, narrow; flesh tender, juicy, very
rich, sub-acid or rather acid, high flavored. Mid-autumn.
Productive, handsome, and excellent. Fine in all lo-
calities. Shoots strong, becoming smooth, and shining,
ascending. German. Fig. 114.

Hunfer. Size, medium ; roundish-oblate, slightly conical ;
striped with various shades of red, sometimes slightly
russeted, with minute prominences under a smooth skin ;
stalk three-fourths of an inch long, slender, cavity narrow,
deep; calyx small, basin rather deep; flesh white, with
sometimes faint pink streaks, crisp, tender, juicy, flavor
excellent. Mid-autumn. Origin, Newtown, Delaware
Co., Pa. New.

Jewries, Medium or rather large ; round-oblate ; yellow,
red, and deep red, striped; stalk very short, slender;
cavity and basin, deep; flesh yellowish white, remarkably
tender and juicy; flavor very pleasant. Ripens first of
autumn. Origin, West-Chester, Pa. New.

JeioetVs Red. {Sy?i. Jewett's Fine Red.) Medium or rather
large, roundish, slichtly oblate, striped red on yellow
or slightly greenish yellow ground, with conspicuous
white dots ; stem nearly an inch long, cavity acuminate ;
basin rather shallow ; flesh remarkably tender, fine
grained, mild sub-acid, slightly aromatic ; nearly first
rate. Mid-autumn. Cultivated in the northern parts of
New England.

* Wlienre the nnme Potnmf de Neige, or '' Snow Apple."

150 AUTUMN APPLES.

Kam. {Sijn. Cane, Cain.) Size, medium ; roundish
oblate, ofien obscurely conical, regular; surface fair and
beautiful, highly polished, indistinctly striped with bril-
liant light crimsoc, gradually merging into delicate blush
color on the shaded part ; stalk often very short, cavity
acute, narrow ; basin regular ; flesh yellowish white, with
a pleasant, good flavor. Hardly of the highest quality,
but much admired for its beauty. A native of Kent Co.,
Delaware.

Kenrick's Autumn. Large, roundish, flattened at base ;
bright red on a pale yellowish green ground ; stalk long ;
flesh a little stained with red, sprightly, sub-acid, second
or third rate. Early autumn.

Kerry Pippin. Medium in size, oval, yellow streaked with
red; staik with a projection on one side at the insertion;
flesh yellow, tender, cri.-p. A third rate fruit. Irish.

Kilham Hill. Rather large, roundish, slightly conical,
somewhat ribbed ; striped with red on light yellow,
stripes often obscure ; flavor good at first, but becomes
dry and worthless. Early autumn. Fair and productive.
Essex county, Mass.

King of the Pippins. Medium size, roundish-oblate, ob-
scurely conical ; striped rich yellowish red ; stalk one
inch long, cavity shallow ; calyx large, basin deep, even ;
flesh, firm, sub-acid, second rate in flavor. Growth
upright ; tree productive. Late autumn. Admired in.
England, unsuccessful here.

Late Strawberry. {Syyi. Strawberry, Autumn Strawber-
ry.) Size medium ; roundish, slightly conical, sometimes
faintly ribbed ; nearly whole surface with small broken
streaks of light and dark red ; stalk slender, about an
inch long ; basin ribbed ; flesh yellowish white, slightly
fibrous, very tender and juicy, with a fine, very agreeable,
sub-acid flavor. Young trees of remarkable thrifty growth,
leaves sharply serrate, which at once distinguishes them
from the crenate loaves of the Early Strawberry. Ripens
early in autumn, and often keeps till winter. Ver}'^ pro-
ductive. One of the best early autumn apples. Fig. 147.

AUTUM.X APPLES. 15 I

Leland Spice. {Syii. Leland Pippin.) Large, roundisn
obscurely conical, slightly ribbed ; whole surface win*
brilliant red streaks on yellow ground, dotted with yel-
low ; stalk half an inch long ; cavity and basin ribbed ;
flesh yellowish white, sub-acid, spicy, rich, fine. Origin.
Sherburne, Mass. Fig. 144.

Lyscom. Large, round, with broad, broken, distinct, pale
red stripes, on yellowish or greenish yellow ground ; stalk
three- fourths of an inch long, slender; calyx deep set;
flesh fine grained, mild, slightly sub-acid, moderately rich,
good second-rate flavor. Middle and late autumn. Mass.

Melon. (Si/7z. Watermelon, Norton's Melon.) Medium or
large, roundish, often slightly conical, frequently a little
irregular; color, with stripes and dots of bright red on
yellow ground, or clear red on pale yellow ; stalk an inch
long, slender, cavity acuminate ; basin deep; flesh white,
tender, ver}^ juicy, fresh, and pleasant, spicy, sub-acid, or
slightly sub-acid, fine-flavored. Growth rather slow. Late
autumn and early winter. Origin, East Bloomfield, N. Y

i\^072swcA (English.) (Sz/tz. Nonsuch.) Size medium ; regu-
lar, oblate ; striped with dull brick red, on greenish yel-
lov; ground; stalk short, slender; basin wide, shallow;
flesh white, soft, sub-acid, second rate. Wholly unlike
the Old Nonsuch of New-England, or Red Canada.

Rambo. (S?/?z. Romanite of N. J.) Size medium; oblate,
smooth, streaked and marbled with dull yellowish red, on
pale yellowish ground ; dots large ; whitish ; stalk an
inch long, rather slender ; basin broad, slightly plaited ;
flesh tender, rich, mild sub-acid, fine flavored, often ex-
cellent. Fine in nearly all localities. Late autumn and
early winter. Known by the erroneous name of Seek-
no-further in Philadelphia market.

Red Ingestrie. Rather small, oblong or ovate ; mottled
with red: stalk short, slender; basin wide; flesh firm,
juicy, rather high flavored. Admired in England; un-
worthy of cultivation here. Early and mid-autumn.

Republican Pipfln. Large, round-oblate, striped with red
on a mottled reddish ground, e:reenish yellow in the shade,

a*

152 AUTUM-N APPLKS.

Stalk an inch long, slender; cavity sometimes with radia-
ting russet rays ; flesh tender, sub-acid ; with a pleasant,
first-rate, peculiar, somewhat walnut flavor. Ripens early
and mid-autumn; hut is a good cooking apple in summer.
Excellent for drying. Origin, Lycoming county, Pa.
New.

Rihston Fippi?i. Medium or rather large, roundish-conical;
clouded and striped with yellowish red, on a yellow and
slightly russeted ground ; stalk slender, often short, cavity
rather wide ; basin narrow, angular ; flesh j'ellow, crisp,
granular, juicy, with a very rich and rather sharp or acid
flavor. First-rate as far north as Maine, often second-
rate further south ; but its quality is usually suffered to
deteriorate needlessly by remaining too long on the tree.
Late autumn and early winter. Shoots diverging or
spreading; buds and young shoots rather hoary. English.

Ross Nonpareil. Medium or small, roundish, ob.-curely
conical; color thin russet and dull red, blotched, and ob-
scurely striped ; stalk slender, cavity rather acuminate ;
basin small ; flesh greenish white, with a rich aromatic
or fennel flavor. Late autumn. Very productive. Irish.

Scarlet Pearmain. Medium size, conical, rich crimson ;
stalk slender, deep set ; calyx open or spreading, basin
deep, slightly plaited ; flesh white, tinged with pink,
crisp, juicy, good. Earlv autumn. Productive. Eng-
lish.

Smokehouse. Medium cr rather large, oblate, regular;
mottled and indistinctly striped with red on yellow ground ;
a slight greenish cast at the crown ; stalk one inch long,
slender, cavity wide, acute; basin rather distinct; flesh
yellowish white, rich, aromatic, fine sub-acid flavor. Near-
ly or quite as good as Rambo, which it somewhat re
sembles. Origin, Chester Co., Pa.

St. Lawrence. {Sy7i. Corse's St. Lawrence.) Large round-
ish, slightly oblate, and sometimes a little conical, obtuse
whole surface broadly and very distinctly striped with ver}
dark red, on light greenish yellow ground ; stem rathei
short and slender, cavity wide ; basin round, deep, with

AUTUMN APPLES. 153

a very obtuse rim ; flavor rather acid, moderately rich,
ag-reeabie. A very handsome and productive apple, of
good second-rate flavor, ripening about mid-autumn. Ca-
nadian.

Tioetity Ounce. [Syn. Eighteen Ounce, Twenty Ounce
Pippin, erroneously.) Very large, roundish, remotely
^'onical, surface sometimes smooth, often very wavy ; color
striped rich yellowish red on greenish yellow, or yellow-
ish white ground; stalk three-fourths inch long; sub-
acid, rather coarse, second-rate. Very showy, fair and
productive. Culinary only. Late autumn and early
winter. Growth in large trees becoming straggling
Western New-York. The Twenty Ounce Pippin is a
large, green, third-rate fruit.

Section II. — Not striped.

Downton Pippin. Small, round-oblate, yellow ; stalk short ,
calyx in a wide, very shallow basin ; flesh crisp, rich,
acid. Latter half of autumn. English.

Drap d'07'y or " Cloth of Gold." Large, roundish, some-
times slightly oblong-conical, more frequently rathei
oblate ; bright yellow with numerous black specks ; stalk
short ; basin shallow, plaited ; flavor sub-acid, mild,
agreeable. Early autumn, extending to mid-autumn
Growth of the tree round, regular, and spreading ; leaves
doubly serrate.

Dutch Codlin. Very large, roundish, approaching oblong,
irregular, strongly ribbed ; pale yellow, tinged with orange
in the sun ; stalk short, thick ; basin narrow, ribbed ;
flesh white, sub-acid, second or third rate. Early autumn.
Growth vigorous. For cooking only.

Dyer. (Syn. Pomme Royal, which is the original name.)
Rather large, roundish, often approaching round oblong,
sometimes slightly flattened, obscu:"ely ribbed ; light yel-
low, rarely a faint brown cheek, and sometimes a slight
russet network over the skin ; stalk three-fourths to one
inch long ; basin often deep and large, ribbed ; flesh very
fine grained, tender, very juicy, with a rich sub-acid or
rather acid, excellent flavor, having but few equals. Tim©

154

AUTUMN APPLES.

AUTUMN APPLES. \5fi

of ripening, variable, from earh' autumn to winter. Pro-
ductiveness, variable. Fig. 115.

English Codlin. Kather large, oblong or conical, yellow,
stalk short, pleasant, sub-acid, second rate. Culinary.
Tree vigorous and productive. Early and mid-autumn.

Esten. Large, oblong-ovate, slightly ribbed, smooth ; yel-
low, sometimes a blush; dots large, green and red; stalk
one inch long, slender ; cavity very deep ; basin shallow;
flesh while, fine grained, mild sub-acid. Tree vigorous,
very productive. Rhode Island. New.

Fall Cheese. Size, medium ; color, green with a red cheek;
flesh crisp, sprightly, very a.ii^reeable. Tree of compact
growth, a profuse bearer. Its cultivation is chiefly con-
fined to Vn'ginia, and is one of the best apples of that
State, ripening the latter half of autumn.

Fall Harvey. Large, roundish oblate, nearly regular; pale
yellow ; stalk slender, one inch long, cavity moderate ;
basin medium in size, furrowed ; flesh fine grained,
juicy, good, rich sub-acid flavor, but hardly first rate,
often second rate. Moderate or poor bearer. Essex Co.,
Mass.

Fall Orange. Large, roundish ovate, or oval ; light
greenish yellow becoming pale yellow; rarely a brown
cheek; stalk half an inch long, cavity narrow; basin
even-rimmed, slightly plaited; sub-acid, tender, fine — first
rate if well ripened and fresh from the tree. Shoots very
stout, dark colored. Tree bears while very young, fruit
always fair.

FALL PIPPIN. (Syn. Holland Pippin, erroneously.)
Very large, roundish, obtuse, somewhat oblong-conical,
a little flattened at the ends, sometimes with large obtuse
ribs ; color greenish, becoming a high rich yellow when
ripe, with some large shades of green about the crown
before fully ripe ; stalk large, in an acuminate cavity;
basin deep ; flesh yellowish, rather firm, becoming te^
der, rich, aromatic, excellent. Leaves sharply serrate ,
shoots vigorous, rather dark, diverging, becoming spread
ing ; tr3e large. Late autumn, keeping into mH-winter

156 AUTUMN APPLES.

Mostly a moderate bearer — fruit sometimes water-cored
Excellent for cooking. Fine in nearly all localities.

Fraiikliji's Golden Pippin. Medium in size, oval or ovate
deep yellow, specks dark, numerous; stalk short, slender,
flesh tender, crisp, rich, aromatic. Growth vigorous,
upright. Ripens mid-autumn.

Golden Noble. Large, roundish-oblate, very regular, yellow,
stalk short, cavity and basin very shallow; rather acid,
rich, good ; always fair. From England, by R. Manning.

Hawley. {Sijn. Dowse.) Quite large, roundish, slis^htly
conical, sometimes nearly round, with a broad obtiirie
apex, and slightly flattened; smooth, slightly oily when
kept within doors ; pale green becoming yellow, some-
times a very faint orange cheek ; stalk one-half to one
inch long, slender; cavity wide, deep, acute, sometimes
slightly obtuse ; basin deep, slightly furrowed ; flesh yel-
lowish white, fine-grained, quite tender, with a mild, rich,
sub-acid, fine flavor. Ripens at mid-autumn. A very val-
uable apple. Shoots of rather slow growth. Oriq;in, Co-
lumbia Co., N. Y., and cultivated chiefly in western N. Y

Hawthornden. (Syn. White Hawthornden.) Rather large,
roundish, oblate-conical ; whitish yellow, a blush on the
sunny side ; stalk rather stout ; calyx in a regular, plaited
basin; flesh juicy, sub-acid, pleasant, not rich. Fair, pro-
ductive ; for cooking only. Tree spreading.

[loUand Pippin. Very large', roundish, somewhat oblong,
and flattened at the ends, sometimes slightly oblaie ;
greenish yellow, becoming pale yellow or whitish yellow,
with a brownish red cheek ; stalk variable in length,
usually short, cavity wide, acute ; basin slightly plaited ;
flesh nearly white, rather acid, with a second rate flavor.
Ripens early and mid-autumn, but is a good cooking
n.:>p]e some weeks previously. AV holly distinct from the
Fall Pippin. Fig. 129.

Keswick Codlin. Rather large, somewhat conical, obscure-
ly ribbed; greenish yellow, becoming light yellow; stalk
short, deep set : calyx rather large ; juicy, pleasant acid;
second-rate. Fine for cooking ; very productive

AUTUMN APPLES. ,''',7

Lemon Pippin. Medium size, oval, reguJar ; pale green,
becoming yellow ; stalk sho»-% fleshy, curved inwards,
surrounded by a fleshy protuberance ; basin small, even ;
flesh firm, brisk, pleasant sub-acid. Late autu . n and
early winter. Tree erect.

Lowell. [Syn. Orange, Tallow apple. Tallow Pippin, Queen
Anne, of northern Ohio.) Large, roundish-oblong, obtuse,
slightly conical ; green becomi. g rich yellow ; surface
slightly oily ; stalk one inch long, basin deep, furrowed
or plaited inside, rim obtuse, even ; flesh yellowish white,
rather coarse, rich sub-acid, or rather acid, hardly first-
rate, but valuable for its fair surface and great and early
productiveness. Early autu n.

Maiden^s Blush. Rather large, oblate, smooth and regular,
w:th a fine, evenly shaded red cheek or blush on a clear
pale yellow giound : stalk short ; cavity rather wide ; ba-
sin moderate, even; flesh white, fine-grained, tender,
pleasant sub-acid, but not rich, good second-rate. Mid-
autumn. Tree spreading. Although deficient in rich-
ness, it is admired for its fair, tender, and beautiful fruit,
and uniform productiveness. Fig. 148.

Menagere. Ver}- large, quite oblate, regular, pale yellow,
sometimes a faint blush, stalk short, flavor poor. Middle
and late autumn. Cuhnary ow\y. German.

Orne's Early. Rather large, somewhat ribbed, pale yel-
low, sprinkled with thin russet, and with a dull red cheek
towards the sun. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, and
with an exceedingly pleasant and fine flavor. Ripens the
first of autumn. This apple was imported from France
into Marblehead, Mass., and the name being lost, it re-
ceived that of the iinporter, in the same way that the
Williams Bonchretien pear was changed to Bartlett.

PoRTBi. Rather large, oblong-ovate-conical, regular, often
ribbed at apex ; bright yellow, -sometimes a dull blush in
the sun ; stalk one inch long, slender, cavitv rather sm^all ;
basin narrow ; flesh lender, rich sub-acid, of fine flavor.
Fair and productive. Early autumn. Good throughout
♦.he northern states. Leaves sharp serrate. Fie:. 11'3.

J58 AUTUMIS APPLES. ^

Qnince. Large, oblate ; rich lemon yellow when ripe ; rich
juicy. A great bearer alternate years. Late autumn.

Red Ashi/iore. Medium or rather large, nearly round,
smooth and glossy, rich crimson shaded into pale red and
pale yellowish white; juicy, delicate, pleasant. Very
beautiful. Late autumn. Little known. The Striped
Ashmore is a distinct variety.

Siberian Crab. This is the Pyrus baccata of botanists, a
distinct species from all our common apples, which are
varieties of the Pyrus mains. The common Red Siberian
Crab is very small, about an inch in diameter, nearly
round, with a brilliant scarlet cheek, on a pale clear,
waxen yellow ground, stalk very long and slender; tree
very productive, and bears when very young. Too hard
for preserving, but makes excellent jelly. The Large
Red Siberia7i Crab, {P. pninifolia,) is about twice the
size of the preceding, round-ovate, calyx prominent, skin
pale red and yellow. Some seedlings also from the com-
mon Red, have been triple the size of the original. The
Yellow Siberian Crab is larger than the common, of a fine
rich yellow.

Stroat. Rather large, roundish, regular, very slightly coni-
cal ; pale yellowish green ; specks small, clear ; stalk
three-fourths of an inch long, in a rather obtuse cavity;
basin small, slightly furrowed ; flesh tender, rich, mild,
sub-acid, flavor fine. Late autumn. Not good in some
localities. The name is from the Dutch, stroat * a street,
the place of its origin.

Surprise. Medium or rather small, roundish, skin yellow,
flesh red. Quality worthless ; sometimes cultivated for
its singular red flesh within the yellow skin.

Tompkins Apple. Large, roundish-oblong, rather angu-
lar, slightly ribbed near the apex, smooth ; color rich yel-
low; stalk short, small, cavity narrow; calyx small, basin
deep, plaited ; flesh tender rich, sub-acid Last half of
autumn. May prove to be th3 Dyer,

* Prononncod itrote.

WINTER APPLE?. 159

Wornisley Pippin. Size medium, roundish, slightly coni-
cal ; pale greenish yellow ; stalk rather long, calyx deep
sunk ; flesh white, firm, crisp, high-flavored, but too acid.
English.

bellow Ingestrie. Small, clear rich yellow, tender, deli-
cate, juicy when fresh, crisp, spicy. English. Of little
value in this country.

DIVISION m.— WINTER APPLES.

Class I. — Sweet Apples.

Section L — Striped with red.

Bailey Sweet. {Syn. Patterson Sweet, Edgerly Sweet.)
Large, regular ovate, often slightly and sometimes con-
siderably ribbed ; the whole surface frequently a full
bright red, in small, broken, indistinct stripes and dots,
on light ground ; stalk slender, one inch long ; cavity
small, narrow, slightly ribbed ; basin small, plaited ; flesh
very tender, not juicy; a pure, mild, rich sweet; fine.
Early winter. Origin, Perry, Wyoming Co., N. Y. New.

Hartford Sweeting. {Syn. Spencer Sweeting.) Eathei
large, roundish, slightly flattened ; striped with fine red
on greenish yellow ground ; stalk slender, cavity rather
shallow, round; calyx large, basin shallow; juicy, ten-
der, rich, agreeable. Keeps thiough winter and spring.
Productive. Growth slow, shoots becoming d:ooping.
Although hardly first-rate in quality, valuable for its great
productiveness and long keeping. A native of Hartford,
Connecticut.

Ladies' Sweeting. Rather large, roundish-ovate, apex
narrow ; striped with red on pale yellowish green ground,
a nearly uniform shade of fine red to the sun ; faintly
marbled or clouded with white over the red; and cavity
faintly rayed with white ; stalk short, cavity small ; calyx
and basin small; tender, juicy, agreeable, fine, rich

\r>0

WINTIIR A)'i*I.Ei

\

I ---^^.,:.-i^

WINTER APPLES. 161

Through winter and into spring. A profuse bearer.
Growth not vigorous. Newburgh, N. Y. Fig. 118.

Ph'dUys Sweeting. Medium or large, roundish, slightly
flattened and conical, regular; mottled red, yellow, and
dark red ; flesh rich yellow, tender, juicy, crisp, sweet.
Very handsome ; resembles Ladies' Sweeting, but more
showy and not equal in flavor. Early winter ; Growth
upright, vigorous. Central Ohio.

EamsdeWs Siveeting. {Stjn. RamsdeiPs Red Pumpkin
Sweet.) Rather large, oblong, obscurely conical, regular;
dark rich red, with a blue bloom ; stalk short ; basin
rather deep, even ; flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, rich,
good second-rate, or nearly first-rate. Tree vigorous, up-
right, very productive. Late autumn and early winter.
Conn.

Sweet Baldwin. Medium or rather large, round, often round-
oblate, very obscurely conical, very regular; color a fine
deep red indistinctly striped on yellow ground ; stalk
three-quarters of an inch long, slender, cavity very even;
basin rather small, nearly smooth ; flavor, very sweet,
nearly first-rate. Early winter. Fig. 155.

Swet* Pearmain. {Syn. English Sweeting, of Rhode Island.)
Medium size, roundish or ovate-conical ; dark rich red,
wivii rough dots; stalk an inch long, slender, cavity wide,
rou.id; cal5^x wooly, basin very small; flavor sweet and
rici^- Early winter. Introduced from England before the
rev. lution.

Section II. — Not striped.

Broad -VELL. Rather large, slightly conical, somewhat
oblave ; skin thin, smooth, greenish yellow ; stalk short,
small, deep set; flesh white, tender, sweet, juicy, fine —
often first rate, and one of the best winter sweet apples.
Keept. through winter late into spring. Ohio. New.

Cann. Size, medium; conical; green with a brownish
shade near the stalk ; very sweet. Early winter. N. J.

Danvers Winter Sweet. Medium or rather large,
roundish, remotely oblong or conical, obscurely ribbed ;

162 WINTER APPLES.

greenish yellow, becoming a rather dull rich yellow, —
sometimes an orange blush; stalk three-quarters lo one
inch long, cavity acute ; basin smooth, narrow ; flesh
yellow, sweet, rich. Growth vigorous, tree productive.

Green Stceet. Large or medium ; nearly round, slightly
approaching ovaie-conical, regular ; surface green, with
greenish white dots ; stalk about an inch long, mode-
rately thick, cavity rather small and narrow, round;
acuminate ; basin, small, slightly furrowed ; flesh greenish
white, with a veiy sweet, spicy, good flavor. Fair, pro-
ductive, and a long keeper.

Old-Toicn Crab. {Syn. Spice apple of Va.) Rather small;
greenish yellow, with brown specks ; flesh crisp, sweet,
fragrant, juicy, sprightly. Growth strong, trees compact.
Cultivated in southern Virginia ; keeps there through
winter into spring.

Sweet Russet. Large, ovate-conical, largest at middle,
tapering slightly to base, and much narrowed to apex;
green becoming yellow, with patches of russet ; stalk
one-half to an inch long, cavity narrow ; basin narrow,
uneven ; flesh tender, rather sponiry, with a good and
quite sweet flavor. Fair and productive. Considerably
cultivated in western New York and elsewhere. Early
winter.

Tallman Sweeting. (Syn. Tolman's Sweeting.) Medium
or rather large, roundish oblate, slightly conical; clear
light yellow, with a clear brownish line from stalk to
apex ; stalk nearly an inch long ; calyx in a distinct,
slightly wrinkled basin ; flesh white, firm, rich, very sweet.
Excellent for winter baking. Keeps into spring. Young
tree vigorous, upright, shoots becoming spreading; leaves
wavy. Productive.

CYells' Sweeting. Medium in size, roundish, tapering
slightly to base and apex ; color light green, with a
brownish cheek ; stalk short ; basin shallow ; flesh very
white, tender, rich, agreeable. Early winter. New
burgh, N. Y.

WINTER APPLES. 163

Victuals and Drink. Large, roundish, often oblong-conical,
more or less irregular; dull yellow, slightly russeted ;
stalk rather slender ; basin shallow, slightly ribbed ; flesh
fine grained, breaking, rich, sweet, light. Ripens late
autumn and early winter. A moderate bearer. Newark,
New Jersey.

Class II. — With more or less Acidity.

Section I. — Striped with red.

American Pippin. (Syn. Grindstone.) Medium size, ob-
late, regular ; light dull red on dull green ; dots whitish,
conspicuous; rather rough; stalk short, often quite fleshy;
basin very shallow ; flesh very hard ; mild sub-acid.
Long keeping, but poor. Shoots crooked, irregular.

BALDWIN. Rather large, roundish, with more or less of
a rounded taper towards the apex ; shaded and striped
with yellowish red and crimson on yellow ground ; stalk
three-quarters of an inch long, rather slender ; calyx in a
narrow, slightly plaited basin; flesh yellowish white, with
a rich, mild, sub-acid flavor. Young tree vigorous,
upright, shoots dark brown, diverging and ascending.
Very productive. Ripens through winter. A first rate
winter apple through New-England and New-York ;
unsuccessful in northern Ohio. The use of special
manures, as lime, potash, and salt has, however, on those
unfavorable localities, been attended with the best results,
and produced fine fruit ; showing the deficiency to be in
the soil. Fig. 117.

The Baldwin is liable to vary in character ; the Late
Baldwin of Maine, appears to be identical, but modified
by external causes.

Black Apple, of Coxe. Rather small, roundish, slightly
oblate; dark red, nearly black, with a whitish, mealy
bloom ; stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long ; basin
rather shallow; flesh yellowish red, crisp, juicy, second
rate in quality. Early winter. Old tree becoming rather
drooping.

164 WINTER APPLES.

Black Detroit. {Syn. Grand Sachem, Crimson Pippin.)
Large, roundish, ribhed, irregular, very dark red ; stalk
short, stout ; basin distinct, plaited ; flesh white, often
stained red, rather dry, not high flavored.

The Red Detroit is a Tounder, firmer, and better fruit, per*
haps identical with Black Coal of Ohio.

Black Gilliflower. Rather large, oblong-ovate, long conical,
regular, obscurely ribbed ; surface dark, dull, reddish
purple, inclining to greenish yellow where densely
shaded ; cavity very narrow, acuminate ; basin very
small, ribbed; flesh greenish white, with a rich, good
slightly sub-acid flavor, becoming dry when ripe. Keeps
through winter and late into spring. Shoots dark, rather
crooked, fruit always fair; very productive. Rejected by
most cultivators on account of its very dry flesh. Totally
distinct from the Red or Cornish Gilliflower.

Blue Pearmaiji. Very large, roundish, inclining to oblong,
slightly and obtusely conical ; dark purplish red in large
broken stripes on lighter ground ; bloom conspicuous ;
dots large, indistinct ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long;
calyx deep set ; flesh yellowish, mild sub-acid, good.
Early winter. A thin bearer.

Brahant Bellefleur. Large, roundish or roundish-oblong:
pale yellow, striped ; calyx large ; flesh firm, rich, sub-
acid or rather acid, good flavor. Growth crooked, tree
spreading. Winter.

Carthouse. {Syn. Gilpin, Red Romanite, of Ohio.^ Me-
dium or rather small, roundish-oblong, nearly regular,
apex flattened ; striped and shaded deep red on greenish
yel ow ground; stalk one-half to an inch long, slender;
basin slightly furrowed, wide, distinct; flesh tough, crisp,
•fresh, agreeable, mild sub-acid, second-rate. Keeps fresh
till late in spring. Much cultivated in Ohio valley and
sold at New-Orleans. Fig. 137.

Chandler. Rather large, rounJish-oblate, often oblique or
irregular, obscurely ribbed ; color with a few distinct
large broken stripes of yellowish red, and a shade of paler
red on greenish yellow ; stalk half an inch long ; basin

WINTER APPLES 165

rather deep ; flesh greenish yellow, sub-acid, rich, nearly
fir^t-rate. Early winter. Origin, Pomfret, Conn.

Cornish Gillijlower. Medium size, ovate, apex ribbed, very
narrow ; dull green, with a brown cheek, slightly streaked;
calyx large ; flesh yellowish, firm, rich, high flavor. Ripe
through winter. English.

Cos or Caas. Large, one-sided or angular, roundish, base
wide, apex narrow ; greenish yellow with red streaks ;
stalk short, cavity deep, one-sided ; calyx small, basin
shallow; flesh mild, sub-acid, agreeable, second-rate or
nearly first-rate. Ripens through winter. A native of
Kingston, N. Y.

Court-pendu. {Syn. Court-pendu plat.) Medium in size,
flat, regular ; color deep crim:son on pale greenish yellow;
stalk short, cavity deep; calyx large, basin wide; flesh
yellowish, crisp, rich, acid. Early winter Popular in
Europe. French.

Dominie. Rather large, roundish-oblate ; surface with nar-
row and distinct stripes of light red, on whitish yellow
ground; dots or specks large, rough ; stalk three-fourths
of an inch long, cavity wide, deep, acute ; basin deep,
obtusely ribbed ; flesh white, firm, mild sub-acid, spicy,
fine-flavored. Shoots very long, vigorous, diverging,
leaves drooping, coarsely serrate. Productive. Keeps
through winter. This is the Wells apple of Ohio.

Dumelow's Seedling. Medium in size, round, flattened al
ends ; clear yellow, with a red blush ; stalk very short ;
calyx large, open, deep , e unk ; flesh yellow, crisp, with
a very brisk sharp acid juice. A good culinary fruit.
English.

Dutch Mignonne. Quite large, roundish, regular ; rich
orange, dotted, mottled, and obscurely striped with briirhl
red, slightly russetted ; stalk nearly an inch long, slen-
der; calyx large, open; basin large, round, even; f\(^<]\
firm, becominir tender, with a high, rich, rather acid fl -
vor. Early winter. Native of Hol'and. A large, hr.i d-
Rome, high-flavored, hut rather coarse fruit.

166

WINTER APPLES.

wmTER APPLES. 167

Eicsfis. — [Syn. Ben.) Rather large, roundish, very slightly
ovale ; striped and dotted with light rich red on rich yel-
low ; stalk very short ; basin narrow, rather deep ; flesh
yellowish, rich, sub-acid, fine. Origin, Essex Co., Mas'-
New.

Golden Reinette. Small, regular, roundish-conical, slightly
flattened at base ; rich yellow with red ; stalk long, cavi-
ty shallow ; flesh yellowish, rich, mild sub-acid. Early
winter.

Herefordshire Pearmain. {Syn. Royal Pearmain, Win-
ter Pearmain, erroneously.) Medium in size, round-ob-
long, approaching obtuse-conical ; surface mostly covered
with indistinct stripes and soft clouds of light red on
greenish yellow, which on ripening becomes a pale, clear
yellow ;* stalk half an inch long, cavity small ; calyx
large, open ; basin narrow, plaited ; flesh yellowish white,
fine-grained, with a pleasant, mild sub-acid, aromatic,
fine flavor. Early winter. Best on light soils. Distin-
guished from Winter Pearmain by its stronger shoots,
less oblong form, and by the soft shades and clouds of
fine red, which cover the surface.

Hoary Morning. Large, roundish, slightly oblate ; broadly
striped, covered with a downy or hoary bloom; cavity
wide ; calyx small, basin shallow, plaited ; flesh firm-
brisk, sub-acid. For cooking. English.

HUBBARDSTON NONESUCH. Large, round-ovate,
largest at the middle, nearly regular; color with small
broken stripes and numerous dots of light rich red on a
rich yellow ground ; stalk three-fourths to one inch long;
cavity acute, russeted ; calyx open, basin ribbed ; flesh
yellowish, very rich, slightly sub-acid, with n strong mix-
lure of a rich sweet, flavor excellent. Early winter. Equal
to the Swaar in r'chness, superior to the Baldwin in fla-
vor. Shoots rather slender, grey. A native of Hub-
bardston, Mass. Loses flavor by iceepm^-. Fig. 119.

Jonathan. Medium in size, round-ovate, or approaching
iruncale-conical ; regular ; nearly covered with brilliant

the fair Permain

Tempered, like com! est nymph, with red and white ^^—PhiUipe-

H

168 WINTER APPLES

Stripes of clear red on a pale yellow ground ; stalk slen-
der ; basin ver v distinct, rather deep ; flesh white, very-
juicy, spicy, sub-acid, moderately rich. Keeps through win-
ter. Shoots slender, diverging; tree very productive; fruit
always handsome and fair. Fig. 136. Kingston, N. Y.

Kentish Filbasket. Very large, roundish, slightly ribbed,
greenish yellow, slightly streaked, sub-acid ; only cook-
ing. English.

Kirk's Lord Nelson. Large, roundish, regular; striped
light red on greenish yellow, rather acid, flavor not high.
Early winter. Handsome. English.

Laquier. {Sy?i. Lacker.) Rather large, oblate, somewhat
irregular ; striped light and dark red on greenish yellow ;
with conspicuous whitish specks ; stalk half an inch long;
basin furrowed; flesh white, fine-grained, firm, crisp, fresh,
mild, agreeable, sub-acid. Keeps through winter. Cultiva-
ted in western INew-York ; originally from Lancaster, Pa.

Limber Twig. {Sy?t. James River.) Large, dull red, flo.^V
3y'ellowish, very compact, not high-flavored, but cultiv:itel
in the south and west for its keeping properties. 'J'h';
tree is ill-shapen, with pendant branches, whence i'a
name. Distinct from the Willow Twig.

Lucombe's Seedling. Rather large, roundish, slightly an-
gular, somewhat conical ; greenish yellow in the shade,
dashed and spotted with carmine in the sun ; stalk short ,
basin small, plaited; flesh whitish, firm, not high flavored.
Late autumn and early winter. A handsome, English,
culinary fruit, of third quality.

Margin. Very small, slightly angular, dull yellow and
orange; streaked and mottled with red; firm, high fla-
vored, aromatic ; growth slow. English.

Marston's Red Winter. Large, roundish oval, regular
slightly narrowed to each end, smooth; striped with
bright red and crimson on yellow ground ; stalk half an
inch long, slender, cavity russcted ; basin abrupt, round,
smooth ; flesh yellowish, fine-grained, tender, juicy,
high-flavored. Ripens through winter. Origin, New
Hampshire. New.

WINTER APPLES. 169

McLellan. (Syn. Martin.) Medium in size or rather
large, nearlyround, smooth, regular; striped and mottled
with lively clear red on yellow ground ; stalk three-fourths
of an inch long, slender, cavity narrow ; basin narrow,
waved; seeds small; flesh nearly white, fine-grained
very tender, slightly sub-acid, agreeable, but not very
rich. Early winter. Very productive. A native of Con-
necticut. New.

Minister. Large, rather irregular, oblong-conical, ribbed,
surface more or less wavy, base broad, apex very narrow ;
very distinctly striped with red on greenish yellow ground;
stalk one inch long, slender, cavity usually wide, shallow,
and irregular ; flesh yellowish, moderately rich, sub-acid,
flavor second rate. Productive, fair, and showy. Early
winter. Shoots somewhat flexuous.

Mother. Large, oblong-ovate, approaching conical ;
slightly and obtusely ribbed; color a high warm rich
red on yellow ground ; deep red to the sun, — in obscure
broken stripes and spots ; stalk three-fourths of an inch
long, cavity moderate ; basin small, plaited ; flesh yellow,
more so towards the outside, moderately juicy, rich, very
spicy, very mild sub-acid, with an admixture of sweet.
Somewhat resembles the Esopus Spitzenburgh in exter-
nal appearance, and in its rich yellow flesh and spiciness,
but nearly sweet in flavor, and less agreeable. Late
autumn and early winter. Worcester Co., Mass. Fig. 136.

Murphy. Rather large, round-oblong or round-ovate ; dis-
tinctly striped with bright rich red on rich yellow ; stalk
one inch long, cavity wide, rather obtuse ; basin narrow ;
flesh yellowish, mild sub-acid, good. Early winter. A
native of Salem, Mass.

Norfolk Beaufin. Large, flat, dark dull copper colored oi
livid red in faint stripes ; stalk short, fleshy ; basin
plaited, shallow; flesh hard, rather acid, poor flavor. Only
for drying. "Winter. English.

NORTHERN SPY. Large,roundish, slightly conical, often
flattened, sometimes slightly ribbed, handsomely striped
with red; stalk and calyx deep set ; flavor mild agreeable,
mild sub-acid, fine. Keeps through winter and late into

170 WINTER APPLES.

spring ; preserves its flavor remarkably fresh. Shoots
dark, spotted, erect, stout. To afford fine fruit, the tree
must be kept thrifty by good t^uhivation. A native of East
Bloomfield, N. Y. Fig. 121.!

Pennock. (S'^?z. Pennock's Red Winter.) Large, roundish,
sometimes slightly oblong, flattened at ends, oblique;
color deep dull red, with large white dots ; stalk rather
slender; flesh coarse, slightly sub-acid, rather rich, with a
slight mixture of bitter and sweet, second or third rate.
Very liable to dry rot. Popular in southeastern Penn-
sylvania, from its large size and showy appearance.

Pound. Very large, round-oblong, striped red on greenish
yellow, stalk short, ^avor poor.

Priestley. Medium or rather large, roundish-oblong, some-
times nearly round ; lii^ht dull red in small stripes and
numerous dots, with a dense bloom; stalk one inch long;
basin small, furrowed ; flavor sub-acid, spicy, good second
rate. Growth upright.

Pryor's Red. {Sy7i. Pryor's Pearmain.) Medium or rather
large, roundish, irregular, varying, apex often broad,
sometimes narrow, considerably or slightly ribbed ; color
dull brick red on greenish yellow in dots, shades, and
obscure streaks, slightly russeted ; stalk long or short,
cavity small ; calyx open, basin narrow ; flesh very
tender, mild, rich, sub-acid, agreeable. Resembles in
texture and flavor the Westfield Seeknofurlher. Highly
esteemed in Indiana, Kentucky, and Virs^inia, — where it
keeps till spring, — and succeeds well further north.

Rawle's Jannet. {Syn. Rawle's Jenneting, Neverfail,
Rockremain.) Medium in size, roundish, approaching
oblong or obtuse conical, often oblique ; color pale red
distinct stripes on light yellow ground ; stalk half an
inch Jong; flesh nearly white, fine, rich, mild, sub-acid,
fine texture, crisp, juicy, compact, about first rate.
Growth slow ; a profuse bearer, with a portion of the
crop knotty or under size. Keeps through spring. Highly
esteemed in the Ohio valley ; does not succeed farther
north. The blossoms open ten days later than usual

WINTER APPLES. 17 J

thus sometimes escaping spring frosts ; and hence the
name Neverfail.

RED CANADA. C^^^^. Nonsuch, Old Nonsuch of Mass.,
Richfield Nonsuch of Ohio.) Medium in size, roundish-
conical, regular ; nearly the whole surface covered with
red, and interspersed with large and rather indistinct
whitish dots ; stalk about an inch long, in a very wide
and even cavity; basin nearly even, moderate; flesh fine
grained, compact, with a rich sub-acid, high and excellent
flavor. Keeps through winter. Shoots rather slender,
leaves wavy. Productive ; fruit smooth and fair. Suc-
ceeds equally in New England, New York, and Ohio.
This is wholly distinct from the Nonsuch of England, to
prevent confusion with which, the name Red Canada
is preferred. One of the finest table apples, often keep-
ing late in spring. The slender growth of the tree, and
its moderate crops in some localities, are the chief draw-
back on its value. Fig. 120.

Rome Beauty. Large, roundish, very slightly conical ;
mostly covered with bright red on pale yellow ground ;
flesh tender, not fine grained, juicy, of good quality.
Ripens early in winter. The large size and beautiful
appearance of this new Ohio apple render it worthy of
trial, as an orchard variety.

Redstreak. Medium size, roundish, rich red and yellow in
streaks; flesh yellowish, rich, firm, dry. For cider only.

Scarlet Nonpareil. Medium in size, roundish, regular, yel-
lowish green, the sunny side deep red, stalk rather large ,
flesh firm, rich, acid. English.

SPITZENBURGH, ESOPUS. Rather large, round-ovate
slightly conical ; surface a high rich red, rather obscurely
striped ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, rather slen-
der ; basin shallow, slightly furrowed ; flesh yellow, firm,
crisp, spicy, rather acid, nearly unequalled in its high
rich flavor. Keeps through winter. Shoots ascending
and erect, rather slender, leaves crenate. Usually a mode-
rate bearer. Succeeds best in New- York its native
state. Fig. 123.

172

WINTER APPLES.

WINTER APPLES. 173

Spitzenburgh, Flushing. Rather large, round-conical, rea
on greenish yellow ; calyx small, basin even ; flesh white,
nearly sweet, pleasant, good second rate. Early v/inter.
Growth strong.

Spitzenburgk, KaighrCs. Rather large, oblong-ovate ; some-
what conical ; striped with red on yellow ; stalk slender
one inch long, cavity small, acuminate ; basin rather
deep ; rather coarse. Proves to be a good second-rate
fruit at Cincinnati, but north and east is unworthy of cul-
tivation. Keeps through winter. Growth irregular. Ori-
gin, New- Jersey.

Spitze?iburgh, Newtown. Medium size, roundish-oblate,
smooth ; a fine red cheek, with a few streaks of deeper
red, on clear yellow ; stalk short ; basin wide, even ; fles^
yellowish, firm, flavor mild, agreeable. Origin, Newtowr
Long Island.

Vandevere. Medium in size, round-oblate, regular ; color
light red in indistinct streaks on yellow ground, often a
high red where exposed ; dots numerous ; stalk uniform-
ly at out half an inch long, cavity and basin wide; flesh
light yellow, with a rich, mild, sub-acid, excellent flavor.
Earl}' winter. Not always fair — succeeds best on light
soils. Shoots spotted ; leaves doubly serrate-crenate.
Origin, Wilmington, Del.

Wagener. Medium or rather large, oblate, obscurely

ribbed, shaded and indistinctly striped with pale red, and a
full, deep red in the sun, on warm yellow ground; often
streaked with russet ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long,
cavity wide, rather obtuse; basin even, rather large ; flesh
yellowish, very fine grained, tender, compact, mild, sub-
acid, very aromatic, excellent. Ripens through winter.
A native of Penn Yan, N. Y. New.

Watson's Dumpling. Very large, nearly round, regular
yellowish green, faintly striped ; stalk short ; flesh juicy
pleasant, sub-acid. For cooking. Early winter. English

Wdls Apple. Rather large, roundish-conical, slightly ob-
late ; bright yellowish green and red ; basin shalloAv ;

174

WINTER APPLES.

WINTER APPLE? 17.^

sprightly sub-acid. Fine baking. Shoots slender , tree
very productive. (This proves to be the Domine.)

Westfield Seeknofurther. {Syn. Connecticut Seekno-
further, New-England Seeknofurther.) Medium or large,
roundish, often slightly conical, obscurely striped with
light dull red, more orless russeted, rarely covered wholly
with russet; stalk slender; calyx partly open ; flesh ten-
der, rich, spicy, of fine flavor. Early and mid- winter.
Tree productive, fruit always fair. Leaves sharply ser-
rate. Succeeds well throughout the northern states and
Ohio. Fig. 153.

Willow Twig. Large, roundish, slightly conical, obtuse,
very regular; greenish yellow, striped and mottled faint-
ly with dull red ; stalk short ; basin very wide and deep,
rim obtuse ; flavor sub-acid or rather acid, not rich. A
long keeper. Shoots very slender. Cultivated much as
a market apple in southern Ohio.

Wine. (Syn. Hays' Apple, Hays' Winter.) Rather large,
often quite large, roundish, slightly flattened ; obscurely
striped and mottled with red on yellow ground ; stalk
quite short, cavity deep, acuminate ; calyx large, open,
basin large ; flesh yellowish white, with a rich sub-acid oi
rather acid flavor. Early winter. There are several spu-
rious varieties under this name.

Winesap. Size, medium ; round-ovate, slightly conical,
sometimes obscurely flattened ; color a lively deep red ;
stalk slender, three-fourths of an inch long, cavity acute ;
calyx small, in a finely plaited basin ; flesh yellowish,
firm, crisp, with a rich sub-acid or rather acid flavor.
Keeps through winter. One of the best apples for
baking. Growth rather irregular, fruit always fair.
Differs from the Jonathan, in its smaller size, yellower
flesh, smaller basin, and rather inferior quality.

Winter Pearniai?!. {Sy?i. Autumn Pearmain, erroneously,
Old Pearmain.) Size, medium ; obloy.g-ovate, ends
somewhat flattened ; color, narrow broken stripes of dull
red on greenish yellow ; stalk half an inch to one inch
long, quite slender, cavity narrow ; basin small, distinct,
12 H*

17(1

WINTER APPLES

WINTER APPLES. x77

wrinkled ; flesh dull yellow, or greenish yellow, tender,
with a pleasant, sub-acid, lemon flavor. Does not freeze
easily. Fig. 126

Winter Queen, {^yn. Winter Queening.) Medium size
conical, base broad ; deep crimson in the sun, a lively
pale red in the shade. Stalk slender, three-fourths of an
inch long, cavity wide; flesh yellowish, mild sub-acid,
rather pleasant. Productive. Early winter. N. J.

Yorkshire Greening. Rather large, oblate, slightly ribbed;
dull, dark green, slightly tinged and striped with muddy
brown ^nd dull red ; stalk short, thick ; cavity and
plaited basin, shallow; flesli fi m, greenish white, juicy
acid. Through winter. A fine English culinary apple.

Section II. — Not striked.

A.LBEMARLE PippiN. Size, medium or rather large, nearly
round ; yellow with brown specks ; flesh pale yellow,
sub-acid, with a very fine flavor. Keeps well. Cul-
tivated chiefly in Virginia, and in great abundance in
Albemarle County, at the foot of the Blue Ridge, and is
sent to the Richmond market.

Alfriston. Large, roundish, a little ribbed, slightly conical,
pale greenish yellow, slightly russeted, stalk short, ten-
der, rather acid, third rate.

Bedfordshire Foundling. Large, roundish, green, stalk
short, calyx open, flesh yellowish, pleasant acid, cooking.
Early winter. Handsome.

Belmont. (St/?z. Gate, Waxen of Coxe ?) Rather large,
roundish conical or ovate-conical, apex usually narrow,
but sometimes quite obtuse ; faintly ribbed, smooth ; color
clear pale yellow, with sometimes a light vermillion
blush; and rarely with large thinly scattered carmine
dots ; stalk varying from half an inch long and stout, to
an inch or more long and slender ; basin in conical
specimens, narrow and shallow; in obtuse specimens,
narrow and deep, with an obtusely ribbed rim ; flesh
yellowish white, compact, crisp, becoming quite tender,
with a mild, rich, sub-acid, fine flavor, Leaves crenate

r/8 WINTER APPLES.

Early winter. A profuse bearer. Excellenc in New
York, Michigan, and northern and central Ohio — worth-
less at Cincinnati. Fig. 1:23.

The identity of this fruit with the Waxen of Coxe, not
having been established, the old name Belmont, (of Ken-
rick) extensively used in most places where it is cuhi-
vated, is here adopted.

BorsdorfT. {Sy?i. Borsdorffer.) Small, roundish oval, apex
slightly conical ; pale yellow, with a full red cheek ; stalk
short, slender; basin very shallow^ small, even; flesh
yellowish white, firm, crisp, with a rich, brisk flavor.
Early winter. German. #

Bourassa. Rather large, ovate-conical, ribbed, somewhat
irregular, a rich orange russet on a rich golden surface,
dark reddish brown to the sun ; stalk an inch and a fourth
long, cavity small, irregular ; basin small and narrow ;
flesh fine-grained, sub-acid, rich, fine. Succeeds well far
north.

Bullock's Pippin, or American Golden Russet, {^yn.
Golden Russet, Sheepnose.) Rather small, conical, light
yellow, sprinkled and sometimes overspread with thin
russet; stalk long, slender; basin very small and nar-
row ; ribbed ; flesh yellowish white, very fine grained,
becoming very tender, with a mild, rich, slightly sub-acid
flavor. Growth erect, shoots rather slender ; leaves
sharply serrate ; tree overbears. Early winter. When
well ripened, this apple is exceedingly delicate and ten-
der; sometimes it does not become soft in ripening, when
the quality is poor, and often worthless. It is too small
to become very popular. Mostly poor in N. Y. Fig. 141.;

Canada Reinette. {Syn. Reinette du Canada, Canadian
Reinette.) Quite large, somewhat conical and flattened^
rather irregular, ribbed, apex obtuse ; greenish yellow,
sometimes a brown cheek ; stalk short, cavity wide ; calyx
large, basin rather deep, irregular; flesh nearly white,
rather firm, becoming quite tender, juicy, with a good,
lively sub-acid flavor. Early and mid-winter.

The Whife Pippin of southern Ohio, closely resembles the
Canada Reinette in form, and may prove identical.

WIiNTER AITLES. i79

Catshead. (Sz/w. Cathead Greening.) Very large, round,*
pale green, stalk half an inch long, cavity deep, basin
wide, deep ; tender, sub-acid ; flavor rather poor.

Court of Wick. Rather small, regular, round-ovate, slight-
ly flattened ; greenish-yellow, with an orange red cheek ;
stalk short ; calyx open, basin wide, shallow ; flesh crisp,
juicy, with a high acid flavor. Hardy, suited for the ex-
treme north. English.

Cranberry Pippin. Rather large, regular, oblate, very
smooth ; color, a beautiful blush on pale clear yellow,
often with large red dots on the sunny side ; stalk slen-
der, three-fourths of an inch long; calyx deep set, basin
round, with a full obtuse rim ; flesh white, sub-acid,
second-rate flavor. Early winter. Exceedingly beauti-
ful ; resembles Maiden's Blush, but later, and not equal
in quality.

Cumberland Spice. Rather large, varying from roundish-
conica[ o long conical, the tapering sides being nearly
straight and not rounded ; color, waxen yellow, with a
slight Vermillion tinge near the base ; and with black
specks on the surface ; stalk half to three-fourths of an
inch long, cavity wide, slightly russeted ; calyx open, ba-
sin even ; flesh yellowish-white, breaking, rather light;
core hollow ; flavor mild sub-acid, v/ith a peculiar and
agreeable spiciness, of good second-rate quality. This
has been confounded with the Ortley or White Detroit ot
the west, but is quite distinct. Fig. 128.

Aunt Hannah. Size medium, roundish, approaching ovate,
straw color, with a very pleasant mild sub-acid, fine fla-
vor, resembling in character the Newtown Pippin. Ori-
gin, Essex county, Massachusetts.

English Golden Russet. {Syn. Golden Russet of New-
York.) Size medium ; roundish, usually a little oblong,
sometimes slightly flattened, nearly regular; surface
sometimes wholly a thick russet ; and at others a thin
broken russet on a greenish-yellow skin ; stem slender,
from half an inch to an inch long, being longest on ob-

* " the Cat's-Head's weighty orb

Enormous of its growth.^ ^—PhiUips.

ISO WINTER APPLES.

late specimens;* flesh finegrained, firm, crisp, with a
rich, aromatic flavor. Shoots speckled ; tree rather ir-
regular. Keeps through winter. This is distinct from
the English Russet, of straight upright growth, and a
very long keeper ; and from the American Golden Rus-
set or Bullock's Pippin.

English Russet. {Si/?i. Pouglikeepsie Russet. 3 Medium
in size, roundish-conical or roundish-ovate, regular ; sur-
face more or less overspead with brownish russet on light
greenish yellow ground ; in large exposed specimens,
wholly russeted ; stalk one-half to three-fourths of an inch
long, cavity moderate, round ; basin smooth ; flesh green-
ish or yellowish white, texture fine, rather firm, with a
rather rich, aromatic, sub-acid flavor. Keeps through
spring, and often through summer for twelve months.
Growth upright, shoots lively brown. A profuse bearer.
A profitable market variety. Fig. 140.

It is distinguished from the English Golden Russet and
Roxbury Russet, by its straii^ht upright shoots ; and from
the Roxbury by its less flat form, and less acid flavor.

Fallaivater. Rather large, roundish, and slightly ovate-
conical, very regular, smooth ; color, a smooth shade of dull
red on light greenish yellow, with a few large, whitish
dots ; stalk slender, cavity narrow, acuminate ; basin
small ; flesh greenish white, fine-grained, with a mild,
slightly sub-acid, good second-rate flavor. Early winter.
A native of Pennsylvania. {^Syn. Tulpahocken.)

Fenouillet Gris. {Syn. Pomme d'Anis.) Small, roundish,
slightly flattened, russeted on yellow ground ; calyx small;
flesh firm, perfumed, anise-flavored. Leaves very small,
growth weak and slender.

Fenouillet Jaunc. {Syn. Embroidered Pippin.) Small,
regular, bright j^ellow, with russet net-work ; stalk short,
calyx small ; flesh firm, with a high, aromatic flavor.
Tree low. Through winter.

Fenouillet Rouge. Rather small, regular, roundish, a little
flattened ; dark brown red on greyish ground ; stalk short ;
with a firm flesh, and rich, perfumed flavor.

• lu all instances, where apples vary from oblate to a more elongated form, the
»tem is longer in the oblate specimens.

WINTER Al»PLES. 181

Fort Miami. Rather large, roundish-oblong, flattened at
the ends, widest at base ; uneven, somewhat ribbed ; color
dull brown, obscurely russeted ; stalk three-fourths of an
inch long, cavity rather wide, irregular ; basin furrowed ;
flesh yellowish white, crisp, and of exceedingly high,
spicy, sub-acid flavor. Keeps lons^. Ohio. F. K. Elliott.

Golden Ball. Large, often quite large, roundish, remotely
conical, ribbed ; tine yellow ; stalk short, slender, with
fine green rays or furrows radiating from the centre of the
cavity ; basin very shallow ; flesh tender, rich, aromatic.
Ripens late in autumn, and keeps through winter. Liable
to vary in size and fairness. Excellent for cooking.
Tree very hardy ; a poor bearer. Cultivated chiefly in
Maine.

Golden Harvey. Small, rour.dish, irregular ; dull russet on
yellow; a reddish cheek; calyx open, stiff*; flesh of fine
texture, spicy, rich, sub-aciJ. Keeps through winter.
Growth slender.

Golden Pippin, Engfisk. Small, round, regular, rich
yellow, dots in the form of short cross-bars ; stalk long,
slender; basin shallow; flesh yellow, rich, wilh a fine,
sub-acid, first-rate flavor. Keeps through winter. 132.

Green Seeknn further. (Syn. Seeknofurther, of Coxe.)
Large, often quite large, roundish, slightly approaching
oblong obtuse conical ; greenish yellow becoming yellow,
specks large and conspicuous ; stalk very short ; calyx
large, basin slightly ribbed, deep; flesh rather coarse,
sub-acid or rather acid, of good flavor. This difl^ers from
the White Seeknofurther of New England, in its larger
size, more conical form, coarser texture, and inferior
quality. Growth strong and vigorous, upright. Fisf- 151

Lady Apple. (Syn. Pomme d'Api.) Quite small, regular,
flat ; a brilliant deep red cheek on light clear yellow ;
stalk and calyx deep set ; flesh tender, delicate, sub-acid,
flavor good. A fancy apple. Winter and spring. Shoots
small, dark, erect Productive. Subject to fire-blight in
some localities Fief. 131.

182 WlN'iEK APPLES.

Ladv Apple, black. Resembles the preceding in form, ba
nearly black, and destitute of good flavor. Cultivated
only as a curiosity, from its almost inky blackness.

Loudon Piypin. Large or very large, roundish, slightly
fl«nened, obtuse-conicai ; greenish yellow ; stalk very
short ; calyx large, in a smooth even basin ; flesh sub-
acid, of a good second rate flavor. Early winter. Much
cultivated in northern Virginia; and from its large size
and handsome appearance sells in the Washington market
for about twice as much as any other sort. Productive.

Male Carle. {Syn. Mela Carla, Pomme de Charles.) Me-
dium size, regular, slightly conical ; smooth, clear pale
waxen yellow, with a brilliant crimson cheek ; stalk one
inch long, slender ; basin rather narrow and deep ; flesh
tender, moderately juicy, with a delicate flavor. A
native of Italy ; succeeds in the middle States, unsuccess-
ful in New York and New England. Early winter.

Michael Henry Piypin. Size, medium ; roundish-ovate,
apex narrow ; yellowish green ; stalk short, rather thick ;
basin narrow; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, high flavored.
Growth upright. Through winter. Origin, Monm.outh
Co., N. J.

Monstrous Pippin. (Syn. Gloria Mundi, Ox Apple, Balti-
more.) Very large, roundish, somewhat flattened at the
ends, slightly angular or ribbed ; skin smooth w^hitish
green, becoming whitish yellow ; stalk stout, short ;
calyx large, basin wide, deep, somewhat ribbed, with an
obtuse rim ; flesh white, tender, rather coarse, with a
sub-acid, not rich, second or third rate flavor. Late
autumn and early winter.

Mmise. (Syn. Moose.) Large, rounish-oblong or slightly
ovate conical ; pale green becoming greenish yellow
Avith a brownish blush ; stalk three-fourths of an incn
long, rather slender; basin narrow, slightly plaited ; flesh
white, fine-grained, sponiry, delicate, mild, sub-acid. A
native of Ulster Co., N. Y. Through v^rinter.

NEWTOWN PIPPIN. (Syn. Pippin, Green Newtown Pip-
pin.) Medium or rather large, roundish, oblique, slightly

WINTER APPLES. 1S3

irregular, remotely conical or else a little flattened ; dull
green becoming yellowish green ; often with a dull
brownish blush ; stalk short, deep set, and surrounded by
thin, dull, whitish russet rays ; basin narrow, shallow ;
flesh greenish white, juicy, crisp, fine-grained, with a
high, fine flavor. Keeps through spring, and retains
remarkably its freshness. Tree of rather slow growth,
with a rough barlf . The fruit is very liable to black spots
or scabs, unless under high, rich, and constant culti-
vation, with a good supply of lime in the soil. One oi
the best fruits for foreign markets. A native of New-
town, Long Island, and has rarely succeeded well in
New-England. Fig. 124.

Newark King, Size, medium ; conical ; skin smooth, red
in streaks on yellow ground ; flesh tender, rather rich,
pleasant. Early winter. Origin, New Jersey.

Newark Pippin. (Syn. French Pippin.) Rather large,
round-oblong, regular; greenish yellow, becoming yellow ;
stalk and calyx deep set ; flesh tender, rich, and high-
flavored. Growth crooked, irregular. Early winter.

Old Nonpareil. Rather small, round-ovate, flattened >
greenish yellow with pale russet, stalk slender, calyx
small ; flesh rich, acid, sharp. Early winter. English.

Ortley, or White Detroit. (Syn. Ortley Pippin, Warren
Pippin, White Bellflower, Woolman's Long, Detroit,
Jersey Greening, Detroit of the West.) Large, roundish,
somewhat oblong-ovate, pale yellow, slightly tinged with
pink in the sun ; stalk about an inch long, sometimes
short, but always slender ; cavity deep and narrow ; basin
rather deep, nearly even or slightly plaited ; flesh sub-
acid, crisp, sprightly, rich, fine, about first rate. Shoots
slender. Fig. 127.

Peck's Pleasant. Large, often quite large, roundish, some-
times remotely oblong, often a little oblique, usually
slightly flattened ; smooth and regular; color, light green,
becoming yellow, with a brown blush ; stalk very short,
one-fourth to one-half an inch long, thick, rarely longer
and somewhat slender ; calyx open, basin abrupt, rather

184 WINTER APPLES.

deep; flesh compact, very tender, with a mild, rich, fine,
clear sub-acid, Newtown Pippin flavor. Earh' winter —
poor, if too ripe. Growth rather erect, shoots somewhat
diverging; a good bearer, fruit always fair. The fruit
resembles the Yellow Newtown Pippin, but larger, fairer,
and earlier in ripening. Origin, Rhode Island.

Pickman. Rather large, round, light yellow, with black
specks ; flesh firm, juicy. Through winter. A line
cuhnary variety.

PoMME Grise. (Syn. Gray Apple.) Rather small, roundish-
oblate, a grey russet ; stalk slender, cavity wide, rather
obtuse ; calyx small, basin round ; flesh very tender for
a Russet and fine-grained, rich, and high-flavored. Ca-
nada. One of the best dessert apples for the extreme
north.

Pound Royal. (Syn. Pomme Royale, erroneously,)
Large sometimes furrowed, roundish, slightly oblong, a
little uneven ; surface whitish yellow ; stalk slender, an
inch and a quarter long, cavity large ; basin furrowed,
irregular ; flesh tender, breaking, fine-grained, mild,
agreeable, sprightly. Ripens through winter. Tree vigo-
rous, productive. Origin, Pomfret, Conn.

RHODE-ISLAND GREENING. (Sy7i. Greening.) Large,
roundish-oblate ; green, becoming greenish yellow, always
fair, a dull brown blush to the sun ; stalk three-fourths
of an inch long ; basin rather small, often slightly rus-
seted ; flesh yellow, — a rich yellow if much exposed to
the sun, and whitish yellow or greenish white if much
shaded, — tender, juicy, with a rich rather aci.l flavor.
Growth strong, young trees crooked or oblique, shoots
rather spreading, leaves sharp serrate ; best on light soils;
very productive, single trees ofte.n yielding forty bushels
of fair fruit in favorable years, and neglected orchards
500 bushels per acre. Fine throughout the Northern
States, where it keeps through winter into spring; but
fails from a deficiency in the soil, through most parts of
•central and southern Ohio ; and at Cincinnati and St.
Louis becomes an autumn fruit.

WINTER APPLES. 185

Roman Stem. Medium in size, round-ovate ; whitish yel-
low, with a faint brownish blush ; stalk one-half to three-
fourths of an inch long, with a fleshy protuberance at
insertion ; cavity shallow ; basin narrow, slightly plaited ;
• flesh tender, juicy, mild, sub-acid, good second rate
flavor. Keeps through winter. New Jersey.

ROXBURY RUSSET. (Syn. Boston Russet, Putnam
Russet of Ohio.) Medium or large, roundish-oblate,
remotely conical, partly or wholly covered with rather
rough russet on greenish yellow ground, sometimes a
dull brown cheek; stalk one-half to an inch long, cavity
acute ; basin round, moderate ; flesh greenish white,
rather granular, slightly crisp, with a good sub-acid
flavor. Keeps late in spring. Large specimens become
conical, with short thick stalks ; small specimens are
more flat, and with longer and more slender stalks.
Growth spreading, shoots downy. Although not of the
highest flavor, its productiveness, uniformly fair fruit,
and long keeping, render this variety one of the most
profitable for orchard culture. It succeeds well through-
out the Northern States, but partially fails in a few
localities in Ohio. Fisf. 139.

The Warner Russet (new) resembles the Roxbury, but is a
finer and more vigorous grower.

Sam Young, Small, regular, oblate ; bright yellow, partly
russetted; stalk short ; calyx large, open ; flesh greenish,
juicy, with a rich, fine flavor. Early winter. Irish.

Shippen's Russet. Large, roundish-ovate, flattened, taper-
ing to apex ; mostly russeted on greenish yellow ground,
tinged red in the sun; stalk three-quarters of an inch
long, deep set ; basin small ; flesh rather spongy, sub-
acid or rather acid, second rate.

Surprise. Small, round-ovate, skin light yellow, flesh light
dull red, flavor poor. A curiosity on account of its yellow
skin and red flesh.

SWAAR. Rather large, roundish, slightly flattened at the
ends, often considerably oblate, sides regularly rounded,
crown as wide as base ; color greenish yellow becoming
a rich yellow, sometimes faintly russeted ; and a small

86 WINTER APPLES.

blush near the base, when much exposed to the sun ;
stalk rather slender, three-fourths of an inch long, cavity
round, moderate, or often small ; basin small, even ; flesh
yellowish, fine grained, compact, tender, with a very rich,
mild, aromatic, agreeable, slightly sub-acid flavor. Es-
teemed by many as the finest winter table apple. Ripens
through winter and keeps into spring. Shoots ascending,
buds large, leaves coarsely rounded serrate. Fruit apt to
be scabby on old overloaded trees. Not successful in all
localities. Fig. 124.

Sweet and Sour. A middle sized fruit, with greenish ribs
and whitish hollows ; the former sub-acid, and the latter
with an insipid or sweet flavor, occasioned by a partially
diseased action, not unlike that of the whitish streaks in
the leaves of striyed or ribbon grass. The wildly absurd
story of raising this fruit by placing two halves of dissimi-
lar buds together, is wholly fabulous.

Tewkshury Blush. (S?/?z. Tewksbury Winter Blush.) Small,
round-oblate ; 3'ellow with a red cheek ; flesh yellow,
juicy, with a good flavor. Keeps till mid-summer. Very
productive. New-Jersey.

Victorious Reinette. {Syn. Reinette Triomphante.) Large
roundish-oblong, tapering very slightiy each way front
the middle ; regular, often a little oblique ; pale yellow
with rough specks; stalk half an inch long, cavity very deep;
flesh yellowish, rather firm, of second-rate sub-acid flavor.

White Seeknofurtiier. Size medium ; roundish oblate,
slightly obtuse-conical, very pale green becoming yellow-
ish, with whitish specks faintly ribbed ; stalk very short,
thick, cavity small; basin moderate or rather deep, slight-
ly ribbed or uneven ; flesh very fine grained, juicy, mild
sub-acid, very agreeable, fine flavor. Cultivated in New-
England, Fruit often defective. This is distinguished
from the green Seeknofurther of Coxe by its smaller size,
and far more delicate texture. Fig. 150.

White Winter Calville. Large, rather flat, broadly ribbed,
irregular ; color, pale greenish yellow, becoming yellow
stalk three-fourths of an inch long, slender, deep set

WINTER APPLES. 187

basin deep, irregular ; flesh white, granular, tender, light,
flavor faintly sub-acid, third-rate. Early winter. French.
Culinar3\

Winter Cheese. Medium in size ; green in the shade,
red in the &un ; flesh very crisp, very tender and delicate,
sprightly, and of a fine, pleasant flavor. One of the most
highly esteemed early winter apples of southern Virginia,
closely resembling the Fall Cheese, but a longer keeper.
Becomes mealy and insipid after maturity.

Wood's Greening. Large, roundish, a little oblique, slight-
ly flattened, obscurely conical ; pale green, smooth ; stalk
very short, cavity acuminate ; cah'x rather large, basin
distinct, slightly plaited ; flesh greenish white, or nearly
white, fine grained, slightly crisp, tender ; flavor very
agreeable, mild sub-acid, first-rate, but not very rich.

Fellow Bellflower. {Si/n. Bellflower, Yellow Belle
fleur.) Large, often quite large, oblong-ovate, apex
quite narrow and conical, more or less irregular ; surface
pale yellow, often with a blush ; stalk slender ; basin
ribbed; seeds long; flesh very tender, fine grained, crisp,
juicy, acid, becoming sub-acid ; excellent. Keeps through
winter. Shoots yellowish, rather slender, growth of the
tree rather upright ; succeeds best on rather light soils.
Adapted to the climate of the northern and middle states,
as far south as Kentucky, but fails by premature dropping
in a few localities. More tart and less rich in cold sum-
mers, and far north.

Fellow Newtown Pippin. Medium or rather large, round-
ish, slightly oblong and oblique, more or less flattened;
yellow, with a brownish red cheek, purplish before ripe,
stalk very short ; flesh firm, crisp, with a rich, mild fla-
vor. Closely resembles the Green Newtown Pippin, and
believed by many to be identical, differing only by a
warmer exposure. It is fairer in some localities than the
Green, but is usually inferior to it in flavor. The growth
of the two varieties is only distinguished in the large
trees

188

COMPARATIVE FORMS OF APPLES.

COMPARATIVE FORMS OF APPLES,

ON A SCALE ONE-HALF THE DIAMETER, ACCURATELY REDUCED
FROM ACTUAL SPECIMENS.

Fig. 1*25 — Herefwdshire Pearmain. Fig. \2&— Winter Pearmain

Fig 127— Ortley, or White Detroit. Fig. 128 — Cumberland Spice.

Fig. 179—HoUfvd Pippin. Fig. iSO—FaU Pippin.

COMPARATIVE FARMS OF APPLES.

169

Fig. 131.
Lady Apple.

Fig. 132.
English Golden Pippin.

Fig. 133
Eoprly Red Margaret.

Fig. 135.
Two specimens Ross Nonpareii.
Showing the tendency to elongation of the stalk as the frait assumei
smaller size and more oblaie form.

Fig. 134.
Two specimens White Juneating.

Fig. \2&— Jonathan. Fig. X'il—Carthouse. Fig. 133— Fom«U5«

190

COMPARATIVE FORMS OF APPLrs.

Fig. 139.
Roxbury Russet.

Fig. 140.
English Russet-

Bullock's Pippin, or Am
Golden Russet.

Fig. 142.
Peach Pond Sweet-

Fig. 143.
Jersey Sweeting

Fig. 144.
Leland Spice.

Fig. 145.
Am. Summer Pearmain.

Fig. 146.
Garden Royal.

Fig 147.
Late Strawberry-

COMPARATIVE FORMS OF APPLES.

191

Fig. Ii8— Maiden^ s Blush. Fig. lAQ—Hawthorndtn.

Fig. \5Q— White Seelcnofurther. Fig. 151— Green Seekno/urther,

Fig. IS^—Westfield Seekno/urther.

92

COMPARATIVE FORMS OF APPLES.

Fig. 154— Su?nwi€r Sweet Paradise. Fig. 155— Haskell Sweet.

r.f . tS5— SiM«f Baldtoin.

Fig 166~atoA«f.

CHAPTER Tl

THE PEAR.

The tear, vvhen grown to full perfection, is eminently dis-
tinguished for its great delicacy, its melting and juicy tex-
ture, and by its mild, exceedingly rich, and delicious flavor.
Greatly excelling the apple in these particulars, it falls be-
low it in importance only in consequence of the less uni-
formly healthy habit of the tree.

PROPAGATION.

The best trees are raised from seedling stocks ; suckers,
unless unusually furnished with fibrous roots, are of crooked,
one-sided, and stunted growth. Seedling pears are more
difficult to raise than those of any other kind of fruit ; and
the many disasters to which the young trees are liable, have
caused a great and general deficiency, in the midst of an
abundant supply of trees of other kinds in the nurseries of
this country.

Raising the Seedlings. The seeds, after separation from
the fruit, should be kept in the way already given for apple-
seeds, by mixing with sand or muck. The soil for the seed-
bed, should be unusually deep and fertile, rather damp than
otherwise, and should have a good manuring with lime and
ashes, and an abundant supply of peat or muck, if the
soil is not already largely furnished by nature with this in-
gredient. A correspondent of the Horticulturist states that
he has been eminently successful by the following practice :
First make a deep trench with the plow, and finish to the
required depth with the spade — two feet — not less. The
compost used to fill the trench is made of half a peck of iron
filings or blacksmith's cinders, with half a peck of slaked
lime, and half a peck of wood ashes, and a peck each of
swamp muck and barn-yard manure, thoroughly mixed with

194 PROPAGATION OF THE PEAR.

a bushel of soil into a compost. J. Washburn, of Plymouth,
Mass., also furnishes the following statement : — " I have a
fine lot of pear seedlings, which were [very copiously] ma-
nured with compost in the following proportions : — one load
of muck, two loads of stable manure, two barrels of iron
'»ust, one barrel of bone-dust, and two barrels of wood ashes.
The whole w^as composted early in autumn — applied in the
fall — and the seed sown the first of May. Other seeds plant-
ed on the same land without this compost, but with stable
manure, have produced plants that rusted badly, and are not
one quarter the size of the first lot, which are fine, strong
stocks."

The mode of sowing the seeds may be the same as that
described for the apple, in drills one to two feet apart. The
more thinly they are sown, the less will be the danger of
disaster from the leaf blight ; and for this reason, drills near
together, w^ith the seeds somew^hat sparingly scattered in
them, will be found best.

The leaf-blight is the most serious evil met with in the cul-
tivation of pear seedlings. Its immediate cause has not
been satisfactorily explained. It is more formidable in some
seasons than in others. Commencing about midsummer,
sometimes earlier, but more frequently later, it is first indi-
cated by the leaves in certain parts of the seed-beds turning
brown ; in a few days they fall ofT; other portions of the
beds are successively attacked, till all'ihe seedlings become
more or less denuded, those last affected occupying the most
favorable portions of the soil. As a necessary consequence,
growth immediately ceases ; and if they are attacked earl}'',
and have made but little previous growth, they are nearly
ruined, and few Avill survive the succeeding winter, for ihcy
never make a second growth the same year of any value.
But if their previous growth has been vigorous, and the
blight appears late in summer, much less injury is sustained.
The best remedy is the high cultivation, on Q-ood new soil.*^

Wintering the young seedlings. The frequent destruc-
tion of the trees the first winter, is another serious evil.
The danger is least with those that have made the best
well ripened growth ; hence it becomes very important
to secure healthful vigor by the adoption of the compost and

* See Appendix, page ^jo

PROPAGATION OF THE PEAR. 195

cultivation previously mentioned. But in many localities,
pear seedlings, which are always remarkably free from
fibrous or lateral roots the first year, are drawn out by the
freezing of the soil, and either destroyed or greatly injured.
Several modes have been proposed to prevent this result,
and have been tried to a greater or less extent. One, is to
induce the emission of lateral roots, by taking up the young
seedlings from the thickly sown beds, early in the season
and as soon as four leaves have appeared, cut off' their tap
roots, and reset them in the nursery rows. Robert Nelson,
of Newburyport, Mass., has pursued this course with great
success ; but its general utility ma}^ be questioned, except
during a rainy period or on favorable soils, unless abundant
watering is given. A more easy as well as safe mode would
perhaps be to cut off' the tap roots, at the same age, by
means of a sharp spade thrust beneath the soil, and without
transplanting. Neither of these modes could be successfully
applied except to large, vigorous seedlings, growing in a
deep, rich soil.

But where the growth of lateral roots has not been ef-
fected, and the consequent danger greater, of their being
drawn upwards by frost, much protection may be given
them by covering the whole ground with forest leaves to a
depth of several inches ; and if the rows are near each
other, and the trees several inches or a foot high, they will
prevent the leaves from being swept off'by the winds. The
incursion of mice may be avoided by placing the seed-beds
as near as practicable to the middle of a clean plowed field,
and by encircling the ground with u bank or ridge of fresh
earth, thrown up for this purpose, about a foot high. Mice
will not pass such a boundary under the snow.

Taking up the seedlings late in autumn, and burying
them in a cellar, or laying them in by the roots and nearly
covering the whole stems, will preserve them safely; but
this mode is liable to the objection of the check in growth
necessarily given in transplanting.

Budding and Grafting may be performed the second
summer if the stocks have made a good growth. The ma-
nagement of the young trees is the same as with apples, by
grafting or budding near the surface of the ground, and
heading down trimming, and cultivation. But as pear

196 DWARF PEARS,

Stocks are valuable, Dudding is to be preferred^to grafting,
because it may be repeated in case of failure. For the same
reason, root-grafting the pear is not adopted, especially as
slightly unfavorable causes are apt to produce far greater
failures of such grafts than with the apple.

Propagation by Layers, giving every tree roots of its own
kind, is easily effected by bending down a vigorous and
thickly branched tree, and making layers of every good
shoot. In two years at furtherest they will furnish well
rooted young plants.

DWARF PEARS,

For orchard culture, and in most parts of the country where
the pear flourishes with great vigor and proves highly pro-
ductive, pear stocks will doubtless always be found greatly
preferable to all others. The advantages of a dwarf growth
on dissimilar stocks, have been already pointed out under
the head stocks. Such trees are not so long-lived as on
pear roots, and they require more thorough and fertile
culture, and care in pruning. But they have some import-
ant advantages, such as coming soon into bearing, occupy-
ing less than a fifth part of the ground, thriving in many
soils where pear stocks will not, and in a few instances im-
proving the quality of the fruit.

The stocks for dwarfs, which have been more or less used,
are the mountain ash, the apple, the thorn, and the quince.

Nearly all the experiments with the mountain ash have
Booner or later proved failures. Budded or grafted upon
apple seedlings, pears sometimes m^ake a feeble growth for
a few years ; but unless the grafts themselves throw out
roots, by planting beneath the surface, they sooner or later
perish. It sometimes happens that grafts of a few varieties
inserted at standard height, grow and bear for a series of
years. But experiments of this sort are not to be recom-
mended the few instances of success only forming excep-
tions to a general rule. The thorn has been extensively
used in England, and to some extent in this country, with
considerable success. But all other kinds of dissimilar stocks
have given way to the quince, which is regarded as much
superior for general use to any other. Of the different sorts
c( quince, the Angers quince has proved the best.

DWARF PEARS. 197

The varieties of the pear do not grow with equal facility
upon the quince. A few, as the Duchesse d'Angouleme,
Louise Bonne of Jersey, and Beurre Diel, are so much im-
proved in quality that their cultivation on pear stocks is
wholly discontinued by skilful fruit growers. A larger num-
ber flourish '^-ell, but are little changed in quality, as White
Doyenne and Dearborn's Seedling. A few, on the other
hand, succeed badly or wholly refuse to grow upon quince
stocks, without double workings which consists in first bud-
ding some freely growing pear upon the quince bottom, and
then budding or grafting the " refractory" sort into the pear
shoot.

As a general rule, double-worked trees do not flourish
for a great length of time. Single-worked have done welj
for 30 or 40 years under favorable influences.

The following list, made out chiefly from the combined
experience of European and American cultivators, may prove
Yaluable to those commencing with dwarf pears :

.. Pears succeeding better on quince than on pear stocks^ and
which should be mostly worked as dwarfs.

Louise Bonne of Jersey, Long Green of Autumn,

Duchesse d'Angouleme, Beurre d"Ainalis,

Easier Heurre, Glout Morceau.

Beurre Diel, Vicar of Winkfield.

Q. Pears usually succeeding well both on pear and quince.

Beurre Steckman, Epine Dumas,

Buffum. Oswego Beurre,

White Doyenne, Napoleon,

Stevens' Genesee, Capiaumont,

Chaumontelle, Jargonelle,

Early Rousselet, St Gern.ain,

Van Mons' Leon Le Clerc, Summer Franc Real,

Jaminette, Tyson,

Dearborn's Seedling, Madeleine,

Doyenne d"Alencon, Compte de Lamy,

Osband's Summer, Duchesse d'Orleans,

Bloodgood, Forelle,

Jersey G rati oli, Delices d'Hardenpont,

Passe Colmar, Figue,

Pound, or Uvedale's St. Germain, Beurre Langelier,

Beurre d'Anjou, Doyenne Boussock,

Catillac, Nouveau Poiteau,

Soldat Laboreur, St. Michael Archange,

Triomphe de Jodoigne, Josephine de Malines,

Urbaniste, Bergamotte Cadette,

Rostiezer, Figue d'Alencun,

Klngseasing, Beurre Superlin,

198 DWARF PEARS.

III. Pears growing on quince^ but better on pear stocks.

Beurre d'Aremberg, Bartlett,

Onondaga, Doyenne d'Ete,

Beck el. Belle Lucrative.
Gray Doyenne,

IV. Pears usually failing on quince, unless double-worked.

Buerre Bosc, Washington,

Marie Louise, Paradise d'Automne,

Gansel's Bergamot, Sheldon,

Dix, Dunmore.
Winter Nelis,

The result is not always the same in different soils and
in different seasons. The Seckel, for instance, has w^holly
"ailed in one year, and in another, on the same spot of
ground, has grown well. The White Doyenn'' grew fine-
ly one summer, and almost totally failed the next. Some
sorts which in nearly all cases do well, occasionally prove
unsuccessful. A few, uniformly, in all seasons and in
all soils, make a rapid and vigorous growth, of which the
Louise Bonne of Jersey is perhaps the most striking ex-
ample ; some others, again, invariably fail, (unless double-
worked,) the most prominent among which stands the
Beurrj Bosc. Indeed, so averse is this variety to a union
with the quince, that it is by no means certain that it may
not soon fail if worked in whatever manner. In some places,
however, double- working has given it smooth and fair fruit
where it has been cracked and blighted on the pear. Both
this and the Flemish Beauty, as well as the Marie
Louise, and some others, succeed well when grafted on the
hawthorn.

The changes wrought by the quince stock, are often im-
portant and interesting. T. River? states that the Beurre
d'Arembcrg ripens several weeks earlier in winter; that the
Easter Beurr- is rendered more productive and matures its
fruit, while on the pear it is a bad bearer, and does not
ripen ; that the Fort m^e is a " perfect crab " upon the pear,
but on the quince is melting and juicy; that the Glout Mor-
ceau is imperfect and ripens badly on the pear, but is always
fair and attains a high and mature flavor on quince. As a
general effect, the size of the fruit is increased, but in a few
cases it i'? rendered more gritty in texture.

Unfavorable soils occasionally preclude the cultivation
of some pears, but for the favorable influence of the stock.

DWARF PEARS.

19£

Thus at Dorchester, Mass., on Long Island, and in some
other places, the White Doyenne only succeeds well upon
the quince.

The stocks of dwarf pears should be wholly beneath the
surface to elude the borer, which avoids the pear.

Pruning Divaif Fears. Dwarf pear trees are usually
pruneJ into the pyramidal and corneal form, the latter only
differing in its broader shape. The an-
nexed figure exhibits these forms dis-
tinctly. The principle to be adopted in
pruning has been already explained on
page 90 ; the extent to which it must be
carried, should be such as to keep the
trees within ten or twelve feet in height,
and from four to six feet in diameter at
the base. A greater height increases the
difficulty of pruning. The same reason
forbids the adoption of a head with a clean
stem below, as in common standards.

The pyramidal mode of pruning may
be applied to pear trees upon pear stocks,
Half -standards, or trees with about two
and a half feet of clear stems, the heads
being usually roundish-oval, and pruned only by thinning,
are a good form for market orchards. The clear stem facili-
tates cultivation, and prevents splitting by deep snows.
Dwarf trees may be planted at a distance of six to ten

feet apart. They will
always need careful at-
tention to pruning, and
to thorough and enriched
cultivation of the ground.
Horizontal training,
for walls or espaliers, is
very rarely practiced or
needed in this country.
It is occasionally em-
ployed in limited gar-
dens, to form bounda-
^^^■^^^" ries of walks, without

occupying much lateral space, and where it is desired to

200 GATHERING AND KEEPING PEARS.

grow large and fine spe:imens of fruit by strong exposure
to the sun. The mode may be briefly understood by the ac-
companying figure representing a partly grown tree. As
the tree advances, shoots will be produced from the sides ot
the horizontal arms ; these must be stopped or pinched ofl
early in summer, to prevent their drawing too hard on the
rest of the tree, and a similar course pursued with them to
that described on page 90 of this work. The fruit-buds,
and all the shoots or spurs supporting fruit-buds, are to be
cut closel}^ off wherever too thick for an even crop. Early
in autumn the shortened shoots are to be cut down, leaving
the fruit-buds, only, to bear the next season. By this regu-
larity of pruning, the tree will preserve a neat appearance,
and bear regular crops.

The horizontal branches may be about one foot apart for
large pears, and eight inches for small ; and the trees, if on
quince roots, may be about 10 feet apart.

GATHERING AND KEEPING THE FRUIT.

Nearly all pears ripen with a much finer flavor if picked
and matured in the house. The exceptions are very few.
Some, which prove only second or third rate when allowed
to remain till they soften on the tree, become rich, melting,
and delicious if house-ripened. Gathering the fruit while
yet hard, wjU in nearly all cases prevent or greatly diminish
the rotting at the cort, which otherwise nearly destroys the
value of many early sorts.

Winter pears should hang upon the tree as late as safety
will allow, and when gathered should be kept in a cool
room till near their usual period of maturity, when the ripen-
ing is to be completed in a warm room, at a temperature of
60 or 70 degrees. They should be kept covered to prevent
shrivelling. Some cultivators have wholly repudiated win-
ter pears, merely from a want of skill in the management of
their ripening, or the want of a good cellar to keep them in.
Some sorts, however, as the Beurrj d'Aremberg, require
but little care ; others, as the Vicar of Wmkfield need par-
ticular attention. But the transfer from the cool to the warm
room is of great importance to most, and will convert tough
and hard specimens into those which are juicy, melting, and
excjlien^

DISEAtiES OF THE PEAR TREII. Jij 1

DISEASES AND ENEMIES.

Blight, A most formidable difficulty in the cultivation of
the pear, is the blight, known in its modifications, supposed
or real, by the names Jire-blight, i7isect-blight, frost-blight,
and frozen sap-blight. The causes may be variou.s but the
apearances are the same, — a sudden withering and i .^-ning
black of the leaves on certain limbs during rapid gro.^th,
and \\ hile the rest of the tree remains apparently in full
vigor, the evil extending downwards, unless naturally or
artificially checked, till the whole tree is destroyed. -

After a close investigation for years, by the most skilful
cultivators of the country, a satisfactory explanation, appli-
cable to all cases, has not been made.

The earlier theory was, that the hot rays of the sun pro-
duced the disaster, and hence the original name fire-blight.
This was confirmed by the fact that the blight was often
most fatal in the hottest summers ; and weakened by the
opposing fact that shaded portions of the tree were as fre-
quently attacked as those fully exposed to the action of the
hot sun.

It was subsequently discovered that a small insect, [Sco-
lytis pyri,) by the supposed infusion of poison, caused the
death of the branches, but no general or wide destruction of
the pear could be traced to this source.

More recently, the frozen-sar) theory has been extensively
adopted. The explanation by this theory is as follows : —
A damp and warm autumn causes a late and unripened
growth of wood, imperfectly able to withstand the effects of
winter. It is acted upon by severe frosts, not, however, so
as to produce immediate death or winter-killing, but so as
to result, sooner or later, in disease and partial decomposi-
tion of the sap, by which it becomes poisonous in its nature,
and by passing downwards through the bark, spreads death
in its progress.*

This theory is corroborated by many local observations,
and by the general fact that the blight is much more de-

* A modification of the frozen-sap blight, known sometimes by the name of frost •
blight, occurs early in summer, immediately after unusual and sharp nociurnal frosts.
The young- and ten-ier shoots and the branches below them, are observed to die sud-
denly within a few dnys. but protracted in some instances to several weeks. The
sap from the dead limbs does not in this case appear to be so deleterious as in other
forms of blight, and although sometimes destroying large portions of trees, ihey mora
freqnt-ntly esc-jpe after a partial loss of their top*

202 UISEASE8 OF THE PEAR TREK.

structive in the warm and fertile valleys of southein Ohio
where vegetation continues late, is more succulent in
its texture, and where the frosts are sudden and sharp, than
in the dryer and cooler climate of New England. But this
same rea-^on is also adduced in support of the original Jire-
blight ineory, and indeed it applies with strength to both.

Bm after admitting that the different theories may be in
pail correct, and that the blight may be caused by a combi-
nation in a greater or less degree of each assigned cause,
we are driven to the conclusion, from a large number of
observations, of which these limits wholly preclude even a
brief recital, that the cause of the blight, like that of the po-
tato disease, remains hi.l in a large number of instances from
our knowledge. And that, Avhether the latent tendency to
disease is only increased and developed by changes of the
weather, or whether those changes actually produce them.,
is yet enveloped in doubt.

Happily, however, the remedy is not obscured in uncer-
tainty. For whether by an insect, or by the poisonous in
fluence of the descending juices, its progress must be ar-
rested by an immediate excision of the dead branches. And,
as the poison passes downwards some time before its effects
are visible externall}^, the amputation must be made two or
three feet below the affected part, if the poison as well as
the dead part, is to be removed. Equally necessary is it,
that the infection of the diseased limbs be removed as speedi-
ly as possible out of the way, by burning.

This remedy cannot be effectual, unless very promptly
and fearlessly applied. Many cultivators, in fear of mutila-
ting their trees, do not cut low enough, and leave the seeds
of death remaining in the tree. Others delay the applica-
tion of the remedy for a number of days, till cure is hope-
less. In extensive and malignant cases, the disaster may
be difficult to subdue even by the most prompt measures ;
but in ordinary instances entire success will follow. In any
event, it will be better to cut away and burn by successive
portions a whole tree, than to lose it entire by this disease,
a result equally certain, with the added evil of spreading
the malady.

Two contiguous neighbors had each a large pear orchard ,
*ne of them neglectei all attention, the other spent ten

DISEASES OF THE PEAR TKEE. 203

riiiniites daily in the examination of all his trees, and incut-
ting out freshly diseased limbs. The former lost many en-
tire trees ; the latter saved every one, and kept his orchard
nearly clear.

Young trees in close rows have been attacked successively
till all perished; in other rows where the affected trees
were quickly removed, few of the remainder suffered.

Washing the affected parts with a solution of potash and
sulphate of iron, (or copperas, J) has in some cases arrested
the disease, or destroyed the peculiar fermented odor which
attends its more malignant forms, and by which, perhaps, it
is sometimes spread.

Among preventives, a good, rich, firm, and dry soil, and a
site favoring the early ripening of the wood, and adverse to
a late succulent growth, hold an important rank. The bark
of the pear is evidently of a very delicate structure, and it
becomes more able to resist changes and disease as the
growth is moderately vigorous, and healihy and matured.

The attempt has been made to select those varieties least
liable to blight, but results vary so exceedingly, that nearly
all efforts have proved fruitless. But among those which
have escaped in the largest number of instances may be
named, first, the Seckel, which is scarcely ever destroyed
even at Cincinnati, and the White Doyenne. The Made-
leine and Passe Colmar appear to be more liable than the
majority of sorts.

Dwarf pear trees are not usually so subject to blight as
others.

Cracking of the fruit has been already adverted to under
the head of soils and special manures, and the remedy point-
ed out. It usually appears in the form of a thick coating
of black rust, spreading over the surface, when partly groWn
causing the skin to crack, shrivel, and dry up.

lA)4 CLASSIFICATION OF- PEAR8.

SYNOPSIS OF ARRANGEMENT.

Division I. Summer Pears.

Class I. Distinct pyr if or mu

Section I. Large pears.
Section 11. Medium in size.
Section III. Small.

Class 11. Obscure 'pyriform^ ohovate^ or turbinate

Section I. Large pears.
Section 11. Medium in size.
Section III. Small.

Class III. Roundish or oblate.

Section I. Large pears.
Section 11. Medium in size.
Section III. Small.

Division II. Autumn Pears.

Class I. Distinct fyriform.

Section I. Large pears.
Section II. Medium in size.
Section III. Small.

Class II. Obsmre pyriforjn, obovate, or turbinatt

Section I. Large pears.
Section II. Medium in size.
Section III. Small.

Ct.ass HI. Roundish or oblate.

Section I. Large pears.
Section II. Medium in size
Section III. Small.

CLASSIFICATION OF PEAKS. 205

Division III. Winter Pears.

Class I. Distinct pyriform.

Section T. Large pears.
Section II. Medium in size.
Section III. Small.

Class 11. Obscure 'pyriform, obovate^ or turbinate.
Section I. Large pears.
Section II. Medium in size.
Section III. Small.

C lass III. Roundish or oblate.
Section I. Large pears.
Section II. Medium in size.
Section III. Small.

varieties.

The quality of pears is remarkably liable to change from
external causes. A difference in soil and cultivxition exerts
so great an influence with many fine sorts, that while they
possess the highest flavor when growing on favorable ground
kept rich and mellow, they become greatly inferior or even
worthless in poor soil with neglected culture. Besides
these, there are other influences dependant on a change of
locality, all of which taken together, have contributed to the
great diversity of opinion which exists in relation to many
celebrated varieties. The experienced pomologist will hence
perceive the difficulty of weighing evidence for and against
the different sorts, and of expressing a degree of quality
that shall coincide v\4th the opinions of all.

It will be understood, that the quality given on the fol-
lowing pages, refers only to pears tested in this country-
Some European varieties, which maintain a high charactei
at home, prove of no value here.

In describing pears, it may be well to repeat that the term
base applies in all cases to the part nearest the tree ; and
apex, to the part most remote. This is in accordance with
universal practice among eminent botanists. The apex is
usually termed the crown; and it is sufficiently evident
that the crown (upper portion or surmounting part,^ canBOt
at the same time be the base.

206

SUMMER PEARS.

Fig. ISA—Bartktt.

Fig. 155—Bloodiood

DIVISION I.— SUMMER PEARS.*

Class I. — Distinct Pyriform.
Section I. — Large Pears.

DARTLETT. (S?/n. Williams' Bonchretien.) Quite large
obtuse-pyriform, slightly obcunic, surface wavy, clear yel-
low, sometimes a faint blush; stalk an inch and a fourth
long, stout, slightly sunk ; basin little or none ; apel
slightly plaited, sometimes smooth; flesh nearly white,
very fine-grained, exceedingly tender and buttery, with a
nearly sweet, sometimes faintly sub-acid, perfumed, fine,
moderately rich flavor. Ripens end of summer and be-
ginning of autumn ; and far north, is strictly an autumn
pear. The fruit, when not fully grown, ripens and be
comes of good quality if kept in the house a week or twa
Growth erect, vigorous, leaves folded, slightly recurved
shoots yellowish. Tree very productive, and bears very
young. Although not of the first class as to flavor, the
many fine qualities of this pear render it a general favo-
rite. Fig. 154.

Belle of Brussels. {Syn. Belle de Bruxelles, Beauty of
Brussels, Belle d'Aout, Belle of August.) Rather large,
sometimes only medium, neck rather long, slender, and
somewhat obconic ; surface smooth, rich yellow with
greenish specks, slightly reddened in the sun ; stalk an
inch and a half long, rather stout, fleshy at ends ; calyx
scarcely sunk ; flesh white, with a third-rate flavor. Very
handsome, but worthless. Late summer. Belgian.

Jargonelle, {English.) {Syn, Epargne, Real Jargonelle.^
Rather large, long pyriform, neck rather slender, acute,
body nearly round, or slightly ovate in large specimens ;
surface greenish yellow, with a dull brownish cheek ;
stalk an inch and three-fourths long, curved, obliquely in-
serted ; calyx large, rather erect, basin very small ; flesh
rather coarse, juicy, with a pleasant, refreshing sub-aciil.

* For New Sorts, see Appendix.

14

208 SUMMER PEARS.

second-rate flavor. Ripens about two weeks after hai '
vest, and three weeks or more before the Bartlelt. Shoot3
large, dark brown, becoming' rather crooked. The fruit
rots badly at the core unless ripened in the house. Ol
French origin. Fig. 18-5.

French Jargonelle. (Sz/w.Bellisime d'Ete, Supreme, Sum-
mer Beauty, Red Muscadel.) Size, medium ; pyriform,
approaching obovate ; skin shining, light green, becoming
lemon yellow, with a rich, deep red cheek ; stalk an inch
and a fourth long, slightly sunk ; basin shallow ; flesh
white, coarse, breaking, sweet, flavor third rate. Rots at
the core. Ripens with the English Jargonelle. Growth
strong, upright. Handsome and worthless. Fig. 166.

Windsor. {Sy7i. Summer Bell.) Large, very distinct py-
riform, bod\ somewhat ovate or conical ; skin green or
greenish yellow, sometimes a dull brownish cheek; stalk
nearly two inches long, fleshy at insertion, not sunk ;
calyx erect or closed, sunk little or none ; flesh rather
coarse, slightly acid and astringent, of poor flavor. Rots
at the core. Ripens middle of 8 mo., (Aug,^ Valueless,
but has been cultivated on account of its size and beauty,
and the free growth and productiveness of the tree.

Sectio7i 11. — Medium, in size.

Brandywine. Size medium; obconic-pyriform, neck acute;
smooth, dull yellowish green, partly russeted, crown thick-
ly russeted ; stalk three-fourths to an inch and a half long,
fleshy at insertion ; flesh white, very juicy and meltmg,
of fine flavor. Leaves rather small, shoots pale olive,
vigorous, upright ; tree very productive. A native of
Delaware Co., Pa. New. Fig. 188.

Summer Thorn. (S?/7z. Epine d'Ete.) Size medium ; pyri-
form, approaching obconic-turbinate ; surface smooth,
greenish yellow, a little darker and sometimes reddened
towards the sun ; stalk stout, an inch to an inch and a
fourth long, not sunk, fleshy at insertion ; calyx short,
basin plaited, very shallow ; flesh tender, melting, with
a third rate flavor. Resembles a small Jargonelle. Shoots
yellowish brown.

SUMMER TEARS.

209

TVSON. Size medium, often rather large, obconic-pyriform,
sometimes approaching obconic-obovate ; bright yellow,
with a reddish brown softly shaded cheek, often some rus-
set ; stalk an inch and a fourth long, inserted into a fleshy
prominence abruptly contracted from the rounded neck ;
basin very shallow, even ; flesh of fine texture, buttery,
very melting, juicy ; flavor nearly sweet, aromatic, slightly
perfumed, excellent. Ripens the last two weeks of sum-
mer. Shoots quite dark brown, erect, vigorous. The
tree does not come soon into bearing. Pa. Fig. 161.

Winship's Seedling. Size medium, obconic-pyriform ; pale
lemon yellow, faintly russeted ; stalk an inch and a half
long, slender, curved, not sunk ] calyx closed, basin
round; juicy, mehing, pleasant, second-rate. Late sum-
mer. Shoots yellowish. Boston, Mass.

Section HI. — Small.

Early Rousselet. {Syn. Rousselet Hatif, Early Catherine,
Cyprus Pear, Kattern. j Rather small ; neck narrow,
acute ; stalk an inch to an inch and a half long, fleshy at
insertion ; surface yellowy with a reddish brown cheek ;
calyx small, basin shallow; flesh sw^eet, pleasant, per-
fumed. Ripens v/ith the Jargonelle, and immediately
after the Madeleine. A second-rate fruit.

Skinless. {Sy?i. Sanspeau.) Rather small, long pyriform,
body conic-ovate, regular; skin smooth, very thin, yel-
lowish green, often dotted with reddish brown in the sun;
stalk about an inch and a half long, slender, curved, ca-
vity very small; calyx closed or erect, basin minute,
slightly ridged ; flesh half melting, juicy, with a sw^eet,
slightly perfumed, good second-rate flavor. Ripens im-
mediately after the Madeleine, or two weeks after har-
vest. Growth very vigorous, erect, leaves flat, wavy. A
profuse bearer; fruit always fair. Valuable. Fig. ISl.

The Summer Frankreal, Madeleine, and Julienne, of the
next class, slightly approach this class in form.

210 SUMMER PEARS.

Class II. — Obscure pyriform, obovate or turbinate.

Section I. — Large Pears.

Leech's Kingsessing. Rather large ; obovate, approaching
obtuse-pyriform ; green, with darker patches; stalk an
inch long, sunk little or none on the obtu^e base ; calyx
small, basin shallow ; flesh buttery, delicate, rich. End
of summer. Tree slightly ihorny, shoots upright, vigor-
ous, greenish yellow. Origin, Philadelphia. Fig. 189.

Smithes Moyamensing. Medium or large, sometimes quite
large, variable; round-obovate, rather irregular; skin
lemon yellow, sometimes marked with russet ; stalk near-
ly an inch long, fleshy ; basin furrowed ; flesh buttery,
melting, good, but not first-rate. Ripens from midsum-
mer till autumn. Productive. Origin, Philadelphia. Dr.
Brincklj observes, that this pear, like many others of its
season, must be eaten by the chronometer, and if taken
exactly at the right period, is of first quality. Fig. 190.

Sectio7i 11. — Medium in size.

Bloodgood. Size medium ; turbinate, approaching obo-
vate, base contracted abruptl}^ to the stalk ; yellow, touched
with russet; stalk fleshy at insenion, an inch and a fourth
long, set on the rounded base without depression ; calyx
scarcely sunk ; flesh yellowish white, butiery and melt-
ing, with a fine rich, aromatic flavor. Sometimes rots at
the core. On some soils, the flavor becomes poor and
insipid. Ripens immediately after Jargonelle and Skin-
less, or the first half of 8 mo., (Aug.) Like all early
pears, it is best if house-ripened. h\g. 155.

Crawford. Size, medium ; obovate ; light yellow, with a
brown cheek; flesh white, buttery, sweet, with a third-
. rate flavor. Late summer. Scotch.

Julienne. Size, medium ; obovate, sometimes slightly pyri-
form, regular ; w^hole surface clear ye.-ow ; stalk an inch
long, rather stout, cavity small ; calyx small, erect or
closed, basin rather ^jhallow - flesh half buttery, sweet, of

SUMMER PEARL 21 i

p:ood second-rate flavor, but often pocr on heav}^ soils.
Late summer. Shoots yellowish. Productive, and bears
when very young.

Limon. Size medium; obovate, slightly pyriform; light
yellow, with a reddish brown blush ; stalk an inch and a
half long ; cavity round, even, shallow ; calyx slightly
sunk ; flesh buttery, melting, of fine texture, with a mild,
sweet, slightly perfumed flavor. Late summer. Shoots
long, slender, reddish brown. Belgian.

MADELEINE. (Syn. Citron des Carmes,Magdelen, Green
Chisel, incorrect hj.) Medium in size, obconic-obovate,
obcurely pyriform ; skin smooth, pale yellowish green,
rarely a faint brownish blush ; stalk slender, an inch and
a half long, cavity very narrow and small ; basin very
shallow; flesh very juicy and melting, usually faintly
acid, with an agreeable, delicate, fine, refreshing flavor.
Matures about midsummer, or at the time of wheat har-
vest. Needs house-ripening. Shoots straight, erect,
greenish, growth vigorous ; tree rather liable to blight.
Leaves quite flat. Fig. 163.

Muscadine. Size medium ; short obovate, regular, some-
times slightly oblique ; surface a little rough, yellowish
green, thickly doited; stalk an inch and a fourth long,
rather stout, cavity very small, even ; basin rather wide,
shallow ; flesh buttery, melting, a little coarse, rather
rich, slightly musky, faintly astringent, good second or
nearly first-rate, feipens end of summer, and early in
autumn. Shoots rather thick. Origin, Orange Count}-,
New- York.

OshawVs Summer. {Syn. Summer Virgalieu, erroneously.)
Medium in size, often rather small, obovate, regular,
smooth and even ; sometimes remotely pyriform ; green-
ish yellow becoming yellow, with a reddish brown cheek,
often faintly russeted ; stalk three-fourths to one inch
long, slightly sunk in a nearly even cavity ; calyx erect,
in a round, nearly even, or slightly wrinkled basin; flesh
white, granular, with a sweet, mild, and fine flavor. First
rate in its best state, but soon loses its flavor when ma-

21?

SUMMER PEAR&.

Fig. i59—Suvi7}ier FrankreaU.

Fif. 160— Rostitzer. Fig. 161— Tyton.

SUMMER FEARS. 2VS

ture. Ripens early in 8 mo. (Aug.) Shoots yellowisri
olive, thick. Origin, Wayne Co., N. Y. Fi^. 16-5.

ROSTIEZER. Rather small, sometimes medium in size;
obconic-pyriform, approaching obovate, regular; skin dull
brownish green, with a dark, dull, reddish brown cheek
to the sun, with whitish specks, and traces of thin russet;
stalk an inch and a half to two inches long, slender^
scarcely sunk; basin little or none ; flesh juicy, melting,
sweet, with a very high, perfumed flavor, of high excel-
lence. Ripens late in summer. For rich flavor, it has
scarcely an equal among summer pears. Shoots dark.

Sugar of Hoyersvvorda. {Syn. Sucr'e de Hoyerswerda.)
Size, medium ; obovate, approaching short pyriform ;
smooth, pale yellowish green ; stalk an inch and a fourth
long, scarcely sunk; basin small; flesh white, juicy,
sweet, second-rate. End of summer. Needs house-
ripening. Profusely productive. Shoots long, olive brown,
leaves narrow.

Sugar Top. (S't/n. July Pear, Prince's Sugar.) Size me
dium, roundish-obconic, turbinate, regular; skin yellow,
with light green specks, rarely a very faint brownish
blush; stalk stout, fleshy at insertion, an inch and a half
long; basin small; flesh sweet, tender, rather breaking,
becoming mealy, third rate in flavor. Very productive.
Ripens about midsummer, a few days after the Made-
leine.

Summer Frankreal. {Syn. Franc Real d'Ete.) Size me-
dium, short-obovate, slightly pyriform, with a very short
obtuse neck, body slightly conical, or tapering to the
crown ; green, becoming pale yellowish green, often a
famt yellowish brown blush ; stalk three-fourths of an
inch long, thick, slightly sunk ; calyx closed, basin fur-
rowed ; flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, rich,
and fine. Late summer and early autumn. Shoots and
leaves rather downy, leaves large. Fig. 159.

Summer St. Germain. Medium size, obovate; pale green;
stalk an inch and a quarter long, oblique ; basin very
shallow or none ; flesh tender, juicy, sweet faintly acid,
«€Cond-rate.

214

SUMMER PEARS.

SUMMER PEARS 216

Vall'e Franche. Size medium, obovate or turbinate, acute;
pale green, becoming pale yellowish green ; stalk an inch
long, not sunk ; basin shallow ; flesh white, rather coarse,
juicy, with a simply sweet, third-rate flavor. End of sum-
mer. Valueless.

Tyson pear, of the preceding class, often approaches this in
outline.

Section III. — Small,

Amire Joannet. {Syn. Early Sugar, St. John's pear, Joan-
ette.) Small ; roundish obovate or turbinate, with a very
small and short neck; light green becoming yellow, usually
with a reddish brown cheek, and with conspicuous red
dots ; stalk an inch and a quarter long, fleshy at inser-
tion ; calyx large, not sunk ; pleasant and moderately
juicy, becoming dry, and with a sweet, second or third
rate flavor. Ripens about a week before wheat harvest,
and is the earliest pear known, which comprises its merit.
Growth stout, upright, vigorous, leaves flat, tree very pro
ductive, bearing when young. Fig. 162.

Dearborn's Seedling. Scarcely medium in size, obovate
turbinate, regular, smooth ; surface clear yellow, with
minute specks ; stalk an inch long, sunk little or none ,
basin very shallow; flesh very fine grained, juicy, melt-
ing, and of fine flavor. Ripens nearly with the Bloodgood,
or middle of 8 mo., (Aug.) Shoots straight, long, dark
brown. Tree bears when young ; the fruit always fair
and of first quality in nearly all localities. Fig. 166.

Fdward^s Henrietta. Size, a little below medium ; obovate,
crown flattened ; stalk set on the rounded point of the
neck ; skin smooth, pale yellowish green, dots few ; stalk
an inch and a half long, cavity small or none ; calyx
closed, basin shallow, faintly plaited, melting, juicy, sub-
acid, with a good second-rate flavor. Very productive.
Late summer. Origin, New Haven, Conn.

Green Chisel. Sma.l, nearly round, color green; stalk
three-fourths of an inch long, scarcely sunk ; calyx rather
large, crumpled; flesh juicy, slightly gritty, sweet, of
second or third-rate flavor. Late summer Shoots erect.

J

216 SUMMER PEARS.

Hessel. {Syn. Hazel.) Rather small, pbovate, yellowish
green, thickly dotted; stalk one incii long, oblique ; calyx
small; basin shallow ; flesh whitish, juicy, pleasant. Late
summer and early autumn. Shoots spreading.

Little Musk. {Sij?i. Petit Muscat, Little Muscat, Primitive.)
Quite small, turbinate ; dull greenish yellow ; stalk three-
fourths to an inch and a half long, little sunk ; calyx open,
basin little or none ; flesh breaking, sweet, very slightly
musky, second-rate. Rather better in quality than Amire
Joannet, but smaller and a week later, ripening with the
Madeleine. Very productive.

Mani^ing's Elizabeth. Small, obovate, obscurely pyriform,
smooth ; surface yellow, with a lively blush ; stalk one
inch long, cavity round, shallow ; flesh very melting,
saccharine, sprightly, perfumed. End of summer. Bel-
gian. Fig. 1S2.

Muscat Robert. {Syn. Musk Robine, Early Queen, D'Am-
bre.) Small, turbinate, greenish yellow ; stalk three-
fourths of an inch long, surface at insertion uneven, but
not sunk ; calyx large, basin little or none ; flesh tender,
juicy, pleasant. Ripens with the Madeleine.

Ott. Small, roundish, turbinate ; greenish yellow, russeted
in part, rarely a mottled red cheek ; stalk an inch and a
fourth long, cavity small ; calyx rather large, basin shal-
low; flesh melting, rich, perfumed, aroma^ :. closely re-
sembling that of its parent the Seckel. K ^ens quite
early, or by the first or middle of 8 mo. (Aug.) Origin,
Montgomery Co., Pa. New. Fig. 183.

Summer Doyenne. (Si/ti. Doyenne d'Et'.) Small ; roun.
obovate, slightly turbinate ; stalk an inch or an inch and
a fourth long, rather stout, slightly oblique, not sunk ; ba-
sin ver/ shallow ; skin a fine yellow, with a warm cheek
brightly reddened at the crown ; and with radiating stripes
of greenish yellow from the calyx; flesh melting, juicy,
sweet, with a pleasant but not hieh flavor. Skin thin;
core small ; seeds small, white. Ripens with the Made-
leine, and nearly equal to it in quality. Tree bears very
young. Shoots slender, reddish brown. New.

SUMMER PEAES. 217

Class III. — Roundish or oblate.

Section I. — Large Pears.

Hampden's Bergamot. [Syn. Summer Bergamot, Lind.,
Bergamoted'Ete, Scotch Bergamot.} Large, roundish^
slightly obovate ; green becoming clear yellow, dots small
stalk one-half or three-fourths of an inch long, rather
stout; cavity small, round; calyx small, closed, basin
shallow; flesh breaking, granular, half buttery and agree-
able if house-ripened. End of summer and first of au
tumn. Handsome. Growth strong.

* Section II. — Medium in size.

Bergamot, Early. Size medium, roundish-oblate • pale yel-
lowish-green, a few dull red streaks towards the sun or a
faint dull red cheek ; stalk an inch and a quarter long,
thick, slightly sunk, juicy, sweet, crisp, third-rate. Late
in summer. French.

Bergamot, Large Summer. Medium in size, roundish ap-
proaching obovate, smooth, clear yellow ; stalk an \\.:,h.
and a half long, cavity and basin narrow, deep, and
smooth ; flesh breaking, half buttery, not rich. Early in
autumn. Tree of free growth and productive.

Citron. Size, medium; roundish; dull green; flesh green-
ish white, a little coarse, melting, juicy, good. End of
summer. Origin, New-Haven, Conn.

Fine Gold of Summer. {Syn. Fin Or d'Eto.) Round-tur-
binate, skin very smooth, yellowish green, with a brilliant
red cheek; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, not sunk;
basin very shallow; flesh greenish white, juicy, half-
breaking, second-rate. Ripens soon after the Madeleine.

Summer Rose. (Syn. Epine Rose, Thorny Rose, Poire de
Rose.) Medium size, roundi^^h-oblate ; skin faint yellow,
with some russet, and a red russet cheek ; stalk an inch
and a quarter long, slender, cavity very small ; basin
very shallow ; flesh juicy, rather rich, good second-rate
End of summer. Soon decays.

218

AUTUMN PEAE8.

Fig. 167— Paradise d'Automn$. Fig. IQS^Beune BosC'

SUMMER PEARS. 219

Section III. — Small.

Bergamot, Summer. Small, round, yellowish green, with
a brownish cheek; basin wide; flesh juicy, moderately
rich, soon becoming meal}' and dry. Ripens soon after
mid-summer. Growth feeble.

Summer Portugal. {S7j7i. Passans du Portugal.) Size,
rather small, often nearly medium ; roundish-oblate, regu-
lar ; skin yellowish green or pale yellow, with a hand-
some red cheek in the sun, formed of the reddened dots ;
stalk about an inch long; calyx stiff, erect; cavity and
basin shallow; flesh white, breaking, tender, juicy, good
second-rate. Late summer. Very productive. Shoots
upright, reddish brown.

Williams^ Early. Rather small, roundish, remotely turbi-
nate, regular ; bright yellow, sunny side with scarlet dots;
stalk an inch and a half long, fleshy at msertion ; calyx
very short, erect, basin slightl}'' plaited ; flesh white,
granular, juicy half-buttery, rich, slightly musky. End
of summer and first of autumn. Shoots dark. A hand-
some, good second-rate pear, a native of Roxbury, Mass.

Summer Doyenne, of the preceding class, approaches this
class in form.

DIVISION II.— AUTUMN PEARS.

Class I. — Distinct pyiiifotim

Section I. — Large Fears.

BEURRE BOSC. [Syii. Calebasse Bosc.) Large, very
distinct pyriform, neck rather long and very narrow, acute ;
body large obla e ; surface nearly smooih, deep yellow,
russeled in patches ; stalk an inch md a half long, slen-
der, curved; basin very shallow; flesh juicy, buttery,
rich, pc-ceptibly perfumed, sweet, excellent. Mid-autumn.
Growth moderate, a regular, even bearer. Fails entirely
on quince stocks. Belgian. Fig. 168.

220 AUTUMN PEARS.

Beitrre Diel. {Si/n. Diel, DVl's Butter.) Large, some-
times very large, thick p^-riform, neck short, obtuse, body
very large ; small specimens approach obovate ; skin dull
yellow, with numerous conspicuous dots, and some russet;
stalk an inch and a fourth to an inch and a half long,
stout, moderately sunk ; basin slightly furrowed ; flesh
rather coarse, rich, sugary, buttery, juicy, fine. Late au-
tumn and early winter. Leaves roundish or broad. Uni-
formly fine on quince stocks, second-rate on the pear.
Belgian. Fig. 213.

Bishop's Thumb. Rather large, long and narrow, distinct
pyriform, surface very uneven ; skin dark yellowish green,
more or less russeted ; a dull red russet cheek ; stalk an
inch and a half long, crooked; basin very shallow, calyx
erect or reflexed; flesh juicy, melting, good. Ripens
mid-autumn. English.

Burnett. Large, obtuse pyriform; smooth, pale yellow,
thickly dotted, sometimes slightly russeted; stalk an inch
and a half long ; calyx stifi', basin shallow ; flesh green-
ish white, rather coarse, juicy, second-rate. Mid-autumn.
Origin, Southborough, Mass.

Chelmsford. Large, obconic-pyriform, obscurely ribbed at
crown, yellow, with a red cheek, showy; stalk an inch
and a half long, cavity crumpled, shallow; cal3'x deep-
sunk; flesh hard, breaking, sweet; only fit for cooking.
Mass.

Colmar d'Aremberg. Large, short obconic-pyriform, neck
short and narrow, body large and somewhat ribbed ; yel-
low, mottled with russet ; stalk oblique ; basin very deep;
flesh fine-grained, melting, buttery, but with a poor third
or fourth-rate flavor. This new foreign sort has been
highly praised, but several years of fruiting in this coun-
try have proved it worthless. (Better on pear stock.)

Pamberland. Large, obovate-pyriform, or obconic-pyriform,
orange yellow, with a pale blush, showy; stalk an inch
and a half long, stout; calyx slightly sunk; flesh white,
melting, buttery, with a poor third-rate flavor. Mid-
autumn. Origin, Cumberland, R I.

AUTUMN PEAKS. 221

Dix. Large long pyriform, body round-ovate, tapering
slightly to tr.e often oblique and slightly flattened and ob-
tuse crown; yellowish green, becoming deep yellow; dots
numerous, distinct ; stalk an inch and a quarter long, stout
at each eriil, slightly sunk, basin small ; flesh rather granu-
lar, rich, juicy, sweet, often excellent, sometimes rather
acid. One of the most valuable autumn pears. Middle and
late autumn. A tardy bearer. Shoots yellow, rather slen-
der, often thorny ; leaves flat. A native of Boston, Mass.

Ouchesse d^AngouUme. Very large, very obtuse pyriform
sometimes oblong-obovate, surface very uneven, greenish
yellow, often some russet ; stalk an inch to an inch and
a half long, very stout, cavity deep, often wide ; calyx
small, basin uneven ; flesh yellowish white, rather coarse,
melting, buttery, juicy, sometimes fine, often poor — usu-
ally nearly first-rate, or good second-rate, on quince stocks ;
worthless on pear stocks. Ripens mid-autumn, and later.
French.

Dlchesse d'Orleais^s. Large, often only medium; sometimes
long-pyriform, but usually obovate-pyriform, somewhat
obconic ; skin golden yellow, slightly russeted, sometimes
nearly overspread with russet, with a red cheek ; stalk
thick, about an inch and a half long, scarcely sunk ; basin
small, even ; flesh buttery and melting, rich ; when well
ripened, delicious. Ripens mid-autumn. A very hand-
some, fine, new, French variety. Growth rather spread-
ing, shoots yellowish. Fig. 20.j.

Frederick of W^irtemhurg, {Syn. Fred'ric de Wurtem-
burg.) Large, short pyriform, neck narrow, very acute,
crown broad, body oblate; surface whitish j^ellow, rarely
deep yellow, often a handsome red cheek, more or less
russeted ; stalk an inch to an inch and a half long, some-
times very fleshy, often not ; basin wide, very shallow ;
flesh, when well ripened, very melting, buttery, juicy,
sometimes delicious, often poor, — varying from first to
below third-rate. Needs house-ripening. Early and mid
autumn. Shoots yellowish brown, thick. Belgian.

Gendesheim. Larjie, often only medium, obtuse-pyriform,
rather irregular small specimens obovate, approaching

222

AUTUMN PfiABa,

Fig. 169— Louise Bonne qf Jersey. Fig. lIQ^Flemiah Etauty

AUTUMN PEARS. 22\j

obtuse-obconic ; skin greenish yellow, thickly dotted,
slightly russeted ; stalk an inch or more long, oblique ;
calyx small, basin narrow, irregular ; buttery, rather rich,
gritty at core, second rate. Late auiumn. Flemish.

King Edward's. (Syn. Jackman's Melting.) Large or
medium, neck acute, obconic ; surface rough, greenish
yoUow, with a dull reddish cheek ; and some patches of
r reenish russet ; stalk half an inch to an inch long : calyx
small, erect, scarcely sunk ; flesh buttery, meltmg, some-
times good, often rather acid and astringent. Handsome,
second-rate. Mid-autumn.

Long Green. {Syn. Verte Longue.) Rather large, long-
pyriform, the ends rather acute, stem oblique ; surface
wholly green ; flesh very juicy, with a good and agreeable
flavor. The Striped Long Green is a subvariety.

The Long Green of Autumn^ (Verte Longue d'Automne, or
Mouthwater,) is quite distinct, being smaller, much more
rounded, stem long, and with a brown cheek; very juicy
and pleasant ; ripens late in autumn, a month after the
preceding. Profusely productive, and valuable.

LOUISE BONNE OF JERSEY. {Syn. Louise Bonne de
Jersey, Louise Bonne d'Avranches.) Large pyriform,
neck somewhat obconic, body approaching oblong, taper-
ing slightly to obtuse or flattened crown ; slightly one-
sided ; surface smooth, pale yellowish green, with a
brownish red cheek; stalk an inch to an inch and a half
long, often fleshy at insertion, little sunk ; basin shallow
flesh yellowish white, very juicy, buttery, melting, rich
faintly sub-acid, fine. Ripens mid-autumn ; late autumn
far north, early autumn at Cincinnati. Very productive;
succeeds admirably and grows with great vigor on quince
stocks, and should be worked on no other. Shoots dark
brown or purple ; serratures of the leaves rather coarse.
This fine variety, like the Bartlett, is hardly of the highest
quality, but is eminently valuable for its large, fair fruit,
free growth, and great productiveness. Fig. 169.

Madotte. Large, pyriform, smooth, yellow, with a little
russet ; stalk one inch long, thick at ends, n t sunk ; flesh
15 J*

224 AUTUMN PEAFS.

half-buttery, dry, third-rate or worthless. Showy. Mid-
autumn.

Marie Louise. Lar^e pyriform, a little one-sided, or with a
curved axis ; body somewhat conical ; surface pale green,
becoming yellowish, partly russeted ; stalk an inch and a
half long, rather stout, often oblique ; calyx small, basin
narrow, plaited ; flesh buttery, melting, vinous, when
well grown rich and fine, — offen second or third rate, —
variable. Needs rich cultivation or else the fruit will be
poor. Mid-autumn. Growth very fiexuous and strag-
gling, shoots olive gray, petioles very long, leaves nar-
row. Belgian. Fig. 211.

Marie Louise Nova. Rather large ; regular pyriform, neck
acute, tapering ; skin smooth, yellow, with a brownish
red jheek ; stalk one to two inches long, rather slender;
basin shallow; melting, juicy, quickly decays, sometimes
good, often poor. Early mid-autumn. Belgian.

Neill. Large, obovate-pyriform, axis slightly curved, neck
acute, staik an inch long; skin pale yellow, with traces of
thin russet; flesh white, buttery sweet. Shoots diverging.
Belgian.

Onondaga or Swan's Orange. Quite large, obtuse oval-
pyriform, nearly in the form of a double cone, neck very
short and obtuse, body large and tapering to obtuse apex;
skin roui'hi.-h, greenish yellow, becommg rich yellow,
dots numerous, often a slight brown cheek, crown often
slightly russeted ; stalk an inch to an inch and a half
long, stout, slightly sunk; calyx small, closed, basin nar-
row, ribbed ; flesh slightly coarse, butter}^ melting, some-
times a liitle breaking, juicy, rich, high-flavored, fine, but
not of the highest quality. Ripens mid-autumn. Growth
vigorous, shoots yellow, ascendmg. Productive. Origin
unknown ; cultivated in western New- York. Nearly re-
sembles the Ronville in outline. Fig. 1S7.

9ARADISE D'AVTOMNEy or "Autumn Paradise."—
Rather large, distinct pyriform ; surface uneven, yeliowish
oranee, with some thin russet patches ; stalk an mch and
a half long, not sunk ; basin small, irregular; flesh mclr

AUTi;?.LN TEARS. tl25

ing, very butter}-, with a rich, high, and excellent flavor.
Ripens about mid-autumn. Shoots 3'ellowish, at first up-
right, afterwards becoming straggling, growth vigorous.
This pear resembles the Beurro Bosc, but is less smooth,
more irregular in form, has a less narrow neck, is more
melting and sprightly, and of more vigorous growth. 167.

Plumigastel. Large, pyriform, slightly obconic, crown
obtuse ; surface smooth, greenish yellow, crown russeted
with a distinct boundary ; stalk an inch long, stout, not
sunk ; basm moderate, narrow ; flesh rather coarse, half-
melting, juicy, rich, with a good second-rate flavor, about
equal in richness to the Bartlett. Middle and late au-
tumn. French. New.

Queen of the Loiv Countries. Large pyriform, neck narrow,
body broad or slightly oblate ; surface slightly uneven,
dull greenish yellow, crown russeted, with numerous, often
confluent russet dots, and a slight blush ; stalk an inch
and a half long, curved, not sunk; calyx small, rather
deep-set, basin riobed ; buttery, melting, juicy, moderate-
ly rich, sub-acid, with a second-rate, Brown Beurre fla-
vor. Mid-autumn. Belgian.

Reine des Poires. Rather large, obtuse-pyriform, varying
to turbinate, regular ; greenish-yellow ; stalk an inch and
one-fourth long, slender; basm shallow; flesh dry, flavor
poor. Mid-autumn.

Summer Bonchretien. [Syn. Bon Chretien d'Ete, Summer
Good Christian, Gratioli d'Ete, September.) Large, p}'-
riform, somewhat obtusely and irregularly ribbed ; skin
3'ellow, with a rich orange red cheek to the sun ; stalk
two inches long curved, sunk or not ; calyx small, in an
uneven basin ; flesh granular, breaking, juicy, very sweet,
pleasant. Fine for baking. Liable to crack and mil-
dew in many localities ; when fair and well grown it is
of fine quality. Ripens early in autumn. Growth strag-
gling, shoots stout, horny, buds projecting, hard ; leaves
roundish, flat.

Triomphf de Jodigne. Quite large, pyriform ; stalk short,
thick ; calyx sunk ; skin deep yellow, slightly green ip

226 AUTUMN PEARS.

the shade, deep red in the sun ; flesh melting, of good
flavor. Ripens late autumn. Tree vigorous. New.

Urbaniste. {Syn. Beurre Piquery.) Rather large, ob-
conic-pyriform, obtuse and short, often approaching obo-
vate ; skin pale yellow or greenish, faintly russelcd ; stalk
an inch long, stout, moderately and sometimes conside-
rably sunk ; calyx erect or closed ; basin distinct, even ;
flesh melting, buttery, with a fine, delicious perfumed fla-
vor, and a perceptible shade of acid. In unfavorable
localities, it is sometimes hardly first-rate. Middle and
late autumn. Does not come soon into bearing. Flemish.

Van Mons Leon le Clerc. Large, long pyriform, or
rather oblong-obconic pyriform, obtuse ; surface yellowish
green, slightly russeted ; stalk an inch and a fourth long,
stout, little sunk ; calyx small, basin very shallow; flesh
fine-grained, yellowibh white, butter}^, melting, rich, fine
Ripens middle and late autumn. A native of Laval, ip
France. The value of this fine new pear is diminishec
by its liability to crack and canker. Fig;. 215.

Section IL — Medium in size.

Amande Double. Size medium, pyriform ; skin yellov; and
bright red ; stalk short, fleshy at insertion ; flesh coarse,
sweet, tender, second or third-rate, rarely good. Early
autumn. Belgian.

Andrews. {Syn. Amory, Gibson.) Medium or rather
large, distinct pyriform, somewhat obconic, often slightly
one-aided ; skin thick, dull yellowish-green, with a bioad,
dull red cheek ; stalk about an inch long, curved, scarcely
sunk; basin shallow, sometimes - deep ; flesh greenish,
very juicy, melting, of a fine, pleasant, agreeable flavor.
On some localities not flrst-rate. Ripens early in autumn
Very productive and fair. Shoots diverging. Origin
Dorchester, Mass.

Angleterre. (%/?. English Reurr'', 0/ Lzn J., Beurr^ d'An^
gleterre.) Medium size, obconic-pyriform, acute, regular
skin thick, dull light green, thickly dotted with russet
with a thin brownish russet cheek ; stalk about an inch

AUTUMN I'EAKS. 227

long, slender; basin smooth, scarcely sunk; flesh buttery,
mehing, juicy, with a rather poor flavor. Early in au-
tumn. Productive. A common market fruit at Paris.

Autumn Colmar. Medium in size, obtuse-pyriform ; pale
green; stalk an inch long, slightly sunk; calyx small,
closed, basin slightly furrowed ; fle^h gritty at core,
buttery, second-rate in flavor. Ripens at mid-autumn.
Flemish.

Beurre Duval. Medium size, obconic-pyriform, pale green,
stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long, under a lip,
cavity small ; calyx erect, basin shallow; flesh greenish
white, rather coarse, melting, buttery, good second-rate,
variable. Late autumn. Resembles Andrews, but not
so good. Belgian.

Beurre Van Marum. Medium in size, sometimes rather
large, oblong-pyriform, rather irregular; bkin yellow;
stalk long, slender, cavity flattened ; calyx large, basin
shallow, irregular; flesh melting, juicy, sweet, agreeable.
Mid-autumn. Productive, and bears young. A good
second-rate pear. Flemish.

Beurre Van Mons. Medium size, pyriform ; yellow, rus-
seted ; a third-rate fruit. Mid-autumn.

Calebasse. {S>/n. Calabash.) Size- medium, or rather
large ; long-pvriform, neck elongated, acute, body round,
rather small ; surface uneven or knobby, yellow, partly
russeted ; stalk an inch and a quarter long, oblique, not
sunk ; calyx short, erect, basin small, ribbed ; fleshcoarse,
breaking, juicy, sugary, pleasant ; second-rate. Early
autumn. Belgian.

Calebasse Grosse. Very large, obconic-oblong ; smooth,
shining, yellowish green; stalk stout, an inch long; flesh
rather coarse, half melting, tolerably good. Belgian.

Ca-piaumont. CS?/7Z. Beurre de Capiaumont.) Size medium;
obconic-pyriform, quite acute, approaching turbinate,
regular; skin smooth, yellow, with cinnamon red to the
sun, distinctly dotted, slightly russeted ; cal3'x widely re-
flexed, not sunk ; stalk about an inch long, but varying

228 AUTUMN PEARS.

flesh white, buttery, mehitig, moJcratel}' juicy, sweet
often astringent, about second-rate. Hardy and produc-
tive. Leaves folded, recurved. Ripens about mid-au-
tumn. Belgian.

tiara. Size, medium ; oval-pyriform ; clear yellow, with a
blush, dotted red ; stalk stout ; calyx and basin small ;
juicy, melting, somewhat acid; second or third-rate.
About mid-autumn. Shoots stout, dark brown. Belgian.

Co?nprefte. Size, medium, or rather large ; obtuse-pj'riform;
yellowish green, thickly dotted with brown ; stalk short,
stout, thickened at insertion ; basin shallow ; flesh but-
tery, melting, rich, good, oi"'.en nearly first-rate. Middle
and late autumn. Belgian.

Couiitess of Lunay. Size medium ; obovate-pyriform, some-
what obconic ; skin smooth, pale waxen yellow, with a
thin red cheek ; stalk about an inch and a half long, set
without depression on the rounded point of the neck
which is slightly russeted ; basin very small, even ; flesh
white, very juicy, melting, fine — nearly or quite first-rate
Mid-autumn.

Delices d' Hardenpont. Size medium; obtuse-pyriform
pale yellow, dotted in the shade and russeted in the
sun ; stalk an inch long, obliquely set, cavity small
calyx small, closed, basin plaited, uneven ; flesh buttery
melting, rich. Mid-autumn. Belgian.

Edwards' William. Medium in size, obtuse-pyriform ; yel
lc;W, sunny side with red dots, flesh yellowish white, but
tery and melting, good. Early autumn. Origin, New
Haven.

Figiic. Medium or rather large, pyriform-pyramidal, regu
lar, body rounding to the apex ; skin thin, green, parti}'
russeted at crown, often a dull red cheek, stalk an inch
long, stout, very fleshy at insertion, not sunk; basin none ,
flesh rather coarse, melting, juicy, rich, high-flavored
Late autumn. ,This pear has been cultivated and proved
fine at Boston. There are some doubts of its identity
with the Figue of the London Horticultural Society.

AUTUMN PEARS. 229

Forelle, (S'7/n. Trout Pear.) Medium or rather large, pyri-
form, approaching oblong-obovate ; green, becoming clear
3-ello\v, with a deep vermillion cheek, dots margiried with
crimson ; stalk an inch long, slender, cavity moderate ;
basin rather abrupt and narrow; flesh buttery and melt-
ing, second-rate. Late autumn. Shoots dark, purplish;
leaves small, nearly flat. German. A pear of great
beauty, which has contributed to its reputation.

Harvard. Medium or rather large, oblong-p3Tirorm ; skin
russety olive yellow, and with a reddish cheek; stalk
rather stout, sunk little or none, oblique ; basin narrow ;
flesh juicy, melting, tender; rots at the core if not house-
ripened. First of au'umn. Very productive, growth vigo-
rous, fruit handsome, rendering it profitable for market,
although only second-rate in quality. Origin, Cambridge,
Mass.

Jersey Gratioli. Size medium; regularly formed; pale
brown, somewhat rough, basin round, even ; flesh melt-
ing, rich. Growth erect, vigorous, buds hoary. New.

Lodge. Size medium, pyriform, neck small, narrow, very
acute, sometimes ribbed and irregular; greenish brown,
much russeted ; stalk an inch and a fourth long, rather
stout and curved ; basin varying from very shallow to
deep and distinct; flesh very juicy and melting, with a
rich, vinous, or sub-acid Brown Beurre flavor. Early and
mid-autumn. Origin, near Philadelphia, where it proves
first-rate, but farther north it does not stand so high.

Nayoleon. Medium or rather large; obconic-pyriform, ob-
tuse, variable ; green becoming pale yellowish-green ;
stalk an inch long, stout, slightly sunk; basin rather
large ; flesh uncommonly juicy, melting, moderately rich,
good, sometimes astringent. From mid-autumn till win-
ter. Needs ripening in a warm room. Very productive,
thrifty, hardy. Shoots rather erect. Belgian. Best o\\
warm light soils. Fig. 215.

Pailleau. Medium in size, pyriform-turbinate ; skin rough,
greenish yellow, partly russeted ; stalk about an inch
long, ve-'y stout ; basin small; flesk juicy, sweet, tolera-

230 AUTUMN PEARS.

bly good ; second-rate. Early autumn. Overbears. Bel-
gian.

Pitt's Prolific. (Sj/'/z. Pitt's Surpasse Marie.) Medium size,

oblong-pyriform, rather acute ; yellow, with a broad

brownish-red cheek ; stalk curved, fleshy at base ; flesh
juicy, hard, coarse ; third-rate. English.

Pope's Quaker. Size medium, oblong-pyriform, with smooth
yellow russet, juicy, melting, pleasant ; second or third
rate. Mid-autumn. Long Island, N. Y.

Queen Caroline. (S?/7z. Peine Caroline.) Medium in size,
narrow-pyriform, greenish becoming yellow, with a red-
dish check ; stalk an inch long, curved, sunk little or
none ; flesh white, crisp, dry ; third-rate. Late autumn.

St. Ghislain. Size medium ; pyriform, neck narrow, acute,
tapering ; surface pale yellow, sometimes a faint blush ;
stalk an inch and a half long, curved with fleshy rings at
insertion ; basin very shallow ; flesh white, buttery, juicy,
with a fine flavor. Growth upright, vigorous, shoots light
brown. Somewhat variable in quality, from first to
second-rate. Belgian. Early autumn.

Styrian. Medium or rather large ; obconic-pyriform ; sur-
face warm deep yellow, sometimes a bright red cheek
with russet streaks or patches; stalk an inch and a half
long, slender, often fleshy at insertion ; basin small, ir-
regular ; flesh slightly granular, crisp, often juicy an I
melting, second-rate, often nearly first-rate in flavor. A
profuse bearer. Ripens mid-autumn. English.

Sullivan. Medium in size, oblong-pyriform, neck acute, ta-
pering ; greenish yellov ; stalk an inch and a half long,
stout ; flesh juicy, melting, second-rate. Early autumn.
Belgian.

Bilboa and Washington pears, of next class, approach this
class in outline.

Section III. — Small.

Yat. Rather small, pyriform-turbinate, slightly com-
pressed ; densely riilseted ; stalk an inch long, slender.

AUTUMN PEAES. 231

oblique, not sunk ; calyx small, basin shallow ; tender
juicy, rather rich. Early autumn. Dutch. A third-rate
pear ; soon decays.

Class II. — Obscure pyriform, obovate, or turbinate.

Section I, — Large Pears.

Beurre d'Amalis. {Syn. Beurre d'Amanlis.) Large, obo-
vate, often slightly irregular, sometimes slightly pyriform,
with a short and narraw neck ; dull yellowish green, with
some russet, and a dull reddish cheek ; stalk an inch and
a quarter long, very slightly sunk ; basin shallow ; flesh
buttery, melting and juicy, and rather rich, with a second-
rate flavor. Early and mid-autumn. A good grower,
great bearer alternate years, and always perfects its fruit.
Growth spreading. Belgian.

Beurre d'Anjou. Rather large, obovate, approaching ob-
conic, obtuse, regular; surface greenish-yellow, a dull
red cheek to the sun, clouded with russet; stalk quite
short, or half an inch long, slightly sunk, cavity uneven ;
basin shallow, round smooth; flesh yellowish white, fine-
grained, buttery, melting, with a high, rich, vinous, ex-
cellent flavor. Middle and late autumn. French. 171.

Beurre Knox. Large, oblong-obovate, obconic, acute ; sur-
face pale green, with some thin russet ; stalk an inch
long ; basin small, narrow ; flesh tender, juicy, but not
high-flavored. Early mid-autumn. Flemish. Of little
value.

Brovm Beurre. {Syn. Beurre Gris, Gray Beurre, Beurr^
Rouge, Red Beurre, Beurre Isambert.^ Large, often only
medium; oblong-obovate, with a rounded taper to the stalk ;
skin yellov/ish green, russeted ; stalk an inch to an inch and
a half long, rather oblique, thickening into the fruit ; basin
rather shallow ; flesh greenish white, very juicy, melting,
butter}^, with a rich sub-acid or vinous flavor. Early mid-
autumn. Highly esteemed by those who prefer a vinous

232 AUTUMN PEARS.

fl;\vor. Partiall}' fails in many localities; needs rich
hioh ciihivalion. Wood short-jointed, flexuous, leave^:
folded. Fig. 200.

Capucin. Rather larcre, oval, sometimes obtuse turbinate ;
surface greenish, becoming pale yellow ; slightly russeted
at ends, reddened next the sun; stalk nearly an inch long,
cavitv obtuse; basin deep, narrow, irregular; flesh green-
ish, juicy, crisp, rather rich; second-rate. Mid-autumn.
Belgian,

Chapman. Rather large, obovate, sometimes slightly pyri-
form, obtuse, largest at the middle, tapering each way;
surface clear lemon yellow; stalk nearly two inches long,
cavity shallow, wrinkled; calyx erect, basin ribbed ; flesh
yellowish-white, very juicy, lialf breaking, rather acid;
sometimes astringent ; second-rate. Pa.

Chancellor. Large, obovate, green ; stalk an inch long,
rather thick, cavity small, irregular; calyx small, basin
contracted ; flesh melting, rich, very agreeable. Ripens
about mid-autumn. Origin, Germantown, Pa. New.

Copia. Large, broad-turbinate, acute ; yellow slightly rus-
seted ; stalk long, stout, lleshy at insertion ; calyx large,
basin slightly furrowed; flesh coarse, juicy, rather rich.
Mid-autumn. Origin, Philadelphia.

Dunmore. Large, oblong-obovate ; surface greenish, with
dots of brownish red russet ; stalk an inch and a half long,
stout, fleshy ai insertion, scarcely sunk in the obtuse and
rounded base; calyx small, deep-set; flesh buttery, melt-
ing, rich, good, but not first-rate. Early autumn. Eng-
lish, raised by Knight.

Flemish Beauty. {Syn. Belle de Flandres.) Large obo-
vate, often obscurely tapering to the crown, very obtuse ;
surface slightly rough, with some reddish brown russet on
pale yellow ground ; stalk an inch and a quarter long,
rather slender, cavity round, deep, narrow, often acumi-
nate, rim obtusely rounded ; basin .-mall, round ; flesh
juicy, melting, often with a very rich, sweet, and excel-
lent flavor, but variable, and sometimes not high-flavored;
needs house-ripening. Shoots dark brown, growth vigo-

AUTUMN PEARS. S33

rous, tree productive, and fruit ahvays fair and handsome.
Very valuable — its chief and perhaps onl}'- deficiency is a
frequent want of a full, high, rich flavor. It must be
gathered while yet hard, and ripened within doors. The
Beurr.3 Spence, so long the " Great Unknown " of pomo-
loglsts, is commonly believed to be no other than this
variety. Fig. 170.

Great Citron of Bohemia. Large, oblong, yelluw, spotted
and tinged with red next the sun ; stalk an inch long ;
flesh juicy, with a second or third-rate flavor.

Jalousie. Rather large, varying from roundish to obovate-
pyriform ; surface smooth, deep rich russet, with clear de-
tined, lighter dots ; stalk an inch and a quarter long, cavi-
ty and basin narrow and small, sometimes rather deep ,
flesh white, dry, and with poor flavor. Mid-autUiiin.
Shoots stout, olive. Handsome and w^orthless. French.

Shenks. Rather large, roundish-obovate, obscurely ribbed,
cruwa flattened ; light yellow, often a light red cheek;
stalk one inch long ; basin deep ; flesh white, a little
gritty, tender, melting, sub-acid, second-rate. Needs
house-iipening.

Van Buren. Large, obovate, crown flattened ; surface clear
yellow, with an orange red blush, dots conspicuous; flesh
white, cri-p, sweet, for baking only. Handsome. New-
Haven, Conn.

Van j^sscke. Rather large, obovate, slightly angular; crown
obtuse, sides rounded; skin fair, smooth, dull yellow*
stalk an inch and a qurater long, slender, curved, mode-
rately sunk ; calyx closed ; flesh white, rather coarse,
buttery, melting, rich. Belgian.

Onondaga, and Dutchess of Angouleme, of the preceding
class, approach this in form.

Section II. — Medium in size,

Abboft. Medium in size, oblong-obovate, (like the Wash-
ington,) surface even, smooth, dark dull green, with a
reddish brown cheek changing to scarlet, stalk an inch

234

AUTUMN PEARS.

long; cal3'x small, closed ; melting, juicy, rich. Early
mid-autumn, Good and handsome. Providence, R. I.

Al'pha. Medium, obovate, slightl)- oblong ; greenish yellow,
with red dots to the sun; stalk an inch long, slightly
sunk ; basin round ; flesh juicy, buttery, sweet, fine. Mid-
autumn. Belgian.

Ananas d^Ete. Rather large, obtuse-pyriform, skin smooth,
clear yellow, with numerous small dots, often with a blush ;
stalk stout and fleshy, basin small, flesh fine-grained, buttery,
and melting, sweet, and very good. Early autumn.

Ambrosia. Size medium, round-obovate, slightly fiatiened
at ends; skin greenish-yellow, thickly dotted; stalk
about an inch and a half long, cavity rather broad and
shallow; calyx erect or closed, basin wide, plaited; flesh
slightly breaking, buttery, good second-rate, often only
third-rate. Early in autumn. French.

Belle Lucrative, or Fondante d'Automne. Size medi-
um, obconic-obovate, som^etimes remotely pyriform ; sur-
face pale yellowish-green, slightl}^ russeted ; stalk an
inch and a quarter long, often fleshy, oblique ; cavity very
small and narrow; calyx short; basin smooth, sometimes
furrowed; flesh very juicy, with a fine texture, meliing,
rich, excellent. Very variable — when well grown and
fully ripened, it has no superior and few equals, in its ex-
ceedingly rich, delicate, perfumed flavor — but often of
poor quality. Early mid-autumn. Belgian. Growth
moderate, upright, shoots yellowish-gray. Fig. 192.

Belmont. Size medium ; roundish-obovate ; skin yellowish-
green, a faint reddish-brown cheek to the sun ; stalk two
inches long, slender curved ; flesh rather coarse, juicy,
sweet, second-rate — first-rate for cooking. Mid-autumn.
English.

Bergaviotte Cadette. {Syn. Beauchamps, Beurr'; Beau-
champs, Poire de Cadet. ^ Size medium ; round-obovate,
or round-oval ; surface greenish-yellow, often russeted
frequently tinged with reddish-brown to the sun ; stalk ar
inch and a fourth long, scarcely sunk on the rounded base

AUTUMN PEARS. 235

calx erect or closed, basin very shallow ; flesh melting,
buttery, juicy, sweet, quite rich, slightly perfumed; near-
ly first-rate. Late autumn. Productive. French. 210.

Beurre Colmar. {Syn. Beurre Colmar d'Automne.^ Size
medium, oval-obovate, regular, smooth; skin greenish
yellow, often a blush ; stalk an inch long ; basin shallow,
narrow, irregular ; flesh white, crisp, becoming juicy and
melting, not rich.

Beurre Crapaud. Medium size, round-obovate, obtuse ; sur-
face smooth, 5'ellow, with a red cheek; stalk short, cavity
shallow; basm broad, shallow; flesh fine-grained, melt-
ing, juicy, high-flavored, perfumed. Somewhat resem-
bles While Doyenne, but higher colored. Mid-autumn.
Shoots light yellow. New.

Beurre de Beaumont. Medium size, roundish-obovate or
roundish-turbinate ; skin yellowish green, thinly dotted
dark green, and a faint dull red cheek; stalk an inch
long, very slightly sunk; sometimes set under a lip;
calyx short, basin shallow, smooth ; flesh buttery, melt-
ing, juicy, rich; nearly or quite first-rate. Early mid-
autumn. French. New.

Beurre Kenrick. Medium size, obconic-obovate, crown flat-
tened ; greenish yellow ; stalk an inch long ; flesh juicy,
sweet, buttery; second or third-rate. Early autumn,
Flemish.

Beurre Preble. Medium, sometimes rather large, oblong-
obovate, sometimes roundish-obovate, usually an acute,
slight neck ; skin greenish 3^ellow ; stalk stout, an inch
long, cavity little or none; basin small; flesh melting,
buttery, sweet, rich, with high flavor, but varying to
second-rate. Late autumn. Origin, Maine.

Beurr^ Romain. Medium in size, obovate ; light yellowish
green ; stalk short, not sunk ; calyx promment ; flesh
juicy, meliing, of second-rate quality. Early mid-au-
tumn.

Bezi de Montigny. Medium size, or rather large, obovate,
obiuse, sometimes remotely pyriform, regular; skin smootlj

236 AUTUMN PEARS

pale yellowish green ; stalk an inch long, stout, much
enlarged from the fruit ; calyx small, erect ; cavity and
basin small, smooth; flesh half-butter}', melting, ju'cy,
and quite sweet, perfumed — good second-rate. Mid-
autumn. Resembles Urbaniste externally. French.

Bo7i Chrt'tien Fondante, or " Melting Bonchretien." Size
medium ; roundish, slightly oblong, rarely short-obovate,
obtuse ; surface dull green, partly russeted, numerously
dotted ; stalk an inch long, moderately or slightly sunk ;
basin small ; flesh yellowish white, core yellow and rather
gritty, — melting, very juicy, rich, pleasant — often nearly
first-rate, somewhat variable. Ripens about mid-autumn
or later. Leaves conspicuously folded and recurved.
Flemish.

Boucquia. Medium or rather large ; oval-obovate ; skin
pale yellow and pale red, partly russeted, stalk an inch
and a quarter long, fleshy at insertion ; calyx large, erect,
scarcely sunk; flesh juicy, melting, seconder third-rate

Buffum. Size medium; obovate, approaching oblong; skin
yellow, with a broad, reddish brown cheek, somewhat
russeted ; stalk three-fourths to an inch long, stout ; cavi-
ty and basin moderate or small; flesh buttery, sweet,
good, not quite first-rate, slightly variable. Shoots strong,
reddish brown, very erect ; tree very productive. Valua-
ble for its fair fruit, and fine bearing qualities. Early
mid-autumn. Origin, Rho.le Island.

Cabot. Size medium, round-turbinate, slightly irregular
crown full, obtuse ; stalk an inch long, set on the pointed
base without depression ; surface rough, russeted, bronze
yellow; basin round, smooth ; flesh greenish white, break-
ing, somewhat melting, juicy, sub-acid, about second-rate.
Early mid-autumn. Tree vigorous, very productive. Ori-
gin, Salem, Mass.

Commodore. Size medium ; regular obovate, or obovate-
pyriform, with a short narrow neck; surface yellow, with
a little red, thickly dotted, and with some russet; stalk
an inch and a quarter long, scarcely depressed; calyx
small, reflexed; basin very shallow; flesh juicy, melting

AUrUMiN PEAES. 2^^1

buttery, sweet, with a second-rate, sometimes nearly first
rate flavor. Late autumn. Belgian.

Gushing. Medium or rather large, obovate, somewhat ob
conic ; surface light greenish yellow, rarely a dull red
cheek ; stalk an inch long, cavity abrupt ; basin rathei
shallow ; flesh fine grained, buttery, melting, with a fine
flavor — nearly first-rate. Ripens in the early part of au-
tumn. Shoots spreading. Very productive. Origin,
Hingham, Mass.

Dallas. Size medium ; obovate, slightly obconic-pyriform
dull yellow, often much russeted ; stalk an inch long,
not sunk ; basin round, slightly wrinkled ; segments ol
the calyx rounded, stiff; flesh fine-grained, melting, juicy,
good. Ripens late-autumn. Conn. ^

De Louvain. Medium size, obovate-obconic, approaching
pyriform ; surface light yellow, faintly russeted, with
ruddy dots to the sun ; stalk an inch long, stout, oblique^
not sunk ; basin very narrow, shallow ; flesh buttery^
melting, rich, good. Ripens through mid-autumn. Bel-
gian.

Doyenne Boussock. (Syn. Doyenne Boussouck Nouvelle.)
Large, thick obovate, obconic, sometimes slightly pyri-
form, slightly uneven ; surface bright lemon yellow when
ripe, partly russeted, sometimes a slight reddish cheek;
stalk stout, about an inch long, varying, sometimes fleshy,
often oblique ; basin very shallow, even; flesh buttery,
melting, very juicy, with a first-rate flavor, resembling
the White Doyenn:^, but not equal to it in quality. New.
The Gray Doyenne has been cultivated to some extent
under this name. Fig. 176.

Duchesse de Mars. Size medium or rather small ; obovate,
slightly pyriform ; skin dull yellow, partly russeted; stalk
an inch long, scarcely sunk on the rounded base ; calyx
closed, basin very small; flesh melting and juicy, rather
rich. Ripens late autumn. A second-rate fruit. French.

Di/ndas. Size medium ; short turbinate, sometimes obovate,
base flattened ; skin yellow, with a brilliant blush ; stalk
an inch long, stout, not su-nk ; calyx small, basin widf>

238

AUTUMN PEABJ.

/

AUTUMN PEARS. 239

deep ana even ; flesh half-buttery, tender, melting, rich,
perfumed. Mid-autumn. A handsome Belgian variety,
of nearly fir.-t-rate quality,

Edioard^s Elizabeth. Medium in size or rather large ,
roundish-obovate, sometimes approaching obtuse pyri
form, somewhat angular, smooth ; surface a beautiful,
clear, waxen, pale yellow; stalk often planted in a fleshy
protuberance ; flesh buttery, slightly sub-acid, good. Mid-
autumn. Origin, New Haven, Conn.

Enfant Prodigue. Size medium, or rather small : obovatc;,
varying, base always narrow; surface rough, slightly
uneven, tawny yellow, russeted ; stalk an inch and a
half long, scarcely sunk, or under a lip; calyx closed,
crumpled, basin slight, narrow, furrowed; very juicy,
sub-acid, rather rich. Very variable in form and quality.
Late autumn. Belgian.

Figue de Naples. {Syn. Fi^ear of Naples.) Medium, or
rather large; oblong-obovate, sometimes slighily obovate-
pyriform, base very obtuse; surface yellowish-brown,
with a faint reddish cheek ; stalk an inch long, fleshy at
insertion; basin broad, shallow, smooih; flesh buttery,
rich, but becoming dry instead of melting, unless kept
from the air, the skin being quite pervious to moisture.
Ripens late autumn. Hardy and productive. Fio-. 204.

Forme de Delices. Medium size, obovate, yellowish, rough,
much russeted ; stalk an inch long, cavity round, smooth ,
calyx large, projecting; flesh buttery, melting, somewhat
dry, of good flavor. Late autumn. Belgian. Shoots
stout, upright, yellowish-green.

JoJies. Size medium or rather small, obovate, often pyri-
form ; surface rich yellow russet ; stalk an inch or an inch
and a fourth in length, variable in thickness, fleshy at in-
sertion, not sunk; basin shallow; flesh yellowish, melt-
ing, of fine flavor. Ripens late autumn. Origin, King-
sessiTij^'. near Philadelphia. New.

Golden BEUKRii ok Uilboa. {Syn. Bilboa, Hooper's Bil
boa.) Rather large; obovatc, slightly pyriform, rathei
obtuse, very regular ; surface smooth, fair, fine yellow
16 K

240

AUTUMN PEARS

AUTUMN PEAKS. 241

russeted round the stalk; dots small, distinct; stalk an
inch and a quarter long, slighll}' sunk; calyx small, erect,
basin shallow ; flesh tine-grained, very buttery, melting,
moderately rich — sometimes a very obscure acid aslrin-
gency. Ripens the first of autumn, and immediately fol-
lows the Bartlett. Its fair fruit, and productiveness, ren-
der it a very valuable pear, although, like the Flemish
Beauty, it is not of the highest flavor. Grows well on the
quince. A native of Bilboa, Spain. Fig. 172.

GRAY DOYENNE. {Spi. Doyenne Gris, Gray Butter
Pear, Red Doyenn >, Doyenne Rouge, St. Michael Dore.)
Size medium, obovate, often approaching turbinate ; whole
surface a handsome smooth cinnamon russet ; stalk half
to three-fourths of an inch long, cavity quite narrow ;
calyx small, closed; flesh with a very fine texture, very
buttery, melting, rich, perfumed, delicious, excellent.
Middle of autumn to winter. Shoots yellowish or gray-
ish brov.-n, ascending. Fails on some localities. 175.

Green Yair. {Syn. Green pear of Yair.) Medium size,
obovate, green, juicy, third-rate. Early autumn.

Heathcot. {Syn. Gore's Heathcot.) Medium size ; obo-
vate, regular, base obtuse ; surface greenish yellow, port-
ly overspread wath thin russet ; sialk an inch long rathei
stout, cavity moderate or small ; calyx partly closed,
basin small; flesh fine-grained, buttery, with a rich, per-
fumed, and excellent flavor — sometimes hardly first-rate.
Early mid-autumn. Shoots upright, reddish brown. Very
productive and profitable. Origin, Waltham, Mass.

Henkel. Medium or rather large, round-obovate, remotely
pyriform, with a very short neck ; obtuse ; surface yel-
low, often a clear pale yellow, sometimes partly russeted ;
stalk an inch and a half long, slightly sunk ; basin small,
even; flesh yellowish white, buttery, melting, juicy,
sprightly, fine, sometimes only second-rate. Belgian.

Hericart. Size medium, obovate, remotely pyriform, often
irregular, greenish yellow, with numerous confluent dots ;
stalk an inch and a quarter long, slightly sunk ; basin
small ; flesh melting, buttery, not rich, second or third
rate. First of autumn. Belgian.

Ui.;: AUTUMI< PEARS.

Hull. Medium size, obovate, rounded at base ; skin yel-
lowish green, some russeted ; stalk an inch and a halt
long, rather slender, not sunk; basin shallow ; flesh melt-
ing, juicy, slightly gritty at core, sweet, often fine, some-
times only third-rate. Origin, Swanzey, Mass.

Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee, or " Fontenay Jalousie."
Size medium, obconic-turbinate, approaching thick-pyri-
Ibrm ; surface a pale dull yellowish green, more or less
russeted, often a faint red cheek ; stalk an inch long,
often oblique, not sunk; calyx closed, stiff; basin small,
round, flesh buttery, melting, mild, rich, fme-flavorod,
nearly or quite first-rate. Ripens at mid-autumn. Fiench.

KnighVs Seedling. Medium or rather large ; obovate, ap*
proaching obconic-pyriform, smooth yellowish green ; stalk
an inch long, scarcely sunk; basin broad, shallow; juicy,
melting, sweet. Early autumn. A native of Rhode Island.

Nouve^u Poiteau. Large, pyriform-pyramidal, crown broad,
neck narrow, tapeftng ; skin dark green, brownish red
spots and blotches to the sun; flesh melting, juicy, rich,
vinous ; somewhat variable. Late autumn. Tree vigor-
ous, great bearer. Belgian.

Messire Jean. {Syn. Monsieur Jean, John, Mr. John.) Me-
dium size, roundish, slightly pyriform, crown slightly nar-
rowed ; surface roughish, mostly russeted on yellow
ground; stalk an inch long, cavity small; calyx small,
basin small, smooth or plaited ; flesh gritty, breaking,
juicy, second or third-rate. Late autumn or early winter.
Old French.

Oliver's Russet. Size medium, obovate-obconic, base round-
ed; a deep cinnamon russet on yellow ground, tinged red
to the sun ; stalk about an inch long, rather slender,
scarcely sunk ; basin and calyx small ; flesh melting,
juicy, sometimes fine, usually second-rate. Mid-autumn.
Origin, Lynn. Mass.

Oswego Beurre. Size medium, obtuse oval-obovate, regu-
lar; surface yellowish green, with some thin russet; stalk
three-fourths of an inch long, stout, deep-set ; calyx small,
ftrect or closed, basin smooth; flesh melting, juicy, with

AUTUMN PEAKS. 243

a fine sprightly vinous flavor at first, between that of a
Doyenn • and Brown Beiirr ■, but becoming nearly sweet.
Ripens from mid-autumn till winter. Tree vigorous,
hardy, very productive. A valuable variety. Origin.
Oswego, N. Y. Fig. 201.

liowELL. Size medium, pyriform, neck small, acute ;
stalk an inch and a half long, not sunk ; calyx in a small
round basin ; surface pale yellow; flesh melting, bu: e-
ry, and fine. Ripens mid-autumn. Origin, New Haven,
Conn

Paqvency or Payency. Size medium ; obovate-obconic, ap-
proaching pyriform, acute; skin dull yellow, slightlyrus-
seted, with a faint dull blush ; stalk an inch long, stout ;
calyx erect, basin shallow; flesh white, juicy, melting,
good. Mid-autumn. French. New.

Pennsylvania. Size medium, obovate, often short obovate,
obconic ; surface a rich brownish russet on yellow ground;
stalk an inch and a half long, not sunk ; sometimes
slightly sunk ; calyx small, basin shallow ; flesh rather
coarse, somewhat breaking, half-melting, with a second-
rate flavor. Early mid-autumn. Shoots diverging, red-
dish brown. Origin, Philadelphia.

Petre. Medium size, obovate, sometimes slightly obovate-
pyriform, or truncate-obconic, base wide or obtuse ; sur-
face pale yellow, often slightly russeted, with a reddish
brown cheek ; stalk about an inch long, rather stout,
cavity obtuse at bottom; basin small, smooth; flesh fine-
grained, sometimes slightly gritty, buttery, melting, rich,
sweet, perfumed, often excellent — variable in quality from
first to second rate. Ripens at mid-autumn. Growth
moderate, shoots rather slender, yellowish. Fig. 191.

Pope's Scarlet Major. Medium or rather large, obovate ;
surface yellow with a red cheek; stalk long, thick ; flesh
breaking, dry, — third-rate. Long Island, N. Y.

Pratt. Medium or rather large, obovate-pyriform, skin
greenish-yellow, thickly dotted ; stalk an inch long, slen-
der, moderately sunk : basin wide, shallow ; flesh tender

244 AUTUMN FEARS.

melting, juicy, excellent. Early autumn. Rhode Island
Fig. 184.
St. Akdke. Size medium, obovate-turbinate, crown blunted ;
skin greenish yellow, slightly dotted red, stalk an inch
long, fleshy at insertion; basin shallow; flesh greenish
white, fine-grained, buttery and melting, perfumed, ex-
cellent. Early autumn.

Thompson's. Medium in size, obovate, yellow, slightly
rasseted ; stalk an inch long, stout ; calyx stiff, scarcely
cut ; buttery, melting, and fine flavored. Late autumn.

Washington. Medium in size, oblong-obovale, obtuse, —
sometimes slightly obtuse-pyriform ; surface smooth, clear
yellow, handsomely marked with conspicuous red dots on
the sunny side, slightly russeted round the stalk, which is
an inch and a fourth long, and slightly sunk ; calyx smaU,
partly closed, basin shallow ; flesh very juicy, melting,
slightly breaking, with a rich, unusually sweet, perfumed,
first-rate flavor. Early in autumn. Growth vigorous,
shoots very straight, erect, and diverging. Fruit always
fair, but varies in size and form — esteemed most by those
who like a very sweet flavor. Fig. 173.

Westcott. Size medium, roundish-obovate ; green, becom-
ing yellow; flesh melting, juicy, rich, sweet, perfumed
flavor fine. Early in autumn. Origin, Cranston, R. I.

WHITE DOYENNE. {Syn. Butter Pear, of Pa., Virga-
lieu, of N. y., St. Michael, of Boston, Yellow Butter,
White Beurre, Doyenn6, Doyenne Blanc.) Medium or
rather large, regular obovate, obtuse, sometimes remotely
pyriform ; surface pale yellow, often a faint blush ; stalk
about an inch long, scarcely sunk ; calyx small, basin
shallow ; flesh of very fine texture, white, buttery, melt*
ing, rich, and excellent. Middle to late autumn. Shoots
ascending, greyish yellow ; leaves folded,, recurved. I
fails in many localities near Boston and elsewhere, bu
through inland New- York and in most of the western
states, it is unsurpassed in its excellent qualities of hard''
growth, fair fruit, delicious flavor and great productive-
ness ; many trees, without receiving any care in cultiva-

AUTUMN PEARS. 245

tion, yielding ten or fifteen bushels of perfect fruit in a
single season. Fig. 174.
North of 42 degrees of latitude, it becomes a late autumn
fruit, and may be kept into winter, which increases its
value for distant market.

Wilbur. Medium in size, frequently rather small ; obovate,
regular, often obovate-pyriform ; skin a dull green and
russet ; stalk three-fourths to one inch long, cavity very
small ; calyx prominent, scarcely sunk ; flesh rather
coarse, melting, juicy, pleasant, often slightlj- astringent,
varying from second-rate to nearly first-rate. Valuable
at its season. Early autumn. Shoots slender, yellowish
brown. Origin, Somerset, Mass.

Wilkinson. Size medium, obovate, narrowed somewhat
towards the crown, largest in the middle ; skin smooth,
bright yellow ; stalk an inch and a quarter long, stout,
scarcely sunk; calyx stiff, short, basin fhal'ow; flesh
white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, of good flavor. Ripens
from mid-autumn to winter. Shoots long, stcit, upright,
greenish yellow; tree thrifty, hardy, productive. A good
second-rate variety. Origin, Cumberlaiid, R. I.

Forelle and Capiaumont, of the preceding class, often ap-
proach this class in outline.

Section III. — Small.

Capsheaf. Rather small ; short-obovate, wide at crown,
somewhat obconic, or with a rounded taper to the stalk j
surface deep yellow, mostly russeted ; stalk an inch long,
stout, slightly sunk ; calyx small, basin rather large ;
flesh melting, juicy, buttery, mild, sweet, good second-
rate. Ripens mid-autumn. Shoots erect, stout, yellowish
brown; very productive. Rhode Island.

Dumortier. Obovate, dull vellow, with some russet ; stalk
an inch and three-fourths long, slender; basin very shal-
low; flesh greenish white, melting, sweet, sometimes high
flavored. Early autumn. A third-rate Belgian variety.

B(lii-ar(Vs Henrietta. Medium or rather small; obovate,
crown flattened, stalk on a rounded point ; surface smooth,
pale yellowish-green.-; stalk an inch an(\ a half long

246 AUTUMN PEARS.

cal3'x closed, basin shallow, faintly plaited ; flesh melting,
jni(:\-, sub-acid. Very productive. Late summer. New
Haven, Conn.

Henry IT. {Sij?!. Henri Quatre.) Kather small, round-
obovate, somewhat turbinate ; surface greenish yellow,
often somewhat russeted, sometimes a dark reddish brown
cheek ; stalk an inch and a fourth long, slender, usually
fleshy at insertion, not sunk ; bab:in shallow, abrupt, calyx
closed; flesh juicy, melting, rich, perfumed, mostly first-
rate flavor. Needs house-ripening. Early in autumn.
Shoots diverging cr spreading, yellowish brown. Very
productive. Fig. 146.

Joho7mot. Rather small, roundish-obovate, sometimes near-
ly round, irregular ; skin pale greenish-yellow and yel-
lowish-brown, faintly russeted ; stalk about an inch long
thick, oblique, fleshy at insertion, not sunk; basin round,
flesh rather coarse, mel ing, buttery, rich, of fine flavor.
Early mid-autumn. Origin, Salem, Mass. The value
cf this fine little pear is lessened by the slov\^ growth of
the trte.

KiRTLAND. Medium in size, round-ovate, greenish with a
rich brown russet ; stalk short and thick ; flesh fine
grained, buttery and melting, perfumed, with a high and
excellent flavor, like the Seckel. Eaily autumn. Likely
to prove valuable. Northern Ohio. Dr. Kirtland.

Rousselet de Rheims. Rather small, obovate-turbinate,
obscurely pyriform ; skin greenish-yellow in the shade, a
rich bro.vnish-rcd in the sun, partly russeted ; stalk an
inch long, not sunk ; basin little or none ; flesh of fine
texture, sweet, rich, perfumed, half buttery; rots at the
core. Early autumn. Fig. 197.

vSECKEL. Small, obovate, sometimes obscurely obconic-
pyriform, regular; skin brownish-green, becoming rich
yellowish-brown, with a deep brownish-red cheek ; stalk
one-half to three-fourths of an inch long, cavity and basin
small ; flesh very fine-grained, sweet, ver}'' juicy, melting
buUery, the richest and highest flavored pear known.
A.lthough of slow growth, and small size, like the Green

Gage among plums, it is regarded as the standard of ex-
cellence. Its high musky perfume is not, however, agree-
able to all. Early mid-autumn. Shoots stout, short,
ascending, tree very hardy. Needs rich cultivation. Ori-
gin, near Philadelphia, and succeeds well throughout the
northern, middle, and western states, and is remarkably
free from the blight. Fig. 14-5.

Williams^ Early. Size rather small or medium, obovate,
varying to roundish-turbinate, regular ; skin smooth, clear
light yellow, with a bright red cheek of thick scarlet dots
on the sunny side; stalk an inch and a fourth long,
straight, not sunk, often fleshy at insertion ; basin small,
slightly furrowed ; flesh yellowish white, rather coarse
melting, half buttery, juicy, rich, slightly musky. Ripena
the first two weeks of autumn. Shoots dark. A good
second-rale fruit, valuable for ripening before the most
of autumn pears. Origin, Roxbury, jMass.

Swan's Egg. {Syn. Moor-fowl Egg, incorrectly.) Small,
oval or obovate, crown narrow ; skin pale green, with a
pale brownish blush ; stalk an inch and a fourth long
slender, scarcely sunk; basin none; flesh soft, juicy,
sweet, somewhat musky. A third-rate variety, ripening
about mid-autumn. Shoots dark, long, flexuous. Old
English.

Class III. — Roundish or oblate.

Section I. — Large Pears.

Belle et Bonne. Large, roundish, slightly oblate, and
reir.otely obconic, base much flattened ; surface pale
greenish yellow, thickly dotted ; stalk an inch and a half
long, slender, cavity deep, narrow; calyx closed or erect.
basin broad ; flesh white, coarse, sweet, buttery when
well ripened, of second-rate quality. Ripens rather early
in autumn. Growth strong.

K*

«J48 AUTUMN PEARS.

Bezi de la Mofte. Kather large, often only medium, round
ish, crown flattened, tapering slightly to the stalk, and
sometimes with a very obscure short neck ; skin dull
green, becoming yellowish-green ; thickly and very con-
spicuously dotted, the whole surface with a gray cast;
stalk an inch long, slightly sunk; basin abrupt, deep,
sometimes flattened and shallow; flesh yellowish green,
very tender, juicy, melting, with sometimes a little grit,
sweet, pleasant, not rich. Quite variable — in some locali-
ties uniformly good, in others often worthless. Tree har-
dy, vigorous, a profuse bearer, and fruit always fair — in
flavor it is but .-econd-rate, but very agreeable and melt-
ing. Ripens through mid-autumn. Old French.

Charles of Austria. (St/?!. Charles d'Autriche.) Large,
roundish, greenish-yellow, slightly russeted, thickly and
conspicuously dotted with brown specks; stalk an inch
long, slightly sunk; basin rather narrow; flesh tender,
juicy, sweet, of second-rate flavor. Mid-autumn. Shoots
stout, upright, yellow-olive.

Crassane. Large, roundish, flattened ; skin greenish yel-
low, netted thinly wiih russet ; stalk long, slender, curved,
cavity shallow ; calyx small, basin narrow, rather deep;
flesh soft, juicy, about third rate in quality. JMiddle and
late autumn. Shoots stout, spreading. Old French.

GavseVs Bergamot. (%?i. Brocas Bergamot.) Rather large,
sometimes only medium ; roundish-oblate, more or less
approaching obovate, flattened most at crown; skin yel-
lowish-brown, with a faint russet brown blush; stalk short,
half or three-fourths of an inch long, ends often fleshy;
cavity and basin smooth; flesh granular, melting, juicy,
rich, sweet, perfumed, with a first-rate flavor. Ripens
through several of the early weeks of autumn. Shoots
* dark gray, spreading, leaves flat, mealy. English.

Hacon's Incomparable. Rather large, roundish, tapering
a little to the base, crown slightly flattened; surface
roughish, yellowish green, slightly russeted, stalk an inch
and a fourth long; calyx short, erect, open; cavity and
basin broad, shallow flesh buUery, melting, sub-acid, of

AUTUMN PEARS. 249

secor d-rate flavor. Ripens middle and late autnmn. Shoots
olive, rather slender, diverging or spreading. English.

Stevens' Gejsesee. Large, round-obovato, often considerably
flattened ; skin slightly rough, yellow ; stalk an inch long,
stout, thickest at insertion, niore or less sunk in the base;
calyx shor!, stiff", basin smooth; flesh moderately fine-
grained, half buttery, slightly granular, with a rich, fine
flavor, nearly first-rate. Ripens the first of autumn and
for some time afterwards. Shoots gray, leaves narrow.
Grows with great vigor on the quince. Origin, Livings-
ton Co., N. Y.

Section 11. — Medium in size,

Althorpe Crassane. Size medium, roundish, or round-ovate
sometimes slightly oblong, tapering rather most to the
crown, which is flattened ; surface light green, with dark
green specks ; stalk an inch and a half to an inch and

• three-fourths long, curA^ed, scarcely sunk ; calyx many-
cut, erect, basin rather shallow, with a few plaits ; flesh
fine-grained, juicy, melting, somewhat buttery, good
second-rate. Middle and late autumn. English.

Bergavwtte Cadette. {Syii. Beauchamps, Beurro Beau-
champs, Poire de Cadet. 3 Size medium ; round-obovate,
smooth; pale green or greenish-yellow, often partly rus-
seted ; stalk thick, an inch long, cavity shallow ; calyx
small, closed, or erect, scarcely sunk ; flesh slightly granu-
lar, melting, juicy, pleasant, with a good, nearly first-
rate flavor. Late autumn. French.

Calhoun. Size medium, roundish, regular, remotely obo-
vate, smooth, yellow, sometimes a little russeted, and
with a red cheek ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long,
stout, scarcely sunk, calyx closed, basin ver}'- shallow,
flesh juicy and melting, with a sub-acid or vinous flavor.
Late autumn. Origin, New-Haven, Conn. New.

Compte de Larny. Size medium, roundish, somewhat ob-
conic or turbinpte, ^^rown much flattened ; skin yellow,
with a brownish blush; dots small, many ; stalk an inch
and a fourth long with no ravitv ; basin shallow, smoothj

S60 AU^l;M.^ P£i..%2i.

flesh fine-grained, buttery, melting, rich, high-flavored
Ripens about mid-autumn. Resembles Dundas in form
without the deep wide basin and high red cheek of tha
variety. Shoots upright, dark. Belgian.

Huguenot. Medium size; roundish, pale-yellow; dots
large, red; stalk rather slender, without cavity; calyx
small, basin round ; flesh half-breaking, sweet, deficient
in flavor. Third-rate. Mid-autumn. Salem, Mass.

Michaux. Medium size, nearly round ; skin yellowi.-h
green, with a faint blush; stalk an inch and a half long,
cavity little or none; basin shallow; flesh juicy, hall
buttery, sweet, second or third rate. Early mid-autumn.
French.

Naumkeag. Medium in size, roundish, russeted, cavity
very shallow; flesh juicy, melting, somewhat astringent,
second or third-rate. Mid-autumn. Salem, Mass.

Rousselet de Meester. Medium size, roundish, often slight-
ly oblate, with an obscure, very short neck ; skin pale
greenish j'ellow ; sometimes a faint blush; stalk an inch
and a half long, cavity none ; calyx large, basin smail^
irregular ; flesh melting, sugary, rich, with some rough-
ness of flavor — a good second-rate pear. Mid-autumn.
Belgian.

Sylvange. {Sy?i. Green Sylvange, Bergamotle Sylvange.)
Size medium, roundish-obovatc, approaching turbinate ;
skin pale green, with numerous rough small dots ; s alk
one inch long, slender ; basin shallow ; flesh greenish-
while, fine-grained, juicy, melting, tolerably good. Mid-
dle and late autumn. Shooed stout, dark olive.

Sieulle. (St/n. Beurre Sieulle, Doyenn^^ Sieulle.) Medium
in size, roundish-oblate, often round ish-obovate, with a
very short, obscure neck ; obtuse ; skin pale yellow, with
a slight blush, and sometimes a brilliant broad orange
cheek ; stalk thick, an inch and a quarter long, cavity
shallow, rarely deep ; calyx slightly sunk ; flesh buttery
fine-grained, rich, of good second-rate or nearly first-rate
quality. Middle and late autumn. Fig- 216.

AUTUM>- PEAKS. 251

Section III. — Small.

Aston Town. Rather small, roundish, remotely turbinate,
crown flattened ; skin rough, brownish green, becomino-
yellowish ; stalk an inch and a half long, cavity little or
none; calyx large, erect, scarcely sunk; flesh melting,
buttery, sweet, tolerably good. A third-rate English
pear, ripening before mid-autumn. Shoots slender, grow th
irregular.

Bergamot, Autumn. (%«. English Bergamot, Common
Bergamot, of the E/igl/sh, English Autumn Bergamot.)
Rather small, roundish-oblate, rough, greenish ; stalk
half an inch long, stout, cavity round, wide ; calyx sma.l,
basin smooth, shallow; flesh juicy, sugary, rather rich,
about third-rate in value. Early autumn.

Bergamotte d'Automne. Roundish-obconic, remotely pyri-
form ; smooth, fair, pale yellow, with a brownish red
cheek , stalk an inch and a fourth long, cavity and basin
slight; flesh breaking, juicy, sweet, not rich. French.
Quite distinct from the preceding, and worthless.

Bleeker's Meadow. Rather small, roundish, or flattish-
ob-jvate ; very regular ; large specimens are short-obo-
vale ; surface yellow ; stalk an inch long, stiff', calyx
open, both slightly sunk; flesh very sweet, approaches
buttery and melting when at its best, but usually remains
hard and worthless. Middle and late autumn. Growth
rapid, upright, very productive. From nearly first to
fourth-rate. Origin, Pennsylvania.

Croft Castle. Size rather small or medium ; form ovate, ta-
pering considerably from base to crown ; greenish yellow,
thickly dotted and roughened with small specks ; stalk
an inch and a half to two inches long, slender, curved,
not sunk; calyx widely reflexed in the flat narrow crown;
flesh crisp, juicy, sweet, second-rate. Mid-autumn. Eng-
lish.

Eyev;ood. Small, regular round-oblate ; pale yellowish
green, becoming dull yellow, thickl}- dotted, a faint brown-
ish tinge to the sun ; stalk very long ; cavity and basin
small ; buttery, melting, rich, fine, sub-acid like the

"d'j2 AUTUMN PEAr.&.

Beurre d'Aremberg. Late autumn. Buds large, with
prominent shoulders, whence its name. English. New.

Fulton. Rather small or nearly medium ; roundish, crown
flattened ; whole surface a smooth gray russet, becoming
a dark cini?amon russet; stalk an inch and a quarter
long, slender, cavity round, rather narrow ; calyx long,
deep-cut, basin uneven; flesh half-buttery, melting, rich,
sprightly, agreeable, nearly or quite first-rate. Kipens
middle and late autumn. Shoots rather slender, reddish
brown. Tree very hardy and productive. Valuable.
Origin, Topshara, Maine, ^ig. 198.

Moor-fowl Egg. (St/7z. Little Swan's Egg.) Rather small,
roundish, dull green, with a brown cheek, dots minute;
stalk long, slender, little sunk or under a lip ; basin small,
flesh soft, juicy, gritty, sweet; a third-rate Scotch pear,
ripening about mid-autumn.

Princess of Orange. Rather small, roundish, slightly neck-
ed ; color cinnamon and light reddish russet ; stalk an
injh long; cavity, calyx, and basin small ; flesh yellow-
ish white, crisp, juicy, vinous; about second-rate, some-
times very poor. Late autumn. Belgian.

Quiltette. Size nearly medium ; roundish, slightly oblate;
skin greenish, nearly covered with dull, iron-colored rus-
set ; stalk an inch and a quarter long, fleshy at insertion,
with no cavity; calyx very small or abortive, basin nar-
row; flesh melting, buttery, sweet, rich, perfumed; good
second-rate, sometimes nea *ly first-rate. Late autumn
Belgian.

WINTER PEARS.

253

DIVISION III.— WINTER PEARS.

Class I. — Distinct pyriform.
Section /.—Large Pears.

Fig. 177 — Beurre (VArtmberg. Fig. 17S — Glout Morceau

BEURRE D'AREMBERG. {Syn. Due d'Aremberg, Des-
champs, L'Orpheline.) Large, short obconic-pyriform,
approaching obconic-obovate,, neck rather small ; skin
thick, greenish-yellow, partly russeted ; stalk short or

254 WlI^iTLR I'EARS.

half an inch to an inch long, thick, oblique, thickening
with flesh towards insertion ; calyx erect ; basin deep,
narrow ; flesh buttery, mehing, rich, with a liigh, sub-
acid flavor — regarded as fully first-rate by those who es-
teem a vinous flavor. Ripens late autumn and earlv win-
ter— keeps with little care. Very productive. Grows
well on the quince. Leaves slightly waved. Belgian.

The Soldat Lahoreur^ (or Soldat d'Esperin,) formerly con-
founded by some with the Aremberg, but wholly distinct,
is a large or medium pear, obovate-pyriform, light greeni>h
yellow, rather coarse, but often of very good flavor.

Doyenne d'Alencon. {Syn. Doyenne gris d'Hiver Nouveau.)
]\Iedium or rather large, olDovate-pyriform, obtuse, pale
dull yellow, flesh whitish, melting, excellent if well ripened.
Late winter.

Black Worcester. {Syn. Iron Pear, Black Pear of Worces-
ter.) Large, pyriform, approaching oblong-ovate; body
large, short ovate ; neck short, rather obtuse ; surface
mostly covered with dark rough russet on a li::ht green
surface ; stalk half an inch to an inch and a half long,
cavity none ; calyx erect, basin small ; flesh hard, coarse,
rich, somewhat austere ; stews and bakes well. An es-
teemed culinary sort, bearing heavy crops, and proving
verv profitable for market. Late autumn till mid-winter.
Growth very crooked and straggling. Fig. 22 J .

Catillac. Large, short obconic-pyriform, approaching broad-
turbinate, crown broad, flattened ; yellow, often with a
reddish brown cheek ; stalk an inch to an inch and a half
long, stout, cavity small, wavy; calyx short, erect or
spread, basin large, plaited ; flesh hard, but excellent for
baking and stewing, becoming tender, and of a light red
color. Keeps through winter. French. Ficf. 222.

Choumontel. {Sijn. Bezi de Chaumontelle, Winter Butter.)
Large, pyriform, body oblong or ovate, neck short, obtuse,
often quite obscure, and the form approaching obovate or
o>,!ong, — largest at the middle ; skin a little rough, yel-
lowish in the shade, with more or less brownish red and
and rich deep red in the sun ; stalk an inch long, mode-

•'VINTER PEARS. 255

rately sunk ; basin deep, uneven, or angular; flesh but-
tery, melting, sugary, with a fine flavor. Requires warm
i-ich cultivation to develope its good qualities. Shoots
long, slender, dark brown. Grows well on the quince.
Early Winter. Old French.

Glout Morceau. {S7J71. Gloux Morceaux, Beurre d'Har-
denpont, Colmar d'Hiver, Hardenpont d'Hiver, Linden
d'Automne.) Large, short pynform, approaching obtuse-
oval, neck very short and obtuse, body large, and taper-
ing somewhat towards the crown ; often considerably
ribbed ; surface green, becoming pale greenish yellow
stalk an inch and a fourth long, not oblique, stout, fle^^hy
on quince stocks, moderately sunk ; calyx lari:e, basin dis-
tinct, rather irregular; flesh white, fine-grained, buttery,
melting, rich, sweet, with no acid, and of fine flavor.
Early winter. Succeeds best on the quince. Preferred
to Beurre d'Aremberg by those who like a sweet pear —
and differs from it in its sweet flavor, shorter neck, more
rounded or tapering crown, even (not oblique) stalk, and
mere obtuse neck. Fig. 178.

Louise Bonne. Large pyriforrn ; smooth, pale green ; stalk
rather short, straight, slightly enlarged towards insertion ;
calyx small, basin shallow ; flesh white, rather coarse,
third-rate in quality. Early winter. Old French.

Pound. {Syn. Winter Bell, Angora.) Very large, pyri-
form, approaching obconic, crown wide ; skin yellowish-
green, with a brown cheek ; stalk two inches long, caU'X
crumpled, basin narrow; flesh solid, hard, stems reddish
color, a first-rate culinary pear. Trees strong, healthy, pro-
ductive ; shoots stout, upright, dark. Uvedale's St. Ger-
main nearly resembles or is identical with this variety.

Spanish Bonchretien. (Syn. Bon Chretien d'Espagne.)
Large, pyriform, irregular, narrowed to the stalk, one-
sided ; surface deep yellow at maturity, with a bright red
cheek, and reddish brown dots ; sialk an inch and a hall
long, bent slender, scarcely sunk; basin rather deep,
narrow, irregular; flesh white, crisp, or half breaking,
moderately rich — first-rate for cooking- — worthless as a
dessert fruit. , ,

256

WINTER PEARS.

Fig. 177— Vicar rf Wirikfield Fig. 178— Prt»«'j St. Germaim,

WINTER PEARS. 257

St. Germain. Large, long obconic-pyriform ; surface vel*
lowish green, faintly tinged with brown to the sun; stalk
an inch long, oblique; basin small and shallow; flesh
white, slightly gritty, juicy, melting, sweet, and agreea-
ble ; fails in many localities, and becomes a third-rate
fruit. Late autumn and early winter. Shoots slender,
light olive ; leaves narrow, folded and recurved. The
Striped St. Germain is a sub-variety, differing only in its
faint yellow stripes.

\^icAR OF WiNKFiELD. {Syu. Lc CuTd, MoHsieur le Cure.
Clion, Dumas. ^ Quite large ; long pyriform, approaching
oblong-obconic, with a conical taper towards the crown ;
skin smooth, pale yellow, or pale yellowish-green, with a
dull reddish cheek; stalk an inch to an inch and a half long,
slender, often fleshy at insertion, oblique, not sunk ; basin
narrow, very shallow ; flesh greenish or yellowish white,
juicy, buttery, with a good, second-rate flavor — sometimes
slightly astringent, but if ripened in a warm temperature it
proves a good table pear. Ripens late autumn and early
winter, for about three months. Growth spreading and
irregular, or straggling, shoots strong, dark olive. Fine
on quince stocks. The great and uniform productiveness
of this pear, its fine qualities for cooking, and the long
period of its continuance, render it eminently valuable.

It was formerly cultivated at Boston under the erroneous
name of Bourgermester. The true Bourgermester is a
third-rate pear, the wood of which cankers badly.

Section II. — Medium in size.

lieurre B.aiice. [Syn. Beurre de Ranz, Beurra de Ranee,
Hardenpont du Printemps, Beurr 3 Epine, Beurre de Flan-
dre.) Size medium, obtuse pyriform ; dark green, rough-
ish ; stalk an inch and a half long, cavity very shallow or
none; calyx small, basin slight; flesh greenish white,
melting, gritty at core ; when well ripened, sweet, juicy,
and of fine flavor, Only second-rate as far north as Bos-
ton, but better further south. Ripens late in winter and
in spring. Shoots brownish-yellow, straggling; leaves
flat. Originated at the village of Ranee, near Mens, is
Belgium.

258 WINTER PEARS.

Colmar. Medium in size, or large, pyriform, obtuse ; skin
smooth, pale greenish yellow, becoming light yellow ;
stalk an inch and a half long, rather stout, bent, cavity
often uneven ; basin wide, deep ; flesh half buttery, melt-
inor, juicy, rich — about second-rate. Early winter. Bark
of the tree very rough.

Jaminette. {Syn. Josephine.^ Medium or rather large,
obovate-pyriform, approaching obovate, small specimens
roundish turbinate, varying ; crown broad ; skin yellow-
ij^h-green, with some brownish russet ; dots n-imerous,
often confluent ; stalk three-fourths to an inch long, thick,
cavity little or none ; calyx small, erect, stiff; basin round,
even ; flesh juicy, melting, buttery, sweet, of good second-
rate flavor. Late autumn and early ;v inter. Origin, Metz,
in France.

Las Canas. Size medium, regular pyriform, somewhat ob-
conic ; neck tapering into the stalk; skin yellow, some-
times sprinkled with thin russet, rarely with russet blotch-
es, dots small and numerous; stalk an inch long; calyx
slightly sunk ; flesh juicy, sometimes cood, second rate.
Fig. 217.

Passe Colmar. (Syn. Colmar Souverain, Colmar Harden-
pont, Colmar Gris.) Medium or rather large ; skin yel-
lowish green, becoming pale yellow, often lightly sprinkled
with russet ; stalk an inch and a quarter long, cavity ob
tuse or none, calyx erect, basin moderate ; flesh fine-
grained, buttery, juicy, sweet, rich, and when well
grown and ripened, of excellent, first-rate flavor — but
when overloaded, with small, badly matured fruit, the
quality is worthless. The tree overbears, and the fruit
needs thorough thinning. Leaves rather small, nearly
flat. Early winter. Belgian. Fig^. 218.

Ficompte de Spoelberch. Medium or rather large, obovate-
pyriform, somewhat obconic; skin slightly rough, yellow,
with a purplish blotched cheek to the sim, very slightly
russeted ; stalk an inch and a fourth long, stout, curved •
basin round, shallow; calyx erect, short; flesh buttery
melting, rich, fine. Needs high cultivation to develope its
fine qualities. Early winter. Belgian.

winter pears. 259

Class II. — Obscure pyriform, obovate, or turbinate.

Sectio7t I. — Large Pears.

Columbia. {Syn. Columbian Virgalieu, Columbia Virgou-
leuse.) Large, long obovate, regular, handsomely round-
ed or obtuse, largest near the middle ; surface pale green,
becoming pale yellow, always smooth and fair ; stalk an
inch and a quarter long, rather slender ; cavity narrow,
deep ; calyx erect, basin small ; flesh white, melting, and
buttery, of moderately rich, second-rate or third-rate fla-
vor. Ripens early winter. Growth upright, vigorous,
shoots, brownish yellow. The large, handsome fruit, and
the great productiveness of the tree has rendered this
variety popular and profitable for market. It does not ap-
pear to succeed so well as far north as Boston and Roches-
ter, as further south. A native of Westchester County,
New- York.

Easter Beurrc. (Syn. Doyenne d'Hiver, Bergamotte de la
Pentacote, Beurre de la Pentacote, Beurre de Paques,
Chaumontel tres gros, Canning, Seigneur*d Hiver.) Large,
obovate, approaching oval; surface yellowish-green, with
some russet; often a broad, dull reddish cheek; stalk
stout, an inch long, cavity deep, sometimes obtuse, ab-
rupt ; calyx small, closed in a moderate or rather shallow,
plaited basin; flesh fine-grained, very buttery, melting
and juicy, and when w^ell grown and ripened, of excellent,
first-rate flavor. It does not often mature well in the
northern states. Keeps through winter. Growth strong,
rather upright, shoots reddish-yellow ; leaves narrow,
folded, recurved. Grows well on the quince. Fig. 180.

Knighfs Monarch. Large, regular, obovate ; surface yel-
lowish-brown, reddish to the sun, dots numerous ; stalk
very short, half an inch long, thick; set on the rounded
base with little or no cavity ; basin shallow ; flesh buttery,
melting, rich, of fine quality. Mid-winter. Shoots yel-
lowish. Scarcely as yet proved in this country, spurious
sorts having been widely disseminated. English.

260 WINTER PEARS.

Black Worcester, Chaumontel, and Glout Morceau, of the
preceding class, ofien approach this class in form of
outline.

Section II. — Medium in size.

Beurre Gris d'Hiver Nouveau, or " Gray Winter Beurr6."
Size medium; obovate, obtuse; skin greenish, conside-
rably russeted ; stalk thick, short, cavity moderate ; basin
small; flesh greenish, buttery, melting, very juicy, rich,
slightly sub-acid — resembling in flavor the Beurrl- d'Arem-
berg, but rather richer and less acid. Early winter.
French. New. Promises to become valuable. Fig. 219.

Bezi Vaet. Size medium, obovate ; skin rather rough,
greenish yellow, russeted with a brown cheek ; stalk an
inch and a fourth long, cavity and basin slight ; flesh juicy
sweet, with a second or third-rate flavor. Early winter.

Brandts St. Germain. Size medium ; obovate, often con-
siderably pyriform, narrowing to both ends, smooth and
regular ; skin yellowish green, thickly dotted with large
russet specks ; stalk an inch long, thick, obliquely set;
calyx small, stiff', erect; basin small, narrow, often none j
flesh buttery, melting, yellow towards the core, with a
pleasant, slightly acid, good, nearly first-rate flavor.
Early v.-inter. English. New.

Caen da Fraiice. IMedium in size, obovate, largest at the
middle, skin with a rough russet; stalk an inch long,
cavity and basin rather small ; flesh tender, juicy, rather
sweet, resembling Winter Nelis in flavor, but less melt-
ing. Ripens at mid-winter. Fig. 209.

Comstock. Medium in size, obovate ; yellow with a crim-
son cheek; stalk and calyx slightly sunk; flesh crisp,
sprightly, about third-rate in quality — handsome but poor.
Early winter. Shoots long, upright, reddish yellow. Ori-
gin, Dutchess Co., N. Y.

Coter. Size medium, obovate, obscurely pyriform, nearly
regular, light yellowish green, brown in the sun, some-
what russeted ; stalk an inch long, without cavity ; seg-
ments of the calyx distinct and widely reflexed; basin

WINTER PEARS. 261

round, moderate ; flesh white, rather coarse, buttery, rich,
slightly perfumed, nearly or quite first-rate. Late au-
tumn. Belgian.

Easter Bergamot. {Syn. Winter Bergamot, Paddington,
Bergamotte de Paques, Bergamotte d'Hiver.) Size me-
dium or rather large ; round-obovate, approaching turbi-
nate, narrow at stalk ; surface yellowish green, dots con-
spicuous ; stalk from three-fourths to an inch and a halt
long; calyx small, basin round; flesh firm, becoming
melting, juicy, buttery; a second or third-rate dessert
fruit, but fine for stewing, keeping through winter.
Differs from Easter Beurre in its inferior quality, rounder
form, lighter color, and in its green shoots.

Echassery. {Syn. Echasserie, Bezi d'Echasserie.) Size
medium ; round-oval, or irregular roundish ; color pale
green, becoming yellowish ; often a dull reddish brown
cheek ; stalk an inch and a half long, cavity narrow,
irregular, often very small; calyx erect, slightly cut,
scarcely sunk, or on a scarcely perceptible conical taper
of the crown ; flesh buttery, melting, with a sweet, per-
fumed flavor, hardly first-rate. Shoots rather weak, joints
crooked. French.

Emerald. Medium in size, obovate, irregular, crown ribbed;
surface green, dotted with brown ; stalk an inch and a
half long, cavity narrow, irregular, often very small ;
calyx erect, slightly cut, scarcely sunk ; flesh half-break-
ing or melting, very juicy, sweet, good second-rate. Bel-
gian. New.

Flemish Bonchretien. {Syn. Bon Chretien Turc.} Size
medium ; obovate ; skin pale green, with a brown cheek;
flesh crisp, juicy, and stews very tender. A first-rate
culinary pear, keeping through winter.

Fondante du Bois. Size medium; obovate-turbinate, some-
what obconic; surface mottled with russet on greenish
yellow ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, obliquely set
and slightly sunk ; basin moderate; flesh buttery, juicy,
rather rich, slightly acid and astringent, with a Brown

26i^ WINTER PEARS.

Beune flavor — good second-rate, approaching first-rate
Earlv-winter. New. Somwhat resembles Passe Colmar

Haddington. Medium or rather large, obovate-pyriform,
greenish yellow, with small distinct russet dots. Some-
times a faint brown cheek; stalk three-fourths to an inch
long, slender, cavity small ; calyx small, basin shallow ;
flesh yellowish, crisp, juicv, with a second-rate flavor —
sometimes quite poor. Keeps through winter. Phila-
delpliia.

Leon le Clerc. Medium or rather large obovate, crown
swollen, narrow towards the stalk ; skin yellow, russcty
at ends; stalk an inch and a fourth long, fleshy at in-
sertion; calyx large, many-cut, little sunk; flesh crisp,
firm, of second or third-rate quality.

This is totally distinct from the celebrated Van Mons Leon
le Clerc, a larire, fine autumn pear already described.
The Leon le Clerc here deicribed was raised by Van
Mons, and is hence sometimes called Van Mons' L'on le
Clerc ; the other variety, immeasurably superior, was
raised by Leon le Clerc, and named the Van Mons Leon
le Clerc. Confusion has arisen from this slight distinc-
tion.

Locke. (Syn. Locke's Beurre.) Medium in size, round-
obovate, obscurely pyriform, regular; surface yellowish
green, often a little russet; stalk an imh long, scarcely
sunk ; calyx siy:ail, closed, basin shaLow ; flesh greenish-
v/hite, melting, juicy, second-rate. Late autumn and
early winter. Origin, West Cambridge, Mass.

McLaifgkl???. Medium in size, turbinate, remotely pyri-
form ; nearly the whole surface russeted, with a warm red
cheek; stalk three-fourths of an inch Img, fleshy at in-
sertion, cavity little or none; basin rather abrupt, very
small and narrow; flesh buttery, rather sweet, or very
slightly acid, rich, perfumed. Early winter. Saco
Maine.

Moccas. Medium in size, obovate or irregular turbinate ,
surface pale green, or yello\'.ish-green, with a brown
cheek, and russet dots and streaks ; stalk an inch and a

WINTER PEARS. 263

fourth long, curved, with no cavity; calyx short, erect, set
shallow; flesh juicy, melting, with a rich, fine flavor.
Early winter. English. ISew,

Pkince's St. Germain. Size medium; obovate, obtuse;
surface much russeted on green, dull red to the sun ; stalk
an inch and a fourth long, cavity small ; calyx large, stifl?",
slightly cut, basin smooth, shallow ; flesh yellowish white,
juicy, melting, slightly vinous, with an agreeable and fine
flavor. Keeps well, ripening through winter. Origin,
Flushing, Long Island. Fig-. 178.

Virgouleuse. Size medium, or rather large ; obovate, rbund-
ed at both ends; smooth, yellowish-green, dots numerous ;
stalk an inch long, cavity little or none ; calyx small,
basin wide, very shallow ; flesh buttery and melting, of
good flavor. Early winter. A very thin bearer. Origin,
Virgoule, a village of France.

This is totally distinct from the Virgalieu or White Doyenne,
already described, a greatly superior late autumn pear.

WINTER NELIS. {Syn. Nelis d'Hiver, Bonne de Ma-
lines.) Size medium ; roundish-obovate, often slightly
pyriform, with a neck small and short ; surface yellowish-
green, much russeted; stalk an inch and a quarter long,
bent ; cavity narrow ; calyx stiff*, short, basin shallow ;
flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, buttery, very melting,
rich, sweet, or slightly vinous, perfumed, aromatic, with
an excellent flavor. Perhaps the highest flavored of ali
winter pears. Early winter. Growth slender, often
flexuousand straggling; leaves narrow, recurved ; petioles
rather long. Origin, Mechlin, in Belgium. Fig. 179.

Section III. — Small.

Lewis, Size, below medium ; regular obovate, rarely ob-
scure-pyriform ; surface yellowish green, thickly dotted
with dull russet; stalk an inch and a half long, slender,
scarcely sunk ; calyx widely reflexed, basin little or none;
flesh greenish-whiie, melting, juicy, of fine rich flavor.
Core large. Early winter. Growth vigorous, branches
becoming drooping. Profusely productive. Origin, Rox-
bury. Mass Fig. 220.

864

WINTER FEAKS

Fig. 179— Winur Nelis. Fig. 180— Easter Beurf,

WINTER PEARS. 265

Class III. — Roundish or oblate.

Section I. — Large Pears.

Beurre Bronz<^e. Rather large, roundish, surface rather
rough, a dull russet on green, red to the sun ; stalk an
inch and a quarter long, with no cavity ; flesh crisp, juicy,
about second-rate. Early winter. The Figue de Naples
is cultivated to some extent in New-England under this
name.

Holland Bergamot. {Syn. Bergamotte d'Hollande.) Rather
large, roundish, green, much russeted; stalk an inch and
a half long, slender ; cavity shallow, one-sided ; calyx
small, slightly cut, basin large ; flesh crisp, flavor spright-
ly, about second or third-rate in quality. Keeps through
spring, and is a good culinary pear. Shoots diverging or
spreading, olive brown.

Gilogil. Large, oblate, approaching obovate, smooth and
regular, overspread with cinnamon russet, in dots, patches,
and nettings, often thickly russeted ; reddish to the sun ;
stalk an inch to an inch and a half long, cavity uneven,
sometimes deep and round; calyx erect or closed; flesh
white, firm, breaking, moderately rich, nearly sweet,
with a third-rate flavor. Unproductive in this country —
esteemed for preserving in France, its native country.
Early winter. Growth strong, upright.

Section II. — Medium in size.

Bezi d'Heri. {Syn. Wilding of Heri.) Size medium,
roundish, skin greenish yellow, with a reddish blush ;
stalk an inch and a half long, slender ; calyx open, basin
shallow; flesh tender, juicy, free from grit, with an anise-
like flavor. A fine winter culinary pear, worthless for
the dessert. Early winter. French.

Broom Park. Size medium ; roundish ; skin brown ; flesh
while, juicy, melting, of second-rate flavor. Early win-
ter. Shoots diverging or :"nreading, dark brown. English.

266 WINTER PEARS.

Cross. Medium in size, roundish ; surface yellow, often
with a red cheek, and some russet ; stalk three-fourths of
an inch long, very thick, set shallow ; calyx small, rather
deeply sunk ; flesh melting, juicy, with a rich, high, fine
flavor — of first-rate quality. Early winter. Shoots rather
slender, greyish yellow. Origin, Newburyport, Mass.

Fronc Real d'Hivcr. (S^/?^. Franc Real, Fin Or d'Hiver.)
Size medium ; roundish, yellow, sprinkled with russet
brown, and with a brownish cheek ; stalk an inch long,
cavity small ; calyx small, basin shallow ; flesh firm,
crisp, fine for stewing, becoming tender, and of a light
purple color. Keeps through winter. Very productive.
Growth upright, leaves wavy.

Winter Crassane. Size medium, flatfish turbinate, taper-
ing to stalk, crown much flattened ; skin whitish-yellow,
more or less russeted, dots dark and numerous ; stalk two
inches or more long, curved, cavity none ; calyx large,
distinctly five-cut, basin large, wide, obtuse; flesh white,
rather dry, about third-rate.

Section III. — Small,

Fortunee. Syn. Bergamotte Fortun^e, Beurr^ Fortun^e.) Ra-
ther small, or nearly medium; roundish, slightly necked,
somewhat irregular ; whole surface a rich cinnamon rus-
set, (like Fulton,) stalk an inch long, usually slightly en-
larged at ends ; calyx small, basin round, smooth ; flesh
yellowish white, rich, and perfumed — when well ripened,
nearly first-rate — sometimes the flesh is white, and of poor
flavor. Keeps through winter.

Ne Plus Meuris. Small, roundish, usually very irregular,
with swollen parts on the surface ; surface rough, dull
yellowish-brown, with some iron-colored russet ; stalk
short, cavity little or none; flesh yellowish white, buttery
melting, and juicy, good. A second or third-rate variety
Keeps through winter. Belgian.

COMPAKATIVE FORMS OF PEARS,

ACCURATELY REDUCED TO ONE-HALF THE DIAMETER, FROM
ACTUAL SPECIMENS.

Fig. 18L Fig. 182. Fig. 183 Fig. 184.
Skinless. Manning's Otu FratU

Elizabeth,.

Fig t95. Fig. 186.

English French

Jargoiulle. Jargonelle,

Fig 187.
Onondaga, or
Swan'sOrangi

nm

COMPARATIVB FOBMS OF PEAKS.

Fig. 188— (2 outlines.)
Brandywine.

Fig. 189.
Kingsessing.

Fig. 190.
Moyamensing

Fig. 191. Fig. liJ-' Fi-. 193. Fig. 194

Petre. Belle Lucraiive Fonetenay Jalousie. Heathcot

Fig. 195. Fig. 196
Seektl. Henry I V

Fig. 199.
Eyewood.

COMPARATIVE FORMS OP PSAR».

2Gi}

Fig. 200. Fig. 201.

Broton Bevrre. Oswego Beurre.

Fig. 204.
Fig of Naples

Fig. 205.
Napoleon.

Fig. 206.
Duchesse d' Orleans

Fig. 207.
Figue.

270

COMPAEATIVB FORMS OP PEABfl.

Fi? 211. Fig. 212.

fdsrie Louist. Duchesse

d* AngouUme.

Fig. 216.

COMPARATIVE FORMS OF PEARS.

*27l

Fig. 217. Fig. 218. Fig. 219. Fig. 220.

Las Canas. Fasse Colmar. Beurre gris Iawis,

d'Hiver Nouveau.

Fig. 221.
Black Wcrctster.

CHAPTER III.

THE QUINCE.

Tie Quince, a small, irregularly growing tree of about
en or tv». 'jlve feet high, bears one of the best fruits for pre-
serves and jellies, and for giving additional flavor to apple
tarts. It is unfit for ea'ing in a raw state. The young tiees
are extensively used as stocks for the propagation of dwart
pear trees.

The quince is usually propagated by laj^ers and by cut-
tings. When by cuttings, they are to be taken from the
tree in the spring, and buried in an upright position, in a
light, deep soil, and m a moist shaded place, not less than
ten inches or a foot deep, and leaving but a small portion
above ground. If the shaded place cannot be had, spread
over the surface of the ground, after they are planted, a
coat of moss, or partially decayed leaves. If the weather
becomes very dry, waier them.

To propagate by layers, the young shoots are to be laid
down in the spring, and buried so as to leave only two or
three buds at the extremity above ground. When these
buds have well started, the best only should be left for
growing. A part of them will throw out roots by autumn,
and may be removed from the parent tree and set out in
rows ; the rest should remain a second year till rooted. If
the ground is rich, and they are kept well cultivated and
straightened by stakes, the cuttings and layers will produce
trees fit for removal as standards in two or three years.

'I' ht soil for the qiimce sho'Ad be deep and rich, such as
will raise good corn and potatoes, and should be kept well
cultivated. A rather moist soil has been preferred by many,
but it is by no means essential,* deep and enriching culti-
vation being of incalculably more importance. In connex-

* The hardiness of the quince enahlinq- il to endure wetter soils, than otlier trees,
has led 10 this opinion ; but belter quinois have never been raised than on highly
«nrieh«d and well cultivatsd dry upland

THE QUINCIL

273

ion with the yearly application of good manure, a special
manuring of salt is eminently beneficial. The salt should bo
spread early in spring beneath the trees just thick enough to
half conceal the surface of the ground. Common manure,
without salt, will not give the finest quinces, nor will an
unman ured or poor soil endure heavy doses of salt.

Tiie total neglect of the cultivation of the quince by many
who have planted out the trees, has resulted in their dwarfish
and stunted growth, and entire unproductiveness. To reno-
vate such trees, cut or saw out the thick profusion of suckers
which surround the stem, (dg. 226,) deepen the soil with
the space as much as the roots will admit, and apply a large
barrow-load of compost to each tree, made by a thorough in-
Ku'mixtnre some weeks previously, of stable manure and

Fig. 225. Fig. 226.

black muck, and then spread a thin coating of salt upon the
surface. This should be done in the spring of the year.
The pruning may be such as to remove the suckers, and
reduce the number of stems to three or four, or the tree
may be trimmed to one clean stem, as shown in fig. 225.

The wide difference between the results of these two
iuodes of treatment, can be only appreciated by those who
have witnessed the experiment. By neglect, the crop will
at best be small, and the quinces diminutive and knotty ;
by enriched culture, a profusion of large golden fruit will
load the tree, which will at all times command a ready sale
even in a well supplied market.

In planting quince orchards, the distance asunder may be
about ten or twelve feet, which w^ill be found near enough
for full-grown trees, on a deep, rich, and well-treated soil.
If the ground is previously subsoiled, and well manured by
trench-plowing, the young trees will come into bearing in

274 THK qUINCE.

about three years, and continue productive, if well manage*
for forty years, or more.

Quince trees, when once in good condition, need but little
pruning. All that is necessary is to cut out, annuallv, old
or decayed wood, or any branches that make the head too
thick, or that prevent an evenly distributed and symmetrical
form. Manure or compost should be applied late in autumn,
and salt in sj^ring.

ENEMIES.

The quince is frequently attacked by the blight^ causing
the death of the ends of the branches, and sometimes spread-
ing and destroying the tree. The remedy is the immediate
and constant excision of the injured parts, and burning
them.

The borer sometimes proves a formidable enemy. It is
the larva of an insect which attacks the wood of the trunk near
the surface of the ground, and works mwards, usually up-
wards, but sometimes downwards, to a distance of several
inches into the wood, during the summer season.

As the borer frequently destroys the tree, various means
of prevention have been resorted to. The remedies de-
scribed for the apple-borer are found useful. When the insect
has once obtained possession, the best method appears to be
direct attack. Scrape the soil from the trunk, and cut with
a knife lengthwise, and not across the bark and wood, till
the insects are found. Repeat the operation once a week
for several times, as a part escape the first examination.
Then cover the wounded parts with a iriixture of warm tar
with ochre or brick-dust. It is a great saving of labor to
arrest early their progress ; hence trees should be examined
frequently. They may sometimes be extracted by a flexi-
ble barbed wire, when cutting rut would too much muti-
late the tree.

THE qUl.NCE.

275

Orange or Apple

VARIETIES.

{Syn. Apple-shaped.) Large, some sub-
varieties quite large,
roundish, somewhat ir-
regular, with a siTiall
and very short neck at
the base ; surface of a
fine golden color ; flesh
firm, stewing rather
tender, of execUcnt fla-
vor. Kipens soon after
mid-autumn. Leaves
oval. I'ree productive,

F\g. 2^^'. Orange Quince. Fig. 228. Pear Quince- if well Cultivated.

This is the most common sort, and by continual propagation
of seedlings, several sub-varieties have been produced,
varying slightly in coarseness or firmness of texture, size
and form. The larjiest sonetiir.es weigh a pound. It
strikes freely from cuttings, and forms trees without graft-
ing.

Pear Qidnce. {Syn. Oblong or Pyriform Quince.) Size
ir.edium or rather large, pyrifonii, bodv roundish-oblong,
neck about one-half or one-third the length of the body;
skin rather dull rich yellow; flesh firm, tough, dry, with
a high flavor, stewing less tender than the Orange quince.
Ripens late in autumn, and hence adapted to distant
marketing. Leaves oblong-ovate. A moderate bearer.

Portugal Quince. Quite large, oblong-pyriform, largest at
the middle and tapering to each end ; yellow; flesh more
juicy, and less harsh than the other varieties. Stews well,
and becomes a fine purple or deep crimson hen cooked.
Leaves broad, cordate, downy, larger than those of the com-
mon quince, and growth stronger. The fruit is rather su-
perior in quality, but the value of the variety is much les-
sened by its unproductiveness. It does not strike readily
from cuttings. The conimon or Orange quince is often
sold as the Portugal.

The Japan and Chinese quinces are cultivated mcily as
ornan;entaI shrubs.

CHAPTER IV

THE PEACH.

The Peach, the most delicious fruit, when in perfection.,
of our climate, succeeds in favorable localities, from Maine
to the Gulf of Mexico. In the more northern regions, the
ripening of the earlier varieties commences only a few
weeks before the close of the sumiiier ir.onths; in the ex-
treme south, well matured peaches are obtained nearly as
early as cherries and strawberries at the north.

The trees are more tender and of shorter duration thaii
most fruit trees of temperate climates. In some localities
they bear only two or three good crops, and then decline or
perish. On favorable soils, they continue for twenty or
thirty years. In western New- York, trees have in rare in-
stances borne fruit for forty or fifty years. In France, ac-
cording to authentic testimony, peach trees which have been
annually and freely pruned, have lived to an age of one hun-
dred years ; and there is no doubt that on favorable soils,
and by a regular shortening-in pruning, most of our orchards
would endure much longer than the ordinary period.

The most extensive peach-growing regions are in New-
Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland. Some orchards have con-
tained 20,000 trees, and hundreds of acres have been occu-
pied with the plantations of single proprietors. The north-
ern portions of Ohio and westerm New-York, protected on
the north by Lakes Erie and Ontario, afford a very favor-
able climate for this fruit. But throughout the country at
large, the selection of proper localities would doubtless af-
ford good and regular crops, even in districts where its
culture is rarely attempted. The remarks on this subject
on p. 63 of this work, are particularly commended to the
attention of those who may attempt the peach culture in se-
vere climates.

THE PEACa. 277

The destruction of the peach crop is caused in nearly all
cases by the intensely severe cold of winter. Vernal frosts,
to which its loss is often erroneously ascribed, very rarely
have any influence. If the fruit buds remain unswoUen,
they will endure almost any degree of cold to which oui
climate is liable.* But it often happens that we have o
(ew days of mild or warm weather late in autumn or during
winter. This is sufficient to swell them slightly, or to throw
moisture enough into them to render them tender; and if
the thermometer should then sink several degrees below
zero, there is scarcely a chance for their escape. Their
condition may be ascertained within a few days by making
a cross cut with a knife through the fruit buds. If destroyed,
the centre will be dark brown; if uninjured, they Will pre-
sent the fresh yellow centre of sound buds.

PROPAGATION OF THE TREES.

The peach tree is of remarkably easy and rapid propaga-
tion. In rare instances, seedling trees have borne the second
year, or sixteen months from the planting of the stone.
Stocks may be budded the first summer, affording trees five
or six feet high the second autumn. Transplanted the
second year from the bud, the trees with good cultivation,
usually come into bearing about the third year afterwards.

Some varieties reproduce the same from the stone with
slight variation, but the only certain way to perpetuate de-
licious sorts, is by budding. Grafting rarely succeeds.! For
directions see page 42 of this work. It often happens at the
north, that the severe frost of winter destroys the inserted
buds, which die and drop ofT, leaving the attached portion
of bark adhering fresh and green to the stock. This disas-
ter, which so often disappoints the hopes of the young cul-
tivator, is to be prevented by selecting buds from the largest
and thriftiest shoots. These usually possess sufficient vigor
to withstand severe frosts. The triple buds on the older and
more matured portions of the shoots of bearing trees, often
survive when the single buds above them perish; as maybe

* Peaches are successfully raised so far north tliat the thermometer usually falls
to 30 degrees below zero, by protectiiio- lliem from the vicissiiuUes of the weather of
winter, by means of a good coaling of evergreen boughs.

t At the soutli, where llie warm and moist climate oi"ten approaclies in cliaracler
that of a iiot-house, grafts of the j^each often do well, and even cuttings of the dp-
ole inserted in open {fround frequei.ly take ready root.

27b THE PEACH.

at once perceived by examiMing the shoots of bearing trees
late in spring.

When stocks are not budded till the second summer, it is
verv important lo cut them down the previous spring, and
sufier but one ascending sprout to grow, which will form a
fine thrifty shoot for the reception of the laid.

In raising stocks, select the seed of hardy and late varie-
ties. The stones are not injured if kept dry in a cellar till
winter. If they become water-soaked for a length of time,
they are spoiled. But soaking in water for a day or two,
and subsequent exposure to freezing, facilitates the crack-
ing of the stone. One of the best modes of treatment is to
keep the stones in a moist cellar till ne.ir spring, then lo
soak them in tubs or barrels, till the shells are well swollen
with moisture. They are then placed in thin layers on the
surface of the ground, and exposed for two or three weeks
to the action of the frost, being protected from drying by a
covering of soil, leaf-mould or muck. About the time the
frost disappears from the ground, they are taken up and
cracked by hand, placing the stone on the end of a wooden
block, and striking a gentle blow on the side edge with a
hammer. The kernels are thus taken out uninjured. They
are then planted one or two inches deep, (a. light thin soil
needing n)ore depth than a heavy and moist one,) and if
the}'- have been previously uninjured, nearly every one will
grow. Care is needed that the seeds do not become dried
nor mouldy before planting.

When it is intended for them to come up evenly, %s they
are to remain in the nursery row, the most certain way to
avoid vacancies or failures, is to sprout them before plant-
ing. This is effected by mixing the kernels with sand and
leaf-mould, and spreading them in a thin bed in the sun.
When sprouted, a line or cord, permanently marked at equal
distances of eight inches with a touch of paint, is stretched
on the ground, and a sprouted kernel carefully inserted at
every mark of the line, by moans of a transplanting trowel.
This insures great regularity in the rows. Accidental va-
cancies may be filled from a seed bed when the plants are
not more than two inches high. To prevent drying, the
sprouted seeds should be kept covered with a flake of wet
moss or a wet cloth, until deposited in the ground; and if

TaE PEACH. 279

the weather be dry, watering the ground may be requisite.

By planting the peach stones without cracking, a very
small portion will grow, and no regularity can be attained
in the rows.

If the soil is good, and the cultivator is passed between
the rows as often as once a fortnight, — oftener is better, —
the trees will be large enough to bud by the close of
summer.

In cases where the ground cannot be prepared early for
their reception, germination may be retarded by burying
the uncracked stones a foot or two beneath the surface, till
wanted.

The distances of the rows asunder should be about the
same as for apples and other trees in the nursery, or about
three and a half feet.

rium stocks for the peach, slightly lessen the luxuriance
of growth, render the trees smaller, and increase their har-
diness for the extreme north by withholding the supply of
sap till later in spring, and earlier in autumn, and thus fa-
vor an early maturity of the young wood. Small dwarfs
are produced by budding on the Mirabelle, a diminutive- va-
riety of the plum. The plum stock is also sometimes
employed to guard against the peach borer, a remedy often
unsuccessful, as that insect fret[uently attacks the peach
above the place of union.

Unlike most other fruit trees, the peach ma}-- be trans-
planted in the spring next after tL2 insertion of the bud,
wiih scarcely a check in its growth.

ORCHARDS.

The selection of locality has been treated of; the soil is a
matter of importance. The following remarks of A. J.
Downing on this subject, accord with general experience: —

" The ver}' best soil for the peach is a rich, deep sandy
loam; next to this, a strong mellow loam; liu"^ a light,
thin, sandy soil, and the poorest, is a heavy, compact clay
soil. We are very well aware that the extensive and pro-
fitable appropriation of thousands of acres of »h. lightest
sandy soil in New-Jersey and Delaware, has led many to
believe that this is the best soil for the peach. But such is
not the fact, and the short duration of this tret in those dis-

25-0

THE PEACH.

tricts, is unquestionably owir.or to the rapidit}- with which
the soil is inipoverisiied. We have, on the contrary, seen
much larger, finer, and richer flavored peaches produced for
a lo/ig tune succtssivdy on mellow loam, containing but liitle
sand, than upon any other soil whatever."

In tra)isplanting for an orchard, the practice of shortening'
in the shoots, described in the chapter on transplanting, should
be invariably attended to, as it is of the greatest importance
in ihe safe removal of peach trees. Trees two years from
the bud, where this practice is observed, will be found de-
cidedly better than those of one year only, for the regions of
the north. Fifteen to twenty feet apart is the common dis-
tance for orchards ; but as better crops and better fruit is
obtained where the heads are kept well shorLened-in, and
consequently within less compass, a distance of twelve feet
only will be found sufficient. The best culture consisting iq
the absence of all other crops on the ground, the nearerd ins-
tance will be found the most profitable. A distance of
twelve feet apart will give more than three hundred trees
per acre ; fifteen feet less than two hundred ; and tv/enty
feet scarcely more than one hundred.

While the trees are small, the intermediate spaces be-
tween the rows may be cultivated with low hoed crops; but
afterwards it will be found best to keep the ground perfect-
ly clean and mellow by plowing and harrowing. Where
soils are very shallow, top dressing with manure in autumn,
and frequent harrowing, have been found best ; the roots
being thus brought near the surface, deep plowing proves
injurious. But where soils are deep and fertile, plowing
may be occasionally resorted to without injury.

The principle on which rotation in crops is founded, dic-
tates that two crops of peach trees, whether in the nursery
or orchard, should not be given successively on the same
piece of ground ; diminished growth in all such instances
being the result.

One of the best manures for the peach tree is ashes, whe-
ther fresh or leached; hence all composts with this constitu-
ent in large proportion, are eminently beneficial to peach
orchards. When applied alone, half a peck of fresh, and
half a bushel of leached aohes to each tree, is a sui able
quantity. For a useful mode of application, see remarks on
a future page under the head Peack-imrm.

THE PEACH.

281

i^-.'-

PRUNiNG.

No tree needs a more regular and constant pruning than
the peach, and none more frequently meets with total ne
gleet. The strong tendency of the sap to the ends of th^
branches, causes the extreme points to run out longer in each
successive year, and the weaker side-shoots being thus de-
prived of their due nourishment, while at the same time they
are shaded by the leaves beyond them, gradually perish;

ana leave tne Dare
limbs. As the tree ad-
vances in growth, these
become long, naked
branches, with tufts of
leaves only at their ex-
treme ends, fig. 2.19.
These extremeties are
loaded with an overcrop
of fruit, diminished in
flavor by crowding, and
often breaking the tree
under their lever -like
weight. Trees wholly
neglected in pruning,
Fig. 2-29. usually become by this

process, of little value, after the lapse of some years.

To avoid this unfavorable result, the shortenwg-in mode of
pruning has been very successfully adopted, which consists in
yearly cutting back the extremeties, so as to counteract the
spread of the limbs, and to lessen the weight of foliage.

The most easy, uniform, and
certain rule to follow, in adopt-
ing this system of pruning, is to
cut off, early in spring or in win-
ter, about one-half each of all
- the shoots of the previous sum-
•^ mer's growth. This thms the
crop of fruit, and greatly redu-
ces the amount of leaves ; and
while the fruit is lessened in
number, the amount is not di-
Pig. 230. minished, and the flavor is im

282 THE PEACH.

measurably improved. If this pruning is regularly ard
annually performed, the head of the tree will be preserved
in ail even, handsome, and compact shape, fig. 230, and in
a healthy and vigorous condition ; and it will become rarely
necessary to shorten and thin out the limbs by cutting back
the larger side-branches.

The pruning may be performed with a hedge or long-
handled shears, or with nearly equal convenience by means
of a light standing ladder and a common pruning knife.

Any cultivator who may doubt the value of shortening-in
the peach, need onl)^ to try the experiment for a few suc-
cessive years, on a tree standing side by side with one un-
pruned, to become fully convinced of its eminent advan-
tages.*

Training the jpeach against walls and buildings, so essen-
tial to the successful culture of the peach in England, is
rarely practiced in this country. It would doubtless hasten
the maturit}' of the crop; but the warm exposure, would at
the same time, unless the branches were purposely protect-
ed, render the crop more liable to destruction by frost. Es-
palier training has been found to give excellent fruit, in
consequence of the thorough pruning and full exposure

Fig. 231— First year. Fig. 232— Second year. Fig. 2-33- Third year.

adopted in the management of the trees. Figs. 231, 232,
and 233, exhibit the fan training usually adopted in espalier
and wall t^aining, in its sucessive stages.

To induce early bearing, shorten back one-third or one-
half the new shoots about midsummer, or a little sooner,
which, by lessening the growth of the leaves, tends to the
production of fruit buds.

* Such varieties are apt to overbear, and^tcometo perfectiin at the north, as
the Heath Cling, are thinned of the crop ill the most easy and perfect manner by
cutting back the shoots.

THE FEACH. 2S3

Drying -peaches. Dried peaches are likely to constitute
an important article of commerce. The comparative cheap-
ness of the crop in this country, the ease and safety of
transportation in this form, and the great value of the dried
fruit when {h.Q finest sorts are used, cannot fail to increase
the demand for them. For the most perfect success, the
following are requisite : 1. The richest, high-flavored sorts
— for unpalatable seedlings, so commonly used, can never
be good, fresh or dried. 2. In drying by fire-heat, a free
circulation is essential to carry oft' the air loaded Avith the
moisture. A neglect of this is the reason that open air dry-
ing is usually so much the best. 3. A support of netting
made of small. well-twisted twine stretched on frames, over
which the fruit is spread, and through which the air will
piss freely. These may constitute shelves to a room
heated by fire.

INSECTS AND DISEASES.

Peach trees are liable to injury and destruction from two
causes, the worm or borer, and the yellows.

The Ptach-wor/u or borer, {^i:Jgeria ezitiosa,) cuts into the
bark (never into the loood,) just below the surface of the
ground, and if badly or wholly girdled, the tree languishes
or dies. Its presence is indicated by the exudation of gum^
at the root, mixed with excrcmentitious matter resembling
saw dust. It is very easily destroyed by scraping away the
earth at the foot of the trunk, and following the worm to
the end of its. hole with a knife, beneath the thin shell of
bark under cover of which it extends its depredations. If
an orchard is thus examined once in spring and once in
early i^ummer, few will escape. But to exclude the insect,
as a means of prevention, heap round each tree half a peck
of air-slaked lime or ashes, in spring, allowing it to remain
till autumn, when, spread beneath the tree, it forms a good
manure. This remedy, in many cases, has proved quite
effectual. It will m all cases lessen the labor of examina-
tion with the knife.

The perfect insect of the peach worm, fig. 234, a, is a
four-winged moth, much resembling in form a wasp, but
totally distinct, and in its character and habits closely allied
to the bntterflv and miller. It deposits from early in siun-

2S4

THE PEACH.

Fig. 234.

mer till autumn, at the foot of the tree, its exceedingly

minute, whitish, eggs,
which soon hatch, and
the larvae or worms en-
^^^#ter the bark. The next
season they encase them-
selves in a saw-dust-ljke
cocoon, in their holes
under the bark ; and
emerging in the perfect
insect, lay their eggs and perish. The perfect insect is very
rarely seen, but is easily obtained by enclosing the pupa,
fig. 234, b, c, which is readily obtained in summer at the
roots of neglected trees, beneath a glass, or in a gauze case.
As this insect confines itself to the bark, its destruction is
very easy. It rarely happens that trees are co;;.pleteIy de-
stroyed by it, except they be small; death can only take
place when the tree is girdled. Timely care will prevent
this ; the evil in fact is only to be dreaded by negligent
cultivators.

The disease termed the yellows is truly formidable. It is
peculiar to the peach and nectarine. It has destroyed whole
orchards in portions of the country, and for a time induced
the entire abandonment of the peach culture in certain lo-
calities.

The cause of this malady has not been satisfactorily as-
certained. According to conjecture, it has arisen originally
from exhaustion by deteriorated soil, overbearing, and neg-
lected pruning and bad cultivation. But whatever may havt
been its origin, it appears at present to be chiefly commu-
nicated from diseased trees. It is quickly induced by in-
serting the bud from an aflected tree into a healthy stock.
It spreads by contact with diseased roots ; a knife used in
pruning the tree will infuse the poison if used on another.
It appears to be communicated without actual contact, the
healthy branches nearest a diseased tree being usually first
attacked. It is also probable that the stones from diseased
trees cause its development after a few years growth. Its
highly contagious nature is indicated by the equal facility
with which young and vigorous trees and old and feeble
ones may be inoculated by contact.

THE PEACH. 2^6

Its infallible indications, are, first, a premature ripening
of the fruit, som.: weeks earlier than usual — accompanied
with a rather insipid flavor, and with puj-ple dtscolora-
tions of the jiesh. These usually occur the first-season, and
on a part of the tree which has been first inoculated wim
the poison. The following season, numerous smaU, wiry
shoots are frequently thrown up from the larger branches,
the leaves become yellow, the whole tree assumes a sickly
appearance, and evo-ntually perishes. No case is known
where a decidedly developed case of this disease has ever
been cured. When once attacked, to prevent a spread of
the disease, the tree should be immediately removed and
burned. No young trees should be planted on the same
spot, as the diseased roots still remain. Stones for seed-
lings should be procured from districts of the country where
it has not been introduced.

Peach trees, presenting a sickly appearance, have been
revived by the application of iron to the roots, in the form
of filings or turnings, or in the solution of the sulphate of
iron or copperas ; but these instances of decline do not ap-
pear to have been the contagious malady known as the yel*
lows.

A. J. Dow^ning, whoso opinion is worthy of much atten-
tion, and who believes that the yellows is induced by ex-
haustion and neglected pruning, strongly relies on the effi-
cacy of shortening-in, as a means of prevention, in connex-
ion with the means already pointed out, and a thorough
renovation of the soil by alkaline applications.

Mildew. The growth of peach trees is often retarded by
mildew. It seizes the tender points of the shoots and young
leaves, and sometimes wholly stops their growth. It is con-
fined to glandless, cut-leaved varieties only ; such as the
Early White Nutmeg, the Early Anne, and some of the
earliest varieties of the red rareripe. Yellow-fleshed peaches
rarely or never sufTer from it. It is not often a formidable
evil, although it seriously lessens the thrifty and handsome
appearance of some varieties while growing in the nursery

It is a minute fungus, and may be destroyed or lessened
without injury to the tree, by syringing with soap-suds on its
first appearance. A mixture of lime-water with the soap
suds is preferred by some cultivators, and a subsequent dust
irvgf with sulphur has been recommended.

2S6

THB PEACH.

COMPAKATIVE FORMS OF PEACHES,

i-JCURATELY REDUCED TO A SCALE OF ONE-HALF THE DIA-METER

Nutmeg. Early Anne. Early Tillotson,

Serrate Early York.

Large Early York.

THE PEACH. 287

VARIETIES.

While the pear and apple are chiefly affected by the in-
fluence of soil, the variations in the quality oi the peach
result mostly from the effects of climate. Fine American
varieties are pronounced worthless in England. In this
country, some, often delicious, are of little value in unfavor-
able seasons. Some which succeed finely as far south as
Philadelphia, lose much by removal to western New-York,
from the slightly diminished warmth of the summers.

A large number of seedlings of high quality have been
produced in this country, but as they vary but slightly and
do not excel other named and known sorts, it becomes de-
sirable not to extend the present list, unless by those deci-
dedly superior to existing first-rate varieties. The simi-
larity in quality, and the comparative shortness of the fruit
season, render a small selection sufficient for ordinary col-
lections. Hence, the main object of the following descrip-
tive list is to define the characters of described or well-
known sorts, and point out those most worthy of cultivation
in our climate.

SYNOPSIS OF ARRANGEMENT.

The fruit of different varieties of the peach is marked
with but few distinctive characters. A similarity in outline,
texture, color and flavor, more nearly than exists in the ap-
ple, pear, and some other kinds, renders it necessary to resort
to other points of distinction. The peach presents facilities
for this purpose, not existing in other fruits.

1. The Divisions are founded on the adnerence or sepa-
ration of the flesh from the stone, distinguishing clingstones
and free-stones ; or more properly, on the firm, or melting
texture of the flesh, indicated by the terms paries and
melters.

2. The Divisions are sub-dividcJ into Classes, embracing
pale, or light- colored flesh, and deep-ydloiv flosh.

19 M

288

THE PEAJH

Fig. 236.

Fig. 237.

3. The SerJto?is are founded on the glands of the leave)
Section I, comprehends those whose leaves are deeply anQ
sharply serrate, (or cut like saw-teeth,) and having no

glands (or gum-like mi-
nute knobs) at the base,
fig. 235. Section II,
contains those whose
leaves are crenate or
serrulate, (with shallow-
er and more rounded
teeth,) and having glo'
^"4\/ "^l^l?/^ \^l^ -^ ^^^^ glands, fig. 236.

^^W '\i fi W^'' Section III, includes all

■"^'■^ ^^ ^ ■'^^'' those whose leaves are

crenate or serrulate,
having reniform (or kid-
ney-shaped) glands, fig. 237. "The form of the glands,''
observes Lindley, " as well as their position is perfectly dis-
tinct ; they are fully developed in the month of May, and
they continue to the last permanent in their character, and
are not affected by cultivation. The globose glands are
situated, one, two, or more, on the foot stalks, and one, two,
or more, on the tiys or points of the serratures of the leaves.
The reniform glands grow also on the footstalks of the
leaves, but those on the leaves are placed ivithiji the serra-
tures, connecdng, as it were, the upper and lower teeth of
the serratures together ; their leaves, when taken from a
branch of a vigorous growth, have more glands than the
leaves of the globose varieties. It will, however, sometimes
happen that glands are not discernible on some of the
leaves, especially on those produced on weak branches ; in

this case, other branches
must be sought for which
do produce them."

4. The sections thus

formed are each divided

into two subsections ; the

first embracing those

Fig. -i-Jr- Fig. 23[). which have large jlow-

erSf as in fig. 238; and the second including such as bear

email flowers, fig. 239. The sub-sections are in most cases

THE PEACH. 289

distinctly marked; but a few doubtful intermediate flowers
may immediately be referred to the one or the other by
the color of the petals, the smaller being reddish or pink,
and the larger nearly white, or with light margins.

DIVISION I. FREESTONES OR MELTERS.

Class I. Flesh, pale oil light colored.

Section L Leaves serrated^ without glands,

Suh-sectio7i I. Flowers large.

Double Mountain. (Syn. Pouble Montagne.) Medium in
size ; roundish, narrow at apex ; surface pale greenish
white, with a slight soft red cheek, marbled darker ; flesh
white to the stone, delicate ; stone ovate and rugged.
Ripens at the end of summer. French.

Early Jfjine. (-Sj/tz. Green Nutmeg.) Rather small, round j
surface greenish white, becommg nearly white, some-
times faintly tinged with red to the sun; flesh white to
the stone, sweet, pleasant, with a faint mingling of a
vinous flavor. Stone light colored, small, uncommonly
smooth. Shoots with a light-green cast. Very early.
The tree at the north is verj^ tender, and the young shoots
are often winter-killed, which, with its slow growth and
deficient productiveness, render it unprofitable for gene-
ral cultivation. Flowers white. English, old.

MArxDALEN OF CouRsoN. {Syn. Madeleine de Courson, Red
Magdalen, True Red Magdalen, French Magdalen, Made-
leine Rou![,'-e.} Medium size, or rather small, round,
slightly oblate, suture deep on one side ; surface nearly
white, with a lively red cheek; flesh white, slight!}^ red
at the stone ; juicy, rich, vinous. Rather early, or last
two weeks of summer. French, old. The genuine sort
is little known in this country.

290

THE PEACH.

Malta. {Sij/l Italian.^ Rather large, roundish, slightly
flattened, suture broad, shallow, surface pale dull green,
blotched and spotted with dull purple next the sun : flesh
greenish, slightly red at the stone, very juicy, melting,
rich, with an excellent sub-acid, vinous flavor. Ripens end
of summer. A moderate bearer. Shoots slightly liable to
mildew. A spurious sort with globose glands, and of infe-
rior quality, has been generally desseminated in this
country.

Noble.se. {Syn. Vanguard, Mellish's Favorite.) Large,
round-oblong or oval, slightly narrower at apex, and ter-
minated by a short acute point: skin pale green, clouded
and shaded with light dull red to the sun ; flesh pale
greenish white to stone, very juicy, with a very rich high
flavor. Tree of rather slow growth and liable to mildew,
the only drawback on the value of this excellent peach.
Ripens end of summer and the beginning of autumn.
English.

SERRATE EARLY YORK.* (^yTz. True Early York, Early
York of Downing, Early Purple erroneously. Size medium,

roundish- oval, suture
slight ; dotted with red
on greenish-white in
the shade, dark red to
the sun ; flesh very ten-
der and full of juice,
rich, with a faint ming-
ling of acid. Quite
early, or middle of 8
mo., (Aug.) Growth
rather free for a ser-
rate-leaved peach. —
Very productive, and
from its earliness, of
great value. Difl^ers
Fig- 240. from the Large Early

York by its large flowers, cut-leaves, cval fruit, and earlier
maturity.

• This name has been objected to as consisting of more than two words, but it is
much shorter t)iaii Cravjford's Early Metocoton and White Blossomed Incomparable,
80 commonly adopted. It is even as short as the single term Incomparable.

THE PEACH. 291

Sweetwater. {Syn. Early Sweetwater.) Size medium,
roundish, light green at maturity, flesh tender, melting,
rich, and juicy. It is a seedling from the Early Anne,
which it much resembles in growth and general charac-
ter, but is more than twice its size, superior in flavor, and
ripens nearly a week later. A moderate bearer. Like
the Early Anne it is too tender for the north, and does not
ripen before the Tillotson and Serrate Early York.

The Sweetwater of Downing has globose glands and large
flowers, with a roundish, middle-sized, greenish-white
fruit ; the tree is more hardy than the preceding, but the
fruit ripens later, and is inferior in quality.

White Nutmeg. {Syn. Early White ^Nutmeg, Avant
Blanche, White Avant.) Very small, roundish oval, with
a deep suture on one side ; skin nearly white, rarely
touched with faint red ; flesh white to the stone, with a
mild, pleasant flavor. Ripens about mid-summer, or im-
mediately after wheat harvest, and is the earliest and
smallest peach cultivated. Its very slow growth, tender
shoots, and light crops, render it of little value.

Sul-section II. Flowers small.

Belle deVitry. (St/tz. Admirable Tardive.) Size medium,
approaching oblate j apex depressed, suture deep ; skin
nearly white, tinged and mrrbled with bright and dull
red ; flesh rathe, firm, red at the stone, juicy and rich.
Quite late, or last of 9 mo. (Sept.) This is quite distinct
from the Late Admirable, which ripens two eeks earlier;
and from the Early Admirable, often known by the name
of Belle de Vitry, and which ripens six weeks earlier.
Both of the latter have crenate leaves with globose glands.

Early T.llotson. Size medium; rcMind or nearly globu-
lar ; thickly dotted with red on a nearly white ground in
the shade, dark deep red in the sun; flesh whi.ish, red
at the stone, to which the flesh partially adheres, — juicy,
rich, high-flavored, more of a nutmeg and less of a vinous
flavor than the Serrrate Early York, and ripening about
the sa::.e time or a few days earlier, or the early part
and middle of 8 mo. (Aug.) Its time of rr.aturity is often
somewhat variable, even on the same tree. Tiie young

292 THE PEACH.

trees are of slow growth, and the leaves liable to iiiildew.
from both of which it gradually recovers as the tree ad-
vances in size. Origin, Cayuga Co., N. Y.

Emperor of Russia. {Sy7i. Cut-leaved Serrated, Unique.)
Fruit large, approaching oblate; ont half, more swollen;
surface rather downy, dull yellowish white, with a dark
red cheek ; flesh yellowish white, rather firm, rich, high-
flavored. End of summer. Although the flavor is first-
rate, it is a poor grower and a poor bearer. Origin,
New-York.

Royal George. {{Sy7i. Early Royal George.) Rather large,
globular, broad and depressed, or inclining to oblate ; su-
ture deep at ap^, passing two-thirds round the fruit ; skin
nearly white, thickly dotted with red, with a broad, deep,
rich red, slightly i;iarbled cheek; flesh whitish, very red
at the stone, juicy and rich. Ripens a week or two be-
fore the end of summer. A moderate bearer. Shoots
liable to mildew.

Red Rareripe. {Syn. Early Red Rareripe, Large Red.)
Rather large, globular, broad and depressed ; suture broad
and deep, passing nearly round the fruit ; skin nearly
white, with red dots in the shade, and a rich dark red
cheek in the sun; flesh, whitish red at the stone, juicy,
rich, and high-flavored. Ripens during the last two weeks
of summer. Resembles the Royal George, but superior
in quajity. Both are subject to mildew of the leaves.

Royal Charlotte. Rather large ; approaching ovate ; base
slightly wider than apex ; suture moderate ; skin pale
greenish-white, with a deep red marbled cheek ; flesh
white, pale red at the stone ; juicy, rich, fine. First of
autumn.

Section II. Leaves crenate, with globose glands.

Sub-section I. Flowers, large.

Acton Scotf. Size medium ; rather narrow and depressed
at apex, suture shallow; skin rather wooly, nearly white,
with a marbled, bright-red cheek; flesh pale to the stone
V th a rich, sometimes slightly bitter flavor. Early, — mid

THE PEACH. 293

d'.^ of 8 mo., August. English ; a cross between Noblesse
and Bed Nutmeg. Eare in this country.

Astor. Large, slightly oblate, apex slightly depressed, su-
ture distinct ; surface nearly white, with a deep red cheek;
stone small; flesh very juicy, sweet, good second-rate.
Ripens end of summer. Origin, New-York.

Barrington. Large, roundish-ovate, apex rather pointed ;
suture on one side, moderate ; skin nearly w^hite, with a
deep-red, marbled cheek ; flesh slightly red at the stone,
juicy, rich, and of high quality. Ripens early in autumn.
Does not attain its full flavor north of New- York city.
English.

Clinton. Size medium, roundish, apex slightly depressed,
suture nearly obsolete; surface nearly white, with a
somewhat striped red cheek ; flesh juicy, faintly red at the
stone, of second-rate flavor. End of suiMiier. American.

Early Admirable. {Syn. Admirable ; Belle de Vitry, er-
ro?ieousIy.) Size medium; nearly round; skin nearly
white, with a red cheek ; flesh red at the stone, juicy,
rich, sweet, fine. Quite early, ripening immeu.a:e:' after
Serrate Early York. French.

GROSSE MIGNONNE. Large, roundish, slightly oblate ;
apex depressed, with a deep suture ; skin tinged with
greenish yellow, mottled with red, and with a purplish
red cheek; flesh reddened at the stone, juicy, with a very
rich, high, and somewhat vinous flavor; stone small, very
rough. Early, — the last two weeks of summer. Of
French origin. The peach usually cultivated in this coun-
try under this name, although a'^ excellent variety, is not
the genuine Grosse Mignonne, but diflfers in its small
flowers.

Suh-sectio?i II. Flowers small.

Bellegarde. {Syn. Galande, Sm.ooth-leaved Royal George,
Violette Hative of some, Red Magdalen erroneously.) Size
medium or large, round, regular ; suture shallow, deepest
at apex, with a slight projecting point ; skin nearly white,

294 THE PEACH.

with a faint tinge of green, and a rich red cheek, often
streaked darker ; flesh slightly red at the stone,— trlittTe
firm, melting, juicy, rich, and of fine flavor. Stone'l^ther
large. End of summer. French.

Cole's Early Red. Size medium, roundish, suture small;
skin mostly mottled with red, with dark red on the sunny
side ; flesh juicy, rich, with a pleasant and fine flavor,
hardly first-rate in quality. Valuable for its great pro-
ductiveness and early maturity, ripening nearly as early
as the Serrate Early York. American.

Cooledge's Favorite. Rather large or medium; roundisii,
rather largest on one side; suture distinct at apex; skin
nearly clear white, mottled with red dots in the shade,
and with a brilliant deep scarlet cheek in the sun ; flesh
very melting and juicy, with a rich, faintly acid flavor.
Ripens about the middle of 8 mo., Aug. Origin, Wa-
tertown, Mass.

Druid Hill. Very large, roundish, cavity rather narrow ;
suture slight, with a distinct but scarcely prominent point
at apex; surface pale greenish white, clouded with red
towards the sun ; flesh greenish white, purple at the
stone, very juicy, with a very rich, high vinous flavor;
stone long and rather compressed, much furrowed. Ri-
pens quite late, or latter part of 9 mo., Sept. Growth
unusually vigorous. Origin, Baltimore.

Favorite. Large, oblong, or oval ; skinrather downy, much
co"?recl with red, very dark towards the sun; flesh red
at the sione, a little firm, jnicy, with a good, vinous, but
not rich flavor. Hardy and very productive. Ripens me-
dium or rather late, or about the second week of au-
tumn, (jlands of the le ives very small, obscure, or none.
American.

Fox^s Seedling. Round, s/ightly compressed, cavity nar-
row; white with a red cheek; juicy, sweet, good. Sea-
son, medium or rather late. New-Jersey.

GEORGE THE FOURTH. Large, round, suture deep and
broad, one half slightly larger ; skin nearly white in the
shade, dotted red with a deep red cheek, flesh slightly

THE PEACH. 295

red at the stone, melting, juicy, rich, excellent. Ripens
at the end of summer. Branches rather more diverging
than usual ; leaves pale green, often glandless. Crops
moderate, one cause of its excellence. Origin, New-
York.

Green Catharine. Large, round, pale groen, with a red
cheek, flesh bright red at the stone, tender, juicy, rather
acid. Season, rather late, does not ripen richly as far
north as the 43d degree of latitude.

LARGE EARLY YORK. [Syn. Early York of New-
Jp-rsey, Honest John.) Large, roundish, inclining to ob-
late in fully grown specimens, nearly white in the shade,
with red dots, and with a deep red cheek to the sun ;
flesh nearly white, fine-grained, very juicy, with mild,
rich, excellent flavor.

The NEW-YORK RARERIPE, (a name which has been
more or less applied to nearly all the early red peaches
sent to New-York market, ^ or Livingston's New- York
Rareripe, is usually regarded as identical with the large
Early York, but T. Hancock, of Burlington, considers
them distinct, — the New-York Rareripe being rather su-
perior, and ripening three days later. Haines' Early
Red closely resembles, if it is not identical with Large
Early York.

Late Admirable. {Syn. La Royale, Bourdine, Teton de
Venus, Judd's Melting, Motteuxs Late Purple incorrectly.)
Quite large, roundish, inclining to oval, with a deep su-
ture extending nearly round, and an acute swollen point
at the apex; surface pale yellowisti-green, with a pale red
cheek, marbled v^ith darker red; flesh greenish white,
red at the stone, juicy, delicate, flavor excellent. Season
rather late. Of French or gin.

Late Red Rareripe. Larg.^, roundish-oval, apex marked
with a depressed suture and sunken point ; skin rather
downy, pale greyish yellow, spotted and thickty marbled,
deep dull red to the sun, and with fawn-colored specks;
flesh white, deep red at the stone, juicy, with a very rich
and high flavor. The fruit is distinguished by its pe-

296 THE PEACH.

culiar greyish cast. Season, the first two weeks of au-
tumn. American

Morris^ Red Rareripe. Large, roundish, apex slightly de-
pressed, suture moderate, distinct ; surface greenish-white,
with a bright rich red cheeck; flesh greenish-white, quite
red at the stone, juicy, sweet, rich. Season, end of sum-
mer. Origin, Philadelphia. Diffe s from George IV., in
its darker leaves, heavier crops, more even fruit, inferior
flavor, and m ripening a few days later.

Morrissania Pound. (S?/72. Hoffman's Pound.) Very large,
nearly round ; surface dull greenish-white, with a brown-
ish red cheek; flesh pale yellowish, juicy, tolerably rich.
Late. Origin, New- York.

KiVETTE. Large, roundish, sometimes slightly oval, suture
slight, apex but little depressed ; surface light yellowish-
green, with a faint red cheek ; flesh pale green, varying
from pink to deep red at the stone, juicy and melting,
and with a very rich flavor. Season medium, immedi-
ately preceding or ripening nearly with Morris White,
and one of the best of its season for the north. Of French
origin.

OLDMIXON FREESTONE. Large, roundish, slightly
oval, one side swollen, suture visible only at apex ; cavity
shallow; surface a pale yellowish white, marbled with
red, with a deep red cheek when fully exposed; flesh
deep red at the stone, tender, rich, excellent. Season
medium, or the first of autumn. Succeeds well in all
localities, and has few equals as a variety for the north,
to succeed the early peaches.

President. Large, roundish-oval, with little suture ; skin
very downy, yellowish-white, with a tinge of green, and
a dull red cheek ; flesh nearly white, deep red at the
stone, very juicy, and with a high flavor; stone rough, to
which the flesh partially adheres. Ripens a little later
than Morris White, or middle of 9 mo., (Sept.)

Scott^s Early Red. Medium size, roundish, suture distinct,
moderate ; skin nearly white, mottled and covered with

THE PEACH. 297

red ; flesh very juicy, with a rich, fine flavor. Rather
early, or end of summer New Jersey.

Van Zandt's Superb. Size medium, roundish, one half
larger, suture slight ; skin nearly white, with a beautifully
dotted red cheek ; flesh whitish, tinted with red at the
stone, juicy, sweet, of fine pleasant flavor. First of au-
tumn. Origin, Flushing, Long Island.

Walter's Early. Rather large, roundish ; surface nearly
white, with a rich red cheek ; flesh whitish, touched with
red at the stone, juicy, sweet, of fine flavor. Ripens the
latt week of summer. A native of New-Jersey, and is a
valuable peach at the north.

Ward's Late Free. Large, not quite of the largest size,
roundish, surface dull yellowish white, with a red cheek,
nearly the color of the Oldmixon Free, but not so clear
nor bright ; flesh nearly white, of excellent flavor. One
of the finest late peaches of the middle states. The Rey-
bolds, of Delaware, the most extensive peach raisers in
the United States, having reduced their list to about fif-
teen sorts, have retained this as one of the best late
varieties.

Washington. (Syn. Washington Red Freestone.) Large,
somewhat oblate, with a broad deep suture passing nearly
round ; skin thin, yellowish-white, with a deep crimson
cheek; flesh nearly white, tender, juicy, sweet, rich.
Stone small, to which the flesh slightly adheres. Rather
late. Origin, New- York.

White Imperial. Rather large, roundish, often slightly
oblate, depressed at apex ; suture moderate ; surface pale
yellowish white, often with a faint tinge of green; slight-
ly tinged and sometimes striped with light purple to the
sun; flesh very juicy, delicate, sweet, excellent. A uni-
form moderate bearer, and a valuable peach at the north,
but worthless in Virginia. Ripens rather early, or lattei
part of su nmer. Origin, Cayuga Co., N. Y.

298 THE PEACH.

Section III. Leaves with reniform glands.

Sub-section I. Flowers large.

Early Purple. {Syn. Pourpr.'e Hative, Pourpree Hative
a Grand Fleurs.) Size medium, globular, depressed, a
deep suture across the apex ; skin light yellow, with a
mottled purplish red cheek ; flesh red at the stone, melt-
ing, juicy, with a high flavor; stone broad and rough;
season early, or middle or latter part of 8 mo., (Aug.)
Rare in this country. The Serrate Early York has been
propagated under this name in portions of this country, and
the Grosse Mignonne in Europe ; from both of which it
differs in the glands of its leaves.

White Blossomed Incomparable. {Syn. White Blossom,
Willow Peach.) Large, oval ; skin wholly white ; flesh
white to the stone, juicy, pleasant, of tolerable flavor.
Ripens first of autumn. Flowers white, leaves light
green, shoots pale yellow. American.

Sub-section II. Flowers small.

BREVOORT. {Syn. Brevoort's Morris, Brevoort's Seed-
ling Melter.) Medium or large, round and slightly ob-
late, suture distinct, deep at apex ; skin nearly white or
with a faint dingy hue, with a bright red cheek ; flesh
rather firm, slightly red at stone, rich, sweet, and high-
flavored. First of autumn. Moderately and uniformly
productive. Origin, New- York.

Chaoicellor. {Syn. Late Chancellor, Noisette.) Large,
oval, suture distinct ; skin nearly white, with a dark
crimson cheek ; flesh deep red at the stone, with a rich
vinous flavor ; stone oblong. Late. Of French origin.

Early New;ngton Freestone. Size medium ; roundish,
one half always larger, suture distinct ; surface nearly
white, dotted and streaked with red, the cheek a rich red ;
flesh white, red at the stone, at first wholly adhering, but
as it ripens, partially separating from it; juicy, rich, fine.
A valuable early variety, ripening immediately after the
Serrate Early York.

THE PEACH. 299

Kenrick's Heath. [Syn. Freestone He ith.) Very large,
oblong, suture slight, apex pointed ; sarface pale green-
ish-white, with a purplish red cheek ; flesh deep red at
the stone, rather coarse, very juicy, sub-acid, second-rate,
sometimes third-rate ; when well grow^n on some locali-
ties, it proves a good sub-acid peach. Season, medium
or rather late. New-England.

La Grange. Large, oblong; surface pale greenish-whi^e,
rarely tinged with red by the sun; flesh juicy, with a
rich, fine flavor. Quite late. Origin, Burlington, N. J.,
and does not attain a fine flavor much farther north.

Morris White. {Syn. Morris' White Rareripe, White
Rareripe, Lady Ann Steward.) Rather large, roundish,
or roundish-oval, often obscurely obovate or a little larger
towards the apex, suture small; surface rather downy, of
a pale creamy white at maturity, rarely tinged with pur-
ple to the sun; flesh slightly firm, wholly white, very free
from the drab stone, melting, juicy, with a good, rich fla-
vor ; hardly of the highest quality at the north, better in
the middle states ; very popular everywhere. Season,
medium, or early in autumn.

Cole's White Melocoton, as usually cultivated, is a sy-
nonym ; but when genuine, is quite distinct, according
to T. Hancock, being larger, heavier, and rounder, and
ripening two weeks later.

Snow. Large, globular, suture distinct only at apex ; skin
thin, wholly white ; flesh white to the stone, juic}', sweet,
rich. First of autumn. Very variable ; sometimes worth-
less for the table ; a beautiful peach for preserving.

Strawberry. {Syn. Rose.) Size medium, oval, cavity
deep, suture passing half round ; surface mostly i;:arbled
with deep red * flesh whitish, melting, rich, of fine flavor
Early.

300 THE PEACH.

Class II. Flesh deep yellow.

Section I. Leaves crenated^ with globose glaiids.

Sub-section I. Flowers large.

Baltimore Beauty. Rather small, round-oval ; skin deep
orange, with a bright red cheek; flesh yellow, red at the
stone, sweet, good, mealy when over-ripe. Quite early.
Origin, Baltimore, where it is good, but it proves of third-
rate quality at the north.

Sub- section 11. Floivers small. '

Cbafword's Early. {Syn. Early Crawford, Crawford's
Early Melocoton.) Very large ; oblong-oval, sometimes
round-oval ; apex with a prominent point ; suture shal-
low ; surface yellow, with a red cheek; flesh very juicy,
rich, slightly sub-acid, of good but not the highest flavor.
End of summer and beginning of autumn. Productive.
Ranks very high in the northern, middle, and western
states, as a market variety. Origin, New-Jersey.

Crawford's Late. {Syn. Crawford's Late Melocoton,
Crawford's Superb Melocoton.) Very large, roundish,
suture shallow, distinct ; surface yellow, with a broad,
dark red cheek; flesh red at the stone, rich, juicy, vinous,
hardly first-rate. Quite late, or latter part of 9 mo. (Sept.)
Productive ; and ranks among the first as a late variety
for market. Origin, New-Jersey. The common Red
Cheek Melocoton is cultivated in some localities under
this name.

Jaques' Rareripe. Very large, roundish, slightly oblate,
suture distinct, one side slightly larger, surface a little
uneven ; surface deep yellow, variously shaded with red ;
flesh deep yellow, red at the stone, of good but not of the
highest flavor. Shoots diverging. Ripens at the end of
summer. Origin, Mass.

Red- Cheek Melocoton.* Large, roundish-oval, with a point
at apex ; surface yellow, with a deep red cheek ; flesh

* Pronounced Mel-o-co-iooii, and often written Malticatune and i\relncotoon, with
other vuriaiions in orlhograpliy. It is th« Spanish name ior jieach.

THE PEACH. 301

red at the stone, juicy, with a good, rich, vinous flavor,
not of first-rate quality. Ripens rather late, or during the
las*: half of 9 mo., (Sept.,) in the middle states about the
first of autumn. Extensively cultivated as a market
peach.

Scott's Nonpareil. Large, roundish, slightly oblong, sur.
face deep yellow with a red cheek, resembling Crawford's
Late, but sweeter. Origin, Burlington, N. J., where it
ripens about the 12th of 9 mo., (Sept.) New.

Yellow Alberge. {Syn. Purple Alberge, Yellow Rareripe,
erroneously.) Size medium ; roundish, suture distinct,
passing half round; skin yellow, with a deep purplish
red cheek ; flesh deep red at the stone, juicy, sweet,
pleasant, of second-rate flavor.

This is distinct from the Early Barnard or Alberge of
western New-York, a sub-variety superior to the original.

The Rosanna, another sub-variety, ten days later, and with
reniform glands, is cultivated in some localities under the
name of Yellow Alberge.

Yellow Rareripe. Large, roundish ; suture moderate,
passing half round ; apex with a small point ; surface
deep orange, somewhat dotted, with a rich red cheek,
shaded ofl'in streaks; flesh red at the stone, juicy, rich,
fine ; of nearly first-rate quality ; stone small. End of
summer, and first of autumn. One of the best yellow
peaches. There are several spurious and inferior sub-
varieties.

Section XL Leaves with reniform glands.

Subsection 1. Flowers large.

Yellow Admirable. {SyiL. Abricotee, Admirable Jaune,
Orange Peach, Apricot Peach.) Large, roundish-oval,
suture small, and on one side only ; surface wholly yel-
low, or faintly reddened next the sun ; flesh slightly red
at the stone, firm, and rather dry ; flavor sweet and agree-
able ; stone small ; season, vrry late. Of French origir

302 THE PEACH.

Sub-section II. Floiven small.

BERGEN'S YELLOW. Very large, round, slightly ob-
late ; suture distinct, passing more than half round ; sur-
face deep orange, with a broad deep red cheek; flesh
juicy, rich, excellent. Ripens the first of autumn. This
is perhaps the finest of all yellow-fleshed peaches. Origin^
Long Island, N. Y.

It differs from the Yellow Rareripe in its more oblate form,
darker color, superior flavor, and later maturity, and m
its reniform glands.

Columbia. Large ; roundish-oblate ; suture distinct, pass-
ing half way round ; skin rough, rather thick, dull dingy
red, with spots of darker red ; flesh yellow, rich, juicy,
of excellent flavor. Origin, New Jersey. Ripens early
in autumn. Shoots dark reddish purple.

DIVISION II. CLINGSTONES OR PAVIES.

Class I. Flesh, pale o.i light colori^d.

Section I. Leaves serrated, ivithout glands.

Suh-section I. Flowers large.

Old Newington. {Syri. Newington, Large Newington.)
Large, roundish, suture slight ; surface nearly white,
with a fine red cheek, somewhat streaked with darker red;
flesh nearly white, deep red at the stone ; somewhat
melting, juicy, rich. Season, rather late, or middle of
9 mo. (Sept.)

A sub-variety, cultivated to a considerable extent in this
country, has globose glands.

Smithes Newington. {Syn. Early Newington.) Size, me-
dium ; roundish-oval, narrower at apex, one side slightly
enlarged; surface pale yellow, with a lively red cheek,'
streaked with purple ; flesh bright red at the stone, juicy,
good. Ripens end of summer.

This is of English origin, and is quite distinct from the
Early Newington Freestone, a melting (not jirni-Jieshed)
peach, often adhering to the stone.

THE PEACH. 303

Section II. Leaves crenate, with globose glands.

Sub-section I. Flowers small.

Large White Clingstone. Large, round, suture slight,
point at apex small ; skin white, dotted with red, or with
a light red cheek next the sun; flesh very juicy, sweet,
rich, and high-flavored. Season, early in autumn. Ori-
gin, New-York.

Oldmixon Clingstone. Large, roundish-oval, suture disr
tinct only at apex, fruit slightly larger on one side ; sur-
face yellowish white, dotted with red, or with a red
cheek; flesh juicy, rich, with a high flavor. Ripens first
of autumn. This is one of the finest of clingstone peaches

Section III. Leaves with reniform glands.

Subsection L Flowers small.

Catherme Cling. Large, roundish-oval, swollen most on
one side, with a small point at apex; surface pale yellowish-
green, thickly doited and with a cheek of red, with darker
streaks ; flesh firm, dark red at the stone, juicy, rich, fine.
Season, late. Of Eng-lish orio-in. The fruit of this va-
riety, and of the Old Newington, and Oldmixon Cling,
considerably resemble each other, but all difler in the
glands of the leaves.

Heath. {Syn. Heath Cling, White Heath.) Very large,
oblong-oval, the largest specimens nearly round, with a
large, conspicuous point at the apex ; suture distinct on
one side ; surface quite downy, pale yellowish while,
sometimes faintly tinged with red next the sun ; flesh ex-
ceedingly juicy, becoming melting, with a sweet, very
high, rich, and excellent flavor ; leaves large, wavy, deep
green, slightly crenate. Season, very late, about mid-
autumn, and the fruit may be kept nearly till winter. At
the north, it matures fully in the warmest seasons only ;
and never attains its full size, which is about three inches
in diameter, unless much thinned on the branches, to
effect which a thorough shortening-in is by far the best
mode. Origin, Maryland. Tree quite hardy and vigo-
rous. In southern Virginia, the Heath is rather an un-
20

304 THE PEACH.

certain peach, but when perfect it ripens there the firsi
fortnight in autumn.

Incomparable. (6'//?z. Pavie Admirable.) Large, roundish,
one side enlarged ; skin nearly white, light red to the
sun ; flesh red at the stone, juicy, agreeable, second-rate.
Ripens late. Resembles the Catherine, but larger, later,
and of inferior quality.

Class II. Flesh deep yellow.

Section I. Leaves serrate, without glands.

Sub'Seclwn I. Flowers small.

Orange Clingstone. Large, round, suture distinct, passing
nearly round, with no point at the apex ; surface deep
orange, with a dark red cheek ; flesh rather firm, rich,
juicy, vinous. Season, early in autumn.

Section IL Leaves with reniform glands.

Sub-section I. Flowers small.

Lemon Clingstone. {Syn. Kennedy's Cling, Pine Apple
Cling, Yellow Pine Apple.) Large, oblong-oval, sligh ly
narrowed at apex, terminated by a large prominent point ;
surface deep yellov^r, with a dark brownish-red cheek ;
flesh firm, slightly red at the stone, with a rich, vinous,
sub-acid flavor. Quality about second-rate. Rather late.
Tree productive, hardy. Origin, South Carolina.

Late Yellow Alberge. Sy?i. Algiers Winter, October Yel-
low.) Size medium; roundi.^h-oval ; suture small, dis-
tinct ; skin quite downy, green becoming yellow ; flesh
yellow to the stone, very firm, of second-rate quality
Ripens very late, or about mid-autumn. French.

Tippecanoe. Large, nearly round, slightly compressed ■
surface yellow, with a red cheek; flesh yellowy juicy
vinous, good. Quite late. A native of Philadelphia;
of little value much further north. New.

Washington Clingstone. Size medium; roundish; sur-
face yellowish-green, with gray specks, and with a slight

THE ^'ECTAEINE. 305

til ge of red to the sun ; not handsome : flesh very ten-
der, sweet, high-flavored. Quite late.

Class III. Flesh purplish crimson.
Section I. Glands rtniform.

Sub-section I. Floivers small.

Blood Clingstone. {Syn, Claret Clingstone, Blood Cling.)
Large, often very large, roundish-oval, suture distinct;
skin quite downy, dark, dull, clouded, purplish-red ; flesh
deep red throughout, firm, juicy, only valuable for culi-
nary purposes.

The French Blood Clingstone, the parent of the preceding,
only difl^ers from it in its smaller size and large flowers.

The Blood Freestone is much smaller, and of no value.

NECTARINES.

The Nectarine being nothing more than the peach with a
glossy skin, the same rules for cultivation wiU apply equal-
ly to both, witji the exception that its smooth surface ren-
ders it eminently liable to the attacks of the curculio. For
the remedies, see the chapter on the Plum.

The nectarine is usually inferior, and has moi;e of the
noyau flavor than the peach ; and the shoots are of smoother
and more cOxTipact growth.

DIVISION I. FR^EESTONES.

Class I. Flesh pale.

Section I. Leaves with reniform glands.

Sub-section I. Flowers large.

New White. Rather large, nearly round; skin white,
often a slight tinge of red ; flesh white, tender, juicy,
rich, vinous ; stone small. Season medium or first of
auiumn. English.

The Old White resembles the preceding but is less hardy
and productive.

306 THE NECTARINE.

Suh-sectioii II. Flowers small.

DowNTON. Medium in size, roundish-oval, pale green,
with a deep violet-red cheek ; flesh pale green, slightly
red at the stone ; melting, rich, excellent. Ripens end
of summer. This is perhaps the best flavored of all the
nectarines. Engli.-h.

Due de Telliers. Rather large, roundish-oblong, apex slight-
ly narrowed, base broad ; pale green, with a marbled
purple-red cheek; flesh pale red at tlie stone, juicy,
sweet, good. Rather early, or end of summer.

Early Violet. {Syu. Violet Hative, Aromatic, New Scar-
let, Large Scarlet, Early Brugr^on, Violet Musk, Violelle
Musquee.) Size medium ; roundish, apex slightly nar-
rowed, suture shallow ; skin with a dark purple red
cheek and brown dots, on pale yellowish-green ; flesh
whitish, much reddened at the stone; stone roundish,
moderately rough, reddish or reddish brown ; flesh melt-
ing, rich, high-flavored, and aromatic; of the finest quali-
ty. Season medium or end of summer. Distinguished
from Elruge by its redder flesh and stone, and darker
skin.

The Large Early Violkt, or Violette Grosse, differs in
its larger size and rather inferior flavor.

Elruge. Medium in size, roundish-oval ; suture slight,
distinct at apex; skin a dark red or deep violet on a
greenish-yellow ground, with minute brownish dots ; flesh
greenish-white, slightly, sometimes scarcely stained with
pale red at the stone; juicy, rich, high-flavored; stone
rough, pale. Season about medium, or first of autumn.
This is one of the best and most celebrated of nectarines.

Hardwicke Seedling. Large, roundish, approaching oval,
resembling Elruge ; skin with a violet-red cheek on pale
green ; flesh greenish-white, slightly reddened at the
stone, juicy, rich, high-flavored. Season, medium, or
end of summer. English, new.

Mi^Tcy. Size medium, roundish-ovate, one side slightly
larger, skin with a dark red cheek on pale green ; flesh

THE KECTARINE. 307

greenish-white, sweet, gi'od ; stone nearl}^ smooth. Rather
early. Unproductive. English, old.

Peterborough. Rather small, roundish ; skin nearly green,
with a slightly dingy red cheek; flesh iireenish-white to
the stone, flavor tolerable. Very late, or nearly mid-
autumn. Valueless. The sort usually propagated under
this name in this country, although*a superior sort, is not
genuine.

Class II. Flesh deep yellow.

Section I. Leaves serrate, without glands,

Suh-sectio7i I. Flov;ers small.

Hunt's Tawny. Nearly medium size, roundish-ovate, nar-
rowed and pointed at apex, one side slightly enlarged •
skin, a dark red cheek on pale orange, with numerous
russet specks ; flesh deep orange, rich, juicy, good. Eng-
lish. Valuable for its early maturity, ripening quite
early, or three weeks before the close of summer. Often
mildews badly.

Section II. Leaves with reniform glands.

Sub-section I. Flowers small.

Boston. (Sj/?z. Perkins, Lewis.) Large, handsome, round-
ish-oval; bright yellow, with a deep red cheek; flesh
yellow to the stone, with a good, pleasant, but not very
high flavor. Season, medium, or about the first of au-
tumn. A native of Boston.

Fairchildi's. Small, round, slightly flattened at apex; skin
a bright red cheek on yellowish green; flesh yellow to
the stone, rather dry, flavor poor. Qi ite early, its only
merit.

Pitmaston's Orange. Large, roundish-ovate, base broad,
apex narrow and pointed ; surface with a dark reddish
cheek, slightly streaked at the margin, on rich orange ;
flesh deep yellow, red at the stone; juicy, rich, fine;
stone rather small. Rather early.

308 THE r.ECTA^INE.

DIVISION II. CLINGSTONES.

Cla. s I. Flesh Pale.

Section I. Leaves serrate without glande.

Sub-section I. Flowers large.

Early Newington. « {Sy7i. Black, Early Black, Lucombe'a
Seedling.) Large, roundish-ovate, one side slightly en-
larged, apex pointed ; skin pale green, nearly covered
with bright red and with darker marblings and dots ;
flesh greenish- white, deep red at the stone, juicy, with a
fine rich flavor. First of autumn.

Newington. {Sy9t. Scarlet Newington, Scarlet, Old New-
mgton. Smith's Newington, Anderson's.) Rather large,
roundish ; nearly covered with red and darker marblings,
on pale greenish-yellow ; flesh deep red at the stone,
juicy, rich, vinous. Rather late. Best when ripened to
shrivelling.

Class II. Flesh yellow.

Section II. Leaves with reniform glands.

Sub-section I. Flowers large.

Red Roman. {Syn. Roman, Old Roman, Brugnon Musquee.)
Large, roundish, a little flattened at apex; skin greenish-
yellow, with a somewhat rough, dull reddish-brown cheek,
with brown russet specks; flesh firm, greenish-yellow,
deep red at the stone, rich, vinous, high-flavored. Sea-
son medium or rather late.

Suh-scction IL Flowers small.

Broomfield. Large, roundish ; skin with a dull red cheek
on dull yellow ; flesh yellowish ; flavor tolerable. Rather
late. Origin, Harvard, Mass.

Golden. [Syn. Orange, Fine Gold-Fleshsd.) Medium in
size, roundish-ovate, handsome ; surface bright waxen yel-
low, with a small scarlet cheek ; flesh firm, of rather poor
flavor. Cultivated only for its beauty. Rather late.

Prince's Golden Nectarine rt^embles this, but is larger
a week later, and has large flowers.

CHAPTER V.

THE APRICOT.

It is remarkable that a fruit of such exc silence as the
apricot, and ripening from one to two months before the best
early peaches, should be so little known. In its natural
character, it is more nearly allied to the plum than the peach,
resembling the former in its broad leaf, and in the smooth
stone of its fruit; but downy like the peach, and partaking
largely of its flavor and excellence.

The apricot is budded on seedling apricots, and on peach
and plum s.ocks. Plum stocks are preferred, and are more
especially adapted to heavy soils. On light soils, the hard-
shelled almond, and the wild plum, have proved excellent.

The soil should be deep and dry. Young trees have fre-
quently perished froni a wet sub-soil, even where the sur-
face was not unusually moist. A mistaken notion prevails
as to the hardiness of the apricot. On suitable soils, it is
as hardy as most early peaches. This mistake has however
arisen from other causes. The tree has been commonly
planted in the wannest situations, as on the warm side of
buildmgs, or other sheltered site, facing the hot sun, where
they have blossomed early, and as a consequence, the crop
has not unfrequently been destroyed by vernal frosts. Hence,
a northern or more exposed aspect, would be far preferable.
If trained on a building, the eastern side should be espe
cially avoided, as a hot morning sun upon frosted budi
would be nearly certain destruction.

The liability to the attacks of the curculio, and the very
common destruction of the whole crop by this insect, has led
to the erroneous conclusion that the apricot is not suited to
our northern climate. Several cultivators, as far north as
forty-three degrees of latitude, by a systematic destructior.
of this insect, obtain annually heavy crops of this delicious,
golden, mid-summer fruit. The mode of protection is full)
described in the chapter on the Plira-

310

THE APR [COT.

VARIETIES.

Class I. Stone with a sweet kernel.

Section I. Medium in size.

Orange. {Sy?i. Early Orange, Royal Orange, Royal George,
Persian, Royal Persian.) Size medium; roundish; su-
ture distinct, deep at base ; surface orange, often a ruddy
cheek ; flesh dark orange, half dry, partly adhering to the
stone — dry and poor unless house-ripened. Stone small,
roundish. Culinary. Ripens at mid-summer.

Turke:. Size, medium; round, not compressed; surface
deep yellow, with a mottled b^owni.-h orange cheek ; flesh
pale yellow, firm, juicy, with a fine mixture of sweet and
acid ; very free from stone. Rather late, or middle of 8
mo., Aug. Somewhat resembles Moorpark, but differs
in being rounder, paler, with an impervious stone, and
sweet kernel.

The Blotch-leaved, or Golden Blotched, is identical with
fhe preceding, with a yellow spot on the centre of each
leaf.

Section II. S?nall.

BREDA, CS^/^i. Holland, Amande Aveline.) Rather small,

sometimes nearly medium, (an
inch and a half diameter,) round-
ish, obscurely four-sided, suture
distinct ; surface orange, with
a dark reddish orange cheek;
flesh deep orange, free from
the stone, rich and high-fla
vored. Quite early, or a week
or two after mid-summer. Har-
dy for an apricot, and very pro-
^- OA1 T, J ductive.

Fig. 241. Breda.

Black. {Syn. Purple Apricot, Noir, Violet.) Small or
medium; round; pale red where densely shaded, dull

THE APRICOT 311

deep purple or nearly black in the sun ; surface with a
thin down ; flesh red near the skin, yellowish at the stone ;
flesh somewhat fibrous, sw^eet, slightly astringent, with a
pleasant, good, second-rate flavor. Adheres to the stone.
Hardy as an apple tree, and very productive. A distinct
species (//. dasijcavpa) from the oiiier apricots. Ripens
with the Breda. Reproduces itself from the stone. Shoots
quite slender, greenish.
There is another quite different apricot, called Violet or
Red Angoumois; small, oblong, lighter red, free from the
stone. Rare.

Early Golden. (%«. Dubois' Apricot.) Small, an inch and
a fourth in diameter ; round-oval, nearly smooth, suture
narro a', distinct ; surface wholly pale orange ; flesh orange,
moderately juicy, sweet, good, free from the stone. Early,
or ten days before the Moorpark. Hardy, very productive,
profitable for market. Origin, Dutchess county, N. Y.

Mvsch. {Syn. Musch-Musch.) Rather small, round, deep
yellow, with a slight orange red cheek; flesh yellow,
translucent, tender, sweet. Tree rather tender. Little
known in this country. Origin, Musch, in Asia Minor.

Class II. Stone with a bitter kernel.

Sectio7i I. Fruit large.

Hemskirke. Large, roundish, compressed; surface orange,
with a red cheek ; flesh bright orange, rich, juicy, spright-
ly. Stone rather small. Resembles Sloorpark, but smaller
a little earlier, and stone not perforate. En2:lish. Rare
in this country.

MOORPARK. {Syn. Anson s, Dunmore's Breda, Temple's.)
Large, (two inches in diameter,) nearly round, slightly
compressed ; surface orange, with a deep orange red
cheek, and with numerous darker dots ; flesh free from
the stone, bright yellowish orange, rather firm, quite
juicy, with a rich, high flavor. Stone perforate, or with
a hole lengthwise under one edge, so that a pin may be
thrust through. Season medium, or two weeks after
mid-summer. Requires the shortening-in pruning recom-
mended for the peach. English. Old.

THE APRICOT.

PEACH. (Sj?7. Anson's Imperial, Peche, De Nancy.)
Very large, slighily larger than Moorpark ; yellowish
orange, with a brownish orange cheek, and mottled with
dark brown to the sun ; flesh a rich yellow, juicy, with a
rich, high flavor. Stono perforate. Ripens about the
time of the Moorpark, which it closely resembles, but is
of larger size. Origin, Piedmont.

Royal. Rather large, round-oval, slightly compressed, su
ture shallow; dull yellow, faintly reddened to the sun;
flesh pale oi'ange, firm, juicy, sweet, high-flavored, slight-
ly sub-acid, free from the large, oval, nearly impervious
stone. Ripens a vxcek before Moorpark, smaller than the
latter, and with a less bitter kernel. French. Rare in
this country

Shiphifs. (Siju. Blenheim.) Large, oval, surface orange,
flesh deep yellow, juicy, rather rich ; stone roundish, not
perforate. Inferior to Moorpark, but rather earlier. Eng-
lish. New.

Section II. Medium in size.

Brussels. Size medium ; rather oval, compressed ; paJe
yellow, dotted white in the shade, russety brown to the

sun ; suture deep at
;>^^^ base ; flesh yellow,

rather firm, moderate-
ly rich. Rather late.

LARGE EARLY, —

Size medium; oblong,
compressed ; suture
deep ; slightly downy;
pale orange, with a
spotted bright orange
cheek, very handsome;
flesh free from the
stone, pale orange,
rich, juicy. Ripens
at or a little befor(.
Fig. 242. L<irge Early. mid-summer. Origin,

south of France.

THE APRICOT. 313

JvOMAN. {Syn. Abricot Commim.) Medium in size, rather
oval, compressed, suture small or obscure; surface pale
yellow, with a (ew red dots to the sun ; flesh very fine-
grained, half juicy, with |i mild pleasant flavor. Worth-
less in England, but greatly improved by our warm sum-
mers. Productive. Season, rather early or medium, or
two weeks after mid-sumrner. It is disseminated in this
country under various erroneous names.

1 te Blotch-leaved Roir.an differs only in the yellow spot or
Uain of its ? eaves.

Section III. Small.

A.,fc»etgjer. (o?/?2. Alberge.) Small, roundish, slightly com-
ptfciSscd, deep yellow, flesh reddish, firm, w^ith a rather
biifeik flavor; stone compressed. Rather late. Leaves
with stipules. For preserving.

Red Mctcuhne. {Syn. Early Masculine, Brown Masculine,
Abricotin, Abricot Precoce, Abricotier Hatif.) Small,
nearly round, suture distinct ; bright yellow, with deep
orange cheek and red spots ; flesh yellow, slightly musky,
sub-acid ; stone thick, obtuse at ends. Flowers rather
small. Very early or about mid-summer. Hardy, for an
apricot. Valuable only for its earliness.

l^hite Masculine. {Syn. White Apricot, Early White Mas-
culine, Abricot Blanc.) Small, roundish, nearly white,
rarely a faint reddish cheek, rather downy ; flesh white,
delicate, a little fibrous, adhering to the stone. Closely
resembles the Red Masculine, except in color and being
rather better, and four oi five days later.

CHAPTBfl VI.

THE PLUM.

Raising the Young Trees. The plum is propagated by
budding or grafting on seedling plums. For this purpose,
the stones of such varieties should be chos'^n, as are of large
and thrifty growth ; and they are to be treated in planting
.precisely as directed for the peach, with additional care to
prevent the drying of the stones, which much sooner takes
place in consequence of their smaller size and thinner shell.
If not cracked, a part only will vegetate the first year,
although many may be made to open by the repeated action
of freezing and thawing.

On light or unfavorable soils, most of the common varie-
ties produce feeble and slowly growing seedlings ; an excel-
lent substitute will be found in the larger sorts of the wild
plum, sometimes known as the Canada plum, [Prunus
Americana.) Those varieties which are found to outgrow
this stock, should be worked at the surface of the ground,
and when transplanted the place of union sliould be set a
few inches lower.

Grafting, to succeed best, should be done quite early in
spring, before the buds have commenced swelling ; and bud-
ding- ii.nst be performed while the stocks are at the period
of their most vigorous growth, provided sufficiently matured
buds can be procured, which is usually soon after mid-sum-
mer. If deferred, the bark will not peel freely, and the
buds will not adhere.

For dwarfs, seedlings of the Mirabelle plum are chiefly
used for stocks.

On light soils, the peach has been occasionally used as
slocks for plum trees. A very few varieties take readily and
grow freely, and large healthy trees have in some instances
been produced; but the great uncertainty which attends its

THE PLUM. 315

use, and the failure with most varieties, indicate the pro-
priety of the rejection of the peach for this purpose.

The time required to attain a sufficient size for the or-
chard, varies much with different sorts. The Imperial Gage,
the Washington, Huling's Superb, and others, grow rapidly,
and usually produce good trees in two years from the graft
or bud; while such slow-growing plums as the Primordian,
Green Gage, and Red Diaper, require a much longer period.

Soil. The best soil, usually, is a strong-, rich, moderately
moist, clayey loam. On many light soils the tree grows
with less vigor, independently of which the crop is more fre-
quently destroyed by the curculio, a pervious soil affording
a more ready place of shelter for the young insects, on their
escape fro.a the fallen fruit. A few varieties are well adapt-
ed to rather dry as well as light lands.

0?ie of the best manures for the plum, as well as for the
quince, is common salt. For large-sized trees, half a peck
may be applied annually early in spring; spread to a dis-
tance round each tree quite as far as the extent of the
branches ; smaller trees should receive a proportionate quan-
tity, or just enough to cover the ground equally thick. This
application has been found to add to the thriftiness of the
tree, to lessen the tendency to leaf-blight, and in some in-
stances it has contributed to the repulsion of the curculio.

In planting orchards, a suitable distance is one rod apart,
giving 160 to the acre. The ground should be manured
and kept well cultivated, as the plum, especially when
young, is very sensitive to the effects of the weeds and
grass of neglected culture.

DISEASES AND ENEMIES.

The chief are the curculio, and the black excrescences on
the limbs.

The curculio, represented in the annexed figure, (243,) ia
0:-^ a small insect not more than a quarter of an inch
-^r^vrv'j'^ long, of a dark brown color, the sheaths covering
Fi?. 243. the ings slightly variegated with lighter color?,
the body resembling in size and appearance a ripe he.;.p
seed. It is distinguished by an elongation of the head, re-
sembling a conspicuous rostrum or beak projecting from the
front part of its thorax.

31(5 THE I'LUM.

About the time the young fruit aUains the size of a pea, the
curculio begins its work of destruction. Ii
.; makes a small crescenr-shaped incision in
the young fruit, and lays its egg in the
opening. The presence of the egg may be
easily detected by tliese incisions upon the
surface ; the annexed fi"-ure, (244,) repre-

Fig- 244. , c . u^ J \ • • A-

sents one oi these magnined twice mdiame-
far. The egg soon hatches into a small white larva, which
enters the bod\^ of the fruit and feeds upon it, causing,
usually, its premature fall to the ground.

The period at which the young fruit falls, after being
punctured, varies with its age at the time of the injury. The
earlier portions drop in about two weeks ; but if the stone
is hard when the es^a is laid, the fruit remains till near the
usual period of ripening, sometimes presenting a fair and
smooth exterior, but spoiled by the worm within.

The insect, soon after the fall of the fruit, makes its way
into the earth, where it is supposed to remain till the fol-
lowing spring, when it is transformed into the perfect in-
sect or beetle, to lay its eggs and perpetuate its race. In-
stances, however, have occurred, where the transformation
has taken place within twenty days of the fall of the fruit.

The curculio travels by flying, but only during quite
warm weather, or at the heat of the day. The insects most-
ly confine themselves to certain trees, or to the same orchard.
But the fact that newly bearing and isolated orchards are
soon attacked, clearly shows that in occasional instances
they must travel considerable distances. Indeed, the}^ have
been known to be wafted on the wind for a half mile or
more, the windward side of orchards being most infested,
immediately after strong winds from a thickly planted plum
neighborhood. In the cool of the morning, they are nearly
torpid, and can scarcely fly, and crawl but slowly ; hence,
at this time of the day they are most easily destroyed.

Their flight appears to be never more than a few feet
from the ground, and successful attempts have been made
to shut them out of fruit gardens by means of a tight board
fence, nine or ten feet high, entered by a tight gate.

The remedies for the curculio are various. They are of
three distinct methods ; the Jirst, repelling or excluding

THE PLLM.

317

them, as b}' a tight fence, or by a heap of fermenting ma-
nure ; the second, the direct and immediate destruction of
the insects while in the act of depositing their eggs; and
the third, the destruction of the young larva or worm in the
injured fruit to save the next season's crop.

1. It has been found that the effluvia from fermenting
manure effectually repels the curculio. Trees standing near
stable-cleanings usually bear full crops, and heaps of fer-
menting manure placed for this purpose beneath the trees,
have yielded the same successful result. But o:.her offen-
sive substances, as strong tobacco water with whale-oil-soap,
applied so abundantly as to coat thickly the young fruit, hns
not deterred them in their attacks. In addition to these
means, the frequent passing near trees planted by door-
paths and other frequented places, and the presence ofswint
in orchards, doubtless contribute to some extent towards the
same end, oy frightening the insects away.

2. Destruction of the insects while stinging the fruit i!^
thoroughly effectual, if vigorously and unremittingly ap-
plied. The best and nideed only practicable mode, is to
jar the:n from the tree upon white sheets spread beneath.
While Mng upon the sheet they may not at the first glance
of an unpracticed e3"e be distinguished from the fallen,
withered blossoms; but a moment's attention will quickly
remove this difficulty. If the sheets are stiffened by h.eans

of a light frame, they
;^P>v may be carried by a sin-

gle person and placed
readily beneath the tree.
A vevy large, coarsely
made umbreHa, covered
with white muslin, with
a slit in one side, two-
thirds in to receive the
trunk of the tree, has
been found very con-
venient for young or mo-
derate-sized trees, the
umbrella being spread
in an inverted position,
as exhibited in the an-

Fig. 245.

318 THE PLUM.

nexed figure, C24'5,) and as soon as the insects are jarred
down upon it, it is half closed and shaken, when all its con-
tents roll to the centre and fall through a hole, three inches
in diameter, into a vessel of hot water carried for th:s pur-
pose. Such an umbrella may be procured at the manufac-
turers, six or seven feet in diameter, for about three dollars,
and will save a l.»rge amount of labor. Next to this in con-
venience, are double square frames covered with white mus-
lin, shutting together like the leaves of a book, and enable
the operator to throw all the fallen in.spcts into hot water at
one movement of the hands.

A quick and sudden jar is important, and may be given
by the stroke of a mallet, upon the short stump of one of the
smaller limbs, sawed off for this purpose, and which prevents
bruising the bark. Or a mallet may be thickly covered
with woolen cloth encased in India rubber, to prevent in-
jury to the tree ; but the jar is less sudden in this case.
dDavid Thomas, (who first proposed jarring down on sheets,^
in a communication to the Genesee Farmer, in 1S3:3, says,
"Not three days ago, I saw that many of the plums were
punctured, and began to suspect that shaking the tree was
not sufficient. Under a tree in a remote part of a fruit
garden, having spread the sheets, I therefore made the fol-
lowing experiment: On shakimg ii well, I caught five cur-
culios ; on jarring it with the hand, I caught tivelre more;
an on st riking the tree with a stone, eight more dropped on
the sheets. I was ncw^ convinced that I had been in an er-
ror; and calling in the necessary assistance, and using a
hammer to jar the tree violently, we caught in less than an
hour, more than two hundred and sixty of these insects."
With large trees, it may be necessary to shake each limb
separately, by r..eans of a pole with the woolen and india-
rubber knob, already described, at its exlremit}; *

The best time for this work is in the cool of the morning,
when the insects are partly torpid w.th cold, and drop quick-
ly. At mid-day they retain their hold more tenaciou-ly, and
more quickly escape. The work should be commenced
very early in the season, is soon as the fruit begins to set,
or is not larger than a small pea. With properly stiffened
musMn frames, a few minutes are sufficient for rr.any tree?,

See Appeiiflix, pa^e 417.'

THE rLu:.r. .Ml

and labor equal in the aggregate to that of a single entire
day, may save large and valuable crops.

3. The third class of remedies includes the different means
of destroying the fallen fruit, as soon as it drops, and before
the larvae escape to the earth. One of these consists in
beating the ground smooth beneath the tree, sweeping uj>
the fallen fruit daily, and feeding it to hogs or otherwise
destroying it. Paving with brick, by preventing the en-
trance of the insects into the ground, effects the same
purpose. If the soil is hard clay, beating the surface,
renders it nearly as compact as a paveme-n. Hence, the
reason why the plum crop more frequently escapes in clayey
regions, than on lighter soils, where the insect makes its
way more easily into the earth.

But more effectual than the last, is the confinement of
swine beneath the trees. They immediately pick up and
destroy the punctured fruit, and by their constant presence,
serve to frighten away the insects from their w^ork of de-
struction. Experience has thoroughly established the effi-
ciency of this method, where a sufficient number of swine has
been allowed the run of the orchard. Geese and hens are,
to a limited extent, useful in repelling or destroying the
curculio.

To apply this remedy most efficiently, all the trees of the
apricot, nectarine, and plum, should be planted apart froix
the rest of the orchard, so that swine may be exclusively
confined among them, where they should be allowed to re
main the whole season, except during the period of the
ripening of the fruit. It w^ill be quite necessary, however,
to protect all the younger trees, by encasing them in board
boxes, or by tying round them a mass of sweet-briar limbs
or other densely prickly or thorny plant.

Dr. Kirtland says, " This insect, last season, [1848,] de-
stroyed every plum on my farm, except the crop of one tree
in my swine lot ; that tree is bending under its load ot
fruit." A cultivator in western New-York, by the large
number of hogs kept in his plum yard, had abundant crops
for n-ore than twenty successive years, while his neglectful
neighbors lost the greater pait of theirs. It may, however,
happen, in thickly planted neighlorhoods, that swine may
not prove a sufficient protection ; but we know of no in-
21 X*

320 THE PLUM.

Stance whatever, where abundant crops nave not been ob-
tained by combining the two remedies of swine and jarring
down the insects.

The curculio appears to prefer the nectarine to all other
fruit for the lodgment of its eggs, and next to this the plum
and apricot. A large portion of the cherry crop is frequent-
ly more or less injured, and sometimes wholly destroyed ;
and for this reason it may usually be expedient to give it
the benefit of the protection of swine in the same enclosure
with other smooth stone fruit. The peach is sometimes at-
tacked, but only the very early nutmeg varieties wholly de-
stroyed. Some varieties of the apple are much stung, as
indicated by the crescent-shaped incisions: but the larvae
rarely reach so far as the core, and usually perish within the
flesh of the fruit.

Among the various remedies which have been tried and
proved partial or entire failures, may be mentioned the ap-
plication of salt to the ground, beneath the tree, and its di-
rect application to the fruit ; syrinijing tobacco water over
the fruit and leaves; hanging bottles of sweetened water
in the branches to catch the insects, and placing white-
wa'shed boxes with water in the bottom during the night,
with a lamp within each, to decoy them ;* and inverting
the soil with a spade late in autumn to expose them to the
frosts of winter.

The black excrescences on the shoots and limbs, fig. 246,
known as the black knut^ black gum, and laai-fs,
are variously supposed to be the work of an
insect, or the result of diseased sap or cells, or
regarded as a sort of vegetable ulcer. They
have been by some attributed to the curculio an
opinion originatin':; from the occasional detec-
tion of this insect within the pulpy excreseen-
ces, but entirely disproved by the facts that the
curculio has existed in vast numbers in neigh-
borhoods where the excrescences are unknown ;
' and on the other hand, that the excrescences
Fig. 24C. have lUined trees in places not infested
with the curculio ; besides which, the most rigid searcli of
newly forming knots has failed to detect the-eggs or larvce

* Wliich, however, prove very efficient means of destroying many other aisecu
injurious to fruits and fruit trees.

THE PLUM. 321

of the curculio, which are only occasioiiallv found wiien do-
posited at a later stage in the large pulp}^ swellings.

Others, \vith more plausibility, believe the disaster to re-
sult from the infusion of poison by the minute sting of an
inse^-t, and w^hich afterwards spreads over the tree by the
moving sap. But sufficient evidence has not been furnished
to establish this opinion, nor the insect in question detected.

Suffic;^it evidence appears to have been furnished, how-
ever, to prove that a tree, badly diseased, is infected through-
out with the poison ; as suckers from such a tree will always
sooner or later become affected. Buds from diseased trees,
placed in healthy stocks, soon exhibit the excrescences. But
seedlings or suckers from a healthy tree usually escape, un-
less in near proximity to unhealthy trees.

The remedy for this disease is certain and efficient, if
vigilantly applied. It consists in cutting off and burning
all the excrescences as soon after their first appearance as
practicable. As the poison spreads, it is desirable to re-
move the wood of the branches some inches from the appa-
rently affected parts. If the tumors, however, break out on
the trunk or main limbs, it may be difficult to do this with-
out cutting away the whole tree. As much of the wood is
therefore to be cut out as may exhibit the least indication of
disease ; and the wound washed with a solution of copperas,
as recommended and successfully prac.iced by Downing, or
with strong brine, as found beneficial by Dr. Harris and
others. The only instances where the remed}' has failed, is
where it has been but very partially applied, or where the
disease has been suffered to spread for a time unchecked
The only way is to cut and continue cutting, so long as any
traces remain. This will be found to check, and by perse-
verance, to remove the disease. As a general but not uni-
versal rule, the yellow plums are not so liable to excrescen-
ces as purple varieties, unless surrounded by diseased trees.

The leaf-blight, or premature casting of the foliage, proves
in some seasons a serious disaster to the plum, as it checks
the growth of the shoots, and prevents the ripening of the
fruit. Occasionally it has been so severe as to spoil entirely
the value of the crop. No satisfactory cause has been as-
signed for '.his malad}^, other than the M'ant of proper food
in the soil, and among the successful reme:lies noticed, .

3^=2 THE PLUM.

the following, on the authority of F. R. Elliult, ol Cleve
land. "A small tree of the Imperial Ottoman, six fee
high, and an inch and a half in diameter. Ahout this
I placed last winter nearly two ba^hels of leached wood
ashes, and this entire season, {1S4S,) the foliage has kep
full and of good color, while trees all around and within
twenty feet, have uniformly cast theirs." The use of salt
as a manure has to some extent, contributed to aisimilar re-
sult, in some cases quite successfully.

DRYING PRUNES.

An article of considerable commerce is furnished by the
French prunes, or dried plums, inported into this country
The abundant crops of the plum tree, in some parts ot
our country, may render it desirable that the best means
of drying should be known. By a selection of the rich
est varieties, there is no doubt that prunes superior to
those of foreign preparation might be easily obtained. The
following description of an oven purposely built for prunes,
and doubtless with soiiie modifications, well adapted to the
drying of other fruits, is given in Liegel's Treatise, (Ger-
man,) as quoted in the Horticulturist. The amount of heat
obtained by a small quantity of fuel, commends it to the
particular attention of those engaged in drying fruit:

" Prunes, says Liegel, have become an important article
of commerce. In order to have them fair and glossy, they
must be suddenly cooled, when withdrawn from the oven.

"The country people in this part of Germany, prepare
their prunes by putting them into their bread ovens. I have
put up, for my own use, a very conveniently arranged drying
apparatus, which, after the experience of many years, I am
induced to recommend ; and for the construction of which i
give the annexed drawing and explanatory description.

" The vault or exterior of the oven, four and a half feet
long, is surrounded by a brick wall one foot thick, so that
the whole stove, abed, (see figs. 247 and 248,) is exactly
SIX feet every way; the front wall, n, being only half a foot
in thickness. At the top, the vault is arched over with six
inches of brick work at the crown of the arch. The flues
i iy are about fourteen inches square. The hurdles or trays
m 772, for containing the prunes, rest upon shelves fixed

THE PLUM.

323

upon two bearers. It would be better if they rested upon
rollers, so as to admit of their being pushed in, and drawn
out, with greater ease. These

ines of trays are placed at
a distance of six inches
from the furnace, so as to
keep the fruit from too
great a heat ; they may
be made entirely of wood,
but it will be better if the
bottoms are of open-work,
like sieves. Their weigh:
is such that they may be
easily managed by a wo-
man ; but in preparing
prunes on a large scale,
let them be made of great-
er length anrl breadth, so
as to just con. e within the
strength of a more robust
person.
h h, is that on which the two doors
which covers the arch, (and which
is represented in the cut
as open and fastened up,)
shuts up the front of the
upper part of the oven.
In the middle of this up-
per door or flap, is a
round vent hole, for the
escape of the moist va-
por. /•, is an iron, dam-
per or slide, to be placed
in the flue at I /, in order
to regulate the heat.

" A thousand fully ripe

Quetsches, (prune plums)

make about ten pounds

of dried prunes.

^'S- 2^^- " Plums of different

kinds may be dried, either whole or deprived of their skins

and stones. In the latter case, they are styled prunelles

Fig. 247.

"The wooden frame,
are hung. The door, g,

324 THE PLUM.

When the White Perdrigons are used for this purpose, they
are merely stoned, without sidniiiiig; the latter, from the
delicacy of their skins, not being deemed necessary.

" For yrunelUs, perfectly npe and sweet plums are to be
taken, and suffered to wilt a little in the open air, in order
o facilitate stripping off' the peel. A better and more ex-
peditious way is to pour hot water over them, and suffer
them to steam a (cw moments.

" The stone is pressed out at the stem end. In the dry-
ing ovens, these prunes must be very carefully and gradu-
ally dried. They may also be dried, but not so easily, in
the sun."

VARIETIES.

SYNOPSIS OF ARRANGEMENT.

DIVISION I. GREEN, WHITE, OR YELLOW.

Class I. Flesh nearly free from the stone.
Section I. Fruit large.
Section II. Fruit of medium size.
Section III. Fruit small.

Class II. Flesh adhering to the stone.
Section I. Fruit large.
Section II. Fruit medium in size.
Section III. Fruit small.

DIVISION n. RED, PURPLE, OR BLUE.

Class I. Flesh nearl: free from the stone
Section I. Fruit large.
Section II. Fruit medium in size.
Section III. Fruit small.

Class II. Flesh adhering to the stone.
Section I. Fruit large.
Section II. Fruit medium in size.
Section HI. Fruit smnll.

THE PLUM. 325

DIVISION I. GREEN, WHITE, OR YELLOW.

Class I. Flesh nearly free from the stone.

Sect 1071 I. Fruit large*

Ghiston's Early. Large, oval, clear yellow, bloom lights
flesh yellow, of pleasant flavor. Resembles, considerably,
the Yellow Egg plum, but the flesh is free from the stone.
Rather early, or a fortnight before the fir^t of autumn.

[mferial Gage. {Syn. Flushing Gage, Prince's Imperial
Gage, White Gs-gc, of Boston.) Fruit rather large, oval;
suture distinct ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, slight-
ly hair}", evenly sunk; surface green, slightly tinged yel-
low, with marbled green stripes ; bloom copious, white ;
flesh greenish, juicy, melting, rich, sometimes adhering,
but usually nearly free from the oval, pointed stone. Ri-
pens first of autumn. Very productive. Shoots long,
upright, vigorous, slightly downy ; leaves with a slight
shade of blue. Often insipid on heavy soils. A single
tree, near Boston, yielded fifty dollars of fruit in one year.

JEFFERSON. Large, oval, base slightly narrowed, su-
ture slight ; greenish yellow, becoming golden yellow,
often faintly reddened to the sun, bloom thin, white
stalk an inch long, sunk little or none ; flesh rich yellow,
moderately fine-grained, in well ripened specimens orange
very juicy, nearly free from the long, pointed stone; fla-
vor rich, luscious, excellent. As large as the Washing-
ton, and though inferior to the Green Gage and some
others in flavor, it is one of the most valuable of all plums.
Ripens end of summer. Origin, Albany. Shoots smooth,
growth closely resembles Coe's Golden drop. Fig. 2-51.

Law lENce's Favorite. {Syn. Lawrence Gage.) Large,
roundish, sl'ghtly oblong-oval, obtuse ; surface dull yel-
lowish-green, clouded darker ; bloom light, blueish-green
base, when ripe, with a brownish-red net- work and dots ;
stalk half an inch long, small, cavity narrow ; flesh,
greenish, melting, juicy, rich, excellent; next to the
Green Gage in quality. Shoots short, rather upright

326

TUE PLUM.

THE PLUM. 327

downy ; leaves small, dark green. Rather early or a
fortnight before the first of autumn. Origin, Hudson.
New-York. Fig. 252.
WASHINGTON. {Syn. Bolmar, Bolmar's Washington.)
Large, often very large, roundish-oval, suture obscure,
distinct at base ; surface j^ellowish-green faintly marbled,
often with a pale red blush ; stalk one-half to three-
fourths of an inch long, slightly downy; cavity wide,
shallow, flesh rather firm, sweet, mild, moderately rich,
free from the pointed stone. Rather early, or the last fort-
night of summer. Shoots downy, very vigorous, leaves
very large. Origin, New- York city. This variety, al-
though not high in flavor, is a general favorite for its free
growth, great productiveness, beauty, fine texture, and
adaptedness to all soils. Fig. 250.

Section II. Fruit medi:

um in size.

Albany Beauty. {Syn. Denniston's Albany Beauty.) Size
medium or rather small, roundish oval, with a slight neck
at base, suture obscure; surface pale whitish green, pur-
ple dots numerous, bloom thin ; stalk an inch or more
long, slender, scarcely sunk ; flesh yellow, moderately
juicy, rich, sweet, free from the small, pointed stone
Ripens the last week in summer. Shoots slightly downy
Origin, Albany, N. Y. New.

Apricot. {Syn. French Apricot.) Size medium or rathei
large ; roundish, suture deep ; stalk scarcely half an inch
long ; surface yellow, dotted and tinged with red in the
sun ; bloom white ; flesh yellow, rather firm, slightly bit-
ter, becoming, when ripe, melting, juicy, and pleasant.
Rather early. Shoots quite downy.

"^Hhe English Apricot plum is a third-rate, clingstone, oval
fruit, with smooth shoots.

Auiumn Gage. {Syn. Roe's Autumn Gage.) Size medium,
ovate, slightly conical ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long,
not sunk ; surface })ale yellow, bloom thin, Avhiti.--h ; fiesh
greenish-yellow, juicy, sweet, delicate, pleasant, free
from the long, pointed, compressed stone. Leaves point-
ed, shoots smooth, spreading. Ripens rather late. Growth
very slow. Very productive. Origin, Ncwburgh, N. Y

328 THE PLUiM.

Bleecker's Gage. Size medium ; roundisn-oval, regular,
suture obscure; stalk an inch long, rather stout, downy,
slightly sunk; skin yellow, with sunken white specks;
bloom thin, white ; flesh yellow, rich, sweet, luscious,
partly free from the pointed stone. Ripens at the end of
suir.mer. Shoots downy. Distinouished from Prince's
Ytllow Gage by its larger stalk and later ir.aturitv.
Origni, Albany, N. Y. Fig. 255.

Dennuton^s Superh. Size medium; round, obscurely oval,
slightly flattened, suture distinct; surface pale yellowish-
green, slightly dotted and clouded with purple, bloom
thin, stalk rough, three-fourths of an inch long, moderate-
ly sunk ; flesh thick, (stone smrJl,) not juicy, rich, vinous,
free from the thick, roundish sione. Ripens rather early,
or last fortnight of summer. Resembles Green Gage,
rather larger, earlier, and not so good. Shoots down3\
Very productive. Origin, Albany, N. Y. One of the
handsomest of plums.

Hudson Gage. Size medium ; oval, suture obscure, one
side slightly larger ; surface yellow, clouded or streaked
faint green, bloom thin, white ; stalk about two-thirds of
an inch long, moderately sunk; flesh greenish, juicy,
melting, rich, sprightly, excellent, nearly free from the
small stone. Ripens two weeks earlier than Washington,
and three weeks before Imperial Gage, which it partly
resembles. Origin, Hudson, N. Y.

Keine Claude de Bavay. Round-oval, greenish-yellow,
spotted with red, with small, violet-colcred longitudinal
veins ; flesh rather firm, juicy, sugary, rich, of fine quali-
ty, adhering slightly to the stone. Shoots smooth, leaves
roundish, shining, — the growth resembling Washintoii,
but leaves smaller and shoots slenderer. Very productive.
Origin, Malines, in Belgium. New.

Coe's Golden Drop has been disseminated to some extent
for this variety.

St. Martin's Quetsche. Size medium ; ovate, broadest
at base; surface pale yellow; often spotted with brown;
bloom white ; flesh yellowish, very juicy, rich, excellent,
Ripens at mid-autumn, and keeps long. Shoots smooth.

TUE PLUM. 32£

A profuse bearer. One of the best late plums. Profitable,
German. New.

White Imperatrice. {Syn. White Empress, Imperatrice
Blanche.) Size i;.edium, obovate, slightly flattened at
ends, suture rather obscure ; surface bright yellow, with
red dots to the sun, bloom very thin; stalk half to three
fourths of an inch long, cavity narrow; flesh crisp, juicy,
translucent, free from the small oblong stone. Season
medium, or early in autumn. Resembles St. Catherine,
but differs in being a freestone, and inferior in quality.
Shoots smooth. But little known in this country.

Yellow Gage, Princess. {Syn. American Yellow Gage.)
Size medium ; oval, slightly broadest at base ; suture a
mere line ; surface golden yellow, slightly clouded ; bloom
white, copious ; stalk an inch long, cavity small, round ;
flesh deep yellow, rich, sugary, melting, sometimes rather
dry. Ripens early in 8 mo., (Aug.) shoots smooth, short-
jointed, leaves glossy, tree becoming spreading. Origin,
Flushing, L. I.

This is wholly distinct from the English Yellow Gage of
the next section.

Section III. Fruit Small.

Bray d^Or. {Syn. Yellow Perdrigon, Mirabelle Grosse.)
Rather small, round, suture indistinct, apex dimpled ;
stalk half an inch long, slender ; surface golden yellow,
sometimes a few crimson dots to the sun ; flesh yellow,
sweet, rich, often half dry, partly adhering to the stone ;
ripens a week before the Green Gage. Shoots slightly
downy, growth slow. Not so good as Morocco, but bears
better.

GREEN GAGE. {Syn. Peine Claude, Bruyn Gage.) Ra-
ther small ; round ; suture faint ; surface green, becom-
ing yellowish green, usually with reddish brown dots and
network at base ; stalk half to three-fourths of an inch
long, scarcely sunk; flesh pale green; melting, juicy,
exceedingly sweet and rich, and unequalled in flavor.
Ripens about the middle of 8nio., (Auq:.) shoots smooth,

330 THE PLUM.

buds with large shoulders, growth slow, and young trees
difficult to raise in most localities. French. Old.

There are many seedlings, mferior to the original, and ma-
ny worthless green plums called by this name. F. R.
Elliott, one of the best informed pomologists of Ohio, says
that he knows of but one or two genuine bearing trees
in that State.

The Schuyler Gage, of Albany, is a sub-variety, closely re«
sembling the Green Gage.

[mperial Ottoman. Nearly me Hum in size, oval, suture
on one side half way from base to apex ; some \\ hat pel-
lucid ; surface pale greenish-yellow, marbled ; stalk
three-fourths of an inch long, downy, slender, curved
scarcely sunk ; surface dull yellow, clouded darker, bloom
thin ; flesh very juicy, sweet, excellent, scarcely adhering
to the pointed stone. Quite early, or two or three weeks
after midsummer. Great bearer. Nearly or quite as
early as Drap d'Or, and much better. Shoots slightly
downy ; tree hardy, succeeds well as far north as Maine.

Mirabelle. Very small, obovate, suture distinct ; stalk half
an inch long, slightly sunk ; surface a fine yellow, slight-
ly spotted with red, bloom white ; flesh orange, sprightly,
becoming dry. Ripens with the Green Gage. Shoots
downy, tree small. A small, beautiful, second-rate plum,
very productive, and valued for preserving. Its seed-
lings are used as stocks for dwarf plums.

Frimordian. {Sy7i. Jaune Hative, or Early Yellow, White
Primordian.) Small, obovate, necked ;- suture small ;
stalk slender, downy, half an inch long; pale clear yel-
low, bloom thin; flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, with
a rather sweet mild good flavor ; very ^fQQ from the stone.
The earliest plum, ripening before midsummer. Shoots
quite slender, very downy, growth slow, and young trees
difficult to raise.

Yellow Gage, English. {Syn. Little Queen Claude.) Small,
round, suture on one side distinct; surface pale ye'low-
ish green, becoming yellow, with a few reddish dots,
bloom dense; stalk half an inch long, slender, slightly
sunk; flesh very sweet, pleasant, quite free from the

THE PLUM. 331

Stone. Ripens nearly with the Green Gage. Shoots
long, smooth. Of French origin.

Class II. Flesh adhering to the Stone.

Section I. Fruit large.

BueVs Favorite. Rather large, ovate, broadest at base
suture distinct half round ; stalk two thirds of an inch

Fig. 256—Primordian. Fig, 257— White Damson.

Fig. 25&— Coe'5 Golden Drop. Fig. 259— Jfuh'ng'* Superb.

long, rather stout, little sunk ; surface pale green, thick*
ly sprinkled with lighter dots, base with reddish specks j
flesh greenish-yellow, rather firm, juicy, rich, high flavor-
ed, adhering to the long pointed stone. Ripens at the
close of summer. Shoots, smooth, reddish. Origin,
Albany, N. Y. New.

Bingham*. Large, (an inch and three-fourths long,) oval,
rather widest at base : surface deep yellow, with rich red

3.12 THE PLUM.

sputs to tne sun ; stalk slightl}^ sunk ; flesh yellow, juicy
rich, delicious. Season of ripening i;.edium,or end of snm-
mer and first of autumn. Shoots downy. Handsome,
productive, and valuable. Origin, Pennsylvania.

COE'S GOLDEN DROP. Very large, (often more than two
inches long,) oval, suture distinct, one side more cnlaig-
ed, necked ; light yellow, often dotted red to the sun ;
stalk three fourths of an inch long, rather stiff; flesh
yellowish, rather firm, rich, sweet, not fine grained, close-
ly adhering to the pointed stone. Quite late, does not
always ripen at the north — requires a long season. An
excellent late sort, of English origin. Shoots smooth, ra-
ther glossy. Fig. 258.

Huling's Superb. Large, often quite large, round ovate,
suture shallow, indistinct ; stalk one inch long, stout,
slightly sunk; skin dull greenish-yellow; bloom pale,
thin; flesh rather firm ; flavor rich, brisk, excellent. Ri-
pens latter part of summer. Shoots thick, vigorous, dow-
ny, leaves very large. A moderate bearer. Origin, Pa.

Large Green Drying. {Syn. Knio-ht's Large Drying.)
Large, round, greenish-yellow, flesh yellowish, moderate-
ly juicy, rich. Rather late. English.

McLaughlin. Rather large, roundish, oblate, much flatten-
ed at ends, suture obscure ; stalk three-fourths of an
inch long, scarcely sunk ; skin thin, tender, russet-yel-
low, sprinkled with thin red, purplish at base ; flesh ra-
ther firm, juicy, sweet, luscious. Ripens at the end of
summer. Growth vigorous, leaves large, glossy, shoots
smooth. Origin, Bangor, Maine, where it succeeds well
as is very fine. New.

Mulberry. Large, oval, tapering with a neck to the base,
suture slight ; pale dull yellow, with a few crimson dots;
"bloom thin ; stalk an inch long, slender, scarcely sunk on
the obtjse point of the neck; flesh greenish yellow, rather
coarse, melting, rich, adhering to the large, oblong,
pointed stone. Ripens the first of autumn. Shoots stout
Oricrin, Albany, N. Y. New.

THE PLUM. 3'V3

White Egg. {Sy?i. White Magnum Bonum, White Impe-
rial.) Very large, oval, narrow at ends, necked at base,
suture distinct : stalk an inch long, not sunk, surrounded
by a fleshy ring at insertion ; skin light yellow, bloom
thin, white ; flesh firm, coarse, acid, becoming sweeter
by ripening, adhering closely to the long, pointed stone.
Ripens about the end of summer.

The Yellow Egg is very similar in character, but the flesh
partly separates from the stone when fully ripe. There
appear to be several sub-varieties.

T. Rivers, of Sawbridge worth, England, says the Yellow
Magnum Bonum is an American plum of extreme hardi-
ness— good, but not first rate — flesh clings — and bears
more freely than " our old White Magnum Bonum."

Section II. Friiit medium in size.

Dana's Yellow Gage. Size medium, oval, pale yellow,
marbled with darker green, bloom very thin : flesh juicy,
iivel}^ Season medium. Very productive. Hardy.
Mass.

Downton Imperatrice. Size medium, oval, base tapered or
with a neck; skin thin, pale 3'ellow ; flesh yellow, melt-
ing, acid, becoming rather sweet ; ripens late, or two
weeks before mid-autumn. Shoots smooth, long, strong,
upright. For preserving. A cross of the White Egg
and Blue Imperatrice.

Emerald Drop. Size medium, long oval, suture deep, one
side larger ; skin pale yellowish-green, dull green in the
shade ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, scarcely sunk ^
flesh juicy, rather rich, of second-rate quality, adhering
to the long pointed stone.

Lucombe's Nonsuch. Medium or rather large, roundish ;
skin yellowish-green with yellowish-orange, bloom whi-
tish ; suture broad ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long,
cavity wide ; flesh rather firm, rich, sweet with acid.
Resembles the Green Gage, but larger, more marked
with yellow, and much inferior in flavor. English.

St Catherine. Size medium, obovate, suture very distinct,
passing half round ; skin pale yellow, sometimes slight!""

'-'•-'^ THE PLUM

reddish to the sun, bloom thin, white; stalk three-fourths
of an inch long, rery slender, tiii;htly sunk; flesh juicy,
rather firm, rich, fine, often nearly or quite first-rate in
flavor. Ripens rather late. Shoots smooth, rather slen-
der.

[Vhile Pcrdrigon. Size medium, oval, narrow at base
skin pale greenish-yellow, with white dots, and red dots
to the sun ; bloom thin ; stalk three-fourths of an inch
long, slender; flesh very sweet, slightly perfumed, of line
flavor. Kipens about the end of summer.

Section III. Fruit small,

Byfield. Small, round, suture a mere line ; stalk half an
inch long, cavity even ; skin light yellow, with red spot?
at base ; flesh yellow, adhering to the thick stone. Kather
early. Shoots smooth.

White or Yelloiu Damson. {Syn. Late Yellow Damson.)
Small, Cone inch long,) oval, pale yellow, dotted with red-
dish-brown ; stalk half an inch long, downy, not sunk
flesh rich, sub-acid, agreeable; ripens very late, hanging
long on the tree. Shoots smooth, growth free ; tree very
productive. Fig. 257.

DIVISION II. RED, PURPLE, OR BLUE.

Class I. Flesh nearly free from the stone.

Sectiofi I. Fruit large,

Columbia. (Syn. Columbian Gage.) Very large, nearly
globular, one side slightly larger ; skin brownish purple,
reddish-brown where much shaded, with many fawn
colored dots; bloom blue, copious; stalk one inch long,
rather stout; cavity small ; flesh orange, moderately juicy,
rich, rather coarse, free from the small, compressed stone,
or adhering at the edge ; flavor good, not first-rate. Fruit
liable to rot. Season medium, or end of summer. Shoots
downy, stout, blunt, spreading, leaves nearly round. Popu-

THE fLUM. 335

lar from its large size, liandsome appearance, and ^reat
productiveness. Origin, Hudson, N. Y.

Diamond. Very large, oval, black ; bloom blue ; stalk three-
fourths of an inch long, cavity narrow ; flesh coarse,
slightly dry, somewhat acid, free from the long pointed
stone ; flavor poor. Shoots long, downy. Prolific, but
coarse, and only fit for cooking.

German Prune or Quetsche. Large, long-oval, curved or
swollen on one side, with a long tapering neck at base ;
suture distinct ; skin purple, with a thick blue bloom ;
stalk three-fourths of an inch long, slender, slightly sunk;
flesh green, firm, sweet, pleasant, free from the very long,
flat, slightly curved or lunate stone ; flavor second-rate —
valuable for drying and preserving. Rather late. Shoots
smooth. There are several sub-varieties.

Manning^ s Long Blue. {Sy7i. Large Long Blue, Manning's
Long Blue Prune.) Large, long-oval, slightly one-sided,
suture obscure; stalk very long, slender, scarcely sunk ;
skin dark purple, bloom thick, blue ; flesh firm, rather
juicy, nearly free from the long, pointed stone. Rather
late, ripens gradually. Shoots smooth. Tree very pro-
ductive.

Peach Plum. (St/ti. Prune Peche.) Very large, roundish-
oblate, regular, flattened at ends, suture distinct, shallow ;
color varying from salmon to light-brownish red; stalk
very short, cavity narrow, shallow ; flesh rather coarse,
juicy, sprightly, free from the nearly round, very flat,
much furrowed stone. Shoots smooth. Quality not very
high, Dut esteemed for its large size, handsome appear-
ance, and early ripening. Matures about ten days before
the Washington. Shoots smooth, vigorous.

Red Diaper. {Syii. Diapree Rouge, Mimms, Imperial
Diadem.) Large, obovate, somewhat necked ; skin red-
dish-purple, with a few yellowish specks, bloom light
blue; sialk three fourths of an inch long, slender, slightly
hairy, little sunk; flesh pale green, juicy, melting, rich,
of fin<\ but hardlv of the highest flavor : free from the quite
22 • ^ ' 0 ^

Shoots

G3'J J 11.^ PLUM.

small stone. Season niedium or end of summer,
nearly smooth; growth slow.

Red ^lagniim Bonum. {Syn. Purple Egg, Red Imperial,
Purple .Magnum Bonum, Imperial Violet, Red Egg.)
Larce, oval, tapering to the stalk, suture strong, one side
swollen ; surface deep red in the sun ; bloom thin ; stalk

Fig. 260 -Coe's Late Red

Fig. 261— Bed Diaper. Fig. 262— Peach Plum.

an inch long, slender, cavity narrow; flesh greenish
coarse, firm, sub-acid; valuable only for cooking. Sea-
son medium. Shoots smooth. Some sub-varieties are
clingstones.

Sharp^s Emperor. Quite large, roundish-oval ; skin a bright
red, paler in the shade, bloom delicate ; flesh deep yel-
low, pleasant, moderately rich. Very prcxluctive. Shoots
strong, downy, leaves large. English. New.

THE PLTJM. 3'37

Thomas. Large, round-oval, sHghtb; irregular, somewhat
compressed on the suture ; skin salmon color, with a soft
red cheek, and numerous dots; stalk hairy, one-half to
three-fourths of an inch long, stout ; cavity small, narrow;
flesh pale yellow, somewhat coarse, mild, pleasant, free
from the very light-colored stone. Shoots slightly downy.
Productive. Season, medium. Origin, Boston.

Section 11. Fruit medium, in size.

Coe's Late Red, or Red St. Martin. {Syn. St. Martin,
Saint Martin Rouge.) Size medium, roundish, suture dis-
tinct on one side, skin light purplish red, bloom ihin, blue;
stalk three-fourths of an inch long, scarcely sunk ; flesh
rather firm, crisp, rich, vinous. Very late, productive,
shoots, downy. A valuable late plum.

Corse's Nota Bene. Rather large, round, surface pale lilac
brown, often dull green in the shade ; bloom light blue,
copious; stalk half an inch long, cavity round, flesh
greenish, rather firm, crisp, rich vinous. Very late, very
productive, shoots downy. A valuable late plum.

Cruger^s Scarlet. {Syn. Cruger's, Cruger's Seedling.)
Medium, approaching small, roundish oval, suture obscure •
surface lively red or bright lilac, with numerous yellow
dots, pale fawn color in the shade, bloom thin, blueish ;
stalk half an inch long, cavity shallow ; flesh deep orange,
moderately juicy, mild, agreeable, not rich, good. Sea-
son, medium. Shoots downy. Hardy, adapted to light
soils, very productive. Origin, New^-York.

VennistoJi's Red. Medium or rather large, roundish oval,
narrowed to the stalk ; suture passing half round ; sur-
face a fine light red, with fawn colored dots ; bloom very
thin; stalk very long, slender, little sunk; flesh amber-
colorfed, rich, good second rate, free from the small, oval,
compressed stone. Season medium, or last of summer.
Shoots smooth. Origin, Albany, N. Y., probably from
a seed of the Lombard or Bleecker's Scarlet.

Fotheringham . Size medium, obovate, suture distinct ; skin
purple in the sun, reddish in the shade, bloom nalc blue ;

33S THE PLUM.

Stalk an inch long ; flesh pale greenish-yellow, juicy
sprightly', moderately rich. Katlier early. Shoots smooth
English Old.
Holland. {Sif/i. Blue Holland, Holland Prune.) Round,
slightly flattened, blue or light reddish-purple, bloom
blue; cavity small; flesh juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant
Season medium or rather late, hangs long. Shoots dow
ny.

Horse Plum. {Syn. Large Early Damson.) Size med'um
oval, suture deep on one side ; bkin purple, bloom blue ;
flesh greenish-yellow, rather dry, acid, flavor poor. Sea-
son iiiedium. Shoots downy. Common.

Isabella. Medium in size or large, oval, slightly narrowed
to the base ; skin dark dull red, dotted darker ; stalk
three-fourths of an inch long, a little hair}', cavity mode-
rate ; flesh yellow, rich, juicy, and slightly adhering to
the pointed stone. Shoots quite downy. Season medi-
um. English.

Italian Damask. Size medium, nearly round, slightly flatten-
ed at base; suture distinct, passing from base to apex ;
surface violet, becoming brown ; stalk half an inch long,
slender, cavity small, round ; flesh yellowish-green, firm,
sweet, high-flavored, ver}" free from the oval, rather thick
stone. Season medium. Shoots smooth.

Kir'l'e's. Size medium, round, suture small ; skin dark
purple, bloom thin, blue; stalk three-fourths of an inch
long, cavity slight, flesh greenish-yellow, firm, rich, free
from the flat, broad stone. Season medium. Shoots
smooth. Resembles the Purple Gage externally. Often
spurious. English.

Morocco. {Syn. Italian Damask, erroneously^ Early Morocco.
Black Morocco, Early Damask, Black Damask.) Size me-
dium, roundish, slightly flattened at ends ; suture on
one side onlv, shallow, skin dark purple, bloom pale,
thin ; stalk half an inch long, rather stout ; flesh greenish-
yellow, adherin:; slightly to the stone, rich, rather acid,
becoming sweet. Not first-rate, but valuable for its ear-
liness, ripening ten days before the Washington. Shoots
downv. A moderate bearer.

THE PLUJI. ;.39

Orleans. {Syn. Old Orleans, Red Dariask, Monsieur.)
Size medium, round, suture distinct, slightly larger on
one side ; skin dark red, purple in the sun ; stalk one-
half to three-fourths of an inch long, cavity wide ; flesh
yellowi.>h, sweet mixed with acid, of second quality in
richness, pleasant and good; a fine culinary variety. Ra-
er early. Shoots downy. There are two or three sub-
varieties.

Orleans, Early. {Sy7i. New Orleans, Hampton Court,
Monsieur Hatif.) Size medium, round oval, suture shal-
low, stalk half an inch long, stout or longer and slender j
cavity moderate ; skin reddish purple, slightly marbled ;
flesh yellowish-green, rather rich. Quite early, or ten
days before the preceding.

Wilmot's Orleans scarcely differs from the Early Orleans.

Pond's Seedling. Medium in size, roundish, purple, stalk
short, flesh yellowish, rather dry, sweet with acid, flavor
moderate, second or third rate. Early. Shoots downy,
Origin, Boston.

Prince of Wales, Chapman^ s. Oval, bright purplish pink
with a dense bloom ; flesh pale amber, free from the
stone ; shoots vigorous, smooth, leaves broad, roundish
Productive. English. New.

Prune d^Agen or Agen Date. Size medium, obovate, flat-
tened one side ; skin purple, bloom blue ; stalk short,
flesh greenish-yellow, sweet. Very late, profusely pro-
ductive. Shoots sL.ooth, leaves narrow. French. Cu
linary.

Purple Favorite. Size medium, or rather large, round
obovate ; suture obsolete ; skin brownish purple ; bloom
thin, light blue ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long
scarcely sunk ; flesh pale greenish, juicy, tender, melting,
rich, sweet, excellent, free from the very small, roundish
stone. Season about medium, or last week of summer
Shoots nearly smooth, short-jointed, growth slow, much re-
sembling thatof the Red Piaper. Origin, Newburgh, N.Y.

PURPLE GAGE. {Syn. Peine Claude Violette, ^'iolet
Queen Claude.) Size medium, roundish, slightly flat-

340

THE PLUM.

tened at ends, suture distinct, shallow ; surface violet,
bloom light blue; stalk an inch long, cavit}^ narrow;
flesh rather firm, greenish yellow, ricli, sugary, of very
high and excellent flavor, free from the oval, compressed

Fig. 260— Early Royal. Fig. 2&l—Red Gage.

Fig. "IQ-l— Purple Favorite. Fig. 263— iJoyaZ.

Stone. Ripens rather late, hanging lonjr, and slightly
shrivelling on the tree. Shoots smooth, resembling those
of the Green Gage. A spurious sort is often dissemi-
nated.

Red Apricot. {Syn. Abricot'e Rouge.) Size i:.edium,
oval, flattened at ends; stalk nearly an inch long, cavity
slight; skin clear red in the shade, violet in the sun;
bloom blue, copious ; flesh orange, sweetish, rather dry
and insipid. Season medium. Slioots smooth. French.

Red Gagk. Medium or rather small, round-ovate, brown-
ish-red, stalk rather slender, cavitv narrow; flesh green-

THE PLUM. 34

ish-amber, juicy, melting, rich, mild sweet, free from the
small stone ; flavor unusually pleasant and refreshing
Rather early. Shoots dark reddish, smooth ; leaves o
young trees deep green, crimpled. Origin, Flushing
Long Island,

Red Perdrigon. Medium in size, roundish, slightly oval
skin deep red ; bloom thick, lilac ; stalk an inch long
cavity small, round ; flesh bright yellow, slightly crisp
juicy, sweet. Season medium or rather late. Shoots
downy.

RoYALE. (Syn. Royal, La Royale.) Size medium, some
times rather large, round, slightly narrower towards the
base, or approaching obovate ; suture distinct on one side
at apex; skin reddish-purple, bloom very thick; stalk
three-fourths of an inch long, cavity narrow ; flesh dull
yellow, rather firm, melting, juicy, rich, of excellent fla-
vor. Ripens first of autumn. Shoots very downy, growth
slow, tree spreading, moderately productive. French.

RoYALE Hative, or "Early Royal." {Syn. Mirian.) Size
medium, roundish, slightly wider at base ; skin light
purple, stalk half an inch long, stout, scarcely sunk ; flesh
amber yellow, with a rich, high flavor, nearly free from
the small, flattened, ovate stone. Very early. Resembles
Purple Gage, but a month earlier. Shoots very downy
French. New. Rare.

De Montfort, according to Rivers, is much like Royale Ha-
tive, but larger, and later.

Section III. Fruit small.

Blue Gage. (S2/?z. Azure Hative, Black Perdrigon.) Small,
round, dark blue, bloom light blue ; stalk three-fourths
of an inch long; flesh greenish, juicy, sub-acid, pleasant;
rather early, shoots slender, downy ; tree very productive.
Different varieties appear to be described by Prince, Coxe,
and Downing, under this name, none of which are high-
ly commended.

Cheston. {Syn. Violet Diaper.) Rather small, oval, dark
purple ; bloom blue ; stalk quite short, not sunk ; flesh
firm, sweetish, pleasant; early; shoots downy.

*342 THE PLUM.

Damson. {Syji. Common Damson, Early Damson, Purpro
Damson, Blue Damson.) Small, oval, (an inch long,)
purple, bloom thick, blue ; melting, juicy, sub-acid, part-
ly free from stone. Early autumn. Profusely productive.

The Sweet Damson is less acid. The Winter Damson is
small, round, purple, bloom copious, with an acid, slight-
ly astringent flavor ; it bears enormous crops, which hang
uninjured till late in autumn. The Damson makes good
preserves. There are several sub-varieties.

Elfrey. Rather small, oval, blue ; flesh greenish, very
sweet, dry, firm, very free from the stone; shoots smooth,
leaves glossy. Very productive. Not so good as Or-
leans.

Howell's Early. Rather small, oval, slightly angular,
suture obsolete ; skin light brown, often greenish-yellow
in the shade ; bloom thin, blue ; stalk three-fourths of
an inch long, slender, not sunk ; flesh amber-colored,
juicy, sweet, perfumed, free from the small, oval stone.
Quite early, ripening a little before the Morocco and Ear-
ly Orleans. Shoots slender, grey, downy ; tree very pro-
ductive. Newburgh, N. Y.

Judson. Rather small, roundish, slightly oval, base a little
flattened, suture indistinct ; surface a handsome damask
or pink, slightly mottled ; stalk one inch long, slender,
cavity small, rather deep; flesh juicy, rich, vinous, high-
flavored, free from the rather large stone. Ripens a few
days before the Green Gage. Origin, Lansingburgh, N.
Y. New.

Queen Mother. Small, round, an inch in diameter, dark
purplish red ; stalk half an inch long ; flesh yellowish,
sweet, rich, free from the quite small stone. Rather late
Shoots smooth, growth, rather feeble.

Schenectady Catherine. Size small or nearly medium,
roundish, slightly narrowed to the apex; suture rather
shallow ; skin deep purple-violet in the shade, sliglit'y
netted on the sunny side ; stalk three-fourths of an inch
long, slender, cavity deep, narrow; flesh greenish-yellow,
melting, sweet, rich, excellent, next to the Green Gage

THE TLUM. 343

in quality, and ripening at the same time. Shoots rather
Slender, smooth. Origin, Schenectady, N. Y. New.
This is a quite distinct variety, often reproducing itself
from seed, not perceptibly A'-arying from the parent.

Class II. Flesh adhering to the stone.

Section I. Fruit large,

Brevoort's Purple. (%n. New-York Purple.) Large, oval
suture distinct at base; skin reddish, with a violet bloom
stalk three-fourths of an inch long, cavity deep, nar
row ; flesh soft, juicy, sub-acid, moderately rich, second
rate. Season medium. Shoots long, smooth; tree pro
ductive. Origin, New-York.

Duane's Puryle. Very large, oblong-oval, longer on ont
side ; slightly narrowed towards the base ; skin reddish
purple, bloom lilac ; stalk three-fourths of an inch long
slender, cavity narrow ; flesh juicy, moderately sweet, of
second-rate flavor, adhering mostly to the stone. Kather
early, ripening with the Washington. Shoots very dow-
ny, leaves large, downy beneath. Popular from its large
size and handsome appearance. Origin, Duanesburgh,
N. Y.

Goliath. Large, roundish oblong or oval, enlarged on one
side ; skin deep red, approaching blue or purple ; bloom
thin, blue ; stalk half or three-fourth's of an inch long,
cavity very deep, distinct ; flesh yellowish, mostly adher-
ing to the stone, juicy, coarse, sub-acid. Season medium.
Shoots grey, very hairy, leaves narrow. Productive.

Gwalsh. Large, obovate, regular, suture obscure ; skra
rich dark purple, bloom blue ; stalk three-fourths of an
inch long, slightly sunk ; flesh yellow, juicy, sub-acid
second-rate. Rather earl}^ Shoots nearly smooth. New-
Jersey.

Smith's Orleans. Large, oval, slightly wider at base, a little
irregular, suture deep on one side ; skin reddish-purple,
becoming very dark, bloom deep blue ; stalk small, slen-
der ; cavity narrow, deep;.. flesh deep yellow, slightly

0*

344 TH£ PLinvi.

firm, juicy, rich, nearly first-rate. Shoots vigorous, straight,
glossy reddish purpb ; leaves dark green, crimpled. Ri-
pens the last week of summer. Productive in nearly all
soils. Long Island.
Hovev considers this identical with Cooper's Plum, of Coxe
and others.

Nectarine. Large, regular, roundish; skin purple, blooni
blue; stalk half an inch long, stout; flesh dull greenish-
yellow, often tinged with red, rather coaree, rich, acid,
partly adhering to the stone. Rather early. Shoots
nearly smooth, leaves broad. Quite distinct from the
Peach Plum of the preceding class.

Royal Tours. (S2/7i. Royale de Tours.) Large, roundish,
suture deep, half round, one side swollen ; a white de-
pressed point at apex; skin red in the shade, deep violet
in the sun, bloom copious, blue; stalk half to three-fourths
of an inch long, cavity narrow; flesh greenish-white,
rather firm, juicy, rich, high-flavored, adhering closely
to the large, oval, flattened stone. Quite early; shoots
quite downy. Valuable for its earliness and good quali-
ty. The genuine sort is very rare. French.

Section 11. Fruit medium in size.

Blue Imperatrice. {Syn. Imperatrice.) Size, medium,
obovate, narrowed to the base in a somewhat obconic
neck; skin deep purple, bloom copious, blue; stalk three-
fourths of an inch long, slightly sunk ; flesh greenish-
yellow, rather firm, not juicy, rich, sugary; ripening very
late, and hanging till nearly winter.

The variety known erroneously as the Semiana or Blue Im-
piratrice of Boston, and disseminated as such, differs from
the true Imperatrice in its shorter and smaller neck, much
shorter and not sunk stalk, and more acid flavor. It is
very productive, and a good very late culinary sort.

Blue Perdrigo7i. [Syn. Violet Perdrigon.) Medium in
size, oval, slightly narrowed at base, skin reddish, be-
coming purple, with many brown dots ; bloom whitish,
very copious ; stalk three-fourths of an inrh long, cavity

THE PLUM.

345

small ; flesh greenish-yellow, rather firm, rich, sweet,
good. Season medium. Shoots downy.

Corse's Admiral. Medium or rather large, oval, slightly
obovate, much larger on one side ; skin light purple, with
yellow specks ; bloom pale lilac; stalk three-fourths to an
inch long, hairy, slightly sunk ; flesh greenish-yellow,
juicy, sprightly, second-rate. Rather late. Productive.
Shoots quite downy. Origin, Montreal.
Corse's Field Marshal. Medium or rather large, oval,
bright purplish red, handsome ; stalk rather slender,
three-fourlhs of an inch long, slightly sunk; flesh greea-
ish-yellow, juicy, sub-acid, adhering closely to the long,
pointed stone. Season medium. Origin, Montreal.
Domiiie Dull. {Syn. German Prune, of some.) Size me-
dium, long-oval, suture very obscure; skin very dark purple,
bloom blue; stalk three-fourths of an inch long, scarcely
sunk ; flesh juicy, becoming dry, rich, sweet, good. Pro-
fusely productive. Rather late. Origin, Kingston, N. Y.
FcKwoRTH Impekatrice. Medium or rather large, obovate,
purple, with irregular streaks of fawn color; stalk me-
dium; flesh greenish-yellow, sweet, juicy, rich, mostly
adhering to the rather small stone. Very late, keeping
into winter, becoming dryer and sweeter. Shoots smooth.
English.
Lombard. (6'?/?/. Bleeckor's Scarlet.) Size medium, some-
times rather large,
round-oval, slightly flat-
tened at ends, suture
obscure ; skin violet
red ; stalk very slen-
der,half to three-fourths
of an inch long, cavity
broad; flesh deep yel-
low, pleasant, not rich,
but of fine quality. Ra-
ther early or medium
in season, ripening a
week or two before the
end of summer. Har-
dy, very prolific, well

Kig. 26i— Frost Gage

Fig. 265— Lombard o
Bleecker's Smrht.

346 TH£- PLU.H.

adapted to light soils, — valuable. Shoots thrifty, quiie
smooth or glossy, bright purple ; leaves much crumpled.
Origin, Albany, N. Y.
This is a strongly fixed variety, and has in many instances
produced seedlings very closely resembling itself.

Long Scarlet. {Syn. Scarlet Gage, Red Gage erroneously.;
Size medium, oblong-obovate, elongated, one side swol-
len, base narrow ; skin bright red, bloom fine lilac ; stalk
three-fourths of an inch long, cavity narrow ; flesh deep
yellow, acid, becoming rather rich and sweet, of second-
rate flavor, but makes beautiful bright red jelly. Season
medium. Shoots downy. Orange co., N. V.

Peoly's Early Blue. Size medium, oblong, suture very ob-
scure ; skin dark blue, bloom light blue ; stalk short ,
flesh yellow, pleasant, second-rate, adhering partially to
the bluntly terminated stone. Earl}'. Shoots very
downy. lUass.

Suisse. {Sy}i. Prune Suisse, Swiss Plum, Simiana, Mon-
sieur Tardif.) Medium or rather large, round, suture
broad, shallow ; a sunk point at apex ; skin lively violet
red, thickly dotted, and slightly marbled ; bloom blue,
copious ; stalk three-fourths to an inch long, cavity wide ,
flesh crackling and melting, flavor bri^^k, rich, slightly
sharp, adhering to the thick, rough-edged stone. Quite
late. Shoots smooth. Distinct from the " Semiana," of
Boston.

Section III. Fruit small.

American Wheat. Quite small, globular, pale blue, bloom
white, stalk slender, half an inch long, flesh greenish,
melting, juicy, sweet, second-rate, dropping when ripe.
Season, medium. Very productive. Shoots slender,
smooth, leaves small, light colored. Mass.

cherry. {Syn. Early Scarlet, Myrobolan.) Small, (one
inch diameter,) round, remotely heart-shaped, bright red,
bloom faint ; stalk short and slender ; cavity narrow '
flesh juicy, slightly fibrous, soft, melting, sub-acid, not
rich, second-rate, adhering to the oval, pointed stone

TIIF. PLFM. 347

Ripens very early or about midsuin ri'. ,', its only, value
This is a distinct species, {Prunus cerasifera,) and is
distinguished by its smooth, slender shoots, small bushy
head, and narrow leaves. There are several varieties.
The Golden Cherry Plum, (Market Plum, of Hoffy,) is
heart-shaped, yellow, speckled with scarlet in the sun,
productive, and slightly earlier than the common cherry
plum.

Early Tours. {Syn. Pr'coce de Tours, Early Violet.) Me-
dium or small, deep purple, bloom copious, blue ; stalk
half an inch long, cavity narrow; flesh dull yellow,
slightly fibrous, rather sweet, melting, good. Quite ear-
1}'. Shoots downy.

Frost Gage. Rather small, round-oval, suture distinct on
one side ; skin deep purple, bloom thin ; stalk half to
three-fourths of an inch long,' scarcely sunk ; tlesh juicy,
sub-acid, becoming sweet, melting, of fine but not of the
highest flavor; very valuable from its hardiness, late ma-
turity, and great productiveness. Shoots smooth, rather
slender; tree tall, upright. Eighteen hundred dollars,
savs Downing, were received by a single farmer near
Newburgh, for one year's crop of this plum. Fig. 264.

ADDITIONAL VARIETIES.

Muscle. Fruit oblong, dark red, stone large, flesh thin, of
poor flavor. This plum is used only for stocks.

Sloe, {Prvmis spinosa.) Fruit small, nearly globular, dark
violet, bloom thick, flesh very acid and powerfully astrin-
gent. A large shrub, ten or twelve feet high, thorny ;
flowers abundant, ornamental. The double flowering is
rather smaller, and more beautiful. Some writers, with
too much poetical freedom, speak of the common plum.
{Prunus do/vestica,) as an ameliorated sort from the
" austere sloe," which being -a distinct species, such a
change is impossible.

Red Chicasaw. {Prunus Chicasa.) Small, roundish, light
red, flesh melting, soft, pleasant. Ripens soon after mid-

?4S THE PLUM.

^um<ner. Another variety produces yellow fruit. Tree
low, spreading, bushy, thorny; leaves narrow-lanceolate,
somewhat in shape like those of a peach. A native of the
Western States.

Wild Ked or Yellow Plum. [Prunus americana.) There
a^e many wild varieties of this species, the fruit varying
from roundish to oval, and presenting various shades of
color, mostly light red. Some have a pleasant, rich,
sweet, or sub-acid pulp. Tree 10 to 15 feet high, leaves
ovate, coarsely serrate, branches somewhat thorny. Ri-
pens latter part of tummer. The quality of the fruit is
improved by culuvation. It is sometimes used as stocks
for the plum and apricot.

The Beach Plum. {Prunus viaritima.) Fruit nearly me-
dium in size, varying from reddish to dark purple, plea-
sant, astringent. A shrub with stout straggling branches;
leaves oblong-ovate. A native of the sea-coast of the
northern and middle states.

CHAPTER VII.

THE CHERRY.

Propagation. The cultivated varieties of the cherry con-
sist of two distinct classes of sorts ; the first comprising the
Mazzards, Hearts, and Bigarreaus, is characterized usually
by the tall upright growth and pyramidal form of the tree,
by the large, vigorous, and straight young branches, and by
a sweet or bitter, but not a sour taste. The second class, or
round-fruited, including the Dukes, Morellos, and the com-
mon pie cherry, has small, irregular, and thickly growing
branches, and a decidedly acid fruit. Observation will
soon enable any one to distinguish these two classes, even
where the trees are not more than a foot in height. It is
the former only that are valuable as stocks for grafting and
budding, on account of their straight and rapid growth.*

The stones, as soon as they are taken from the fruit,
should be dried only enough to prevent mouldiness, and
then mixed with an equal quantity of clean moist sand.
This will preserve a proper degree of moisture, and allow
the easy separation of the stones in planting. The best way
to keep them till spring, is to bury them in shallow pits on
a dry spot of ground, covering them with flat stones and a
few inches of earth.

The seed may be planted in autumn or spring. If in au-
tumn, the ground should be dry, and entirely free from all
danger of becoming flooded or water-soaked. Unless the soil

* Attempts are not unfrequently made to propagate the common cherry on the
wild Black Cherry, (Cerasus virginiana,) or on the Choke Cherry, (C serotina.)
Such attempts prove to be failures, the sorts being too dissimilar in llieir natures to
fiivor uni<in. These two species, it will be observed, have racemose inflorescence,
while in the cultivated cherry the flowers are simply in fascicles or umbels. Some ot
Uie wild species, (as the .Sand Cherry, C. pubescens.) having the latter kind of iiiflo
rescence, have been successfully used as slocks, and their adoption might possibl)
prove useful at the south and west, where the Heart cherries fail

350 THE CHERRY.

IS quite light, the seeds should be covered with black mould
to prevent the formation of a hard crust upon the surface
v-hjch would prevent the young plants from breaking through
But. usuallv, spring is the best season, if the planting h
done the moment the frost is out of the ground ; for tha
seeds sprout and grow on the first approach of warm wea-
ther. The distance should be the same as for the peach
and apple ; and nearly the same directions are applicable to
their management in the nursery rows.

Good seedlings, averaging a foot and a half high, maybe
transplanted from the seed beds when a year old, and if well
cultivated in good soil, may be budded the same season.
Where the buds fail, the trees may be grafted the following
spring.

Budding can only succeed with thrifty, freely growing
stocks, and with well matured buds. About the time, or a
little after the most vigorous stage of growth, or just as the
terminal buds on the shoots commence forming, is the most
successful period. If earlier, the buds will usually be too
soft ; if later, the bark will not peel freely, nor the Luds ad-
here well. This period usually commences about mid-sum-
mer, and continues, under the various influences of season
and soil, for two or three weeks, and sometimes more than
a month. Success will be found to depend also upon cut-
ting out with the bud, a larger portion of the wood than
common with other budding, or equal to at least one-third
the diameter of the shoot. This will be found particularly
useful where the buds are slightly immature, retaining in
them a larger portion of moisture, and preventing their
curling off from the stock.

Great difficulty is often experienced in successfully graft-
ing the cherry. It succeeds well, if performed very early in
the sprinfT, before the slightest swelling of the buds, and
before the frost has disappeared from the ground. After
this period it is greatly liable to failure.

In propngaiing the slower-growing, round-fruited varie-
ties, good trees are often soonest obtained by grafting or
budding them at standard height into large straight stocks.
If grafted, they soon form a handsome head; if budded,

THE CHERRY. ^■} .

care must be taken by judicious pruning to prevent the
young- shoots from growing all on one side.

Pruning the cherry except t ) form the head, is rarely
needed. When necessary, midsummer is found to be the
most favorable season, and least attended with the exudation
of gum.

SOIL.

In the northern states, the cherry beino- a very hardy tree,
will thrive in nearly all good soils. But a dryer soil than
for most other species is found preferable ; a sandy or
gravelly loam is best. In wet places, or on water-soaked
sub-soiis, it does not flourish, and soon perishes.

DWARF CHERRIES.

These are, as 3^et, cultivated to a limited extent in this
country. They are chiefly adapted to village gardens, or
other grounds of limited extent, as they may be set as near
each other as five or six feet. They may be easily covered
with netting, and thus protected from the birds, and what
is most rare and desirable, the fruit permitted to remain un-
til fully ripe, so important to the flavor of all cherries of an
acid character.

The stocks used for this purpose are the " l^erfumed
Cherry " or Primus Mahaleb, which also possesses the ad-
vantage of flourishing on heavy clay ground. The grafts
will usually grow quite vigorously for two or three seasons,
but they soon form dwarf, prolific bushes ; their branches
being so pruned that seven, nine, or more, may come out
from the centre of the plant, like a well-managed goose-
berrybush. These branches will put forth, earl}^ in sum-
mer, as in the horizontal shoots of pyramidal pears, several
shoots at their extremities, all of which must be pinched
ofT to within two or three buds of their base, leaving the
leading shoots untouched till near the close of summer,
when they must be shortened to eight or ten buds. The
Heart and Bi^-arreau cherries maybe left of one-half great-
er length than the Dukes and Morellos, which are of smaller
habit of growth; and where the space is small, the trees
may be root-pruned and kept wiihiri a very limited space.*

* Rivers' Miniature Fruit Garden. 93

yj

HE CHEKHY,

The cultivntion of dwarf cherries would greatly facitiinie
the use o( net screens for coverinor entire orchards, as some-
hnnes practiced in Holland and England. The boundary
fence is made of wire (or wood} lattice, so as to exclude
^mall birds. At regular distances, through the enclosed
'ilea, are inserted into the earth, wooden or tiTe sockets for
the reception of poles or props to support the net. These
poles have a small circular board each nailed on their tops,
to prevent injury to the netting. The boundary fence is
supplied with hooks, to which the net is readily attached.
When the cherries begin to ripen, it is elevated on several
of the poles, each carried by a man, and spread over the
garden, the rest of the poles being easily inserted in their
sockets afterwards. All birds are thus completely excluded.
During rain or dewy evenings, the net is stretched to its ut-
most extent, as indicated by the dotted lines in the annexed
figure :

Fig. 266.

Birds excluded from miniature cherry orchard by net screen.

In dry weather, it is slackened, and forms a festooned vault
over the whole cherry garden. Its durability is increased
by soaking it in tan once a year.* Ten square rods of
ground, comprised within a circle of fifty-nine feet in diam-
eter, would contain forty dwarf cherry trees at eight feet
distance, or ninety trees at five feet distance.

THE DISIiASES AND ENEMIES,

To which the cherry is liable at the North, are few and not
forrridable. After the young trees are procured, they are
consequently of remarkably safe and easy cultivation.

There are, howevev, some varieties which are liable to
black excrescences on the branches, which, gradually increas-
ing and extending, destroy the tree. The only means of
irresting their progress, and which, when vigorously and

* Ijoudon's Sub. Hort.

HUE CHERRY. J ?3

unremittingly applied, does not fail, is to cut off the injured
branches at once, and commit them to the fire.

The black aphis, or plant louse, is often very injurious to
voung trees in the nursery, causing a stunted and distortet
growth, and when abundant on newly grafted trees, some
limes destroying them.

The best remedy is the application of whale-oil soap. A
teacupful is dissolved in a pail of water, and applied with a
syringe, or by the immersion of the infested branches, which
causes the immediate death of the insects, and must be re-
peated every few days till no more are found.

The ^^ Cherry Slug,^^ (Fig- 267,) when in large numbers,
'ft. does serious injury by eating the leaves. This

^^ ^. animal, which appears to be the larva of an

^^^^^^ insect, is about half an inch long, and dark
greenish brown when filled with food. Its
'^' ■ smooth, shining, and jelly-like skin, and snail-
like appearance, have given it the name " Slug." It may
be repelled by dusting the cherry leaves regularly, while
wet with dew, with dry fresh ashes.

The curculio, so destructive to the plum and apricot, some-
times injures young fruit. The orchard caterpillar often
defoliates the cherry tree. Remedies have been pointed out
in former chapters.

Sometimes the cherry crop is much lessened by long and
heavy rains^ at the period of the bursting of the anthers,
washing down the pollen, and preventing the fertilization of
the stigma and germ.

Jit the South and West, most of the finer varieties of the
cherry do not flourish. This is supposed to be caused, at
the South, by the hot sun upon the trunk of rapidly grow-
ing and succulent trees, the wood of which does not mature
and harden sufficiently to withstand its effects. A partial
remedy has been found in sheathing the trunks with straw.
The Mayduke and a few other of the sour cherries, succeed
best. Grafting upon these hardy sorts, may prove useful.
A similar disaster is produced in many portions of the
Western States, caused, perhaps, by severe frost in addition
to the other named influences. On the fertile western soils,
where the growth is very rapid, the outer and more horny
portion of the bark does not expand fast enough, and firmlv

354 THE CHERRY.

binds the trunk, until suddenly ruptured by the increasing
pressure. It usually bursts and cracks open on the south-
west side, where the new growth swells out, and repeatedly
bursting-, the tree finally perishes. Slitting open the bark
with a knife was found to produce this sudden swelling and
increased growth at the precise lines where the slits were
made, but afforded no relief at other places. It was only
by shaving off evenly the whole surface of the hardened
bark, that the unnatural cracking and swelling out was pre-
vented.* Further experiments are needed in relation to
this subject; possibly a softening application to the hard
bark may be di, cove red ; and it may also be very necessary
where the outer portion is peeled or shaved off, to protect
by a coating of straw, the denuded surface.

* J. B. Turner, in Horticulturist. A similar result, but evenly distributed over
the surface, and accompanying healthy growth, occurs with all old and rougk-barktd
forest trees, the exterior coating becoming gradually and evenly lurrowed

VAEIETIES.

SYNOPSIS OF ARRANGEMENT.

DIVISION I. FRUIT HEART-SHAPED.

(Fruit inclining to sweet, tree vigorous and regular in growih.)

Class I. Heart Cherries.

(Flesh tender or half-tender.)

Sub-Class I. Fruit Black, dark red, or crimson^

Section I. Fruit large.
Section II. Fruit medium.
Section III. Fruit small.

Suh' Class II. Fruit bright red, or lighter.

Section I. Fruit large.
Section II. Fruit medium.
Section III. Fruit small.

THE CHERRY. 35.5

Class II. Bigarkeau Cherries.

(Flesh firm or rather hard.)

Sub-Class I. Fruit black, dark red, or crimson*
Section I. Fruit large.
Section 11. Fruit medium.
Section III. Fruit small.

Sub' Class 11. Fruit bright red, or lighter.
Section I. Fruit latge.
Section II. Fruit medium.
Section III. Fruit small.

DIVISION II. FRUIT ROUND.

(Fruit rather acid, tree of irregular growth.)

Class I. Duke Cherries.

(Trees niostly upr c'.i. becoming partly spreading, fruit often approaching heart-
shaped.)

Section I. Fruit large.
Section II. Fruit medium.
Section III. Fruit small.

Class II. Morello Cherries.

(Trees usually spreading, very irregular, shoots small, wiry, fruit nearly round.)

Section I. Fruit large.
Section II. Fruit medium.
Section III. Fruit small.

The two classes of the second division are not very dis-
tinctly separated ; the chief distinction being in the growth
of the tree. Most varieties of the first division are quite
distinct ; — a few, as the Madison Bigarreau, Downton, and
White Bigarreau, posses; intermediate qualities.

Season of Ripening. Early, as Black Tartarian, and
American Heart; medium, as Graffion or Bigarreau, and
Black Eagle ; late, as Elkhorn and Downer's Late. Quali-
f\ ing terms sub-divide and extend these periods.

356

TlrE CHERRY.

DIVISION I. FRUIT HEART-SHAPED.

Class I. Heart Cherries.

Sub-class I. Fruit Hack, dark-red, or crimson.

Section I. Fruit large.

BLACK EAGLE. Rather large, obtuse heart-shaped, round-
ish, nearly black ; stalk an inch and a half long, rather
slender, slightly sunk ; flesh dark, deep purplish crimson

Fig 268.
May Bigarreau.

Fie. 269.
KnighVs Early Black.

Fig. 270.
Early Purple Guigne.

Fip. 271.
Black Tartarian.

S

Black Eagle.

with a very rich, hifrh, excellent flavor. Season me
dium, (1st of 7 mo.) Shoots stout, divcrc^ing or spread-
ing. A cross of the Grafiion and Mayduke. English
Not always of the highest character.

THE CHERKi^ 357

BLACK TARTARIAN. {Sy?i. Frazer's Black Tartarian,
Black Circassian, Biack Russian, Ronald's Large Black
Heart, Ronald's Heart.) Quite large, (often an inch in
diameter,) on crowded old trees only medium; heart-
shaped, often rather obtuse, surface slightly uneven, near-
ly or quite black ; stalk an inch and a half long, slightly
sunk ; flesh dark, half tender, with a peculiar liver-like
consistency, rich, nearly destitute of acid, of very fine, but
not of the highest flavor. Ripens early, or about the
middle of 6 mo., (June.) Shoots very erect. The vigo-
rous growth and great productiveness of the tree and the
large size and mild sweet flavor of the fruit, rer er this
variety a general favorite.

KNIGHT'S EARLY BLACK. Large, obtuse, heart-
shaped, surface slightly uneven, black ; stalk an inch and
a fourth or an inch and a half long, rather stout, cavity
deep, narrow; flesh dark purplish crimson, tender, juicy,
with a very rich, high, excellent flavor. Ripens quite
early, or a little before the Black Tartarian. Shoots di-
verging or spreading. Much resembles the Black Eagle,
but larger, earlier, more heart-shaped, and with a much
deeper cavity. English. In some localities, it appears to
need a rich soil and warm situation to develops its excel-
lence.

Oxheart (of the English. Large, obtuse, heart-shaped, dark
red, half tender, of second quality. Rare in this country.
The name Oxheart is erroneously applied here to the
White Pigarreau and to several large worthless sorts.

Waterloo. Large, obtuse, heart-shaped, dark purple be-
coming black ; stalk long, slender, flesh purplish red ;
flavor rich, sweet, and excellent. Rather late. Tree
spreading, a moderate bearer. Spurious sorts are often
disseminated under this name. English.

Section II. Fruit 7nedium in size.

Black Heart. Medium or rather large ; heart-shaped, slight*
ly irregular; blackish crimson, becoming black; stalk am
inch and a half long, moderately sunk, tender when ripe

S5S THE CHtRRV.

with a high, uearly first-rate flavor. Season medium o

rather early. Productive and hardy ; growth raihet

erect.
Manning's Early Black Heart, resembles the preceding i

nearly all points, but is a week earlier.
Davi?iport's Early, closely resembles Black Heart, but is

few days earlier, and the leaves are larger and lighte

green.

Early Purple Guigne. Size medium, round heart-shaped
distinctly dotted when ripening, dark red, becoming near
ly black; flesh dark, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Growtl
less vigorous than most heart cherries, shoots dark brown
spreadmg; leaves rather small, drooping on long petioles
Very early, ripening with May Bigarreau. Fig. 270.

Grascoine's Heart. {Syn. Bleeding Heart, of Lindley.) Size
medium, long heart-shaped, with a small, clear drop a
apex, dark red, half tender, second-rate in flavor. A poo
bearer. Season medium.

Sectio7i III. Fruit small.

Black Mazzard. (Sijn. Mazzard, Wild English Cherry.

Small, oval heart-shaped, sides a little compressed ; color

black ; stalk long, slender, slightly inserted, flesh soft

bitter. Late. Valuable for stocks.
The White Mazzard, of Manning, nearly resembles the

preceding except in its light color.

Black Corone. Rather small, round heart-shaped, dul.
black ; stalk two inches long, slender, cavity narrow
deep ; flesh dark crimson purple, tender when ripe, o
second or third quality. Late. This is merely an im
proved Mazzard, intermediate between the common Maz-
zard and the Black Heart. The latter is sometimes cul-
tivated under the name of Corone.

May Bigarreau. (S'z/?z. Baumann's May of Downing, Bigar
reau de i\Iai.) Rather small, oval heart-shaped, becom
ing as it ripens nearly round ; color deep red, becoming
black; stalk an inch and three-fourths long, rather stou
at the ends, caviry narrow ^e?h dark crimson, juicy

THE CHLREV. 359

rather sweet, nut high-flavored. Very early. Produc-
tive. Shoots spreading, brown, resembling in color those
of the Maydiike. Fig. 268.

Sub-Class II. Fruit brighi red^ 07 lighter.
Section I. Fruit large.

DOWNTON. Large, round heart-shaped, apex quite ob-
tuse, or slightly indented ; light cream color, stained with
red ; stalk an inch and three-fourths or two inches long,
slender ; cavity wide ; flesh yellowish, tender, adhering
slightly to the stone, rich, delicious. Season medium or
rather late. Growth rather spreading.

Ohio Beauty. Very large, oblate-heart-shaped ; dark red
on a pale red ground, somewhat marbled, very handsome ;
stalk an inch and a half long, rather stout, cavity wide
and deep; flesh white, tender, juicy, with a fine flavor.
iCarly, or about ten days before Napoleon Bigarreau, which
it about equals in size. Origin, Cleveland, Ohio. New.

Roberts' Red Heart. Large, obtuse heart-shaped, bright
red, cavity rather wide, flesh red, flavor excellent. Ra-
ther late. Origin, Salem, Mass.

Section IL Fruit medium in size.

American Amber. {Syn. Bloodgood's Honey.) Size medi
um, round heart-shaped, very regular, apex slightly sunk,
sk'n thin, smooth, glossy ; color light amber, becoming
mottled and shaded with bright red; stalk two inchec
long, slender, slightly sunk ; flavor pleasant, usually sec-
ond-rate, sometimes very good, variable on the same tree.
Productive. Season medium. Origin, Flushing. N. Y.

Coe's Transparent. Size medium, nearly globular, very
regular ; skin thin, pale amber, reddened in the sun, with
peculiar pale spots, cv b'otches , stalk nearly an inch and
a half long, moderateiy sunk, very tender, melting, sweet,
excellent. Early, just before Black Tartarian. Growth,
thrifty, upright. Origin, Middletown, Conn. New.

Doctor. Size medium, round heart-shaped ; color light
yellow and red, blended and mottled ; stalk an inch and

P

360

THE CHERRY.

a half long ; cavity round, reiriilar ; flesh white, tender,
juicy, sweet, fine. Very early. Resembles American
Heart, but two weeks earlier. Growth moderate, spread-
ing, leaves narrow. Origin, Cleveland, Ohio. New.

DOWNER'S LATE. {Spi. Downer, Downer's Late Red.)
Size medium, round heart-shaped, smooth, red, light am-
ber in the shade ; stalk an inch and a half long, slightly

Fi)?. 273.
Coe'5 Transparent

Fig. 274.
Early White Heart,

Fig. 276.
Doicner^s Late.

Fig. 2r7.
Sparhawk^s Honey.

sunk ; fruit in clusters ; flesh tender, meltiiig, rich, very
high-flavored — not good till fully ripe. Late. Growth
erect. Origin, Dorchester, Mass.

Early White Heart. Medium, or rather small, heart-
shaped, slightly oblong, often a little one-sided, suture
distinct ; color dull whitish yellow, tinged and spotted
with pale red ; stalk an inch and three-fourths long.

THE CHERRY. 36!l

cavity wide, shallow ; flesh rather firm, tender when
ripe, sweet, pleasant. Quite early. Growth erect.

Bowyer's Early Heart, Arden's Early Heart, and Rivers
Early Amber, are either identical with the Early Whit(
Heart, or differ in no essential point.

ElliotVs Favorite. Size medium, round, regular, slightly
compressed ; color pale amber yellow, with a bright, mar-
bled, carmine-red cheek; stalk an inch and a half long,
cavity even and regular ; flesh pale amber, translucent,
tender, delicate, juicy, with a sweet, fine flavor. Season
medium, ripening with Belle de Choisy. Shoots vigor
ous, diverging. Origin, Cleveland, Ohio. New.

Hyde's Red Heart. Size medium, heart-shaped ; color be
coming a lively red, tender, pleasant. Shoots strong
New.

Manning^ s Mottled. {Syn. Mottled Bigarreau.) Medium
or rather large, round-heart-shaped, suture distinct ; coloi
amber shaded and mottled with red ; semi-transparent
glossy ; stalk slender, cavity shallow ; flesh yellow, ten
der when ripe, sweet, with a good flavor, often only sec-
ond-rate. Stone rather large. Season, medium. Shoots
dark. Productive. Origin, Salem, Mass.

Sparhawk's Honey. Medium in size, round-heart-shaped
regular; surface glossy, pale amber, becoming lively red
stalk an inch and a half long, rather slender, cavit)
round, even; flesh juicy, delicate, sweet, of fine flavor
Rather late. Very productive. Origin, Brighton, Mass

Sweet Montmorency. Medium in size, round, slightly flat
tened at base, with a depressed point at apex ; color pale
amber, mottled with light red ; stalk an inch and three
fourths long, slender, cavity small, even; flesh yellowish,
tender, sweet, excellent. Season very late or past mid
summer. Approaches somewhat in character the Moreh
lo. Origin, Salem, Mass.

White Tartarian. Size medium, or rather srr;all; obtuse
heart-shaped ; skin pale yellow or cream color, not red-
dened by the sun ; stalk an inch and a half long, slen-
der ; flesh somewhat pellucid, whitish yellow, half ten'
der, with a second-rate, slightly bitter flavor.

362 THE CHERUY.

There are several sorts known in this country as White Tar
tarian, differing from, and mostly superior to the genu-
ine, the best of which, considerably cultivated in Western
Neu'-York, is of medium size or rather small, round-
heart-shaped, light pink in the shade, darker to the sun ;
flesh tender, with a sweet, excellent flavor ; a profuse
bearer; growth rather slender, nearly erect.

Section III. Fruit small.
Amber Gean. Small, obtuse heart-shaped, regular, pellu-
cid, pale yellow shaded with faint red, stalk long, slen-
der, flesh white, sweet, pleasant ; very productive ; late.

Honey. {Si/?i. Late Honey, Yellow Honey, Large Honey.)
Small, roundish oval, yellowish iiiarbled with red, becom-
ing deep amber red; stalk long, slender, scarcely sunk;
flesh tender, exceedingly sweet; a second or third-rate
variety. Quite late. Very productive.

Transparent Guigne. {Sij7i. Transparent Gean.) Rather
small, ovate, slightly heart-shaped, regular; skin thin
glossy, pellucid, yellowish white, delicately blotched with
pale red ; suture distinct ; stalk rather long, slender,
slightly sunk; flesh high-flavored and fine, slightly bitter
before ripe. Season rather late. Growth becoming
spreading, tree productive.

Class IL Bigarreau Cherries.

Sub'Class L Fruit black, dark red, or crimson.

Section I. Fruit large.

Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau. {Sy7i. Bigarreau Gros
Cocuret, Bigarreau Gros Monstreiix.) Large, heart-
shaped, sut'jre often a raised line ; surface yellov/, with
red streaks, becoming blackish shining red ; cavity shal-
low ; flesh firm, purplish, bitter, becoming fine and rich;
stone rather large. Late. French. Rare.

Manning's Late Black. Large, roundish, skin deep purple
nearly black, flesh purplish, rather firm, moderately juicy
and sw^et. Late. Origin, Salem, Mass.

THE CHERRY. TCo

Elkhorn. [Syn. Tradescant's Black-Heart, Largo Black
Bigarreau.) Large, heart-shaped, surface slightly une-
ven, black, stalk rather short, or an inch and a fourth
long, cavi:y rather deep; llesh solid firnn, not juicy, with
a high, fine flavor, bitter before fully ripe. Kather late.
Shoots dark gray.

Section U. Fruit medium in size.

Black Bigarreau. Size medium, heart-shaped, black, re-
sembling externally the Black Heart ; flesh firm, rathei
dry, flavor poor. Ra'her late.

The Black Bigarreau of Savoy scarcely differs from this.

Gridley. {Sy?i. Apple Cherry.) Size medium, roundish.
black; stalk ratlier short, cavity shallow ; flesh purplish.
firm, moderately juicy, rather high-flavored. Stone small,
Late. Profusely productive, but only second-rate. Ori
gin, Roxbury, Mass.

WendeWs Mottled Bigarreau. Medium or rather large, ob-
tuse heart-shaped, dark red becoming nearly black,, mot-
tled with dark streaks or points; suture a dark line on
one side ; stalk medium ; cavity round, regular ; flesh
firm, crisp, high-flavored; stone small. Kaiher late
Growth upright. Albany, N. Y. New.

Sub-class 11. Fruit brig/it red or lighter.

BIGARREAU OR GRAFFIOX. {Syn. Yellow Spanish
White Bigarreau of Mass.) Very large, often an inch in
dian:eter, obtuse heart-shaped, very smooth, regular, base
flattened ; surface clear, pale waxen yellow, with a hand-
some light red cheek to the sun ; stalk an inch and three-
fourths long, cavity very wide, shallow ; flesh firm, with a
fine, rich flavor. Season mediu'^, or last of '• mo., (June.)
Shoots stout, diverging or spreading. This variety, al-
though not of the highest flavor, has becoi-\o, from its great
size, beauty, and productiveness, a sceneral favorite.

The Late Bigarreau, originated with Dr. Kirtland, of Cleve-
land, resembles this, but is slightly less in size, decpei
red, and ripens about ten days later.

304

THE CIIERHY.

Fig. 230.
Florence.

Tig. 281.
Bigarreau or Grajfion.

Fig. 278. Fig. 279.

Elton. Holland Bigarreau.

Cleveland Bigarreau. Verv large, round-heart-shaped
sur . oroad and deep half way round ; color, bright
clear, delicate red, or amber yellow ; stalk an inch and a
half long, curved; flesh firm, juicy, sweet, very rich
Season "early, or with Black Tartarian, Resembles the
Graffion, but ten days earlier. Origin, Cleveland, 0
New.

ELTON. Large, pointed, heart-shaped, so.r.ewhat oblong
pale yellow blotched and shaded with red ; stalk two
inches long, slender; flesh firm, becoming rather tender,
rich, high-flavored, excellent. Season medium or rather
early. Growth spreading, rather bending, petioles red-
dish purple. A cross between the Graffion and White
Heart. One of the finest of cherries. English. Ra-
ther tender in very severe climates.

T\ie Flesh-Colored Bigarreau, or the Large Heart-Shaped
Bigarreau of Manning, the Bigarreau Couleur de Chai

THE CHET^HV, 365

of the French, very nearl}^ resembles or is identical with
the Ehon.
Florence. {Syn. Knevett's Late.) Large, heart-shaped,
regular, smooth, amber yellow marbled with red, and
with a red cheek ; stalk an inch and a half long ; flesh
firm, juicy, sweet ; season, rather late. Resembles Graf-
fion, but hardly so large, and ten days later.

Holland Bigarreau. {Sy/i. Spotte-l Bigarreau.) Large,
rather oblong-heart-shaped, apex somewhat pointed; sur-
face whitish in the shade, mottled and spotted red next
the sun; stalk an inch and a half long, slender, cavity
large and deep ; fruit in thick clusters ; flesh firm, sweet
fine, but not of the highest flavor. Season a little before
medium. Leaves large and broad.

tCiRTLAND's Mary. Quite large, round heart-shaped, reg
ular, base somewhat flattened; color light and dark red,
deeply marbled, on a yellow ground ; stalk an inch and
a fourth to an inch and a half long ; flesh light yellow,
half tender, rich, juicy, sweet, high-flavored. Season
medium, or with the Elton. Origin, Cleveland, Ohio.
New.

Large Red Bigarreau. Large, oblong-heart-shaped, surface
uneven, one side swollen, shoulders projecting, sutures
distinct ; stalk large, cavity large and deep ; skin ^^ellow-
ish, dotted and streaked with red in the shade, dark red
in the sun; flesh yellowish, red at the stone, firm, rich,
of fine flavor. Rather late. Growth very strong. French.
Rare.

Napoleon Bigarreau. Very large, regularly heart-shaped,
remotely oblong ; skin pale yellow and amber, spotted
and shaded with deep red ; stalk very short, an inch and
a fourth long; flesh very firm, with a fine but hardlj-
first rate flavor. Rather late. Shoots with a light green-
ish cast. Growth rather erect, vigorous. Very produc-
tive, and good for market, but too firm and deficient in
flavor for the small garden.

RocKPORT Bigareeau. SiZG quite large, round heart-
shaped ; color, when fully ripe, a beautiful clear red,
shaded with pale amber, with occasional spots ; stalk ar.

366

THE CHERRY.

inch and a half long, cavity wide ; flesh firm, juicy,
sweet, rich, with an excellent flavor. Season rather

early. Tree upright, vi-
gorous. Origin, Cleve-
land, Ohio ; one of the
hest of Dr. Kirtland's
new seedlings.

White Bigarreau. {Syn.
Large White Bigar-
reau, White Ox-Heart.)
Large, heart - shaped,
tapering to obtuse apex ;
suture distinct ; surface
slightly wavy, yellowish
white marbled with
red ; flesh moderately
firm, or half tender,
very rich and delicate.
Season medium. A
moderate bearer when
young, more productive

afterwards ; liable to crack after rain ; tree rather ten

der ; growth spreading.

Section IL Fruit medium in size.

American Heart. Medium, or rather large, rectangular
heart-shaped ; color, light red or pink, mixed with am-
ber ; stalk nearly two inches long, slender, cavity small
and shallow ; flesh half tender, adhering to the rather
tough skin, juicy, sweet, fine, hardly first rate. Very
productive. Early.

F. R. Elliot says that the Swedish resembles the American
Heart, but ripens with the Mayduke.

Burros Seedling. Size medium, or rather large, distinct
heart-shaped, smooth, a fine deep clear red, often spotted
or marbled, stem an inch and a half long, cavity mode-
rate ; flesh half-tender, (about as firm as American Heart,
from which it probably originated,) sweet, rich, with a
fine flavor. Growth vigorous, very productive. Season
medium. Origin, Perrinton, N. Y. New.

Fig. 2'8—RockpoT
Bigarreau.

Fig. 279— Napoleon
Bigarreau,

THE CHERRY. 367

Buttner''s Yellow. Medium in size, roundish, somewhat ob-
tuse-cordate, base distinctly flattened ; surface clear pale
yellow, not reddened by the sun ; stalk short, flesh yel-
lowish, firm, crisp, sweet, good ; stone quite small Late.
Growth vigorous Origin, Halle, Germany.

China Bigarreau. Medium in size, oval-heart-shaped, some-
what roundish, suture distinct ; color, amber mottled with
red, becoming red ; stalk long, slender, cavity shallow ;
flesh half-tender when ripe, with a rather rich and pecu-
liar, second rate flavor. Season, rather late. Shoots spread-
ing. Origin, Flushing, L. I.

Doivni?ig''s Red Cheek. Size medium or rather large, ob-
tuse heart-shaped, regular, suture distinct ; color with a
broad crimson cheek ; stalk an inch and a half long, ca^
vity of medium size ; flesh half tender, delicate, sweet,
rich, nearly first rate. Rather early. Origin, Newburgh,
N. Y. ^

Ilildcsheim. {Syn. Hildesheim Bigarreau, Bigarreau Tar-
dif de Hildesheim.) Size medium ; heart-shaped ; color,
yellow mottled and marbled with red ; flesh yellow, firm
sweet, agreeable. Very late. German.

Lady Southampton's Yellow. Size medium, heart-shaped
yellow with no tinge of red, flesh firm, not juicy, flavor
rather poor. Late.

Madison Bigarreau. Size medium, regular heart-shaped
amber yellow, dotted and marbled with red ; stalk rathei
short, slender ; flesh half-tender, sweet, pleasant, of fine
flavor. Season medium or rather early. A good bearer.
Shoots spreading. Origjr^, Salem, Mass. Flesh almost
too tender to be included with the oi^^arreaus.

Section IIL Fruit small.

Remington. (Sz/7z. Remington White Heart.) Small, heart-
shaped, yellow, rarely a faint red-cheek, rather dry, bit-
ter, worthless. Ripens about the end of summer or early
in autumn, its lateness being its only recommendation
Origin, Rhode Island.

24 P*

568

THE CHERRY

^VISION II. FRUIT ROUND.

Cl^ss I. Duke Cherries.

Section I. Fruit large.

Arch Duke. {Syn. Portugal Duke, Late Arch Duke.) Ver^'
large, round-heart-shaped, slightly flattened, dark shining
red, becoming nearly black ; stalk an inch and a half long,
slender, deep-sunk; flesh light red, when matured rich
sub-acid, slightly bitter till fully ripe, of fine flavor, hardly
equal in quality to Mayduke. Season very late, or jus*
before midsummer. One fourth larger than Mayduke,
and tree more spreading, and with thicker and darker
foliage. Rare.

Belle Magnifique. Quite large, roundish, inclining to

heart-shaped ; color a fine rich
red, portions of the surface of-
ten a lighter hue ; stalk slender,
nearly two inches long, cavity
large ; flavor rather mild for
this class, fine, but not of the
highest quality. One of the
best late varieties, ripening
about midsummer. Productive
Growth resembles that of the
Mayduke in form. French.

Belle de Choisy. Size medium,
round, very even, obscurely ob-
late ; skin thin, translucent,
showing the netted texture of
the flesh ; stalk rather short,
slender; flesh pale amber, mot-
tled with yellowish red, becom-
ing in the sun, a fine cornelian
red ; skin very tender, very
juicy and melting, with a fine
mild, sub-acid flavor, becoming
nearly sweet ; season rather
early. Moderately productive ;
needs good cultivation. French.

Fig. 2?iO.—BeiU
dt Choisy.

Fig. ^81.— Belle
Magnifique.

Tin: CHERKY. 3^^

Late Duke. Large, obtuse roundish heart-=shaped, slightly
oblate ; color light, mottled with bright red at first, be-
coming rich dark red when ripe ; stalk an inch and a
half long, rather slender, cavity shallow ; flesh pale am-
ber, sub-acid, not rich, much less so than Mayduke ; sea-
son very late, or a little after midsummer, Tree more
spreading than Mayduke, and foliage rather more com-
pact, approaching somewhat the character of a Morello.

Le Merrier, a new French variety, resembles Late Duke,
and ripens at the same time — it is roundish, remotely
heart-shaped, obtuse ; suture shallow, ending in a point
at apex ; surface light shining red, marbled with deeper
red — about second-rate.

MAYDUKE. Large, roundish, obtuse heart-shaped ; color
red at first, becoming when mature nearly black ; flesh
reddish, becoming dark purple, very juicy and melting,
rich, acid, excellent. It is frequently picked when red
mimature, and not fully grown, and imperfect in fla-
vor. Quite early — but often varying greatly and perma-
nently in its season of ripening, even on the same tree.
Holman's Duke and Late Mayduke are only late varia-
tions perpetuated by grafting. Growth upright for a Duke.
Very hardy, and adapted to all localities.

Royal Duke. [Syn. Ro3'al Tardive.) Very large, round-
ish, distinctly oblate, surface dark red ; flesh reddish, ten-
der, juicy, rich; season rather late. Growth like the
Mayduke. Rare.

Much confusion has existed relative to the different Duke
cherries. Most of the sorts disseminated in this country are
only sub-varieties of the Mayduke. The Arch Duke and
the Late Duke are distinguished by their spreading hrajiches ;
and the Mayduke and Royal Duke by their more uyright or
fastigiate growth. The Late Duke is distinguished from
the Arch Duke, py its more oblate fruit, and from the May-
duke by its late maturity and paler flesh. The Royal Duke
IS remarkable for its dii-tinct oblate form

370 TIIK CHERRY.

Section II. Fruit medium in size.

Jeffrey^s Duke. {Sy/t. Jeffrey's Royal, Royale.) Size nn
dium, round, obscurely oblate ; color a fine lively red
stalk medium ; fiesh amber with a tinge of red, rich,
juicy, of fine flavor. Growth slow, very compact, fiuil
in thick clusters; season medium. Resembles Mayduke,
but smaller, rounder, and lighter colored. Rare in this
country.

Class II. Morellos.

Section I. Frui-t large.

Carnation. Large, round, yellowish white, mottled and
marbled with fine orange red ; stalk an inch and a fourth
long, stout ; flesh slighty firmer than most of this class,
a little bitter at first, becoming mild acid, and with a rich
fine flavor ; growth spreading ; leaves resembling those
of a heart cherry. Very late, ripening about midsum
mer.

Prince's Duke is a large sub-variety, but a very poor bearer
and of little value,

MorcUo. {Sy?i. English Morello, Large Morello, Dutch
Morello.) Rather large, approaching medium ; round,
obscurely heart-shaped ; dark red, becoming nearly black
flesh dark purplish crimson, of a rich acid, mixed with a
slight astringency. Season very late, or after midsum-
mer. In England, its ripening is retarded till autumn
by the shading of a wall. Rare in this country.

The common Morello is a smaller sub- variety, a little darker
and with smaller branches.

Plumstone Morello. Large, roundish-heart-shaped; co-
lor deep red ; stalk an inch and a half long, slender,
straight; cavity moderate ; flesh reddish, of a rich acid
flavor. Very late, or after midsummer. Stone rather
long and pointed. The most valuable of the Morellos.

Ru?nsey^s Late Morello. Large, round heart-sK."ped, smooth,
polished, light red, becoming a lively red ; suture dis-
tinct • stalk an inch and a half long, cavity rather nar-

THE CHEKUY. 373

row and deep ; flesh juicy, ver}- acid, stone like the Plum
stone Morello. Very late, ripening at the end of sum-
mer and beginning- of autumn. Too sour for the table,
culinary only. Origin, Fi^hkili N. Y. New.

Section 11. Fruit medium in size.

Buttner's October Morello. Size medium, round, flavor
very acid, one of the latest cherries, ripening in autumn,
and unworthy of cultivation. Dutch. New.

Flemish. {Syn. Montmorency of Liiid.) Size medium,
distinctly oblate, bright red, usually in pairs, stalk very
short or three-fourths of an inch long, cavny deep, fur-
rowed on one side ; sub-acid, flavor moderate. A poor
bearer. Very late.

Kentish. [Syn. Early Richmond, Virginian May, Kentish
Red, English Pie Cherry.) Rather small becoming me-
dium when well ripened, round, slightly oblate, growing in
pairs ; color a full red ; stalk an inch or an inch and a
fourth long, rather stout; fle.h very juicy, acid, moder-
ately rich. Stone adhering strongly to the stalk, often
withdrawing it from the fruit when picked. Very pro-
ductive ; fine for early cooking , ripens early and hangs
long on the tree.

Pie Cherry, (American.) {Syn. Late Kentish of Down-
ing, Common Red, American Kentish.) Size medium,
approaching small, rour'''^n, slightly oblate; stalk an
inch to an inch and a half long, stout ; color light red ,
flesh very juicy, quite acid, moderately rich. Rather
!ate. Stone not adhering to the stalk, as with the pre-
ceding. Ver}^ productive ; a good culinary sort.

Section III. Fruit small.
Cluster. {Syn. Cerise a Bouquet.) Small, in clusters of
two to six on a common peduncle ; round, red, quite acid
rather late. Of little value. Tree small.

Early May. {Syn, Cerise Indulie.) Small, round, ap
proaching oblate, bright high red ; stalk an inch long
fl'"sh juicy, acid, good. Very early.

CHAPTER Vm.

THE GOOSEBERRY AND CURRANT.

The Currant, from its hardiness, free growth, easy cul-
tuie, great and uniform productiveness, pleasant flavor, and
early ripening, is one of the most valuable of our summer
fruits.

It is propagated, like the gooseberry, from cuttings, for
which vigorous shoots of the last year's production should
be chosen. Half the buds only at the top of the shoot, should
be left ; and the plants may be kept trained up to a single
stem, a few inches high, when the branches should radiate
on all sides in an upward direction so as to form a hand-
some spreading top. Currant bushes, if permitted to sucker
moderately, will however endure for a longer time, as the
new shoots, sending out roots of their own, afford in fact r.
spontaneous renewal. But care is needed that they ir>
not form too dense a growth.

Currants, from their hardiness, usually receive no atten-
tion nor culture, but are suffered to become overrun with
weeds and grass, and to become crowded with a profusion
of suckers. Small and inferior fruit is the result. A great
improvement both in size and quality, is made by rich soil,
good cultivation, and judicious pruning. The difTerence in
flavor between fruit ripened on well trimmed branches, with
air and sun freely admitted to the fully grown leaves, and
that which is shaded by a crowded growth of foliage, is
greater than most who have not witnessed the experiment
would believe.

The various modes of using, drying, and preserving cur-
rants, in tarts, jellies, &c., are familiar to all; the follow-
ing mode, by which the green fruit may be kept for any
'iength of time, in as good condition as when gathered, may

THE CURRANT, 373

prove useful : Pick the fruit when fully grown, dry the
surface well without shrivelling, and cork tight in glass
bottles, covering the corks with sealing wax; then bury
the bottles to the neck in sand or earth in a cool cel-
lar. This method may be successfully applied to the goose-
berry.

VARIETIES.

Class L Red and White Currants^ [Rihes ruhrum.)

Champagne. Size medial, pale pink, quite acid, not of
high flavor ; a curiosity.

Cherry Currant. Very large, nearly twice the size of tha
common Red Dutch, round, light red, clusters moderately
short, quite acid. Growth large, tall, and luxuriant.
Rather ""unproductive. Italy. New.

Dutch, Red. A little larger than the common red currant,
and clusters much longer, and a little less acid. Proba-
bly the best red currant.

.Dutch, White. Nearly resembles the common white cur-
ant, but with longer clusters, and with fruit less approach
ing oblate. The best-white.

Knight's Early Red. Tt ripens ten days earlier than the
other sorts, which comprises its merit.

Knighfs Sweet Red. Less acid than most varieties, and
rather less so than the White Dutch — paler in color than
the common red.

Mays Victoria. Rather large, scarcely larger than Red
Dutch, flavor rather acid — hangs long, and valuable for
its lateness. Rivers sa^^s it is undoubtedly the same as
Goliath, " an excellent late currant."

Striped Fruited. Striped with white and red — rare.
Germany.

White Grape Currant. Quite large, rather larger than
White Dutch, bunches shorter, and hardly equal in flavor.

374

fHK UC)0^;K BERRY.

Class IL Black Currants^ [Ribes nigrum.)

Common Black or Black English. Large, one third of an
inch in diameter, quite black, clusters very short ; with a
strong odor, flavor poor.

Black Naple. Largest of all currants, sometimes five-
eighths of an inch in diameter, resembling in flavor the
preceding, but ripening later, and with larger clusters
The largest currant known. Sometime used for jellies.

THE GOOSEBERRY.

The Gooseberry.* as mostly cultivated in this country, i3
a native (jf the North of Europe. The Ameri:an species
have very rarely or never been improved by cultivation.
The foreign species has been multiplied into thousands oi
varieties in England. The catalogue of the London Hor-
ticultural Society enumerates 149 sorts worthy of notice,
anu Lindley gives a list of more than 700 prize sorts.
Large numbers of these are, of course, distinguished by
the slightest distinctive shades. Some, by the most perfect
culture, with pruning, and thinning the fruit on the branch-
es, havo been made to attain a diameter of two inches, and
a weight of an ounce and a half. But such mammoth sorts
are usually neither so good in flavor nor so profitable for
raising as those of a medium size.

The productiveness of the gooseberry, under good man
agement, is very great. The Whitesmith and some other
varieties frequently bear so copiously, that the fruit is strung
along the branches in actual contact, for several inches to-
gether. Finer fruit, it is true, may be had by thinning,
when the berries are yet small; and the exhaustion is less
than when the bushes are heavily laden.

Some instances of great productiveness are given by B.
G. Boswell, in the Horticulturist. In one instance, a gar-
dener near Philadelphia, gathered from two rows, one hun-
dred and fifty feet long, six bushels, which sold for twenty-
four dollars; and rmother cultivator in the same neighbor-
hood, gathered thirteen quarts from a single plant.

* Supposed to have been K-rmerly much used as a sauce with green goose, whence

THE GOOSEBERRY. 376

Propagation and Culture. The Gooseberry is propagated
from cuttings, in a manner quite similar to the currant.
The soil should be a good strong loam, and made unusually
deep by trenching, to secure the bushes from drought. It
should be kept fertile by application of manure. The prun-
ing should be freely performed as soon as the leaves are off,
by a thorough thinning out of the branches. The shoots
should be left, evenly distributed over the bush, so as to pre-
vent crowding of the leaves, for it must be remembered
that with this as well as with all other plants or trees, the
growth and ripening of the fruit depends wholly on the ad-
mission of light and air to the leaves, and on their full and
healthy dtvtl oyment .

Mildew. This is the most serious obstacle to the success-
ful cultivation of the gooseberry in the United States. In the
cool and moist climate of England, it docs not exist ; in the
extreme northern parts of the Union, it is not formidable ;
but on approaching the Middle States, although the bushes
grow vigorously and set abundant crops of young fruit, the
latter become covered with a thick brown or grey mildew
or scurf, which wholly destroys their value.

I\Ianuring, high cultivation, and pruning, will in some
cases prove sutiicient to prevent mildew. This may be as*
sisted by the cautious application of salt, — either thinly
over the soil, or directly upon the plant ; in the ,atter case,
the solution should be so thin, that the saline taste may be
iust perceptible. But shading by a thick coat of salt hay,
appears to be the most efficient remedy. It should be spread
in a layer of several inches or even a foot in thickness,
crowding it down to make room for the branches. This
should be done in spring. It has proved quite successful in
a muliitude of instances, even as far south as Delaware.
In inland districts where sea-weed or salt hay cannot be had,
a convenient substitute consists in placing coarse hay or
straw beneath the bushes, and then applying a solution of
salt with a watering pot, avoiding direct contact with tlit-
bushes, if the solution be strong.

376

THE GOOSEBERRT.

VARIETIES.

A few only can be mentioned within th ' present limits,
out of a vast assemblage of hundreds. Most of the fine Eng-
lish sons have either been tried here to a very limited ex-
tent, or not tried at all ; but among a few which have proved
particularlv successful, the following may be mentioned: —
Crown Bob. {Syn. Melling's Crown Bob.) Larije, often an

inch and a
fourth long,
roundish oval,
nd, hairy,
flavor of first
quality ; bran-
ches spread-
ing or droop-
ing.
Roaring Lion.
(Sz/7z. Farrow's
RoaringLion.)
Very large, ob-
long oval, red
smooth ; fla-

Fig. 2S2—Crorvn Bob.

vor fine, hangs long, branches drooping

L

Whitesmith.
N?/?z. Wood ward's
Whitesmith.) Ra-
ther large, a littk
over an inch long
roundish oval,
slightly approach-
ing oblong, yel-
lowish white, very
slightly downy,
flavor of first
quality; branches
rather erect.
Red Warrington
Rather large
roundish oblong
hairy ; flavor a

Fig;. 283— Whitesmith.

THE GOOSEBERRY.

377

first quality. Hansfs long without
proves in flavor. Branches drooping

cracking, and

im-

Parkinson's Laurel, Large, obovate, green, downy, fla«
vor of first quality ; branches rather erect.

Wellington's Glory. Large, rather oval, very downy ,
skin quite thin ; flavor excellent; branches erect.

Houghton's Sekdlinct. Frni; sjnall, oval, comnionly about

three-fourths of
an inch long ;
,skin smooth, thin,
glossy, a pale,
dull reddish

brown, marked
with faint green-
ish li'ieo ; flesh
tender, juicy,
sweet, pleasant.
Ripens soon iifter
midsummer. Not
high-flavored, as
compared with
the bestEuropean
sorts, but a pro-
fu.-e beaier, al-
ways free of mil-
dew, and of very
Fig. iSi— Houghton's Seedling. easy cultivatioii.

A seccling from a wild American species; origin, Saicm
Mass

CHAPTER IX.

THE RASPBE7.1RY.

Propagation. Most varieties are increased with great
facility by suckers ; a ^evr^ as the American Black and
American White, are propagated readily by layers, the tips
oi the recurved branches when slightly buried, soon taking
root. New varieties are raised from seeds, and come into
bearing the second year.

The soil for the raspberry should be rich and approaching
moist, and an admixture of swamp muck is useful. A strong
deep loam, is the only soil from which a full crop may be
expected every season. If sandy or gravelly, or a stiff, cold
clay, it cannot be relied upon. But the most important
requ'"site is d^"pfh, only to be attained by deep trenching,
and which will go far towards affording a remedy for any
natural defect of the soil. The most tender varieties, as the
White Antwerp, may be raised on higher, drier and firmer
spots of ground, being there less liable to severe frosts in
cases where winter covering cannot be applied.

The culture is simple. It consists in pruning each spring,
keeping all weeds and grass well cleared away from the
stems, and the soil mellow and clean by cultivation.

The pruning should be done early in spring. It consists
in cutting out all but the last year's growth, together with
all the smaller shoots, even with the ground, leaving only
five or six of the last summer's canes for future bearing.
These are to be cut off three or four feet high, and neatly
tied together, usinor a stake to stiffen them if necessary. In
tying, they should be allowed to spread slightly at the top,
in the form of a wine glass. The distance asunder should
be about four feet.

THE RASPBERRY.

37S

The accompanying figures exhibit a mode of training the
raspberry recommended in the Gardener's Chronicle. In
fio-. 2S.5, representing the appearance in autumn, the arched

uortions, tied to the stake in the centre, are the canes which
have borne fruit, and which must be cut down to the
ground, to be replaced by the upright which have just com
pleted their growth, and which are to be trained in the man
ner represented by fig. 2S6.

Fi-. 2S6.

In many parts of the Northern States, some tender varie-
ties, and more especially the White Antwerp, need winter
protection. This is easily given, by covering the stems,
when prostrate, very thinly with earth; placing- a small mound
of earth against the bottom of the stems before laying them
down, to bend upon and prevent breaking. This covering
.s removed early in spring. It will be found to prove vcrj
useful, even when not necessary to prevent winter-killing,
by rendering the crop larger and more certain.

A plantation of raspberries will continue in bearing five
or six years, when it should be renewed. If it remain
longer, the fruit becomes small, and the crop o-radnaliv do.
clines.

380

THE RASPBERRi'.

Varieties.

American Black. {Sy/i. Thimble-berry, Common Black
cap.) Rather small, hemispherical, flavor rich, sub -acid*
Rather late. Shoots long-, purple, recurved.

The American White is similar in all respects, but with light
yellow fruit and shoots.

American Red. {Sy/i. Common Red.) Size medium, round-
ish, light red, sub-acid; shoots vigorous, long. Rather
early.

Barnet. Very large, roundish-conical, bright purplish-red,
flavor rich, agreeable ; canes long, yellowish green, much
branched, when young very bristly towards the top.

CoL. Wilder.

Very large, roundish, slightly co-
nical, cream-colored, semi-tran-
sparent ; flavor fine. Growth very
vigorous, quite hardy, productive,
ripening early, and for several
successive weeks. New ; raised
by Dr. Brinckl', of Philadelphia,
from seed of the Fastolff'.

Cretan Red. Size medium, round-
ish-conical, deep purplish red,
sub-acid, good ; canes rather up-
right, grey, nearly smooth ; leaves
light-colored. Rather late. Pro-
ductive, and succeeds well on
light soils.

Fig. 287.— Co/. Wilder.

Fastolff. Very large, obtuse, conical, somewhat round-
ish, bright purplish red, rich, high-flavored. Rather larger
than Red Antwerp, more obtuse, softer, and hardly so
high-flavored. Canes rather erect, branching.

Franconia. Very large, rather firm, obtuse-conical, dark
red, flavor rich, sub-acid ; canes strong, spreading, branch-
ing, yellowish brown. Leaves rather narrow. A few
days later than Red Antwerp. Productive Hardy.

THE RASPBERRY.

331

Ohio Everbearing. Resembles, in all respects, the Ameri-
can Black, except in a continued succession of fruit till
mid-autumn.

I'^y'

Fig. 283.— Fastoijf.

Fig. 289.— iJed Antwerp,

Red Antwerp. {Syn. True Red Antwerp.) Very large,
conical, dull red ; flavor rich and sweet. Canes mode-
rately strong, yellowish green, becoming pale brown,
prickles not numerous. Ripens about midsummer.

An inferior sort, of smaller size, is disseminated under
this name — it is distinguished from the genuine by its
round, obtuse form, while the true is somewhat conical
and pointed.

[n southern Virginia and Carolina, the Antweps fail from
the heat of the sun.

Yellow Jntwery. {Syyi. White Antwerp.) Quite large,
conical, often long-conical, light yellow, with fine bristles ^
flcvor very rich and excellent. Rather tender — need?
winter protection at the north, which renders it less valu
able than some other sorts of no better flavor.

CHAPTER X.

THE STRAWBERRY,

The cultivation of this early and delicious fiuU, so uni
versally esteemed is much ns,eglected through the country at
large. Failure from bad management has doubtless con
tributed to this neglect.

The requisites foi success, are chiefly,

1. A good, deep, rich soil ;

2. Clean cultivation between the rows ;

3. A renewal by planting as often as once in three years

4. Selection of suitable varieties.

doil. Any deep, ricti soil, which will afford fine crops of
corn and potatoes, is well adapted to the cultivation of the
strawberry. To be uniformly productive, it must be deep-
ly trenched, either by the spade or by double plowing, and
well enriched with manure. Fine crops, it is true, may be
obtained without trenching, but not in such excellence, pro-
fusion, nor certainty, in all seasons. It rarely, but some-
times happens that the soil is made too rich. The usual
error is the reverse.

Clean Cultivatioii is a most essential requisite. On a
large scale, it may be very cheaply accomplished by ahorse
and cultivator, the rows being about two feet apart, and the
plants a foot to a foot and a half in the rows. The runners
must be kept down by hoeing, or treated precisely as weeds ;
and unless the soil is already quite fertile, a dressing of
manure should be applied each autumn, which will protect
the roots, soak into the soil, and may be turned under in
spring. A light top-dressing of leached ashes is highly
beneficial to strawberry beds.

Some varieties, as the Large Early Scarlet and Dundee,
will often bear profusely for a single season, even when the
plants run thickly together; others, and more particularly

THE STRAWBERRY. 383

the larger sorts, must be cleared of runners and Kept well
cultivated, or they will always bear poorly.

A rencvjcd oj the beds by transplanting, is performed most
successfully in spring. The new plants, formed by the
rooting of the runners, are always the be?t. Planting in
summer requires much care and labor in watering ; and in
autumn, the plants rarely become so well rooted as to with-
stand sufficiently the frosts of winter.* In all cases, the
roots, before set out, should be imn.ersed in mud, and the
plants watered afterwards.

The following very easy mode of raising the strawberry,
by a spontaneous renewal of the plants, or "culture in al-
ternate strips," is thus described by A. J. Downing, and has
been successfully practiced in various parts of the country : —

" Early in April, or in August, being provided with a good
stock of strong young plants, select a suitable piece of good
deep soil. Dig in a heavy coat of stable manure, pulverizing
well and raking the top soil. Strike out the rows, three
feet apart, with a line. The plants should now be planted
along each line about a foot apart in the row. They will
soon send out runners, and these runners should be allowed
to take possession of every alternate strip of three feet — the
other strip being kept bare by continually destroying all
runners upon it, the whole patch being kept free of all
weeds. The occupied strip or bed of runners will now give
a heavy crop of strawberries, and the open strip of three feet
will serve as an alley from which to gather the fruit. After
the crop is over, dig and prepare this alley or strip for the
occupancy of the new runners for the next season's crop.
The runners from the old strip will now speedily cover the
new space allotted to them, and will perhaps require a par-
tial thinning out to have them evenly distributed. As soon
as this is the case, say about the middle of August, dig un-
der the whole of the old plants with a light coat of manure.
The surface may be then sown with turnips or spinage,
which will come off before the next season of fruits.

" In this way the strips or beds occupied by the plants, are
reversed every season, and the same plot of ground may
thus be continued in a productive state for many years."

* When autumn planting is adopted from necessity^ the soil should be closely trod
den round the roots to prevent heaving by the frozen moisture.
25 Q

384

THE STR.IWBEKRY

Selection of Variefies. Independentl\- of fine quality, ine
selection of suitable varieties is of great importance. Some
sorts, celebrated and highly recommended, will not yield a
tenth part of the crop afforded by others. The most produc-
tive, among which may be mentioned the Cincinnati Hud-
son,* the Large Early Scarlet, and the Dundee, have yield-
ed at the rate of 50 to 70 and sometimes 100 bushels per
acre ; the ground, at the period of ripening, glowing with tho
dense red clusters which nearly cover the surface ; whilo
of such varieties as Swainstone's Seedling, Myatt's Eliza,
and Deptford Pine, the fruit is so thinly scattered and im-
perfect, that whole square feet are destitute of fine speci-
mens.

As the productive qualities of strawberries depend so
essentially on the presence of the stamens and pistils, some
attention to this part of the subject becomes indispensible to
their successful culture.

Modern cultivators divide all strawberries into two dis-
tinct classes, one being termed
staminate^ (or "male,") in vvliich
the stamens are fully developed,
and possess the power of ferti-
lizing the germ; and the other
Fi- 291 being termed pistillate, (or " fe-

VistiMte flowers, male,") in which the stamens
are abortive, or so small and imperfectly developed that
they fail to accomplish fertilization. The above figures,
(figs, 290 and 291,) represent the usual appearance of these

Fig. 290.
Staminate flowers

Fig. 292.
PistillaU flower, magnified.

Fig. -m.

Staminate flower, magnified.

two kinds of flowers ; and figs. 292 and 293, magnified poi
tions of the same, fig. 293 exhibiting a part of the flower
of the Large Early Scarlet, and fig. 292, the same of Ho-

* A single cultivator in Kentucky, who supplies Cincinnati, and who has sixty acres
planted with strawberries ; carried in one season to market, from thirty-seven acres,
one hundred and twenty bushels per day, for eight or nine successive days. The
whole amount sold in Cincinnati, during 22 days in the year 1846, was 4,150 bushels,
, bein^r an average of nearly 200 bushels per day.

THE STRAWBERKY. 385

vey's Seedling; <z, being the stamens, and 5, tlie pistils. By
the use of a microscope it will be found that tJie former is
abandanth^ supplied with pollen or fertilizing dust, while the
latter is nearly or totally destitute. Hence Hovey's Seed-
ling or any other pistillate variety, can never, or but very
imperfectly, fertilize its owm flowers, and the impregnation
must be derived from a staminate sort.

Strictly speaking, the term staminate applies to those only
which are destitute of perfect pistils. Very few flowers,
however, are wholly destitute ; and most of those which
have perfect stamens, have also a greater or less number of
pistils, but usually much fewer than the pistillate flowers
only. This imperfection in the pistils of staminate sorts,
render those sorts usually unproductive.* Hence the great-
est bearers are mostly of the pistillate varieties, fertilized by
staminate sorts planted within a few feet for this purpose.
Without this assistance, derived from staminate flowers
pistillates are either barren, or the fruit is imperfect and
distorted, only a part or the outer portion of the berry near-
est the stamens, being impregnated by the scanty supply of
pollen from the nearly abortive stamens.

In planting strawberry beds, it is important, therefore
to know the character of the flowers. Nothing is easier
than to distinguish the two when in blossom. This dis-
tinction is given in the arrangement of varieties which fol-
lows. About one quarter staminates are usually regarded
as abundant for fertilizing a bed. To prevent intermixture
of the two sorts by runners, they may be planted in alter-
nate strips, as indicated by the following diagram, S repre-
senting staminate, and P pistillate varieties :

p

p

p

p

s

P

P

P

p

s

p

p

p

r

s

s

s

s

p

p

p

p

s

p

p

p

p

s

p

p

p

p

s

s

s

s

p

p

p

p

^

s

-d

p

p

p

p

►«s

s

•-=?

p

p

p

p

d

s

s

s

s

p

p

p

p

«

s

Q

p

p

p

p

^

s

«

p

p

p

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* There are a few exceptions to this general rule, as in ca«e of the Large Early
Scarlet, which, although most conspicuously a siaminaie, is a profuse l.earer. The
Alpine and Wood Strawberries have perfect flowers and are good bearers.

386 THE STRAWBERRY.

VAEIETIES.

Class I. Scarlet Strawberries.

'Flowers small; leaves rather long, thin, and light green, sharply serrate; firait
bright color, acid or sub-acid, seed deeply sunk. Fragaria virginiina.)

Section I. Flowers Staminate.
Section 11. Flowers Pistillate..

Class II. Pine Strawberries.

(Flowers ra'.her large, leaves broad, dark green, sometimes obtuse ; fruit large, noj
acid, rather smooth, seeds little sunk. Fragaria grandijiora.)

Section I. Flowers Staminate.
Section II. Flowers Pistillate.

Class III. Alpink and Wood Strawberries.

(Flowers rather small, perfect; leaves small, thin, light green; fruit small, sweet,
parting I'reely t"rom the calyx. Fragaria vesca.)

Class IV. Hautbois Strawberries.

(Ijeaves large, pale green, on tall stalks*; fruit-stalk tall and erect; fruit dull pur
plish. Fragaria elatior. )

Class V. Chili Strawberries.

(Leaves very hairy, thick, obtusely serrate ; fruit very large, pale, insipid. Tender

Fragaria chilensis.)

Class VI. Green Strawberries.

(Leaves light green, plaited; flesh solid. Of little value.)

Class I. Scarlet Strawberries.

Section I. Flowers Staminate.

Downton. {Syn. Knight's Seedling.) Rather large, necked,
ovate or coxcomb-shaped, often oblate, dark purplish
scarlet, flesh firm, rich, aro;i.atic ; unproductive. Value-
less. English.

Ditke of Kent. {Syn. Austrian Scarlet.) Small, varying
from roundish without a neck, to long conical and necked ,
brijht scarlet, a clear rich acid. Earliest of all straw-
berries,— ripe the first day of s immer. Usually stami-
nate, but the earlier flowers sometimes pistillate only.

♦ Whence the name hautbois, meanmg, literally, in French, high-wood

THE STAAWBERRY.

387

Elton. Large, ovate, often coxcomb-shaped, glossy, light
red, becoming dark red, flesh red, rather firm, quite rich.
Tender, needs covering in winter. Late ; rather unpro-
ductive.

9rove-End Scarlet. {Syn. Atkinson Scarlet.) Medium,
bright scarlet, roundish-oblate ; flavor pleasant, mild, ra
ther early. English.

Burros Staminate Seedling. (Syn. Burr's Old Seedling,
ize medium, flavor pleasant, hardy, very productive
dapted to all soils. Origin, Columbus, Ohio.

Large Early Scarlet.

Rather large, roundish ovate, reg-
ular, bright-scarlet,
tender, rich, excellent.
Very early, two or
three days after Duke
of Kent. Productive
at the North.

The Old or Virginia
Scarlet, the original
wild strawberry of
this country, is
smaller, and three or
four days later.

Fig. 295.
Prolific Hautbois.

Fig. 294.
Large Early Scarlet.

close resemblance m other points
late. Productive.

Prince's Profuse Scar-
let, is slightly larger
th:in Large Early
Scarlet, but bears a

, except in being pistil-

Section II. Flov:ers pistillate.

Bishop^s Ora?ige. {Syn. Bishop's New.) Large, regular!}'-
conical, light scarlet approaching orange, flesh firm, flavor
rather acid, high ; growth low ; leaves hairy. Worth-
less except on a deep rich sandy sol, well cultivated.
For amateurs only.

3SS THE STRAWBERRY.

Criivison Cone. (Sz/n. Dutch Berry.) Medium, uniformly
conical, bright crimson, rich, acid.

Dundee. Rather large, roundish oval, regular ; fine light
scarlet, firm, rich, acid, t ivor fine for a large sort. Hardy,
a most profuse bearer.

Hudson's Bay. {Sy7i. Hudson, Old Hudson ?) Rather large,
ovate, usually with a neck, often without, dark rich red ;
flesh firm, of a high, brisk acid flavor, requiring full ma-
turitv to be fine. Rather late. Profusely productive.

A. J. Downing regards the Hudson's Bay as identical
with the Old or Cincinnati Hudson, so extensively culti-
vated as a market fruit in southern Ohio. His opinion is
disputed by N. Longworth and others, of Cincinnati.

The Willey of Ohio, resembles the Hudson, is a most pro-
fuse bearer, even with trifling care, but the flavor is not
first-rate.

Methven Scarlet. {Sy7i. Methven, Methven Castle.) Very
large, roundish or coxcomb-shaped ; color rather dull scar-
let, soft, insipid, often hollow; season medium.

Roseberry. {Sy?i. Aberdeen, Scotch Scarlet.) Size me-
dium, ovate-conical, with a short neck, dark red, flesh
firm, flavor tolerable ; season medium.

The Black Roseberry is better in quality, dark purplish red,
a poor bearer.

Class II. Pine Strawberries.
Section I. Flowers Staminate.

Boston Pine. Large, roundish, very slightly conical, regu-
lar, deep red, flesh pale scarlet, solid, rich-flavored, hardy.
Often highly productive. Needs a fertile soil, and culti-
vation in "hills" or rows. Early. One of the best of
strawberries. Originated by Hovey & Co., Boston.

Brewer^s Emperor. Large, ovate, dark red, of fine flavor;
resembles Keene's Seedling, \ it hardy and productive
Enoflish. New.

THE STRAWBERRY. 389

British Queen, " (M}att's.) Very large, roundish, some-
times coxcomh-shaped, color rich scarlet ; flavor rich; ten-
der, rather early. A poor bearer, and hence unworthy
of cultivation. In England, productive and supeib.

Deptford Pine, (Myatt's.) Very large, long-conical, wedge-
shaped, color a clear bright scarlet, dark red in the sun;
flesh firm and solid, flavor rich and good. Season me-
dium. Moderately hardy. A poor bearer. English. New.

Keene's Seedling. Large, roundish-oblate, often coxcomb-
shaped, shining, dark purplish scarlet, firm, rich, high-
flavored. Rather early. Of the highest reputation in
England, but tender, unproductive and valueless here.

Myatt's Eliza. Large, conical, with a mild, sweet, high,
fine flavor — very unproductive. English.

Prince Albert. Very large, showy ; ovate, color a rich scar-
let ; rather soft, flavor poor.

Old, or Carolina Pine. Large, conical, necked, sometimes
coxcombed ; bright scarlet, solid, juicy, rich. Season me-
dium ; of difficult culture.

Ross Phcenix. Very large, usually coxcombed or com-
pressed, dark red, flesh firm, of fine flavor for a large sort ;
season medium. Sometimes very productive ; but usually
fails on heavy clay, and scorches on light gravel. An
uncertain variety. Origin, Hudson, N. Y.

Swainstone Seedli7ig. Large, ovate, or ovate-conical, color
very bright red, high-flavor, rich, delicate, of the highest
quality ; a very poor bearer, so as to be hardly worth cul-
tivating. English.

Section IT, Flowers 'pistillate.

Black Prince. Quite large, roundish ovate, often approach-
ing oblate, seeds slightly sunk; flesh firm, with a mild,
agreeable, fine flavor. Season medium, very hardy,
rather productive. Leaves large, flat, petioles (juite
downy. Fails at Cincinnati.

390

THE STRAWBERRY.

Purr's New Pine. Large, an inch to an inch and o
fourth in diameter, roundish conical, smooth, even and
regular, seeds scarcely sunk, color pale red, flesh whitish
pink, very tender, flavor fine. Exceedingly prolific and
with perfect berries. Leaves large, spreading.

Fig. sue.— Black Prince.

Fig. 297.— £«rr'4 New Pine.

Hovey's Seedling. Very large
roundish-oval, approaching co-
nical ; color deep shining scar-
let ; seeds slip-htly sunk ; firm,
rathei .^cii, good. Very large,
showy, productive, and hence
fine for market. Season me-
dium. In some soils at the
north, it is liable to be thrown
out by frost, and needs winter
mulching. With high culture
it has been made very produc-
tive. Well known and popu-
lar. Raised by Hovey & Co.,
Boston,
slender neck ; color light
flesh nearly white, rather acid, of fine flavor. Very
ductive, early, — much cultivated at Cincinnati.

Fig. '298

H^eck Pine.

-Hovey's SeeJling.

Larofe, with a

red
pro

THE STRAWBERRY. 391

Class III. Alpine and Wood Strawberries.

Red Alpine. {Syn. Alpine Monthly.) Rather small, long
conical; seeds not sunk ; color red; quite sweet, mild,
not high flavored ; ripens a good crop just after the usual
strawberry season, and if damp and shaded, through the
season till winter frosts. An abundant autumnal crop is
secured by clipping the spring blossoms.

The White Alpine is quite similar, except in its light yel-
lowish or nearly white fruit.

Red Wood. Resembles the Alpine in size, flavor, and gen-
eral appearance, but has rounder fruit, and does not con
tinue so long through the season.

The White Wood only differs in its light colored fruit.

Busk Alpiiie. The Red and White Bush Alpine, resemble
the common Alpines in every particular, except in an en-
tire destitution of runners. Hence they grow in compact
bunches, and are considered valuable as edging for kitch-
en garden beds. They are necessarily propagated by
dividing the roots. They bear through the whole season,
even more uniformly than the common Alpines.

The Alpine and Wood Strawberries are easily propagated
from seed, with very little or no variation.

Class IV. Hautbois Strawberries.

Prolific. {Syn. Conical Hautbois, Musk Hautbois, Doubl*
Bearing.) Large, long ovate-conical, light purple be-
coming dark purplish red, surface slightly irregular, seed?
projecting; much esteemed by some for its rich, fine
musky flavor, and disliked by others.

This is the only variety of the Hautbois worthy of cultiva-
tion.

The Chili and Green Strawberries, appear to be un-
worthy of cultivation. Of the former, Wilmot's Superb, a
very showy, large, roundish or coxcombed fruit with a pale
red surface, and hollow, insipid flesh, has excited the most
attention.

Q*

CHAPTER XI.

THE GRAPE.

Propagation. The vine is propagated by seeds, layers
cuttings, and by grafting.

Seeds are planted only for obtaining new varieties, by
cross-fertilization, as described in an early chapter of this
work.

Layers furnish a very sure mode of obtaining large w-J'
rooted plants the same autumn after the young shoots are
Duried in the soil, which may be done a little before mid-
summer.

Cuttings are less certain of success than layers, but are
usually more convenient, and admit of more rapid multipli
cation. They should be a foot long and planted sloping,
and should just reach up to the surface of the soil, which
should be rich, deep, and rather moist. They strike more
readily under a frame of glass. The modification of cuttings
denominated eyes has been ah'eady described.

Grafting is sometimes useful for changing large vines of
worthless sorts to a better, and bearing fruit in less time
than a young vine on its own roots. To prevent bleeding,
the work must be done below the surface in the root ; or
after the leaves are expanded, the scions having been pre-
served in a cool cellar for this purpose.

Soil. "The essence," says Downing, "of all that caii
be said in grape culture respecting soil, is that it be di'y and
light, deep and rich.'" A dry bottom is highly essential;
hence a bed of stones, shells and bones, eighteen inches
beneath the surface, has been very useful. The manure
must be in some degree adapted to the nature of the soil,
but generally, vegetable mould or muck, with a portion of
ashes intermixed, as already prescribed ^or fruit trees, is
one of the very best.

Prunijig and Trairiing. The jrape admits of a great

THE GRAPE.

393

diversity in treatment, and many have their own peculiar
modes of pruning and training. General rules are applica-
ble to all. ' Universal experience proves that cutting away
a large portion of the wood every autumn or wmter, is indis-
pensibie to the regular and continued production of fine
fruit. The bunches are borne near the base of the present
year's growth ; and in the mode termed spur- primings
these side-shoots ^n the single main stem are annually cut
off", to be annually replaced by new shoots springing from
buds left for this purpose, fig. 298. In the long-cane or re-
newal system, more than one main stem is al-
lowed to grow ; and each year every alternate
stem is cut down to send up a new shoot in its
place, the previous year's shoots bearing the pre-
sent year's grapes on its side shoots. Spur prun-
ing is best adapted to the more slowly growing
or foreign sorts ; and the renewal pruning to the
more vigorous or American. Fig. 299, exhibits
the usual mode of training American grapes
(the trellis not being represented,) every upright
shoot of which may be treated as a permanent
stem and spur pruned ; or else every alternate
shoot cut out each year, as in the renewal mode.
These upright shoots should be three feet apart,
if spur pruning is adopted ; and two feet,
if the alternate shoots only, are permitted to
bear.
The summer treatment of grapes consists chiefly in thin-
ning the shoots where there is
danger of the leaves becoming
crowded ; thinning out the
bunches ; and, on exotic sorts,
thinning out freely the berries.
The frequent practice of nipping
off the ends of the shoots, just
above the bunches, when the
grapes are as large as a pea, lessens their subsequent
growth. For all fruits grow and ripen best when fed from
a good supply of v/ell grown but not crowded leaves, hence
the foliage should not be lessened, nor the shoots shortened
until they interfere with each oihcr's full developmerit, *

Fig. 299 — Training ha dy grapes

394

THE GRAPE.

Grape Houses. It rarely occurs that the foreign vane*
ties are successful}^ cultivated in the open air, and the pro-
tection of glass becomes necessary. The increased cer-
tainty of a crop, and the greatly improved flavor of the fruit,
can be hardly comprehended by those who have only seen
the more hardy foreign sorts ripened in open air. A house
without fire heat, is comparatively cheap, and managed
with moderate attention.

Grape houses are of three kinds, the cold house, which only
protects from the exterior changes of the weather, and re-
tains the heat of the earth and of the sun ; the forcing
house, used for ripening early grapes by the assistance of
artificial heat ; and the late house, to be also heated artifi-
cially, to ripen, during winter, the later varieties.

f:-. 2h[i.- Span-roof Gm-ptry. The best cold houses are made

with span-roofs, as in fig. 300 ;
while the Itan-to house, fig. 301 ;
is best adapted to forcing, afford-
ing better security against the ad-
mission of cold. For this purpose
the latter should also have a dou-
ble wall at the back. To admit
the free passage of the roots un-
der the walls, the border being on
both sides, the posts should be
either stone or brick piers, set
deep enough in the ground to be
unaffected by frost, and the walls
built upon thick connecting slabs
of stone near the surface. Posts
of durable timber will last njany
years, when the structure is built of wood. In the latter in»>
stance, the back wall should be double-planked, and the space
between filled with closely rammed dry tan. The sashes
for the roof should be of two lengths, lapping slightly at the
middle, and sliding past each other in separate grooves.

Border for the Vines. This should never be less than 12
feet wide, and if 20 or 25 feet, it would be better. The
roots of grape vines run rapidly to a great distance, and it
.'s indispensable to their successful growth to furnish them

i C- 3 1. — Ltnn-lo Grapery .

THE GRAPE 395

ample room for extension. J. F. Allen, of Salem, Mass., a
most successful cultivator, in his Treatise on the Grape, re-
commends for a torder, a mixture of one-half loam, or the
top soil of an old pasture, one-fourth bones or other strong
manure, one-eighth oyster shells, lime, or brick rubbish,
one-eighth rotten stable manure — varying with circum-
stances. The bed should be well mixed, and should be
two to three feet deep.

The same work states the cost of a cheap lean-to grape
house, without fire heat, 12 or 14 feet wide, at about eight
dollars per running foot ; and with the addition of a heat-
ing apparatus, at ten dollars per running foot, constructed
as cheaply as possible.

It would be impossible, within the space of a few pages, to
give full directions for the management of a grape house.
The following brief instructions, from A. J. Downing, con-
tain all that is essential for a cold house : •

" Routine of Culture. In a vinery without heat this
is comparatively simple. As soon as the vines commence
swelling their buds in the spring, they should be carefully
washed with mild soap suds, to free them from insects,
soften the wood, and assist the buds to swell regularly. At
least three or four times every week, they should be well
syringed with water, which, when the weather is cool, should
ahvays be done in the morning. And every day the vine
border should be duly supplied with water. During the
time when the vines are in blossom, and while the fruit is
setting, all sprinkling or syringing over the leaves must be
suspended, and the house should be kept a little more closed
and warm, than usual, and should any indications of mil-
dew appear on any of the branches, it may at once be
checked by dusting them with flour of sulphur. Air must
be given liberally every day when the temperature rises in
the house, beginning by sliding down the top sashes a little
in the morning, more at mid-day, and then gradually closing
them in the same manner. To guard against the sudden
changes of temperature out of doors, and at the same time
to keep up as moist and warm a state of atmosphere within
the vinery as is consistent with pretty free admission of the
air during sunshine, is the great object of culture in a vinery
of this kind '

396 THE GRAPE,

The minute and extended directions required for the suc-
cessful management of a forcing and late house, would far
exceed the limits here assigned ; for these and a large fund
of other valuable information relative to grape culture, the
i-eader is referred to All'^n's Treatise on the Grape.

Insects. The smaller insects may be repelled by sjTing-
ing with a solution of \1 hale-od soap ; the beetles may be
knocked off into tin cups containing turpentine. Open-
mouthed bottles, partly filled with sweetened water, v/ill
decoy many.

Mildew. This is a formidable obstacle to the culture of
foreign grapes in open air, both in the north and south.
The only effectual remedy is the renewal of the vines every
three or four years.

The rot has in some seasons proved a formidable disease
in vineyards — its cause and cure require further examina-
tion and expefliment.

Bleedings or the rapid escape of the sap by spring pruning,
causes much less injury than is usually supposed, and many
cultivators who have made the experiment thoroughly, have
scarcely perceived any unfavorable result on hardy grapes

NATIVE GKAPES.

Alexander's. {Syn. Cape Grape, Schuylkill Muscadel,
Spring-Hill Constantia.) Bunches not shouldered ; com-
pact; berries medium, nearly round, slightly oval ; skin
thick, black; pulp firm, coarse, acid until fully ripe; sea-
son late. Worthless in New-England and New-York
good at Cincinnati. A native of Pa.

Bland. (Sz/?z. Bland's Virginia, Powell.} Bunches loose ;
berries round, pedicels long ; skin thin, pale red, flesh
slightly pulpy, pleasant, delicate, sprightly. Late ; rare-
ly ripens well as far north as 43 degrees lat. A moderate
bearer. Origin, Va.

CATAWBA. Bunches medium in size, shouldered; berries
large, pale red, deeper in the sun, with a thin lilac bloom :
flesh slightly pulpy ; juicy, sweet, aromatic, rich, slightly
musky. Does not ripen well as far north as 43 degrees
latitude, except in warm exposures. Very productive.

To Kalon, a sub-variety is not pulpy, but a poor bearer

THE GRAPE. 307

Pond's Seedling- another sub-variet}-, is earlier, but un-
productive.
Clinton. Bunches medium or small, not shouldered, com-
pact ; berries nearly round, small, black; bloom thin blue;
pulpy, juicy, with a slightly harsh flavor. Very hardy
and rather early. Western New- York.

Diana. A seedling from the Catawba, which it resem
bles, but paler, or a pale greyish red, bunches loose, ber-
ry round, almost without pulp, juicy, sweet, rich. It ri-
pens earlier than the Isabella. Origin, Milton, Mass.

E..sixNBURGii. {Syn. Elsinborough.) Bunches rather large,
loose, shouldered ; berries quite small, skin thin, black ;
bloom blue ; pulp none ; melting ;weet, excellent. Leaves
deeply fivc-lobed, dark green; wood slender, joints long.
Hirdy. New- Jersey.

[r ABELLA. Bunches rather large, shouldered ; berries
round-oval, rather large ; skin thick, dark purple becom-
ing nearly black, bloom blue ; tender, with some pulp
which lessens as it ripens ; when fully ripe juicy, sweety
rich, slightly musky. Ripens as far north as 43 degrees
iat., except in unfavorable seasons. Very vigorous, pro-
fusely productive. Origin, South Carolina.

I^oy Grape and Hyde's Eliza are sub- varieties of the Isa-
bella, possessing no remarkable qualities.

L£NoiR. Bunches large, handsome, compact, little shoul-
dered ; berries small, round ; skin thin, dark purple, bloom
slight; tender, with no pulp, melting, sweet, excellent.
Wood long jointed, leaf three-lobed. Origin, Carolina;
a supposed seedling from the Burgundy.

The Herbemont closely resembles the Lenoir, but is of less
vigorous growth, and darker colored wood ; its terminal
leaves are of a brownish cast, those of the Lenoir green.

Missouri. Bunches loose; berries small, round; skin thin,
nearly black ; tender, sweet, pleasant, with little pulp ;
moderately productive, growth slow, wood short-jointed,
leaves deeply three-lobed.

Norton'^ Seedling. {Syn. Norton's Virginia.) Bunches
long, compact berries small, round; skin thin, dark pur-

39S THE GRAPE.

pie ; pulpy, vinous, somewhat harsh, rather pleasant and
rich. Shoots strong, hardy ; a hybrid between Bland and
Miller's Burgundy. Foliage light. colored, five-lobed.

Ohio. {Syn. Longworth's Ohio, Segar-Box.) Puncli<3s
large, long, loose, tapering, shouldered ; berries small,
round ; skin thin, purple, bloom blue ; tender, melting,
sweet, excellent, with no pulp ; a good bearer. Shoots
long-jointed, strong; leaves large, three-lobed ; origin
unknown. As far south as Cincinnati, it succeeds well
and is a fme table grape, resembling the Elsinburgh, but
is rather tender at Cleveland, and fails as lar north as
43 degrees lat.

Scupper?w7ig. {Sy7i. Fox Grape or Bullet Grape, of the
Sooth; American Muscadine.) This is a distinct southern
species the Vitis vulpma. Bunches very small, loose;
berries round, large; skin thick; pulpy, juicy, sweet,
strongly musky. Tli^ "White" is light green; the
'* Black" dark red; the color of the tendrils correspond-
ing in each variety. Leaves quite small, glossy on both
sides. Very tender at the Nortii.

FOREIGN GRAPES.

As but few of these can be cult.vated successfully in open air, and extensive grapi
houses caniiot become very conimon, a few of the best only are described.]

Class I. Dark red, purple and black.

Black Cluster. {Syn, Burgundy, Black Burgundy, True
Burgundy, Small Black Cluster, Early Black, Black Or-
leans.) Bunches small, very compact, berries rather
small, roundish, black, sweet, good. Season, early mid
autumn. Hardy in N. Y. Distinguished from Miller's
Burn-andy by the absence of dowm on the leaf.

BLACK HAMBURGH. {Syji. Red Hamburgh, Pui-plc
Hamburg, Brown Hamburgh, Frankendale, Hampton
Court Vine.) Bunches large, shouldered on both sides
berries ver}' large, roundish, sometimes oval, deep brown-
ish purple, becoming black ; flavor sugary and rich. A
good bearer. Needs a grape house, rarely ripening well
in the open air.

.'HE GRAPE. 399

Wilmot's New Black Hamburgh is similar, fruit larger,
bloom very thick, flesh firm, nearly or quite equal to the
common Hamburgh.

Black Prince. Bunches very long, not wide at base; ber-
ries large, thinly set, oval ; skin thick, black, with a thick
blue bloom ; flavor sweet and excellent. A good bearer.
Sometimes ripens in the open air.

Black St. Peters, Black Portugal, and Cambridge Black,
much resemble this variety.

Early Black July. {Syn. July, Madeleine.) Bunches small,
compact ; berries small, spherical, black, bloom blue, skin
thick; flavor acid, becoming rather sweet, not rich. Very
early, ripens in open air soon after mid-summer.

Class II. White, or yellow.

Charlesworth Tokay. Bunches long, compact ; berries
large, oval, white, skin thick, with a rich, excellent, mus-
cat flavor. Hangs long, and is adapted to a forcing oi
late house. New. English.

Early White Malvasia. {Syn. Grove End Sweetwater,
Early Chasselas, White Mellier.) Bunches large, shoul-
dered ; berries round, yellowish white ; skin thin ; sweet,
juicy, agreeable. Early, good bearer, ripens in open air.

PiTMASTON White Cluster. Bunches small, compact,
shouldered ; berries small, round, amber colored, some-
times with a little faint russet w^hen fully ripe ; skin thin,
flesh tender, juicy, rich, of fine flavor. Open air, cold oi
forcing house. A seedling from Black Cluster, ripening
before Sweetwater.

ROYAL MUSCADINE. (Sz/tz. Chasselas, Golden Chasse-
las, White Chasselas, Early White Tenerifl^e, Chasselas de
Fontainebleau, White Muscadine of some.) Bunches large,
long, sometimes shouldered ; berries rather large, round,
greenish, becoming a golden amber; skin thin, flesh ten-
der, rich, delicious. Does not hang well--cracks som.e
seasons. Distinguished from Sweetwater by its larger
berries, and stronger growth of shoots.

100

THE GRAPE.

Chasselas de Bar Siir Aube, much resembles the Royal
jMu^cadine, but is earlier, and rather superior in flavor ;
the bunches, under good cultivation, are often ten or
twelve inches long, usualU' not shouldered ; very pro-
ductive. For forcing or cold house.

Syrian. Bunches enormously large — have weighed 19 lbs.,
being 22 inches long and 19 broad — irregular, shoulder-
ed, berries large, oval, tawny yellow ; skin thick, flesh
firm, solid, moderately juicy and sweet, not rich. Late ;
needs fire heat ; hangs well. Wood and foliage large.
Supposed to be the grape of Eschol, mentioned in the
Sacred Scriptures.

WHITE MUSCAT OF ALEXANDRIA. {Syn. Jerusa-
lem Muscat, Malaga, Fron-
tignac of Alexandria, Passe
Musquj.) Bunches very large,
9 to 12 inches long, loose, ir-
regular, do not set well ; ber-
c^>;V[s^?p^^f£iv^y^ ries very large, oval, an inch
.3 ^~~^—^^^H\(-'r/ long, pale amber, skin thick;

flesh firm, crisp, rich, delicious,
perfumed — often seedless. One
of the richest Muscat grapes —

CB 'i^-v \ > Downing says, " the most de-
i;|V X licious of all grapes." Needs

a vineiy, and best with fire
heat — hangs long.
The Cannon-Hall Muscat, is a
seedling sub-variety, improved
in size, but hardly so rich in
flavor.
The Tottenham Park Muscat,
also a sub-variety, is not quite
so rich as the original, but sets
better, and hangs well.

Fig. 302. — While Muscat of Alezan,
dria. Reduced id i diatnelex

THE GKAPE. 401

White Frontignan. {Syn. White Frontignan, Muscat
Blanc, White Constantia.) Bunches medium in size or
long, sometimes shouldered, usually not, rather dense ;
berries medium or large, round, dull white or yellow,
when well ripened a beautiful amber, bloom thin, skin
thin ; tender, rich, perfumed, one of the best Muscat
grapes. Productive in a vinery, adapted to a cold, forc-
ing, or late house — requires a dry situation ; on a wet soil,
not worth cultivating. Ten days later than Hamburgh.

White Nice. Bunches very large — have weighed eighteen
pounds — shouldered, loose; berries medium or rathei
small, round ; greenish-white, approaching yellow, sweet
good, rich-flavored ; hangs well. Growth strong, leaves
very downy beneath. Needs fire heat.

White Sweetwater. {Syn. Early White Muscadine,
White Muscadine of Lind., 'Early Sweetwater.) Bunches
medium in size, loose, usually shouldered ; berries medi-
um size, round, yellowish green, skin thin ; crisp, watery,
sweet, moderately rich. Inferior to Royal Muscadine,
but two weeks earlier, ripening by the end of summer.
Ripens in open air ; shoots tender.

White Tokay. {Syn. Genuine Tokay.) Bunches medium
in size, compact ; berries round-oval, dull white ; skin
thin ; delicate, sweet, perfumed. Leaves deeply five-
lobed, lower surface with a silky down. Ripens in open
air.

Class III. Light red.

Grizzly Frontignan. {Syn. Red Constantia, Red Fron-
tignan, Gray Muscat.) Bunches rather long, narrow,
slightly shouldered ; berries medium in size, round, com-
pact ; reddish grey, bloom thick ; juicy, rich, musky,
high-flavored ; hangs well, ripens before Hamburgh, and
the other Frontignans. For forcing, cold or late house.

CHAPTER XL

SELECT LlS>r )F VARIETIES, ADAPTED TO DIFFERENT LOCALI-
TIES OF THE UNION.

In the body of this work, the type used for the names of
varieties, will enable the inexperienced cuUivator lo pre-
pare select lisis of greater or less extent, a few of the most
valuable being in capitals, a larger number of less general
value in small capitals, and a still larger number in italics.
But as the same sort does not often succeed alike in all re-
gions, it becomes desirable to obtain lists of those fruits best
adapted to particular localities. The following are given
for this purpose.

The list adopted by the American Congress of Fruit-
Growers, held in Neiu-York city, in 1848, and adapted to
the more northern and eastern portions of the Union-

Apples — Early Harvest, Bough, American Summer Pear-
main, Summer Rose, Early Strawberry, Gravenstein, Fall
Pippin, Rhode Island Greening, Baldwin, Roxbury Russet;
ajid for particular localities, — Yellow Bellflower, Esopus
Spitzenburgh, Newtown Pippin — 18.

Pears — Madeleine, Dearborn's Seedling, Bloodgood,
Tyson, Golden Bilboa, Bartlett, Seckel, Flemish Beauty,
Beurrc Bosc, Winter Nelis, Beurr^ d'Aremberg ; and Jot
particular localities, White Doyenn^, Grey Doyennf — 13.

Peaches — Grosse Mignonne, George IV., Serrate Early
York, Large Early York, Morris White, Oldmixon Free,
Cooledge's Favorite, Bergen's Yellow, Crawford's Late;
andyor particular localities, Heath Cling — 10.

Plums — Jefferson, Green Gage, Washington, Purple
Favorite, Bleecker's Gage, Coe's Golden Drop, Frost Gage,
Purple Gage ; ViXidi for particular localities. Imperial Gage

Cherries — Mayduke, Black Tartarian, Black Eagle,
Graffion or Bigarreau, Knight's Early Black, Ilowner's
Late, Elton, Downton — 8.

SELECT LISTS OV VARIETIES. 403

."Select List 'pT^partd for this work, by Samuel Walker.
President of the Massachusetts IJorlicullural Society, as
in accorda?ice with his own experience, a?id in the order Oj
their value, all things considered.

Apples — Rhode Island Greening, Gravenstein, Baldwin
Early Harvest, Minister, Danver's Sweet, Bough, Roxbury
Russet, Dyer, White Seeknofurther, Summer Rose, Porter,
Hubbardston Nonesuch, FameMse, Summer Pearmain, Fall
Harvey, Red Astrachan, Fall Pippin, River, William's Fa-
vorite— 20.

Fears — Vicar of Winkfield, (for its size, productiveness,
ong continuance, and many uses,) Bartlett, Beurre d'Arem-
berg, Seckel, Fondante d'Automne, Urbaniste, Bloodgood
Louise Bonne of Jersey on quince, W^inter Nelis, Dear-
born's Seedling, Flemish Beauty, Glout Morceau, Madeleine
Beurr.' Bosc, Beurr^' Diel on quince, Rostiezer, Heaihcote
Passe Colmar, Andrews, Golden Bilboa, Tyson, Dix — 22.

Cherries — Black Tartarian, Black Eagle, Downer's Red,
Mayduke, Bigarreau, Knight's Early Black — 6.

Peaches — Grosse Mignonne, George IV., Oldmixon Free,
Cooledge's Favorite, Crawford's Late, Late Red Rare-
ripe— 6.

Plums — Green Gage, Jefferson, Purple Gage, Columbia,
Washington, Imperial Gage — 6.

Apricots — Moorpark, Breda, Royal.

Nectarines — Elruge, Hunt's Tawny, New White, Early
Newington, Early Violet, Roman — 6.

Native Grapes — Isabella, Catawba.

List furnished by R. Manning, Pomological Garden* Sa-
lem, Mass.

Three best pears, early, middle, and late — Bartlett, Para-
dise d'Automne, Winter Nelis.

Three best summer pears — Bloodgood, Rostie>iei, Dear-
born's Seedling.

Three best autunm — Bartlett, Paradise d'Automne, Urba-
niste.

Three best wi?iter — Winter Nelis, Bt-urrj d'Aremberg,
Easter Beurrj.

* Where nearly one ihousaiid sorts are in bearin<r. T. Rivers, in Knelar.J., has
Belecled out of nearly one iliousand, only four for market, viZ., LartUtt, Beurrt
d^Atnalis, Capiaumont, and Louise Bonne of Jersey. Tiie second and third, how-
ever, provj ac belter than second quality, in this country.

104 SELECT LISTS OF VARIETIES.

Three best orchard years — Bartlett, Fnlton, Vicar of
Winkfield.

Tiirce best apples — Summer Rose, Gravenstein, Baldwin.

Select List of Apples, hy B. V. French, Braintree, Mass.

Three lest apples — Porter, R. I. Greening, Baldwin.

T^ree best summer — Early Harvest, Red Astrachan,
Williams' Favorite.

Three best autumn — Porter, Fameuse, Gravenstein.

Three best ivinter — Rhode Island Greening, White Seek-
nofurther, Baldwin.

For the six best for each season, add to the preceding, —
American Summer Pearmain, Bough, Benoni; St. Law-
rence, Lyscom, Hawthornden ; Yellow Bellflower, None-
such (or Red Canada,) Roxbury Russet.

In a List euRxMshed by Dr. W^. D. Brinckle, of Phila-
delphia, the following standard sorts, well tested at that
place, are marked j?rs^ quali/y: —

Apples — Early Harvest, Summer Rose, (best flavored
early,) Early Bough, Summer Pearmain, Fall Pippin, Bul-
lock's Pippin, Winter Pearmain.

Pears — Madeleine, Tyson, Washington, Bartlett, Seckel,
Petre, Lodge, Fondante d'Automne, Louise Bonne of Jer-
sey, Duchesse d'Angouleme, Echassery. New pears. — Ott,
Kingsessing, Brandywine, Chancellor, Jones.

Plums — Green Gage, Washington, Coe'.s Golden Droj,
Lawrence's Favorite.

Cherries — Mayduke and Graffion or Bigarreau.
Strawberries — Early Scarlet, Hudson, Hovey's Seedling
Native Grapes — Isabella, Catawba.

List by T. Hancock, Burlington^ New Jersey.

Peaches — Crawford's Early, Crawford's Late, Large
Early York, La Grange, Heath Cling, Ward's Late Free,
New-York Rareripe, Scott's Nonpareil, Oldmixon Free,
Cole's White Melocoton.

Native Grapes — Elsinburtrh, Catawba, Isabella.

Foreign Grapes — Black Hamburgh, (best and most pro-
fitable for a cold house, 'i White Muscat of Alexandria. Both
fine for a heated house.

SELECT LISTS OF VARIETIES. 405

Raspberreis — "White Antwerp, Red Antwerp, (true,) Fas-
tolif, Franconia.

Apples — Lad}' Apple, Autumn Pearmain, Bough, Cum-
berland Spice, Early Harvest, Fall Pippin, Wood's Green-
ing, Red Juneating, Jersey Greening, (or Ortley,) Maiden's
Blush, iN'ewtown Pippin, Newark Pippin, Rhode Island
Greening, Roman Stem, Bullock's Pippin, Summer Rose,
Summer Pearmain, Wine apple, Winesap, Tewksbury Blush,
(for keeping.)

List hj T. S. Pleasants, Petershurgh, Va.

Apples — May Apple, Red June, July Branch, Fall Pippin,
Gloucester Cheese, Fall Cheese, Bellflower, Winter Cheese,
Carter's Pearmain, Winesap, Albemarle Pippin, Pryor's Red,
Old Town Crab, Limber Twig.

Peaches — ripemng in 7 mo., (July) — Early Tillotson,
Troth's Early Red, Yellow Rareripe, Red Magdalen, Old-
mixon Free, Large Early York, Crawford's Early, Early
Newington Cling, Royal Kensington, Roval George. Ri-
pening in 8 mo. — Belle de Vitry, Orange Freestone, Orange
Clingstone, Rodman's Cling, Oldmixon Cling, Crawford's
Late, Ward's Late Free, Pavie Admirable. In 9 mo. —
Heath Cling, La Grange. The following new or local sorts :
Budd's Orange Clingstone, early in 9 mo. ; Late Soft Heath,
(freestone,) nearly middle of 9 mo. ; Bridgeforth's Orange,
(fine nnd very handsome,) after middle of 9th mo. ; Late
Heath Cling, a month later than common Heath Cling ;
Late White Freestone and October peaches, first to middle
of 10 mo.

Native Grapes — Catawba, Isabella, Norton's, Herbemont's,
Lenoir, Halifax.

Figs — The best kinds are the Brown, While, and Black or
Florida fig, the last superior to all others, the fruit large and
exceedingly rich, skin deep purple, almost black ; trees very
productive. The Brown is nearly equal to it — the Wliite is
much less luscious, but very large.*

* "The fitr is one nf the mo«t luscious of fruits, and grows well in the open ground,
with very slight protection ; and on our larjie water courses, within the precincts of
towns, and even against any walls, having an eastern, somhern, or western aspect,
without any immediate protection. When the plants are young, they should be en-
closed for one or two winters in barrels filled with litter or leaves ; afterwards it is
sutficient to surround them with branches of evergreens.''— T. S. Pleasants.

406 SELECT LISTS OF VARILTIES.

List of Apples, ripeni/ig in succession, by A. H. Ernst
President of Cincinnati Ilort. Society.

Sweet Bough, Early Harvest, Summer Rose, Fall Pippin
Golden Russet, (or Bullock's Pippin,) Newtown Spitzen-
burgh. Yellow Bellefleur, Woolman's Long (or Ortley or
White Detroit,) White Pippin, Brodwell, Winesap, Yellow
Newtown Pippin, Rawle's Jannet — 13. Add fur a larger
collection, — Red Jun.ating, Sunimer Queen, Golden Sweet-
ing, Kaighn's Spitzenburgh, Rhode Island Greening, Rambo,
Pryor's Red, Vandevere, Doctor, Roxbury Russet — 10.

Pears ripe?iing in succession, proved excellent at Ciyicin-
nati — Madeleine, Julienne, Bartlett, Washington, Gray
Doyenne, Seckel, Duchesse d'Angouleme, Beurre Diel,
Louise Bonne of Jersey.

Strawberries — Neck Pine, earliest; Old Hudson, unri-
valled for the market gardener ; Jenny's Seedling,* very
hardy, prolific ; Hovey's Seedling, its position not yet fully
established ; Taylor's Seedling,! promises to be valuable.

Select List by F. R. Elliott, Cleveland, Ohio.

Apples — Best single variety, for northern Ohio, — Bel-
mont or Waxen.

Three best, summer, autumn, and winter; — Summer
Rose, Fall Pippin, Red Canada or Nonesuch.

Three best summer — Early Harvest, Summer Rose, Ameri-
can Summer Pearmain.

Three best autumn — Gravenstein, Porter, Fall Pippin.

Three best winter — Belmont, Svvaar, Nonesuch.

For the six best, for each season, add to the preceding, —
Red Astrachan, Williams' Favorite, Early Joe ; Fall Har-
vey, Ross Nonpareil, Rambo; Hubbardston Nonesuch, Cana-
da Reinette, Rhode Island Greening.

For the best forty, add to the preceding. Maiden's Blush,
Minister, Fameuse, Roxbury Russet, Westfield Seeknofur-
ther. Yellow Bellflower, Court of Wyck, Jonathan, Lady
Apple, Herefordshire Pearmain, American Golden Russet,
EsoDus Spitzenburgh, Pryor's Red, Wood's Greening, Fort

* Fruit medium, uniform, very productive, sliarp acid but fine flavor, firm, but fine
for market. Pistillate, late bloomer. Origin , Boston.

t Above medium, size uniform, long-conical, pointed, beautif il scarlet, productive
hardy, strong, less acid tlian most scarlets.

SELECT LISTS OF VARIETIES. 40?

Miami, Wine, Winesap, Brabant Bellefleur, and four sweet
apples, viz : — Bough, Jersey Sweeting-, Golden Sweet-
ing, Ladies' Sweeting. If the soil be a rich clay loam, sub-
stitute Green and Yellow Newtown Pippin for Swaar and
Winesap.

Strawberries, in the order of productiveness — Old Hud-
son and Willey, Dundee, Hovey's Seedling.

Lists by A. J. Downing, chiefly copied from the Horlicul"
turist.

Profitable Pears — Bartlett, BufFum, Flemish Beauty,
Louise Bonne de Jersey on quince, Vicar of Winkfield,
Lawrence, Beurre d'Aremberg.

Most 'productive Plums on light soils — Lombard, Cruger's
Scarlet, Smith's Orleans, White Damson.

Best Plums for heavy soils — Early, — Imperial Ottoman,
Yellow Gage; medium, — Bleecker's Gage, Jefferson; late,
■ — Coe's Golden Drop, Frost Gage.

Three best Peaches. — Serrate Early York, George [V.
Oldmixon Free.

The following list of apples, as proved in northern Illinois
and the adjacent region, is furnished mostly from the de-
cisions of the Princeton Fruit Convention, in connexion with
valuable notes from Dr. Kennicott and F. K. Phoenix

productive sorts.

Carolina Red Jime, rather acid ; Sweet Ju7ie, best early
sweet ; American Summer Pearmain, " best," great bearer,
growth feeble ; Maide7i^s Blush, good and fair ; Kesioick
Codlin, highly productive, for cooking only; Early Peiirwck,
good ; Fall Wiiie, highly popular, very good ; Rambo, high-
ly recommended, but tender north ; Vandevere, few if any
superior; White and Yellow Bellflower, both highly com-
mended ; Rawle^s Jannet, very good ; Esopus Spiizenburgh,
U^e tender and liable to blight ; Red Astrachan, excellent
for cooking ; Winesap, Tproduciive ; Swaar, "best;" Domine,
of gr^at value ; Duchess of Oldenburgh, bears large crops

of faii fruit.

\ R

408 SELECT LISTS OF VARIETIES.

UNPRODUCTIVE.

Early Harvest, fine; Bough, Rhode Island Greening,
Roxbury Russet, Baldwin, Newtown Pippin, fine south;
worthless north.

EARLY BEARERS

The following apples and pears come soon into bearing,
in most localities, and are consequently well adapted for
new residences :

Apples — l^d Astrachan, Sops of W:ne, Summer Sweet
Paradise, Late Strawberry, Oldenburgh, Dyer, Porter,
Baldwin, Bullock's Pippin, Hawthornden, Jonathan.

Pears — Bartlett, White Doyenn?'', Julienne, "Washington,
Dearborn's Seedling, Madeleine, Andrews, Buffum, Belle
Lucrative, Onondaga, Oswego Beurr.'^ Easter Beurre, Passe
Colmar.

TREES TO SUPPLY A FAMILY.

No two persons would agree on the number of fruit trees
required to keep up a good supply of fruit for a family of
medium size. With any ordinary number, some seasons
would cause a deficiency, and others occasion a large sur-
plus. Good or bad cultivation would also make a difference
of four-fold. The following may, however, be regarded as
a full average, taking all circumstances into account in
connexion with good management, and will frequently
afford a large surplus :

40 apple trees, with a full share of long keepers.

20 pear trees,

15 peach trees,

12 cherry' trees,

10 plum trees,
6 apricots,

4 nectarines,

5 quinces,

4 grape vines,
30 currant bushes,

15 gooseberry bushes,
20 raspberry bushes,

5 square rods of strawberrieb

GLOSSARY

Of the more common terms used in Fruit Culture

Acute, sharp or angular.

Acuminate, drawn out to a point.

Alburnum,, the sap-wood, as distinguished from the heart-wood.

Apex, point, the part of a fruit farthest from the foot-stalk.

Base, lower end, or that portion of a fruit, stalk, or part of a plant,
nearest the supporting part or rojt.

Basin, the hollow or depression at the apex or crown of a fruit, sur-
rounding the calyx.

Bezi, a wilding, or natural seedling.

Beurre, a buttery pear.

Border, artificial bed of enriched earth.

Callus, ring or swollen portion formed at the base of a cutting, by
the descending ^;a:i:bium.

Calville-Hhaped, much ribbed, as applied to apples.

Calyx, the outer or green leaves of a flower, which, remaining on the
apex of a pear or apple, are often denominated the eye.

Cambium, the soft, newly forming wood beneath the bark.

Canes, long, bearing shoots; applied to grapes and raspberries.

Clipping, trimming down to some definite shape.

Col mar -shaped, pyriform or pear-shaped, with a rather slender neck
and large body.

Conical, tapering regularly towards the apex.

Cordate, heart-shaped.

Coxcomb, applied to the form of strawberries when much compressed
at the sides.

Crenate, notched or cut like rounded or blunt saw teeth.

Crown, the part of a fruit farthest from the foot-stalk or base.

Curculio, the insect which slings young fruit.

Dwarfs, trees made diminutive by grafting or budding upon stocks
of small growth.

Esprdier, a tree trained flat upon a trellis.

En qnenouiUe, training to produce fruitfulness by tying the branches
downwards.

Fibrous roots, the smaller, branching, or thread-like roots.

Forcing, the early ripening of fruits by artificial heat under glass.

Fore-right shoot, the terminal shoot of a branch.

Head bach, to cut ofl'the limbs of a tree, part way down.

Head down, to cut off the entire limbs or branches of a tree, or to
cut down to an inserted bud.

Inflorescence, the manner in which the flowers are borne.

Lay-in, applied to selecting and fastening to a trellis or wall, new
branches or shoots.

Lay i-L by the heels, to bury the roots of trees temporarily in a trench

Leading shoot, the longest or main shoot of a limb or tree.

Lopping, cutting the brannh down to the stem.

Maiden plant, a tree of one year's growth from the bud or gva^i.

Mulching, covering the ground about a tree with straw or litter to
Drevcnt drying

410 GLOSSARY.

Oblate, flattened, so thiK,t the shortest diameter is between the base
and apex, lii.e a flat turnip.

Oborate, reversed ovate, being largest from the foot-stalk or towards
the apex.

Obtuse, rounded or blunt.

Ovate, egg-shaped, being the largest towards the foot-stalk.

Pedicel, the subdivision of a flower or fruit-stalk.

Peduncle, the flower or fruit staik.

Petals, flower-leaves, usually colored.

Petiole, leaf-stalk.

Pippin, an indefinite term applied to various apples, differing in size,
shape, color, and flavor, but more particularly used for the Newtown
Pippin.

Pomology, the science of fruits.

Pyramidal, like a pyramid, usually nearly similar to conical, but
lo. Ter.

r-^iform, pear-shaped, having more or less a drawn-out neck.

Ri. 'ing, the removal of a ring of bark round a branch, to impede the
desce, 'ing sap.

Serrate, notched or cut like saw-teeth.

ShanHiicr, a diseased shrivelling of the foot-stalks of grapes.

Shorten in, to cut off more or less of the outer parts of shoots.

Sponziole, the minute spongy extremity of a fibrous root.

Sport, an unusual departure or variation in a new seedling.

Spur, a short stubby shoot bearing fruit or fruit-buds.

Standard, a fruit tree in open ground, or not trained to a wall or
trellis.

Stock, seedling tree, which supports the inserted bud or graft.

Stop, to pinch or cut off the point of a shoot, to prevent its further
extension in growth.

Stride, to emit roots.

Tap-root, the main or central descending root.

T/t// /.<(, an upright, flat frame, for training fruit trees and grapei
npon its face.

Wilding, a natural seedling.

Work, a term applied to the bud(^jng or grafting of trees.

APPENDIX

I. EXPLANATORY NOTES.

Transplanting trees on the surface. On p. 74, the ad-
vantages are pointed out of sometimes setting trees on the
surface of the soil. This mode ^^ i r^^

of transplanting is undoubtedly ^

the best on all heavy soils that
cannot be thoroughly drained.
The annexed figure (303) ex-

FS/

Fig 303. Fig. 304.

hibits distinctly this mode of plant-
ing, the dotted line indicating the
common surface of the earth, on
which the tree is set, and the low
mound raised upon the roots. This
not only gives the roots a deeper
soil, but prevents the water from
settling among them. By throwing
the furrows occasionally towards
the rows, the raised surface will be
maintained, and a furrow left be-
tween for drainage.

Staking trees, p. 75. The ac-
companying figure (304) shows at
a glance the mode in which the
stake is driven into the bottom of
the hole before filling in.

Fruit -I adder. An improvement
has been made on the ladder wath Fig. 305.

412

APPENDIX.

folding legs (p. 97, fig. 56,) by continuing the two main
bars to a point, which the more readily enables the operator
to thrust it up among the branches, and often enables
him to support himself by grasping this elevated point.
The legs turn at the hinges h, and are readily folded
up when the ladder is not in use. (Fig. 305.)

Labels^ p. 100. The annexed figure (306) represents
the mode of making these labels.

Sticks or tallies at the ends of nursery rows, or labels
suspended on the successive trees of a row
of standards, may be durably numbered on
red cedar, after the following manner, to
correspond with a written register in a book.
Fig. 307 shows the mode of notching with a
knife, to indicate the ten figures. To pre-
vent mistakes by getting them inverted, they

23 4.

yirr^n^r^-^-^nirT-^nr

j^

Fi^ 308.

Fig. 307. Fig. 306.

are always read downwards on
a stake, or from the loop of a
suspended label. The accom-
panying figure (30S) exhibits a
label on a tree marked with the
number 47.

Graf ling large stocks, p. 119. Young
operators are sometimes puzzled to know
what to do with stocks which greatly exceed
the graft in size. In order that the line of
separation between the bark and wood may
coincide in both, the graft must be placed at
one side of the large stock a, sloped and
tongued for the reception of the graft b, their
union being represented by c. (Fig. 309.)
To facilitate the wrapping of the wax plas-
ters, one side and the upper point of the
stock are pared off with a knife, before the
two are joined, as shown by the dotted line.

APPENDIX.

415

Th,.s IS a good mode of grafting
any stocks not over three-fourths
of an inch in diameter, in the
nurser}^ row.

Leaf-hlight on the pear, p. 194.
There appears to be strong rea-
son for believing that the leaf-
blight on the pear (as well as
the cracking of the fruit,) is
owing to a parasitic fungus, pro-
ducing results similar to ru3t on
wheat. Limited experiments in
raising the seedlings on ground
never before occupied with pear
trees, at a distance of some
miles from any pear nursery,
and beyond reach of the spread
of the fine dusty seed, have
been quite successful.

Training and pru?ii7ig grapes,
p. 393. The accompanying
figure (310) exhibits distinctly a
vine trained to a trellis, and
treated on the renewal system.

Fig. 309.

^VVJU ■

Fig. 310.

414

APPENDIX.

It is to be distinctly understood that this space is not to be
occupied at once by the 3'oung vine, which would give weak
and slender shoots, but the extension must be gradual, re-
quiring some years to cover the intended surface. That is,
the pruning should be such that there shall be but two up-
right shoots the first year after planting ; then four the
second year, six the third, and so on. If an old vine has
been neglected, it must be pruned back in winter to a mere
stump, leaving a few buds for new shoots, only two of whicL
are to be allowed to grow for horizontal arms.

After the trellis is covered, as shown in the figure, a
reo^ular annual crop is secured by the following manage-
ment. The shoots a a a a are of last year's growth, and
the spurs on their sides are of the present season, and bear
the fruit. (A portion of these upright shoots with their
fruit-bearing spurs is shown in fig. 311.) While these are

Fig. 311.

bearmg the present year, provision must be made loi a crop
the next. For this purpose 'ast year's bearing shoots were

APPENDIX.

415

cut off to a bud, (or rather to two or three buds, with the
best only allowed to grow,) at each of the points b b b h, so
that strong upright shoots are now growing, as indicated by
dotted lines, for a crop next season. Bunches of fruit will
form on these the present year, but they must be rubbed off
early, that the vigor of these shoots may not be retarded.

In this way, a constant succession is kept up.

The two right hand fruit-spurs in fig. 311, show the ordi-
nary length they are allowed to grow before the ends are
pinched off, the upper one being already shortened, and the
lower showing the point at c where it should be nipped.

It must never be forgotten that the full growth and 'per-
fect, ripening of the fruit, depends wholly on healthy, well
developed leaves, to furnish food to the forming berries.
Hence they must have plenty of room, light and air for their
healthy development. And hence too, the entire error of
the practice of picking off the leaves to let in the light on
the fruit. The longer the shoots or spurs extend themselves
the better, before they are pinched off, provided they do not
interfere with each other.

Cold Grape-House, p. 394. A great improvement in
cheapness, is represented in the annexed figure, ('312.)
The walls are made
by setting posts into
the ground, and cov-
ering with a rough,
whitewashed, board-
siding. The cover of
glass is greatly sim-
plified and cheap-
ened, hy fixed sashes,
the necessary ven-
tilation being effect-
ed by the board shut- '

ters, a a, opening out- Fig. 312.

wards on hinges, and placed at intervals along the back
and front walls. Fig. 313 represents a portion of the glass
roof — b b are the rafters ; c c are cross-bars, made of strips
of inch board about two and a half inches wide, set on edge,
and narrowed at the rafter and let into it sufficiently to be

g7 R*

;^-=^

416

APPENDIX.

on a level with its top. These cross pieces support long
slender bars parallel Avitli the rafters, and formed on the

top in the shape of a common
sash-bar and to receive the
glass.

Short eriing'in the 'peachy p.
281. The great advantages
of this system of pruning
have been pointed out on p.
281. But those who have
•S large orchards can hardl\' be
persuaded to adopt it,aiihough
the improvement in the fruit
and in its increased value in
market, would well repay the
-c labor, especially if done with
long-handled shears. Tiiese,
with a little practice, enable
the operator to work with
great expedition.

Where, however, this mode
of pruning is neglected, and the heads begin to extend into

long branches, with a
naked centre, (fig. 314,)
a more wholesale kind
of pruning may be a-
dopted. Three or four
feet may in cases of
necessity be taken off at
a stroke, provided the
cut be made close above
a considerable side-
branch, which leaves
no stump, and causes
the wound soon to heal
over. Such pruning,
when judiciously per-
formed, so as to give a
neat, round, open head,
will in a year or two

APPENDIX.

417

".onvert a tall and enfeebled tree into a handsome, compact
and vigorous one, ani the fruit will be astonishingly im-
proved. Fig. 315 ,;
exhibits the mode
of working, the
dotted lines repre-
senting those parts
of fig. 314 which
are to fall before
the knife or shears.
One great error
must be carefully-
guarded against,
in shortening-in
peaches, or in any
other pruning given
to fruit trees. This
is, shearing the
top evenly all over,

Fig. 315.

mcreasmg, instead of dimin-

like the sides of a common hedge, which causes a thick
impenetrable mass of shoots on the outside, and shutting
out the light from the centre
ishing the evil.

Jarring down CurcuUos, p. 318. In a large number of
instances, the failure of this method is owing to the feeble-
ness of the blows given to the tree. A sharp sudden jar is
indispensible. This cannot be given with a muffled pounder.
The best way is to strike with a large ham.mer or axe, the
short stump of a limb sawed off for this purpose. WJaen
trees are large, this is the only course that can be success-
fully pursued.

II. NOTICES OF SOME NEW FRUITS NOT DE-
SCRIBED IN THE BODY OF THIS WORK.

[New fruits are to be recommended for trial, and not for
general crops. Eagerness for novelties has led to much
disappointment. The fruit committee of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, make the following very just remarks:
"Upon the whole, it is believed that it will prove the best
and safest course for beginners to make their selections
from well known and established kinds, unless in their esti-
mation, the gratification of a desire for novelties — an inte-
rest in watching the pros^ress and development of some new
varieties, and of contributing from their experience a share
to the common stock of pomological knowledge — form a
sufficient recompense for probably repeated disappoint-
ments." A part of the following, it will be observed, how-
ever, have been well proved in certain localities.]

APPLES.

Carolina June, [Red June, Blush June.) Size medium,
oblong, very red, flesh tender, juicy, sub-acid, with a
sprigiitly, agreeable flavor ; quite early, and continues to
ripen for four weeks, and will keep very long after ripe
for a .summer apple ; profitable for market. The tree a
fine erect grower, ver}^ hardy, bears young and abundant-
ly. The most valuable early apple in northern Illinois
and adjacent region.

^all Wine. Medium to large, roundish oblate, color a rich
red faintly striped on a rich yellow skin; stem slender,
flesh yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, with a mild, rich, scarcely
sub-acid flavor. Mid-autumn till winter. Succeeds best
in the west — often scabby at the east.

KING. {Syn. Tompkins County King.) Large, sometimes
quite large, roundish ribbed ; color a deep red, in stripes ;
flesh tender, juicy, rich, high-flavored. Fruit ahvays fair;
tree a strong grower, and great bearer. Winter. This
will probably prove one of the best of all market apples.

APPENDIX. 419

Monmouth Pippin. ( Syn. Red-cheeked Pippin.) Rather
large, roundish oblate, light greenish yellow, with a fine
red cheek ; flesh crisp, juicy, mild sub-acid, with a good rich
flavor. Keeps through winter.

Primate. Above medium in size, roundish conical, somewhat
ribbed, light green, becoming light yellow, often with a
slight blush ; fine grained, very juicy, with a very agreea-
ble, mild, sub-acid flavor. Ripens fior several weeks through
the latter part of summer. Valuable. Western New York.

Western Sjnj. Largo, round-ovate, very regular and even,
with a beautiful light red cheek on a lemon yellow skin;
stem short, in a small cavity ; flesh yellowish white, sub-
acid, of a fine flavor — hardly first rate. Proved as yet only
at tlie West.

White Winter Pearmain. Rather large, conical, angular or
ribbed ; light yellowish green, with a brownish red cheek ;
stem short ; flesh whitish, fine-grained, with a mild sub-acid,
rich, fine flavor. This is distinct from the IMichael Henry
Pippin, which it resembles, and at the West is one of the
best and most productive winter apples.

PEARS.

Beihire Clairgeau. Large, often quite large, pyriform ; stem
rather short, and stout ; color brownish green, often with
much russet, and a dull red cheek; flesh melting and juicy,
with an agreeable sub-acid flavor. Tree a strong grower,
bears young, and the fruit promises to be valuable.

Beurre Giffard. Size medium ; pyriform, with a short nar-
row neck; skin greenish, with a slight blush; flesh tender,
melting, juicy, with a very agreeable, excellent flavor. Ri-
pens immediately after Madeleine, and one of the most val-
uable of all early pears. The growth of the tree is slow,
slender, and somewhat irregular. France.

Beurre Goubault. Size medium, roundish, greenish ; flesh
very juicy, melting, sweet, flavor moderate. Valuable for
its great productiveness and free growth, especially on the
quince. First of autumn.

420 APPENDIX.

Beurre Langelier. Large, pyriform, obtuse; light green, be-
coming pale yellow, with a slight blush ; stem slender ;
flesh fine grained, melting, juicy, with a rich fine flavor.
Early ^\'inter.

Beurre Nantals. {Syn. Beurre de Nantes.) Size medium or
large ; long obovate-pyriform ; richly colored with green,
yellow, and sometimes with crimson, smooth and glossy ;
stem slender ; flesh very juicy, melting, sweet, rich, and
agreeable. Early in autumn. Makes a fine pyramid on
quince.

Beurre StecJcman. Full medium in size, obtuse obovate, stem
short, skin russeted on a dull green surface ; flesh white,
melting, very juicy, with a very rich, vinous, sub-acid, per-
fumed flavor. Middle of autumn.

Beurre Superjin. Large, dull yellow, melting, juicy, sub-acid,
very good. Valuable. Mid-autumn.

Beurre de Waterloo. Medium, obovate-pyriform, greenish yel-
low ; flesh buttery and melting, perfumed, excellent.

Bonne (TEzeeH. {Syn, Bonne de Zees.) Large, obovate, ob-
tuse ; yellow, ^vith a handsome red cheek ; melting, juicy,
fine flavored, perfumed. Early in autumn. Often cracks.

Collins. Above medium, roundish-obovate, yellowish green,
flesh white, vinous, juicy, melting, ot excellent quality.
Early autumn. Origin, Massachusetts.

Doyenne Goubault. Size medium or rather large, flattened-
obovate and acute, dull pale yellow, stem short and thick,
flesh melting, juicy, with a sweet, rich, aromatic flavor.
First half of winter — its value depends on bemg properly
ripened.

Duchess of Berry. {Syn. Duchesse de Berri d'Ete.) Size
medium, roundish-obovate, stem short, stout; skin bright
yellow, sometimes a blush; flesh rather coarse, melting,
and juicy, good. First of autumn.

Fondante de Malines. Medium, roundish-obovate, pale yel-
low, reddened in the sun ; stalk long, not sunk, calyx small,

APPENDIX. 421

flesh butteiy, meltmg, with a sweet, fine flavor. Late
autumn.

Fondante de Noel. {Syn. Belle Apres Noel.) Medium or
rather small, obtuse-pyriform, pale greenish yellow, with a
red cheek, flesh whitish, melting, juicy, very good. A seed-
ling of the Passe Colmar, ripening earlier, and of similar
flavor — a fine late autumn sort.

Grand Soleil. Size medium, roundish, orange-yellow, with a
russety red blush; stem swollen at base; calyx small,
closed ; flesh buttery and melting, and of fine quality.
Promises well for orchard cultivation — a great bearer.
Late autumn.

Inconnue Van Mons. Medium, obconic-pyriform ; skin fair,
smooth, pale green, crown russeted ; flesh melting, juicy,
ricli, very good. Early winter.

Josephine de Malines. Medium or rather small, roundish
obovate. with a yellowish blush, flesh yellowish white, melt-
ing and juicy, rich. A moderate grower, leaves smal -
grows well on quince. Keeps till spring.

Louise de Frusse. Medium or large, obovate ; color a dull
green becking a golden hue at maturity ; flesh white,
melting, buttery, juicy, rich. Late autumn.

Rousselet Stuttgart. Size medium, obovate pyramidal, slightly
necked, greenish yellow in the shade, dull brownish red in
the sun; flesh half melting, rich, sugary, and aromatic.
First of autumn. Hardy, erect, a handsome grower, and
great bearer. Shoots dark.

Sheldon. Medium to large, roundish obovate, very obtuse ;
skin pale green russet, becoming a rich brownish russet ;
stalk short, stout, flesh very melting and juicy, with a high,'
rich, peculiar, and excellent flavor. One of the most valu-
able of all new pears. Middle and late autumn. Origin,
Wayne county, N. Y.

Theodore Van Mons. Medium in size, obovate-pyrifarm, yel*
low, stem long, flesh whitish, melting, of very good flavor.
Middle and late autumn.

422 APPK.NDIX.

Walker. Large, oblong-pyriform, yellow, marbled with light
green, stem curved; flesh coarse, crisp, juicy, good,

Zepherine Gregoire. Roundish obovate and turbinate, acute,
dull green, with russet network, and a brownish red cheek ;
stem thick and fleshy ; flesh melting, tender, and juicy, with
a very rich flavor. Late in autumn.

PEACHES.

Fay's Early Ann. A seedling from the old Early Ann, glan-
dular, thrifty, hardy, very productive, fruit greenish white,
rather small, of good and agreeable flavor. Ripens with
the Tillotson, and valuable for its earliness.

CHERRIES.

Belle d'Orleans. Medium, roundish heart-shaped, light yel-
lowish white, pale red on one side ; flesh tender, juicy, and
of excellent quality. Very early, closely following Early
Purple Guigne.

Black Hawk. Large, roundish heart-shaped, color dark pur-
plish black, flesh dark purple, somewhat firm, juicy, rich,
sweet, fine flavored. Season medium or rather late. Tree
vigorous, in general habit resembling Yellow^Spanish, and
very productive.

Champagne. Size medium, heart-shaped, light red, stalk iu
a rather flat cavity, flesh amber colored, with a mingling of
sweet and acid ; valuable for its hardiness and uniform pro-
ductiveness. Raised by C. Downing, Newburgh, N. Y.

Governor Wood. A large, heart-shaped, light red, tender
fleshed fruit, of the highest quality, very productive and
quite early, ripening before Black Tartarian. Raised by
Dr. Kirtland, of Cleveland, Ohio.

Great Bigarreau. A very large, beautiful, and productive
sort, resembling the Black Tartarian in flavor and texture,
but larger, and of a fine dark red, becoming nearly black.
Season, medium. This is supposed to be identical with the
Large Red Prool, imported many years ago by the elder
Prince, from Italy.

APPENDIX. 423

Heine Hortense. Roundish ovate, bright red, tender, slightly
acid, rich, and delicious. A French cherry, belonging to the
Duke class ; an erect, handsome grower. Late.

STRAWBERRIES.

Genesee. Large, roundish, with a slight neck, color a brilliant
dark scarlet, flavor mild and good, a fine grower and pro-
fuse bearer, raised by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y,
Staminate.

Hooker. A new variety of high promise, raised by H. E.
Hooker, of Rochester. Very large, roundish conical, regu-
lar, color nearly black when fully ripe, soft and juicy, with
an excellent flavor. It externally resembles Black Prince,
but is larger and greatly superior in flavor, and is probably
the most productive large variety. Staminate. Hardy.

lovxi. Large or medium, roundish, color a peculiar light red,
flesh yellow, flavor moderate, but valuable for market, on
account of its great productiveness. Staminate.

Jennys Seedling. Rather large, roundish conical, regular,
color a rich dark red, flesh nearly white, pink at the core,
firm, rich, acid, fine-flavored. Pistillate. Late.

Longworth^s Prolific. Large, roundish, dark crimson, sub-acid,
rich, high, but not delicate-flavored. Season, medium.
Staminate.

McAvoifs Superior. Quite large, roundish ovate, often very
irregular, color dark crimson, flesh soft, with a high, fine
flavor. Season medium. Pistillate.

Moijamensing. Large, roundish conical, color dark crimson,
flesh red, flavor fine. Pistillate.

Trollop's Victoria. Very large, roundish ovate, light shining
red, flavor good. A new English, hardy, productive varie-
ty, remarkable for its large, showy fruit.

Walker's Seedling. Size full medium, roundish conical, regu-
lar, color very dark red, flavor fine ; productive — valuable.
Staminate.

3 t APPENDIX.

RASPBERRIES.

C'"^!tiiig. Large, roundish conical, crimson, of fine flavor.
Karly. Raised by Dr. Brinckle.

KiievetCs Giant. Large, obtuse conical, deep red, flavor excel-
cellent. A sub-variety, of the Red Antwerp, hardier than
the latter, and very productive.

Large-Fruited Monthly. Above medium, roundish, of fine
flavor. Hardy. Needs close pruning in spring.

Orange. Large, ovate, color a beautiful bright orange, flavor
excellent. Hardy and productive. Raised by Dr. Brinckle,
of Philadelphia, and regarded by some as the best of all
raspberries.

BLACKBERRIES.

The New Rochelle (or Lawton) Blackberry appears to be
the finest and most desirable variety yet cultivated. It is very
hirge, roundish-ovate, and exceedingly productive, if properly
pruned. Charles Downing says, " A dozen bushes or so, in
full bearing, will give fruit sufficient for an ordinary family
for some six weeks."

The High Bush Blackberry is also a very valuable sort ;
the berries are oblong, often an inch and a half in length, and
the bushes are very productive if well pruned and cultivated.

GRAPES.

Concord. A new Massachusetts variety, very large, (resem-
bling externally the finest bunches of Black Hamburgh,) dark
purple, bunches large, flavor good, but not equal to that of the
Isabella — one or two weeks earlier than the latter sort, pro-
ductive and hardy,

York Madeira. A hardy American sort, the growth resem-
oling that of the Isabella, but shorter jointed, the fruit and
Dunches smaller, and freer from pulp. An excellent, hardy
Bort, confounded by Downing with the Alexander, but totally
distinct.